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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome, by 
+E.M. Berens
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome
+
+Author: E.M. Berens
+
+Release Date: August 23, 2007 [EBook #22381]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MYTHS AND LEGENDS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Alicia Williams, Keith Edkins and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+_A HAND-BOOK OF MYTHOLOGY._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE
+
+MYTHS AND LEGENDS
+
+OF
+
+ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME.
+
+BY
+
+E. M. BERENS.
+
+_ILLUSTRATED FROM ANTIQUE SCULPTURES._
+
+[Illustration]
+
+NEW YORK:
+
+MAYNARD, MERRILL, & CO.,
+
+43, 45 AND 47 EAST TENTH STREET.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{i}
+
+PREFACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The want of an interesting work on Greek and Roman mythology, suitable for
+the requirements of both boys and girls, has long been recognized by the
+principals of our advanced schools. The study of the classics themselves,
+even where the attainments of the pupil have rendered this feasible, has
+not been found altogether successful in giving to the student a clear and
+succinct idea of the religious beliefs of the ancients, and it has been
+suggested that a work which would so deal with the subject as to render it
+at once interesting and instructive would be hailed as a valuable
+introduction to the study of classic authors, and would be found to assist
+materially the labours of both master and pupil.
+
+In endeavouring to supply this want I have sought to place before the
+reader a lifelike picture of the deities of classical times as they were
+conceived and worshipped by the ancients themselves, and thereby to awaken
+in the minds of young students a desire to become more intimately
+acquainted with the noble productions of classical antiquity.
+
+It has been my aim to render the Legends, which form the second portion of
+the work, a picture, as it were, of old Greek life; its customs, its
+superstitions, and its princely hospitalities, for which reason they are
+given at somewhat greater length than is usual in works of the kind.
+
+In a chapter devoted to the purpose some interesting particulars have been
+collected respecting the public worship of the ancient Greeks and Romans
+(more especially of the former), to which is subjoined an account of their
+principal festivals.
+
+I may add that no pains have been spared in order that, without passing
+over details the omission of which would have {ii} marred the completeness
+of the work, not a single passage should be found which could possibly
+offend the most scrupulous delicacy; and also that I have purposely treated
+the subject with that reverence which I consider due to every religious
+system, however erroneous.
+
+It is hardly necessary to dwell upon the importance of the study of
+Mythology: our poems, our novels, and even our daily journals teem with
+classical allusions; nor can a visit to our art galleries and museums be
+fully enjoyed without something more than a mere superficial knowledge of a
+subject which has in all ages inspired painters, sculptors, and poets. It
+therefore only remains for me to express a hope that my little work may
+prove useful, not only to teachers and scholars, but also to a large class
+of general readers, who, in whiling away a leisure hour, may derive some
+pleasure and profit from its perusal.
+
+E. M. BERENS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{iii}
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+  PART I.--MYTHS.
+                                                    Page
+  Introduction,                                       7
+
+  FIRST DYNASTY.
+  ORIGIN OF THE WORLD--
+      URANUS AND GÆA (Coelus and Terra),  11
+
+  SECOND DYNASTY.
+      CRONUS (Saturn),                      14
+      RHEA (Ops),                           18
+      DIVISION OF THE WORLD,                19
+      THEORIES AS TO THE ORIGIN OF MAN,     21
+
+  THIRD DYNASTY.
+  OLYMPIAN DIVINITIES--
+      ZEUS (Jupiter),                       26
+      HERA (Juno),                          38
+      PALLAS-ATHENE (Minerva),              43
+      THEMIS,                               48
+      HESTIA (Vesta),                       48
+      DEMETER (Ceres),                      50
+      APHRODITE (Venus),                    58
+      HELIOS (Sol),                         61
+      EOS (Aurora),                         67
+      PHOEBUS-APOLLO,                     68
+      HECATE,                               85
+      SELENE (Luna),                        86
+      ARTEMIS (Diana),                      87
+      HEPHÆSTUS (Vulcan),                   97
+      POSEIDON (Neptune),                  101
+
+  {iv}
+  SEA DIVINITIES--
+      OCEANUS,                             107
+      NEREUS,                              108
+      PROTEUS,                             108
+      TRITON AND THE TRITONS,              109
+      GLAUCUS,                             109
+      THETIS,                              110
+      THAUMAS, PHORCYS, AND CETO,          111
+      LEUCOTHEA,                           111
+      THE SIRENS,                          112
+      ARES (Mars),                         112
+      NIKE (Victoria),                     117
+      HERMES (Mercury),                    117
+      DIONYSUS (Bacchus or Liber),         124
+      AÏDES (Pluto),                       130
+      PLUTUS,                              137
+
+  MINOR DIVINITIES--
+      THE HARPIES,                         137
+      ERINYES, EUMENIDES (Furiæ, Diræ),    138
+      MOIRÆ OR FATES (Parcæ),              139
+      NEMESIS,                             141
+
+  NIGHT AND HER CHILDREN--
+      NYX (Nox),                           142
+      THANATOS (Mors), HYPNUS (Somnus),    142
+      MORPHEUS,                            143
+      THE GORGONS,                         144
+      GRÆÆ,                                145
+      SPHINX,                              146
+      TYCHE (Fortuna) and ANANKE (Necessitas),     147
+      KER,                                 149
+      ATE,                                 149
+      MOMUS,                               149
+      EROS (Cupid, Amor) and PSYCHE,       150
+      HYMEN,                               154
+      IRIS,                                155
+      HEBE (Juventas),                     156
+      GANYMEDES,                           157
+  {v}
+      THE MUSES,                           157
+      PEGASUS,                             162
+      THE HESPERIDES,                      162
+      CHARITES OR GRACES,                  163
+      HORÆ (Seasons),                      164
+      THE NYMPHS,                          165
+      THE WINDS,                           170
+      PAN (Faunus),                        171
+      THE SATYRS,                          174
+      PRIAPUS,                             175
+      ASCLEPIAS (Æsculapius),              176
+
+  ROMAN DIVINITIES--
+      JANUS,                               178
+      FLORA,                               180
+      ROBIGUS,                             180
+      POMONA,                              180
+      VERTUMNUS,                           181
+      PALES,                               181
+      PICUS,                               182
+      PICUMNUS AND PILUMNUS,               182
+      SILVANUS,                            182
+      TERMINUS,                            182
+      CONSUS,                              183
+      LIBITINA,                            183
+      LAVERNA,                             184
+      COMUS,                               184
+      CAMENÆ,                              184
+      GENII,                               185
+      MANES,                               185
+      PENATES,                             187
+
+  PUBLIC WORSHIP OF THE ANCIENT GREEKS AND ROMANS--
+      TEMPLES,                             188
+      STATUES,                             190
+      ALTARS,                              191
+      PRIESTS,                             191
+      SACRIFICES,                          192
+      ORACLES,                             194
+      SOOTHSAYERS,                         195
+  {vi}
+      AUGURS,                              196
+      FESTIVALS,                           196
+
+  GREEK FESTIVALS--
+      ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES,                196
+      THESMOPHORIA,                        197
+      DIONYSIA,                            197
+      PANATHENÆA,                          199
+      DAPHNEPHORIA,                        200
+
+  ROMAN FESTIVALS--
+      SATURNALIA,                          200
+      CEREALIA,                            201
+      VESTALIA,                            201
+
+  PART II.--LEGENDS.
+      CADMUS,                              203
+      PERSEUS,                             205
+      ION,                                 210
+      DÆDALUS AND ICARUS,                  211
+      THE ARGONAUTS,                       213
+      PELOPS,                              232
+      HERACLES,                            234
+      BELLEROPHON,                         256
+      THESEUS,                             259
+      OEDIPUS,                           269
+      THE SEVEN AGAINST THEBES,            272
+      THE EPIGONI,                         276
+      ALCMÆON AND THE NECKLACE,            277
+      THE HERACLIDÆ,                       280
+      THE SIEGE OF TROY,                   283
+      RETURN OF THE GREEKS FROM TROY,      304
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{7}
+
+MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PART I.--MYTHS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+Before entering upon the many strange beliefs of the ancient Greeks, and
+the extraordinary number of gods they worshipped, we must first consider
+what kind of beings these divinities were.
+
+In appearance, the gods were supposed to resemble mortals, whom, however,
+they far surpassed in beauty, grandeur, and strength; they were also more
+commanding in stature, height being considered by the Greeks an attribute
+of beauty in man or woman. They resembled human beings in their feelings
+and habits, intermarrying and having children, and requiring daily
+nourishment to recruit their strength, and refreshing sleep to restore
+their energies. Their blood, a bright ethereal fluid called Ichor, never
+engendered disease, and, when shed, had the power of producing new life.
+
+The Greeks believed that the mental qualifications of their gods were of a
+much higher order than those of men, but nevertheless, as we shall see,
+they were not considered to be exempt from human passions, and we
+frequently behold them actuated by revenge, deceit, and jealousy. They,
+however, always punish the evil-doer, and visit with dire calamities any
+impious mortal who dares to neglect their worship or despise their rites.
+We often hear of them visiting mankind and partaking of their hospitality,
+and not unfrequently both gods and goddesses {8} become attached to
+mortals, with whom they unite themselves, the offspring of these unions
+being called heroes or demi-gods, who were usually renowned for their great
+strength and courage. But although there were so many points of resemblance
+between gods and men, there remained the one great characteristic
+distinction, viz., that the gods enjoyed immortality. Still, they were not
+invulnerable, and we often hear of them being wounded, and suffering in
+consequence such exquisite torture that they have earnestly prayed to be
+deprived of their privilege of immortality.
+
+The gods knew no limitation of time or space, being able to transport
+themselves to incredible distances with the speed of thought. They
+possessed the power of rendering themselves invisible at will, and could
+assume the forms of men or animals as it suited their convenience. They
+could also transform human beings into trees, stones, animals, &c., either
+as a punishment for their misdeeds, or as a means of protecting the
+individual, thus transformed, from impending danger. Their robes were like
+those worn by mortals, but were perfect in form and much finer in texture.
+Their weapons also resembled those used by mankind; we hear of spears,
+shields, helmets, bows and arrows, &c., being employed by the gods. Each
+deity possessed a beautiful chariot, which, drawn by horses or other
+animals of celestial breed, conveyed them rapidly over land and sea
+according to their pleasure. Most of these divinities lived on the summit
+of Mount Olympus, each possessing his or her individual habitation, and all
+meeting together on festive occasions in the council-chamber of the gods,
+where their banquets were enlivened by the sweet strains of Apollo's lyre,
+whilst the beautiful voices of the Muses poured forth their rich melodies
+to his harmonious accompaniment. Magnificent temples were erected to their
+honour, where they were worshipped with the greatest solemnity; rich gifts
+were presented to them, and animals, and indeed sometimes human beings,
+were sacrificed on their altars.
+
+In the study of Grecian mythology we meet with some {9} curious, and what
+may at first sight appear unaccountable notions. Thus we hear of terrible
+giants hurling rocks, upheaving mountains, and raising earthquakes which
+engulf whole armies; these ideas, however, may be accounted for by the
+awful convulsions of nature, which were in operation in pre-historic times.
+Again, the daily recurring phenomena, which to us, who know them to be the
+result of certain well-ascertained laws of nature, are so familiar as to
+excite no remark, were, to the early Greeks, matter of grave speculation,
+and not unfrequently of alarm. For instance, when they heard the awful roar
+of thunder, and saw vivid flashes of lightning, accompanied by black clouds
+and torrents of rain, they believed that the great god of heaven was angry,
+and they trembled at his wrath. If the calm and tranquil sea became
+suddenly agitated, and the crested billows rose mountains high, dashing
+furiously against the rocks, and threatening destruction to all within
+their reach, the sea-god was supposed to be in a furious rage. When they
+beheld the sky glowing with the hues of coming day they thought that the
+goddess of the dawn, with rosy fingers, was drawing aside the dark veil of
+night, to allow her brother, the sun-god, to enter upon his brilliant
+career. Thus personifying all the powers of nature, this very imaginative
+and highly poetical nation beheld a divinity in every tree that grew, in
+every stream that flowed, in the bright beams of the glorious sun, and the
+clear, cold rays of the silvery moon; for them the whole universe lived and
+breathed, peopled by a thousand forms of grace and beauty.
+
+The most important of these divinities may have been something more than
+the mere creations of an active and poetical imagination. They were
+possibly human beings who had so distinguished themselves in life by their
+preeminence over their fellow-mortals that after death they were deified by
+the people among whom they lived, and the poets touched with their magic
+wand the details of lives, which, in more prosaic times, would simply have
+been recorded as illustrious. {10}
+
+It is highly probable that the reputed actions of these deified beings were
+commemorated by bards, who, travelling from one state to another,
+celebrated their praise in song; it therefore becomes exceedingly
+difficult, nay almost impossible, to separate bare facts from the
+exaggerations which never fail to accompany oral traditions.
+
+In order to exemplify this, let us suppose that Orpheus, the son of Apollo,
+so renowned for his extraordinary musical powers, had existed at the
+present day. We should no doubt have ranked him among the greatest of our
+musicians, and honoured him as such; but the Greeks, with their vivid
+imagination and poetic license, exaggerated his remarkable gifts, and
+attributed to his music supernatural influence over animate and inanimate
+nature. Thus we hear of wild beasts tamed, of mighty rivers arrested in
+their course, and of mountains being moved by the sweet tones of his voice.
+The theory here advanced may possibly prove useful in the future, in
+suggesting to the reader the probable basis of many of the extraordinary
+accounts we meet with in the study of classical mythology.
+
+And now a few words will be necessary concerning the religious beliefs of
+the Romans. When the Greeks first settled in Italy they found in the
+country they colonized a mythology belonging to the Celtic inhabitants,
+which, according to the Greek custom of paying reverence to all gods, known
+or unknown, they readily adopted, selecting and appropriating those
+divinities which had the greatest affinity to their own, and thus they
+formed a religious belief which naturally bore the impress of its ancient
+Greek source. As the primitive Celts, however, were a less civilized people
+than the Greeks, their mythology was of a more barbarous character, and
+this circumstance, combined with the fact that the Romans were not gifted
+with the vivid imagination of their Greek neighbours, leaves its mark on
+the Roman mythology, which is far less fertile in fanciful conceits, and
+deficient in all those fairy-like stories and wonderfully poetic ideas
+which so strongly characterize that of the Greeks.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+{11}
+
+ORIGIN OF THE WORLD.--FIRST DYNASTY.
+
+URANUS AND GÆA. (COELUS AND TERRA.)
+
+The ancient Greeks had several different theories with regard to the origin
+of the world, but the generally accepted notion was that before this world
+came into existence, there was in its place a confused mass of shapeless
+elements called Chaos. These elements becoming at length consolidated (by
+what means does not appear), resolved themselves into two widely different
+substances, the lighter portion of which, soaring on high, formed the sky
+or firmament, and constituted itself into a vast, overarching vault, which
+protected the firm and solid mass beneath.
+
+Thus came into being the two first great primeval deities of the Greeks,
+Uranus and Ge or Gæa.
+
+Uranus, the more refined deity, represented the light and air of heaven,
+possessing the distinguishing qualities of light, heat, purity, and
+omnipresence, whilst Gæa, the firm, flat,[1] life-sustaining earth, was
+worshipped as the great all-nourishing mother. Her many titles refer to her
+more or less in this character, and she appears to have been universally
+revered among the Greeks, there being scarcely a city in Greece which did
+not contain a temple erected in her honour; indeed Gæa was held in such
+veneration that her name was always invoked whenever the gods took a solemn
+oath, made an emphatic declaration, or implored assistance.
+
+Uranus, the heaven, was believed to have united himself in marriage with
+Gæa, the earth; and a moment's reflection will show what a truly poetical,
+and also what a logical idea this was; for, taken in a figurative sense,
+{12} this union actually does exist. The smiles of heaven produce the
+flowers of earth, whereas his long-continued frowns exercise so depressing
+an influence upon his loving partner, that she no longer decks herself in
+bright and festive robes, but responds with ready sympathy to his
+melancholy mood.
+
+The first-born child of Uranus and Gæa was Oceanus,[2] the ocean stream,
+that vast expanse of ever-flowing water which encircled the earth. Here we
+meet with another logical though fanciful conclusion, which a very slight
+knowledge of the workings of nature proves to have been just and true. The
+ocean is formed from the rains which descend from heaven and the streams
+which flow from earth. By making Oceanus therefore the offspring of Uranus
+and Gæa, the ancients, if we take this notion in its literal sense, merely
+assert that the ocean is produced by the combined influence of heaven and
+earth, whilst at the same time their fervid and poetical imagination led
+them to see in this, as in all manifestations of the powers of nature, an
+actual, tangible divinity.
+
+But Uranus, the heaven, the embodiment of light, heat, and the breath of
+life, produced offspring who were of a much less material nature than his
+son Oceanus. These other children of his were supposed to occupy the
+intermediate space which divided him from Gæa. Nearest to Uranus, and just
+beneath him, came Aether (Ether), a bright creation representing that
+highly rarified atmosphere which immortals alone could breathe. Then
+followed Aër (Air), which was in close proximity to Gæa, and represented,
+as its name implies, the grosser atmosphere surrounding the earth which
+mortals could freely breathe, and without which they would perish. Aether
+and Aër were separated from each other by divinities called Nephelae. These
+were their restless and wandering sisters, who existed in the form of
+clouds, ever {13} floating between Aether and Aër. Gæa also produced the
+mountains, and Pontus (the sea). She united herself with the latter, and
+their offspring were the sea-deities Nereus, Thaumas, Phorcys, Ceto, and
+Eurybia.
+
+Co-existent with Uranus and Gæa were two mighty powers who were also the
+offspring of Chaos. These were Erebus (Darkness) and Nyx (Night), who
+formed a striking contrast to the cheerful light of heaven and the bright
+smiles of earth. Erebus reigned in that mysterious world below where no ray
+of sunshine, no gleam of daylight, nor vestige of health-giving terrestrial
+life ever appeared. Nyx, the sister of Erebus, represented Night, and was
+worshipped by the ancients with the greatest solemnity.
+
+Uranus was also supposed to have been united to Nyx, but only in his
+capacity as god of light, he being considered the source and fountain of
+all light, and their children were Eos (Aurora), the Dawn, and Hemera, the
+Daylight. Nyx again, on her side was also doubly united, having been
+married at some indefinite period to Erebus.
+
+In addition to those children of heaven and earth already enumerated,
+Uranus and Gæa produced two distinctly different races of beings called
+Giants and Titans. The Giants personified brute strength alone, but the
+Titans united to their great physical power intellectual qualifications
+variously developed. There were three Giants, Briareus, Cottus, and Gyges,
+who each possessed a hundred hands and fifty heads, and were known
+collectively by the name of the Hecatoncheires, which signified
+hundred-handed. These mighty Giants could shake the universe and produce
+earthquakes; it is therefore evident that they represented those active
+subterranean forces to which allusion has been made in the opening chapter.
+The Titans were twelve in number; their names were: Oceanus, Ceos, Crios,
+Hyperion, Iapetus, Cronus, Theia, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, and
+Tethys.
+
+Now Uranus, the chaste light of heaven, the essence of all that is bright
+and pleasing, held in abhorrence his {14} crude, rough, and turbulent
+offspring, the Giants, and moreover feared that their great power might
+eventually prove hurtful to himself. He therefore hurled them into
+Tartarus, that portion of the lower world which served as the subterranean
+dungeon of the gods. In order to avenge the oppression of her children, the
+Giants, Gæa instigated a conspiracy on the part of the Titans against
+Uranus, which was carried to a successful issue by her son Cronus. He
+wounded his father, and from the blood of the wound which fell upon the
+earth sprang a race of monstrous beings also called Giants. Assisted by his
+brother-Titans, Cronus succeeded in dethroning his father, who, enraged at
+his defeat, cursed his rebellious son, and foretold to him a similar fate.
+Cronus now became invested with supreme power, and assigned to his brothers
+offices of distinction, subordinate only to himself. Subsequently, however,
+when, secure of his position, he no longer needed their assistance, he
+basely repaid their former services with treachery, made war upon his
+brothers and faithful allies, and, assisted by the Giants, completely
+defeated them, sending such as resisted his all-conquering arm down into
+the lowest depths of Tartarus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SECOND DYNASTY.
+
+CRONUS (SATURN).
+
+Cronus was the god of time in its sense of eternal duration. He married
+Rhea, daughter of Uranus and Gæa, a very important divinity, to whom a
+special chapter will be devoted hereafter. Their children were, three sons:
+Aïdes (Pluto), Poseidon (Neptune), Zeus (Jupiter), and three daughters:
+Hestia (Vesta), Demeter (Ceres), and Hera (Juno). Cronus, having an uneasy
+conscience, was afraid that his children might one day rise up against his
+authority, and thus verify the prediction of his father {15} Uranus. In
+order, therefore, to render the prophecy impossible of fulfilment, Cronus
+swallowed each child as soon as it was born,[3] greatly to the sorrow and
+indignation of his wife Rhea. When it came to Zeus, the sixth and last,
+Rhea resolved to try and save this one child at least, to love and cherish,
+and appealed to her parents, Uranus and Gæa, for counsel and assistance. By
+their advice she wrapped a stone in baby-clothes, and Cronus, in eager
+haste, swallowed it, without noticing the deception. The child thus saved,
+eventually, as we shall see, dethroned his father Cronus, became supreme
+god in his stead, and was universally venerated as the great national god
+of the Greeks.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Anxious to preserve the secret of his existence from Cronus, Rhea sent the
+infant Zeus secretly to Crete, where he was nourished, protected, and
+educated. A sacred goat, called Amalthea, supplied the place of his mother,
+by providing him with milk; nymphs, called Melissae, fed him with honey,
+and eagles and doves brought him nectar and ambrosia.[4] He was kept
+concealed in a cave in the heart of Mount Ida, and the Curetes, or priests
+of Rhea, by beating their shields together, kept up a constant noise at the
+entrance, which drowned the cries of the child and frightened away all
+intruders. Under the watchful care of the Nymphs the infant Zeus throve
+rapidly, developing great physical powers, combined with {16} extraordinary
+wisdom and intelligence. Grown to manhood, he determined to compel his
+father to restore his brothers and sisters to the light of day, and is said
+to have been assisted in this difficult task by the goddess Metis, who
+artfully persuaded Cronus to drink a potion, which caused him to give back
+the children he had swallowed. The stone which had counterfeited Zeus was
+placed at Delphi, where it was long exhibited as a sacred relic.
+
+Cronus was so enraged at being circumvented that war between the father and
+son became inevitable. The rival forces ranged themselves on two separate
+high mountains in Thessaly; Zeus, with his brothers and sisters, took his
+stand on Mount Olympus, where he was joined by Oceanus, and others of the
+Titans, who had forsaken Cronus on account of his oppressions. Cronus and
+his brother-Titans took possession of Mount Othrys, and prepared for
+battle. The struggle was long and fierce, and at length Zeus, finding that
+he was no nearer victory than before, bethought himself of the existence of
+the imprisoned Giants, and knowing that they would be able to render him
+most powerful assistance, he hastened to liberate them. He also called to
+his aid the Cyclops (sons of Poseidon and Amphitrite),[5] who had only one
+eye each in the middle of their foreheads, and were called Brontes
+(Thunder), Steropes (Lightning), and Pyracmon (Fire-anvil). They promptly
+responded to his summons for help, and brought with them tremendous
+thunderbolts which the Hecatoncheires, with their hundred hands, hurled
+down upon the enemy, at the same time raising mighty earthquakes, which
+swallowed up and destroyed all who opposed them. Aided by these new and
+powerful allies, Zeus now made a furious onslaught on his enemies, and so
+tremendous was the encounter that all nature is said to have throbbed in
+accord with this mighty effort of the celestial deities. The sea rose
+mountains high, and its angry billows {17} hissed and foamed; the earth
+shook to its foundations, the heavens sent forth rolling thunder, and flash
+after flash of death-bringing lightning, whilst a blinding mist enveloped
+Cronus and his allies.
+
+And now the fortunes of war began to turn, and victory smiled on Zeus.
+Cronus and his army were completely overthrown, his brothers despatched to
+the gloomy depths of the lower world, and Cronus himself was banished from
+his kingdom and deprived for ever of the supreme power, which now became
+vested in his son Zeus. This war was called the Titanomachia, and is most
+graphically described by the old classic poets.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+With the defeat of Cronus and his banishment from his dominions, his career
+as a ruling Greek divinity entirely ceases. But being, like all the gods,
+immortal, he was supposed to be still in existence, though possessing no
+longer either influence or authority, his place being filled to a certain
+extent by his descendant and successor, Zeus.
+
+Cronus is often represented as an old man leaning on a scythe, with an
+hour-glass in his hand. The hour-glass symbolizes the fast-fleeting moments
+as they succeed each other unceasingly; the scythe is emblematical of time,
+which mows down all before it.
+
+SATURN.
+
+The Romans, according to their custom of identifying their deities with
+those of the Greek gods whose attributes were similar to their own,
+declared Cronus to be identical with their old agricultural divinity
+Saturn. They believed that after his defeat in the {18} Titanomachia and
+his banishment from his dominions by Zeus, he took refuge with Janus, king
+of Italy, who received the exiled deity with great kindness, and even
+shared his throne with him. Their united reign became so thoroughly
+peaceful and happy, and was distinguished by such uninterrupted prosperity,
+that it was called the Golden Age.
+
+Saturn is usually represented bearing a sickle in the one hand and a
+wheat-sheaf in the other.
+
+A temple was erected to him at the foot of the Capitoline Hill, in which
+were deposited the public treasury and the laws of the state.
+
+RHEA (OPS).
+
+Rhea, the wife of Cronus, and mother of Zeus and the other great gods of
+Olympus, personified the earth, and was regarded as the Great Mother and
+unceasing producer of all plant-life. She was also believed to exercise
+unbounded sway over the animal creation, more especially over the lion, the
+noble king of beasts. Rhea is generally represented wearing a crown of
+turrets or towers and seated on a throne, with lions crouching at her feet.
+She is sometimes depicted sitting in a chariot, drawn by lions.
+
+The principal seat of her worship, which was always of a very riotous
+character, was at Crete. At her festivals, which took place at night, the
+wildest music of flutes, cymbals, and drums resounded, whilst joyful shouts
+and cries, accompanied by dancing and loud stamping of feet, filled the
+air.
+
+This divinity was introduced into Crete by its first colonists from
+Phrygia, in Asia Minor, in which country she was worshipped under the name
+of Cybele. The people of Crete adored her as the Great Mother, more
+especially in her signification as the sustainer of the vegetable world.
+Seeing, however, that year by year, as winter appears, all her glory
+vanishes, her flowers fade, and her trees become leafless, they poetically
+expressed this process of nature under the figure of a lost love. She {19}
+was said to have been tenderly attached to a youth of remarkable beauty,
+named Atys, who, to her grief and indignation, proved faithless to her. He
+was about to unite himself to a nymph called Sagaris, when, in the midst of
+the wedding feast, the rage of the incensed goddess suddenly burst forth
+upon all present. A panic seized the assembled guests, and Atys, becoming
+afflicted with temporary madness, fled to the mountains and destroyed
+himself. Cybele, moved with sorrow and regret, instituted a yearly mourning
+for his loss, when her priests, the Corybantes, with their usual noisy
+accompaniments, marched into the mountains to seek the lost youth. Having
+discovered him[6] they gave full vent to their ecstatic delight by
+indulging in the most violent gesticulations, dancing, shouting, and, at
+the same time, wounding and gashing themselves in a frightful manner.
+
+OPS.
+
+In Rome the Greek Rhea was identified with Ops, the goddess of plenty, the
+wife of Saturn, who had a variety of appellations. She was called
+Magna-Mater, Mater-Deorum, Berecynthia-Idea, and also Dindymene. This
+latter title she acquired from three high mountains in Phrygia, whence she
+was brought to Rome as Cybele during the second Punic war, B.C. 205, in
+obedience to an injunction contained in the Sybilline books. She was
+represented as a matron crowned with towers, seated in a chariot drawn by
+lions.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DIVISION OF THE WORLD.
+
+We will now return to Zeus and his brothers, who, having gained a complete
+victory over their enemies, began to consider how the world, which they had
+{20} conquered, should be divided between them. At last it was settled by
+lot that Zeus should reign supreme in Heaven, whilst Aïdes governed the
+Lower World, and Poseidon had full command over the Sea, but the supremacy
+of Zeus was recognized in all three kingdoms, in heaven, on earth (in which
+of course the sea was included), and under the earth. Zeus held his court
+on the top of Mount Olympus, whose summit was beyond the clouds; the
+dominions of Aïdes were the gloomy unknown regions below the earth; and
+Poseidon reigned over the sea. It will be seen that the realm of each of
+these gods was enveloped in mystery. Olympus was shrouded in mists, Hades
+was wrapt in gloomy darkness, and the sea was, and indeed still is, a
+source of wonder and deep interest. Hence we see that what to other nations
+were merely strange phenomena, served this poetical and imaginative people
+as a foundation upon which to build the wonderful stories of their
+mythology.
+
+The division of the world being now satisfactorily arranged, it would seem
+that all things ought to have gone on smoothly, but such was not the case.
+Trouble arose in an unlooked-for quarter. The Giants, those hideous
+monsters (some with legs formed of serpents) who had sprung from the earth
+and the blood of Uranus, declared war against the triumphant deities of
+Olympus, and a struggle ensued, which, in consequence of Gæa having made
+these children of hers invincible as long as they kept their feet on the
+ground, was wearisome and protracted. Their mother's precaution, however,
+was rendered unavailing by pieces of rock being hurled upon them, which
+threw them down, and their feet being no longer placed firmly on their
+mother-earth, they were overcome, and this tedious war (which was called
+the Gigantomachia) at last came to an end. Among the most daring of these
+earth-born giants were Enceladus, Rhoetus, and the valiant Mimas, who, with
+youthful fire and energy, hurled against heaven great masses of rock and
+burning oak-trees, and defied the lightnings of Zeus. One of the most
+powerful monsters who opposed Zeus in this {21} war was called Typhon or
+Typhoeus. He was the youngest son of Tartarus and Gæa, and had a hundred
+heads, with eyes which struck terror to the beholders, and awe-inspiring
+voices frightful to hear. This dreadful monster resolved to conquer both
+gods and men, but his plans were at length defeated by Zeus, who, after a
+violent encounter, succeeded in destroying him with a thunderbolt, but not
+before he had so terrified the gods that they had fled for refuge to Egypt,
+where they metamorphosed themselves into different animals and thus
+escaped.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THEORIES AS TO THE ORIGIN OF MAN.
+
+Just as there were several theories concerning the origin of the world, so
+there were various accounts of the creation of man.
+
+The first natural belief of the Greek people was that man had sprung from
+the earth. They saw the tender plants and flowers force their way through
+the ground in the early spring of the year after the frost of winter had
+disappeared, and so they naturally concluded that man must also have issued
+from the earth in a similar manner. Like the wild plants and flowers, he
+was supposed to have had no cultivation, and resembled in his habits the
+untamed beasts of the field, having no habitation except that which nature
+had provided in the holes of the rocks, and in the dense forests whose
+overarching boughs protected him from the inclemency of the weather.
+
+In the course of time these primitive human beings became tamed and
+civilized by the gods and heroes, who taught them to work in metals, to
+build houses, and other useful arts of civilization. But the human race
+became in the course of time so degenerate that the gods resolved to
+destroy all mankind by means of a flood; Deucalion {22} (son of Prometheus)
+and his wife Pyrrha, being, on account of their piety, the only mortals
+saved.
+
+By the command of his father, Deucalion built a ship, in which he and his
+wife took refuge during the deluge, which lasted for nine days. When the
+waters abated the ship rested on Mount Othrys in Thessaly, or according to
+some on Mount Parnassus. Deucalion and his wife now consulted the oracle of
+Themis as to how the human race might be restored. The answer was, that
+they were to cover their heads, and throw the bones of their mother behind
+them. For some time they were perplexed as to the meaning of the oracular
+command, but at length both agreed that by the bones of their mother were
+meant the stones of the earth. They accordingly took up stones from the
+mountain side and cast them over their shoulders. From those thrown by
+Deucalion there sprang up men, and from those thrown by Pyrrha, women.
+
+After the lapse of time the theory of Autochthony (from _autos_, self, and
+_chthon_, earth) was laid aside. When this belief existed there were no
+religious teachers whatever; but in course of time temples were raised in
+honour of the different gods, and priests appointed to offer sacrifices to
+them and conduct their worship. These priests were looked upon as
+authorities in all religious matters, and the doctrine they taught was,
+that man had been created by the gods, and that there had been several
+successive ages of men, which were called the Golden, Silver, Brazen, and
+Iron Ages.
+
+Life in the Golden Age was one unceasing round of ever-recurring pleasures
+unmarred by sorrow or care. The favoured mortals living at this happy time
+led pure and joyous lives, thinking no evil, and doing no wrong. The earth
+brought forth fruits and flowers without toil or labour in plentiful
+luxuriance, and war was unknown. This delightful and god-like existence
+lasted for hundreds of years, and when at length life on earth was ended,
+death laid his hand so gently upon them that they passed painlessly away in
+a happy dream, and continued their existence as ministering spirits in
+Hades, watching over and {23} protecting those they had loved and left
+behind on earth. The men of the Silver Age[7] were a long time growing up,
+and during their childhood, which lasted a hundred years, they suffered
+from ill-health and extreme debility. When they at last became men they
+lived but a short time, for they would not abstain from mutual injury, nor
+pay the service due to the gods, and were therefore banished to Hades.
+There, unlike the beings of the Golden Age, they exercised no beneficent
+supervision over the dear ones left behind, but wandered about as restless
+spirits, always sighing for the lost pleasures they had enjoyed in life.
+
+The men of the Brazen Age were quite a different race of beings, being as
+strong and powerful as those of the Silver Age were weak and enervated.
+Everything which surrounded them was of brass; their arms, their tools,
+their dwellings, and all that they made. Their characters seem to have
+resembled the metal in which they delighted; their minds and hearts were
+hard, obdurate, and cruel. They led a life of strife and contention,
+introduced into the world, which had hitherto known nothing but peace and
+tranquillity, the scourge of war, and were in fact only happy when fighting
+and quarrelling with each other. Hitherto Themis, the goddess of Justice,
+had been living among mankind, but becoming disheartened at their evil
+doings, she abandoned the earth, and winged her flight back to heaven. At
+last the gods became so tired of their evil deeds and continual
+dissensions, that they removed them from the face of the earth, and sent
+them down to Hades to share the fate of their predecessors.
+
+We now come to the men of the Iron Age. The earth, no longer teeming with
+fruitfulness, only yielded her increase after much toil and labour. The
+goddess of Justice having abandoned mankind, no influence remained
+sufficiently powerful to preserve them from every kind of wickedness and
+sin. This condition grew worse as time went on, until at last Zeus in his
+anger let loose the water-courses from above, and drowned every {24}
+individual of this evil race, except Deucalion and Pyrrha.
+
+The theory of Hesiod,[8] the oldest of all the Greek poets, was that the
+Titan Prometheus, the son of Iapetus, had formed man out of clay, and that
+Athene had breathed a soul into him. Full of love for the beings he had
+called into existence, Prometheus determined to elevate their minds and
+improve their condition in every way; he therefore taught them astronomy,
+mathematics, the alphabet, how to cure diseases, and the art of divination.
+He created this race in such great numbers that the gods began to see the
+necessity of instituting certain fixed laws with regard to the sacrifices
+due to them, and the worship to which they considered themselves entitled
+from mankind in return for the protection which they accorded them. An
+assembly was therefore convened at Mecone in order to settle these points.
+It was decided that Prometheus, as the advocate of man, should slay an ox,
+which should be divided into two equal parts, and that the gods should
+select one portion which should henceforth, in all future sacrifices, be
+set apart for them. Prometheus so divided the ox that one part consisted of
+the bones (which formed of course the least valuable portion of the
+animal), artfully concealed by the white fat; whilst the other contained
+all the edible parts, which he covered with the skin, and on the top of all
+he laid the stomach.
+
+Zeus, pretending to be deceived, chose the heap of bones, but he saw
+through the stratagem, and was so angry at the deception practised on him
+by Prometheus that he avenged himself by refusing to mortals the gift of
+fire. {25} Prometheus, however, resolved to brave the anger of the great
+ruler of Olympus, and to obtain from heaven the vital spark so necessary
+for the further progress and comfort of the human race. He accordingly
+contrived to steal some sparks from the chariot of the sun, which he
+conveyed to earth hidden in a hollow tube. Furious at being again
+outwitted, Zeus determined to be revenged first on mankind, and then on
+Prometheus. To punish the former he commanded Hephæstus (Vulcan) to mould a
+beautiful woman out of clay, and determined that through her
+instrumentality trouble and misery should be brought into the world.
+
+The gods were so charmed with the graceful and artistic creation of
+Hephæstus, that they all determined to endow her with some special gift.
+Hermes (Mercury) bestowed on her a smooth persuasive tongue, Aphrodite gave
+her beauty and the art of pleasing; the Graces made her fascinating, and
+Athene (Minerva) gifted her with the possession of feminine
+accomplishments. She was called Pandora, which means all-gifted, having
+received every attribute necessary to make her charming and irresistible.
+Thus beautifully formed and endowed, this exquisite creature, attired by
+the Graces, and crowned with flowers by the Seasons, was conducted to the
+house of Epimetheus[9] by Hermes the messenger of the gods. Now Epimetheus
+had been warned by his brother not to accept any gift whatever from the
+gods; but he was so fascinated by the beautiful being who suddenly appeared
+before him, that he welcomed her to his home, and made her his wife. It was
+not long, however, before he had cause to regret his weakness.
+
+He had in his possession a jar of rare workmanship, containing all the
+blessings reserved by the gods for mankind, which he had been expressly
+forbidden to open. But woman's proverbial curiosity could not withstand so
+great a temptation, and Pandora determined to solve the mystery at any
+cost. Watching her opportunity she raised the lid, and immediately all the
+blessings which {26} the gods had thus reserved for mankind took wing and
+flew away. But all was not lost. Just as Hope (which lay at the bottom) was
+about to escape, Pandora hastily closed the lid of the jar, and thus
+preserved to man that never-failing solace which helps him to bear with
+courage the many ills which assail him.[10]
+
+Having punished mankind, Zeus determined to execute vengeance on
+Prometheus. He accordingly chained him to a rock in Mount Caucasus, and
+sent an eagle every day to gnaw away his liver, which grew again every
+night ready for fresh torments. For thirty years Prometheus endured this
+fearful punishment; but at length Zeus relented, and permitted his son
+Heracles (Hercules) to kill the eagle, and the sufferer was released.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THIRD DYNASTY--OLYMPIAN DIVINITIES.
+
+ZEUS[11] (JUPITER).
+
+Zeus, the great presiding deity of the universe, the ruler of heaven and
+earth, was regarded by the Greeks, first, as the god of all aërial
+phenomena; secondly, as the personification of the laws of nature; thirdly,
+as lord of state-life; and fourthly, as the father of gods and men.
+
+As the god of aërial phenomena he could, by shaking his ægis,[12] produce
+storms, tempests, and intense darkness. At his command the mighty thunder
+rolls, the lightning flashes, and the clouds open and pour forth their
+refreshing streams to fructify the earth.
+
+As the personification of the operations of nature, he represents those
+grand laws of unchanging and harmonious order, by which not only the
+physical but also {27} the moral world is governed. Hence he is the god of
+regulated time as marked by the changing seasons, and by the regular
+succession of day and night, in contradistinction to his father Cronus, who
+represents time absolutely, _i.e._ eternity.
+
+As the lord of state-life, he is the founder of kingly power, the upholder
+of all institutions connected with the state, and the special friend and
+patron of princes, whom he guards and assists with his advice and counsel.
+He protects the assembly of the people, and, in fact, watches over the
+welfare of the whole community.
+
+As the father of the gods, Zeus sees that each deity performs his or her
+individual duty, punishes their misdeeds, settles their disputes, and acts
+towards them on all occasions as their all-knowing counsellor and mighty
+friend.
+
+As the father of men, he takes a paternal interest in the actions and
+well-being of mortals. He watches over them with tender solicitude,
+rewarding truth, charity, and uprightness, but severely punishing perjury,
+cruelty, and want of hospitality. Even the poorest and most forlorn
+wanderer finds in him a powerful advocate, for he, by a wise and merciful
+dispensation, ordains that the mighty ones of the earth should succour
+their distressed and needy brethren.
+
+The Greeks believed that the home of this their mighty and all-powerful
+deity was on the top of Mount Olympus, that high and lofty mountain between
+Thessaly and Macedon, whose summit, wrapt in clouds and mist, was hidden
+from mortal view. It was supposed that this mysterious region, which even a
+bird could not reach, extended beyond the clouds right into Aether, the
+realm of the immortal gods. The poets describe this ethereal atmosphere as
+bright, glistening, and refreshing, exercising a peculiar, gladdening
+influence over the minds and hearts of those privileged beings permitted to
+share its delights. Here youth never ages, and the passing years leave no
+traces on its favoured inhabitants. On the cloud-capped summit of Olympus
+was the palace of {28} Zeus and Hera, of burnished gold, chased silver, and
+gleaming ivory. Lower down were the homes of the other gods, which, though
+less commanding in position and size, were yet similar to that of Zeus in
+design and workmanship, all being the work of the divine artist Hephæstus.
+Below these were other palaces of silver, ebony, ivory, or burnished brass,
+where the Heroes, or Demi-gods, resided.
+
+As the worship of Zeus formed so important a feature in the religion of the
+Greeks, his statues were necessarily both numerous and magnificent. He is
+usually represented as a man of noble and imposing mien, his countenance
+expressing all the lofty majesty of the omnipotent ruler of the universe,
+combined with the gracious, yet serious, benignity of the father and friend
+of mankind. He may be recognized by his rich flowing beard, and the thick
+masses of hair, which rise straight from the high and intellectual forehead
+and fall to his shoulders in clustering locks. The nose is large and finely
+formed, and the slightly-opened lips impart an air of sympathetic
+kindliness which invites confidence. He is always accompanied by an eagle,
+which either surmounts his sceptre, or sits at his feet; he generally bears
+in his uplifted hand a sheaf of thunder-bolts, just ready to be hurled,
+whilst in the other he holds the lightning. The head is frequently
+encircled with a wreath of oak-leaves.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The most celebrated statue of the Olympian Zeus was that by the famous
+Athenian sculptor Phidias, which was forty feet high, and stood in the
+temple of Zeus at Olympia. It was formed of ivory and gold, and was {29}
+such a masterpiece of art, that it was reckoned among the seven wonders of
+the world. It represented the god, seated on a throne, holding in his right
+hand a life-sized image of Nike (the goddess of Victory), and in his left a
+royal sceptre, surmounted by an eagle. It is said that the great sculptor
+had concentrated all the marvellous powers of his genius on this sublime
+conception, and earnestly entreated Zeus to give him a decided proof that
+his labours were approved. An answer to his prayer came through the open
+roof of the temple in the shape of a flash of lightning, which Phidias
+interpreted as a sign that the god of heaven was pleased with his work.
+
+Zeus was first worshipped at Dodona in Epirus, where, at the foot of Mount
+Tomarus, on the woody shore of Lake Joanina, was his famous oracle, the
+most ancient in Greece. Here the voice of the eternal and invisible god was
+supposed to be heard in the rustling leaves of a giant oak, announcing to
+mankind the will of heaven and the destiny of mortals; these revelations
+being interpreted to the people by the priests of Zeus, who were called
+Selli. Recent excavations which have been made at this spot have brought to
+light the ruins of the ancient temple of Zeus, and also, among other
+interesting relics, some plates of lead, on which are engraved inquiries
+which were evidently made by certain individuals who consulted the oracle.
+These little leaden plates speak to us, as it were, in a curiously homely
+manner of a by-gone time in the buried past. One person inquires what god
+he should apply to for health and fortune; another asks for advice
+concerning his child; and a third, evidently a shepherd, promises a gift to
+the oracle should a speculation in sheep turn out successfully. Had these
+little memorials been of gold instead of lead, they would doubtless have
+shared the fate of the numerous treasures which adorned this and other
+temples, in the universal pillage which took place when Greece fell into
+the hands of barbarians.
+
+Though Dodona was the most ancient of his shrines, the great national seat
+of the worship of Zeus was at Olympia in Elis, where there was a
+magnificent temple {30} dedicated to him, containing the famous colossal
+statue by Phidias above described. Crowds of devout worshippers flocked to
+this world-renowned fane from all parts of Greece, not only to pay homage
+to their supreme deity, but also to join in the celebrated games which were
+held there at intervals of four years. The Olympic games were such a
+thoroughly national institution, that even Greeks who had left their native
+country made a point of returning on these occasions, if possible, in order
+to contend with their fellow-countrymen in the various athletic sports
+which took place at these festivals.
+
+It will be seen on reflection that in a country like Greece, which
+contained so many petty states, often at variance with each other, these
+national gatherings must have been most valuable as a means of uniting the
+Greeks in one great bond of brotherhood. On these festive occasions the
+whole nation met together, forgetting for the moment all past differences,
+and uniting in the enjoyment of the same festivities.
+
+It will doubtless have been remarked that in the representations of Zeus he
+is always accompanied by an eagle. This royal bird was sacred to him,
+probably from the fact of its being the only creature capable of gazing at
+the sun without being dazzled, which may have suggested the idea that it
+was able to contemplate the splendour of divine majesty unshrinkingly.
+
+The oak-tree, and also the summits of mountains, were sacred to Zeus. His
+sacrifices consisted of white bulls, cows, and goats.
+
+Zeus had seven immortal wives, whose names were Metis, Themis, Eurynome,
+Demeter, Mnemosyne, Leto, and Hera.
+
+METIS, his first wife, was one of the Oceanides or sea-nymphs. She was the
+personification of prudence and wisdom, a convincing proof of which she
+displayed in her successful administration of the potion which caused
+Cronus to yield up his children. She was endowed with the gift of prophecy,
+and foretold to Zeus that one of their children would gain ascendency over
+{31} him. In order, therefore, to avert the possibility of the prediction
+being fulfilled he swallowed her before any children were born to them.
+Feeling afterwards violent pains in his head, he sent for Hephæstus, and
+ordered him to open it with an axe. His command was obeyed, and out sprang,
+with a loud and martial shout, a beautiful being, clad in armour from head
+to foot. This was Athene (Minerva), goddess of Armed Resistance and Wisdom.
+
+THEMIS was the goddess of Justice, Law, and Order.
+
+EURYNOME was one of the Oceanides, and the mother of the Charites or
+Graces.
+
+DEMETER,[13] the daughter of Cronus and Rhea, was the goddess of
+Agriculture.
+
+MNEMOSYNE, the daughter of Uranus and Gæa, was the goddess of Memory and
+the mother of the nine Muses.
+
+LETO (Latona) was the daughter of Coeus and Phoebe. She was gifted with
+wonderful beauty, and was tenderly loved by Zeus, but her lot was far from
+being a happy one, for Hera, being extremely jealous of her, persecuted her
+with inveterate cruelty, and sent the dreadful serpent Python[14] to
+terrify and torment her wherever she went. But Zeus, who had observed with
+the deepest compassion her weary wanderings and agonized fears, resolved to
+create for her some place of refuge, however humble, where she might feel
+herself safe from the venomous attacks of the serpent. He therefore brought
+her to Delos, a floating island in the Ægean Sea, which he made stationary
+by attaching it with chains of adamant to the bottom of the sea. Here she
+gave birth to her twin-children, Apollo and Artemis (Diana), two of the
+most beautiful of the immortals.
+
+According to some versions of the story of Leto, Zeus transformed her into
+a quail, in order that she might thus elude the vigilance of Hera, and she
+is said to have {32} resumed her true form when she arrived at the island
+of Delos.
+
+HERA, being the principal wife of Zeus and queen of heaven, a detailed
+account will be given of her in a special chapter.
+
+In the union of Zeus with most of his immortal wives we shall find that an
+allegorical meaning is conveyed. His marriage with Metis, who is said to
+have surpassed both gods and men in knowledge, represents supreme power
+allied to wisdom and prudence. His union with Themis typifies the bond
+which exists between divine majesty and justice, law, and order. Eurynome,
+as the mother of the Charites or Graces, supplied the refining and
+harmonizing influences of grace and beauty, whilst the marriage of Zeus
+with Mnemosyne typifies the union of genius with memory.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In addition to the seven immortal wives of Zeus, he was also allied to a
+number of mortal maidens whom he visited under various disguises, as it was
+supposed that if he revealed himself in his true form as king of heaven the
+splendour of his glory would cause instant destruction to mortals. The
+mortal consorts of Zeus have been such a favourite theme with poets,
+painters, and sculptors, that it is necessary to give some account of their
+individual history. Those best known are Antiope, Leda, Europa, Callisto,
+Alcmene, Semele, Io, and Danae.
+
+ANTIOPE, to whom Zeus appeared under the form of a satyr, was the daughter
+of Nicteus, king of Thebes. To escape the anger of her father she fled to
+Sicyon, where king Epopeus, enraptured with her wonderful beauty, made her
+his wife without asking her father's consent. This so enraged Nicteus that
+he declared war against Epopeus, in order to compel him to restore Antiope.
+At his death, which took place before he could succeed in his purpose,
+Nicteus left his kingdom to his brother Lycus, commanding him, at the same
+time, to carry on the war, and execute his vengeance. Lycus invaded Sicyon,
+defeated and killed Epopeus, and brought back {33} Antiope as a prisoner.
+On the way to Thebes she gave birth to her twin-sons, Amphion and Zethus,
+who, by the orders of Lycus, were at once exposed on Mount Cithaeron, and
+would have perished but for the kindness of a shepherd, who took pity on
+them and preserved their lives. Antiope was, for many years, held captive
+by her uncle Lycus, and compelled to suffer the utmost cruelty at the hands
+of his wife Dirce. But one day her bonds were miraculously loosened, and
+she flew for shelter and protection to the humble dwelling of her sons on
+Mount Cithaeron. During the long period of their mother's captivity the
+babes had grown into sturdy youths, and, as they listened angrily to the
+story of her wrongs, they became all impatience to avenge them. Setting off
+at once to Thebes they succeeded in possessing themselves of the town, and
+after slaying the cruel Lycus they bound Dirce by the hair to the horns of
+a wild bull, which dragged her hither and thither until she expired. Her
+mangled body was cast into the fount near Thebes, which still bears her
+name. Amphion became king of Thebes in his uncle's stead. He was a friend
+of the Muses, and devoted to music and poetry. His brother, Zethus, was
+famous for his skill in archery, and was passionately fond of the chase. It
+is said that when Amphion wished to inclose the town of Thebes with walls
+and towers, he had but to play a sweet melody on the lyre, given to him by
+Hermes, and the huge stones began to move, and obediently fitted themselves
+together.
+
+The punishment of Dirce at the hands of Amphion and Zethus forms the
+subject of the world-renowned marble group in the museum at Naples, known
+by the name of the Farnese Bull.
+
+In sculpture Amphion is always represented with a lyre; Zethus with a club.
+
+LEDA, whose affections Zeus won under the form of a swan, was the daughter
+of Thestius, king of Ætolia. Her twin-sons, Castor and (Polydeuces or)
+Pollux,[15] were {34} renowned for their tender attachment to each other.
+They were also famous for their physical accomplishments, Castor being the
+most expert charioteer of his day, and Pollux the first of pugilists. Their
+names appear both among the hunters of the Calydonian boar-hunt and the
+heroes of the Argonautic expedition. The brothers became attached to the
+daughters of Leucippus, prince of the Messenians, who had been betrothed by
+their father to Idas and Lynceus, sons of Aphareus. Having persuaded
+Leucippus to break his promise, the twins carried off the maidens as their
+brides. Idas and Lynceus, naturally furious at this proceeding, challenged
+the Dioscuri to mortal combat, in which Castor perished by the hand of
+Idas, and Lynceus by that of Pollux. Zeus wished to confer the gift of
+immortality upon Pollux, but he refused to accept it unless allowed to
+share it with Castor. Zeus gave the desired permission, and the faithful
+brothers were both allowed to live, but only on alternate days. The
+Dioscuri received divine honours throughout Greece, and were worshipped
+with special reverence at Sparta.
+
+EUROPA was the beautiful daughter of Agenor, king of Phoenicia. She was one
+day gathering flowers with her companions in a meadow near the sea-shore,
+when Zeus, charmed with her great beauty, and wishing to win her love,
+transformed himself into a beautiful white bull, and trotted quietly up to
+the princess, so as not to alarm her. Surprised at the gentleness of the
+animal, and admiring its beauty, as it lay placidly on the grass, she
+caressed it, crowned it with flowers, and, at last, playfully seated
+herself on its back. Hardly had she done so than the disguised god bounded
+away with his lovely burden, and swam across the sea with her to the island
+of Crete.
+
+Europa was the mother of Minos, Aeacus, and Rhadamanthus. Minos, who became
+king of Crete, was celebrated for his justice and moderation, and after
+death he was created one of the judges of the lower world, which office he
+held in conjunction with his brothers. {35}
+
+CALLISTO, the daughter of Lycaon, king of Arcadia, was a huntress in the
+train of Artemis, devoted to the pleasures of the chase, who had made a vow
+never to marry; but Zeus, under the form of the huntress-goddess, succeeded
+in obtaining her affections. Hera, being extremely jealous of her, changed
+her into a bear, and caused Artemis (who failed to recognize her attendant
+under this form) to hunt her in the chase, and put an end to her existence.
+After her death she was placed by Zeus among the stars as a constellation,
+under the name of Arctos, or the bear.
+
+ALCMENE, the daughter of Electryon, king of Mycenae, was betrothed to her
+cousin Amphytrion; but, during his absence on a perilous undertaking, Zeus
+assumed his form, and obtained her affections. Heracles (whose
+world-renowned exploits will be related among the legends) was the son of
+Alcmene and Zeus.
+
+SEMELE, a beautiful princess, the daughter of Cadmus, king of Phoenicia,
+was greatly beloved by Zeus. Like the unfortunate Callisto, she was hated
+by Hera with jealous malignity, and the haughty queen of heaven determined
+to effect her destruction. Disguising herself, therefore, as Beroe,
+Semele's faithful old nurse, she artfully persuaded her to insist upon Zeus
+visiting her, as he appeared to Hera, in all his power and glory, well
+knowing that this would cause her instant death. Semele, suspecting no
+treachery, followed the advice of her supposed nurse; and the next time
+Zeus came to her, she earnestly entreated him to grant the favour she was
+about to ask. Zeus swore by the Styx (which was to the gods an irrevocable
+oath) to accede to her request whatsoever it might be. Semele, therefore,
+secure of gaining her petition, begged of Zeus to appear to her in all the
+glory of his divine power and majesty. As he had sworn to grant whatever
+she asked of him, he was compelled to comply with her wish; he therefore
+revealed himself as the mighty lord of the universe, accompanied by thunder
+and lightning, and she was instantly consumed in the flames. {36}
+
+IO, daughter of Inachus, king of Argos, was a priestess of Hera. She was
+very beautiful, and Zeus, who was much attached to her, transformed her
+into a white cow, in order to defeat the jealous intrigues of Hera, who,
+however, was not to be deceived. Aware of the stratagem, she contrived to
+obtain the animal from Zeus, and placed her under the watchful care of a
+man called Argus-Panoptes, who fastened her to an olive-tree in the grove
+of Hera. He had a hundred eyes, of which, when asleep, he never closed more
+than two at a time; being thus always on the watch, Hera found him
+extremely useful in keeping guard over Io. Hermes, however, by the command
+of Zeus, succeeded in putting all his eyes to sleep with the sound of his
+magic lyre, and then, taking advantage of his helpless condition, slew him.
+The story goes, that in commemoration of the services which Argus had
+rendered her, Hera placed his eyes on the tail of a peacock, as a lasting
+memorial of her gratitude. Ever fertile in resource, Hera now sent a gadfly
+to worry and torment the unfortunate Io incessantly, and she wandered all
+over the world in hopes of escaping from her tormentor. At length she
+reached Egypt, where she found rest and freedom from the persecutions of
+her enemy. On the banks of the Nile she resumed her original form and gave
+birth to a son called Epaphus, who afterwards became king of Egypt, and
+built the famous city of Memphis.
+
+DANAE.--Zeus appeared to Danae under the form of a shower of gold. (Further
+details concerning her will be found in the legend of Perseus.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Greeks supposed that the divine ruler of the Universe occasionally
+assumed a human form, and descended from his celestial abode, in order to
+visit mankind and observe their proceedings, his aim being generally either
+to punish the guilty, or to reward the deserving.
+
+On one occasion Zeus, accompanied by Hermes, made a journey through
+Phrygia, seeking hospitality and shelter wherever they went. But nowhere
+did they receive a {37} kindly welcome till they came to the humble cottage
+of an old man and his wife called Philemon and Baucis, who entertained them
+with the greatest kindness, setting before them what frugal fare their
+humble means permitted, and bidding them welcome with unaffected
+cordiality. Observing in the course of their simple repast that the wine
+bowl was miraculously replenished, the aged couple became convinced of the
+divine nature of their guests. The gods now informed them that on account
+of its wickedness their native place was doomed to destruction, and told
+them to climb the neighbouring hill with them, which overlooked the village
+where they dwelt. What was their dismay on beholding at their feet, in
+place of the spot where they had passed so many happy years together,
+nothing but a watery plain, the only house to be seen being their own
+little cottage, which suddenly changed itself into a temple before their
+eyes. Zeus now asked the worthy pair to name any wish they particularly
+desired and it should be granted. They accordingly begged that they might
+serve the gods in the temple below, and end life together.
+
+Their wish was granted, for, after spending the remainder of their lives in
+the worship of the gods, they both died at the same instant, and were
+transformed by Zeus into trees, remaining for ever side by side.
+
+Upon another occasion Zeus, wishing to ascertain for himself the truth of
+the reports concerning the atrocious wickedness of mankind, made a journey
+through Arcadia. Being recognized by the Arcadians as king of heaven, he
+was received by them with becoming respect and veneration; but Lycaon,
+their king, who had rendered himself infamous by the gross impiety of
+himself and his sons, doubted the divinity of Zeus, ridiculed his people
+for being so easily duped, and, according to his custom of killing all
+strangers who ventured to trust his hospitality, resolved to murder him.
+Before executing this wicked design, however, he decided to put Zeus to the
+test, and having killed a boy for the purpose, placed before him a dish
+containing human flesh. But Zeus was {38} not to be deceived. He beheld the
+revolting dish with horror and loathing, and angrily upsetting the table
+upon which it was placed, turned Lycaon into a wolf, and destroyed all his
+fifty sons by lightning, except Nyctimus, who was saved by the intervention
+of Gæa.
+
+JUPITER.
+
+The Roman Jupiter, who is so frequently confounded with the Greek Zeus, is
+identical with him only as being the head of the Olympic gods, and the
+presiding deity over Life, Light, and Aërial Phenomena. Jupiter is lord of
+life in its widest and most comprehensive signification, having absolute
+power over life and death, in which respect he differed from the Greek
+Zeus, who was to a certain extent controlled by the all-potent sway of the
+Moiræ or Fates. Zeus, as we have seen, often condescends to visit mankind,
+either as a mortal, or under various disguises, whereas Jupiter always
+remains essentially the supreme god of heaven, and never appears upon
+earth.
+
+The most celebrated temple of Jupiter was that on the Capitoline Hill in
+the city of Rome, where he was worshipped under the names of
+Jupiter-Optimus-Maximus, Capitolinus, and Tarpeius.
+
+The Romans represented him seated on a throne of ivory, holding in his
+right hand a sheaf of thunderbolts, and in his left a sceptre, whilst an
+eagle stands beside his throne.
+
+HERA (JUNO).
+
+Hera, the eldest daughter of Cronus and Rhea, was born at Samos, or,
+according to some accounts, at Argos, and was reared by the sea-divinities
+Oceanus and Tethys, who were models of conjugal fidelity.[16] She was the
+{39} principal wife of Zeus, and, as queen of heaven, participated in the
+honours paid to him, but her dominion only extended over the air (the lower
+aërial regions). Hera appears to be the sublime embodiment of strict
+matronly virtue, and is on that account the protectress of purity and
+married women. Faultless herself in her fidelity as a wife, she is
+essentially the type of the sanctity of the marriage tie, and holds in
+abhorrence any violation of its obligations. So strongly was she imbued
+with this hatred of any immorality, that, finding herself so often called
+upon to punish the failings of both gods and men in this respect, she
+became jealous, harsh, and vindictive. Her exalted position as the wife of
+the supreme deity, combined with her extreme beauty, caused her to become
+exceedingly vain, and she consequently resented with great severity any
+infringement on her rights as queen of heaven, or any apparent slight on
+her personal appearance.
+
+The following story will signally illustrate how ready she was to resent
+any slight offered to her.
+
+At the marriage of the sea-nymph Thetis with a mortal called Peleus, all
+the gods and goddesses were present, except Eris (the goddess of Discord).
+Indignant at not being invited, she determined to cause dissension in the
+assembly, and for this purpose threw into the midst of the guests a golden
+apple with the inscription on it "For the Fairest." Now, as all the
+goddesses were extremely beautiful, each claimed the apple; but at length,
+the rest having relinquished their pretensions, the number of candidates
+was reduced to three, Hera, Athene, and Aphrodite, who agreed to appeal to
+Paris for a settlement of this delicate question, he being noted for the
+wisdom he had displayed in his judgment upon several occasions. Paris was
+the son of Priam, king of Troy, who, ignorant of his noble birth, was at
+this time feeding his flocks on Mount Ida, in Phrygia. Hermes, as messenger
+of the gods, conducted the three rival beauties to the young shepherd, and
+with breathless anxiety they awaited his decision. Each fair candidate
+endeavoured {40} to secure his favour by the most tempting offers. Hera
+promised him extensive dominions; Athene, martial fame and glory; and
+Aphrodite, the loveliest woman in the world. But whether he really
+considered Aphrodite the fairest of the three, or preferred a beautiful
+wife to fame and power, we cannot tell; all we know is that to her he
+awarded the golden apple, and she became ever after universally
+acknowledged as the goddess of beauty. Hera, having fully expected that
+Paris would give her the preference, was so indignant that she never
+forgave him, and not only persecuted him, but all the family of Priam,
+whose dreadful sufferings and misfortunes during the Trojan war were
+attributed to her influence. In fact, she carried her animosity to such an
+extent that it was often the cause of domestic disagreements between
+herself and Zeus, who espoused the cause of the Trojans.
+
+Among the many stories of these frequent quarrels there is one connected
+with Heracles, the favourite son of Zeus, which is as follows:--Hera having
+raised a storm at sea in order to drive him out of his course, Zeus became
+so angry that he hung her in the clouds by a golden chain, and attached
+heavy anvils to her feet. Her son Hephæstus tried to release his mother
+from her humiliating position, for which Zeus threw him out of heaven, and
+his leg was broken by the fall.
+
+Hera, being deeply offended with Zeus, determined to separate herself from
+him for ever, and she accordingly left him and took up her abode in Euboea.
+Surprised and grieved at this unlooked-for desertion, Zeus resolved to
+leave no means untried to win her back again. In this emergency he
+consulted Cithaeron, king of Platea, who was famed for his great wisdom and
+subtlety. Cithaeron advised him to dress up an image in bridal attire and
+place it in a chariot, announcing that this was Platea, his future wife.
+The artifice succeeded. Hera, incensed at the idea of a rival, flew to meet
+the procession in great anger, and seizing the supposed bride, she
+furiously attacked her and dragged off her nuptial attire. Her delight on
+discovering the deception was so great that a {41} reconciliation took
+place, and, committing the image to the flames, with joyful laughter she
+seated herself in its place and returned to Olympus.
+
+Hera was the mother of Ares (Mars), Hephæstus, Hebe, and Eileithyia. Ares
+was the god of War; Hephæstus, of Fire; Hebe, of Youth; and Eileithyia
+presided over the birth of mortals.
+
+Hera dearly loved Greece, and indeed always watched over and protected
+Greek interests, her beloved and favourite cities being Argos, Samos,
+Sparta, and Mycenæ.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Her principal temples were at Argos and Samos. From a remote period she was
+greatly venerated at Olympia, and her temple there, which stood in the
+Altis or sacred grove, was five hundred years older than that of Zeus on
+the same spot. Some interesting excavations which are now going on there
+have brought to light the remains of the ancient edifice, which contains
+among other treasures of antiquity several beautiful statues, the work of
+the famous sculptors of ancient Greece. At first this temple was built of
+wood, then of stone, and the one lately discovered was formed of
+conglomerate of shells.
+
+In the Altis races were run by young maidens in honour of Hera, and the
+fleetest of foot received in token of her victory an olive-wreath and a
+piece of the flesh of the sacrifices. These races, like the Olympic Games,
+were celebrated at intervals of four years, and were called Heræ. A
+beautiful robe, woven by sixteen women chosen from the sixteen cities of
+Elis, was always offered to Hera on these {42} occasions, and choral songs
+and sacred dances formed part of the ceremonies.
+
+Hera is usually represented seated on a throne, holding a pomegranate in
+one hand and a sceptre surmounted by a cuckoo in the other. She appears as
+a calm, dignified matron of majestic beauty, robed in a tunic and mantle,
+her forehead is broad and intellectual, her eyes large and fully opened,
+and her arms dazzlingly white and finely moulded.
+
+The finest statue of this divinity was that by Polycletus at Argos.
+
+Her attributes are the diadem, veil, sceptre, and peacock.
+
+The first day of every month a ewe-lamb and sow were sacrificed to Hera.
+The hawk, goose, and more particularly the peacock[17] were sacred to her.
+Flocks of these beautiful birds generally surround her throne and draw her
+chariot, Iris, the Rainbow, being seated behind her.
+
+Her favourite flowers were the dittany, poppy, and lily.
+
+JUNO.
+
+Juno, the Roman divinity supposed to be identical with the Greek Hera,
+differed from her in the most salient points, for whereas Hera invariably
+appears as the haughty, unbending queen of heaven, Juno, on the other hand,
+is revered and beloved as the type of a matron and housewife. She was
+worshipped in Rome under various titles, most of which point to her
+vocation as the protectress of married women. Juno was believed to watch
+over and guard the life of every woman from her birth to her death. The
+principal temples dedicated to her were in Rome, one being erected on the
+Aventine, and the other on the Capitoline Hill. She had also a temple on
+the Arx, in which she was worshipped as Juno Moneta, or the {43} warning
+goddess. Adjacent to this shrine was the public mint.[18] On the 1st of
+March a grand annual festival, called the Matronalia, was celebrated in her
+honour by all the married women of Rome, and this religious institution was
+accompanied with much solemnity.[19]
+
+PALLAS-ATHENE (MINERVA).
+
+Pallas-Athene, goddess of Wisdom and Armed Resistance, was a purely Greek
+divinity; that is to say, no other nation possessed a corresponding
+conception. She was supposed, as already related, to have issued from the
+head of Zeus himself, clad in armour from head to foot. The miraculous
+advent of this maiden goddess is beautifully described by Homer in one of
+his hymns: snow-capped Olympus shook to its foundation; the glad earth
+re-echoed her martial shout; the billowy sea became agitated; and Helios,
+the sun-god, arrested his fiery steeds in their headlong course to welcome
+this wonderful emanation from the godhead. Athene was at once admitted into
+the assembly of the gods, and henceforth took her place as the most
+faithful and sagacious of all her father's counsellors. This brave,
+dauntless maiden, so exactly the essence of all that is noble in the
+character of "the father of gods and men," remained throughout chaste in
+word and deed, and kind at heart, without exhibiting any of those failings
+which somewhat mar the nobler features in the character of Zeus. This
+direct emanation from his own self, justly his favourite child, his better
+and purer counterpart, received from him several important prerogatives.
+She was permitted to hurl the thunderbolts, to prolong the life of man, and
+to bestow the gift of prophecy; in fact Athene was the only divinity whose
+authority was equal to that of Zeus himself, and when he had ceased to
+visit the earth in person {44} she was empowered by him to act as his
+deputy. It was her especial duty to protect the state and all peaceful
+associations of mankind, which she possessed the power of defending when
+occasion required. She encouraged the maintenance of law and order, and
+defended the right on all occasions, for which reason, in the Trojan war
+she espouses the cause of the Greeks and exerts all her influence on their
+behalf. The Areopagus, a court of justice where religious causes and
+murders were tried, was believed to have been instituted by her, and when
+both sides happened to have an equal number of votes she gave the
+casting-vote in favour of the accused. She was the patroness of learning,
+science, and art, more particularly where these contributed directly
+towards the welfare of nations. She presided over all inventions connected
+with agriculture, invented the plough, and taught mankind how to use oxen
+for farming purposes. She also instructed mankind in the use of numbers,
+trumpets, chariots, &c., and presided over the building of the Argo,[20]
+thereby encouraging the useful art of navigation. She also taught the
+Greeks how to build the wooden horse by means of which the destruction of
+Troy was effected.
+
+The safety of cities depended on her care, for which reason her temples
+were generally built on the citadels, and she was supposed to watch over
+the defence of the walls, fortifications, harbours, &c. A divinity who so
+faithfully guarded the best interests of the state, by not only protecting
+it from the attacks of enemies, but also by developing its chief resources
+of wealth and prosperity, was worthily chosen as the presiding deity of the
+state, and in this character as an essentially political goddess she was
+called Athene-Polias.
+
+The fact of Athene having been born clad in armour, which merely signified
+that her virtue and purity were unassailable, has given rise to the
+erroneous supposition that she was the presiding goddess of war; but a
+deeper {45} study of her character in all its bearings proves that, in
+contradistinction to her brother Ares, the god of war, who loved strife for
+its own sake, she only takes up arms to protect the innocent and deserving
+against tyrannical oppression. It is true that in the Iliad we frequently
+see her on the battlefield fighting valiantly, and protecting her favourite
+heroes; but this is always at the command of Zeus, who even supplies her
+with arms for the purpose, as it is supposed that she possessed none of her
+own. A marked feature in the representations of this deity is the ægis,
+that wonderful shield given to her by her father as a further means of
+defence, which, when in danger, she swung so swiftly round and round that
+it kept at a distance all antagonistic influences; hence her name Pallas,
+from _pallo_, I swing. In the centre of this shield, which was covered with
+dragon's scales, bordered with serpents, and which she sometimes wore as a
+breastplate, was the awe-inspiring head of the Medusa, which had the effect
+of turning to stone all beholders.
+
+In addition to the many functions which she exercised in connection with
+the state, Athene presided over the two chief departments of feminine
+industry, spinning and weaving. In the latter art she herself displayed
+unrivalled ability and exquisite taste. She wove her own robe and that of
+Hera, which last she is said to have embroidered very richly; she also gave
+Jason a cloak wrought by herself, when he set forth in quest of the Golden
+Fleece. Being on one occasion challenged to a contest in this
+accomplishment by a mortal maiden named Arachne, whom she had instructed in
+the art of weaving, she accepted the challenge and was completely
+vanquished by her pupil. Angry at her defeat, she struck the unfortunate
+maiden on the forehead with the shuttle which she held in her hand; and
+Arachne, being of a sensitive nature, was so hurt by this indignity that
+she hung herself in despair, and was changed by Athene into a spider. This
+goddess is said to have invented the flute,[21] upon {46} which she played
+with considerable talent, until one day, being laughed at by the assembled
+gods and goddesses for the contortions which her countenance assumed during
+these musical efforts, she hastily ran to a fountain in order to convince
+herself whether she deserved their ridicule. Finding to her intense disgust
+that such was indeed the fact, she threw the flute away, and never raised
+it to her lips again.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Athene is usually represented fully draped; she has a serious and
+thoughtful aspect, as though replete with earnestness and wisdom; the
+beautiful oval contour of her countenance is adorned by the luxuriance of
+her wealth of hair, which is drawn back from the temples and hangs down in
+careless grace; she looks the embodiment of strength, grandeur, and
+majesty; whilst her broad shoulders and small hips give her a slightly
+masculine appearance.
+
+When represented as the war-goddess she appears clad in armour, with a
+helmet on her head, from which waves a large plume; she carries the ægis on
+her arm, and in her hand a golden staff, which possessed the property of
+endowing her chosen favourites with youth and dignity.
+
+Athene was universally worshipped throughout Greece, but was regarded with
+special veneration by the Athenians, she being the guardian deity of
+Athens. Her most celebrated temple was the Parthenon, which stood on the
+{47} Acropolis at Athens, and contained her world-renowned statue by
+Phidias, which ranks second only to that of Zeus by the same great artist.
+This colossal statue was 39 feet high, and was composed of ivory and gold;
+its majestic beauty formed the chief attraction of the temple. It
+represented her standing erect, bearing her spear and shield; in her hand
+she held an image of Nike, and at her feet there lay a serpent.
+
+The tree sacred to her was the olive, which she herself produced in a
+contest with Poseidon. The olive-tree thus called into existence was
+preserved in the temple of Erectheus, on the Acropolis, and is said to have
+possessed such marvellous vitality, that when the Persians burned it after
+sacking the town it immediately burst forth into new shoots.
+
+The principal festival held in honour of this divinity was the Panathenæa.
+
+The owl, cock, and serpent were the animals sacred to her, and her
+sacrifices were rams, bulls, and cows.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MINERVA.
+
+The Minerva of the Romans was identified with the Pallas-Athene of the
+Greeks. Like her she presides over learning and all useful arts, and is the
+patroness of the feminine accomplishments of sewing, spinning, weaving, &c.
+Schools were under her especial care, and schoolboys, therefore, had
+holidays during her festivals (the Greater Quinquatria), when they always
+brought a gift to their master, called the Minerval.
+
+It is worthy of notice that the only three divinities {48} worshipped in
+the Capitol were Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, and in their joint honour the
+Ludi Maximi or great games were held.
+
+THEMIS.
+
+Themis, who has already been alluded to as the wife of Zeus, was the
+daughter of Cronus and Rhea, and personified those divine laws of justice
+and order by means of which the well-being and morality of communities are
+regulated. She presided over the assemblies of the people and the laws of
+hospitality. To her was intrusted the office of convoking the assembly of
+the gods, and she was also mistress of ritual and ceremony. On account of
+her great wisdom Zeus himself frequently sought her counsel and acted upon
+her advice. Themis was a prophetic divinity, and had an oracle near the
+river Cephissus in Boeotia.
+
+She is usually represented as being in the full maturity of womanhood, of
+fair aspect, and wearing a flowing garment, which drapes her noble,
+majestic form; in her right hand she holds the sword of justice, and in her
+left the scales, which indicate the impartiality with which every cause is
+carefully weighed by her, her eyes being bandaged so that the personality
+of the individual should carry no weight with respect to the verdict.
+
+This divinity is sometimes identified with Tyche, sometimes with Ananke.
+
+Themis, like so many other Greek divinities, takes the place of a more
+ancient deity of the same name who was a daughter of Uranus and Gæa. This
+elder Themis inherited from her mother the gift of prophecy, and when she
+became merged into her younger representative she transmitted to her this
+prophetic power.
+
+HESTIA (Vesta).
+
+Hestia was the daughter of Cronus and Rhea. She was the goddess of Fire in
+its first application to the wants of mankind, hence she was essentially
+the presiding deity {49} of the domestic hearth and the guardian spirit of
+man, and it was her pure and benign influence which was supposed to protect
+the sanctity of domestic life.
+
+Now in these early ages the hearth was regarded as the most important and
+most sacred portion of the dwelling, probably because the protection of the
+fire was an important consideration, for if once permitted to become
+extinct, re-ignition was attended with extreme difficulty. In fact, the
+hearth was held so sacred that it constituted the sanctum of the family,
+for which reason it was always erected in the centre of every house. It was
+a few feet in height and was built of stone; the fire was placed on the top
+of it, and served the double purpose of preparing the daily meals, and
+consuming the family sacrifices. Round this domestic hearth or altar were
+gathered the various members of the family, the head of the house occupying
+the place of honour nearest the hearth. Here prayers were said and
+sacrifices offered, and here also every kind and loving feeling was
+fostered, which even extended to the hunted and guilty stranger, who, if he
+once succeeded in touching this sacred altar, was safe from pursuit and
+punishment, and was henceforth placed under the protection of the family.
+Any crime committed within the sacred precincts of the domestic hearth was
+invariably visited by death.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In Grecian cities there was a common hall, called the Prytaneum, in which
+the members of the government had their meals at the expense of the state,
+and here too was the Hestia, or public hearth, with its fire, by means of
+which those meals were prepared. It was customary for emigrants to take
+with them a portion of this sacred fire, which they jealously guarded and
+brought with them to their new home, where it served as a connecting link
+between the young Greek colony and the mother country. Hestia is generally
+represented standing, and in accordance with the dignity and sanctity of
+her character, always appears fully draped. Her countenance is
+distinguished by a serene gravity of expression. {50}
+
+VESTA.
+
+Vesta occupies a distinguished place among the earlier divinities of the
+Romans. Her temple in Rome, containing as it were the hearthstone of the
+nation, stood close beside the palace of Numa Pompilius.
+
+On her altar burned the never-ceasing fire, which was tended by her
+priestesses, the Vestal Virgins.[22]
+
+The temple of Vesta was circular in form, and contained that sacred and
+highly prized treasure the Palladium of Troy.[23]
+
+The great festival in honour of Vesta, called the Vestalia, was celebrated
+on the 9th of June.
+
+DEMETER (Ceres).
+
+Demeter (from _Ge-meter_, earth-mother) was the daughter of Cronus and
+Rhea.[24] She represented that portion of Gæa (the whole solid earth) which
+we call the earth's crust, and which produces all vegetation. As goddess of
+agriculture, field-fruits, plenty, and productiveness, she was the
+sustainer of material life, and was therefore a divinity of great
+importance. When ancient Gæa lost, with Uranus, her position as a ruling
+divinity, she abdicated her sway in favour of her daughter Rhea, who
+henceforth inherited the powers which her mother had previously possessed,
+receiving in her place the honour and worship of mankind. In a very old
+poem Gæa is accordingly described as retiring to a cavern in the bowels
+{51} of the earth, where she sits in the lap of her daughter, slumbering,
+moaning, and nodding for ever and ever.
+
+It is necessary to keep clearly in view the distinctive difference between
+the three great earth-goddesses Gæa, Rhea, and Demeter. Gæa represents the
+earth as a whole, with its mighty subterranean forces; Rhea is that
+productive power which causes vegetation to spring forth, thus sustaining
+men and animals; Demeter, by presiding over agriculture, directs and
+utilizes Rhea's productive powers. But in later times, when Rhea, like
+other ancient divinities, loses her importance as a ruling deity, Demeter
+assumes all her functions and attributes, and then becomes the goddess of
+the life-producing and life-maintaining earth-crust. We must bear in mind
+the fact that man in his primitive state knew neither how to sow nor how to
+till the ground; when, therefore, he had exhausted the pastures which
+surrounded him he was compelled to seek others which were as yet unreaped;
+thus, roaming constantly from one place to another, settled habitations,
+and consequently civilizing influences, were impossible. Demeter, however,
+by introducing a knowledge of agriculture, put an end, at once and for
+ever, to that nomadic life which was now no longer necessary.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The favour of Demeter was believed to bring mankind rich harvests and
+fruitful crops, whereas her displeasure caused blight, drought, and famine.
+The island of Sicily was supposed to be under her especial protection, and
+there she was regarded with particular veneration, the Sicilians naturally
+attributing the wonderful fertility of their country to the partiality of
+the goddess.
+
+Demeter is usually represented as a woman of noble {52} bearing and
+majestic appearance, tall, matronly, and dignified, with beautiful golden
+hair, which falls in rippling curls over her stately shoulders, the yellow
+locks being emblematical of the ripened ears of corn. Sometimes she appears
+seated in a chariot drawn by winged dragons, at others she stands erect,
+her figure drawn up to its full height, and always fully draped; she bears
+a sheaf of wheat-ears in one hand and a lighted torch in the other. The
+wheat-ears are not unfrequently replaced by a bunch of poppies, with which
+her brows are also garlanded, though sometimes she merely wears a simple
+riband in her hair.
+
+Demeter, as the wife of Zeus, became the mother of Persephone (Proserpine),
+to whom she was so tenderly attached that her whole life was bound up in
+her, and she knew no happiness except in her society. One day, however,
+whilst Persephone was gathering flowers in a meadow, attended by the
+ocean-nymphs, she saw to her surprise a beautiful narcissus, from the stem
+of which sprang forth a hundred blossoms. Drawing near to examine this
+lovely flower, whose exquisite scent perfumed the air, she stooped down to
+gather it, suspecting no evil, when a yawning abyss opened at her feet, and
+Aïdes, the grim ruler of the lower world, appeared from its depths, seated
+in his dazzling chariot drawn by four black horses. Regardless of her tears
+and the shrieks of her female attendants, Aïdes seized the terrified
+maiden, and bore her away to the gloomy realms over which he reigned in
+melancholy grandeur. Helios, the all-seeing sun-god, and Hecate, a
+mysterious and very ancient divinity, alone heard her cries for aid, but
+were powerless to help her. When Demeter became conscious of her loss her
+grief was intense, and she refused to be comforted. She knew not where to
+seek for her child, but feeling that repose and inaction were impossible,
+she set out on her weary search, taking with her two torches which she
+lighted in the flames of Mount Etna to guide her on her way. For nine long
+days and nights she wandered on, inquiring of every one she met for tidings
+of her child. {53} But all was in vain! Neither gods nor men could give her
+the comfort which her soul so hungered for. At last, on the tenth day, the
+disconsolate mother met Hecate, who informed her that she had heard her
+daughter's cries, but knew not who it was that had borne her away. By
+Hecate's advice Demeter consulted Helios, whose all-seeing eye nothing
+escapes, and from him she learnt that it was Zeus himself who had permitted
+Aïdes to seize Persephone, and transport her to the lower world in order
+that she might become his wife. Indignant with Zeus for having given his
+sanction to the abduction of his daughter, and filled with the bitterest
+sorrow, she abandoned her home in Olympus, and refused all heavenly food.
+Disguising herself as an old woman, she descended upon earth, and commenced
+a weary pilgrimage among mankind. One evening she arrived at a place called
+Eleusis, in Attica, and sat down to rest herself near a well beneath the
+shade of an olive-tree. The youthful daughters of Celeus, the king of the
+country, came with their pails of brass to draw water from this well, and
+seeing that the tired wayfarer appeared faint and dispirited, they spoke
+kindly to her, asking who she was, and whence she came. Demeter replied
+that she had made her escape from pirates, who had captured her, and added
+that she would feel grateful for a home with any worthy family, whom she
+would be willing to serve in a menial capacity. The princesses, on hearing
+this, begged Demeter to have a moment's patience while they returned home
+and consulted their mother, Metaneira. They soon brought the joyful
+intelligence that she was desirous of securing her services as nurse to her
+infant son Demophoon, or Triptolemus. When Demeter arrived at the house a
+radiant light suddenly illumined her, which circumstance so overawed
+Metaneira that she treated the unknown stranger with the greatest respect,
+and hospitably offered her food and drink. But Demeter, still grief-worn
+and dejected, refused her friendly offers, and held herself apart from the
+social board. At length, however, the maid-servant Iambe succeeded, by
+means {54} of playful jests and merriment, in somewhat dispelling the grief
+of the sorrowing mother, causing her at times to smile in spite of herself,
+and even inducing her to partake of a mixture of barley-meal, mint, and
+water, which was prepared according to the directions of the goddess
+herself. Time passed on, and the young child throve amazingly under the
+care of his kind and judicious nurse, who, however, gave him no food, but
+anointed him daily with ambrosia, and every night laid him secretly in the
+fire in order to render him immortal and exempt from old age. But,
+unfortunately, this benevolent design on the part of Demeter was frustrated
+by Metaneira herself, whose curiosity, one night, impelled her to watch the
+proceedings of the mysterious being who nursed her child. When to her
+horror she beheld her son placed in the flames, she shrieked aloud.
+Demeter, incensed at this untimely interruption, instantly withdrew the
+child, and throwing him on the ground, revealed herself in her true
+character. The bent and aged form had vanished, and in its place there
+stood a bright and beauteous being, whose golden locks streamed over her
+shoulders in richest luxuriance, her whole aspect bespeaking dignity and
+majesty. She told the awe-struck Metaneira that she was the goddess
+Demeter, and had intended to make her son immortal, but that her fatal
+curiosity had rendered this impossible, adding, however, that the child,
+having slept in her arms, and been nursed on her lap, should ever command
+the respect and esteem of mankind. She then desired that a temple and altar
+should be erected to her on a neighbouring hill by the people of Eleusis,
+promising that she herself would direct them how to perform the sacred
+rites and ceremonies, which should be observed in her honour. With these
+words she took her departure never to return.
+
+Obedient to her commands, Celeus called together a meeting of his people,
+and built the temple on the spot which the goddess had indicated. It was
+soon completed, and Demeter took up her abode in it, but her heart was
+still sad for the loss of her daughter, and the whole world felt the
+influence of her grief and dejection. This was {55} indeed a terrible year
+for mankind. Demeter no longer smiled on the earth she was wont to bless,
+and though the husbandman sowed the grain, and the groaning oxen ploughed
+the fields, no harvest rewarded their labour. All was barren, dreary
+desolation. The world was threatened with famine, and the gods with the
+loss of their accustomed honours and sacrifices; it became evident,
+therefore, to Zeus himself that some measures must be adopted to appease
+the anger of the goddess. He accordingly despatched Iris and many of the
+other gods and goddesses to implore Demeter to return to Olympus; but all
+their prayers were fruitless. The incensed goddess swore that until her
+daughter was restored to her she would not allow the grain to spring forth
+from the earth. At length Zeus sent Hermes, his faithful messenger, to the
+lower world with a petition to Aïdes, urgently entreating him to restore
+Persephone to the arms of her disconsolate mother. When he arrived in the
+gloomy realms of Aïdes, Hermes found him seated on a throne with the
+beautiful Persephone beside him, sorrowfully bewailing her unhappy fate. On
+learning his errand, Aïdes consented to resign Persephone, who joyfully
+prepared to follow the messenger of the gods to the abode of life and
+light. Before taking leave of her husband, he presented to her a few seeds
+of pomegranate, which in her excitement she thoughtlessly swallowed, and
+this simple act, as the sequel will show, materially affected her whole
+future life. The meeting between mother and child was one of unmixed
+rapture, and for the moment all the past was forgotten. The loving mother's
+happiness would now have been complete had not Aïdes asserted his rights.
+These were, that if any immortal had tasted food in his realms they were
+bound to remain there for ever. Of course the ruler of the lower world had
+to prove this assertion. This, however, he found no difficulty in doing, as
+Ascalaphus, the son of Acheron and Orphne, was his witness to the fact.[25]
+Zeus, pitying the disappointment of Demeter at finding {56} her hopes thus
+blighted, succeeded in effecting a compromise by inducing his brother Aïdes
+to allow Persephone to spend six months of the year with the gods above,
+whilst during the other six she was to be the joyless companion of her grim
+lord below. Accompanied by her daughter, the beautiful Persephone, Demeter
+now resumed her long-abandoned dwelling in Olympus; the sympathetic earth
+responded gaily to her bright smiles, the corn at once sprang forth from
+the ground in fullest plenty, the trees, which late were sered and bare,
+now donned their brightest emerald robes, and the flowers, so long
+imprisoned in the hard, dry soil, filled the whole air with their fragrant
+perfume. Thus ends this charming story, which was a favourite theme with
+all the classic authors.
+
+It is very possible that the poets who first created this graceful myth
+merely intended it as an allegory to illustrate the change of seasons; in
+the course of time, however, a literal meaning became attached to this and
+similar poetical fancies, and thus the people of Greece came to regard as
+an article of religious belief what, in the first instance, was nothing
+more than a poetic simile.
+
+In the temple erected to Demeter at Eleusis, the famous Eleusinian
+Mysteries were instituted by the goddess herself. It is exceedingly
+difficult, as in the case of all secret societies, to discover anything
+with certainty concerning these sacred rites. The most plausible
+supposition is that the doctrines taught by the priests to the favoured few
+whom they initiated, were religious truths which were deemed unfit for the
+uninstructed mind of the multitude. For instance, it is supposed that the
+myth of Demeter and Persephone was explained by the teachers of the
+Mysteries to signify the temporary loss which mother earth sustains every
+year when the icy breath of winter robs her of her flowers and fruits and
+grain.
+
+It is believed that in later times a still deeper meaning was conveyed by
+this beautiful myth, viz., the doctrine of the immortality of the soul. The
+grain, which, as it were, remains dead for a time in the dark earth, only
+{57} to rise one day dressed in a newer and lovelier garb, was supposed to
+symbolize the soul, which, after death, frees itself from corruption, to
+live again under a better and purer form.
+
+When Demeter instituted the Eleusinian Mysteries, Celeus and his family
+were the first to be initiated, Celeus himself being appointed high-priest.
+His son Triptolemus and his daughters, who acted as priestesses, assisted
+him in the duties of his sacred office. The Mysteries were celebrated by
+the Athenians every five years, and were, for a long time, their exclusive
+privilege. They took place by torchlight, and were conducted with the
+greatest solemnity.
+
+In order to spread abroad the blessings which agriculture confers, Demeter
+presented Triptolemus with her chariot drawn by winged dragons, and, giving
+him some grains of corn, desired him to journey through the world, teaching
+mankind the arts of agriculture and husbandry.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Demeter exercised great severity towards those who incurred her
+displeasure. We find examples of this in the stories of Stellio and
+Eresicthon. Stellio was a youth who ridiculed the goddess for the eagerness
+with which she was eating a bowl of porridge, when weary and faint in the
+vain search for her daughter. Resolved that he should never again have an
+opportunity of thus offending, she angrily threw into his face the
+remainder of the food, and changed him into a spotted lizard.
+
+Eresicthon, son of Triopas, had drawn upon himself the anger of Demeter by
+cutting down her sacred groves, for which she punished him with a constant
+and insatiable hunger. He sold all his possessions in order to satisfy his
+cravings, and was forced at last to devour his own limbs. His daughter
+Metra, who was devotedly attached to him, possessed the power of
+transforming herself into a variety of different animals. By this means she
+contrived to support her father, who sold her again and again each time she
+assumed a different form, and thus he dragged on a pitiful existence. {58}
+
+CERES.
+
+The Roman Ceres is actually the Greek Demeter under another name, her
+attributes, worship, festivals, &c., being precisely identical.
+
+The Romans were indebted to Sicily for this divinity, her worship having
+been introduced by the Greek colonists who settled there.
+
+The Cerealia, or festivals in honour of Ceres, commenced on the 12th of
+April, and lasted several days.
+
+APHRODITE (VENUS).
+
+Aphrodite (from _aphros_, sea-foam, and _dite_, issued), the daughter of
+Zeus and a sea-nymph called Dione, was the goddess of Love and Beauty.
+
+Dione, being a sea-nymph, gave birth to her daughter beneath the waves; but
+the child of the heaven-inhabiting Zeus was forced to ascend from the
+ocean-depths and mount to the snow-capped summits of Olympus, in order to
+breathe that ethereal and most refined atmosphere which pertains to the
+celestial gods.
+
+Aphrodite was the mother of Eros (Cupid), the god of Love, also of Æneas,
+the great Trojan hero and the head of that Greek colony which settled in
+Italy, and from which arose the city of Rome. As a mother Aphrodite claims
+our sympathy for the tenderness she exhibits towards her children. Homer
+tells us in his Iliad, how, when Æneas was wounded in battle, she came to
+his assistance, regardless of personal danger, and was herself severely
+wounded in attempting to save his life. {59}
+
+Aphrodite was tenderly attached to a lovely youth, called Adonis, whose
+exquisite beauty has become proverbial. He was a motherless babe, and
+Aphrodite, taking pity on him, placed him in a chest and intrusted him to
+the care of Persephone, who became so fond of the beautiful youth that she
+refused to part with him. Zeus, being appealed to by the rival
+foster-mothers, decided that Adonis should spend four months of every year
+with Persephone, four with Aphrodite, whilst during the remaining four
+months he should be left to his own devices. He became, however, so
+attached to Aphrodite that he voluntarily devoted to her the time at his
+own disposal. Adonis was killed, during the chase, by a wild boar, to the
+great grief of Aphrodite, who bemoaned his loss so persistently that Aïdes,
+moved with pity, permitted him to pass six months of every year with her,
+whilst the remaining half of the year was spent by him in the lower world.
+
+Aphrodite possessed a magic girdle (the famous _cestus_) which she
+frequently lent to unhappy maidens suffering from the pangs of unrequited
+love, as it was endowed with the power of inspiring affection for the
+wearer, whom it invested with every attribute of grace, beauty, and
+fascination.
+
+Her usual attendants are the Charites or Graces (Euphrosyne, Aglaia, and
+Thalia), who are represented undraped and intertwined in a loving embrace.
+
+In Hesiod's _Theogony_ she is supposed to belong to the more ancient
+divinities, and, whilst those of later date are represented as having
+descended one from another, and all more or less from Zeus, Aphrodite has a
+variously-accounted-for, yet independent origin.
+
+The most poetical version of her birth is that when Uranus was wounded by
+his son Cronus, his blood mingled with the foam of the sea, whereupon the
+bubbling waters at once assumed a rosy tint, and from their depths arose,
+in all the surpassing glory of her loveliness, Aphrodite, goddess of love
+and beauty! Shaking her long, fair tresses, the water-drops rolled down
+into the beautiful {60} sea-shell in which she stood, and became
+transformed into pure glistening pearls. Wafted by the soft and balmy
+breezes, she floated on to Cythera, and was thence transported to the
+island of Cyprus. Lightly she stepped on shore, and under the gentle
+pressure of her delicate foot the dry and rigid sand became transformed
+into a verdant meadow, where every varied shade of colour and every sweet
+odour charmed the senses. The whole island of Cyprus became clothed with
+verdure, and greeted this fairest of all created beings with a glad smile
+of friendly welcome. Here she was received by the Seasons, who decked her
+with garments of immortal fabric, encircling her fair brow with a wreath of
+purest gold, whilst from her ears depended costly rings, and a glittering
+chain embraced her swan-like throat. And now, arrayed in all the panoply of
+her irresistible charms, the nymphs escort her to the dazzling halls of
+Olympus, where she is received with ecstatic enthusiasm by the admiring
+gods and goddesses. The gods all vied with each other in aspiring to the
+honour of her hand, but Hephæstus became the envied possessor of this
+lovely being, who, however, proved as faithless as she was beautiful, and
+caused her husband much unhappiness, owing to the preference she showed at
+various times for some of the other gods and also for mortal men.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The celebrated Venus of Milo, now in the Louvre, is an exquisite statue of
+this divinity. The head is beautifully formed; the rich waves of hair
+descend on her rather low but broad forehead and are caught up gracefully
+in a small knot at the back of the head; the expression of the face is most
+bewitching, and bespeaks the perfect {61} joyousness of a happy nature
+combined with the dignity of a goddess; the drapery falls in careless folds
+from the waist downwards, and her whole attitude is the embodiment of all
+that is graceful and lovely in womanhood. She is of medium height, and the
+form is perfect in its symmetry and faultless proportions.
+
+Aphrodite is also frequently represented in the act of confining her
+dripping locks in a knot, whilst her attendant nymphs envelop her in a
+gauzy veil.
+
+The animals sacred to her were the dove, swan, swallow, and sparrow. Her
+favourite plants were the myrtle, apple-tree, rose, and poppy.
+
+The worship of Aphrodite is supposed to have been introduced into Greece
+from Central Asia. There is no doubt that she was originally identical with
+the famous Astarté, the Ashtoreth of the Bible, against whose idolatrous
+worship and infamous rites the prophets of old hurled forth their sublime
+and powerful anathemas.
+
+VENUS.
+
+The Venus of the Romans was identified with the Aphrodite of the Greeks.
+The worship of this divinity was only established in Rome in comparatively
+later times. Annual festivals, called Veneralia, were held in her honour,
+and the month of April, when flowers and plants spring forth afresh, was
+sacred to her. She was worshipped as Venus Cloacina (or the Purifier), and
+as Venus Myrtea (or the myrtle goddess), an epithet derived from the
+myrtle, the emblem of Love.
+
+HELIOS (SOL).
+
+The worship of Helios was introduced into Greece from Asia. According to
+the earliest conceptions of the Greeks he was not only the sun-god, but
+also the personification of life and all life-giving power, for light is
+well known to be an indispensable condition of all healthy terrestrial
+life. The worship of the sun was originally very widely spread, {62} not
+only among the early Greeks themselves, but also among other primitive
+nations. To us the sun is simply the orb of light, which, high above our
+heads, performs each day the functions assigned to it by a mighty and
+invisible Power; we can, therefore, form but a faint idea of the impression
+which it produced upon the spirit of a people whose intellect was still in
+its infancy, and who believed, with child-like simplicity, that every power
+of nature was a divinity, which, according as its character was baleful or
+beneficent, worked for the destruction or benefit of the human race.
+
+Helios, who was the son of the Titans Hyperion and Theia, is described as
+rising every morning in the east, preceded by his sister Eos (the Dawn),
+who, with her rosy fingers, paints the tips of the mountains, and draws
+aside that misty veil through which her brother is about to appear. When he
+has burst forth in all the glorious light of day, Eos disappears, and
+Helios now drives his flame-darting chariot along the accustomed track.
+This chariot, which is of burnished gold, is drawn by four fire-breathing
+steeds, behind which the young god stands erect with flashing eyes, his
+head surrounded with rays, holding in one hand the reins of those fiery
+coursers which in all hands save his are unmanageable. When towards evening
+he descends the curve[26] in order to cool his burning forehead in the
+waters of the deep sea, he is followed closely by his sister Selene (the
+Moon), who is now prepared to take charge of the world, and illumine with
+her silver crescent the dusky night. Helios meanwhile rests from his
+labours, and, reclining softly on the cool fragrant couch prepared for him
+by the sea-nymphs, recruits himself for another life-giving, joy-inspiring,
+and beauteous day.
+
+It may appear strange that, although the Greeks considered the earth to be
+a flat circle, no explanation is given of the fact that Helios sinks down
+in the far {63} west regularly every evening, and yet reappears as
+regularly every morning in the east. Whether he was supposed to pass
+through Tartarus, and thus regain the opposite extremity through the bowels
+of the earth, or whether they thought he possessed any other means of
+making this transit, there is not a line in either Homer or Hesiod to
+prove. In later times, however, the poets invented the graceful fiction,
+that when Helios had finished his course, and reached the western side of
+the curve, a winged-boat, or cup, which had been made for him by Hephæstus,
+awaited him there, and conveyed him rapidly, with his glorious equipage, to
+the east, where he recommenced his bright and glowing career.
+
+This divinity was invoked as a witness when a solemn oath was taken, as it
+was believed that nothing escaped his all-seeing eye, and it was this fact
+which enabled him to inform Demeter of the fate of her daughter, as already
+related. He was supposed to possess flocks and herds in various localities,
+which may possibly be intended to represent the days and nights of the
+year, or the stars of heaven.
+
+Helios is said to have loved Clytie, a daughter of Oceanus, who ardently
+returned his affection; but in the course of time the fickle sun-god
+transferred his devotion to Leucothea, the daughter of Orchamus, king of
+the eastern countries, which so angered the forsaken Clytie that she
+informed Orchamus of his daughter's attachment, and he punished her by
+inhumanly burying her alive. Helios, overcome with grief, endeavoured, by
+every means in his power, to recall her to life. At last, finding all his
+efforts unavailing, he sprinkled her grave with heavenly nectar, and
+immediately there sprang forth from the spot a shoot of frankincense, which
+spread around its aromatic perfume.
+
+The jealous Clytie gained nothing by her cruel conduct, for the sun-god
+came to her no more. Inconsolable at his loss, she threw herself upon the
+ground, and refused all sustenance. For nine long days she turned her face
+towards the glorious god of day, as he moved along the {64} heavens, till
+at length her limbs became rooted in the ground, and she was transformed
+into a flower, which ever turns towards the sun.
+
+Helios married Perse, daughter of Oceanus, and their children were, Aëtes,
+king of Colchis (celebrated in the legend of the Argonauts as the possessor
+of the Golden Fleece), and Circe, the renowned sorceress.
+
+Helios had another son named Phaethon, whose mother was Clymene, one of the
+Oceanides. The youth was very beautiful, and a great favourite with
+Aphrodite, who intrusted him with the care of one of her temples, which
+flattering proof of her regard caused him to become vain and presumptuous.
+His friend Epaphus, son of Zeus and Io, endeavoured to check his youthful
+vanity by pretending to disbelieve his assertion that the sun-god was his
+father. Phaethon, full of resentment, and eager to be able to refute the
+calumny, hastened to his mother Clymene, and besought her to tell him
+whether Helios was really his father. Moved by his entreaties, and at the
+same time angry at the reproach of Epaphus, Clymene pointed to the glorious
+sun, then shining down upon them, and assured her son that in that bright
+orb he beheld the author of his being, adding that if he had still any
+doubt, he might visit the radiant dwelling of the great god of light and
+inquire for himself. Overjoyed at his mother's reassuring words, and
+following the directions she gave him, Phaethon quickly wended his way to
+his father's palace.
+
+As he entered the palace of the sun-god the dazzling rays almost blinded
+him, and prevented him from approaching the throne on which his father was
+seated, surrounded by the Hours, Days, Months, Years, and Seasons. Helios,
+who with his all-seeing eye had watched him from afar, removed his crown of
+glittering rays, and bade him not to be afraid, but to draw near to his
+father. Encouraged by this kind reception, Phaethon entreated him to bestow
+upon him such a proof of his love, that all the world might be convinced
+that he was indeed his son; whereupon Helios desired him to ask any favour
+he pleased, {65} and swore by the Styx that it should be granted. The
+impetuous youth immediately requested permission to drive the chariot of
+the sun for one whole day. His father listened horror-struck to this
+presumptuous demand, and by representing the many dangers which would beset
+his path, endeavoured to dissuade him from so perilous an undertaking; but
+his son, deaf to all advice, pressed his point with such pertinacity, that
+Helios was reluctantly compelled to lead him to the chariot. Phaethon
+paused for a moment to admire the beauty of the glittering equipage, the
+gift of the god of fire, who had formed it of gold, and ornamented it with
+precious stones, which reflected the rays of the sun. And now Helios,
+seeing his sister, the Dawn, opening her doors in the rosy east, ordered
+the Hours to yoke the horses. The goddesses speedily obeyed the command,
+and the father then anointed the face of his son with a sacred balm, to
+enable him to endure the burning flames which issued from the nostrils of
+the steeds, and sorrowfully placing his crown of rays upon his head,
+desired him to ascend the chariot.
+
+The eager youth joyfully took his place and grasped the coveted reins, but
+no sooner did the fiery coursers of the sun feel the inexperienced hand
+which attempted to guide them, than they became restive and unmanageable.
+Wildly they rushed out of their accustomed track, now soaring so high as to
+threaten the heavens with destruction, now descending so low as nearly to
+set the earth on fire. At last the unfortunate charioteer, blinded with the
+glare, and terrified at the awful devastation he had caused, dropped the
+reins from his trembling hands. Mountains and forests were in flames,
+rivers and streams were dried up, and a general conflagration was imminent.
+The scorched earth now called on Zeus for help, who hurled his thunderbolt
+at Phaethon, and with a flash of lightning brought the fiery steeds to a
+standstill. The lifeless body of the youth fell headlong into the river
+Eridanus,[27] where it was received and buried by the {66} nymphs of the
+stream. His sisters mourned so long for him that they were transformed by
+Zeus into poplars, and the tears they shed, falling into the waters, became
+drops of clear, transparent amber. Cycnus, the faithful friend of the
+unhappy Phaethon, felt such overwhelming grief at his terrible fate, that
+he pined and wasted away. The gods, moved with compassion, transformed him
+into a swan, which for ever brooded over the fatal spot where the waters
+had closed over the head of his unfortunate friend.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The chief seat of the worship of Helios was the island of Rhodes, which
+according to the following myth was his especial territory. At the time of
+the Titanomachia, when the gods were dividing the world by lot, Helios
+happened to be absent, and consequently received no share. He, therefore,
+complained to Zeus, who proposed to have a new allotment, but this Helios
+would not allow, saying, that as he pursued his daily journey, his
+penetrating eye had beheld a lovely, fertile island lying beneath the waves
+of the ocean, and that if the immortals would swear to give him the
+undisturbed possession of this spot, he would be content to accept it as
+his share of the universe. The gods took the oath, whereupon the island of
+Rhodes immediately raised itself above the surface of the waters.
+
+The famous Colossus of Rhodes, which was one of the seven wonders of the
+world, was erected in honour of Helios. This wonderful statue was 105 feet
+high, and was formed entirely of brass; it formed the entrance to the
+harbour at Rhodes, and the largest vessel could easily sail between the
+legs, which stood on moles, each side of the harbour. Though so gigantic,
+it was perfectly proportioned in every part. Some idea of {67} its size may
+be gained from the fact that very few people were able to span the thumb of
+this statue with their arms. In the interior of the Colossus was a winding
+staircase leading to the top, from the summit of which, by means of a
+telescope, the coast of Syria, and also the shores of Egypt, are said to
+have been visible.[28]
+
+EOS (AURORA).
+
+Eos, the Dawn, like her brother Helios, whose advent she always announced,
+was also deified by the early Greeks. She too had her own chariot, which
+she drove across the vast horizon both morning and night, before and after
+the sun-god. Hence she is not merely the personification of the rosy morn,
+but also of twilight, for which reason her palace is placed in the west, on
+the island Ææa. The abode of Eos is a magnificent structure, surrounded by
+flowery meads and velvety lawns, where nymphs and other immortal beings,
+wind in and out in the mazy figures of the dance, whilst the music of a
+sweetly-tuned melody accompanies their graceful, gliding movements.
+
+Eos is described by the poets as a beautiful maiden with rosy arms and
+fingers, and large wings, whose plumage is of an ever-changing hue; she
+bears a star on her forehead, and a torch in her hand. Wrapping round her
+the rich folds of her violet-tinged mantle, she leaves her couch before the
+break of day, and herself yokes her two horses, Lampetus and Phaethon, to
+her glorious chariot. She then hastens with active cheerfulness to open the
+gates of heaven, in order to herald the approach of her brother, the god of
+day, whilst the tender plants and flowers, revived by the morning dew, lift
+their heads to welcome her as she passes.
+
+{68}
+
+Eos first married the Titan Astræus,[29] and their children were Heosphorus
+(Hesperus), the evening star, and the winds. She afterwards became united
+to Tithonus, son of Laomedon, king of Troy, who had won her affection by
+his unrivalled beauty; and Eos, unhappy at the thought of their being ever
+separated by death, obtained for him from Zeus the gift of immortality,
+forgetting, however, to add to it that of eternal youth. The consequence
+was that when, in the course of time, Tithonus grew old and decrepid, and
+lost all the beauty which had won her admiration, Eos became disgusted with
+his infirmities, and at last shut him up in a chamber, where soon little
+else was left of him but his voice, which had now sunk into a weak, feeble
+quaver. According to some of the later poets, he became so weary of his
+cheerless and miserable existence, that he entreated to be allowed to die.
+This was, however, impossible; but Eos, pitying his unhappy condition,
+exerted her divine power, and changed him into a grasshopper, which is, as
+it were, all voice, and whose monotonous, ceaseless chirpings may not
+inaptly be compared to the meaningless babble of extreme old age.
+
+PHOEBUS-APOLLO.
+
+Phoebus-Apollo, the god of Light, Prophecy, Music, Poetry, and the Arts and
+Sciences, is by far the noblest conception within the whole range of Greek
+mythology, and his worship, which not only extended to all the states of
+Greece, but also to Asia Minor and to every Greek colony throughout the
+world, stands out among the most ancient and strongly-marked features of
+Grecian history, and exerted a more decided influence over the Greek
+nation, than that of any other deity, not excepting Zeus himself.
+
+Apollo was the son of Zeus and Leto, and was born beneath the shade of a
+palm tree which grew at the foot {69} of Mount Cynthus, on the barren and
+rocky island of Delos. The poets tell us that the earth smiled when the
+young god first beheld the light of day, and that Delos became so proud and
+exultant at the honour thus conferred upon her, that she covered herself
+with golden flowers; swans surrounded the island, and the Delian nymphs
+celebrated his birth with songs of joy.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The unhappy Leto, driven to Delos by the relentless persecutions of Hera,
+was not long permitted to enjoy her haven of refuge. Being still tormented
+by her enemy, the young mother was once more obliged to fly; she therefore
+resigned the charge of her new-born babe to the goddess Themis, who
+carefully wrapped the helpless infant in swaddling-clothes, and fed him
+with nectar and ambrosia; but he had no sooner partaken of the heavenly
+food than, to the amazement of the goddess, he burst asunder the bands
+which confined his infant limbs, and springing to his feet, appeared before
+her as a full-grown youth of divine strength and beauty. He now demanded a
+lyre and a bow, declaring that henceforth he would announce to mankind the
+will of his father Zeus. "The golden lyre," said he, "shall be my friend,
+the bent bow my delight, and in oracles will I foretell the dark future."
+With these words he ascended to Olympus, where he was received with joyful
+acclamations into the assembly of the celestial gods, who acknowledged him
+as the most beautiful and glorious of all the sons of Zeus.
+
+Phoebus-Apollo was the god of light in a twofold {70} signification: first,
+as representing the great orb of day which illumines the world; and
+secondly, as the heavenly light which animates the soul of man. He
+inherited his function as sun-god from Helios, with whom, in later times,
+he was so completely identified, that the personality of the one became
+gradually merged in that of the other. We, accordingly, find Helios
+frequently confounded with Apollo, myths belonging to the former attributed
+to the latter; and with some tribes--the Ionic, for instance--so complete
+is this identification, that Apollo is called by them Helios-Apollo.
+
+As the divinity whose power is developed in the broad light of day, he
+brings joy and delight to nature, and health and prosperity to man. By the
+influence of his warm and gentle rays he disperses the noxious vapours of
+the night, assists the grain to ripen and the flowers to bloom.
+
+But although, as god of the sun, he is a life-giving and life-preserving
+power, who, by his genial influence, dispels the cold of winter, he is, at
+the same time, the god who, by means of his fiercely darting rays, could
+spread disease and send sudden death to men and animals; and it is to this
+phase of his character that we must look for the explanation of his being
+considered, in conjunction with his twin-sister, Artemis (as moon-goddess),
+a divinity of death. The brother and sister share this function between
+them, he taking man and she woman as her aim, and those especially who died
+in the bloom of youth, or at an advanced age, were believed to have been
+killed by their gentle arrows. But Apollo did not always send an easy
+death. We see in the _Iliad_ how, when angry with the Greeks, the "god of
+the silver bow" strode down from Olympus, with his quiver full of
+death-bringing darts, and sent a raging pestilence into their camp. For
+nine days he let fly his fatal arrows, first on animals and then on men,
+till the air became darkened with the smoke from the funeral pyres.
+
+In his character as god of light, Phoebus-Apollo is the protecting deity of
+shepherds, because it is he who warms {71} the fields and meadows, and
+gives rich pastures to the flocks, thereby gladdening the heart of the
+herdsman.
+
+As the temperate heat of the sun exercises so invigorating an effect on man
+and animals, and promotes the growth of those medicinal herbs and vegetable
+productions necessary for the cure of diseases, Phoebus-Apollo was supposed
+to possess the power of restoring life and health; hence he was regarded as
+the god of healing; but this feature in his character we shall find more
+particularly developed in his son Asclepius (Æsculapius), the veritable god
+of the healing art.
+
+Pursuing our analysis of the various phases in the character of
+Phoebus-Apollo, we find that with the first beams of his genial light, all
+nature awakens to renewed life, and the woods re-echo with the jubilant
+sound of the untaught lays, warbled by thousands of feathered choristers.
+Hence, by a natural inference, he is the god of music, and as, according to
+the belief of the ancients, the inspirations of genius were inseparably
+connected with the glorious light of heaven, he is also the god of poetry,
+and acts as the special patron of the arts and sciences. Apollo is himself
+the heavenly musician among the Olympic gods, whose banquets are gladdened
+by the wondrous strains which he produces from his favourite instrument,
+the seven-stringed lyre. In the cultus of Apollo, music formed a
+distinguishing feature. All sacred dances, and even the sacrifices in his
+honour, were performed to the sound of musical instruments; and it is, in a
+great measure, owing to the influence which the music in his worship
+exercised on the Greek nation, that Apollo came to be regarded as the
+leader of the nine Muses, the legitimate divinities of poetry and song. In
+this character he is called Musagetes, and is always represented robed in a
+long flowing garment; his lyre, to the tones of which he appears to be
+singing, is suspended by a band across the chest; his head is encircled by
+a wreath of laurel, and his long hair, streaming down over his shoulders,
+gives him a somewhat effeminate appearance.
+
+And now we must view the glorious god of light under {72} another, and (as
+far as regards his influence over the Greek nation) a much more important
+aspect; for, in historical times, all the other functions and attributes of
+Apollo sink into comparative insignificance before the great power which he
+exercised as god of prophecy. It is true that all Greek gods were endowed,
+to a certain extent, with the faculty of foretelling future events; but
+Apollo, as sun-god, was the concentration of all prophetic power, as it was
+supposed that nothing escaped his all-seeing eye, which penetrated the most
+hidden recesses, and laid bare the secrets which lay concealed behind the
+dark veil of the future.
+
+We have seen that when Apollo assumed his god-like form, he took his place
+among the immortals; but he had not long enjoyed the rapturous delights of
+Olympus, before he felt within him an ardent desire to fulfil his great
+mission of interpreting to mankind the will of his mighty father. He
+accordingly descended to earth, and travelled through many countries,
+seeking a fitting site upon which to establish an oracle. At length he
+reached the southern side of the rocky heights of Parnassus, beneath which
+lay the harbour of Crissa. Here, under the overhanging cliff, he found a
+secluded spot, where, from the most ancient times, there had existed an
+oracle, in which Gæa herself had revealed the future to man, and which, in
+Deucalion's time, she had resigned to Themis. It was guarded by the huge
+serpent Python, the scourge of the surrounding neighbourhood, and the
+terror alike of men and cattle. The young god, full of confidence in his
+unerring aim, attacked and slew the monster with his arrows, thus freeing
+land and people from their mighty enemy.
+
+The grateful inhabitants, anxious to do honour to their deliverer, flocked
+round Apollo, who proceeded to mark out a plan for a temple, and, with the
+assistance of numbers of eager volunteers, a suitable edifice was soon
+erected. It now became necessary to choose ministers, who would offer up
+sacrifices, interpret his prophecies to the people, and take charge of the
+temple. Looking round, he saw in the far distance a vessel bound from Crete
+to the {73} Peloponnesus, and determined to avail himself of her crew for
+his service. Assuming the shape of an enormous dolphin, he agitated the
+waters to such a degree, that the ship was tossed violently to and fro, to
+the great alarm of the mariners; at the same time he raised a mighty wind,
+which drove the ship into the harbour of Crissa, where she ran aground. The
+terrified sailors dared not set foot on shore; but Apollo, under the form
+of a vigorous youth, stepped down to the vessel, revealed himself in his
+true character, and informed them that it was he who had driven them to
+Crissa, in order that they might become his priests, and serve him in his
+temple. Arrived at the sacred fane, he instructed them how to perform the
+services in his honour, and desired them to worship him under the name of
+Apollo-Delphinios, because he had first appeared to them under the form of
+a dolphin. Thus was established the far-famed oracle of Delphi, the only
+institution of the kind which was not exclusively national, for it was
+consulted by Lydians, Phrygians, Etruscans, Romans, &c., and, in fact, was
+held in the highest repute all over the world. In obedience to its decrees,
+the laws of Lycurgus were introduced, and the earliest Greek colonies
+founded. No cities were built without first consulting the Delphic oracle,
+for it was believed that Apollo took special delight in the founding of
+cities, the first stone of which he laid in person; nor was any enterprise
+ever undertaken, without inquiring at this sacred fane as to its probable
+success.
+
+But that which brought Apollo more closely home to the hearts of the
+people, and raised the whole moral tone of the Greek nation, was the
+belief, gradually developed with the intelligence of the people, that he
+was the god who accepted repentance as an atonement for sin, who pardoned
+the contrite sinner, and who acted as the special protector of those, who,
+like Orestes, had committed a crime, which required long years of
+expiation.
+
+Apollo is represented by the poets as being eternally young; his
+countenance, glowing with joyous life, is the embodiment of immortal
+beauty; his eyes are of a deep {74} blue; his forehead low, but broad and
+intellectual; his hair, which falls over his shoulders in long waving
+locks, is of a golden, or warm chestnut hue. He is crowned with laurel, and
+wears a purple robe; in his hand he bears his silver bow, which is unbent
+when he smiles, but ready for use when he menaces evil-doers.
+
+But Apollo, the eternally beautiful youth, the perfection of all that is
+graceful and refined, rarely seems to have been happy in his love; either
+his advances met with a repulse, or his union with the object of his
+affection was attended with fatal consequences.
+
+His first love was Daphne (daughter of Peneus, the river-god), who was so
+averse to marriage that she entreated her father to allow her to lead a
+life of celibacy, and devote herself to the chase, which she loved to the
+exclusion of all other pursuits. But one day, soon after his victory over
+the Python, Apollo happened to see Eros bending his bow, and proud of his
+own superior strength and skill, he laughed at the efforts of the little
+archer, saying that such a weapon was more suited to the one who had just
+killed the terrible serpent. Eros angrily replied that his arrow should
+pierce the heart of the mocker himself, and flying off to the summit of
+Mount Parnassus, he drew from his quiver two darts of different
+workmanship--one of gold, which had the effect of inspiring love; the other
+of lead, which created aversion. Taking aim at Apollo, he pierced his
+breast with the golden shaft, whilst the leaden one he discharged into the
+bosom of the beautiful Daphne. The son of Leto instantly felt the most
+ardent affection for the nymph, who, on her part, evinced the greatest
+dislike towards her divine lover, and, at his approach, fled from him like
+a hunted deer. He called upon her in the most endearing accents to stay,
+but she still sped on, until at length, becoming faint with fatigue, and
+fearing that she was about to succumb, she called upon the gods to come to
+her aid. Hardly had she uttered her prayer before a heavy torpor seized her
+limbs, and just as Apollo threw out his arms to embrace her, she became
+transformed {75} into a laurel-bush. He sorrowfully crowned his head with
+its leaves, and declared, that in memory of his love, it should henceforth
+remain evergreen, and be held sacred to him.
+
+He next sought the love of Marpessa, the daughter of Evenus; but though her
+father approved his suit, the maiden preferred a youth named Idas, who
+contrived to carry her off in a winged chariot which he had procured from
+Poseidon. Apollo pursued the fugitives, whom he quickly overtook, and
+forcibly seizing the bride, refused to resign her. Zeus then interfered,
+and declared that Marpessa herself must decide which of her lovers should
+claim her as his wife. After due reflection she accepted Idas as her
+husband, judiciously concluding that although the attractions of the divine
+Apollo were superior to those of her lover, it would be wiser to unite
+herself to a mortal, who, growing old with herself, would be less likely to
+forsake her, when advancing years should rob her of her charms.
+
+Cassandra, daughter of Priam, king of Troy, was another object of the love
+of Apollo. She feigned to return his affection, and promised to marry him,
+provided he would confer upon her the gift of prophecy; but having received
+the boon she desired, the treacherous maiden refused to comply with the
+conditions upon which it had been granted. Incensed at her breach of faith,
+Apollo, unable to recall the gift he had bestowed, rendered it useless by
+causing her predictions to fail in obtaining credence. Cassandra became
+famous in history for her prophetic powers, but her prophecies were never
+believed. For instance, she warned her brother Paris that if he brought
+back a wife from Greece he would cause the destruction of his father's
+house and kingdom; she also warned the Trojans not to admit the wooden
+horse within the walls of the city, and foretold to Agamemnon all the
+disasters which afterwards befell him.
+
+Apollo afterwards married Coronis, a nymph of Larissa, and thought himself
+happy in the possession of her faithful love; but once more he was doomed
+to {76} disappointment, for one day his favourite bird, the crow, flew to
+him with the intelligence that his wife had transferred her affections to a
+youth of Haemonia. Apollo, burning with rage, instantly destroyed her with
+one of his death-bringing darts. Too late he repented of his rashness, for
+she had been tenderly beloved by him, and he would fain have recalled her
+to life; but, although he exerted all his healing powers, his efforts were
+in vain. He punished the crow for its garrulity by changing the colour of
+its plumage from pure white to intense black, and forbade it to fly any
+longer among the other birds.
+
+Coronis left an infant son named Asclepius, who afterwards became god of
+medicine. His powers were so extraordinary that he could not only cure the
+sick, but could even restore the dead to life. At last Aïdes complained to
+Zeus that the number of shades conducted to his dominions was daily
+decreasing, and the great ruler of Olympus, fearing that mankind, thus
+protected against sickness and death, would be able to defy the gods
+themselves, killed Asclepius with one of his thunderbolts. The loss of his
+highly gifted son so exasperated Apollo that, being unable to vent his
+anger on Zeus, he destroyed the Cyclops, who had forged the fatal
+thunderbolts. For this offence, Apollo would have been banished by Zeus to
+Tartarus, but at the earnest intercession of Leto he partially relented,
+and contented himself with depriving him of all power and dignity, and
+imposing on him a temporary servitude in the house of Admetus, king of
+Thessaly. Apollo faithfully served his royal master for nine years in the
+humble capacity of a shepherd, and was treated by him with every kindness
+and consideration. During the period of his service the king sought the
+hand of Alcestis, the beautiful daughter of Pelias, son of Poseidon; but
+her father declared that he would only resign her to the suitor who should
+succeed in yoking a lion and a wild boar to his chariot. By the aid of his
+divine herdsman, Admetus accomplished this difficult task, and gained his
+bride. Nor was this the only favour which the king received from the exiled
+god, for Apollo obtained from {77} the Fates the gift of immortality for
+his benefactor, on condition that when his last hour approached, some
+member of his own family should be willing to die in his stead. When the
+fatal hour arrived, and Admetus felt that he was at the point of death, he
+implored his aged parents to yield to him their few remaining days. But
+"life is sweet" even to old age, and they both refused to make the
+sacrifice demanded of them. Alcestis, however, who had secretly devoted
+herself to death for her husband, was seized with a mortal sickness, which
+kept pace with his rapid recovery. The devoted wife breathed her last in
+the arms of Admetus, and he had just consigned her to the tomb, when
+Heracles chanced to come to the palace. Admetus held the rites of
+hospitality so sacred, that he at first kept silence with regard to his
+great bereavement; but as soon as his friend heard what had occurred, he
+bravely descended into the tomb, and when death came to claim his prey, he
+exerted his marvellous strength, and held him in his arms, until he
+promised to restore the beautiful and heroic queen to the bosom of her
+family.
+
+Whilst pursuing the peaceful life of a shepherd, Apollo formed a strong
+friendship with two youths named Hyacinthus and Cyparissus, but the great
+favour shown to them by the god did not suffice to shield them from
+misfortune. The former was one day throwing the discus with Apollo, when,
+running too eagerly to take up the one thrown by the god, he was struck on
+the head with it and killed on the spot. Apollo was overcome with grief at
+the sad end of his young favourite, but being unable to restore him to
+life, he changed him into the flower called after him the Hyacinth.
+Cyparissus had the misfortune to kill by accident one of Apollo's favourite
+stags, which so preyed on his mind that he gradually pined away, and died
+of a broken heart. He was transformed by the god into a cypress-tree, which
+owes its name to this story.
+
+After these sad occurrences Apollo quitted Thessaly and repaired to
+Phrygia, in Asia Minor, where he met Poseidon, who, like himself, was in
+exile, and condemned {78} to a temporary servitude on earth. The two gods
+now entered the service of Laomedon, king of Troy, Apollo undertaking to
+tend his flocks, and Poseidon to build the walls of the city. But Apollo
+also contributed his assistance in the erection of those wonderful walls,
+and, by the aid of his marvellous musical powers, the labours of his
+fellow-worker, Poseidon, were rendered so light and easy that his otherwise
+arduous task advanced with astonishing celerity; for, as the master-hand of
+the god of music grasped the chords of his lyre,[30] the huge blocks of
+stone moved of their own accord, adjusting themselves with the utmost
+nicety into the places designed for them.
+
+But though Apollo was so renowned in the art of music, there were two
+individuals who had the effrontery to consider themselves equal to him in
+this respect, and, accordingly, each challenged him to compete with them in
+a musical contest. These were Marsyas and Pan. Marsyas was a satyr, who,
+having picked up the flute which Athene had thrown away in disgust,
+discovered, to his great delight and astonishment, that, in consequence of
+its having touched the lips of a goddess, it played of itself in the most
+charming manner. Marsyas, who was a great lover of music, and much beloved
+on this account by all the elf-like denizens of the woods and glens, was so
+intoxicated with joy at this discovery, that he foolishly challenged Apollo
+to compete with him in a musical contest. The challenge being accepted, the
+Muses were chosen umpires, and it was decided that the unsuccessful
+candidate should suffer the punishment of being flayed alive. For a long
+time the merits of both claimants remained so equally balanced, that it was
+impossible to award the palm of victory to either, seeing which, Apollo,
+resolved to conquer, added the sweet tones of his melodious voice to the
+strains of his lyre, {79} and this at once turned the scale in his favour.
+The unhappy Marsyas being defeated, had to undergo the terrible penalty,
+and his untimely fate was universally lamented; indeed the Satyrs and
+Dryads, his companions, wept so incessantly at his fate, that their tears,
+uniting together, formed a river in Phrygia which is still known by the
+name of Marsyas.
+
+The result of the contest with Pan was by no means of so serious a
+character. The god of shepherds having affirmed that he could play more
+skilfully on his flute of seven reeds (the syrinx or Pan's pipe), than
+Apollo on his world-renowned lyre, a contest ensued, in which Apollo was
+pronounced the victor by all the judges appointed to decide between the
+rival candidates. Midas, king of Phrygia, alone demurred at this decision,
+having the bad taste to prefer the uncouth tones of the Pan's pipe to the
+refined melodies of Apollo's lyre. Incensed at the obstinacy and stupidity
+of the Phrygian king, Apollo punished him by giving him the ears of an ass.
+Midas, horrified at being thus disfigured, determined to hide his disgrace
+from his subjects by means of a cap; his barber, however, could not be kept
+in ignorance of the fact, and was therefore bribed with rich gifts never to
+reveal it. Finding, however, that he could not keep the secret any longer,
+he dug a hole in the ground into which he whispered it; then closing up the
+aperture he returned home, feeling greatly relieved at having thus eased
+his mind of its burden. But after all, this very humiliating secret was
+revealed to the world, for some reeds which sprung up from the spot
+murmured incessantly, as they waved to and fro in the wind: "King Midas has
+the ears of an ass."
+
+In the sad and beautiful story of Niobe, daughter of Tantalus, and wife of
+Amphion, king of Thebes, we have another instance of the severe punishments
+meted out by Apollo to those who in any way incurred his displeasure. Niobe
+was the proud mother of seven sons and seven daughters, and exulting in the
+number of her children, she, upon one occasion, ridiculed the worship of
+Leto, {80} because she had but one son and daughter, and desired the
+Thebans, for the future, to give to her the honours and sacrifices which
+they had hitherto offered to the mother of Apollo and Artemis. The
+sacrilegious words had scarcely passed her lips before Apollo called upon
+his sister Artemis to assist him in avenging the insult offered to their
+mother, and soon their invisible arrows sped through the air. Apollo slew
+all the sons, and Artemis had already slain all the daughters save one, the
+youngest and best beloved, whom Niobe clasped in her arms, when the
+agonized mother implored the enraged deities to leave her, at least, one
+out of all her beautiful children; but, even as she prayed, the deadly
+arrow reached the heart of this child also. Meanwhile the unhappy father,
+unable to bear the loss of his children, had destroyed himself, and his
+dead body lay beside the lifeless corpse of his favourite son. Widowed and
+childless, the heart-broken mother sat among her dead, and the gods, in
+pity for her unutterable woe, turned her into a stone, which they
+transferred to Siphylus, her native Phrygian mountain, where it still
+continues to shed tears.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The punishment of Niobe forms the subject of a magnificent marble group,
+which was found at Rome in the year 1553, and is now in the gallery of
+Uffizi, at Florence.
+
+The renowned singer Orpheus was the son of Apollo and Calliope, the muse of
+epic poetry, and, as might be expected with parents so highly gifted, was
+endowed with most distinguished intellectual qualifications. He was a poet,
+a teacher of the religious doctrines known as the Orphic mysteries, and a
+great musician, having inherited from his father an extraordinary genius
+for music. {81} When he sang to the sweet tones of his lyre, he charmed all
+nature, and summoned round him the wild beasts of the forests, who, under
+the influence of his music, became tame and gentle as lambs. The madly
+rushing torrents stopped their rapid course, and the very mountains and
+trees moved from their places at the sound of his entrancing melodies.
+
+Orpheus became united to a lovely nymph named Eurydice, the daughter of the
+sea-god Nereus, whom he fondly loved. She was no less attached to him, and
+their married life was full of joy and happiness. But it was only
+short-lived; for Aristæus,[31] the half-brother of Orpheus, having fallen
+in love with the beautiful Eurydice, forcibly endeavoured to take her from
+her husband, and as she fled across some fields to elude his pursuit, she
+was bitten in the foot by a venomous snake, which lay concealed in the long
+grass. Eurydice died of the wound, and her sorrowing husband filled the
+groves and valleys with his piteous and unceasing lamentations.
+
+His longing to behold her once more became at last so unconquerable, that
+he determined to brave the horrors of the lower world, in order to entreat
+Aïdes to restore to him his beloved wife. Armed only with his golden lyre,
+the gift of Apollo, he descended into the gloomy depths of Hades, where his
+heavenly music arrested for a while the torments of the unhappy sufferers.
+The stone of Sisyphus remained motionless; Tantalus forgot his perpetual
+thirst; the wheel of Ixion ceased to revolve; and even the Furies shed
+tears, and withheld for a time their persecutions. Undismayed at the scenes
+of horror and suffering which met his view on every side, he pursued his
+way until he arrived at the palace of Aïdes. Presenting himself before the
+throne on which sat the stony-hearted king and his consort Persephone,
+Orpheus recounted his woes to the sound of his lyre. Moved to pity by his
+sweet strains, they listened to his {82} melancholy story, and consented to
+release Eurydice on condition that he should not look upon her until they
+reached the upper world. Orpheus gladly promised to comply with this
+injunction, and, followed by Eurydice, ascended the steep and gloomy path
+which led to the realms of life and light. All went well until he was just
+about to pass the extreme limits of Hades, when, forgetting for the moment
+the hard condition, he turned to convince himself that his beloved wife was
+really behind him. The glance was fatal, and destroyed all his hopes of
+happiness; for, as he yearningly stretched out his arms to embrace her, she
+was caught back, and vanished from his sight for ever. The grief of Orpheus
+at this second loss was even more intense than before, and he now avoided
+all human society. In vain did the nymphs, his once chosen companions,
+endeavour to win him back to his accustomed haunts; their power to charm
+was gone, and music was now his sole consolation. He wandered forth alone,
+choosing the wildest and most secluded paths, and the hills and vales
+resounded with his pathetic melodies. At last he happened to cross the path
+of some Thracian women, who were performing the wild rites of Dionysus
+(Bacchus), and in their mad fury at his refusing to join them, they
+furiously attacked him, and tore him in pieces. In pity for his unhappy
+fate, the Muses collected his remains, which they buried at the foot of
+Mount Olympus, and the nightingale warbled a funeral dirge over his grave.
+His head was thrown into the river Hebrus, and as it floated down the
+stream, the lips still continued to murmur the beloved name of Eurydice.
+
+The chief seat of the worship of Apollo was at Delphi, and here was the
+most magnificent of all his temples, the foundation of which reaches far
+beyond all historical knowledge, and which contained immense riches, the
+offerings of kings and private persons, who had received favourable replies
+from the oracle. The Greeks believed Delphi to be the central point of the
+earth, because two eagles sent forth by Zeus, one from the east, the other
+{83} from the west, were said to have arrived there at the same moment.
+
+The Pythian games, celebrated in honour of the victory of Apollo over the
+Python, took place at Delphi every four years. At the first celebration of
+these games, gods, goddesses, and heroes contended for the prizes, which
+were at first of gold or silver, but consisted, in later times, of simple
+laurel wreaths.
+
+On account of its being the place of his birth, the whole island of Delos
+was consecrated to Apollo, where he was worshipped with great solemnity;
+the greatest care was taken to preserve the sanctity of the spot, for which
+reason no one was suffered to be buried there. At the foot of Mount Cynthus
+was a splendid temple of Apollo which possessed an oracle, and was enriched
+with magnificent offerings from all parts of Greece. Even foreign nations
+held this island sacred, for when the Persians passed it on their way to
+attack Greece, they not only sailed by, leaving it uninjured, but sent rich
+presents to the temple. Games, called Delia, instituted by Theseus, were
+celebrated at Delos every four years.
+
+A festival termed the Gymnopedæa was held at Sparta in honour of Apollo, in
+which boys sang the praises of the gods, and of the three hundred
+Lacedæmonians who fell at the battle of Thermopylæ.
+
+Wolves and hawks were sacrificed to Apollo, and the birds sacred to him
+were the hawk, raven, and swan.
+
+ROMAN APOLLO.
+
+The worship of Apollo never occupied the all-important position in Rome
+which it held in Greece, nor was it introduced till a comparatively late
+period. There was no sanctuary erected to this divinity until B.C. 430,
+when the Romans, in order to avert a plague, built a temple in his honour;
+but we do not find the worship of Apollo becoming in any way prominent
+until the time of Augustus, who, having called upon this god for aid before
+the famous battle of Actium, ascribed the victory which he {84} gained, to
+his influence, and accordingly erected a temple there, which he enriched
+with a portion of the spoil.
+
+Augustus afterwards built another temple in honour of Apollo, on the
+Palatine Hill, in which at the foot of his statue, were deposited two gilt
+chests, containing the Sibylline oracles. These oracles were collected to
+replace the Sibylline books originally preserved in the temple of Jupiter,
+which were destroyed when that edifice was burned.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The Sibyls were maidens who had received the gift of prophecy, and the
+privilege of living to an incredible age. One of these Sibyls (known as the
+Cumæan) appeared to Tarquinius Superbus, the last king of Rome, offering
+for sale nine books, which she informed him had been written by herself.
+Not knowing who she was, Tarquin refused to buy them, upon which she burned
+three, and returned with six, demanding the same price as before. Being
+again driven away as an impostor, she again retired and burned three more,
+returning with the remaining three, for which she still asked the same
+price as at first. Tarquin, amazed at her inconsistency, now consulted the
+Augurs, who blamed him for not having bought the nine books when they were
+first offered to him, and desired him to secure the remaining three, at
+whatever price they were to be had. He, accordingly, purchased the volumes,
+which were found to contain predictions of great importance to the Romans.
+After the disposal of the books, the Sibyl vanished, and was seen no more.
+
+The most beautiful and renowned of all the statues of Apollo now in
+existence, is that known as the Apollo Belvedere, which was found in 1503
+among the ruins of {85} ancient Antium. It was purchased by Pope Julius
+II., who removed it to the Belvedere of the Vatican, from whence it takes
+its name, and where it has been, for more than three hundred years, the
+admiration of the world. When Rome was taken, and plundered by the French,
+this celebrated statue was transported to Paris, and placed in the museum
+there, but in 1815 it was restored to its former place in the Vatican. The
+attitude of the figure, which is more than seven feet high, is inimitable
+in its freedom, grace, and majesty. The forehead is noble and intellectual,
+and the whole countenance so exquisite in its beauty, that one pauses
+spell-bound to gaze on so perfect a conception. The god has a very youthful
+appearance, as is usual in all his representations, and with the exception
+of a short mantle which falls from his shoulders, is unclothed. He stands
+against the trunk of a tree, up which a serpent is creeping, and his left
+arm is outstretched, as though about to punish.
+
+HECATE.
+
+Hecate would appear to have been originally a moon-goddess worshipped by
+the Thracians. She became confounded, and eventually identified with Selene
+and Persephone, and is one of those divinities of whom the ancients had
+various conflicting accounts.
+
+Hecate was the daughter of Perses and "gold-wreathed" Astræa (the starry
+night[32]), and her sway extended over earth, heaven, and hell, for which
+reason she is represented in works of art as a triple divinity, having
+three female bodies, all young and beautiful, and united together.
+
+In later times, when this divinity becomes identified with Persephone, she
+is supposed to inhabit the lower world as a malignant deity, and
+henceforward it is the gloomy, awe-inspiring side of her character which
+alone {86} develops itself. She now presides over all practices connected
+with witchcraft and enchantments, haunts sepulchres, and the point where
+two roads cross, and lonely spots where murders have been committed. She
+was supposed to be connected with the appearance of ghosts and spectres, to
+possess unlimited influence over the powers of the lower world, and to be
+able to lay to rest unearthly apparitions by her magic spells and
+incantations.
+
+Hecate appears as a gigantic woman, bearing a torch and a sword. Her feet
+and hair are formed of snakes, and her passage is accompanied by voices of
+thunder, weird shrieks and yells, and the deep baying and howling of dogs.
+
+Her favour was propitiated by offerings and sacrifices, principally
+consisting of black lambs. Her festivals were celebrated at night, by
+torchlight, when these animals were offered to her, accompanied by many
+peculiar ceremonies. These ceremonies were carried out with the minutest
+attention to details, as it was believed that the omission of the slightest
+particular would afford to her ministers, the evil spirits of the lower
+world, who hovered round the worshippers, an opportunity for entering among
+them, and exerting their baneful influence. At the end of every month food
+was placed wherever two roads met, in readiness for her and other malignant
+divinities.
+
+In studying the peculiar characteristics which Hecate assumes when she
+usurps the place of Persephone, the rightful mistress of the lower world,
+we are reminded of the various superstitions with regard to spectres,
+witchcraft, &c., which have, even down to our own times, exerted so
+powerful an influence over the minds of the ignorant, and which would
+appear to owe their origin to a remote pagan source.
+
+SELENE (LUNA).
+
+Just as Helios personified the sun, so his sister Selene represented the
+moon, and was supposed to drive her {87} chariot across the sky whilst her
+brother was reposing after the toils of the day.
+
+When the shades of evening began to enfold the earth, the two milk-white
+steeds of Selene rose out of the mysterious depths of Oceanus. Seated in a
+silvery chariot, and accompanied by her daughter Herse, the goddess of the
+dew, appeared the mild and gentle queen of the night, with a crescent on
+her fair brow, a gauzy veil flowing behind, and a lighted torch in her
+hand.
+
+Selene greatly admired a beautiful young shepherd named Endymion, to whom
+Zeus had accorded the privilege of eternal youth, combined with the faculty
+of sleeping whenever he desired, and as long as he wished. Seeing this
+lovely youth fast asleep on Mount Latmus, Selene was so struck with his
+beauty, that she came down every night from heaven to watch over and
+protect him.
+
+ARTEMIS (DIANA).
+
+Artemis was worshipped by the Greeks under various appellations, to each of
+which belonged special characteristics. Thus she is known as the Arcadian,
+Ephesian and Brauronian Artemis, and also as Selene-Artemis, and in order
+fully to comprehend the worship of this divinity, we must consider her
+under each aspect.
+
+ARCADIAN ARTEMIS.
+
+The Arcadian Artemis (the real Artemis of the Greeks) was the daughter of
+Zeus and Leto, and twin-sister of Apollo. She was the goddess of Hunting
+and Chastity, and having obtained from her father permission to lead a life
+of celibacy, she ever remained a maiden-divinity. Artemis is the feminine
+counterpart of her brother, the glorious god of Light, and, like him,
+though she deals out destruction and sudden death to men and animals, she
+is also able to alleviate suffering and cure diseases. Like Apollo also,
+she is skilled in the use of the bow, but in a far more eminent degree, for
+in the character of Artemis, who devoted herself to the chase with
+passionate {88} ardour, this becomes an all-distinguishing feature. Armed
+with her bow and quiver, and attended by her train of huntresses, who were
+nymphs of the woods and springs, she roamed over the mountains in pursuit
+of her favourite exercise, destroying in her course the wild animals of the
+forest. When the chase was ended, Artemis and her maidens loved to assemble
+in a shady grove, or on the banks of a favourite stream, where they joined
+in the merry song, or graceful dance, and made the hills resound with their
+joyous shouts.
+
+As the type of purity and chastity, Artemis was especially venerated by
+young maidens, who, before marrying, sacrificed their hair to her. She was
+also the patroness of those vowed to celibacy, and punished severely any
+infringement of their obligation.
+
+The huntress-goddess is represented as being a head taller than her
+attendant nymphs, and always appears as a youthful and slender maiden. Her
+features are beautiful, but wanting in gentleness of expression; her hair
+is gathered negligently into a knot at the back of her well-shaped head;
+and her figure, though somewhat masculine, is most graceful in its attitude
+and proportions. The short robe she wears, leaves her limbs free for the
+exercise of the chase, her devotion to which is indicated by the quiver
+which is slung over her shoulder, and the bow which she bears in her hand.
+
+There are many famous statues of this divinity; but the most celebrated is
+that known as the Diana of Versailles, now in the Louvre, which forms a not
+unworthy companion to the Apollo-Belvedere of the Vatican. In this statue,
+the goddess appears in the act of rescuing a hunted deer from its pursuers,
+on whom she is turning with angry mien. One hand is laid protectingly on
+the head of the stag, whilst with the other she draws an arrow from the
+quiver which hangs over her shoulder.
+
+Her attributes are the bow, quiver, and spear. The animals sacred to her
+are the hind, dog, bear, and wild boar.
+
+Artemis promptly resented any disregard or neglect of {89} her worship; a
+remarkable instance of this is shown in the story of the Calydonian
+boar-hunt, which is as follows:--
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Oeneus, king of Calydon in Ætolia, had incurred the displeasure of Artemis
+by neglecting to include her in a general sacrifice to the gods which he
+had offered up, out of gratitude for a bountiful harvest. The goddess,
+enraged at this neglect, sent a wild boar of extraordinary size and
+prodigious strength, which destroyed the sprouting grain, laid waste the
+fields, and threatened the inhabitants with famine and death. At this
+juncture, Meleager, the brave son of Oeneus, returned from the Argonautic
+expedition, and finding his country ravaged by this dreadful scourge,
+entreated the assistance of all the celebrated heroes of the age to join
+him in hunting the ferocious monster. Among the most famous of those who
+responded to his call were Jason, Castor and Pollux, Idas and Lynceus,
+Peleus, Telamon, Admetus, Perithous, and Theseus. The brothers of Althea,
+wife of Oeneus, joined the hunters, and Meleager also enlisted into his
+service the fleet-footed huntress Atalanta.
+
+The father of this maiden was Schoeneus, an Arcadian, who, disappointed at
+the birth of a daughter when he had particularly desired a son, had exposed
+her on the Parthenian Hill, where he left her to perish. Here she was
+nursed by a she-bear, and at last found by some hunters, who reared her,
+and gave her the name of Atalanta. As the maiden grew up, she became an
+ardent {90} lover of the chase, and was alike distinguished for her beauty
+and courage. Though often wooed, she led a life of strict celibacy, an
+oracle having predicted that inevitable misfortune awaited her, should she
+give herself in marriage to any of her numerous suitors.
+
+Many of the heroes objected to hunt in company with a maiden; but Meleager,
+who loved Atalanta, overcame their opposition, and the valiant band set out
+on their expedition. Atalanta was the first to wound the boar with her
+spear, but not before two of the heroes had met their death from his fierce
+tusks. After a long and desperate encounter, Meleager succeeded in killing
+the monster, and presented the head and hide to Atalanta, as trophies of
+the victory. The uncles of Meleager, however, forcibly took the hide from
+the maiden, claiming their right to the spoil as next of kin, if Meleager
+resigned it. Artemis, whose anger was still unappeased, caused a violent
+quarrel to arise between uncles and nephew, and, in the struggle which
+ensued, Meleager killed his mother's brothers, and then restored the hide
+to Atalanta. When Althea beheld the dead bodies of the slain heroes, her
+grief and anger knew no bounds. She swore to revenge the death of her
+brothers on her own son, and unfortunately for him, the instrument of
+vengeance lay ready to her hand.
+
+At the birth of Meleager, the Moirae, or Fates, entered the house of
+Oeneus, and pointing to a piece of wood then burning on the hearth,
+declared that as soon as it was consumed the babe would surely die. On
+hearing this, Althea seized the brand, laid it up carefully in a chest, and
+henceforth preserved it as her most precious possession. But now, love for
+her son giving place to the resentment she felt against the murderer of her
+brothers, she threw the fatal brand into the devouring flames. As it
+consumed, the vigour of Meleager wasted away, and when it was reduced to
+ashes, he expired. Repenting too late the terrible effects of her rash
+deed, Althea, in remorse and despair, took away her own life.
+
+The news of the courage and intrepidity displayed by {91} Atalanta in the
+famous boar-hunt, being carried to the ears of her father, caused him to
+acknowledge his long-lost child. Urged by him to choose one of her numerous
+suitors, she consented to do so, but made it a condition that he alone, who
+could outstrip her in the race, should become her husband, whilst those she
+defeated should be put to death by her, with the lance which she bore in
+her hand. Thus many suitors had perished, for the maiden was unequalled for
+swiftness of foot, but at last a beautiful youth, named Hippomenes, who had
+vainly endeavoured to win her love by his assiduous attentions in the
+chase, ventured to enter the fatal lists. Knowing that only by stratagem
+could he hope to be successful, he obtained, by the help of Aphrodite,
+three golden apples from the garden of the Hesperides, which he threw down
+at intervals during his course. Atalanta, secure of victory, stooped to
+pick up the tempting fruit, and, in the meantime, Hippomenes arrived at the
+goal. He became the husband of the lovely Atalanta, but forgot, in his
+newly found happiness, the gratitude which he owed to Aphrodite, and the
+goddess withdrew her favour from the pair. Not long after, the prediction
+which foretold misfortune to Atalanta, in the event of her marriage, was
+verified, for she and her husband, having strayed unsanctioned into a
+sacred grove of Zeus, were both transformed into lions.
+
+The trophies of the ever-memorable boar-hunt had been carried by Atalanta
+into Arcadia, and, for many centuries, the identical hide and enormous
+tusks of the Calydonian boar hung in the temple of Athene at Tegea. The
+tusks were afterwards conveyed to Rome, and shown there among other
+curiosities.
+
+A forcible instance of the manner in which Artemis resented any intrusion
+on her retirement, is seen in the fate which befell the famous hunter
+Actaeon, who happening one day to see Artemis and her attendants bathing,
+imprudently ventured to approach the spot. The goddess, incensed at his
+audacity, sprinkled him with water, and transformed him into a stag,
+whereupon he was torn in pieces and devoured by his own dogs. {92}
+
+EPHESIAN ARTEMIS.
+
+The Ephesian Artemis, known to us as "Diana of the Ephesians," was a very
+ancient Asiatic divinity of Persian origin called Metra,[33] whose worship
+the Greek colonists found already established, when they first settled in
+Asia Minor, and whom they identified with their own Greek Artemis, though
+she really possessed but one single attribute in common with their home
+deity.
+
+Metra was a twofold divinity, and represented, in one phase of her
+character, all-pervading love; in the other she was the light of heaven;
+and as Artemis, in her character as Selene, was the only Greek female
+divinity who represented celestial light, the Greek settlers, according to
+their custom of fusing foreign deities into their own, seized at once upon
+this point of resemblance, and decided that Metra should henceforth be
+regarded as identical with Artemis.
+
+In her character as the love which pervades all nature, and penetrates
+everywhere, they believed her also to be present in the mysterious Realm of
+Shades, where she exercised her benign sway, replacing to a certain extent
+that ancient divinity Hecate, and partly usurping also the place of
+Persephone, as mistress of the lower world. Thus they believed that it was
+she who permitted the spirits of the departed to revisit the earth, in
+order to communicate with those they loved, and to give them timely warning
+of coming evil. In fact, this great, mighty, and omnipresent power of love,
+as embodied in the Ephesian Artemis, was believed by the great thinkers of
+old, to be the ruling spirit of the universe, and it was to her influence,
+that all the mysterious and beneficent workings of nature were ascribed.
+
+There was a magnificent temple erected to this divinity at Ephesus (a city
+of Asia Minor), which was ranked among the seven wonders of the world, and
+was unequalled in beauty and grandeur. The interior of this {93} edifice
+was adorned with statues and paintings, and contained one hundred and
+twenty-seven columns, sixty feet in height, each column having been placed
+there by a different king. The wealth deposited in this temple was
+enormous, and the goddess was here worshipped with particular awe and
+solemnity. In the interior of the edifice stood a statue of her, formed of
+ebony, with lions on her arms and turrets on her head, whilst a number of
+breasts indicated the fruitfulness of the earth and of nature. Ctesiphon
+was the principal architect of this world-renowned structure, which,
+however, was not entirely completed till two hundred and twenty years after
+the foundation-stone was laid. But the labour of centuries was destroyed in
+a single night; for a man called Herostratus, seized with the insane desire
+of making his name famous to all succeeding generations, set fire to it and
+completely destroyed it.[34] So great was the indignation and sorrow of the
+Ephesians at this calamity, that they enacted a law, forbidding the
+incendiary's name to be mentioned, thereby however, defeating their own
+object, for thus the name of Herostratus has been handed down to posterity,
+and will live as long as the memory of the famous temple of Ephesus.
+
+BRAURONIAN ARTEMIS.
+
+In ancient times, the country which we now call the Crimea, was known by
+the name of the Taurica Chersonnesus. It was colonized by Greek settlers,
+who, finding that the Scythian inhabitants had a native divinity somewhat
+resembling their own Artemis, identified her with the huntress-goddess of
+the mother-country. The worship of this Taurian Artemis was attended with
+the most barbarous practices, for, in accordance with a law which she had
+enacted, all strangers, whether male or female, landing, or shipwrecked on
+her shores, were sacrificed upon her altars. It is supposed that this
+decree was {94} issued by the Taurian goddess of Chastity, to protect the
+purity of her followers, by keeping them apart from foreign influences.
+
+The interesting story of Iphigenia, a priestess in the temple of Artemis at
+Tauris, forms the subject of one of Schiller's most beautiful plays. The
+circumstances occurred at the commencement of the Trojan war, and are as
+follows:--The fleet, collected by the Greeks for the siege of Troy, had
+assembled at Aulis, in Boeotia, and was about to set sail, when Agamemnon,
+the commander-in-chief, had the misfortune to kill accidentally a stag
+which was grazing in a grove, sacred to Artemis. The offended goddess sent
+continuous calms that delayed the departure of the fleet, and Calchas, the
+soothsayer, who had accompanied the expedition, declared that nothing less
+than the sacrifice of Agamemnon's favorite daughter, Iphigenia, would
+appease the wrath of the goddess. At these words, the heroic heart of the
+brave leader sank within him, and he declared that rather than consent to
+so fearful an alternative, he would give up his share in the expedition and
+return to Argos. In this dilemma Odysseus and other great generals called a
+council to discuss the matter, and, after much deliberation, it was decided
+that private feeling must yield to the welfare of the state. For a long
+time the unhappy Agamemnon turned a deaf ear to their arguments, but at
+last they succeeded in persuading him that it was his duty to make the
+sacrifice. He, accordingly, despatched a messenger to his wife,
+Clytemnæstra, begging her to send Iphigenia to him, alleging as a pretext
+that the great hero Achilles desired to make her his wife. Rejoicing at the
+brilliant destiny which awaited her beautiful daughter, the fond mother at
+once obeyed the command, and sent her to Aulis. When the maiden arrived at
+her destination, and discovered, to her horror, the dreadful fate which
+awaited her, she threw herself in an agony of grief at her father's feet,
+and with sobs and tears entreated him to have mercy on her, and to spare
+her young life. But alas! her doom was sealed, and her now repentant and
+{95} heart-broken father was powerless to avert it. The unfortunate victim
+was bound to the altar, and already the fatal knife was raised to deal the
+death-blow, when suddenly Iphigenia disappeared from view, and in her place
+on the altar, lay a beautiful deer ready to be sacrificed. It was Artemis
+herself, who, pitying the youth and beauty of her victim, caused her to be
+conveyed in a cloud to Taurica, where she became one of her priestesses,
+and intrusted with the charge of her temple; a dignity, however, which
+necessitated the offering of those human sacrifices presented to Artemis.
+
+Many years passed away, during which time the long and wearisome siege of
+Troy had come to an end, and the brave Agamemnon had returned home to meet
+death at the hands of his wife and Aegisthus. But his daughter, Iphigenia,
+was still an exile from her native country, and continued to perform the
+terrible duties which her office involved. She had long given up all hopes
+of ever being restored to her friends, when one day two Greek strangers
+landed on Taurica's inhospitable shores. These were Orestes and Pylades,
+whose romantic attachment to each other has made their names synonymous for
+devoted self-sacrificing friendship. Orestes was Iphigenia's brother, and
+Pylades her cousin, and their object in undertaking an expedition fraught
+with so much peril, was to obtain the statue of the Taurian Artemis.
+Orestes, having incurred the anger of the Furies for avenging the murder of
+his father Agamemnon, was pursued by them wherever he went, until at last
+he was informed by the oracle of Delphi that, in order to pacify them, he
+must convey the image of the Taurian Artemis from Tauris to Attica. This he
+at once resolved to do, and accompanied by his faithful friend Pylades, who
+insisted on sharing the dangers of the undertaking, he set out for Taurica.
+But the unfortunate youths had hardly stepped on shore before they were
+seized by the natives, who, as usual, conveyed them for sacrifice to the
+temple of Artemis. Iphigenia, discovering that they were Greeks, though
+unaware of their near relationship to herself, thought the {96} opportunity
+a favourable one for sending tidings of her existence to her native
+country, and, accordingly, requested one of the strangers to be the bearer
+of a letter from her to her family. A magnanimous dispute now arose between
+the friends, and each besought the other to accept the precious privilege
+of life and freedom. Pylades, at length overcome by the urgent entreaties
+of Orestes, agreed to be the bearer of the missive, but on looking more
+closely at the superscription, he observed, to his intense surprise, that
+it was addressed to Orestes. Hereupon an explanation followed; the brother
+and sister recognized each other, amid joyful tears and loving embraces,
+and assisted by her friends and kinsmen, Iphigenia escaped with them from a
+country where she had spent so many unhappy days, and witnessed so many
+scenes of horror and anguish.
+
+The fugitives, having contrived to obtain the image of the Taurian Artemis,
+carried it with them to Brauron in Attica. This divinity was henceforth
+known as the Brauronian Artemis, and the rites which had rendered her
+worship so infamous in Taurica were now introduced into Greece, and human
+victims bled freely under the sacrificial knife, both in Athens and Sparta.
+The revolting practice of offering human sacrifices to her, was continued
+until the time of Lycurgus, the great Spartan lawgiver, who put an end to
+it by substituting in its place one, which was hardly less barbarous,
+namely, the scourging of youths, who were whipped on the altars of the
+Brauronian Artemis in the most cruel manner; sometimes indeed they expired
+under the lash, in which case their mothers, far from lamenting their fate,
+are said to have rejoiced, considering this an honourable death for their
+sons.
+
+SELENE-ARTEMIS.
+
+Hitherto we have seen Artemis only in the various phases of her terrestrial
+character; but just as her brother Apollo drew into himself by degrees the
+attributes of that more ancient divinity Helios, the sun-god, so, in like
+manner, she came to be identified in later times {97} with Selene, the
+moon-goddess, in which character she is always represented as wearing on
+her forehead a glittering crescent, whilst a flowing veil, bespangled with
+stars, reaches to her feet, and a long robe completely envelops her.
+
+DIANA.
+
+The Diana of the Romans was identified with the Greek Artemis, with whom
+she shares that peculiar tripartite character, which so strongly marks the
+individuality of the Greek goddess. In heaven she was Luna (the moon), on
+earth Diana (the huntress-goddess), and in the lower world Proserpine; but,
+unlike the Ephesian Artemis, Diana, in her character as Proserpine, carries
+with her into the lower world no element of love or sympathy; she is, on
+the contrary, characterized by practices altogether hostile to man, such as
+the exercise of witchcraft, evil charms, and other antagonistic influences,
+and is, in fact, the Greek Hecate, in her later development.
+
+The statues of Diana were generally erected at a point where three roads
+met, for which reason she is called Trivia (from _tri_, three, and _via_,
+way).
+
+A temple was dedicated to her on the Aventine hill by Servius Tullius, who
+is said to have first introduced the worship of this divinity into Rome.
+
+The Nemoralia, or Grove Festivals, were celebrated in her honour on the
+13th of August, on the Lacus Nemorensis, or forest-buried lake, near
+Aricia. The priest who officiated in her temple on this spot, was always a
+fugitive slave, who had gained his office by murdering his predecessor, and
+hence was constantly armed, in order that he might thus be prepared to
+encounter a new aspirant.
+
+HEPHÆSTUS (VULCAN).
+
+Hephæstus, the son of Zeus and Hera, was the god of fire in its beneficial
+aspect, and the presiding deity over all workmanship accomplished by means
+of this useful element. He was universally honoured, not only as the {98}
+god of all mechanical arts, but also as a house and hearth divinity, who
+exercised a beneficial influence on civilized society in general. Unlike
+the other Greek divinities, he was ugly and deformed, being awkward in his
+movements, and limping in his gait. This latter defect originated, as we
+have already seen, in the wrath of his father Zeus, who hurled him down
+from heaven[35] in consequence of his taking the part of Hera, in one of
+the domestic disagreements, which so frequently arose between this royal
+pair. Hephæstus was a whole day falling from Olympus to the earth, where he
+at length alighted on the island of Lemnos. The inhabitants of the country,
+seeing him descending through the air, received him in their arms; but in
+spite of their care, his leg was broken by the fall, and he remained ever
+afterwards lame in one foot. Grateful for the kindness of the Lemnians, he
+henceforth took up his abode in their island, and there built for himself a
+superb palace, and forges for the pursuit of his avocation. He instructed
+the people how to work in metals, and also taught them other valuable and
+useful arts.
+
+It is said that the first work of Hephæstus was a most ingenious throne of
+gold, with secret springs, which he presented to Hera. It was arranged in
+such a manner that, once seated, she found herself unable to move, and
+though all the gods endeavoured to extricate her, their efforts were
+unavailing. Hephæstus thus revenged himself on his mother for the cruelty
+she had always displayed towards him, on account of his want of comeliness
+and grace. Dionysus, the wine god, contrived, however, to intoxicate
+Hephæstus, and then induced him to return to Olympus, where, after having
+released the {99} queen of heaven from her very undignified position, he
+became reconciled to his parents.
+
+He now built for himself a glorious palace on Olympus, of shining gold, and
+made for the other deities those magnificent edifices which they inhabited.
+He was assisted in his various and exquisitely skilful works of art, by two
+female statues of pure gold, formed by his own hand, which possessed the
+power of motion, and always accompanied him wherever he went. With the
+assistance of the Cyclops, he forged for Zeus his wonderful thunderbolts,
+thus investing his mighty father with a new power of terrible import. Zeus
+testified his appreciation of this precious gift, by bestowing upon
+Hephæstus the beautiful Aphrodite in marriage,[36] but this was a
+questionable boon; for the lovely Aphrodite, who was the personification of
+all grace and beauty, felt no affection for her ungainly and unattractive
+spouse, and amused herself by ridiculing his awkward movements and
+unsightly person. On one occasion especially, when Hephæstus good-naturedly
+took upon himself the office of cup-bearer to the gods, his hobbling gait
+and extreme awkwardness created the greatest mirth amongst the celestials,
+in which his disloyal partner was the first to join, with unconcealed
+merriment.
+
+Aphrodite greatly preferred Ares to her husband, and this preference
+naturally gave rise to much jealousy on the part of Hephæstus, and caused
+them great unhappiness.
+
+Hephæstus appears to have been an indispensable member of the Olympic
+Assembly, where he plays the part of smith, armourer, chariot-builder, &c.
+As already mentioned, he constructed the palaces where the gods resided,
+fashioned the golden shoes with which they trod the air or water, built for
+them their wonderful chariots, and shod with brass the horses of celestial
+breed, which conveyed these glittering equipages over land and sea. He also
+made the tripods which moved of themselves in and out of the celestial
+halls, formed for Zeus the {100} far-famed ægis, and erected the
+magnificent palace of the sun. He also created the brazen-footed bulls of
+Aetes, which breathed flames from their nostrils, sent forth clouds of
+smoke, and filled the air with their roaring.
+
+Among his most renowned works of art for the use of mortals were: the
+armour of Achilles and Æneas, the beautiful necklace of Harmonia, and the
+crown of Ariadne; but his masterpiece was Pandora, of whom a detailed
+account has already been given.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+There was a temple on Mount Etna erected in his honour, which none but the
+pure and virtuous were permitted to enter. The entrance to this temple was
+guarded by dogs, which possessed the extraordinary faculty of being able to
+discriminate between the righteous and the unrighteous, fawning upon and
+caressing the good, whilst they rushed upon all evil-doers and drove them
+away.
+
+Hephæstus is usually represented as a powerful, brawny, and very muscular
+man of middle height and mature age; his strong uplifted arm is raised in
+the act of striking the anvil with a hammer, which he holds in one hand,
+whilst with the other he is turning a thunderbolt, which an eagle beside
+him is waiting to carry to Zeus. The principal seat of his worship was the
+island of Lemnos, where he was regarded with peculiar veneration.
+
+VULCAN.
+
+The Roman Vulcan was merely an importation from Greece, which never at any
+time took firm root in Rome, nor entered largely into the actual life and
+sympathies of the nation, his worship being unattended by the devotional
+feeling and enthusiasm which characterized the religious rites of the other
+deities. He still, however, retained in Rome his {101} Greek attributes as
+god of fire, and unrivalled master of the art of working in metals, and was
+ranked among the twelve great gods of Olympus, whose gilded statues were
+arranged consecutively along the Forum. His Roman name, Vulcan, would seem
+to indicate a connection with the first great metal-working artificer of
+Biblical history, Tubal-Cain.
+
+POSEIDON (NEPTUNE).
+
+Poseidon was the son of Kronos and Rhea, and the brother of Zeus. He was
+god of the sea, more particularly of the Mediterranean, and, like the
+element over which he presided, was of a variable disposition, now
+violently agitated, and now calm and placid, for which reason he is
+sometimes represented by the poets as quiet and composed, and at others as
+disturbed and angry.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In the earliest ages of Greek mythology, he merely symbolized the watery
+element; but in later times, as navigation and intercourse with other
+nations engendered greater traffic by sea, Poseidon gained in importance,
+and came to be regarded as a distinct divinity, holding indisputable
+dominion over the sea, and over all sea-divinities, who acknowledged him as
+their sovereign ruler. He possessed the power of causing at will, mighty
+and destructive tempests, in which the billows rise mountains high, the
+wind becomes a hurricane, land and sea being enveloped in thick mists,
+whilst destruction assails the unfortunate mariners exposed to their fury.
+On the other hand, his alone was the power of stilling the angry {102}
+waves, of soothing the troubled waters, and granting safe voyages to
+mariners. For this reason, Poseidon was always invoked and propitiated by a
+libation before a voyage was undertaken, and sacrifices and thanksgivings
+were gratefully offered to him after a safe and prosperous journey by sea.
+
+The symbol of his power was the fisherman's fork or trident,[37] by means
+of which he produced earthquakes, raised up islands from the bottom of the
+sea, and caused wells to spring forth out of the earth.
+
+Poseidon was essentially the presiding deity over fishermen, and was on
+that account, more particularly worshipped and revered in countries
+bordering on the sea-coast, where fish naturally formed a staple commodity
+of trade. He was supposed to vent his displeasure by sending disastrous
+inundations, which completely destroyed whole countries, and were usually
+accompanied by terrible marine monsters, who swallowed up and devoured
+those whom the floods had spared. It is probable that these sea-monsters
+are the poetical figures which represent the demons of hunger and famine,
+necessarily accompanying a general inundation.
+
+Poseidon is generally represented as resembling his brother Zeus in
+features, height, and general aspect; but we miss in the countenance of the
+sea-god the kindness and benignity which so pleasingly distinguish his
+mighty brother. The eyes are bright and piercing, and the contour of the
+face somewhat sharper in its outline than that of Zeus, thus corresponding,
+as it were, with his more angry and violent nature. His hair waves in dark,
+disorderly masses over his shoulders; his chest is broad, and his frame
+powerful and stalwart; he wears a short, curling beard, and a band round
+his head. He usually appears standing erect in a graceful shell-chariot,
+drawn by hippocamps, or sea-horses, with golden manes and brazen hoofs, who
+bound over the dancing waves with such wonderful swiftness, that the
+chariot scarcely touches {103} the water. The monsters of the deep,
+acknowledging their mighty lord, gambol playfully around him, whilst the
+sea joyfully smooths a path for the passage of its all-powerful ruler.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+He inhabited a beautiful palace at the bottom of the sea at Ægea in Euboea,
+and also possessed a royal residence on Mount Olympus, which, however, he
+only visited when his presence was required at the council of the gods.
+
+His wonderful palace beneath the waters was of vast extent; in its lofty
+and capacious halls thousands of his followers could assemble. The exterior
+of the building was of bright gold, which the continual wash of the waters
+preserved untarnished; in the interior, lofty and graceful columns
+supported the gleaming dome. Everywhere fountains of glistening, silvery
+water played; everywhere groves and arbours of feathery-leaved sea-plants
+appeared, whilst rocks of pure crystal glistened with all the varied
+colours of the rainbow. Some of the paths were strewn with white sparkling
+sand, interspersed with jewels, pearls, and amber. This delightful abode
+was surrounded on all sides by wide fields, where there were whole groves
+of dark purple coralline, and tufts of beautiful scarlet-leaved plants, and
+sea-anemones of every tint. Here grew bright, pinky sea-weeds, mosses of
+all hues and shades, and tall grasses, which, growing upwards, formed
+emerald caves and grottoes such as the Nereides love, whilst fish of
+various kinds playfully darted in and out, in the full enjoyment of their
+native element. Nor was illumination wanting in this fairy-like region,
+which at night was lit up by the glow-worms of the deep.
+
+But although Poseidon ruled with absolute power over the ocean and its
+inhabitants, he nevertheless bowed submissively to the will of the great
+ruler of Olympus, and appeared at all times desirous of conciliating him.
+We {104} find him coming to his aid when emergency demanded, and frequently
+rendering him valuable assistance against his opponents. At the time when
+Zeus was harassed by the attacks of the Giants, he proved himself a most
+powerful ally, engaging in single combat with a hideous giant named
+Polybotes, whom he followed over the sea, and at last succeeded in
+destroying, by hurling upon him the island of Cos.
+
+These amicable relations between the brothers were, however, sometimes
+interrupted. Thus, for instance, upon one occasion Poseidon joined Hera and
+Athene in a secret conspiracy to seize upon the ruler of heaven, place him
+in fetters, and deprive him of the sovereign power. The conspiracy being
+discovered, Hera, as the chief instigator of this sacrilegious attempt on
+the divine person of Zeus, was severely chastised, and even beaten, by her
+enraged spouse, as a punishment for her rebellion and treachery, whilst
+Poseidon was condemned, for the space of a whole year, to forego his
+dominion over the sea, and it was at this time that, in conjunction with
+Apollo, he built for Laomedon the walls of Troy.
+
+Poseidon married a sea-nymph named Amphitrite, whom he wooed under the form
+of a dolphin. She afterwards became jealous of a beautiful maiden called
+Scylla, who was beloved by Poseidon, and in order to revenge herself she
+threw some herbs into a well where Scylla was bathing, which had the effect
+of metamorphosing her into a monster of terrible aspect, having twelve
+feet, six heads with six long necks, and a voice which resembled the bark
+of a dog. This awful monster is said to have inhabited a cave at a very
+great height in the famous rock which still bears her name,[38] and was
+supposed to swoop down from her rocky eminence upon every ship that passed,
+and with each of her six heads to secure a victim.
+
+Amphitrite is often represented assisting Poseidon in attaching the
+sea-horses to his chariot.
+
+{105}
+
+The Cyclops, who have been already alluded to in the history of Cronus,
+were the sons of Poseidon and Amphitrite. They were a wild race of gigantic
+growth, similar in their nature to the earth-born Giants, and had only one
+eye each in the middle of their foreheads. They led a lawless life,
+possessing neither social manners nor fear of the gods, and were the
+workmen of Hephæstus, whose workshop was supposed to be in the heart of the
+volcanic mountain Ætna.
+
+Here we have another striking instance of the manner in which the Greeks
+personified the powers of nature, which they saw in active operation around
+them. They beheld with awe, mingled with astonishment, the fire, stones,
+and ashes which poured forth from the summit of this and other volcanic
+mountains, and, with their vivacity of imagination, found a solution of the
+mystery in the supposition, that the god of Fire must be busy at work with
+his men in the depths of the earth, and that the mighty flames which they
+beheld, issued in this manner from his subterranean forge.
+
+The chief representative of the Cyclops was the man-eating monster
+Polyphemus, described by Homer as having been blinded and outwitted at last
+by Odysseus. This monster fell in love with a beautiful nymph called
+Galatea; but, as may be supposed, his addresses were not acceptable to the
+fair maiden, who rejected them in favour of a youth named Acis, upon which
+Polyphemus, with his usual barbarity, destroyed the life of his rival by
+throwing upon him a gigantic rock. The blood of the murdered Acis, gushing
+out of the rock, formed a stream which still bears his name.
+
+Triton, Rhoda,[39] and Benthesicyme were also children of Poseidon and
+Amphitrite.
+
+The sea-god was the father of two giant sons called Otus and Ephialtes.[40]
+When only nine years old they {106} were said to be twenty-seven cubits[41]
+in height and nine in breadth. These youthful giants were as rebellious as
+they were powerful, even presuming to threaten the gods themselves with
+hostilities. During the war of the Gigantomachia, they endeavoured to scale
+heaven by piling mighty mountains one upon another. Already had they
+succeeded in placing Mount Ossa on Olympus and Pelion on Ossa, when this
+impious project was frustrated by Apollo, who destroyed them with his
+arrows. It was supposed that had not their lives been thus cut off before
+reaching maturity, their sacrilegious designs would have been carried into
+effect.
+
+Pelias and Neleus were also sons of Poseidon. Their mother Tyro was
+attached to the river-god Enipeus, whose form Poseidon assumed, and thus
+won her love. Pelias became afterwards famous in the story of the
+Argonauts, and Neleus was the father of Nestor, who was distinguished in
+the Trojan War.
+
+The Greeks believed that it was to Poseidon they were indebted for the
+existence of the horse, which he is said to have produced in the following
+manner: Athene and Poseidon both claiming the right to name Cecropia (the
+ancient name of Athens), a violent dispute arose, which was finally settled
+by an assembly of the Olympian gods, who decided that whichever of the
+contending parties presented mankind with the most useful gift, should
+obtain the privilege of naming the city. Upon this Poseidon struck the
+ground with his trident, and the horse sprang forth in all his untamed
+strength and graceful beauty. From the spot which Athene touched with her
+wand, issued the olive-tree, whereupon the gods unanimously awarded to her
+the victory, declaring her gift to be the emblem of peace and plenty,
+whilst that of Poseidon was thought to be the symbol of war and {107}
+bloodshed. Athene accordingly called the city Athens, after herself, and it
+has ever since retained this name.
+
+Poseidon tamed the horse for the use of mankind, and was believed to have
+taught men the art of managing horses by the bridle. The Isthmian games (so
+named because they were held on the Isthmus of Corinth), in which horse and
+chariot races were a distinguishing feature, were instituted in honour of
+Poseidon.
+
+He was more especially worshipped in the Peloponnesus, though universally
+revered throughout Greece and in the south of Italy. His sacrifices were
+generally black and white bulls, also wild boars and rams. His usual
+attributes are the trident, horse, and dolphin.
+
+In some parts of Greece this divinity was identified with the sea-god
+Nereus, for which reason the Nereides, or daughters of Nereus, are
+represented as accompanying him.
+
+NEPTUNE.
+
+The Romans worshipped Poseidon under the name of Neptune, and invested him
+with all the attributes which belong to the Greek divinity.
+
+The Roman commanders never undertook any naval expedition without
+propitiating Neptune by a sacrifice.
+
+His temple at Rome was in the Campus Martius, and the festivals
+commemorated in his honour were called Neptunalia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SEA DIVINITIES.
+
+OCEANUS.
+
+Oceanus was the son of Uranus and Gæa. He was the personification of the
+ever-flowing stream, which, according to the primitive notions of the early
+Greeks, encircled the world, and from which sprang all the rivers and
+streams that watered the earth. He was married to Tethys, one of the
+Titans, and was the father of a {108} numerous progeny called the
+Oceanides, who are said to have been three thousand in number. He alone, of
+all the Titans, refrained from taking part against Zeus in the
+Titanomachia, and was, on that account, the only one of the primeval
+divinities permitted to retain his dominion under the new dynasty.
+
+NEREUS.
+
+Nereus appears to have been the personification of the sea in its calm and
+placid moods, and was, after Poseidon, the most important of the
+sea-deities. He is represented as a kind and benevolent old man, possessing
+the gift of prophecy, and presiding more particularly over the Ægean Sea,
+of which he was considered to be the protecting spirit. There he dwelt with
+his wife Doris and their fifty blooming daughters, the Nereides, beneath
+the waves in a beautiful grotto-palace, and was ever ready to assist
+distressed mariners in the hour of danger.
+
+PROTEUS.
+
+Proteus, more familiarly known as "The Old Man of the Sea," was a son of
+Poseidon, and gifted with prophetic power. But he had an invincible
+objection to being consulted in his capacity as seer, and those who wished
+him to foretell events, watched for the hour of noon, when he was in the
+habit of coming up to the island of Pharos,[42] with Poseidon's flock of
+seals, which he tended at the bottom of the sea. Surrounded by these
+creatures of the deep, he used to slumber beneath the grateful shade of the
+rocks. This was the favourable moment to seize the prophet, who, in order
+to avoid importunities, would change himself into an infinite variety of
+forms. But patience gained the day; for if he were only held long enough,
+he became wearied at last, and, resuming his true form, gave the
+information desired, after which he dived down again to the bottom of the
+sea, accompanied by the animals he tended.
+
+{109}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TRITON and the TRITONS.
+
+Triton was the only son of Poseidon and Amphitrite, but he possessed little
+influence, being altogether a minor divinity. He is usually represented as
+preceding his father and acting as his trumpeter, using a conch-shell for
+this purpose. He lived with his parents in their beautiful golden palace
+beneath the sea at Ægea, and his favourite pastime was to ride over the
+billows on horses or sea-monsters. Triton is always represented as half
+man, half fish, the body below the waist terminating in the tail of a
+dolphin. We frequently find mention of Tritons who are either the offspring
+or kindred of Triton.
+
+GLAUCUS.
+
+Glaucus is said to have become a sea-divinity in the following manner.
+While angling one day, he observed that the fish he caught and threw on the
+bank, at once nibbled at the grass and then leaped back into the water. His
+curiosity was naturally excited, and he proceeded to gratify it by taking
+up a few blades and tasting them. No sooner was this done than, obeying an
+irresistible impulse, he precipitated himself into the deep, and became a
+sea-god.
+
+Like most sea-divinities he was gifted with prophetic power, and each year
+visited all the islands and coasts with a train of marine monsters,
+foretelling all kinds of evil. Hence fishermen dreaded his approach, and
+endeavoured, by prayer and fasting, to avert the misfortunes which he
+prophesied. He is often represented floating on the billows, his body
+covered with mussels, sea-weed, and shells, wearing a full beard and long
+flowing hair, and bitterly bewailing his immortality.
+
+{110}
+
+THETIS.
+
+The silver-footed, fair-haired Thetis, who plays an important part in the
+mythology of Greece, was the daughter of Nereus, or, as some assert, of
+Poseidon. Her grace and beauty were so remarkable that Zeus and Poseidon
+both sought an alliance with her; but, as it had been foretold that a son
+of hers would gain supremacy over his father, they relinquished their
+intentions, and she became the wife of Peleus, son of Æacus. Like Proteus,
+Thetis possessed the power of transforming herself into a variety of
+different shapes, and when wooed by Peleus she exerted this power in order
+to elude him. But, knowing that persistence would eventually succeed, he
+held her fast until she assumed her true form. Their nuptials were
+celebrated with the utmost pomp and magnificence, and were honoured by the
+presence of all the gods and goddesses, with the exception of Eris. How the
+goddess of discord resented her exclusion from the marriage festivities has
+already been shown.
+
+Thetis ever retained great influence over the mighty lord of heaven, which,
+as we shall see hereafter, she used in favour of her renowned son,
+Achilles, in the Trojan War.
+
+When Halcyone plunged into the sea in despair after the shipwreck and death
+of her husband King Ceyx, Thetis transformed both husband and wife into the
+birds called kingfishers (halcyones), which, with the tender affection
+which characterized the unfortunate couple, always fly in pairs. The idea
+of the ancients was that these birds brought forth their young in nests,
+which float on the surface of the sea in calm weather, before and after the
+shortest day, when Thetis was said to keep the waters smooth and tranquil
+for their especial benefit; hence the term "halcyon-days," which signifies
+a period of rest and untroubled felicity.
+
+{111}
+
+THAUMAS, PHORCYS, and CETO.
+
+The early Greeks, with their extraordinary power of personifying all and
+every attribute of Nature, gave a distinct personality to those mighty
+wonders of the deep, which, in all ages, have afforded matter of
+speculation to educated and uneducated alike. Among these personifications
+we find Thaumas, Phorcys, and their sister Ceto, who were the offspring of
+Pontus.
+
+Thaumas (whose name signifies Wonder) typifies that peculiar, translucent
+condition of the surface of the sea when it reflects, mirror-like, various
+images, and appears to hold in its transparent embrace the flaming stars
+and illuminated cities, which are so frequently reflected on its glassy
+bosom.
+
+Thaumas married the lovely Electra (whose name signifies the sparkling
+light produced by electricity), daughter of Oceanus. Her amber-coloured
+hair was of such rare beauty that none of her fair-haired sisters could
+compare with her, and when she wept, her tears, being too precious to be
+lost, formed drops of shining amber.
+
+Phorcys and Ceto personified more especially the hidden perils and terrors
+of the ocean. They were the parents of the Gorgons, the Græa, and the
+Dragon which guarded the golden apples of the Hesperides.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+LEUCOTHEA.
+
+Leucothea was originally a mortal named Ino, daughter of Cadmus, king of
+Thebes. She married Athamas, king of Orchomenus, who, incensed at her
+unnatural conduct to her step-children,[43] pursued her and her son to the
+sea-shore, when, seeing no hope of escape, she flung herself with her child
+into the deep. They were kindly received by the Nereides, and became
+sea-divinities under the name of Leucothea and Palæmon.
+
+{112}
+
+THE SIRENS.
+
+The Sirens would appear to have been personifications of those numerous
+rocks and unseen dangers, which abound on the S.W. coast of Italy. They
+were sea-nymphs, with the upper part of the body that of a maiden and the
+lower that of a sea-bird, having wings attached to their shoulders, and
+were endowed with such wonderful voices, that their sweet songs are said to
+have lured mariners to destruction.
+
+ARES (MARS).
+
+Ares, the son of Zeus and Hera, was the god of war, who gloried in strife
+for its own sake; he loved the tumult and havoc of the battlefield, and
+delighted in slaughter and extermination; in fact he presents no benevolent
+aspect which could possibly react favourably upon human life.
+
+Epic poets, in particular, represent the god of battles as a wild
+ungovernable warrior, who passes through the armies like a whirlwind,
+hurling to the ground the brave and cowardly alike; destroying chariots and
+helmets, and triumphing over the terrible desolation which he produces.
+
+In all the myths concerning Ares, his sister Athene ever appears in
+opposition to him, endeavouring by every means in her power to defeat his
+bloodthirsty designs. Thus she assists the divine hero Diomedes at the
+siege of Troy, to overcome Ares in battle, and so well does he profit by
+her timely aid, that he succeeds in wounding the sanguinary war-god, who
+makes his exit from the field, roaring like ten thousand bulls.
+
+{113}
+
+Ares appears to have been an object of aversion to all the gods of Olympus,
+Aphrodite alone excepted. As the son of Hera, he had inherited from his
+mother the strongest feelings of independence and contradiction, and as he
+took delight in upsetting that peaceful course of state-life which it was
+pre-eminently the care of Zeus to establish, he was naturally disliked and
+even hated by him.
+
+When wounded by Diomedes, as above related, he complains to his father, but
+receives no sympathy from the otherwise kindly and beneficent ruler of
+Olympus, who thus angrily addresses him: "Do not trouble me with thy
+complaints, thou who art of all the gods of Olympus most hateful to me, for
+thou delightest in nought save war and strife. The very spirit of thy
+mother lives in thee, and wert thou not my son, long ago wouldst thou have
+lain deeper down in the bowels of the earth than the son of Uranus."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Ares, upon one occasion, incurred the anger of Poseidon by slaying his son
+Halirrhothios, who had insulted Alcippe, the daughter of the war-god. For
+this deed, Poseidon summoned Ares to appear before the tribunal of the
+Olympic gods, which was held upon a hill in Athens. Ares was acquitted, and
+this event is supposed to have given rise to the name Areopagus (or Hill of
+Ares), which afterwards became so famous as a court of justice. In the
+Gigantomachia, Ares was defeated by the Aloidæ, the two giant-sons of
+Poseidon, who put him in chains, and kept him in prison for thirteen
+months.
+
+Ares is represented as a man of youthful appearance; his tall muscular form
+combines great strength with wonderful agility. In his right hand he bears
+a sword or a mighty lance, while on the left arm he carries his round
+shield (see next page). His demoniacal surroundings are Terror and
+Fear;[44] Enyo, the goddess of the war-cry; Keidomos, the demon of the
+noise of battles; and Eris (Contention), his twin-sister and companion, who
+always {114} precedes his chariot when he rushes to the fight, the latter
+being evidently a simile of the poets to express the fact that war follows
+contention.
+
+Eris is represented as a woman of florid complexion, with dishevelled hair,
+and her whole appearance angry and menacing. In one hand she brandishes a
+poniard and a hissing adder, whilst in the other she carries a burning
+torch. Her dress is torn and disorderly, and her hair intertwined with
+venomous snakes. This divinity was never invoked by mortals, except when
+they desired her assistance for the accomplishment of evil purposes.
+
+MARS.
+
+The Roman divinity most closely resembling the Greek Ares, and identified
+with him, was called Mars, Mamers, and Marspiter or Father Mars.
+
+The earliest Italian tribes, who were mostly engaged in the pursuit of
+husbandry, regarded this deity more especially as the god of spring, who
+vanquished the powers of winter, and encouraged the peaceful arts of
+agriculture. But with the Romans, who were an essentially warlike nation,
+Mars gradually loses his peaceful character, and, as god of war, attains,
+after Jupiter, the highest position among the Olympic gods. The Romans
+looked upon him as their special protector, and declared him to have been
+the father of Romulus and Remus, the founders of their city. But although
+he was especially {115} worshipped in Rome as god of war, he still
+continued to preside over agriculture, and was also the protecting deity
+who watched over the welfare of the state.
+
+As the god who strode with warlike step to the battlefield, he was called
+Gradivus (from _gradus_, a step), it being popularly believed by the Romans
+that he himself marched before them to battle, and acted as their invisible
+protector. As the presiding deity over agriculture, he was styled Sylvanus,
+whilst in his character as guardian of the state, he bore the name of
+Quirinus.[45]
+
+The priests of Mars were twelve in number, and were called Salii, or the
+dancers, from the fact that sacred dances, in full armour, formed an
+important item in their peculiar ceremonial. This religious order, the
+members of which were always chosen from the noblest families in Rome, was
+first instituted by Numa Pompilius, who intrusted to their special charge
+the Anciliæ, or sacred shields. It is said that one morning, when Numa was
+imploring the protection of Jupiter for the newly-founded city of Rome, the
+god of heaven, as though in answer to his prayer, sent down an oblong
+brazen shield, and, as it fell at the feet of the king, a voice was heard
+announcing that on its preservation depended the future safety and
+prosperity of Rome. In order, therefore, to lessen the chances of this
+sacred treasure being abstracted, Numa caused eleven more to be made
+exactly like it, which were then given into the care of the Salii.
+
+The assistance and protection of the god of war was always solemnly invoked
+before the departure of a Roman army for the field of battle, and any
+reverses of fortune were invariably ascribed to his anger, which was
+accordingly propitiated by means of extraordinary sin-offerings and
+prayers.
+
+In Rome a field, called the Campus Martius, was dedicated to Mars. It was a
+large, open space, in which armies were collected and reviewed, general
+assemblies of {116} the people held, and the young nobility trained to
+martial exercises.
+
+The most celebrated and magnificent of the numerous temples built by the
+Romans in honour of this deity was the one erected by Augustus in the
+Forum, to commemorate the overthrow of the murderers of Cæsar.
+
+Of all existing statues of Mars the most renowned is that in the Villa
+Ludovisi at Rome, in which he is represented as a powerful, muscular man in
+the full vigour of youth. The attitude is that of thoughtful repose, but
+the short, curly hair, dilated nostrils, and strongly marked features leave
+no doubt as to the force and turbulence of his character. At his feet, the
+sculptor has placed the little god of love, who looks up all undaunted at
+the mighty war-god, as though mischievously conscious that this unusually
+quiet mood is attributable to his influence.
+
+Religious festivals in honour of Mars were generally held in the month of
+March; but he had also a festival on the Ides of October, when
+chariot-races took place, after which, the right-hand horse of the team
+which had drawn the victorious chariot, was sacrificed to him. In ancient
+times, human sacrifices, more especially prisoners of war, were offered to
+him; but, at a later period, this cruel practice was discontinued.
+
+The attributes of this divinity are the helmet, shield, and spear. The
+animals consecrated to him were the wolf, horse, vulture, and woodpecker.
+
+Intimately associated with Mars in his character as god of war, was a
+goddess called BELLONA, who was evidently the female divinity of battle
+with one or other of the primitive nations of Italy (most probably the
+Sabines), and is usually seen accompanying Mars, whose war-chariot she
+guides. Bellona appears on the battle-field, inspired with mad rage,
+cruelty, and the love of extermination. She is in full armour, her hair is
+dishevelled, and she bears a scourge in one hand, and a lance in the other.
+
+A temple was erected to her on the Campus Martius. Before the entrance to
+this edifice stood a pillar, over which a spear was thrown when war was
+publicly declared. {117}
+
+NIKE (VICTORIA).
+
+Nike, the goddess of victory, was the daughter of the Titan Pallas, and of
+Styx, the presiding nymph of the river of that name in the lower world.
+
+In her statues, Nike somewhat resembles Athene, but may easily be
+recognized by her large, graceful wings and flowing drapery, which is
+negligently fastened on the right shoulder, and only partially conceals her
+lovely form. In her left hand, she holds aloft a crown of laurel, and in
+the right, a palm-branch. In ancient sculpture, Nike is usually represented
+in connection with colossal statues of Zeus or Pallas-Athene, in which case
+she is life-sized, and stands on a ball, held in the open palm of the deity
+she accompanies. Sometimes she is represented engaged in inscribing the
+victory of a conqueror on his shield, her right foot being slightly raised
+and placed on a ball.
+
+A celebrated temple was erected to this divinity on the Acropolis at
+Athens, which is still to be seen, and is in excellent preservation.
+
+VICTORIA.
+
+Under the name of Victoria, Nike was highly honoured by the Romans, with
+whom love of conquest was an all-absorbing characteristic. There were
+several sanctuaries in Rome dedicated to her, the principal of which was on
+the Capitol, where it was the custom of generals, after success had
+attended their arms, to erect statues of the goddess in commemoration of
+their victories. The most magnificent of these statues, was that raised by
+Augustus after the battle of Actium. A festival was celebrated in honour of
+Nike on the 12th of April.
+
+HERMES (MERCURY).
+
+Hermes was the swift-footed messenger, and trusted ambassador of all the
+gods, and conductor of shades to Hades. He presided over the rearing and
+education of {118} the young, and encouraged gymnastic exercises and
+athletic pursuits, for which reason, all gymnasiums and wrestling schools
+throughout Greece were adorned with his statues. He is said to have
+invented the alphabet, and to have taught the art of interpreting foreign
+languages, and his versatility, sagacity, and cunning were so
+extraordinary, that Zeus invariably chose him as his attendant, when,
+disguised as a mortal, he journeyed on earth.
+
+Hermes was worshipped as god of eloquence, most probably from the fact
+that, in his office as ambassador, this faculty was indispensable to the
+successful issue of the negotiations with which he was intrusted. He was
+regarded as the god who granted increase and prosperity to flocks and
+herds, and, on this account, was worshipped with special veneration by
+herdsmen.
+
+In ancient times, trade was conducted chiefly by means of the exchange of
+cattle. Hermes, therefore, as god of herdsmen, came to be regarded as the
+protector of merchants, and, as ready wit and adroitness are valuable
+qualities both in buying and selling, he was also looked upon as the patron
+of artifice and cunning. Indeed, so deeply was this notion rooted in the
+minds of the Greek people, that he was popularly believed to be also god of
+thieves, and of all persons who live by their wits.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+As the patron of commerce, Hermes was naturally supposed to be the promoter
+of intercourse among nations; hence, he is essentially the god of
+travellers, over whose safety he presided, and he severely punished those
+who refused assistance to the lost or weary wayfarer. He was also guardian
+of streets and roads, and his statues, called Hermæ (which were pillars of
+stone surmounted by a head of Hermes), were placed at cross-roads, and
+frequently in streets and public squares.
+
+Being the god of all undertakings in which gain was a feature, he was
+worshipped as the giver of wealth and {119} good luck, and any unexpected
+stroke of fortune was attributed to his influence. He also presided over
+the game of dice, in which he is said to have been instructed by Apollo.
+
+Hermes was the son of Zeus and Maia, the eldest and most beautiful of the
+seven Pleiades (daughters of Atlas), and was born in a cave of Mount
+Cyllene in Arcadia. As a mere babe, he exhibited an extraordinary faculty
+for cunning and dissimulation; in fact, he was a thief from his cradle,
+for, not many hours after his birth, we find him creeping stealthily out of
+the cave in which he was born, in order to steal some oxen belonging to his
+brother Apollo, who was at this time feeding the flocks of Admetus. But he
+had not proceeded very far on his expedition before he found a tortoise,
+which he killed, and, stretching seven strings across the empty shell,
+invented a lyre, upon which he at once began to play with exquisite skill.
+When he had sufficiently amused himself with the instrument, he placed it
+in his cradle, and then resumed his journey to Pieria, where the cattle of
+Admetus were grazing. Arriving at sunset at his destination, he succeeded
+in separating fifty oxen from his brother's herd, which he now drove before
+him, taking the precaution to cover his feet with sandals made of twigs of
+myrtle, in order to escape detection. But the little rogue was not
+unobserved, for the theft had been witnessed by an old shepherd named
+Battus, who was tending the flocks of Neleus, king of Pylos (father of
+Nestor). Hermes, frightened at being discovered, bribed him with the finest
+cow in the herd not to betray him, and Battus promised to keep the secret.
+But Hermes, astute as he was dishonest, determined to test the shepherd's
+integrity. Feigning to go away, he assumed the form of Admetus, and then
+returning to the spot offered the old man two of his best oxen if he would
+disclose the author of the theft. The ruse succeeded, for the avaricious
+shepherd, unable to resist the tempting bait, gave the desired information,
+upon which Hermes, exerting his divine power, changed him into a lump of
+touchstone, as a {120} punishment for his treachery and avarice. Hermes now
+killed two of the oxen, which he sacrificed to himself and the other gods,
+concealing the remainder in the cave. He then carefully extinguished the
+fire, and, after throwing his twig shoes into the river Alpheus, returned
+to Cyllene.
+
+Apollo, by means of his all-seeing power, soon discovered who it was that
+had robbed him, and hastening to Cyllene, demanded restitution of his
+property. On his complaining to Maia of her son's conduct, she pointed to
+the innocent babe then lying, apparently fast asleep, in his cradle,
+whereupon, Apollo angrily aroused the pretended sleeper, and charged him
+with the theft; but the child stoutly denied all knowledge of it, and so
+cleverly did he play his part, that he even inquired in the most naive
+manner what sort of animals cows were. Apollo threatened to throw him into
+Tartarus if he would not confess the truth, but all to no purpose. At last,
+he seized the babe in his arms, and brought him into the presence of his
+august father, who was seated in the council chamber of the gods. Zeus
+listened to the charge made by Apollo, and then sternly desired Hermes to
+say where he had hidden the cattle. The child, who was still in
+swaddling-clothes, looked up bravely into his father's face and said, "Now,
+do I look capable of driving away a herd of cattle; I, who was only born
+yesterday, and whose feet are much too soft and tender to tread in rough
+places? Until this moment, I lay in sweet sleep on my mother's bosom, and
+have never even crossed the threshold of our dwelling. You know well that I
+am not guilty; but, if you wish, I will affirm it by the most solemn
+oaths." As the child stood before him, looking the picture of innocence,
+Zeus could not refrain from smiling at his cleverness and cunning, but,
+being perfectly aware of his guilt, he commanded him to conduct Apollo to
+the cave where he had concealed the herd, and Hermes, seeing that further
+subterfuge was useless, unhesitatingly obeyed. But when the divine shepherd
+was about to drive his cattle back into Pieria, Hermes, as though by
+chance, touched the chords of his {121} lyre. Hitherto Apollo had heard
+nothing but the music of his own three-stringed lyre and the syrinx, or
+Pan's pipe, and, as he listened entranced to the delightful strains of this
+new instrument, his longing to possess it became so great, that he gladly
+offered the oxen in exchange, promising at the same time, to give Hermes
+full dominion over flocks and herds, as well as over horses, and all the
+wild animals of the woods and forests. The offer was accepted, and, a
+reconciliation being thus effected between the brothers, Hermes became
+henceforth god of herdsmen, whilst Apollo devoted himself enthusiastically
+to the art of music.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+They now proceeded together to Olympus, where Apollo introduced Hermes as
+his chosen friend and companion, and, having made him swear by the Styx,
+that he would never steal his lyre or bow, nor invade his sanctuary at
+Delphi, he presented him with the Caduceus, or golden wand. This wand was
+surmounted by wings, and on presenting it to Hermes, Apollo informed him
+that it possessed the faculty of uniting in love, all beings divided by
+hate. Wishing to prove the truth of this assertion, Hermes threw it down
+between two snakes which were fighting, whereupon the angry combatants
+clasped each other in a loving embrace, and curling round the staff,
+remained ever after permanently attached to it. The wand itself typified
+power; the serpents, wisdom; and the wings, despatch--all qualities
+characteristic of a trustworthy ambassador.
+
+The young god was now presented by his father with a winged silver cap
+(Petasus), and also with silver wings for his feet (Talaria), and was
+forthwith appointed herald of the gods, and conductor of shades to Hades,
+which office had hitherto been filled by Aïdes.
+
+As messenger of the gods, we find him employed on all occasions requiring
+special skill, tact, or despatch. Thus he conducts Hera, Athene, and
+Aphrodite to Paris, leads Priam to Achilles to demand the body of Hector,
+{122} binds Prometheus to Mount Caucasus, secures Ixion to the eternally
+revolving wheel, destroys Argus, the hundred-eyed guardian of Io, &c. &c.
+
+As conductor of shades, Hermes was always invoked by the dying to grant
+them a safe and speedy passage across the Styx. He also possessed the power
+of bringing back departed spirits to the upper world, and was, therefore,
+the mediator between the living and the dead.
+
+The poets relate many amusing stories of the youthful tricks played by this
+mischief-loving god upon the other immortals. For instance, he had the
+audacity to extract the Medusa's head from the shield of Athene, which he
+playfully attached to the back of Hephæstus; he also stole the girdle of
+Aphrodite; deprived Artemis of her arrows, and Ares of his spear, but these
+acts were always performed with such graceful dexterity, combined with such
+perfect good humour, that even the gods and goddesses he thus provoked,
+were fain to pardon him, and he became a universal favourite with them all.
+
+It is said that Hermes was one day flying over Athens, when, looking down
+into the city, he beheld a number of maidens returning in solemn procession
+from the temple of Pallas-Athene. Foremost among them was Herse, the
+beautiful daughter of king Cecrops, and Hermes was so struck with her
+exceeding loveliness that he determined to seek an interview with her. He
+accordingly presented himself at the royal palace, and begged her sister
+Agraulos to favour his suit; but, being of an avaricious turn of mind, she
+refused to do so without the payment of an enormous sum of money. It did
+not take the messenger of the gods long to obtain the means of fulfilling
+this condition, and he soon returned with a well-filled purse. But
+meanwhile Athene, to punish the cupidity of Agraulos, had caused the demon
+of envy to take possession of her, and the consequence was, that, being
+unable to contemplate the happiness of her sister, she sat down before the
+door, and resolutely refused to allow Hermes to enter. He tried every
+persuasion and blandishment in his power, but she still remained obstinate.
+At last, his patience {123} being exhausted, he changed her into a mass of
+black stone, and, the obstacle to his wishes being removed, he succeeded in
+persuading Herse to become his wife.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In his statues, Hermes is represented as a beardless youth, with broad
+chest and graceful but muscular limbs; the face is handsome and
+intelligent, and a genial smile of kindly benevolence plays round the
+delicately chiselled lips.
+
+As messenger of the gods he wears the Petasus and Talaria, and bears in his
+hand the Caduceus or herald's staff.
+
+As god of eloquence, he is often represented with chains of gold hanging
+from his lips, whilst, as the patron of merchants, he bears a purse in his
+hand.
+
+The wonderful excavations in Olympia, to which allusion has already been
+made, have brought to light an exquisite marble group of Hermes and the
+infant Bacchus, by Praxiteles. In this great work of art, Hermes is
+represented as a young and handsome man, who is looking down kindly and
+affectionately at the child resting on his arm, but unfortunately nothing
+remains of the infant save the right hand, which is laid lovingly on the
+shoulder of his protector.
+
+The sacrifices to Hermes consisted of incense, honey, cakes, pigs, and
+especially lambs and young goats. As god of eloquence, the tongues of
+animals were sacrificed to him.
+
+MERCURY.
+
+Mercury was the Roman god of commerce and gain. We find mention of a temple
+having been erected to him {124} near the Circus Maximus as early as B.C.
+495; and he had also a temple and a sacred fount near the Porta Capena.
+Magic powers were ascribed to the latter, and on the festival of Mercury,
+which took place on the 25th of May, it was the custom for merchants to
+sprinkle themselves and their merchandise with this holy water, in order to
+insure large profits from their wares.
+
+The Fetiales (Roman priests whose duty it was to act as guardians of the
+public faith) refused to recognize the identity of Mercury with Hermes, and
+ordered him to be represented with a sacred branch as the emblem of peace,
+instead of the Caduceus. In later times, however, he was completely
+identified with the Greek Hermes.
+
+DIONYSUS (BACCHUS).
+
+Dionysus, also called Bacchus (from _bacca_, berry), was the god of wine,
+and the personification of the blessings of Nature in general.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The worship of this divinity, which is supposed to have been introduced
+into Greece from Asia (in all probability from India), first took root in
+Thrace, whence it gradually spread into other parts of Greece.
+
+Dionysus was the son of Zeus and Semele, and was snatched by Zeus from the
+devouring flames in which his mother perished, when he appeared to her in
+all the splendour of his divine glory. The motherless child was intrusted
+to the charge of Hermes, who conveyed him to Semele's sister, Ino. But
+Hera, still implacable in her vengeance, visited Athamas, the husband of
+Ino, with madness, {125} and the child's life being no longer safe, he was
+transferred to the fostering care of the nymphs of Mount Nysa. An aged
+satyr named Silenus, the son of Pan, took upon himself the office of
+guardian and preceptor to the young god, who, in his turn, became much
+attached to his kind tutor; hence we see Silenus always figuring as one of
+the chief personages in the various expeditions of the wine-god.
+
+Dionysus passed an innocent and uneventful childhood, roaming through the
+woods and forests, surrounded by nymphs, satyrs, and shepherds. During one
+of these rambles, he found a fruit growing wild, of a most refreshing and
+cooling nature. This was the vine, from which he subsequently learnt to
+extract a juice which formed a most exhilarating beverage. After his
+companions had partaken freely of it, they felt their whole being pervaded
+by an unwonted sense of pleasurable excitement, and gave full vent to their
+overflowing exuberance, by shouting, singing, and dancing. Their numbers
+were soon swelled by a crowd, eager to taste a beverage productive of such
+extraordinary results, and anxious to join in the worship of a divinity to
+whom they were indebted for this new enjoyment. Dionysus, on his part,
+seeing how agreeably his discovery had affected his immediate followers,
+resolved to extend the boon to mankind in general. He saw that wine, used
+in moderation, would enable man to enjoy a happier, and more sociable
+existence, and that, under its invigorating influence, the sorrowful might,
+for a while, forget their grief and the sick their pain. He accordingly
+gathered round him his zealous followers, and they set forth on their
+travels, planting the vine and teaching its cultivation wherever they went.
+
+We now behold Dionysus at the head of a large army composed of men, women,
+fauns, and satyrs, all bearing in their hands the Thyrsus (a staff entwined
+with vine-branches surmounted by a fir-cone), and clashing together cymbals
+and other musical instruments. Seated in a chariot drawn by panthers, and
+accompanied by thousands of enthusiastic followers, Dionysus made a
+triumphal {126} progress through Syria, Egypt, Arabia, India, &c.,
+conquering all before him, founding cities, and establishing on every side
+a more civilized and sociable mode of life among the inhabitants of the
+various countries through which he passed.
+
+When Dionysus returned to Greece from his Eastern expedition, he
+encountered great opposition from Lycurgus, king of Thrace, and Pentheus,
+king of Thebes. The former, highly disapproving of the wild revels which
+attended the worship of the wine-god, drove away his attendants, the nymphs
+of Nysa, from that sacred mountain, and so effectually intimidated
+Dionysus, that he precipitated himself into the sea, where he was received
+into the arms of the ocean-nymph, Thetis. But the impious king bitterly
+expiated his sacrilegious conduct. He was punished with the loss of his
+reason, and, during one of his mad paroxysms, killed his own son Dryas,
+whom he mistook for a vine.
+
+Pentheus, king of Thebes, seeing his subjects so completely infatuated by
+the riotous worship of this new divinity, and fearing the demoralizing
+effects of the unseemly nocturnal orgies held in honour of the wine-god,
+strictly prohibited his people from taking any part in the wild
+Bacchanalian revels. Anxious to save him from the consequences of his
+impiety, Dionysus appeared to him under the form of a youth in the king's
+train, and earnestly warned him to desist from his denunciations. But the
+well-meant admonition failed in its purpose, for Pentheus only became more
+incensed at this interference, and, commanding Dionysus to be cast into
+prison, caused the most cruel preparations to be made for his immediate
+execution. But the god soon freed himself from his ignoble confinement, for
+scarcely had his jailers departed, ere the prison-doors opened of
+themselves, and, bursting asunder his iron chains, he escaped to rejoin his
+devoted followers.
+
+Meanwhile, the mother of the king and her sisters, inspired with
+Bacchanalian fury, had repaired to Mount Cithæron, in order to join the
+worshippers of the {127} wine-god in those dreadful orgies which were
+solemnized exclusively by women, and at which no man was allowed to be
+present. Enraged at finding his commands thus openly disregarded by the
+members of his own family, Pentheus resolved to witness for himself the
+excesses of which he had heard such terrible reports, and for this purpose,
+concealed himself behind a tree on Mount Cithæron; but his hiding-place
+being discovered, he was dragged out by the half-maddened crew of
+Bacchantes and, horrible to relate, he was torn in pieces by his own mother
+Agave and her two sisters.
+
+An incident which occurred to Dionysus on one of his travels has been a
+favourite subject with the classic poets. One day, as some Tyrrhenian
+pirates approached the shores of Greece, they beheld Dionysus, in the form
+of a beautiful youth, attired in radiant garments. Thinking to secure a
+rich prize, they seized him, bound him, and conveyed him on board their
+vessel, resolved to carry him with them to Asia and there sell him as a
+slave. But the fetters dropped from his limbs, and the pilot, who was the
+first to perceive the miracle, called upon his companions to restore the
+youth carefully to the spot whence they had taken him, assuring them that
+he was a god, and that adverse winds and storms would, in all probability,
+result from their impious conduct. But, refusing to part with their
+prisoner, they set sail for the open sea. Suddenly, to the alarm of all on
+board, the ship stood still, masts and sails were covered with clustering
+vines and wreaths of ivy-leaves, streams of fragrant wine inundated the
+vessel, and heavenly strains of music were heard around. The terrified
+crew, too late repentant, crowded round the pilot for protection, and
+entreated him to steer for the shore. But the hour of retribution had
+arrived. Dionysus assumed the form of a lion, whilst beside him appeared a
+bear, which, with a terrific roar, rushed upon the captain and tore him in
+pieces; the sailors, in an agony of terror, leaped overboard, and were
+changed into dolphins. The discreet and pious steersman was alone permitted
+to escape the fate of his companions, {128} and to him Dionysus, who had
+resumed his true form, addressed words of kind and affectionate
+encouragement, and announced his name and dignity. They now set sail, and
+Dionysus desired the pilot to land him at the island of Naxos, where he
+found the lovely Ariadne, daughter of Minos, king of Crete. She had been
+abandoned by Theseus on this lonely spot, and, when Dionysus now beheld
+her, was lying fast asleep on a rock, worn out with sorrow and weeping.
+Wrapt in admiration, the god stood gazing at the beautiful vision before
+him, and when she at length unclosed her eyes, he revealed himself to her,
+and, in gentle tones, sought to banish her grief. Grateful for his kind
+sympathy, coming as it did at a moment when she had deemed herself forsaken
+and friendless, she gradually regained her former serenity, and, yielding
+to his entreaties, consented to become his wife.
+
+Dionysus, having established his worship in various parts of the world,
+descended to the realm of shades in search of his ill-fated mother, whom he
+conducted to Olympus, where, under the name of Thyone, she was admitted
+into the assembly of the immortal gods.
+
+Among the most noted worshippers of Dionysus was Midas,[46] the wealthy
+king of Phrygia, the same who, as already related, gave judgment against
+Apollo. Upon one occasion Silenus, the preceptor and friend of Dionysus,
+being in an intoxicated condition, strayed into the rose-gardens of this
+monarch, where he was found by some of the king's attendants, who bound him
+with roses and conducted him to the presence of their royal master. Midas
+treated the aged satyr with the greatest consideration, and, after
+entertaining him hospitably for ten days, led him back to Dionysus, who was
+so grateful for the kind attention shown to his old friend, that he offered
+to grant Midas any favour he chose to demand; whereupon the avaricious
+monarch, not content with his boundless wealth, and still thirsting for
+more, desired that everything he touched might turn to gold. The request
+was {129} complied with in so literal a sense, that the now wretched Midas
+bitterly repented his folly and cupidity, for, when the pangs of hunger
+assailed him, and he essayed to appease his cravings, the food became gold
+ere he could swallow it; as he raised the cup of wine to his parched lips,
+the sparkling draught was changed into the metal he had so coveted, and
+when at length, wearied and faint, he stretched his aching frame on his
+hitherto luxurious couch, this also was transformed into the substance
+which had now become the curse of his existence. The despairing king at
+last implored the god to take back the fatal gift, and Dionysus, pitying
+his unhappy plight, desired him to bathe in the river Pactolus, a small
+stream in Lydia, in order to lose the power which had become the bane of
+his life. Midas joyfully obeying the injunction, was at once freed from the
+consequences of his avaricious demand, and from this time forth the sands
+of the river Pactolus have ever contained grains of gold.
+
+Representations of Dionysus are of two kinds. According to the earliest
+conceptions, he appears as a grave and dignified man in the prime of life;
+his countenance is earnest, thoughtful, and benevolent; he wears a full
+beard, and is draped from head to foot in the garb of an Eastern monarch.
+But the sculptors of a later period represent him as a youth of singular
+beauty, though of somewhat effeminate appearance; the expression of the
+countenance is gentle and winning; the limbs are supple and gracefully
+moulded; and the hair, which is adorned by a wreath of vine or ivy leaves,
+falls over the shoulders in long curls. In one hand he bears the Thyrsus,
+and in the other a drinking-cup with two handles, these being his
+distinguishing attributes. He is often represented riding on a panther, or
+seated in a chariot drawn by lions, tigers, panthers, or lynxes.
+
+Being the god of wine, which is calculated to promote sociability, he
+rarely appears alone, but is usually accompanied by Bacchantes, satyrs, and
+mountain-nymphs.
+
+The finest modern representation of Ariadne is that by Danneker, at
+Frankfort-on-the-Maine. In this statue she {130} appears riding on a
+panther; the beautiful upturned face inclines slightly over the left
+shoulder; the features are regular and finely cut, and a wreath of
+ivy-leaves encircles the well-shaped head. With her right hand she
+gracefully clasps the folds of drapery which fall away negligently from her
+rounded form, whilst the other rests lightly and caressingly on the head of
+the animal.
+
+Dionysus was regarded as the patron of the drama, and at the state festival
+of the Dionysia, which was celebrated with great pomp in the city of
+Athens, dramatic entertainments took place in his honour, for which all the
+renowned Greek dramatists of antiquity composed their immortal tragedies
+and comedies.
+
+He was also a prophetic divinity, and possessed oracles, the principal of
+which was that on Mount Rhodope in Thrace.
+
+The tiger, lynx, panther, dolphin, serpent, and ass were sacred to this
+god. His favourite plants were the vine, ivy, laurel, and asphodel. His
+sacrifices consisted of goats, probably on account of their being
+destructive to vineyards.
+
+BACCHUS OR LIBER.
+
+The Romans had a divinity called Liber who presided over vegetation, and
+was, on this account, identified with the Greek Dionysus, and worshipped
+under the name of Bacchus.
+
+The festival of Liber, called the Liberalia, was celebrated on the 17th of
+March.
+
+AÏDES (PLUTO).
+
+Aïdes, Aïdoneus, or Hades, was the son of Cronus and Rhea, and the youngest
+brother of Zeus and Poseidon. He was the ruler of that subterranean region
+called Erebus, which was inhabited by the shades or spirits of the dead,
+and also by those dethroned and exiled deities who had been vanquished by
+Zeus and his allies. Aïdes, the grim and gloomy monarch of this lower
+world, was the {131} successor of Erebus, that ancient primeval divinity
+after whom these realms were called.
+
+The early Greeks regarded Aïdes in the light of their greatest foe, and
+Homer tells us that he was "of all the gods the most detested," being in
+their eyes the grim robber who stole from them their nearest and dearest,
+and eventually deprived each of them of their share in terrestrial
+existence. His name was so feared that it was never mentioned by mortals,
+who, when they invoked him, struck the earth with their hands, and in
+sacrificing to him turned away their faces.
+
+The belief of the people with regard to a future state was, in the Homeric
+age, a sad and cheerless one. It was supposed that when a mortal ceased to
+exist, his spirit tenanted the shadowy outline of the human form it had
+quitted. These shadows, or shades as they were called, were driven by Aïdes
+into his dominions, where they passed their time, some in brooding over the
+vicissitudes of fortune which they had experienced on earth, others in
+regretting the lost pleasures they had enjoyed in life, but all in a
+condition of semi-consciousness, from which the intellect could only be
+roused to full activity by drinking of the blood of the sacrifices offered
+to their shades by living friends, which, for a time, endowed them with
+their former mental vigour. The only beings supposed to enjoy any happiness
+in a future state were the heroes, whose acts of daring and deeds of
+prowess had, during their life, reflected honour on the land of their
+birth; and even these, according to Homer, pined after their career of
+earthly activity. He tells us that when Odysseus visited the lower world at
+the command of Circe, and held communion with the shades of the heroes of
+the Trojan war, Achilles assured him that he would rather be the poorest
+day-labourer on earth than reign supreme over the realm of shades.
+
+The early Greek poets offer but scanty allusions to Erebus. Homer appears
+purposely to envelop these realms in vagueness and mystery, in order,
+probably, to heighten the sensation of awe inseparably connected with {132}
+the lower world. In the Odyssey he describes the entrance to Erebus as
+being beyond the furthermost edge of Oceanus, in the far west, where dwelt
+the Cimmerians, enveloped in eternal mists and darkness.
+
+In later times, however, in consequence of extended intercourse with
+foreign nations, new ideas became gradually introduced, and we find
+Egyptian theories with regard to a future state taking root in Greece,
+which become eventually the religious belief of the whole nation. It is now
+that the poets and philosophers, and more especially the teachers of the
+Eleusinian Mysteries, begin to inculcate the doctrine of the future reward
+and punishment of good and bad deeds. Aïdes, who had hitherto been regarded
+as the dread enemy of mankind, who delights in his grim office, and keeps
+the shades imprisoned in his dominions after withdrawing them from the joys
+of existence, now receives them with hospitality and friendship, and Hermes
+replaces him as conductor of shades to Hades. Under this new aspect Aïdes
+usurps the functions of a totally different divinity called Plutus (the god
+of riches), and is henceforth regarded as the giver of wealth to mankind,
+in the shape of those precious metals which lie concealed in the bowels of
+the earth.
+
+The later poets mention various entrances to Erebus, which were for the
+most part caves and fissures. There was one in the mountain of Taenarum,
+another in Thesprotia, and a third, the most celebrated of all, in Italy,
+near the pestiferous Lake Avernus, over which it is said no bird could fly,
+so noxious were its exhalations.
+
+In the dominions of Aïdes there were four great rivers, three of which had
+to be crossed by all the shades. These three were Acheron (sorrow), Cocytus
+(lamentation), and Styx (intense darkness), the sacred stream which flowed
+nine times round these realms.
+
+The shades were ferried over the Styx by the grim, unshaven old boatman
+Charon, who, however, only took those whose bodies had received funereal
+rites on earth, and who had brought with them his indispensable toll, which
+was a small coin or obolus, usually placed under the {133} tongue of a dead
+person for this purpose. If these conditions had not been fulfilled, the
+unhappy shades were left behind to wander up and down the banks for a
+hundred years as restless spirits.
+
+On the opposite bank of the Styx was the tribunal of Minos, the supreme
+judge, before whom all shades had to appear, and who, after hearing full
+confession of their actions whilst on earth, pronounced the sentence of
+happiness or misery to which their deeds had entitled them. This tribunal
+was guarded by the terrible triple-headed dog Cerberus, who, with his three
+necks bristling with snakes, lay at full length on the ground;--a
+formidable sentinel, who permitted all shades to enter, but none to return.
+
+The happy spirits, destined to enjoy the delights of Elysium, passed out on
+the right, and proceeded to the golden palace where Aïdes and Persephone
+held their royal court, from whom they received a kindly greeting, ere they
+set out for the Elysian Fields which lay beyond.[47] This blissful region
+was replete with all that could charm the senses or please the imagination;
+the air was balmy and fragrant, rippling brooks flowed peacefully through
+the smiling meadows, which glowed with the varied hues of a thousand
+flowers, whilst the groves resounded with the joyous songs of birds. The
+occupations and amusements of the happy shades were of the same nature as
+those which they had delighted in whilst on earth. Here the warrior found
+his horses, chariots, and arms, the musician his lyre, and the hunter his
+quiver and bow.
+
+In a secluded vale of Elysium there flowed a gentle, silent stream, called
+Lethe (oblivion), whose waters had the effect of dispelling care, and
+producing utter forgetfulness of former events. According to the
+Pythagorean doctrine of the transmigration of souls, it was supposed that
+after the shades had inhabited Elysium for a thousand years they were
+destined to animate other bodies on {134} earth, and before leaving Elysium
+they drank of the river Lethe, in order that they might enter upon their
+new career without any remembrance of the past.
+
+The guilty souls, after leaving the presence of Minos, were conducted to
+the great judgment-hall of Hades, whose massive walls of solid adamant were
+surrounded by the river Phlegethon, the waves of which rolled flames of
+fire, and lit up, with their lurid glare, these awful realms. In the
+interior sat the dread judge Rhadamanthus, who declared to each comer the
+precise torments which awaited him in Tartarus. The wretched sinners were
+then seized by the Furies, who scourged them with their whips, and dragged
+them along to the great gate, which closed the opening to Tartarus, into
+whose awful depths they were hurled, to suffer endless torture.
+
+Tartarus was a vast and gloomy expanse, as far below Hades as the earth is
+distant from the skies. There the Titans, fallen from their high estate,
+dragged out a dreary and monotonous existence; there also were Otus and
+Ephialtes, those giant sons of Poseidon, who, with impious hands, had
+attempted to scale Olympus and dethrone its mighty ruler. Principal among
+the sufferers in this abode of gloom were Tityus, Tantalus, Sisyphus,
+Ixion, and the Danaïdes.
+
+TITYUS, one of the earth-born giants, had insulted Hera on her way to
+Peitho, for which offence Zeus flung him into Tartarus, where he suffered
+dreadful torture, inflicted by two vultures, which perpetually gnawed his
+liver.
+
+TANTALUS was a wise and wealthy king of Lydia, with whom the gods
+themselves condescended to associate; he was even permitted to sit at table
+with Zeus, who delighted in his conversation, and listened with interest to
+the wisdom of his observations. Tantalus, however, elated at these
+distinguished marks of divine favour, presumed upon his position, and used
+unbecoming language to Zeus himself; he also stole nectar and ambrosia from
+the table of the gods, with which he regaled his friends; but his greatest
+crime consisted in killing his own son, {135} Pelops, and serving him up at
+one of the banquets to the gods, in order to test their omniscience. For
+these heinous offences he was condemned by Zeus to eternal punishment in
+Tartarus, where, tortured with an ever-burning thirst, he was plunged up to
+the chin in water, which, as he stooped to drink, always receded from his
+parched lips. Tall trees, with spreading branches laden with delicious
+fruits, hung temptingly over his head; but no sooner did he raise himself
+to grasp them, than a wind arose, and carried them beyond his reach.
+
+SISYPHUS was a great tyrant who, according to some accounts, barbarously
+murdered all travellers who came into his dominions, by hurling upon them
+enormous pieces of rock. In punishment for his crimes he was condemned to
+roll incessantly a huge block of stone up a steep hill, which, as soon as
+it reached the summit, always rolled back again to the plain below.
+
+IXION was a king of Thessaly to whom Zeus accorded the privilege of joining
+the festive banquets of the gods; but, taking advantage of his exalted
+position, he presumed to aspire to the favour of Hera, which so greatly
+incensed Zeus, that he struck him with his thunderbolts, and commanded
+Hermes to throw him into Tartarus, and bind him to an ever-revolving wheel.
+
+The DANAÏDES were the fifty daughters of Danaus, king of Argos, who had
+married their fifty cousins, the sons of Ægyptus. By the command of their
+father, who had been warned by an oracle that his son-in-law would cause
+his death, they all killed their husbands in one night, Hypermnestra alone
+excepted. Their punishment in the lower world was to fill with water a
+vessel full of holes,--a never-ending and useless task.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Aïdes is usually represented as a man of mature years and stern majestic
+mien, bearing a striking resemblance to his brother Zeus; but the gloomy
+and inexorable expression of the face contrasts forcibly with that peculiar
+benignity which so characterizes the countenance of the mighty ruler of
+heaven. He is seated on a throne of ebony, with his queen, the grave and
+sad Persephone, {136} beside him, and wears a full beard, and long flowing
+black hair, which hangs straight down over his forehead; in his hand he
+either bears a two-pronged fork or the keys of the lower world, and at his
+feet sits Cerberus. He is sometimes seen in a chariot of gold, drawn by
+four black horses, and wearing on his head a helmet made for him by the
+Cyclops, which rendered the wearer invisible. This helmet he frequently
+lent to mortals and immortals.
+
+Aïdes, who was universally worshipped throughout Greece, had temples
+erected to his honour in Elis, Olympia, and also at Athens.
+
+His sacrifices, which took place at night, consisted of black sheep, and
+the blood, instead of being sprinkled on the altars or received in vessels,
+as at other sacrifices, was permitted to run down into a trench, dug for
+this purpose. The officiating priests wore black robes, and were crowned
+with cypress.
+
+The narcissus, maiden-hair, and cypress were sacred to this divinity.
+
+PLUTO.
+
+Before the introduction into Rome of the religion and literature of Greece,
+the Romans had no belief in a realm of future happiness or misery,
+corresponding to the Greek Hades; hence they had no god of the lower world
+identical with Aïdes. They supposed that there was, in the centre of the
+earth, a vast, gloomy, and impenetrably dark cavity called Orcus, which
+formed a place of eternal rest for the dead. But with the introduction of
+Greek mythology, the Roman Orcus became the Greek Hades, and {137} all the
+Greek notions with regard to a future state now obtained with the Romans,
+who worshipped Aïdes under the name of Pluto, his other appellations being
+Dis (from _dives_, rich) and Orcus from the dominions over which he ruled.
+In Rome there were no temples erected to this divinity.
+
+PLUTUS.
+
+Plutus, the son of Demeter and a mortal called Iasion, was the god of
+wealth, and is represented as being lame when he makes his appearance, and
+winged when he takes his departure. He was supposed to be both blind and
+foolish, because he bestows his gifts without discrimination, and
+frequently upon the most unworthy objects.
+
+Plutus was believed to have his abode in the bowels of the earth, which was
+probably the reason why, in later times, Aïdes became confounded with this
+divinity.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MINOR DIVINITIES.
+
+THE HARPIES.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The Harpies, who, like the Furies, were employed by the gods as instruments
+for the punishment of the guilty, were three female divinities, daughters
+of Thaumas and Electra, called Aello, Ocypete, and Celæno.
+
+They were represented with the head of a fair-haired maiden and the body of
+a vulture, and were perpetually devoured by the pangs of insatiable hunger,
+which caused them to torment their victims by robbing them of their food;
+this they either devoured with great {138} gluttony, or defiled in such a
+manner as to render it unfit to be eaten.
+
+Their wonderfully rapid flight far surpassed that of birds, or even of the
+winds themselves. If any mortal suddenly and unaccountably disappeared, the
+Harpies were believed to have carried him off. Thus they were supposed to
+have borne away the daughters of King Pandareos to act as servants to the
+Erinyes.
+
+The Harpies would appear to be personifications of sudden tempests, which,
+with ruthless violence, sweep over whole districts, carrying off or
+injuring all before them.
+
+ERINYES, EUMENIDES (FURIÆ, DIRÆ).
+
+The Erinyes or Furies were female divinities who personified the torturing
+pangs of an evil conscience, and the remorse which inevitably follows
+wrong-doing.
+
+Their names were Alecto, Megæra, and Tisiphone, and their origin was
+variously accounted for. According to Hesiod, they sprang from the blood of
+Uranus, when wounded by Cronus, and were hence supposed to be the
+embodiment of all the terrible imprecations, which the defeated deity
+called down upon the head of his rebellious son. According to other
+accounts they were the daughters of Night.
+
+Their place of abode was the lower world, where they were employed by Aïdes
+and Persephone to chastise and torment those shades who, during their
+earthly career, had committed crimes, and had not been reconciled to the
+gods before descending to Hades.
+
+But their sphere of action was not confined to the realm of shades, for
+they appeared upon earth as the avenging deities who relentlessly pursued
+and punished murderers, perjurers, those who had failed in duty to their
+parents, in hospitality to strangers, or in the respect due to old age.
+Nothing escaped the piercing glance of these terrible divinities, from whom
+flight was unavailing, for no corner of the earth was so remote as {139} to
+be beyond their reach, nor did any mortal dare to offer to their victims an
+asylum from their persecutions.
+
+The Furies are frequently represented with wings; their bodies are black,
+blood drips from their eyes, and snakes twine in their hair. In their hands
+they bear either a dagger, scourge, torch, or serpent.
+
+When they pursued Orestes they constantly held up a mirror to his horrified
+gaze, in which he beheld the face of his murdered mother.
+
+These divinities were also called Eumenides, which signifies the
+"well-meaning" or "soothed goddesses;" This appellation was given to them
+because they were so feared and dreaded that people dared not call them by
+their proper title, and hoped by this means to propitiate their wrath.
+
+In later times the Furies came to be regarded as salutary agencies, who, by
+severely punishing sin, upheld the cause of morality and social order, and
+thus contributed to the welfare of mankind. They now lose their
+awe-inspiring aspect, and are represented, more especially in Athens, as
+earnest maidens, dressed, like Artemis, in short tunics suitable for the
+chase, but still retaining, in their hands, the wand of office in the form
+of a snake.
+
+Their sacrifices consisted of black sheep and a libation composed of a
+mixture of honey and water, called Nephalia. A celebrated temple was
+erected to the Eumenides at Athens, near the Areopagus.
+
+MOIRÆ OR FATES (PARCÆ).
+
+The ancients believed that the duration of human existence and the
+destinies of mortals were regulated by three sister-goddesses, called
+Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, who were the daughters of Zeus and Themis.
+
+The power which they wielded over the fate of man was significantly
+indicated under the figure of a thread, which they spun out for the life of
+each human being from his birth to the grave. This occupation they divided
+between them. Clotho wound the flax round the distaff, {140} ready for her
+sister Lachesis, who span out the thread of life, which Atropos, with her
+scissors, relentlessly snapt asunder, when the career of an individual was
+about to terminate.
+
+Homer speaks of one Moira only, the daughter of Night, who represents the
+moral force by which the universe is governed, and to whom both mortals and
+immortals were forced to submit, Zeus himself being powerless to avert her
+decrees; but in later times this conception of one inexorable,
+all-conquering fate became amplified by the poets into that above
+described, and the Moiræ are henceforth the special presiding deities over
+the life and death of mortals.
+
+The Moiræ are represented by the poets as stern, inexorable female
+divinities, aged, hideous, and also lame, which is evidently meant to
+indicate the slow and halting march of destiny, which they controlled.
+Painters and sculptors, on the other hand, depicted them as beautiful
+maidens of a grave but kindly aspect.
+
+There is a charming representation of Lachesis, which depicts her in all
+the grace of youth and beauty. She is sitting spinning, and at her feet lie
+two masks, one comic, the other tragic, as though to convey the idea, that,
+to a divinity of fate, the brightest and saddest scenes of earthly
+existence are alike indifferent, and that she quietly and steadily pursues
+her occupation, regardless of human weal or woe.
+
+When represented at the feet of Aïdes in the lower world they are clad in
+dark robes; but when they appear in Olympus they wear bright garments,
+bespangled with stars, and are seated on radiant thrones, with crowns on
+their heads.
+
+It was considered the function of the Moiræ to indicate to the Furies the
+precise torture which the wicked should undergo for their crimes.
+
+They were regarded as prophetic divinities, and had sanctuaries in many
+parts of Greece.
+
+The Moiræ are mentioned as assisting the Charites to conduct Persephone to
+the upper world at her periodical {141} reunion with her mother Demeter.
+They also appear in company with Eileithyia, goddess of birth.
+
+NEMESIS.
+
+Nemesis, the daughter of Nyx, represents that power which adjusts the
+balance of human affairs, by awarding to each individual the fate which his
+actions deserve. She rewards, humble, unacknowledged merit, punishes crime,
+deprives the worthless of undeserved good fortune, humiliates the proud and
+overbearing, and visits all evil on the wrong-doer; thus maintaining that
+proper balance of things, which the Greeks recognized as a necessary
+condition of all civilized life. But though Nemesis, in her original
+character, was the distributor of rewards as well as punishments, the world
+was so full of sin, that she found but little occupation in her first
+capacity, and hence became finally regarded as the avenging goddess only.
+
+We have seen a striking instance of the manner in which this divinity
+punishes the proud and arrogant in the history of Niobe. Apollo and Artemis
+were merely the instruments for avenging the insult offered to their
+mother; but it was Nemesis who prompted the deed, and presided over its
+execution.
+
+Homer makes no mention of Nemesis; it is therefore evident that she was a
+conception of later times, when higher views of morality had obtained among
+the Greek nation.
+
+Nemesis is represented as a beautiful woman of thoughtful and benign aspect
+and regal bearing; a diadem crowns her majestic brow, and she bears in her
+hand a rudder, balance, and cubit;--fitting emblems of the manner in which
+she guides, weighs, and measures all human events. She is also sometimes
+seen with a wheel, to symbolize the rapidity with which she executes
+justice. As the avenger of evil she appears winged, bearing in her hand
+either a scourge or a sword, and seated in a chariot drawn by griffins.
+{142}
+
+Nemesis is frequently called Adrastia, and also Rhamnusia, from Rhamnus in
+Attica, the chief seat of her worship, which contained a celebrated statue
+of the goddess.
+
+Nemesis was worshipped by the Romans, (who invoked her on the Capitol), as
+a divinity who possessed the power of averting the pernicious consequences
+of envy.
+
+NIGHT AND HER CHILDREN.
+DEATH, SLEEP, AND DREAMS.
+
+NYX (NOX).
+
+Nyx, the daughter of Chaos, being the personification of Night, was,
+according to the poetic ideas of the Greeks, considered to be the mother of
+everything mysterious and inexplicable, such as death, sleep, dreams, &c.
+She became united to Erebus, and their children were Aether and Hemera (Air
+and Daylight), evidently a simile of the poets, to indicate that darkness
+always precedes light.
+
+Nyx inhabited a palace in the dark regions of the lower world, and is
+represented as a beautiful woman, seated in a chariot, drawn by two black
+horses. She is clothed in dark robes, wears a long veil, and is accompanied
+by the stars, which follow in her train.
+
+THANATOS (MORS) AND HYPNUS (SOMNUS).
+
+Thanatos (Death) and his twin-brother Hypnus (Sleep) were the children of
+Nyx.
+
+Their dwelling was in the realm of shades, and when they appear among
+mortals, Thanatos is feared and hated as the enemy of mankind, whose hard
+heart knows no pity, whilst his brother Hypnus is universally loved and
+welcomed as their kindest and most beneficent friend.
+
+But though the ancients regarded Thanatos as a gloomy and mournful
+divinity, they did not represent him with any exterior repulsiveness. On
+the contrary, he appears as a beautiful youth, who holds in his hand an
+inverted {143} torch, emblematical of the light of life being extinguished,
+whilst his disengaged arm is thrown lovingly round the shoulder of his
+brother Hypnus.
+
+Hypnus is sometimes depicted standing erect with closed eyes; at others he
+is in a recumbent position beside his brother Thanatos, and usually bears a
+poppy-stalk in his hand.
+
+A most interesting description of the abode of Hypnus is given by Ovid in
+his Metamorphoses. He tells us how the god of Sleep dwelt in a
+mountain-cave near the realm of the Cimmerians, which the sun never pierced
+with his rays. No sound disturbed the stillness, no song of birds, not a
+branch moved, and no human voice broke the profound silence which reigned
+everywhere. From the lowermost rocks of the cave issued the river Lethe,
+and one might almost have supposed that its course was arrested, were it
+not for the low, monotonous hum of the water, which invited slumber. The
+entrance was partially hidden by numberless white and red poppies, which
+Mother Night had gathered and planted there, and from the juice of which
+she extracts drowsiness, which she scatters in liquid drops all over the
+earth, as soon as the sun-god has sunk to rest. In the centre of the cave
+stands a couch of blackest ebony, with a bed of down, over which is laid a
+coverlet of sable hue. Here the god himself reposes, surrounded by
+innumerable forms. These are idle dreams, more numerous than the sands of
+the sea. Chief among them is Morpheus, that changeful god, who may assume
+any shape or form he pleases. Nor can the god of Sleep resist his own
+power; for though he may rouse himself for a while, he soon succumbs to the
+drowsy influences which surround him.
+
+MORPHEUS.
+
+Morpheus, the son of Hypnus, was the god of Dreams.
+
+He is always represented winged, and appears sometimes as a youth,
+sometimes as an old man. In his hand he bears a cluster of poppies, and as
+he steps with {144} noiseless footsteps over the earth, he gently scatters
+the seeds of this sleep-producing plant over the eyes of weary mortals.
+
+Homer describes the House of Dreams as having two gates: one, whence issue
+all deceptive and flattering visions, being formed of ivory; the other,
+through which proceed those dreams which are fulfilled, of horn.
+
+THE GORGONS.
+
+The Gorgons, Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, were the three daughters of
+Phorcys and Ceto, and were the personification of those benumbing, and, as
+it were, petrifying sensations, which result from sudden and extreme fear.
+
+They were frightful winged monsters, whose bodies were covered with scales;
+hissing, wriggling snakes clustered round their heads instead of hair;
+their hands were of brass; their teeth resembled the tusks of a wild boar;
+and their whole aspect was so appalling, that they are said to have turned
+into stone all who beheld them.
+
+These terrible sisters were supposed to dwell in that remote and mysterious
+region in the far West, beyond the sacred stream of Oceanus.
+
+The Gorgons were the servants of Aïdes, who made use of them to terrify and
+overawe those shades, doomed to be kept in a constant state of unrest as a
+punishment for their misdeeds, whilst the Furies, on their part, scourged
+them with their whips and tortured them incessantly.
+
+The most celebrated of the three sisters was Medusa, who alone was mortal.
+She was originally a golden-haired and very beautiful maiden, who, as a
+priestess of Athene, was devoted to a life of celibacy; but, being wooed by
+Poseidon, whom she loved in return, she forgot her vows, and became united
+to him in marriage. For this offence she was punished by the goddess in a
+most terrible manner. Each wavy lock of the beautiful hair which had so
+charmed her husband, was changed into a {145} venomous snake; her once
+gentle, love-inspiring eyes now became blood-shot, furious orbs, which
+excited fear and disgust in the mind of the beholder; whilst her former
+roseate hue and milk-white skin assumed a loathsome greenish tinge. Seeing
+herself thus transformed into so repulsive an object, Medusa fled from her
+home, never to return. Wandering about, abhorred, dreaded, and shunned by
+all the world, she now developed into a character, worthy of her outward
+appearance. In her despair she fled to Africa, where, as she passed
+restlessly from place to place, infant snakes dropped from her hair, and
+thus, according to the belief of the ancients, that country became the
+hotbed of these venomous reptiles. With the curse of Athene upon her, she
+turned into stone whomsoever she gazed upon, till at last, after a life of
+nameless misery, deliverance came to her in the shape of death, at the
+hands of Perseus.
+
+It is well to observe that when the Gorgons are spoken of in the singular,
+it is Medusa who is alluded to.
+
+Medusa was the mother of Pegasus and Chrysaor, father of the three-headed,
+winged giant Geryones, who was slain by Heracles.
+
+GRÆÆ.
+
+The Grææ, who acted as servants to their sisters the Gorgons, were also
+three in number; their names were Pephredo, Enyo, and Dino.
+
+In their original conception they were merely personifications of kindly
+and venerable old age, possessing all its benevolent attributes without its
+natural infirmities. They were old and gray from their birth, and so they
+ever remained. In later times, however, they came to be regarded as
+misshapen females, decrepid, and hideously ugly, having only one eye, one
+tooth, and one gray wig between them, which they lent to each other, when
+one of them wished to appear before the world.
+
+When Perseus entered upon his expedition to slay the Medusa, he repaired to
+the abode of the Grææ, in the far {146} west, to inquire the way to the
+Gorgons, and on their refusing to give any information, he deprived them of
+their one eye, tooth, and wig, and did not restore them until he received
+the necessary directions.
+
+SPHINX.
+
+The Sphinx was an ancient Egyptian divinity, who personified wisdom, and
+the fertility of nature. She is represented as a lion-couchant, with the
+head and bust of a woman, and wears a peculiar sort of hood, which
+completely envelops her head, and falls down on either side of the face.
+
+Transplanted into Greece, this sublime and mysterious Egyptian deity
+degenerates into an insignificant, and yet malignant power, and though she
+also deals in mysteries, they are, as we shall see, of a totally different
+character, and altogether inimical to human life.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The Sphinx is represented, according to Greek genealogy, as the offspring
+of Typhon and Echidna.[48] Hera, being upon one occasion displeased with
+the Thebans, sent them this awful monster, as a punishment for their
+offences. Taking her seat on a rocky eminence near the city of Thebes,
+commanding a pass which the Thebans were compelled to traverse in their
+usual way of business, she propounded to all comers a riddle, and if they
+failed to solve it, she tore them in pieces.
+
+During the reign of King Creon, so many people had fallen a sacrifice to
+this monster, that he determined to use every effort to rid the country of
+so terrible a scourge. On consulting the oracle of Delphi, he was informed
+that the only way to destroy the Sphinx was to solve one of her riddles,
+when she would immediately precipitate herself from the rock on which she
+was seated.
+
+Creon, accordingly, made a public declaration to the effect, that whoever
+could give the true interpretation of a riddle propounded by the monster,
+should obtain the crown, and the hand of his sister Jocaste. Oedipus
+offered {147} himself as a candidate, and proceeding to the spot where she
+kept guard, received from her the following riddle for solution: "What
+creature goes in the morning on four legs, at noon on two, and in the
+evening on three?" Oedipus replied, that it must be man, who during his
+infancy creeps on all fours, in his prime walks erect on two legs, and when
+old age has enfeebled his powers, calls a staff to his assistance, and thus
+has, as it were, three legs.
+
+The Sphinx no sooner heard this reply, which was the correct solution of
+her riddle, than she flung herself over the precipice, and perished in the
+abyss below.
+
+The Greek Sphinx may be recognized by having wings and by being of smaller
+dimensions than the Egyptian Sphinx.
+
+TYCHE (FORTUNA) AND ANANKE (NECESSITAS).
+
+TYCHE (FORTUNA).
+
+Tyche personified that peculiar combination of circumstances which we call
+luck or fortune, and was considered to be the source of all unexpected
+events in human life, whether good or evil. If a person succeeded in all he
+undertook without possessing any special merit of his own, Tyche was
+supposed to have smiled on his birth. If, on the other hand, undeserved
+ill-luck followed him through life, and all his efforts resulted in
+failure, it was ascribed to her adverse influence.
+
+This goddess of Fortune is variously represented. Sometimes she is depicted
+bearing in her hand two rudders, with one of which she steers the bark of
+the fortunate, and with the other that of the unfortunate among mortals. In
+later times she appears blindfolded, and stands on a ball or wheel,
+indicative of the fickleness and ever-revolving {148} changes of fortune.
+She frequently bears the sceptre and cornucopia[49] or horn of plenty, and
+is usually winged. In her temple at Thebes, she is represented holding the
+infant Plutus in her arms, to symbolize her power over riches and
+prosperity.
+
+Tyche was worshipped in various parts of Greece, but more particularly by
+the Athenians, who believed in her special predilection for their city.
+
+FORTUNA.
+
+Tyche was worshipped in Rome under the name of Fortuna, and held a position
+of much greater importance among the Romans than the Greeks.
+
+In later times Fortuna is never represented either winged or standing on a
+ball; she merely bears the cornucopia. It is evident, therefore, that she
+had come to be regarded as the goddess of good luck only, who brings
+blessings to man, and not, as with the Greeks, as the personification of
+the fluctuations of fortune.
+
+In addition to Fortuna, the Romans worshipped Felicitas as the giver of
+positive good fortune.
+
+ANANKE (NECESSITAS).
+
+As Ananke, Tyche assumes quite another character, and becomes the
+embodiment of those immutable laws of nature, by which certain causes
+produce certain inevitable results.
+
+In a statue of this divinity at Athens she was represented with hands of
+bronze, and surrounded with nails and hammers. The hands of bronze probably
+indicated the irresistible power of the inevitable, and the hammer and
+chains the fetters which she forged for man.
+
+Ananke was worshipped in Rome under the name of Necessitas.
+
+{149}
+
+KER.
+
+In addition to the Moiræ, who presided over the life of mortals, there was
+another divinity, called Ker, appointed for each human being at the moment
+of his birth. The Ker belonging to an individual was believed to develop
+with his growth, either for good or evil; and when the ultimate fate of a
+mortal was about to be decided, his Ker was weighed in the balance, and,
+according to the preponderance of its worth or worthlessness, life or death
+was awarded to the human being in question. It becomes evident, therefore,
+that according to the belief of the early Greeks, each individual had it in
+his power, to a certain extent, to shorten or prolong his own existence.
+
+The Keres, who are frequently mentioned by Homer, were the goddesses who
+delighted in the slaughter of the battle-field.
+
+ATE.
+
+Ate, the daughter of Zeus and Eris, was a divinity who delighted in evil.
+
+Having instigated Hera to deprive Heracles of his birthright, her father
+seized her by the hair of her head, and hurled her from Olympus, forbidding
+her, under the most solemn imprecations, ever to return. Henceforth she
+wandered among mankind, sowing dissension, working mischief, and luring men
+to all actions inimical to their welfare and happiness. Hence, when a
+reconciliation took place between friends who had quarrelled, Ate was
+blamed as the original cause of disagreement.
+
+MOMUS.
+
+Momus, the son of Nyx, was the god of raillery and ridicule, who delighted
+to criticise, with bitter sarcasm, the actions of gods and men, and
+contrived to discover in all things some defect or blemish. Thus when
+Prometheus created the first man, Momus considered his work incomplete
+because there was no aperture in the breast through which his inmost
+thoughts might be read. He {150} also found fault with a house built by
+Athene because, being unprovided with the means of locomotion, it could
+never be removed from an unhealthy locality. Aphrodite alone defied his
+criticism, for, to his great chagrin, he could find no fault with her
+perfect form.[50]
+
+In what manner the ancients represented this god is unknown. In modern art
+he is depicted like a king's jester, with a fool's cap and bells.
+
+EROS (CUPID, AMOR) AND PSYCHE.
+
+According to Hesiod's Theogony, Eros, the divine spirit of Love, sprang
+forth from Chaos, while all was still in confusion, and by his beneficent
+power reduced to order and harmony the shapeless, conflicting elements,
+which, under his influence, began to assume distinct forms. This ancient
+Eros is represented as a full-grown and very beautiful youth, crowned with
+flowers, and leaning on a shepherd's crook.
+
+In the course of time, this beautiful conception gradually faded away, and
+though occasional mention still continues to be made of the Eros of Chaos,
+he is replaced by the son of Aphrodite, the popular, mischief-loving little
+god of Love, so familiar to us all.
+
+In one of the myths concerning Eros, Aphrodite is described as complaining
+to Themis, that her son, though so beautiful, did not appear to increase in
+stature; whereupon Themis suggested that his small proportions were
+probably attributable to the fact of his being always alone, and advised
+his mother to let him have a companion. Aphrodite accordingly gave him, as
+a playfellow, his younger brother Anteros (requited love), and soon had the
+gratification of seeing the little Eros begin to grow and thrive; but,
+curious to relate, this desirable result only continued as long as the
+brothers remained together, for the moment they were separated, Eros shrank
+once more to his original size.
+
+{151}
+
+By degrees the conception of Eros became multiplied and we hear of little
+love-gods (Amors), who appear under the most charming and diversified
+forms. These love-gods, who afforded to artists inexhaustible subjects for
+the exercise of their imagination, are represented as being engaged in
+various occupations, such as hunting, fishing, rowing, driving chariots,
+and even busying themselves in mechanical labour.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Perhaps no myth is more charming and interesting than that of Eros and
+Psyche, which is as follows:--Psyche, the youngest of three princesses, was
+so transcendently beautiful that Aphrodite herself became jealous of her,
+and no mortal dared to aspire to the honour of her hand. As her sisters,
+who were by no means equal to her in attractions, were married, and Psyche
+still remained unwedded, her father consulted the oracle of Delphi, and, in
+obedience to the divine response, caused her to be dressed as though for
+the grave, and conducted to the edge of a yawning precipice. No sooner was
+she alone than she felt herself lifted up, and wafted away by the gentle
+west wind Zephyrus, who transported her to a verdant meadow, in the midst
+of which stood a stately palace, surrounded by groves and fountains.
+
+Here dwelt Eros, the god of Love, in whose arms Zephyrus deposited his
+lovely burden. Eros, himself unseen, wooed her in the softest accents of
+affection; but warned her, as she valued his love, not to endeavour to
+behold his form. For some time Psyche was obedient to the injunction of her
+immortal spouse, and made no effort to gratify her natural curiosity; but,
+unfortunately, in the midst of her happiness she was seized with an
+unconquerable longing for the society of her {152} sisters, and, in
+accordance with her desire, they were conducted by Zephyrus to her
+fairy-like abode. Filled with envy at the sight of her felicity, they
+poisoned her mind against her husband, and telling her that her unseen
+lover was a frightful monster, they gave her a sharp dagger, which they
+persuaded her to use for the purpose of delivering herself from his power.
+
+After the departure of her sisters, Psyche resolved to take the first
+opportunity of following their malicious counsel. She accordingly rose in
+the dead of night, and taking a lamp in one hand and a dagger in the other,
+stealthily approached the couch where Eros was reposing, when, instead of
+the frightful monster she had expected to see, the beauteous form of the
+god of Love greeted her view. Overcome with surprise and admiration, Psyche
+stooped down to gaze more closely on his lovely features, when, from the
+lamp which she held in her trembling hand, there fell a drop of burning oil
+upon the shoulder of the sleeping god, who instantly awoke, and seeing
+Psyche standing over him with the instrument of death in her hand,
+sorrowfully reproached her for her treacherous designs, and, spreading out
+his wings, flew away.
+
+In despair at having lost her lover, the unhappy Psyche endeavoured to put
+an end to her existence by throwing herself into the nearest river; but
+instead of closing over her, the waters bore her gently to the opposite
+bank, where Pan (the god of shepherds) received her, and consoled her with
+the hope of becoming eventually reconciled to her husband.
+
+Meanwhile her wicked sisters, in expectation of meeting with the same good
+fortune which had befallen Psyche, placed themselves on the edge of the
+rock, but were both precipitated into the chasm below.
+
+Psyche herself, filled with a restless yearning for her lost love, wandered
+all over the world in search of him. At length she appealed to Aphrodite to
+take compassion on her; but the goddess of Beauty, still jealous of her
+charms, imposed upon her the hardest tasks, the accomplishment of which
+often appeared impossible. In these {153} she was always assisted by
+invisible, beneficent beings, sent to her by Eros, who still loved her, and
+continued to watch over her welfare.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Psyche had to undergo a long and severe penance before she became worthy to
+regain the happiness, which she had so foolishly trifled away. At last
+Aphrodite commanded her to descend into the under world, and obtain from
+Persephone a box containing all the charms of beauty. Psyche's courage now
+failed her, for she concluded that death must of necessity precede her
+entrance into the realm of shades. About to abandon herself to despair, she
+heard a voice which warned her of every danger to be avoided on her
+perilous journey, and instructed her with regard to certain precautions to
+be observed. These were as follows:--not to omit to provide herself with
+the ferryman's toll for Charon, and the cake to pacify Cerberus, also to
+refrain from taking any part in the banquets of Aïdes and Persephone, and,
+above all things, to bring the box of beauty charms unopened to Aphrodite.
+In conclusion, the voice assured her, that compliance with the above
+conditions would insure for her a safe return to the realms of light. But,
+alas, Psyche, who had implicitly followed all injunctions, could not
+withstand the temptation of the last condition; and, hardly had she quitted
+the lower world, when, unable to resist the curiosity which devoured her,
+she raised the lid of the box with eager expectation. But, instead of the
+wondrous charms of beauty which she expected to behold, there issued from
+the casket a dense black vapour, which had the effect of throwing her into
+a death-like sleep, out of which Eros, who had long hovered round her
+unseen, at length awoke her with the point of one of his golden arrows. He
+gently reproached her with this second proof of her curiosity and folly,
+and then, having persuaded Aphrodite to be reconciled to his beloved, he
+induced Zeus to admit her among the immortal gods.
+
+Their reunion was celebrated amidst the rejoicings of all the Olympian
+deities. The Graces shed perfume on {154} their path, the Hours sprinkled
+roses over the sky, Apollo added the music of his lyre, and the Muses
+united their voices in a glad chorus of delight.
+
+This myth would appear to be an allegory, which signifies that the soul,
+before it can be reunited to its original divine essence, must be purified
+by the chastening sorrows and sufferings of its earthly career.[51]
+
+Eros is represented as a lovely boy, with rounded limbs, and a merry,
+roguish expression. He has golden wings, and a quiver slung over his
+shoulder, which contained his magical and unerring arrows; in one hand he
+bears his golden bow, and in the other a torch.
+
+He is also frequently depicted riding on a lion, dolphin, or eagle, or
+seated in a chariot drawn by stags or wild boars, undoubtedly emblematical
+of the power of love as the subduer of all nature, even of the wild
+animals.
+
+In Rome, Eros was worshipped under the name of Amor or Cupid.
+
+HYMEN.
+
+Hymen or Hymenæus, the son of Apollo and the muse Urania, was the god who
+presided over marriage and nuptial solemnities, and was hence invoked at
+all marriage festivities.
+
+There is a myth concerning this divinity, which tells us that Hymen was a
+beautiful youth of very poor parents, who fell in love with a wealthy
+maiden, so far above him in rank, that he dared not cherish the hope of
+ever becoming united to her. Still he missed no opportunity of seeing her,
+and, upon one occasion, disguised himself as {155} a girl, and joined a
+troop of maidens, who, in company with his beloved, were proceeding from
+Athens to Eleusis, in order to attend a festival of Demeter. On their way
+thither they were surprised by pirates, who carried them off to a desert
+island, where the ruffians, after drinking deeply, fell into a heavy sleep.
+Hymen, seizing the opportunity, slew them all, and then set sail for
+Athens, where he found the parents of the maidens in the greatest distress
+at their unaccountable disappearance. He comforted them with the assurance
+that their children should be restored to them, provided they would promise
+to give him in marriage the maiden he loved. The condition being gladly
+complied with, he at once returned to the island, and brought back the
+maidens in safety to Athens, whereupon he became united to the object of
+his love; and their union proved so remarkably happy, that henceforth the
+name of Hymen became synonymous with conjugal felicity.
+
+IRIS (THE RAINBOW).
+
+Iris, the daughter of Thaumas and Electra, personified the rainbow, and was
+the special attendant and messenger of the queen of heaven, whose commands
+she executed with singular tact, intelligence, and swiftness.
+
+Most primitive nations have regarded the rainbow as a bridge of
+communication between heaven and earth, and this is doubtless the reason
+why Iris, who represented that beautiful phenomenon of nature, should have
+been invested by the Greeks with the office of communicating between gods
+and men.
+
+Iris is usually represented seated behind the chariot of Hera, ready to do
+the bidding of her royal mistress. She appears under the form of a slender
+maiden of great beauty, robed in an airy fabric of variegated hues,
+resembling mother-of-pearl; her sandals are bright as burnished silver, she
+has golden wings, and wherever she appears, a radiance of light, and a
+sweet odour, as of delicate spring flowers, pervades the air. {156}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+HEBE (JUVENTAS).
+
+Hebe was the personification of eternal youth under its most attractive and
+joyous aspect.
+
+She was the daughter of Zeus and Hera, and though of such distinguished
+rank, is nevertheless represented as cup-bearer to the gods; a forcible
+exemplification of the old patriarchal custom, in accordance with which the
+daughters of the house, even when of the highest lineage, personally
+assisted in serving the guests.
+
+Hebe is represented as a comely, modest maiden, small, of a beautifully
+rounded contour, with nut-brown tresses and sparkling eyes. She is often
+depicted pouring out nectar from an upraised vessel, or bearing in her hand
+a shallow dish, supposed to contain ambrosia, the ever youth-renewing food
+of the immortals.
+
+In consequence of an act of awkwardness, which caused her to slip while
+serving the gods, Hebe was deprived of her office, which was henceforth
+delegated to Ganymedes, son of Tros.
+
+Hebe afterwards became the bride of Heracles, when, after his apotheosis,
+he was received among the immortals.
+
+JUVENTAS.
+
+Juventas was the Roman divinity identified with Hebe, whose attributes,
+however, were regarded by the Romans as applying more particularly to the
+imperishable vigour and immortal glory of the state.
+
+In Rome, several temples were erected in honour of this goddess. {157}
+
+GANYMEDES.
+
+Ganymedes, the youngest son of Tros, king of Troy, was one day drawing
+water from a well on Mount Ida, when he was observed by Zeus, who, struck
+with his wonderful beauty, sent his eagle to transport him to Olympus,
+where he was endowed with immortality, and appointed cup-bearer to the
+gods.
+
+Ganymedes is represented as a youth of exquisite beauty, with short golden
+locks, delicately chiselled features, beaming blue eyes, and pouting lips.
+
+THE MUSES.
+
+Of all the Olympic deities, none occupy a more distinguished position than
+the Muses, the nine beautiful daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne.
+
+In their original signification, they presided merely over music, song, and
+dance; but with the progress of civilization the arts and sciences claimed
+their special presiding divinities, and we see these graceful creations, in
+later times, sharing among them various functions, such as poetry,
+astronomy, &c.
+
+The Muses were honoured alike by mortals and immortals. In Olympus, where
+Apollo acted as their leader, no banquet or festivity was considered
+complete without their joy-inspiring presence, and on earth no social
+gathering was celebrated without libations being poured out to them; nor
+was any task involving intellectual effort ever undertaken, without
+earnestly supplicating their assistance. They endowed their chosen
+favourites with knowledge, wisdom, and understanding; they bestowed upon
+the orator the gift of eloquence, inspired the poet with his noblest
+thoughts, and the musician with his sweetest harmonies.
+
+Like so many of the Greek divinities, however, the refined conception of
+the Muses is somewhat marred by the acerbity with which they punished any
+effort on the part {158} of mortals to rival them in their divine powers.
+An instance of this is seen in the case of Thamyris, a Thracian bard, who
+presumed to invite them to a trial of skill in music. Having vanquished
+him, they not only afflicted him with blindness, but deprived him also of
+the power of song.
+
+Another example of the manner in which the gods punished presumption and
+vanity is seen in the story of the daughters of King Pierus. Proud of the
+perfection to which they had brought their skill in music, they presumed to
+challenge the Muses themselves in the art over which they specially
+presided. The contest took place on Mount Helicon, and it is said that when
+the mortal maidens commenced their song, the sky became dark and misty,
+whereas when the Muses raised their heavenly voices, all nature seemed to
+rejoice, and Mount Helicon itself moved with exultation. The Pierides were
+signally defeated, and were transformed by the Muses into singing birds, as
+a punishment for having dared to challenge comparison with the immortals.
+
+Undeterred by the above example, the Sirens also entered into a similar
+contest. The songs of the Muses were loyal and true, whilst those of the
+Sirens were the false and deceptive strains with which so many unfortunate
+mariners had been lured to their death. The Sirens were defeated by the
+Muses, and as a mark of humiliation, were deprived of the feathers with
+which their bodies were adorned.
+
+The oldest seat of the worship of the Muses was Pieria in Thrace, where
+they were supposed to have first seen the light of day. Pieria is a
+district on one of the sloping declivities of Mount Olympus, whence a
+number of rivulets, as they flow towards the plains beneath, produce those
+sweet, soothing sounds, which may possibly have suggested this spot as a
+fitting home for the presiding divinities of song.
+
+They dwelt on the summits of Mounts Helicon, Parnassus, and Pindus, and
+loved to haunt the springs and fountains which gushed forth amidst these
+rocky {159} heights, all of which were sacred to them and to poetic
+inspiration. Aganippe and Hippocrene on Mount Helicon, and the Castalian
+spring on Mount Parnassus, were sacred to the Muses. The latter flowed
+between two lofty rocks above the city of Delphi, and in ancient times its
+waters were introduced into a square stone basin, where they were retained
+for the use of the Pythia and the priests of Apollo.
+
+[Illustration: CALLIOPE.]
+
+The libations to these divinities consisted of water, milk, and honey, but
+never of wine.
+
+Their names and functions are as follows:--
+
+CALLIOPE, the most honoured of the Muses, presided over heroic song and
+epic poetry, and is represented with a pencil in her hand, and a slate upon
+her knee.
+
+CLIO, the muse of History, holds in her hand a roll of parchment, and wears
+a wreath of laurel.
+
+MELPOMENE, the muse of Tragedy, bears a tragic mask.
+
+THALIA, the muse of Comedy, carries in her right hand a shepherd's crook,
+and has a comic mask beside her.
+
+POLYHYMNIA, the muse of Sacred Hymns, is crowned with a wreath of laurel.
+She is always represented in a thoughtful attitude, and entirely enveloped
+in rich folds of drapery.
+
+TERPSICHORE, the muse of Dance and Roundelay, is represented in the act of
+playing on a seven-stringed lyre.
+
+URANIA, the muse of Astronomy, stands erect, and bears in her left hand a
+celestial globe.
+
+EUTERPE, the muse of Harmony, is represented bearing a musical instrument,
+usually a flute.
+
+ERATO, the muse of Love and hymeneal songs, wears a wreath of laurel, and
+is striking the chords of a lyre. {160}
+
+[Illustration: CLIO.]
+
+[Illustration: TERPSICHORE.]
+
+[Illustration: EUTERPE.]
+
+[Illustration: ERATO.]
+
+With regard to the origin of the Muses, it is said that they were created
+by Zeus in answer to a request on the part of the victorious deities, after
+the war with the {161} Titans, that some special divinities should be
+called into existence, in order to commemorate in song the glorious deeds
+of the Olympian gods.
+
+[Illustration: URANIA.]
+
+[Illustration: MELPOMENE.]
+
+[Illustration: THALIA.]
+
+[Illustration: POLYHYMNIA.]
+
+{162}
+
+PEGASUS.
+
+Pegasus was a beautiful winged horse who sprang from the body of Medusa
+when she was slain by the hero Perseus, the son of Zeus and Danaë.
+Spreading out his wings he immediately flew to the top of Mount Olympus,
+where he was received with delight and admiration by all the immortals. A
+place in his palace was assigned to him by Zeus, who employed him to carry
+his thunder and lightning. Pegasus permitted none but the gods to mount
+him, except in the case of Bellerophon, whom, at the command of Athene, he
+carried aloft, in order that he might slay the Chimæra with his arrows.
+
+The later poets represent Pegasus as being at the service of the Muses, and
+for this reason he is more celebrated in modern times than in antiquity. He
+would appear to represent that poetical inspiration, which tends to develop
+man's higher nature, and causes the mind to soar heavenwards. The only
+mention by the ancients of Pegasus in connection with the Muses, is the
+story of his having produced with his hoofs, the famous fountain
+Hippocrene.
+
+It is said that during their contest with the Pierides, the Muses played
+and sang on the summit of Mount Helicon with such extraordinary power and
+sweetness, that heaven and earth stood still to listen, whilst the mountain
+raised itself in joyous ecstasy towards the abode of the celestial gods.
+Poseidon, seeing his special function thus interfered with, sent Pegasus to
+check the boldness of the mountain, in daring to move without his
+permission. When Pegasus reached the summit, he stamped the ground with his
+hoofs, and out gushed the waters of Hippocrene, afterwards so renowned as
+the sacred fount, whence the Muses quaffed their richest draughts of
+inspiration.
+
+THE HESPERIDES.
+
+The Hesperides, the daughters of Atlas, dwelt in an island in the far west,
+whence they derived their name. {163}
+
+They were appointed by Hera to act as guardians to a tree bearing golden
+apples, which had been presented to her by Gæa on the occasion of her
+marriage with Zeus.
+
+It is said that the Hesperides, being unable to withstand the temptation of
+tasting the golden fruit confided to their care, were deprived of their
+office, which was henceforth delegated to the terrible dragon Ladon, who
+now became the ever-watchful sentinel of these precious treasures.
+
+The names of the Hesperides were Aegle, Arethusa, and Hesperia.
+
+CHARITES (GRATIÆ) GRACES.
+
+All those gentler attributes which beautify and refine human existence were
+personified by the Greeks under the form of three lovely sisters,
+Euphrosyne, Aglaia, and Thalia, the daughters of Zeus and Eurynome (or,
+according to later writers, of Dionysus and Aphrodite).
+
+They are represented as beautiful, slender maidens in the full bloom of
+youth, with hands and arms lovingly intertwined, and are either undraped,
+or wear a fleecy, transparent garment of an ethereal fabric.
+
+They portray every gentle emotion of the heart, which vents itself in
+friendship and benevolence, and were believed to preside over those
+qualities which constitute grace, modesty, unconscious beauty, gentleness,
+kindliness, innocent joy, purity of mind and body, and eternal youth.
+
+They not only possessed the most perfect beauty themselves, but also
+conferred this gift upon others. All the enjoyments of life were enhanced
+by their presence, and were deemed incomplete without them; and wherever
+joy or pleasure, grace and gaiety reigned, there they were supposed to be
+present.
+
+Temples and altars were everywhere erected in their honour, and people of
+all ages and of every rank in life entreated their favour. Incense was
+burnt daily upon their altars, and at every banquet they were invoked,
+{164} and a libation poured out to them, as they not only heightened all
+enjoyment, but also by their refining influence moderated the exciting
+effects of wine.
+
+Music, eloquence, poetry, and art, though the direct work of the Muses,
+received at the hands of the Graces an additional touch of refinement and
+beauty; for which reason they are always regarded as the friends of the
+Muses, with whom they lived on Mount Olympus.
+
+Their special function was to act, in conjunction with the Seasons, as
+attendants upon Aphrodite, whom they adorned with wreaths of flowers, and
+she emerges from their hands like the Queen of Spring, perfumed with the
+odour of roses and violets, and all sweet-scented blossoms.
+
+The Graces are frequently seen in attendance on other divinities; thus they
+carry music for Apollo, myrtles for Aphrodite, &c., and frequently
+accompany the Muses, Eros, or Dionysus.
+
+HORÆ (SEASONS).
+
+Closely allied to the Graces were the Horæ, or Seasons, who were also
+represented as three beautiful maidens, daughters of Zeus and Themis. Their
+names were Eunomia, Dice, and Irene.
+
+It may appear strange that these divinities, presiding over the seasons,
+should be but three in number, but this is quite in accordance with the
+notions of the ancient Greeks, who only recognized spring, summer, and
+autumn as seasons; nature being supposed to be wrapt in death or slumber,
+during that cheerless and unproductive portion of the year which we call
+winter. In some parts of Greece there were but two Horæ, Thallo, goddess of
+the bloom, and Carpo, of the corn and fruit-bearing season.
+
+The Horæ are always regarded as friendly towards mankind, and totally
+devoid of guile or subtlety; they are represented as joyous, but gentle
+maidens, crowned with flowers, and holding each other by the hand in a
+round dance. When they are depicted separately as personifications of the
+different seasons, the Hora {165} representing spring appears laden with
+flowers, that of summer bears a sheaf of corn, whilst the personification
+of autumn has her hands filled with clusters of grapes and other fruits.
+They also appear in company with the Graces in the train of Aphrodite, and
+are seen with Apollo and the Muses.
+
+They are inseparably connected with all that is good and beautiful in
+nature, and as the regular alternation of the seasons, like all her other
+operations, demands the most perfect order and regularity, the Horæ, being
+the daughters of Themis, came to be regarded as the representatives of
+order, and the just administration of human affairs in civilized
+communities. Each of these graceful maidens took upon herself a separate
+function: Eunomia presided more especially over state life, Dice guarded
+the interests of individuals, whilst Irene, the gayest and brightest of the
+three sisters, was the light-hearted companion of Dionysus.
+
+The Horæ were also the deities of the fast-fleeting hours, and thus
+presided over the smaller, as well as the larger divisions of time. In this
+capacity they assist every morning in yoking the celestial horses to the
+glorious chariot of the sun, which they again help to unyoke when he sinks
+to rest.
+
+In their original conception they were personifications of the clouds, and
+are described as opening and closing the gates of heaven, and causing
+fruits and flowers to spring forth, when they pour down upon them their
+refreshing and life-giving streams.
+
+THE NYMPHS.
+
+The graceful beings called the Nymphs were the presiding deities of the
+woods, grottoes, streams, meadows, &c.
+
+These divinities were supposed to be beautiful maidens of fairy-like form,
+and robed in more or less shadowy garments. They were held in the greatest
+veneration, though, being minor divinities, they had no temples {166}
+dedicated to them, but were worshipped in caves or grottoes, with libations
+of milk, honey, oil, &c.
+
+They may be divided into three distinct classes, viz., water, mountain, and
+tree or wood nymphs.
+
+WATER NYMPHS.
+
+OCEANIDES, NEREIDES, AND NAIADES.
+
+The worship of water-deities is common to most primitive nations. The
+streams, springs, and fountains of a country bear the same relation to it
+which the blood, coursing through the numberless arteries of a human being,
+bears to the body; both represent the living, moving, life-awakening
+element, without which existence would be impossible. Hence we find among
+most nations a deep feeling of attachment to the streams and waters of
+their native land, the remembrance of which, when absent in foreign climes,
+is always treasured with peculiar fondness. Thus among the early Greeks,
+each tribe came to regard the rivers and springs of its individual state as
+beneficent powers, which brought blessing and prosperity to the country. It
+is probable also that the charm which ever accompanies the sound of running
+water exercised its power over their imagination. They heard with delight
+the gentle whisper of the fountain, lulling the senses with its low,
+rippling tones; the soft purling of the brook as it rushes over the
+pebbles, or the mighty voice of the waterfall as it dashes on in its
+headlong course; and the beings which they pictured to themselves as
+presiding over all these charming sights and sounds of nature,
+corresponded, in their graceful appearance, with the scenes with which they
+were associated.
+
+OCEANIDES.
+
+The OCEANIDES, or Ocean Nymphs, were the daughters of Oceanus and Tethys,
+and, like most sea divinities, were endowed with the gift of prophecy.
+
+They are personifications of those delicate vapour-like {167} exhalations,
+which, in warm climates, are emitted from the surface of the sea, more
+especially at sunset, and are impelled forwards by the evening breeze. They
+are accordingly represented as misty, shadowy beings, with graceful swaying
+forms, and robed in pale blue, gauze-like fabrics.
+
+THE NEREIDES.
+
+The NEREIDES were the daughters of Nereus and Doris, and were nymphs of the
+Mediterranean Sea.
+
+They are similar in appearance to the Oceanides, but their beauty is of a
+less shadowy order, and is more like that of mortals. They wear a flowing,
+pale green robe; their liquid eyes resemble, in their clear depths, the
+lucid waters of the sea they inhabit; their hair floats carelessly over
+their shoulders, and assumes the greenish tint of the water itself, which,
+far from deteriorating from their beauty, greatly adds to its effect. The
+Nereides either accompany the chariot of the mighty ruler of the sea, or
+follow in his train.
+
+We are told by the poets that the lonely mariner watches the Nereides with
+silent awe and wondering delight, as they rise from their grotto-palaces in
+the deep, and dance, in joyful groups, over the sleeping waves. Some, with
+arms entwined, follow with their movements the melodies which seem to hover
+over the sea, whilst others scatter liquid gems around, these being
+emblematical of the phosphorescent light, so frequently observed at night
+by the traveller in southern waters.
+
+The best known of the Nereides were Thetis, the wife of Peleus, Amphitrite,
+the spouse of Poseidon, and Galatea, the beloved of Acis.
+
+THE NAIADES.
+
+The NAIADES were the nymphs of fresh-water springs, lakes, brooks, rivers,
+&c.
+
+As the trees, plants, and flowers owed their nourishment to their genial,
+fostering care, these divinities were {168} regarded by the Greeks as
+special benefactors to mankind. Like all the nymphs, they possessed the
+gift of prophecy, for which reason many of the springs and fountains over
+which they presided were believed to inspire mortals who drank of their
+waters with the power of foretelling future events. The Naiades are
+intimately connected in idea with those flowers which are called after them
+Nymphæ, or water-lilies, whose broad, green leaves and yellow cups float
+upon the surface of the water, as though proudly conscious of their own
+grace and beauty.
+
+We often hear of the Naiades forming alliances with mortals, and also of
+their being wooed by the sylvan deities of the woods and dales.
+
+DRYADES, OR TREE NYMPHS.
+
+The tree nymphs partook of the distinguishing characteristics of the
+particular tree to whose life they were wedded, and were known collectively
+by the name of the Dryades.
+
+The HAMADRYADES, or oak nymphs, represent in their peculiar individuality
+the quiet, self-reliant power which appears to belong essentially to the
+grand and lordly king of the forest.
+
+The BIRCH NYMPH is a melancholy maiden with floating hair, resembling the
+branches of the pale and fragile-looking tree which she inhabits.
+
+The BEECH NYMPH is strong and sturdy, full of life and joyousness, and
+appears to give promise of faithful love and undisturbed repose, whilst her
+rosy cheeks, deep brown eyes, and graceful form bespeak health, vigour, and
+vitality.
+
+The nymph of the LINDEN TREE is represented as a little coy maiden, whose
+short silver-gray dress reaches a little below the knee, and displays to
+advantage her delicately formed limbs. The sweet face, which is partly
+averted, reveals a pair of large blue eyes, which appear to look at you
+with wondering surprise and shy mistrust; {169} her pale, golden hair is
+bound by the faintest streak of rose-coloured ribbon.
+
+The tree nymph, being wedded to the life of the tree she inhabited, ceased
+to exist when it was either felled, or so injured as to wither away and
+die.
+
+NYMPHS OF THE VALLEYS AND MOUNTAINS.
+
+NAPÆÆ AND OREADES.
+
+The Napææ were the kind and gentle nymphs of the valleys and glens who
+appear in the train of Artemis. They are represented as lovely maidens with
+short tunics, which, reaching only to the knee, do not impede their swift
+and graceful movements in the exercise of the chase. Their pale brown
+tresses are fastened in a knot at the back of the head, whence a few stray
+curls escape over their shoulders. The Napææ are shy as the fawns, and
+quite as frolicsome.
+
+The OREADES, or mountain nymphs, who are the principal and constant
+companions of Artemis, are tall, graceful maidens, attired as huntresses.
+They are ardent followers of the chase, and spare neither the gentle deer
+nor the timid hare, nor indeed any animal they meet with in their rapid
+course. Wherever their wild hunt goes the shy Napææ are represented as
+hiding behind the leaves, whilst their favourites, the fawns, kneel
+tremblingly beside them, looking up beseechingly for protection from the
+wild huntresses; and even the bold Satyrs dart away at their approach, and
+seek safety in flight.
+
+There is a myth connected with one of these mountain nymphs, the
+unfortunate Echo. She became enamoured of a beautiful youth named
+Narcissus, son of the river-god Cephissus, who, however, failed to return
+her love, which so grieved her that she gradually pined away, becoming a
+mere shadow of her former self, till, at length, nothing remained of her
+except her voice, which henceforth gave back, with unerring fidelity, every
+sound that was uttered in the hills and dales. Narcissus himself {170} also
+met with an unhappy fate, for Aphrodite punished him by causing him to fall
+in love with his own image, which he beheld in a neighbouring fountain,
+whereupon, consumed with unrequited love, he wasted away, and was changed
+into the flower which bears his name.
+
+The LIMONIADES, or meadow nymphs, resemble the Naiades, and are usually
+represented dancing hand in hand in a circle.
+
+The HYADES, who in appearance are somewhat similar to the Oceanides, are
+cloudy divinities, and, from the fact of their being invariably accompanied
+by rain, are represented as incessantly weeping.
+
+The MELIADES were the nymphs who presided over fruit-trees.
+
+Before concluding this subject, attention should be drawn to the fact that,
+in more modern times, this beautiful idea of animating all nature in detail
+reappears under the various local traditions extant in different countries.
+Thus do the Oceanides and Nereides live again in the mermaids, whose
+existence is still believed in by mariners, whilst the flower and meadow
+nymphs assume the shape of those tiny elves and fairies, who were formerly
+believed to hold their midnight revels in every wood and on every common;
+indeed, even at the present day, the Irish peasantry, especially in the
+west, firmly believe in the existence of the fairies, or "good people," as
+they are called.
+
+THE WINDS.
+
+According to the oldest accounts, Æolus was a king of the Æolian Islands,
+to whom Zeus gave the command of the winds, which he kept shut up in a deep
+cave, and which he freed at his pleasure, or at the command of the gods.
+
+In later times the above belief underwent a change, and the winds came to
+be regarded as distinct divinities, whose aspect accorded with the
+respective winds with which they were identified. They were depicted as
+{171} winged youths in full vigour in the act of flying through the air.
+
+The principal winds were: Boreas (the north wind), Eurus (the east wind),
+Zephyrus (the west wind), and Notus (the south wind), who were said to be
+the children of Eos and Astræus.
+
+There are no myths of interest connected with these divinities. Zephyrus
+was united to Chloris (Flora), the goddess of flowers. Of Boreas it is
+related that while flying over the river Ilissus, he beheld on the banks
+Oreithyia, the charming daughter of Erechtheus, king of Athens, whom he
+carried off to his native Thrace, and there made her his bride. Boreas and
+Oreithyia were the parents of Zetes and Calais, afterwards famous in the
+expedition of the Argonauts.
+
+There was an altar erected at Athens in honour of Boreas, in commemoration
+of his having destroyed the Persian fleet sent to attack the Greeks.
+
+On the Acropolis at Athens there was a celebrated octagonal temple, built
+by Pericles, which was dedicated to the winds, and on its sides were their
+various representations. The ruins of this temple are still to be seen.
+
+PAN (FAUNUS).
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Pan was the god of fertility, and the special patron of shepherds and
+huntsmen; he presided over all rural occupations, was chief of the Satyrs,
+and head of all rural divinities.
+
+According to the common belief, he was the son of Hermes and a wood nymph,
+and came into the world with horns sprouting from his forehead, a goat's
+beard and a crooked nose, pointed ears, and the tail and feet of a goat,
+and presented altogether so repulsive {172} an appearance that, at the
+sight of him, his mother fled in dismay.
+
+Hermes, however, took up his curious little offspring, wrapt him in a hare
+skin, and carried him in his arms to Olympus. The grotesque form and merry
+antics of the little stranger made him a great favourite with all the
+immortals, especially Dionysus; and they bestowed upon him the name of Pan
+(all), because he had delighted them _all_.
+
+His favourite haunts were grottoes, and his delight was to wander in
+uncontrolled freedom over rocks and mountains, following his various
+pursuits, ever cheerful, and usually very noisy. He was a great lover of
+music, singing, dancing, and all pursuits which enhance the pleasures of
+life; and hence, in spite of his repulsive appearance, we see him
+surrounded with nymphs of the forests and dales, who love to dance round
+him to the cheerful music of his pipe, the syrinx. The myth concerning the
+origin of Pan's pipe is as follows:--Pan became enamoured of a beautiful
+nymph, called Syrinx, who, appalled at his terrible appearance, fled from
+the pertinacious attentions of her unwelcome suitor. He pursued her to the
+banks of the river Ladon, when, seeing his near approach, and feeling
+escape impossible, she called on the gods for assistance, who, in answer to
+her prayer, transformed her into a reed, just as Pan was about to seize
+her. Whilst the love-sick Pan was sighing and lamenting his unfortunate
+fate, the winds gently swayed the reeds, and produced a murmuring sound as
+of one complaining. Charmed with the soothing tones, he endeavoured to
+reproduce them himself, and after cutting seven of the reeds of unequal
+length, he joined them together, and succeeded in producing the pipe, which
+he called the syrinx, in memory of his lost love.
+
+Pan was regarded by shepherds as their most valiant protector, who defended
+their flocks from the attacks of wolves. The shepherds of these early
+times, having no penfolds, were in the habit of gathering together their
+flocks in mountain caves, to protect them against the {173} inclemency of
+the weather, and also to secure them at night against the attacks of wild
+animals; these caves, therefore, which were very numerous in the mountain
+districts of Arcadia, Boeotia, &c., were all consecrated to Pan.
+
+As it is customary in all tropical climates to repose during the heat of
+the day, Pan is represented as greatly enjoying his afternoon sleep in the
+cool shelter of a tree or cave, and also as being highly displeased at any
+sound which disturbed his slumbers, for which reason the shepherds were
+always particularly careful to keep unbroken silence during these hours,
+whilst they themselves indulged in a quiet siesta.
+
+Pan was equally beloved by huntsmen, being himself a great lover of the
+woods, which afforded to his cheerful and active disposition full scope,
+and in which he loved to range at will. He was regarded as the patron of
+the chase, and the rural sportsmen, returning from an unsuccessful day's
+sport, beat, in token of their displeasure, the wooden image of Pan, which
+always occupied a prominent place in their dwellings.
+
+All sudden and unaccountable sounds which startle travellers in lonely
+spots, were attributed to Pan, who possessed a frightful and most
+discordant voice; hence the term _pan_ic terror, to indicate sudden fear.
+The Athenians ascribed their victory at Marathon to the alarm which he
+created among the Persians by his terrible voice.
+
+Pan was gifted with the power of prophecy, which he is said to have
+imparted to Apollo, and he possessed a well-known and very ancient oracle
+in Arcadia, in which state he was more especially worshipped.
+
+The artists of later times have somewhat toned down the original very
+unattractive conception of Pan, as above described, and merely represent
+him as a young man, hardened by the exposure to all weathers which a rural
+life involves, and bearing in his hand the shepherd's crook and
+syrinx--these being his usual attributes--whilst small horns project from
+his forehead. He is either undraped, or wears merely the light cloak called
+the chlamys.
+
+The usual offerings to Pan were milk and honey in {174} shepherds' bowls.
+Cows, lambs, and rams were also sacrificed to him.
+
+After the introduction of Pan into the worship of Dionysus, we hear of a
+number of little Pans (Panisci), who are sometimes confounded with the
+Satyrs.
+
+FAUNUS.
+
+The Romans had an old Italian divinity called Faunus, who, as the god of
+shepherds, was identified with the Greek Pan, and represented in a similar
+manner.
+
+Faunus is frequently called Inuus or the fertilizer, and Lupercus or the
+one who wards off wolves. Like Pan, he possessed the gift of prophecy, and
+was the presiding spirit of the woods and fields; he also shared with his
+Greek prototype the faculty of alarming travellers in solitary places. Bad
+dreams and evil apparitions were attributed to Faunus, and he was believed
+to enter houses stealthily at night for this purpose.
+
+Fauna was the wife of Faunus, and participated in his functions.
+
+THE SATYRS.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The Satyrs were a race of woodland spirits, who evidently personified the
+free, wild, and untrammelled life of the forest. Their appearance was both
+grotesque and repulsive; they had flat broad noses, pointed ears, and
+little horns sprouting from their foreheads, a rough shaggy skin, and small
+goat's tails. They led a life of pleasure and self-indulgence, followed the
+chase, revelled in every description of wild music and dancing, were
+terrible wine-bibbers, and addicted to the deep slumbers which follow heavy
+potations. They were no less dreaded by mortals than by the gentle woodland
+nymphs, who always avoided their coarse rough sports.
+
+The Satyrs were conspicuous figures in the train of Dionysus, and, as we
+have seen, Silenus their chief was tutor to the wine god. The older Satyrs
+were called Silens, and are represented in antique sculpture, as more
+nearly approaching the human form.
+
+{175}
+
+In addition to the ordinary Satyrs, artists delighted in depicting little
+Satyrs, young imps, frolicking about the woods in a marvellous variety of
+droll attitudes. These little fellows greatly resemble their friends and
+companions, the Panisci.
+
+In rural districts it was customary for the shepherds and peasants who
+attended the festivals of Dionysus, to dress themselves in the skins of
+goats and other animals, and, under this disguise, they permitted
+themselves all kinds of playful tricks and excesses, to which circumstance
+the conception of the Satyrs is by some authorities attributed.
+
+In Rome the old Italian wood-divinities, the FAUNS, who had goats' feet and
+all other characteristics of the Satyrs greatly exaggerated, were
+identified with them.
+
+PRIAPUS.
+
+Priapus, the son of Dionysus and Aphrodite, was regarded as the god of
+fruitfulness, the protector of flocks, sheep, goats, bees, the fruit of the
+vine, and all garden produce.
+
+His statues, which were set up in gardens and vineyards, acted not only as
+objects of worship, but also as scarecrows, the appearance of this god
+being especially repulsive and unsightly. These statues were formed of wood
+or stone, and from the hips downwards were merely rude columns. They
+represent him as having a red and very ugly face; he bears in his hand a
+pruning knife, and his head is crowned with a wreath of vine and laurel. He
+usually carries fruit in his garments or a cornucopia in his hand, always,
+however, retaining his singularly revolting aspect. It is said that Hera,
+wishing {176} to punish Aphrodite, sent her this misshapen and unsightly
+son, and that when he was born, his mother was so horrified at the sight of
+him, that she ordered him to be exposed on the mountains, where he was
+found by some shepherds, who, taking pity on him, saved his life.
+
+This divinity was chiefly worshipped at Lampsacus, his birthplace. Asses
+were sacrificed to him, and he received the first-fruits of the fields and
+gardens, with a libation of milk and honey.
+
+The worship of Priapus was introduced into Rome at the same time as that of
+Aphrodite, and was identified with a native Italian divinity named Mutunus.
+
+ASCLEPIAS (ÆSCULAPIUS).
+
+Asclepias, the god of the healing art, was the son of Apollo and the nymph
+Coronis. He was educated by the noble Centaur Chiron, who instructed him in
+all knowledge, but more especially in that of the properties of herbs.
+Asclepias searched out the hidden powers of plants, and discovered cures
+for the various diseases which afflict the human body. He brought his art
+to such perfection, that he not only succeeded in warding off death, but
+also restored the dead to life. It was popularly believed that he was
+materially assisted in his wonderful cures by the blood of the Medusa,
+given to him by Pallas-Athene.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is well to observe that the shrines of this divinity, which were usually
+built in healthy places, on hills outside the town, or near wells which
+were believed to have healing powers, offered at the same time means of
+cure for the sick and suffering, thus combining religious with sanitary
+influences. It was the custom for the sufferer to sleep in the temple,
+when, if he had been earnest in his devotions, Asclepias appeared to him in
+a dream, and revealed the means to be employed for the cure of his malady.
+On the walls of these temples were hung tablets, inscribed by the different
+pilgrims with the particulars of their maladies, the remedies practised,
+and the cures {177} worked by the god:--a custom undoubtedly productive of
+most beneficial results.
+
+Groves, temples, and altars were dedicated to Asclepias in many parts of
+Greece, but Epidaurus, the chief seat of his worship,--where, indeed, it is
+said to have originated,--contained his principal temple, which served at
+the same time as a hospital.
+
+The statue of Asclepias in the temple at Epidaurus was formed of ivory and
+gold, and represented him as an old man with a full beard, leaning on a
+staff round which a serpent is climbing. The serpent was the distinguishing
+symbol of this divinity, partly because these reptiles were greatly used by
+the ancients in the cure of diseases, and partly also because all the
+prudence and wisdom of the serpent were deemed indispensable to the
+judicious physician.
+
+His usual attributes are a staff, a bowl, a bunch of herbs, a pineapple, a
+dog, and a serpent.
+
+His children inherited, for the most part, the distinguished talents of
+their father. Two of his sons, Machaon and Podalirius, accompanied
+Agamemnon to the Trojan war, in which expedition they became renowned, not
+only as military heroes, but also as skilful physicians.
+
+Their sisters, HYGEIA (health), and PANACEA (all-healing), had temples
+dedicated to them, and received divine honours. The function of Hygeia was
+to maintain the health of the community, which great blessing was supposed
+to be brought by her as a direct and beneficent gift from the gods.
+
+ÆSCULAPIUS.
+
+The worship of Æsculapius was introduced into Rome from Epidaurus, whence
+the statue of the god of healing {178} was brought at the time of a great
+pestilence. Grateful for their deliverance from this plague, the Romans
+erected a temple in his honour, on an island near the mouth of the Tiber.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ROMAN DIVINITIES.
+
+JANUS.
+
+From the earliest ages Janus was regarded by the Romans with the utmost
+affection and veneration, as a divinity who ranked only second to Jupiter
+himself, and through whom all prayers and petitions were transmitted to the
+other gods.
+
+He was believed to preside over the beginnings of all things, hence it was
+he who inaugurated the years, months, and seasons, and in course of time
+came to be considered as specially protecting the beginnings of all human
+enterprises. The great importance which the Romans attached to an
+auspicious commencement, as contributing to the ultimate success of an
+enterprise, accounts for the high estimation in which Janus was held as the
+god of beginnings.
+
+This divinity would appear to have been the ancient sun-god of the Italian
+tribes, in which capacity he opens and closes the gates of heaven every
+morning and evening. Hence he was regarded as the door-keeper of heaven,
+and also as the presiding deity over all gates, entrances, &c., on earth.
+
+The fact of his being the god of city gates, which were called Jani after
+him, is ascribed, however, to the following myth:--After the abduction of
+their women by the Romans, the Sabines, in revenge, invaded the Roman
+state, and were already about to enter the gates of the city, when suddenly
+a hot sulphur spring, which was believed to have been sent by Janus for
+their special preservation, gushed forth from the earth, and arrested the
+progress of the enemy.
+
+{179}
+
+In his character as guardian of gates and doors, he was also regarded as a
+protecting deity of the home, for which reason little shrines were erected
+to him over the doors of houses, which contained an image of the god,
+having two faces.
+
+Janus possessed no temples in the ordinary acceptation of the word, but all
+the gates of cities were dedicated to him. Close to the Forum of Rome stood
+the so-called temple of Janus, which, however, was merely an arched
+passage, closed by massive gates. This temple was open only in time of war,
+as it was supposed that the god had then taken his departure with the Roman
+army, over whose welfare he personally presided. It is worthy of notice, as
+an evidence of the many wars in which the Romans were engaged, that the
+gates of this sanctuary were only closed three times during 700 years.
+
+As the god who ushers in the new year, the first month was called after
+him, and on the 1st of January his most important festival was celebrated,
+on which occasion all entrances of public and private buildings were
+decorated with laurel branches and garlands of flowers.
+
+His sacrifices, consisting of cakes, wine, and barley, were offered to him
+at the beginning of every month; and before sacrificing to the other gods
+his name was always invoked, and a libation poured out to him.
+
+Janus is usually represented with two faces; in his special function as
+door-keeper of heaven he stands erect, bearing a key in one hand, and a rod
+or sceptre in the other.
+
+It is supposed that Janus was the most ancient king of Italy, who, during
+his life, governed his subjects with such wisdom and moderation that, in
+gratitude for the benefits conferred upon them, his people deified him
+after death and placed him in the foremost rank among their divinities. We
+have already seen in the history of Cronus that Saturn, who was identified
+with the Greek Cronus (god of time), was the friend and colleague of Janus.
+Anxious to prove his gratitude to his benefactor, Cronus endowed him with
+the knowledge of past and future {180} events, which enabled him to adopt
+the wisest measures for the welfare of his subjects, and it is on this
+account that Janus is represented with two faces looking in opposite
+directions, the one to the past, the other to the future.
+
+FLORA.
+
+Flora was the goddess of flowers, and was regarded as a beneficent power,
+who watched over and protected the early blossoms.
+
+She was held in the highest estimation by the Romans, and a festival,
+called the Floralia, was celebrated in her honour from the 28th of April to
+the 1st of May. This festival was a season of universal merriment, in which
+flowers were used profusely in adorning houses, streets, &c., and were worn
+by young girls in their hair.
+
+Flora, who typified the season of Spring, is generally represented as a
+lovely maiden, garlanded with flowers.
+
+ROBIGUS.
+
+In opposition to Flora we find an antagonistic divinity, called Robigus, a
+worker of evil, who delighted in the destruction of the tender herbs by
+mildew, and whose wrath could only be averted by prayers and sacrifices,
+when he was invoked under the title of Averuncus, or the Avertor.
+
+The festival of Robigus (the Robigalia) was celebrated on the 25th of
+April.
+
+POMONA.
+
+Pomona was the goddess of orchards and fruit-trees, who, according to Ovid,
+cares not for woods or streams, but loves her gardens and the boughs that
+bear the thriving fruit.
+
+Pomona, who typifies Autumn, is represented as a lovely maiden, laden with
+branches of fruit-trees.
+
+{181}
+
+VERTUMNUS.
+
+Vertumnus was the god of garden and field produce. He personifies the
+change of seasons, and that process of transformation in nature by means of
+which the leaf-buds become developed into blossoms, and the blossoms into
+fruit.
+
+The change of seasons is symbolized in a myth which represents Vertumnus as
+metamorphosing himself into a variety of different forms in order to gain
+the affection of Pomona, who so loved her vocation that she abjured all
+thoughts of marriage. He first appears to her as a ploughman, typifying
+Spring; then as a reaper, to represent Summer; afterwards as a
+vine-gatherer, to indicate Autumn; and finally as a gray-haired old woman,
+symbolical of the snows of Winter; but it was not until he assumed his true
+form, that of a beautiful youth, that he succeeded in his suit.
+
+Vertumnus is generally represented crowned with wheat-sheaves, and bearing
+in his hand a cornucopia.
+
+PALES.
+
+Pales, a very ancient Italian divinity, is represented sometimes as a male,
+sometimes as a female power.
+
+As a male divinity he is more particularly the god of shepherds and flocks.
+
+As a female deity, Pales presides over husbandry and the fruitfulness of
+herds. Her festivals, the Palilia, were celebrated on the 21st of April,
+the day on which the city of Rome was founded. During this festival it was
+customary for shepherds to ignite a mass of straw, through which they
+rushed with their flocks, believing that this ordeal would purify them from
+sin.
+
+The name Palatine, which originally signified a pastoral colony, is derived
+from this divinity. Her offerings were cakes and milk.
+
+{182}
+
+PICUS.
+
+Picus, the son of Saturn and father of Faunus, was a woodland divinity,
+gifted with prophetic powers.
+
+An ancient myth relates that Picus was a beautiful youth, united to a nymph
+called Canens. The sorceress Circe, infatuated by his beauty, endeavoured
+to secure his love, but he rejected her advances, and she, in revenge,
+changed him into a woodpecker, under which form he still retained his
+powers of prophecy.
+
+Picus is represented as a youth, with a woodpecker perched upon his head,
+which bird became henceforth regarded as possessed of the power of
+prophecy.
+
+PICUMNUS AND PILUMNUS.
+
+Picumnus and Pilumnus were two household divinities of the Romans, who were
+the special presiding deities of new-born infants.
+
+SILVANUS.
+
+Silvanus was a woodland divinity, who, like Faunus, greatly resembled the
+Greek Pan. He was the presiding deity of plantations and forests, and
+specially protected the boundaries of fields.
+
+Silvanus is represented as a hale old man, carrying a cypress-tree, for,
+according to Roman mythology, the transformation of the youth Cyparissus
+into the tree which bears his name was attributed to him.
+
+His sacrifices consisted of milk, meat, wine, grapes, wheat-ears, and pigs.
+
+TERMINUS.
+
+Terminus was the god who presided over all boundaries and landmarks.
+
+He was originally represented by a simple block of stone, which in later
+times became surmounted by a {183} head of this divinity. Numa Pompilius,
+the great benefactor of his people, anxious to inculcate respect for the
+rights of property, specially enjoined the erection of these blocks of
+stone, as a durable monument to mark the line dividing one property from
+another. He also caused altars to be raised to Terminus, and instituted his
+festival (the Terminalia), which was celebrated on the 23rd of February.
+
+Upon one occasion, when Tarquin wished to remove the altars of several
+deities, in order to build a new temple, it is said that Terminus and
+Juventas alone objected to being displaced. This obstinate refusal on their
+part was interpreted as a good omen, signifying that the city of Rome would
+never lose her boundaries, and would remain ever young and vigorous.
+
+CONSUS.
+
+Consus was the god of secret counsel.
+
+The Romans believed that when an idea developed itself spontaneously within
+the mind of an individual, it was Consus who had prompted the suggestion.
+This applied, however, more particularly to plans which resulted
+satisfactorily.
+
+An altar was erected to this divinity on the Circus Maximus, which was kept
+always covered, except during his festival, the Consualia, which was
+celebrated on the 18th of August.
+
+LIBITINA.
+
+Libitina was the goddess who presided over funerals. This divinity was
+identified with Venus, possibly because the ancients considered that the
+power of love extended even to the realms of death.
+
+Her temple in Rome, which was erected by Servius Tullius, contained all the
+requisites for funerals, and these could either be bought or hired there. A
+register of all deaths which occurred in the city of Rome was kept in {184}
+this temple, and in order to ascertain the rate of mortality, a piece of
+money was paid by command of Servius Tullius, on the demise of each person.
+
+LAVERNA.
+
+Laverna was the presiding goddess of thieves, and of all artifice and
+fraud. There was an altar erected to her near the Porta Lavernalis, which
+was called after her, and she possessed a sacred grove on the Via Salavia.
+
+COMUS.
+
+Comus was the presiding genius of banquets, festive scenes, revelry, and
+all joyous pleasures and reckless gaiety.
+
+He is represented as a young man crowned with flowers, his face heated and
+flushed with wine, leaning against a post in a half-sleepy and drunken
+attitude, with a torch falling from his hand.
+
+THE CAMENÆ.
+
+The Camenæ were prophetic nymphs held in high veneration by the ancient
+Italians. They were four in number, the best known of whom are Carmenta and
+Egeria.
+
+Carmenta was celebrated as being the mother of Evander, who led an Arcadian
+colony into Italy, and founded a town on the river Tiber, which became
+afterwards incorporated with the city of Rome. Evander is said to have been
+the first who introduced Greek art and civilization into Italy, and also
+the worship of Greek divinities.
+
+A temple was erected to Carmenta on the Capitoline Hill, and a festival,
+called the Carmentalia, was celebrated in her honour on the 11th of
+January.
+
+Egeria is said to have initiated Numa Pompilius in the forms of religious
+worship, which he introduced among his people. She was regarded as the
+giver of {185} life, and was therefore invoked by women before the birth of
+their children.
+
+The Camenæ are frequently identified by Roman writers with the Muses.
+
+GENII.
+
+A comforting and assuring belief existed among the Romans, that each
+individual was accompanied through life, from the hour of his birth to that
+of his death, by a protecting spirit, called his genius, who prompted him
+to good and noble deeds, and acted towards him as a guardian angel,
+comforting him in sorrow, and guiding him throughout his earthly career.
+
+In the course of time a second genius was believed to exist, of an evil
+nature, who, as the instigator of all wrong-doing, was ever at war with the
+beneficent genius; and on the issue of the conflict between these
+antagonistic influences, depended the fate of the individual. The genii
+were depicted as winged beings, greatly resembling our modern
+representations of guardian angels.
+
+Every state, town, or city, (as well as every man), possessed its special
+genius. The sacrifices to the genii consisted of wine, cakes, and incense,
+which were offered to them on birthdays.
+
+The genius which guided a woman was called, after the queen of heaven,
+Juno.
+
+Among the Greeks, beings called Dæmons were regarded as exercising similar
+functions to those of the Roman genii. They were believed to be the spirits
+of the righteous race which existed in the Golden Age, who watched over
+mankind, carrying their prayers to the gods, and the gifts of the gods to
+them.
+
+MANES.
+
+LEMURES (LARVÆ) AND LARES.
+
+The Manes were the spirits of the departed, and were of two kinds, viz.,
+Lemures (or Larvæ) and Lares. {186}
+
+The Lemures were those Manes who haunted their former abodes on earth as
+evil spirits, appearing at night under awful forms and hideous shapes,
+greatly to the alarm of their friends and relatives. They were so feared
+that a festival, called the Lemuralia, was celebrated in order to
+propitiate them.
+
+It appears extremely probable that the superstitions with regard to ghosts,
+haunted houses, &c., which exist even at the present day, owe their origin
+to this very ancient pagan source.
+
+The Lares Familiares were a much more pleasing conception. They were the
+spirits of the ancestors of each family, who exercised after death a
+protecting power over the well-being and prosperity of the family to which
+they had in life belonged. The place of honour beside the hearth was
+occupied by the statue of the Lar of the house, who was supposed to have
+been the founder of the family. This statue was the object of profound
+veneration, and was honoured on all occasions by every member of the
+family; a portion of each meal was laid before it, and it was believed to
+take an active part in all family affairs and domestic events, whether of a
+sad or joyful nature. Before starting on any expedition the master of the
+house saluted the statue of the Lar, and, on his return, a solemn
+thanksgiving was offered to this, the presiding deity of his hearth and
+home, in grateful acknowledgment of his protection; whereupon the statue
+was crowned with garlands of flowers, these being the favourite offerings
+to the Lares on all occasions of especial family rejoicing.
+
+The first act of a bride on entering her new abode was to do homage to the
+Lar, in the belief that he would exercise over her a protecting influence
+and shield her from evil.
+
+In addition to those above enumerated there were also public Lares, who
+were guardians of the state, highroads, country, and sea. Their temples
+were always open for any pious worshipper to enter, and on their altars
+public sacrifices were offered for the welfare of the state or city. {187}
+
+PENATES.
+
+The Penates were deities selected by each family, and frequently by its
+individual members, as a special protector. Various causes led to this
+selection. If, for instance, a child were born on the festival of Vesta, it
+was thought that that deity would henceforward act as its special guardian.
+If a youth possessed great business talents he adopted Mercury as his
+tutelary deity; should he, on the other hand, develop a passion for music,
+Apollo was selected as his patron god, and so forth. These became regarded
+as the special divinities of the household, small images of them adorned
+the surroundings of the hearth, and honours similar to those paid to the
+Lares were accorded to them.
+
+Just as there were public Lares so there were public Penates, which were
+worshipped by the Roman people under the form of two youthful warriors,
+who, in later times, were regarded as identical with Castor and Pollux.
+They are generally represented on horseback, with conical caps on their
+heads, and bearing long spears in their hands.
+
+{188}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PUBLIC WORSHIP OF THE ANCIENT GREEKS AND ROMANS.
+
+TEMPLES.
+
+In very remote times the Greeks had no shrines or sanctuaries devoted to
+public worship, but performed their devotions beneath the vast and
+boundless canopy of heaven, in the great temple of nature itself. Believing
+that their divinities throned above the clouds, pious worshippers naturally
+sought the highest available points, in order to place themselves in the
+closest communion possible with their gods; hence the summits of high
+mountains were selected for devotional purposes, and the more exalted the
+rank and importance of the divinity invoked, the more elevated was the site
+selected for his or her worship. But the inconvenience attending this mode
+of worship gradually suggested the idea of erecting edifices which would
+afford means of shelter from the inclemency of the weather.
+
+These structures were, in the first instance, of the most simple form, and
+without decoration; but when, with the progress of civilization, the Greeks
+became a {189} wealthy and powerful people, temples were built and adorned
+with the greatest splendour and magnificence, talent, labour, and wealth
+being lavished unsparingly on their erection and decoration; indeed so
+massively were they constructed, that some of them have, to a certain
+extent, withstood the ravages of time. The city of Athens especially
+contains numerous remains of these buildings of antiquity. On the Acropolis
+we may still behold, among other monuments of ancient art, the temple of
+Athene-Polias, and that of Theseus, the latter of which is the most entire
+ancient edifice in the world. In the island of Delos, also, are to be seen
+the ruins of the temples of Apollo and Artemis, both of which are in a
+wonderful state of preservation. These ruins are most valuable, being
+sufficiently complete to enable us to study, by their aid, the plan and
+character of the original structure.
+
+Among the Lacedæmonians, however, we find no vestiges of these stately
+temples, for they were specially enjoined by a law of Lycurgus to serve the
+gods with as little outlay as possible. When the great lawgiver was asked
+the reason of this injunction, he replied that the Lacedæmonians, being a
+poor nation, might otherwise abstain altogether from the observance of
+their religious duties, and wisely added that magnificent edifices and
+costly sacrifices were not so pleasing to the gods, as the true piety and
+unfeigned devotion of their worshippers.
+
+The most ancient temples known to us served a double purpose: they were not
+only consecrated to the service of the gods, but were at the same time
+venerable monuments in honour of the dead. Thus, for instance, the temple
+of Pallas-Athene, in the tower of the city of Larissa, served as the
+sepulchre of Acrisius, and the Acropolis at Athens received the ashes of
+Cecrops, founder of the city.
+
+A temple was frequently dedicated to two or more gods, and was always built
+after the manner considered most acceptable to the particular divinities to
+whom it was consecrated; for just as trees, birds, and animals of {190}
+every description were held to be sacred to certain deities, so almost
+every god had a form of building peculiar to himself, which was deemed more
+acceptable to him than any other. Thus the Doric style of architecture was
+sacred to Zeus, Ares, and Heracles; the Ionic to Apollo, Artemis, and
+Dionysus; and the Corinthian to Hestia.
+
+In the porch of the temple stood a vessel of stone or brass, containing
+holy water (which had been consecrated by putting into it a burning torch,
+taken from the altar), with which all those admitted to take part in the
+sacrifices were besprinkled. In the inmost recess of the sanctuary was the
+most holy place, into which none but the priests were suffered to enter.
+
+Temples in the country were usually surrounded with groves of trees. The
+solitude of these shady retreats naturally tended to inspire the worshipper
+with awe and reverence, added to which the delightful shade and coolness
+afforded by tall leafy trees is peculiarly grateful in hot countries.
+Indeed so general did this custom of building temples in groves become,
+that all places devoted to sacred purposes, even where no trees existed,
+were called groves. That this practice must be of very remote antiquity is
+proved by the Biblical injunction, having for its object the separation of
+the Jews from all idolatrous practices: "Thou shalt not plant thee a grove
+of trees near unto the altar of the Lord thy God."
+
+STATUES.
+
+The Greeks worshipped their gods without any visible representations of
+them until the time of Cecrops. The most ancient of these representations
+consisted of square blocks of stone, upon which the name of the deity
+intended to be represented was engraved. The first attempts at sculpture
+were rude stocks, with a head at one end and a shapeless trunk at the
+other, tapering slightly down to the feet, which, however, were not
+divided, the limbs being in no way defined. But the artists of later times
+devoted all their genius to the {191} successful production of the highest
+ideals of their gods, some of which are preserved to this day, and are
+regarded as examples of purest art.
+
+On a pedestal in the centre of the edifice stood the statue of the divinity
+to whom the temple was dedicated, surrounded by images of other gods, all
+of which were fenced off by rails.
+
+ALTARS.
+
+The altar in a Greek temple, which stood in the centre of the building and
+in front of the statue of the presiding deity, was generally of a circular
+form, and constructed of stone. It was customary to engrave upon it the
+name or distinguishing symbol of the divinity to whom it was dedicated; and
+it was held so sacred that if any malefactor fled to it his life was safe
+from his pursuers, and it was considered one of the greatest acts of
+sacrilege to force him from this asylum.
+
+The most ancient altars were adorned with horns, which in former times were
+emblems of power and dignity, as wealth, and consequently importance,
+consisted among most primitive nations in flocks and herds.
+
+In addition to those erected in places of public worship, altars were
+frequently raised in groves, on highways, or in the market-places of
+cities.
+
+The gods of the lower world had no altars whatever, ditches or trenches
+being dug for the reception of the blood of the sacrifices offered to them.
+
+PRIESTS.
+
+In ancient times the priests were recognized as a special social caste, and
+were distinguished not only by their sacerdotal vestments, but also by
+their piety, wisdom, and blameless life. They were the chosen mediators
+between gods and men, and offered prayers and sacrifices in the name of the
+people, whom they also instructed as to what vows, gifts, and offerings
+would be most acceptable to the gods.
+
+{192}
+
+Every deity had a different order of priests consecrated to his worship,
+and in every place a high-priest was appointed, whose duty it was to
+superintend the rest of his order, and also to carry out the more sacred
+rites and religious observances.
+
+Priests and priestesses were permitted to marry, but not a second time;
+some, however, voluntarily adopted a life of celibacy.
+
+SACRIFICES.
+
+There is no doubt that a feeling of gratitude to the gods for their
+protecting care, and the abundance with which they were believed to bless
+mankind, has induced men of all nations and in all countries to feel a
+desire to sacrifice to their divinities some portion of the gifts so
+generously lavished upon them.
+
+Among the Greeks, sacrifices were of various kinds. They consisted of
+_free-will offerings_, _propitiatory offerings_, &c.
+
+_Free-will offerings_ were grateful acknowledgments for benefits received,
+and usually consisted of the first-fruits of the field, or the finest of
+the flocks and herds, which were required to be without spot or blemish.
+
+_Propitiatory offerings_ were brought with the object of appeasing the
+anger of the gods.
+
+In addition to those above enumerated, sacrifices were made, either with a
+view of obtaining success in an enterprise about to be undertaken, or in
+fulfilment of a vow, or at the command of an oracle.
+
+Every sacrifice was accompanied by salt and also by a libation, which
+usually consisted of wine, the cup being always filled to the brim,
+indicating that the offering was made without stint. When sacrificing to
+the infernal gods the cup containing the libation was filled with blood.
+
+The animals offered to the Olympian divinities were white, whilst those to
+the gods of the lower world were black. When a man offered a special
+sacrifice for himself or his family it partook of the nature of his {193}
+occupation; thus a shepherd brought a sheep, a vine-grower his grapes, and
+so forth. But in the case of public sacrifices, the supposed individuality
+of the deity was always consulted. For instance, to Demeter a sow was
+offered, because that animal is apt to root up the seed-corn; to Dionysus a
+goat, on account of its being destructive to vineyards, &c.
+
+The value of offerings depended greatly upon the position of the
+individual; it being regarded as a contempt of the gods for a rich man to
+bring a sordid offering, whilst from a poor man the smallest oblation was
+considered acceptable.
+
+Hecatombs consisted of a hundred animals, and were offered by entire
+communities, or by wealthy individuals who either desired, or had obtained
+some special favour from the gods.
+
+When a sacrifice was to be offered, a fire was kindled on the altar, into
+which wine and frankincense were poured, in order to increase the flame. In
+very ancient times, the victim was laid upon the altar and burned whole;
+but after the time of Prometheus portions only of the shoulders, thighs,
+entrails, &c., were sacrificed, the remainder becoming the perquisites of
+the priests.
+
+The officiating priests wore a crown composed of the leaves of the tree
+sacred to the deity they invoked. Thus when sacrificing to Apollo the
+crowns were of laurel; when to Heracles, of poplar. This practice of
+wearing crowns was, at a later period, adopted by the general public at
+banquets and other festivities.
+
+On occasions of special solemnity the horns of the victim were overlaid
+with gold, and the altars decked with flowers and sacred herbs.
+
+The mode of conducting the sacrifices was as follows:--All things being
+prepared, a salt cake, the sacrificial knife, and the crowns, were placed
+in a small basket, and carried to the sanctuary by a young maiden,
+whereupon the victim was conducted into the temple, frequently to the
+accompaniment of music. If a small animal, it was driven loose to the
+altar; if a large one, it was led by a {194} long trailing rope, in order
+to indicate that it was not an unwilling sacrifice.
+
+When all were assembled, the priest, after walking in solemn state round
+the altar, besprinkled it with a mixture of meal and holy water, after
+which he also besprinkled the assembled worshippers, and exhorted them to
+join with him in prayer. The service being ended, the priest first tasted
+the libation, and after causing the congregation to do the like, poured the
+remainder between the horns of the victim, after which frankincense was
+strewn upon the altar, and a portion of the meal and water poured upon the
+animal, which was then killed. If by any chance the victim escaped the
+stroke, or became in any way restless, it was regarded as an evil omen; if,
+on the contrary, it expired without a struggle, it was considered
+auspicious.
+
+At the sacrifices to the aërial divinities music was added, whilst dances
+were performed round the altar, and sacred hymns sung. These hymns were
+generally composed in honour of the gods, and contained an account of their
+famous actions, their clemency and beneficence, and the gifts conferred by
+them on mankind. In conclusion, the gods were invoked for a continuance of
+their favour, and when the service was ended a feast was held.
+
+ORACLES.
+
+The desire to penetrate the dark veil of futurity, and thereby to avert, if
+possible, threatened danger, has animated mankind in all ages of the world.
+Prophetic knowledge was sought by the Greeks at the mouth of oracles, whose
+predictions were interpreted to the people by priests, specially appointed
+for the purpose.
+
+The most famous of these institutions was the oracle of Apollo at Delphi,
+which was held in general repute all over the world. People flocked from
+far and near to consult this wonderful mouth-piece of the gods, one month
+in the year being specially set apart for the purpose.
+
+{195}
+
+The priestess who delivered the oracles was called the Pythia, after the
+serpent Python, which was killed by Apollo. Having first bathed in the
+waters of the Castalian spring, she was conducted into the temple by the
+priests, and was seated on a sort of three-legged stool or table, called a
+tripod, which was placed over the mouth of a cave whence issued sulphurous
+vapours. Here she gradually became affected in a remarkable manner, and
+fell into an ecstatic condition, in which she uttered wild and
+extraordinary phrases, which were held to be the utterance of Apollo
+himself; these the priests interpreted to the people, but in most cases in
+so ambiguous a manner that the fulfilment of the prediction could not
+easily be disputed. During the ceremony, clouds of incense filled the
+temple, and hid the priestess from the view of the uninitiated, and at its
+conclusion she was reconducted, in a fainting condition, to her cell.
+
+The following is a striking instance of the ambiguity of oracular
+predictions:--Croesus, the rich king of Lydia, before going to war with
+Cyrus, king of Persia, consulted an oracle as to the probable success of
+the expedition. The reply he received was, that if he crossed a certain
+river he would destroy a great empire. Interpreting the response as being
+favourable to his design, Croesus crossed the river, and encountered the
+Persian king, by whom he was entirely defeated; and his own empire being
+destroyed, the prediction of the oracle was said to have been fulfilled.
+
+SOOTHSAYERS (AUGURS).
+
+In addition to the manifestation of the will of the gods by means of
+oracles, the Greeks also believed that certain men, called soothsayers,
+were gifted with the power of foretelling future events from dreams, from
+observing the flight of birds, the entrails of sacrificed animals, and even
+the direction of the flames and smoke from the altar, &c. {196}
+
+AUGURS.
+
+The Roman soothsayers were called augurs, and played an important part in
+the history of the Romans, as no enterprise was ever undertaken without
+first consulting them with regard to its ultimate success.
+
+FESTIVALS.
+
+Festivals were instituted as seasons of rest, rejoicing, and thanksgiving,
+and also as anniversaries to commemorate events of national importance. The
+most ancient festivals were those held after the ingathering of the harvest
+or vintage, and were celebrated with rejoicings and merry-makings, which
+lasted many days, during which time the first-fruits of the fields were
+offered to the gods, accompanied by prayers and thanksgiving.
+
+The festivals held in cities in honour of special divinities, or in
+commemoration of particular events, were conducted with an elaborate
+ceremonial. Gorgeous processions, games, chariot races, &c., were
+conspicuous features on these occasions, and dramatic performances,
+representing particular episodes in the lives of the gods and heroes,
+frequently took place.
+
+We subjoin a few of the most interesting of the Greek and Roman festivals.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GREEK FESTIVALS.
+
+ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES.
+
+One of the most ancient and important among the festivals observed by the
+Greeks was that of the Eleusinian Mysteries, which was celebrated in honour
+of Demeter and Persephone. The name was derived from Eleusis, a town in
+Attica, where the Mysteries were first introduced by the goddess herself.
+They were divided into the {197} Greater and Lesser Mysteries, and,
+according to the general account, were held every five years. The Greater,
+which were celebrated in honour of Demeter, and lasted nine days, were held
+in autumn; the Lesser, dedicated to Persephone (who at these festivals was
+affectionately called Cora, or the maiden), were held in spring.
+
+It is supposed that the secrets taught to the initiated by the priests--the
+expounders of the Mysteries--were moral meanings, elucidated from the myths
+concerning Demeter and Persephone; but the most important belief inculcated
+was the doctrine of the immortality of the soul. That the lessons taught
+were of the highest moral character is universally admitted. "The souls of
+those who participated in them were filled with the sweetest hopes both as
+to this and the future world;" and it was a common saying among the
+Athenians: "In the Mysteries no one is sad."
+
+The initiation into these solemn rites (which was originally the exclusive
+privilege of the Athenians) was accompanied with awe-inspiring ceremonies;
+and secrecy was so strictly enjoined that its violation was punished by
+death. At the conclusion of the initiation great rejoicings took place,
+chariot-races, wrestling matches, &c., were held, and solemn sacrifices
+offered.
+
+The initiation into the Lesser Mysteries served as a preparation for the
+Greater.
+
+THESMOPHORIA.
+
+The Thesmophoria was another festival held in honour of Demeter, in her
+character as presiding over marriage and social institutions resulting from
+the spread of agriculture.
+
+This festival was celebrated exclusively by women.
+
+DIONYSIA.
+
+A joyous spring festival was held in honour of Dionysus, in the month of
+March, and lasted several days.
+
+{198}
+
+This festival, which was called the Greater Dionysia, was celebrated with
+particular splendour at Athens, when strangers flocked from all parts of
+the world to take part in the ceremonies. The city was gaily decorated, the
+houses were garlanded with ivy-leaves, crowds perambulated the streets,
+everything wore its holiday garb, and wine was freely indulged in.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In the processions which took place during these festivities, the statue of
+Dionysus was carried, and men and women, crowned with ivy and bearing the
+thyrsus, were dressed in every description of grotesque costume, and played
+on drums, pipes, flutes, cymbals, &c. Some representing Silenus rode on
+asses, others wearing fawn-skins appeared as Pan or the Satyrs, and the
+whole multitude sang pæans in honour of the wine-god. Public shows, games,
+and sports took place, and the entire city was full of revelry.
+
+What lent additional interest to these festivals was the custom of
+introducing new comedies and tragedies to the public, representations of
+which were given, and prizes awarded to those which elicited the greatest
+admiration.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The Lesser Dionysia were vintage festivals, celebrated in rural districts
+in the month of November, and were characterized by drinking, feasting, and
+joviality of all kinds.
+
+In connection with some of the festivals in honour of Dionysus were certain
+mystic observances, into which only women, called Menades or Bacchantes,
+were initiated. Clad in fawn-skins, they assembled by night on the mountain
+sides, {199} some carrying blazing torches, others thyrsi, and all animated
+with religious enthusiasm and frenzy. They shouted, clapped their hands,
+danced wildly, and worked themselves up to such a pitch of excitement and
+fury that in their mad frenzy they tore in pieces the animal brought as a
+sacrifice to Dionysus.
+
+Under the name of Bacchanalia, these mystic rites were introduced into
+Rome, where men also were allowed to participate in them; but they were
+attended with such frightful excesses that the state authorities at length
+interfered and prohibited them.
+
+PANATHENÆA.
+
+The Panathenæa was a famous festival celebrated in Athens in honour of
+Athene-Polias, the guardian of the state. There were two festivals of this
+name, the Lesser and the Greater Panathenæa. The former was held annually,
+and the latter, which lasted several days, was celebrated every fourth
+year.
+
+For the Greater Panathenæa a garment, embroidered with gold, called the
+Peplus, was specially woven by Athenian maidens, on which was represented
+the victory gained by Athene over the Giants. This garment was suspended to
+the mast of a ship which stood outside the city; and during the festival,
+which was characterized by a grand procession, the ship (with the Peplus on
+its mast) was impelled forward by means of invisible machinery, and formed
+the most conspicuous feature of the pageant. The whole population, bearing
+olive branches in their hands, took part in the procession; and amidst
+music and rejoicings this imposing pageant wended its way to the temple of
+Athene-Polias, where the Peplus was deposited on the statue of the goddess.
+
+At this festival, Homer's poems were declaimed aloud, and poets also
+introduced their own works to the public. Musical contests, foot and horse
+races, and wrestling matches were held, and dances were performed by boys
+in armour.
+
+{200}
+
+Men who had deserved well of their country were presented at the festival
+with a crown of gold, and the name of the person so distinguished was
+announced publicly by a herald.
+
+The victors in the races and athletic games received, as a prize, a vase of
+oil, supposed to have been extracted from the fruit of the sacred
+olive-tree of Athene.
+
+DAPHNEPHORIA.
+
+The Daphnephoria was celebrated at Thebes in honour of Apollo every ninth
+year.
+
+The distinguishing feature of this festival was a procession to the temple
+of Apollo, in which a young priest (the Daphnephorus) of noble descent,
+splendidly attired and wearing a crown of gold, was preceded by a youth,
+carrying an emblematical representation of the sun, moon, stars, and days
+of the year, and followed by beautiful maidens bearing laurel branches, and
+singing hymns in honour of the god.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ROMAN FESTIVALS.
+
+SATURNALIA.
+
+The Saturnalia, a national festival held in December in honour of Saturn,
+was celebrated after the ingathering of the harvest, and lasted several
+days.
+
+It was a time of universal rejoicing, cessation from labour, and
+merry-making. School children had holidays, friends sent presents to each
+other, the law-courts were closed, and no business was transacted.
+
+Crowds of people from the surrounding country flocked to Rome for this
+festival attired in every variety of masquerade dress; practical jokes were
+given and received with the utmost good humour, shouts of exultation filled
+{201} the air, all classes abandoned themselves to enjoyment, and
+unrestrained hilarity reigned supreme. Social distinctions were for a time
+suspended, or even reversed; and so heartily was the spirit of this
+festival entered into, that masters waited upon their slaves at banquets
+which they provided for them; the slaves being dressed upon these occasions
+in the garments of their masters.
+
+There appears little doubt that the modern Carnival is a survival of the
+ancient Saturnalia.
+
+CEREALIA.
+
+This festival was celebrated in honour of Ceres. It was solemnized
+exclusively by women, who, dressed in white garments, wandered about with
+torches in their hands, to represent the search of the goddess for her
+daughter Proserpine.
+
+During this festival, games were celebrated in the Circus Maximus, to which
+none were admitted unless clothed in white.
+
+VESTALIA.
+
+The Vestalia was a festival held in honour of Vesta on the 9th of June, and
+was celebrated exclusively by women, who walked barefooted in procession to
+the temple of the goddess.
+
+The priestesses of Vesta, called Vestales or Vestal Virgins, played a
+conspicuous part in these festivals. They were six in number, and were
+chosen--between the ages of six and ten--from the noblest families in Rome.
+Their term of office was thirty years. During the first ten years, they
+were initiated in their religious duties, during the second ten they
+performed them, and during the third they instructed novices. Their chief
+duty was to watch and feed the ever-burning flame on the altar of Vesta,
+the extinction of which was regarded as a national calamity of ominous
+import.
+
+{202}
+
+Great honours and privileges were accorded to them; the best seats were
+reserved for their use at all public spectacles, and even the consuls and
+prætors made way for them to pass. If they met a criminal on his way to
+execution they had the power to pardon him, provided it could be proved
+that the meeting was accidental.
+
+The Vestales were vowed to chastity, a violation of which was visited by
+the frightful punishment of being buried alive.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{203}
+
+PART II.--LEGENDS.
+
+CADMUS.
+
+The following is the legendary account of the founding of Thebes:--
+
+After the abduction of his daughter Europa by Zeus, Agenor, king of
+Phoenicia, unable to reconcile himself to her loss, despatched his son
+Cadmus in search of her, desiring him not to return without his sister.
+
+For many years Cadmus pursued his search through various countries, but
+without success. Not daring to return home without her, he consulted the
+oracle of Apollo at Delphi; and the reply was that he must desist from his
+task, and take upon himself a new duty, _i.e._ that of founding a city, the
+site of which would be indicated to him by a heifer which had never borne
+the yoke, and which would lie down on the spot whereon the city was to be
+built.
+
+Scarcely had Cadmus left the sacred fane, when he observed a heifer who
+bore no marks of servitude on her neck, walking slowly in front of him. He
+followed the animal for a considerable distance, until at length, on the
+site where Thebes afterwards stood, she looked towards heaven and, gently
+lowing, lay down in the long grass. Grateful for this mark of divine
+favour, Cadmus resolved to offer up the animal as a sacrifice, and
+accordingly sent his followers to fetch water for the libation from a
+neighbouring spring. This spring, which was sacred to Ares, was situated in
+a wood, and guarded by a fierce dragon, who, at the approach of the
+retainers of Cadmus, suddenly pounced upon them and killed them.
+
+After waiting some time for the return of his servants {204} Cadmus grew
+impatient, and hastily arming himself with his lance and spear, set out to
+seek them. On reaching the spot, the mangled remains of his unfortunate
+followers met his view, and near them he beheld the frightful monster,
+dripping with the blood of his victims. Seizing a huge rock, the hero
+hurled it with all his might upon the dragon; but protected by his tough
+black skin and steely scales as by a coat of mail, he remained unhurt.
+Cadmus now tried his lance, and with more success, for it pierced the side
+of the beast, who, furious with pain, sprang at his adversary, when Cadmus,
+leaping aside, succeeded in fixing the point of his spear within his jaws,
+which final stroke put an end to the encounter.
+
+While Cadmus stood surveying his vanquished foe Pallas-Athene appeared to
+him, and commanded him to sow the teeth of the dead dragon in the ground.
+He obeyed; and out of the furrows there arose a band of armed men, who at
+once commenced to fight with each other, until all except five were killed.
+These last surviving warriors made peace with each other, and it was with
+their assistance that Cadmus now built the famous city of Thebes. In later
+times the noblest Theban families proudly claimed their descent from these
+mighty earth-born warriors.
+
+Ares was furious with rage when he discovered that Cadmus had slain his
+dragon, and would have killed him had not Zeus interfered, and induced him
+to mitigate his punishment to that of servitude for the term of eight
+years. At the end of that time the god of war became reconciled to Cadmus,
+and, in token of his forgiveness, bestowed upon him the hand of his
+daughter Harmonia in marriage. Their nuptials were almost as celebrated as
+those of Peleus and Thetis. All the gods honoured them with their presence,
+and offered rich gifts and congratulations. Cadmus himself presented his
+lovely bride with a splendid necklace fashioned by Hephæstus, which,
+however, after the death of Harmonia, always proved fatal to its possessor.
+
+The children of Cadmus and Harmonia were one son, {205} Polydorus, and four
+daughters, Autonoe, Ino, Semele, and Agave.
+
+For many years the founder of Thebes reigned happily, but at length a
+conspiracy was formed against him, and he was deprived of his throne by his
+grandson Pentheus. Accompanied by his faithful wife Harmonia, he retired
+into Illyria, and after death they were both changed by Zeus into serpents,
+and transferred to Elysium.
+
+PERSEUS.
+
+Perseus, one of the most renowned of the legendary heroes of antiquity, was
+the son of Zeus and Danaë, daughter of Acrisius, king of Argos.
+
+An oracle having foretold to Acrisius that a son of Danaë would be the
+cause of his death, he imprisoned her in a tower of brass in order to keep
+her secluded from the world. Zeus, however, descended through the roof of
+the tower in the form of a shower of gold, and the lovely Danaë became his
+bride.
+
+For four years Acrisius remained in ignorance of this union, but one
+evening as he chanced to pass by the brazen chamber, he heard the cry of a
+young child proceeding from within, which led to the discovery of his
+daughter's marriage with Zeus. Enraged at finding all his precautions
+unavailing, Acrisius commanded the mother and child to be placed in a chest
+and thrown into the sea.
+
+But it was not the will of Zeus that they should perish. He directed
+Poseidon to calm the troubled waters, and caused the chest to float safely
+to the island of Seriphus. Dictys, brother of Polydectes, king of the
+island, was fishing on the sea-shore when he saw the chest stranded on the
+beach; and pitying the helpless condition of its unhappy occupants, he
+conducted them to the palace of the king, where they were treated with the
+greatest kindness.
+
+Polydectes eventually became united to Danaë, and {206} bestowed upon
+Perseus an education befitting a hero. When he saw his stepson develop into
+a noble and manly youth he endeavoured to instil into his mind a desire to
+signalize himself by the achievement of some great and heroic deed, and
+after mature deliberation it was decided that the slaying of the Gorgon,
+Medusa, would bring him the greatest renown.
+
+For the successful accomplishment of his object it was necessary for him to
+be provided with a pair of winged sandals, a magic wallet, and the helmet
+of Aïdes, which rendered the wearer invisible, all of which were in the
+keeping of the Nymphs, the place of whose abode was known only to the Grææ.
+Perseus started on his expedition, and, guided by Hermes and Pallas-Athene,
+arrived, after a long journey, in the far-off region, on the borders of
+Oceanus, where dwelt the Grææ, daughters of Phorcys and Ceto. He at once
+applied to them for the necessary information, and on their refusing to
+grant it he deprived them of their single eye and tooth, which he only
+restored to them when they gave him full directions with regard to his
+route. He then proceeded to the abode of the Nymphs, from whom he obtained
+the objects indispensable for his purpose.
+
+Equipped with the magic helmet and wallet, and armed with a sickle, the
+gift of Hermes, he attached to his feet the winged sandals, and flew to the
+abode of the Gorgons, whom he found fast asleep. Now as Perseus had been
+warned by his celestial guides that whoever looked upon these weird sisters
+would be transformed into stone, he stood with averted face before the
+sleepers, and caught on his bright metal shield their triple image. Then,
+guided by Pallas-Athene, he cut off the head of the Medusa, which he placed
+in his wallet. No sooner had he done so than from the headless trunk there
+sprang forth the winged steed Pegasus, and Chrysaor, the father of the
+winged giant Geryon. He now hastened to elude the pursuit of the two
+surviving sisters, who, aroused from their slumbers, eagerly rushed to
+avenge the death of their sister.
+
+{207}
+
+His invisible helmet and winged sandals here stood him in good stead; for
+the former concealed him from the view of the Gorgons, whilst the latter
+bore him swiftly over land and sea, far beyond the reach of pursuit. In
+passing over the burning plains of Libya the drops of blood from the head
+of the Medusa oozed through the wallet, and falling on the hot sands below
+produced a brood of many-coloured snakes, which spread all over the
+country.
+
+Perseus continued his flight until he reached the kingdom of Atlas, of whom
+he begged rest and shelter. But as this king possessed a valuable orchard,
+in which every tree bore golden fruit, he was fearful lest the slayer of
+the Medusa might destroy the dragon which guarded it, and then rob him of
+his treasures. He therefore refused to grant the hospitality which the hero
+demanded, whereupon Perseus, exasperated at the churlish repulse, produced
+from his wallet the head of the Medusa, and holding it towards the king,
+transformed him into a stony mountain. Beard and hair erected themselves
+into forests; shoulders, hands, and limbs became huge rocks, and the head
+grew up into a craggy peak which reached into the clouds.
+
+Perseus then resumed his travels. His winged sandals bore him over deserts
+and mountains, until he arrived at Æthiopia, the kingdom of King Cepheus.
+Here he found the country inundated with disastrous floods, towns and
+villages destroyed, and everywhere signs of desolation and ruin. On a
+projecting cliff close to the shore he beheld a lovely maiden chained to a
+rock. This was Andromeda, the king's daughter. Her mother Cassiopea, having
+boasted that her beauty surpassed that of the Nereides, the angry
+sea-nymphs appealed to Poseidon to avenge their wrongs, whereupon the
+sea-god devastated the country with a terrible inundation, which brought
+with it a huge monster who devoured all that came in his way.
+
+In their distress the unfortunate Æthiopians applied to the oracle of
+Jupiter-Ammon, in the Libyan desert, {208} and obtained the response, that
+only by the sacrifice of the king's daughter to the monster could the
+country and people be saved.
+
+Cepheus, who was tenderly attached to his child, at first refused to listen
+to this dreadful proposal; but overcome at length by the prayers and
+solicitations of his unhappy subjects, the heart-broken father gave up his
+child for the welfare of his country. Andromeda was accordingly chained to
+a rock on the sea-shore to serve as a prey to the monster, whilst her
+unhappy parents bewailed her sad fate on the beach below.
+
+On being informed of the meaning of this tragic scene, Perseus proposed to
+Cepheus to slay the dragon, on condition that the lovely victim should
+become his bride. Overjoyed at the prospect of Andromeda's release, the
+king gladly acceded to the stipulation, and Perseus hastened to the rock,
+to breathe words of hope and comfort to the trembling maiden. Then assuming
+once more the helmet of Aïdes, he mounted into the air, and awaited the
+approach of the monster.
+
+Presently the sea opened, and the shark's head of the gigantic beast of the
+deep raised itself above the waves. Lashing his tail furiously from side to
+side, he leaped forward to seize his victim; but the gallant hero, watching
+his opportunity, suddenly darted down, and producing the head of the Medusa
+from his wallet, held it before the eyes of the dragon, whose hideous body
+became gradually transformed into a huge black rock, which remained for
+ever a silent witness of the miraculous deliverance of Andromeda. Perseus
+then led the maiden to her now happy parents, who, anxious to evince their
+gratitude to her deliverer ordered immediate preparations to be made for
+the nuptial feast. But the young hero was not to bear away his lovely bride
+uncontested; for in the midst of the banquet, Phineus, the king's brother,
+to whom Andromeda had previously been betrothed, returned to claim his
+bride. Followed by a band of armed warriors he forced his way into the
+hall, and a desperate encounter took place between the rivals, {209} which
+might have terminated fatally for Perseus, had he not suddenly bethought
+himself of the Medusa's head. Calling to his friends to avert their faces,
+he drew it from his wallet, and held it before Phineus and his formidable
+body-guard, whereupon they all stiffened into stone.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Perseus now took leave of the Æthiopian king, and, accompanied by his
+beautiful bride, returned to Seriphus, where a joyful meeting took place
+between Danaë and her son. He then sent a messenger to his grandfather,
+informing him that he intended returning to Argos; but Acrisius, fearing
+the fulfilment of the oracular prediction, fled for protection to his
+friend Teutemias, king of Larissa. Anxious to induce the aged monarch to
+return to Argos, Perseus followed him thither. But here a strange fatality
+occurred. Whilst taking part in some funereal games, celebrated in honour
+of the king's father, Perseus, by an unfortunate throw of the discus,
+accidentally struck his grandfather, and thereby was the innocent cause of
+his death.
+
+After celebrating the funereal rites of Acrisius with due solemnity,
+Perseus returned to Argos; but feeling loath to occupy the throne of one
+whose death he had caused, he exchanged kingdoms with Megapenthes, king of
+Tiryns, and in course of time founded the cities of Mycenæ and Midea.
+
+The head of the Medusa he presented to his divine patroness, Pallas-Athene,
+who placed it in the centre of her shield.
+
+Many great heroes were descended from Perseus and Andromeda, foremost among
+whom was Heracles, whose mother, Alcmene, was their granddaughter.
+
+Heroic honours were paid to Perseus, not only {210} throughout Argos, but
+also at Athens and in the island of Seriphus.
+
+ION.
+
+Ion was the son of Crëusa (the beauteous daughter of Erechtheus, king of
+Athens) and the sun-god Phoebus-Apollo, to whom she was united without the
+knowledge of her father.
+
+Fearing the anger of Erechtheus, Crëusa placed her new-born babe in a
+little wicker basket, and hanging some golden charms round his neck,
+invoked for him the protection of the gods, and concealed him in a lonely
+cave. Apollo, pitying his deserted child, sent Hermes to convey him to
+Delphi, where he deposited his charge on the steps of the temple. Next
+morning the Delphic priestess discovered the infant, and was so charmed by
+his engaging appearance that she adopted him as her own son. The young
+child was carefully tended and reared by his kind foster-mother, and was
+brought up in the service of the temple, where he was intrusted with some
+of the minor duties of the holy edifice.
+
+And now to return to Crëusa. During a war with the Euboeans, in which the
+latter were signally defeated, Xuthus, son of Æolus, greatly distinguished
+himself on the side of the Athenians, and as a reward for his valuable
+services, the hand of Crëusa, the king's daughter, was bestowed upon him in
+marriage. Their union, however, was not blest with children, and as this
+was a source of great grief to both of them, they repaired to Delphi in
+order to consult the oracle. The response was, that Xuthus should regard
+the first person who met him on leaving the sanctuary as his son. Now it
+happened that Ion, the young guardian of the temple, was the first to greet
+his view, and when Xuthus beheld the beautiful youth, he gladly welcomed
+him as his son, declaring that the gods had sent him to be a blessing and
+comfort to his old age. Crëusa, however, who concluded that the youth was
+the offspring of a secret marriage on the part of her husband, was filled
+with suspicion and jealousy; {211} when an old servant, observing her
+grief, begged her to be comforted, assuring her that the cause of her
+distress should be speedily removed.
+
+When, upon the occasion of the public adoption of his son, Xuthus gave a
+grand banquet, the old servant of Crëusa contrived to mix a strong poison
+in the wine of the unsuspecting Ion. But the youth--according to the pious
+custom of the ancients, of offering a libation to the gods before partaking
+of any repast--poured upon the ground a portion of the wine before putting
+it to his lips, when suddenly, as if by a miracle, a dove flew into the
+banquet-hall, and sipped of the wine of the libation; whereupon the poor
+little creature began to quiver in every limb, and in a few moments
+expired.
+
+Ion's suspicions at once fell upon the obsequious servant of Crëusa, who
+with such officious attention had filled his cup. He violently seized the
+old man, and accused him of his murderous intentions. Unprepared for this
+sudden attack he admitted his guilt, but pointed to the wife of Xuthus as
+the instigator of the crime. Ion was about to avenge himself upon Crëusa,
+when, by means of the divine intervention of Apollo, his foster-mother, the
+Delphic priestess appeared on the scene, and explained the true
+relationship which existed between Crëusa and Ion. In order to set all
+doubts at rest, she produced the charms which she had found round the neck
+of the infant, and also the wicker basket in which he had been conveyed to
+Delphi.
+
+Mother and son now became reconciled to each other, and Crëusa revealed to
+Ion the secret of his divine origin. The priestess of Delphi foretold that
+he would become the father of a great nation, called after him the Ionians,
+and also that Xuthus and Crëusa would have a son called Dorus, who would be
+the progenitor of the Dorian people, both of which predictions were in due
+time verified.
+
+DÆDALUS and ICARUS.
+
+Dædalus, a descendant of Erechtheus, was an Athenian architect, sculptor,
+and mechanician. He was the first {212} to introduce the art of sculpture
+in its higher development, for before his time statues were merely rude
+representations, having the limbs altogether undefined.
+
+But great as was his genius, still greater was his vanity, and he could
+brook no rival. Now his nephew and pupil, Talus, exhibited great talent,
+having invented both the saw and the compass, and Dædalus, fearing lest he
+might overshadow his own fame, secretly killed him by throwing him down
+from the citadel of Pallas-Athene. The murder being discovered, Dædalus was
+summoned before the court of the Areopagus and condemned to death; but he
+made his escape to the island of Crete, where he was received by king Minos
+in a manner worthy of his great reputation.
+
+Dædalus constructed for the king the world-renowned labyrinth, which was an
+immense building, full of intricate passages, intersecting each other in
+such a manner, that even Dædalus himself is said, upon one occasion, to
+have nearly lost his way in it; and it was in this building the king placed
+the Minotaur, a monster with the head and shoulders of a bull and the body
+of a man.
+
+In the course of time the great artist became weary of his long exile, more
+especially as the king, under the guise of friendship, kept him almost a
+prisoner. He therefore resolved to make his escape, and for this purpose
+ingeniously contrived wings for himself and his young son Icarus, whom he
+diligently trained how to use them. Having awaited a favourable
+opportunity, father and son commenced their flight, and were well on their
+way when Icarus, pleased with the novel sensation, forgot altogether his
+father's oft-repeated injunction not to approach too near the sun. The
+consequence was that the wax, by means of which his wings were attached,
+melted, and he fell into the sea and was drowned. The body of the
+unfortunate Icarus was washed up by the tide, and was buried by the
+bereaved father on an island which he called after his son, Icaria.
+
+After this sad event, Dædalus winged his flight to the island of Sicily,
+where he met with a kind welcome from {213} king Cocalus, for whom he
+constructed several important public works. But no sooner did Minos receive
+the intelligence that his great architect had found an asylum with Cocalus
+than he sailed over to Sicily with a large army, and sent messengers to the
+Sicilian king demanding the surrender of his guest. Cocalus feigned
+compliance and invited Minos to his palace, where he was treacherously put
+to death in a warm bath. The body of their king was brought to Agrigent by
+the Cretans, where it was buried with great pomp, and over his tomb a
+temple to Aphrodite was erected.
+
+Dædalus passed the remainder of his life tranquilly in the island of
+Sicily, where he occupied himself in the construction of various beautiful
+works of art.
+
+THE ARGONAUTS.
+
+Aeson, king of Iolcus, was forced to fly from his dominions, which had been
+usurped by his younger brother, Pelias, and with difficulty succeeded in
+saving the life of his young son, Jason, who was at that time only ten
+years of age. He intrusted him to the care of the Centaur Chiron, by whom
+he was carefully trained in company with other noble youths, who, like
+himself, afterwards signalized themselves by their bravery and heroic
+exploits. For ten years Jason remained in the cave of the Centaur, by whom
+he was instructed in all useful and warlike arts. But as he approached
+manhood he became filled with an unconquerable desire to regain his
+paternal inheritance. He therefore took leave of his kind friend and
+preceptor, and set out for Iolcus to demand from his uncle Pelias the
+kingdom which he had so unjustly usurped.
+
+In the course of his journey he came to a broad and foaming river, on the
+banks of which he perceived an old woman, who implored him to help her
+across. At first he hesitated, knowing that even alone he would find some
+difficulty in stemming the fierce torrent; but, {214} pitying her forlorn
+condition, he raised her in his arms, and succeeded, with a great effort,
+in reaching the opposite shore. But as soon as her feet had touched the
+earth she became transformed into a beautiful woman, who, looking kindly at
+the bewildered youth, informed him that she was the goddess Hera, and that
+she would henceforth guide and protect him throughout his career. She then
+disappeared, and, full of hope and courage at this divine manifestation,
+Jason pursued his journey. He now perceived that in crossing the river he
+had lost one of his sandals, but as it could not be recovered he was
+obliged to proceed without it.
+
+On his arrival at Iolcus he found his uncle in the market-place, offering
+up a public sacrifice to Poseidon. When the king had concluded his
+offering, his eye fell upon the distinguished stranger, whose manly beauty
+and heroic bearing had already attracted the attention of his people.
+Observing that one foot was unshod, he was reminded of an oracular
+prediction which foretold to him the loss of his kingdom by a man wearing
+only one sandal. He, however, disguised his fears, conversed kindly with
+the youth, and drew from him his name and errand. Then pretending to be
+highly pleased with his nephew, Pelias entertained him sumptuously for five
+days, during which time all was festivity and rejoicing. On the sixth,
+Jason appeared before his uncle, and with manly firmness demanded from him
+the throne and kingdom which were his by right. Pelias, dissembling his
+true feelings, smilingly consented to grant his request, provided that, in
+return, Jason would undertake an expedition for him, which his advanced age
+prevented him from accomplishing himself. He informed his nephew that the
+shade of Phryxus had appeared to him in his dreams, and entreated him to
+bring back from Colchis his mortal remains and the Golden Fleece; and added
+that if Jason succeeded in obtaining for him these sacred relics, throne,
+kingdom, and sceptre should be his.
+
+{215}
+
+STORY OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE.
+
+Athamas, king of Boeotia, had married Nephele, a cloud-nymph, and their
+children were Helle and Phryxus. The restless and wandering nature of
+Nephele, however, soon wearied her husband, who, being a mortal, had little
+sympathy with his ethereal consort; so he divorced her, and married the
+beautiful but wicked Ino (sister of Semele), who hated her step-children,
+and even planned their destruction. But the watchful Nephele contrived to
+circumvent her cruel designs, and succeeded in getting the children out of
+the palace. She then placed them both on the back of a winged ram, with a
+fleece of pure gold, which had been given to her by Hermes; and on this
+wonderful animal brother and sister rode through the air over land and sea;
+but on the way Helle, becoming seized with giddiness, fell into the sea
+(called after her the Hellespont) and was drowned.
+
+Phryxus arrived safely at Colchis, where he was hospitably received by king
+Aëtes, who gave him one of his daughters in marriage. In gratitude to Zeus
+for the protection accorded him during his flight, Phryxus sacrificed to
+him the golden ram, whilst the fleece he presented to Aëtes, who nailed it
+up in the Grove of Ares, and dedicated it to the god of War. An oracle
+having declared that the life of Aëtes depended on the safe-keeping of the
+fleece, he carefully guarded the entrance to the grove by placing before it
+an immense dragon, which never slept.
+
+BUILDING AND LAUNCH OF THE ARGO.--We will now return to Jason, who eagerly
+undertook the perilous expedition proposed to him by his uncle, who, well
+aware of the dangers attending such an enterprise, hoped by this means to
+rid himself for ever of the unwelcome intruder.
+
+Jason accordingly began to arrange his plans without delay, and invited the
+young heroes whose friendship he {216} had formed whilst under the care of
+Chiron, to join him in the perilous expedition. None refused the
+invitation, all feeling honoured at being allowed the privilege of taking
+part in so noble and heroic an undertaking.
+
+Jason now applied to Argos, one of the cleverest ship-builders of his time,
+who, under the guidance of Pallas-Athene, built for him a splendid
+fifty-oared galley, which was called the Argo, after the builder. In the
+upper deck of the vessel the goddess had imbedded a board from the speaking
+oak of the oracle of Zeus at Dodona, which ever retained its powers of
+prophecy. The exterior of the ship was ornamented with magnificent
+carvings, and the whole vessel was so strongly built that it defied the
+power of the winds and waves, and was, nevertheless, so light that the
+heroes, when necessary, were able to carry it on their shoulders. When the
+vessel was completed, the Argonauts (so called after their ship) assembled,
+and their places were distributed by lot.
+
+Jason was appointed commander-in-chief of the expedition, Tiphys acted as
+steersman, Lynceus as pilot. In the bow of the vessel sat the renowned hero
+Heracles; in the stern, Peleus (father of Achilles) and Telamon (the father
+of Ajax the Great). In the inner space were Castor and Pollux, Neleus (the
+father of Nestor), Admetus (the husband of Alcestes), Meleager (the slayer
+of the Calydonian boar), Orpheus (the renowned singer), Menoctius (the
+father of Patroclus), Theseus (afterwards king of Athens) and his friend
+Pirithöus (the son of Ixion), Hylas (the adopted son of Heracles), Euphemus
+(the son of Poseidon), Oileus (father of Ajax the Lesser), Zetes and Calais
+(the winged sons of Boreas), Idmon the Seer (the son of Apollo), Mopsus
+(the Thessalian prophet), &c. &c.
+
+Before their departure Jason offered a solemn sacrifice to Poseidon and all
+the other sea-deities; he also invoked the protection of Zeus and the
+Fates, and then, Mopsus having taken the auguries, and found them
+auspicious, the heroes stepped on board. And now a favourable breeze having
+sprung up, they take their allotted places, {217} the anchor is weighed,
+and the ship glides like a bird out of the harbour into the waters of the
+great sea.
+
+ARRIVAL AT LEMNOS.--The Argo, with her brave crew of fifty heroes, was soon
+out of sight, and the sea-breeze only wafted to the shore a faint echo of
+the sweet strains of Orpheus.
+
+For a time all went smoothly, but the vessel was soon driven, by stress of
+weather, to take refuge in a harbour in the island of Lemnos. This island
+was inhabited by women only, who, the year before, in a fit of mad
+jealousy, had killed all the male population of the island, with the
+exception of the father of their queen, Hypsipyle. As the protection of
+their island now devolved upon themselves they were always on the look-out
+for danger. When, therefore, they sighted the Argo from afar they armed
+themselves and rushed to the shore, determined to repel any invasion of
+their territory.
+
+On arriving in port the Argonauts, astonished at beholding an armed crowd
+of women, despatched a herald in one of their boats, bearing the staff of
+peace and friendship. Hypsipyle, the queen, proposed that food and presents
+should be sent to the strangers, in order to prevent their landing; but her
+old nurse, who stood beside her, suggested that this would be a good
+opportunity to provide themselves with noble husbands, who would act as
+their defenders, and thus put an end to their constant fears. Hypsipyle
+listened attentively to the advice of her nurse, and after some
+consultation, decided to invite the strangers into the city. Robed in his
+purple mantle, the gift of Pallas-Athene, Jason, accompanied by some of his
+companions, stepped on shore, where he was met by a deputation consisting
+of the most beautiful of the Lemnian women, and, as commander of the
+expedition, was invited into the palace of the queen.
+
+When he appeared before Hypsipyle, she was so struck with his godlike and
+heroic presence that she presented him with her father's sceptre, and
+invited him to seat himself on the throne beside her. Jason thereupon {218}
+took up his residence in the royal castle, whilst his companions scattered
+themselves through the town, spending their time in feasting and pleasure.
+Heracles, with a few chosen comrades, alone remained on board.
+
+From day to day their departure was delayed, and the Argonauts, in their
+new life of dissipation, had almost forgotten the object of the expedition,
+when Heracles suddenly appeared amongst them, and at last recalled them to
+a sense of their duty.
+
+GIANTS AND DOLIONES.--The Argonauts now pursued their voyage, till contrary
+winds drove them towards an island, inhabited by the Doliones, whose king
+Cyzicus received them with great kindness and hospitality. The Doliones
+were descendants of Poseidon, who protected them against the frequent
+attacks of their fierce and formidable neighbours, the earth-born
+Giants--monsters with six arms.
+
+Whilst his companions were attending a banquet given by king Cyzicus,
+Heracles, who, as usual, had remained behind to guard the ship, observed
+that these Giants were busy blocking up the harbour with huge rocks. He at
+once realized the danger, and, attacking them with his arrows, succeeded in
+considerably thinning their numbers; then, assisted by the heroes, who at
+length came to his aid, he effectually destroyed the remainder.
+
+The Argo now steered out of the harbour and set sail; but in consequence of
+a severe storm which arose at night, was driven back once more to the
+shores of the kindly Doliones. Unfortunately, however, owing to the
+darkness of the night, the inhabitants failed to recognize their former
+guests, and, mistaking them for enemies, commenced to attack them. Those
+who had so recently parted as friends were now engaged in mortal combat,
+and in the battle which ensued, Jason himself pierced to the heart his
+friend king Cyzicus; whereupon the Doliones, being deprived of their
+leader, fled to their city and closed the gates. When morning dawned, and
+both sides perceived their error, they were filled with {219} the deepest
+sorrow and remorse; and for three days the heroes remained with the
+Doliones, celebrating the funereal rites of the slain, with every
+demonstration of mourning and solemnity.
+
+HERACLES LEFT BEHIND.--The Argonauts once more set sail, and after a stormy
+voyage arrived at Mysia, where they were hospitably received by the
+inhabitants, who spread before them plentiful banquets and sumptuously
+regaled them.
+
+While his friends were feasting, Heracles, who had declined to join them,
+went into the forest to seek a fir-tree which he required for an oar, and
+was missed by his adopted son Hylas, who set out to seek him. When the
+youth arrived at a spring, in the most secluded part of the forest, the
+nymph of the fountain was so struck by his beauty that she drew him down
+beneath the waters, and he was seen no more. Polyphemus, one of the heroes,
+who happened to be also in the forest, heard his cry for help, and on
+meeting Heracles informed him of the circumstance. They at once set out in
+search of the missing youth, no traces of whom were to be found, and whilst
+they were engaged looking for him, the Argo set sail and left them behind.
+
+The ship had proceeded some distance before the absence of Heracles was
+observed. Some of the heroes were in favour of returning for him, others
+wished to proceed on their journey, when, in the midst of the dispute, the
+sea-god Glaucus arose from the waves, and informed them that it was the
+will of Zeus that Heracles, having another mission to perform, should
+remain behind. The Argonauts continued their voyage without their
+companions; Heracles returned to Argos, whilst Polyphemus remained with the
+Mysians, where he founded a city and became its king.
+
+CONTEST WITH AMYCUS.--Next morning the Argo touched at the country of the
+Bebrycians, whose king Amycus was a famous pugilist, and permitted no
+strangers to leave his shores without matching their {220} strength with
+his. When the heroes, therefore, demanded permission to land, they were
+informed that they could only do so provided that one of their number
+should engage in a boxing-match with the king. Pollux, who was the best
+pugilist in Greece, was selected as their champion, and a contest took
+place, which, after a tremendous struggle, proved fatal to Amycus, who had
+hitherto been victorious in all similar encounters.
+
+PHINEUS AND THE HARPIES.--They now proceeded towards Bithynia, where
+reigned the blind old prophet-king Phineus, son of Agenor. Phineus had been
+punished by the gods with premature old age and blindness for having abused
+the gift of prophecy. He was also tormented by the Harpies, who swooped
+down upon his food, which they either devoured or so defiled as to render
+it unfit to be eaten. This poor old man, trembling with the weakness of
+age, and faint with hunger, appeared before the Argonauts, and implored
+their assistance against his fiendish tormentors, whereupon Zetes and
+Calais, the winged sons of Boreas, recognizing in him the husband of their
+sister Cleopatra, affectionately embraced him, and promised to rescue him
+from his painful position.
+
+The heroes prepared a banquet on the sea-shore, to which they invited
+Phineus; but no sooner had he taken his place, than the Harpies appeared
+and devoured all the viands. Zetes and Calais now rose up into the air,
+drove the Harpies away, and were pursuing them with drawn swords, when
+Iris, the swift-footed messenger of the gods, appeared, and desired them to
+desist from their work of vengeance, promising that Phineus should be no
+longer molested.
+
+Freed at length from his tormentors the old man sat down and enjoyed a
+plentiful repast with his kind friends the Argonauts, who now informed him
+of the object of their voyage. In gratitude for his deliverance Phineus
+gave them much useful information concerning their journey, and not only
+warned them of the manifold {221} dangers awaiting them, but also
+instructed them how they might be overcome.
+
+PASSAGE OF THE SYMPLEGADES.--After a fortnight's sojourn in Bithynia the
+Argonauts once more set sail, but had not proceeded far on their course,
+when they heard a fearful and tremendous crash. This was caused by the
+meeting of two great rocky islands, called the Symplegades, which floated
+about in the sea, and constantly met and separated.
+
+Before leaving Bithynia, the blind old seer, Phineus, had informed them
+that they would be compelled to pass between these terrible rocks, and he
+instructed them how to do so with safety. As they now approached the scene
+of danger they remembered his advice, and acted upon it. Typhus, the
+steersman, stood at the helm, whilst Euphemus held in his hand a dove ready
+to be let loose; for Phineus had told them that if the dove ventured to fly
+through, they might safely follow. Euphemus now despatched the bird, which
+passed swiftly through the islands, yet not without losing some of the
+feathers of her tail, so speedily did they reunite. Seizing the moment when
+the rocks once more separated, the Argonauts worked at their oars with all
+their might, and achieved the perilous passage in safety.
+
+After the miraculous passage of the Argo, the Symplegades became
+permanently united, and attached to the bottom of the sea.
+
+THE STYMPHALIDES.--The Argo pursued her course along the southern coast of
+the Pontus, and arrived at the island of Aretias, which was inhabited by
+birds, who, as they flew through the air, discharged from their wings
+feathers sharp as arrows.
+
+As the ship was gliding along, Oileus was wounded by one of these birds,
+whereupon the Argonauts held a council, and by the advice of Amphidamas, an
+experienced hero, all put on their helmets, and held up their glittering
+shields, uttering, at the same time, such fearful cries that {222} the
+birds flew away in terror, and the Argonauts were enabled to land with
+safety on the island.
+
+Here they found four shipwrecked youths, who proved to be the sons of
+Phryxus, and were greeted by Jason as his cousins. On ascertaining the
+object of the expedition they volunteered to accompany the Argo, and to
+show the heroes the way to Colchis. They also informed them that the Golden
+Fleece was guarded by a fearful dragon, that king Aëtes was extremely
+cruel, and, as the son of Apollo, was possessed of superhuman strength.
+
+ARRIVAL AT COLCHIS.--Taking with them the four new-comers they journeyed
+on, and soon came in sight of the snow-capped peaks of the Caucasus, when,
+towards evening, the loud flapping of wings was heard overhead. It was the
+giant eagle of Prometheus on his way to torture the noble and
+long-suffering Titan, whose fearful groans soon afterwards fell upon their
+ears. That night they reached their journey's end, and anchored in the
+smooth waters of the river Phases. On the left bank of this river they
+beheld Ceuta, the capital of Colchis; and on their right a wide field, and
+the sacred grove of Ares, where the Golden Fleece, suspended from a
+magnificent oak-tree, was glittering in the sun. Jason now filled a golden
+cup with wine, and offered a libation to mother-earth, the gods of the
+country, and the shades of those of the heroes who had died on the voyage.
+
+Next morning a council was held, in which it was decided, that before
+resorting to forcible measures kind and conciliatory overtures should first
+be made to king Aëtes in order to induce him to resign the Golden Fleece.
+It was arranged that Jason, with a few chosen companions, should proceed to
+the royal castle, leaving the remainder of the crew to guard the Argo.
+Accompanied, therefore, by Telamon and Augeas, and the four sons of
+Phryxus, he set out for the palace.
+
+When they arrived in sight of the castle they were struck by the vastness
+and massiveness of the building, at the entrance to which sparkling
+fountains played in {223} the midst of luxuriant and park-like gardens.
+Here the king's daughters, Chalciope and Medea, who were walking in the
+grounds of the palace, met them. The former, to her great joy, recognized
+in the youths who accompanied the hero her own long-lost sons, whom she had
+mourned as dead, whilst the young and lovely Medea was struck with the
+noble and manly form of Jason.
+
+The news of the return of the sons of Phryxus soon spread through the
+palace, and brought Aëtes himself to the scene, whereupon the strangers
+were presented to him, and were invited to a banquet which the king ordered
+to be prepared in their honour. All the most beautiful ladies of the court
+were present at this entertainment; but in the eyes of Jason none could
+compare with the king's daughter, the young and lovely Medea.
+
+When the banquet was ended, Jason related to the king his various
+adventures, and also the object of his expedition, with the circumstances
+which had led to his undertaking it. Aëtes listened, in silent indignation,
+to this recital, and then burst out into a torrent of invectives against
+the Argonauts and his grand-children, declaring that the Fleece was his
+rightful property, and that on no consideration would he consent to
+relinquish it. Jason, however, with mild and persuasive words, contrived so
+far to conciliate him, that he was induced to promise that if the heroes
+could succeed in demonstrating their divine origin by the performance of
+some task requiring superhuman power, the Fleece should be theirs.
+
+The task proposed by Aëtes to Jason was that he should yoke the two
+brazen-footed, fire-breathing oxen of the king (which had been made for him
+by Hephæstus) to his ponderous iron plough. Having done this he must till
+with them the stony field of Ares, and then sow in the furrows the
+poisonous teeth of a dragon, from which armed men would arise. These he
+must destroy to a man, or he himself would perish at their hands.
+
+When Jason heard what was expected of him, his heart for a moment sank
+within him; but he determined, nevertheless, not to flinch from his task,
+but to trust to the {224} assistance of the gods, and to his own courage
+and energy.
+
+JASON PLOUGHS THE FIELD OF ARES.--Accompanied by his two friends, Telamon
+and Augeas, and also by Argus, the son of Chalciope, Jason returned to the
+vessel for the purpose of holding a consultation as to the best means of
+accomplishing these perilous feats.
+
+Argus explained to Jason all the difficulties of the superhuman task which
+lay before him, and pronounced it as his opinion that the only means by
+which success was possible was to enlist the assistance of the Princess
+Medea, who was a priestess of Hecate, and a great enchantress. His
+suggestion meeting with approval, he returned to the palace, and by the aid
+of his mother an interview was arranged between Jason and Medea, which took
+place, at an early hour next morning, in the temple of Hecate.
+
+A confession of mutual attachment took place, and Medea, trembling for her
+lover's safety, presented him with a magic salve, which possessed the
+property of rendering any person anointed with it invulnerable for the
+space of one day against fire and steel, and invincible against any
+adversary however powerful. With this salve she instructed him to anoint
+his spear and shield on the day of his great undertaking. She further added
+that when, after having ploughed the field and sown the teeth, armed men
+should arise from the furrows, he must on no account lose heart, but
+remember to throw among them a huge rock, over the possession of which they
+would fight among themselves, and their attention being thus diverted he
+would find it an easy task to destroy them. Overwhelmed with gratitude,
+Jason thanked her, in the most earnest manner, for her wise counsel and
+timely aid; at the same time he offered her his hand, and promised her he
+would not return to Greece without taking her with him as his wife.
+
+Next morning Aëtes, in all the pomp of state, surrounded by his family and
+the members of his court, {225} repaired to a spot whence a full view of
+the approaching spectacle could be obtained. Soon Jason appeared in the
+field of Ares, looking as noble and majestic as the god of war himself. In
+a distant part of the field the brazen yokes and the massive plough met his
+view, but as yet the dread animals themselves were nowhere to be seen. He
+was about to go in quest of them, when they suddenly rushed out from a
+subterranean cave, breathing flames of fire, and enveloped in a thick
+smoke.
+
+The friends of Jason trembled; but the undaunted hero, relying on the magic
+powers with which he was imbued by Medea, seized the oxen, one after the
+other, by the horns, and forced them to the yoke. Near the plough was a
+helmet full of dragon's teeth, which he sowed as he ploughed the field,
+whilst with sharp pricks from his lance he compelled the monstrous
+creatures to draw the plough over the stony ground, which was thus speedily
+tilled.
+
+While Jason was engaged sowing the dragon's teeth in the deep furrows of
+the field, he kept a cautious look-out lest the germinating giant brood
+might grow too quickly for him, and as soon as the four acres of land had
+been tilled he unyoked the oxen, and succeeded in frightening them so
+effectually with his weapons, that they rushed back in terror to their
+subterranean stables. Meanwhile armed men had sprung up out of the furrows,
+and the whole field now bristled with lances; but Jason, remembering the
+instructions of Medea, seized an immense rock and hurled it into the midst
+of these earth-born warriors, who immediately began to attack each other.
+Jason then rushed furiously upon them, and after a terrible struggle not
+one of the giants remained alive.
+
+Furious at seeing his murderous schemes thus defeated, Aëtes not only
+perfidiously refused to give Jason the Fleece which he had so bravely
+earned, but, in his anger, determined to destroy all the Argonauts, and to
+burn their vessel.
+
+JASON SECURES THE GOLDEN FLEECE.--Becoming aware of the treacherous designs
+of her father, Medea at {226} once took measures to baffle them. In the
+darkness of night she went on board the Argo, and warned the heroes of
+their approaching danger. She then advised Jason to accompany her without
+loss of time to the sacred grove, in order to possess himself of the
+long-coveted treasure. They set out together, and Medea, followed by Jason,
+led the way, and advanced boldly into the grove. The tall oak-tree was soon
+discovered, from the topmost boughs of which hung the beautiful Golden
+Fleece. At the foot of this tree, keeping his ever-wakeful watch, lay the
+dreadful, sleepless dragon, who at sight of them bounded forward, opening
+his huge jaws.
+
+Medea now called into play her magic powers, and quietly approaching the
+monster, threw over him a few drops of a potion, which soon took effect,
+and sent him into a deep sleep; whereupon Jason, seizing the opportunity,
+climbed the tree and secured the Fleece. Their perilous task being now
+accomplished, Jason and Medea quitted the grove, and hastened on board the
+Argo, which immediately put to sea.
+
+MURDER OF ABSYRTUS.--Meanwhile Aëtes, having discovered the loss of his
+daughter and the Golden Fleece, despatched a large fleet, under the command
+of his son Absyrtus, in pursuit of the fugitives. After some days' sail
+they arrived at an island at the mouth of the river Ister, where they found
+the Argo at anchor, and surrounded her with their numerous ships. They then
+despatched a herald on board of her, demanding the surrender of Medea and
+the Fleece.
+
+Medea now consulted Jason, and, with his consent, carried out the following
+stratagem. She sent a message to her brother Absyrtus, to the effect that
+she had been carried off against her will, and promised that if he would
+meet her, in the darkness of night, in the temple of Artemis, she would
+assist him in regaining possession of the Golden Fleece. Relying on the
+good faith of his sister, Absyrtus fell into the snare, and duly appeared
+at the appointed trysting-place; and whilst Medea kept her {227} brother
+engaged in conversation, Jason rushed forward and slew him. Then, according
+to a preconcerted signal, he held aloft a lighted torch, whereupon the
+Argonauts attacked the Colchians, put them to flight, and entirely defeated
+them.
+
+The Argonauts now returned to their ship, when the prophetic board from the
+Dodonean oak thus addressed them: "The cruel murder of Absyrtus was
+witnessed by the Erinyes, and you will not escape the wrath of Zeus until
+the goddess Circe has purified you from your crime. Let Castor and Pollux
+pray to the gods that you may be enabled to find the abode of the
+sorceress." In obedience to the voice, the twin-brothers invoked divine
+assistance, and the heroes set out in search of the isle of Circe.
+
+THEY ARRIVE AT THE ISLAND OF CIRCE.--The good ship Argo sped on her way,
+and, after passing safely through the foaming waters of the river Eridanus,
+at length arrived in the harbour of the island of Circe, where she cast
+anchor.
+
+Commanding his companions to remain on board, Jason landed with Medea, and
+conducted her to the palace of the sorceress. The goddess of charms and
+magic arts received them kindly, and invited them to be seated; but instead
+of doing so they assumed a supplicating attitude, and humbly besought her
+protection. They then informed her of the dreadful crime which they had
+committed, and implored her to purify them from it. This Circe promised to
+do. She forthwith commanded her attendant Naiads to kindle the fire on the
+altar, and to prepare everything necessary for the performance of the
+mystic rites, after which a dog was sacrificed, and the sacred cakes were
+burned. Having thus duly purified the criminals, she severely reprimanded
+them for the horrible murder of which they had been guilty; whereupon
+Medea, with veiled head, and weeping bitterly, was reconducted by Jason to
+the Argo.
+
+FURTHER ADVENTURES OF THE ARGONAUTS.--Having left the island of Circe they
+were wafted by gentle {228} zephyrs towards the abode of the Sirens, whose
+enticing strains soon fell upon their ears. The Argonauts, powerfully
+affected by the melody, were making ready to land, when Orpheus perceived
+the danger, and, to the accompaniment of his magic lyre, commenced one of
+his enchanting songs, which so completely absorbed his listeners that they
+passed the island in safety; but not before Butes, one of their number,
+lured by the seductive music of the Sirens, had sprung from the vessel into
+the waves below. Aphrodite, however, in pity for his youth, landed him
+gently on the island of Libibaon before the Sirens could reach him, and
+there he remained for many years.
+
+And now the Argonauts approached new dangers, for on one side of them
+seethed and foamed the whirlpool of Charybdis, whilst on the other towered
+the mighty rock whence the monster Scylla swooped down upon unfortunate
+mariners; but here the goddess Hera came to their assistance, and sent to
+them the sea-nymph Thetis, who guided them safely through these dangerous
+straits.
+
+The Argo next arrived at the island of the Phæaces, where they were
+hospitably entertained by King Alcinous and his queen Arete. But the
+banquet prepared for them by their kind host was unexpectedly interrupted
+by the appearance of a large army of Colchians, sent by Aëtes to demand the
+restoration of his daughter.
+
+Medea threw herself at the feet of the queen, and implored her to save her
+from the anger of her father, and Arete, in her kindness of heart, promised
+her her protection. Next morning, in an assembly of the people at which the
+Colchians were invited to be present, the latter were informed that as
+Medea was the lawful wife of Jason they could not consent to deliver her
+up; whereupon the Colchians, seeing that the resolution of the king was not
+to be shaken, and fearing to face the anger of Aëtes should they return to
+Colchis without her, sought permission of Alcinous to settle in his
+kingdom, which request was accorded them.
+
+{229}
+
+After these events the Argonauts once more set sail, and steered for
+Iolcus; but, in the course of a terrible and fearful night, a mighty storm
+arose, and in the morning they found themselves stranded on the treacherous
+quicksands of Syrtes, on the shores of Libya. Here all was a waste and
+barren desert, untenanted by any living creature, save the venomous snakes
+which had sprung from the blood of the Medusa when borne by Perseus over
+these arid plains.
+
+They had already passed several days in this abode of desolation, beneath
+the rays of the scorching sun, and had abandoned themselves to the deepest
+despair, when the Libyan queen, who was a prophetess of divine origin,
+appeared to Jason, and informed him that a sea-horse would be sent by the
+gods to act as his guide.
+
+Scarcely had she departed when a gigantic hippocamp was seen in the
+distance, making its way towards the Argo. Jason now related to his
+companions the particulars of his interview with the Libyan prophetess, and
+after some deliberation it was decided to carry the Argo on their
+shoulders, and to follow wherever the sea-horse should lead them. They then
+commenced a long and weary journey through the desert, and at last, after
+twelve days of severe toil and terrible suffering, the welcome sight of the
+sea greeted their view. In gratitude for having been saved from their
+manifold dangers they offered up sacrifices to the gods, and launched their
+ship once more into the deep waters of the ocean.
+
+ARRIVAL AT CRETE.--With heartfelt joy and gladness they proceeded on their
+homeward voyage, and after some days arrived at the island of Crete, where
+they purposed to furnish themselves with fresh provisions and water. Their
+landing, however, was opposed by a terrible giant who guarded the island
+against all intruders. This giant, whose name was Talus, was the last of
+the Brazen race, and being formed of brass, was invulnerable, except in his
+right ankle, where there was a sinew of flesh and a vein of blood. As he
+saw the Argo {230} nearing the coast, he hurled huge rocks at her, which
+would inevitably have sunk the vessel had not the crew beat a hasty
+retreat. Although sadly in want of food and water, the Argonauts had
+decided to proceed on their journey rather than face so powerful an
+opponent, when Medea came forward and assured them that if they would trust
+to her she would destroy the giant.
+
+Enveloped in the folds of a rich purple mantle, she stepped on deck, and
+after invoking the aid of the Fates, uttered a magic incantation, which had
+the effect of throwing Talus into a deep sleep. He stretched himself at
+full length upon the ground, and in doing so grazed his vulnerable ankle
+against the point of a sharp rock, whereupon a mighty stream of blood
+gushed forth from the wound. Awakened by the pain, he tried to rise, but in
+vain, and with a mighty groan of anguish the giant fell dead, and his
+enormous body rolled heavily over into the deep. The heroes being now able
+to land, provisioned their vessel, after which they resumed their homeward
+voyage.
+
+ARRIVAL AT IOLCUS.--After a terrible night of storm and darkness they
+passed the island of Ægina, and at length reached in safety the port of
+Iolcus, where the recital of their numerous adventures and hair-breadth
+escapes was listened to with wondering admiration by their
+fellow-countrymen.
+
+The Argo was consecrated to Poseidon, and was carefully preserved for many
+generations till no vestige of it remained, when it was placed in the
+heavens as a brilliant constellation.
+
+On his arrival at Iolcus, Jason conducted his beautiful bride to the palace
+of his uncle Pelias, taking with him the Golden Fleece, for the sake of
+which this perilous expedition had been undertaken. But the old king, who
+had never expected that Jason would return alive, basely refused to fulfil
+his part of the compact, and declined to abdicate the throne.
+
+{231}
+
+Indignant at the wrongs of her husband, Medea avenged them in a most
+shocking manner. She made friends with the daughters of the king, and
+feigned great interest in all their concerns. Having gained their
+confidence, she informed them, that among her numerous magic arts, she
+possessed the power of restoring to the aged all the vigour and strength of
+youth, and in order to give them a convincing proof of the truth of her
+assertion, she cut up an old ram, which she boiled in a cauldron,
+whereupon, after uttering various mystic incantations, there came forth
+from the vessel a beautiful young lamb. She then assured them, that in a
+similar manner they could restore to their old father his former youthful
+frame and vigour. The fond and credulous daughters of Pelias lent an all
+too willing ear to the wicked sorceress, and thus the old king perished at
+the hands of his innocent children.
+
+DEATH OF JASON.--Medea and Jason now fled to Corinth, where at length they
+found, for a time, peace and tranquillity, their happiness being completed
+by the birth of three children.
+
+As time passed on, however, and Medea began to lose the beauty which had
+won the love of her husband, he grew weary of her, and became attracted by
+the youthful charms of Glauce, the beautiful daughter of Creon, king of
+Corinth. Jason had obtained her father's consent to their union, and the
+wedding-day was already fixed, before he disclosed to Medea the treachery
+which he meditated against her. He used all his persuasive powers in order
+to induce her to consent to his union with Glauce, assuring her that his
+affection had in no way diminished, but that for the sake of the advantages
+which would thereby accrue to their children, he had decided on forming
+this alliance with the royal house. Though justly enraged at his deceitful
+conduct, Medea dissembled her wrath, and, feigning to be satisfied with
+this explanation, sent, as a wedding-gift to her rival, a magnificent robe
+of cloth-of-gold. This robe was imbued with a deadly {232} poison which
+penetrated to the flesh and bone of the wearer, and burned them as though
+with a consuming fire. Pleased with the beauty and costliness of the
+garment, the unsuspecting Glauce lost no time in donning it; but no sooner
+had she done so than the fell poison began to take effect. In vain she
+tried to tear the robe away; it defied all efforts to be removed, and after
+horrible and protracted sufferings, she expired.
+
+Maddened at the loss of her husband's love Medea next put to death her
+three sons, and when Jason, thirsting for revenge, left the chamber of his
+dead bride, and flew to his own house in search of Medea, the ghastly
+spectacle of his murdered children met his view. He rushed frantically to
+seek the murderess, but nowhere could she be found. At length, hearing a
+sound above his head, he looked up, and beheld Medea gliding through the
+air in a golden chariot drawn by dragons.
+
+In a fit of despair Jason threw himself on his own sword, and perished on
+the threshold of his desolate and deserted home.
+
+PELOPS.
+
+Pelops, the son of the cruel Tantalus, was a pious and virtuous prince.
+After his father was banished into Tartarus, a war ensued between Pelops
+and the king of Troy, in which the former was vanquished and forced to fly
+from his dominions in Phrygia. He emigrated into Greece, where, at the
+court of Oenomaus, king of Elis, he beheld Hippodamia, the king's daughter,
+whose beauty won his heart. But an oracle having foretold to Oenomaus that
+he would die on the day of his daughter's marriage, he threw every obstacle
+in the way of her suitors, and declared that he would only give her to him
+who succeeded in vanquishing him in a chariot race, but that all
+unsuccessful competitors should suffer death at his hands.
+
+The conditions of the contest were as follows:--The race was to be run from
+a given point at Pisa to the altar of Poseidon at Corinth; the suitor was
+allowed to start {233} on his course whilst Oenomaus performed his
+sacrifice to Zeus, and only on its completion did the king mount his
+chariot, guided by the skilful Myrtilus, and drawn by his two famous
+horses, Phylla and Harpinna, who surpassed in swiftness the winds
+themselves. In this manner many a gallant young prince had perished; for
+although a considerable start was given to all competitors, still Oenomaus,
+with his swift team, always overtook them before they reached the goal, and
+killed them with his spear. But the love of Pelops for Hippodamia overcame
+all fears, and, undeterred by the terrible fate of his predecessors, he
+announced himself to Oenomaus as a suitor for the hand of his daughter.
+
+On the eve of the race, Pelops repaired to the sea-shore and earnestly
+implored Poseidon to assist him in his perilous undertaking. The sea-god
+heard his prayer, and sent him out of the deep a chariot drawn by two
+winged horses.
+
+When Pelops appeared on the course, the king at once recognized the horses
+of Poseidon; but, nothing daunted, he relied on his own supernatural team,
+and the contest was allowed to proceed.
+
+Whilst the king was offering his sacrifice to Zeus Pelops set out on the
+race, and had nearly reached the goal, when, turning round, he beheld
+Oenomaus, spear in hand, who, with his magic steeds, had nearly overtaken
+him. But in this emergency Poseidon came to the aid of the son of Tantalus.
+He caused the wheels of the royal chariot to fly off, whereupon the king
+was thrown out violently, and killed on the spot, just as Pelops arrived at
+the altar of Poseidon.
+
+As the hero was about to return to Pisa to claim his bride, he beheld, in
+the distance, flames issuing from the royal castle, which at that instant
+had been struck by lightning. With his winged horses he flew to rescue his
+lovely bride, and succeeded in extricating her uninjured from the burning
+building. They soon afterwards became united, and Pelops reigned in Pisa
+for many years in great splendour.
+
+{234}
+
+HERACLES (HERCULES).
+
+Heracles, the most renowned hero of antiquity, was the son of Zeus and
+Alcmene, and the great grandson of Perseus.
+
+At the time of his birth Alcmene was living at Thebes with her husband
+Amphitryon, and thus the infant Heracles was born in the palace of his
+stepfather.
+
+Aware of the animosity with which Hera persecuted all those who rivalled
+her in the affections of Zeus, Alcmene, fearful lest this hatred should be
+visited on her innocent child, intrusted him, soon after his birth, to the
+care of a faithful servant, with instructions to expose him in a certain
+field, and there leave him, feeling assured that the divine offspring of
+Zeus would not long remain without the protection of the gods.
+
+Soon after the child had been thus abandoned, Hera and Pallas-Athene
+happened to pass by the field, and were attracted by its cries. Athene
+pityingly took up the infant in her arms, and prevailed upon the queen of
+heaven to put it to her breast; but no sooner had she done so, than the
+child, causing her pain, she angrily threw him to the ground, and left the
+spot. Athene, moved with compassion, carried him to Alcmene, and entreated
+her kind offices on behalf of the poor little foundling. Alcmene at once
+recognized her child, and joyfully accepted the charge.
+
+Soon afterwards Hera, to her extreme annoyance, discovered whom she had
+nursed, and became filled with jealous rage. She now sent two venomous
+snakes into the chamber of Alcmene, which crept, unperceived by the nurses,
+to the cradle of the sleeping child. He awoke with a cry, and grasping a
+snake in each hand, strangled them both. Alcmene and her attendants, whom
+the cry of the child had awakened, rushed to the cradle, where, to their
+astonishment and terror, they beheld the two reptiles dead in the hands of
+the infant Heracles. Amphitryon was also attracted to the chamber by the
+{235} commotion, and when he beheld this astounding proof of supernatural
+strength, he declared that the child must have been sent to him as a
+special gift from Zeus. He accordingly consulted the famous seer Tiresias,
+who now informed him of the divine origin of his stepson, and
+prognosticated for him a great and distinguished future.
+
+When Amphitryon heard the noble destiny which awaited the child intrusted
+to his care, he resolved to educate him in a manner worthy of his future
+career. At a suitable age he himself taught him how to guide a chariot;
+Eurytus, how to handle the bow; Autolycus, dexterity in wrestling and
+boxing; and Castor, the art of armed warfare; whilst Linus, the son of
+Apollo, instructed him in music and letters.
+
+Heracles was an apt pupil; but undue harshness was intolerable to his high
+spirit, and old Linus, who was not the gentlest of teachers, one day
+corrected him with blows, whereupon the boy angrily took up his lyre, and,
+with one stroke of his powerful arm, killed his tutor on the spot.
+
+Apprehensive lest the ungovernable temper of the youth might again involve
+him in similar acts of violence, Amphitryon sent him into the country,
+where he placed him under the charge of one of his most trusted herdsmen.
+Here, as he grew up to manhood, his extraordinary stature and strength
+became the wonder and admiration of all beholders. His aim, whether with
+spear, lance, or bow, was unerring, and at the age of eighteen he was
+considered to be the strongest as well as the most beautiful youth in all
+Greece.
+
+THE CHOICE OF HERACLES.--Heracles felt that the time had now arrived when
+it became necessary to decide for himself how to make use of the
+extraordinary powers with which he had been endowed by the gods; and in
+order to meditate in solitude on this all-important subject, he repaired to
+a lonely and secluded spot in the heart of the forest.
+
+Here two females of great beauty appeared to him. {236} One was Vice, the
+other Virtue. The former was full of artificial wiles and fascinating arts,
+her face painted and her dress gaudy and attractive; whilst the latter was
+of noble bearing and modest mien, her robes of spotless purity.
+
+Vice stepped forward and thus addressed him: "If you will walk in my paths,
+and make me your friend, your life shall be one round of pleasure and
+enjoyment. You shall taste of every delight which can be procured on earth;
+the choicest viands, the most delicious wines, the most luxuriant of
+couches shall be ever at your disposal; and all this without any exertion
+on your part, either physical or mental."
+
+Virtue now spoke in her turn: "If you will follow me and be my friend, I
+promise you the reward of a good conscience, and the love and respect of
+your fellowmen. I cannot undertake to smooth your path with roses, or to
+give you a life of idleness and pleasure; for you must know that the gods
+grant no good and desirable thing that is not earned by labour; and as you
+sow, so must you reap."
+
+Heracles listened patiently and attentively to both speakers, and then,
+after mature deliberation, decided to follow in the paths of virtue, and
+henceforth to honour the gods, and to devote his life to the service of his
+country.
+
+Full of these noble resolves he sought once more his rural home, where he
+was informed that on Mount Cithæron, at the foot of which the herds of
+Amphitryon were grazing, a ferocious lion had fixed his lair, and was
+committing such frightful ravages among the flocks and herds that he had
+become the scourge and terror of the whole neighbourhood. Heracles at once
+armed himself and ascended the mountain, where he soon caught sight of the
+lion, and rushing at him with his sword succeeded in killing him. The hide
+of the animal he wore ever afterwards over his shoulders, and the head
+served him as a helmet.
+
+As he was returning from this, his first exploit, he met {237} the heralds
+of Erginus, king of the Minyans, who were proceeding to Thebes to demand
+their annual tribute of 100 oxen. Indignant at this humiliation of his
+native city, Heracles mutilated the heralds, and sent them back, with ropes
+round their necks, to their royal master.
+
+Erginus was so incensed at the ill-treatment of his messengers that he
+collected an army and appeared before the gates of Thebes, demanding the
+surrender of Heracles. Creon, who was at this time king of Thebes, fearing
+the consequences of a refusal, was about to yield, when the hero, with the
+assistance of Amphitryon and a band of brave youths, advanced against the
+Minyans.
+
+Heracles took possession of a narrow defile through which the enemy were
+compelled to pass, and as they entered the pass the Thebans fell upon them,
+killed their king Erginus, and completely routed them. In this engagement
+Amphitryon, the kind friend and foster-father of Heracles, lost his life.
+The hero now advanced upon Orchomenus, the capital of the Minyans, where he
+burned the royal castle and sacked the town.
+
+After this signal victory all Greece rang with the fame of the young hero,
+and Creon, in gratitude for his great services, bestowed upon him his
+daughter Megara in marriage. The Olympian gods testified their appreciation
+of his valour by sending him presents; Hermes gave him a sword,
+Phoebus-Apollo a bundle of arrows, Hephæstus a golden quiver, and Athene a
+coat of leather.
+
+HERACLES AND EURYSTHEUS.--And now it will be necessary to retrace our
+steps. Just before the birth of Heracles, Zeus, in an assembly of the gods,
+exultingly declared that the child who should be born on that day to the
+house of Perseus should rule over all his race. When Hera heard her lord's
+boastful announcement she knew well that it was for the child of the hated
+Alcmene that this brilliant destiny was designed; and in order to rob the
+son of her rival of his rights, she called to her aid the goddess
+Eilithyia, who retarded the birth of {238} Heracles, and caused his cousin
+Eurystheus (another grandson of Perseus) to precede him into the world. And
+thus, as the word of the mighty Zeus was irrevocable, Heracles became the
+subject and servant of his cousin Eurystheus.
+
+When, after his splendid victory over Erginus, the fame of Heracles spread
+throughout Greece, Eurystheus (who had become king of Mycenæ), jealous of
+the reputation of the young hero, asserted his rights, and commanded him to
+undertake for him various difficult tasks. But the proud spirit of the hero
+rebelled against this humiliation, and he was about to refuse compliance,
+when Zeus appeared to him and desired him not to rebel against the Fates.
+Heracles now repaired to Delphi in order to consult the oracle, and
+received the answer that after performing ten tasks for his cousin
+Eurystheus his servitude would be at an end.
+
+Soon afterwards Heracles fell into a state of the deepest melancholy, and
+through the influence of his inveterate enemy, the goddess Hera, this
+despondency developed into raving madness, in which condition he killed his
+own children. When he at length regained his reason he was so horrified and
+grieved at what he had done, that he shut himself up in his chamber and
+avoided all intercourse with men. But in his loneliness and seclusion the
+conviction that work would be the best means of procuring oblivion of the
+past decided him to enter, without delay, upon the tasks appointed him by
+Eurystheus.
+
+1. THE NEMEAN LION.--His first task was to bring to Eurystheus the skin of
+the much-dreaded Nemean lion, which ravaged the territory between Cleone
+and Nemea, and whose hide was invulnerable against any mortal weapon.
+
+Heracles proceeded to the forest of Nemea, where, having discovered the
+lion's lair, he attempted to pierce him with his arrows; but finding these
+of no avail he felled him to the ground with his club, and before the
+animal had time to recover from the terrible blow, {239} Heracles seized
+him by the neck and, with a mighty effort, succeeded in strangling him. He
+then made himself a coat of mail of the skin, and a new helmet of the head
+of the animal. Thus attired, he so alarmed Eurystheus by appearing suddenly
+before him, that the king concealed himself in his palace, and henceforth
+forbade Heracles to enter his presence, but commanded him to receive his
+behests, for the future, through his messenger Copreus.
+
+2. THE HYDRA.--His second task was to slay the Hydra, a monster serpent
+(the offspring of Typhon and Echidna), bristling with nine heads, one of
+which was immortal. This monster infested the neighbourhood of Lerna, where
+she committed great depredations among the herds.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Heracles, accompanied by his nephew Iolaus, set out in a chariot for the
+marsh of Lerna, in the slimy waters of which he found her. He commenced the
+attack by assailing her with his fierce arrows, in order to force her to
+leave her lair, from which she at length emerged, and sought refuge in a
+wood on a neighbouring hill. Heracles now rushed forward and endeavoured to
+crush her heads by means of well-directed blows from his tremendous club;
+but no sooner was one head destroyed than it was immediately replaced by
+two others. He next seized the monster in his powerful grasp; but at this
+juncture a giant crab came to the assistance of the Hydra and commenced
+biting the feet of her assailant. Heracles destroyed this new adversary
+with his club, and now called upon his nephew to come to his aid. At his
+command Iolaus set fire to the neighbouring trees, {240} and, with a
+burning branch, seared the necks of the monster as Heracles cut them off,
+thus effectually preventing the growth of more. Heracles next struck off
+the immortal head, which he buried by the road-side, and placed over it a
+heavy stone. Into the poisonous blood of the monster he then dipped his
+arrows, which ever afterwards rendered wounds inflicted by them incurable.
+
+3. THE HORNED HIND.--The third labour of Heracles was to bring the horned
+hind Cerunitis alive to Mycenæ. This animal, which was sacred to Artemis,
+had golden antlers and hoofs of brass.
+
+Not wishing to wound the hind Heracles patiently pursued her through many
+countries for a whole year, and overtook her at last on the banks of the
+river Ladon; but even there he was compelled, in order to secure her, to
+wound her with one of his arrows, after which he lifted her on his
+shoulders and carried her through Arcadia. On his way he met Artemis with
+her brother Phoebus-Apollo, when the goddess angrily reproved him for
+wounding her favourite hind; but Heracles succeeded in appeasing her
+displeasure, whereupon she permitted him to take the animal alive to
+Mycenæ.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+4. THE ERYMANTIAN BOAR.--The fourth task imposed upon Heracles by
+Eurystheus was to bring alive to Mycenæ the Erymantian boar, which had laid
+waste the region of Erymantia, and was the scourge of the surrounding
+neighbourhood.
+
+On his way thither he craved food and shelter of a Centaur named Pholus,
+who received him with generous hospitality, setting before him a good and
+plentiful repast. When Heracles expressed his surprise that at such a
+well-furnished board {241} wine should be wanting, his host explained that
+the wine-cellar was the common property of all the Centaurs, and that it
+was against the rules for a cask to be broached, except all were present to
+partake of it. By dint of persuasion, however, Heracles prevailed on his
+kind host to make an exception in his favour; but the powerful, luscious
+odour of the good old wine soon spread over the mountains, and brought
+large numbers of Centaurs to the spot, all armed with huge rocks and
+fir-trees. Heracles drove them back with fire-brands, and then, following
+up his victory, pursued them with his arrows as far as Malea, where they
+took refuge in the cave of the kind old Centaur Chiron. Unfortunately,
+however, as Heracles was shooting at them with his poisoned darts, one of
+these pierced the knee of Chiron. When Heracles discovered that it was the
+friend of his early days that he had wounded, he was overcome with sorrow
+and regret. He at once extracted the arrow, and anointed the wound with a
+salve, the virtue of which had been taught him by Chiron himself. But all
+his efforts were unavailing. The wound, imbued with the deadly poison of
+the Hydra, was incurable, and so great was the agony of Chiron that, at the
+intercession of Heracles, death was sent him by the gods; for otherwise,
+being immortal, he would have been doomed to endless suffering.
+
+Pholus, who had so kindly entertained Heracles, also perished by means of
+one of these arrows, which he had extracted from the body of a dead
+Centaur. While he was quietly examining it, astonished that so small and
+insignificant an object should be productive of such serious results, the
+arrow fell upon his foot and fatally wounded him. Full of grief at this
+untoward event, Heracles buried him with due honours, and then set out to
+chase the boar.
+
+With loud shouts and terrible cries he first drove him out of the thickets
+into the deep snow-drifts which covered the summit of the mountain, and
+then, having at length wearied him with his incessant pursuit, he captured
+the exhausted animal, bound him with a rope, and brought him alive to
+Mycenæ.
+
+{242}
+
+5. CLEANSING THE STABLES OF AUGEAS.--After slaying the Erymantian boar
+Eurystheus commanded Heracles to cleanse in one day the stables of Augeas.
+
+Augeas was a king of Elis who was very rich in herds. Three thousand of his
+cattle he kept near the royal palace in an inclosure where the refuse had
+accumulated for many years. When Heracles presented himself before the
+king, and offered to cleanse his stables in one day, provided he should
+receive in return a tenth part of the herds, Augeas, thinking the feat
+impossible, accepted his offer in the presence of his son Phyleus.
+
+Near the palace were the two rivers Peneus and Alpheus, the streams of
+which Heracles conducted into the stables by means of a trench which he dug
+for this purpose, and as the waters rushed through the shed, they swept
+away with them the whole mass of accumulated filth.
+
+But when Augeas heard that this was one of the labours imposed by
+Eurystheus, he refused the promised guerdon. Heracles brought the matter
+before a court, and called Phyleus as a witness to the justice of his
+claim, whereupon Augeas, without waiting for the delivery of the verdict,
+angrily banished Heracles and his son from his dominions.
+
+6. THE STYMPHALIDES.--The sixth task was to chase away the Stymphalides,
+which were immense birds of prey who, as we have seen (in the legend of the
+Argonauts), shot from their wings feathers sharp as arrows. The home of
+these birds was on the shore of the lake Stymphalis, in Arcadia (after
+which they were called), where they caused great destruction among men and
+cattle.
+
+On approaching the lake, Heracles observed great numbers of them; and,
+while hesitating how to commence the attack, he suddenly felt a hand on his
+shoulder. Looking round he beheld the majestic form of Pallas-Athene, who
+held in her hand a gigantic pair of brazen clappers made by Hephæstus, with
+which she {243} presented him; whereupon he ascended to the summit of a
+neighbouring hill, and commenced to rattle them violently. The shrill noise
+of these instruments was so intolerable to the birds that they rose into
+the air in terror, upon which he aimed at them with his arrows, destroying
+them in great numbers, whilst such as escaped his darts flew away, never to
+return.
+
+7. THE CRETAN BULL.--The seventh labour of Heracles was to capture the
+Cretan bull.
+
+Minos, king of Crete, having vowed to sacrifice to Poseidon any animal
+which should first appear out of the sea, the god caused a magnificent bull
+to emerge from the waves in order to test the sincerity of the Cretan king,
+who, in making this vow, had alleged that he possessed no animal, among his
+own herds, worthy the acceptance of the mighty sea-god. Charmed with the
+splendid animal sent by Poseidon, and eager to possess it, Minos placed it
+among his herds, and substituted as a sacrifice one of his own bulls.
+Hereupon Poseidon, in order to punish the cupidity of Minos, caused the
+animal to become mad, and commit such great havoc in the island as to
+endanger the safety of the inhabitants. When Heracles, therefore, arrived
+in Crete for the purpose of capturing the bull, Minos, far from opposing
+his design, gladly gave him permission to do so.
+
+The hero not only succeeded in securing the animal, but tamed him so
+effectually that he rode on his back right across the sea as far as the
+Peloponnesus. He now delivered him up to Eurystheus, who at once set him at
+liberty, after which he became as ferocious and wild as before, roamed all
+over Greece into Arcadia, and was eventually killed by Theseus on the
+plains of Marathon.
+
+8. THE MARES OF DIOMEDES.--The eighth labour of Heracles was to bring to
+Eurystheus the mares of Diomedes, a son of Ares, and king of the
+Bistonians, a warlike Thracian tribe. This king possessed a breed of wild
+horses of tremendous size and strength, whose food consisted of human
+flesh, and all strangers who had the {244} misfortune to enter the country
+were made prisoners and flung before the horses, who devoured them.
+
+When Heracles arrived he first captured the cruel Diomedes himself, and
+then threw him before his own mares, who, after devouring their master,
+became perfectly tame and tractable. They were then led by Heracles to the
+sea-shore, when the Bistonians, enraged at the loss of their king, rushed
+after the hero and attacked him. He now gave the animals in charge of his
+friend Abderus, and made such a furious onslaught on his assailants that
+they turned and fled.
+
+But on his return from this encounter he found, to his great grief, that
+the mares had torn his friend in pieces and devoured him. After celebrating
+due funereal rites to the unfortunate Abderus, Heracles built a city in his
+honour, which he named after him. He then returned to Tiryns, where he
+delivered up the mares to Eurystheus, who set them loose on Mount Olympus,
+where they became the prey of wild beasts.
+
+It was after the performance of this task that Heracles joined the
+Argonauts in their expedition to gain possession of the Golden Fleece, and
+was left behind at Chios, as already narrated. During his wanderings he
+undertook his ninth labour, which was to bring to Eurystheus the girdle of
+Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons.
+
+9. THE GIRDLE OF HIPPOLYTE.--The Amazons, who dwelt on the shores of the
+Black Sea, near the river Thermodon, were a nation of warlike women,
+renowned for their strength, courage, and great skill in horsemanship.
+Their queen, Hippolyte, had received from her father, Ares, a beautiful
+girdle, which she always wore as a sign of her royal power and authority,
+and it was this girdle which Heracles was required to place in the hands of
+Eurystheus, who designed it as a gift for his daughter Admete.
+
+Foreseeing that this would be a task of no ordinary difficulty the hero
+called to his aid a select band of brave companions, with whom he embarked
+for the Amazonian {245} town Themiscyra. Here they were met by queen
+Hippolyte, who was so impressed by the extraordinary stature and noble
+bearing of Heracles that, on learning his errand, she at once consented to
+present him with the coveted girdle. But Hera, his implacable enemy,
+assuming the form of an Amazon, spread the report in the town that a
+stranger was about to carry off their queen. The Amazons at once flew to
+arms and mounted their horses, whereupon a battle ensued, in which many of
+their bravest warriors were killed or wounded. Among the latter was their
+most skilful leader, Melanippe, whom Heracles afterwards restored to
+Hippolyte, receiving the girdle in exchange.
+
+On his voyage home the hero stopped at Troy, where a new adventure awaited
+him.
+
+During the time that Apollo and Poseidon were condemned by Zeus to a
+temporary servitude on earth, they built for king Laomedon the famous walls
+of Troy, afterwards so renowned in history; but when their work was
+completed the king treacherously refused to give them the reward due to
+them. The incensed deities now combined to punish the offender. Apollo sent
+a pestilence which decimated the people, and Poseidon a flood, which bore
+with it a marine monster, who swallowed in his huge jaws all that came
+within his reach.
+
+In his distress Laomedon consulted an oracle, and was informed that only by
+the sacrifice of his own daughter Hesione could the anger of the gods be
+appeased. Yielding at length to the urgent appeals of his people he
+consented to make the sacrifice, and on the arrival of Heracles the maiden
+was already chained to a rock in readiness to be devoured by the monster.
+
+When Laomedon beheld the renowned hero, whose marvellous feats of strength
+and courage had become the wonder and admiration of all mankind, he
+earnestly implored him to save his daughter from her impending fate, and to
+rid the country of the monster, holding out to him as a reward the horses
+which Zeus had presented to {246} his grandfather Tros in compensation for
+robbing him of his son Ganymede.
+
+Heracles unhesitatingly accepted the offer, and when the monster appeared,
+opening his terrible jaws to receive his prey, the hero, sword in hand,
+attacked and slew him. But the perfidious monarch once more broke faith,
+and Heracles, vowing future vengeance, departed for Mycenæ, where he
+presented the girdle to Eurystheus.
+
+10. THE OXEN OF GERYONES.--The tenth labour of Heracles was the capture of
+the magnificent oxen belonging to the giant Geryon or Geryones, who dwelt
+on the island of Erythia in the bay of Gadria (Cadiz). This giant, who was
+the son of Chrysaor, had three bodies with three heads, six hands, and six
+feet. He possessed a herd of splendid cattle, which were famous for their
+size, beauty, and rich red colour. They were guarded by another giant named
+Eurytion, and a two-headed dog called Orthrus, the offspring of Typhon and
+Echidna.
+
+In choosing for him a task so replete with danger, Eurystheus was in hopes
+that he might rid himself for ever of his hated cousin. But the indomitable
+courage of the hero rose with the prospect of this difficult and dangerous
+undertaking.
+
+After a long and wearisome journey he at last arrived at the western coast
+of Africa, where, as a monument of his perilous expedition, he erected the
+famous "Pillars of Hercules," one of which he placed on each side of the
+Straits of Gibraltar. Here he found the intense heat so insufferable that
+he angrily raised his bow towards heaven, and threatened to shoot the
+sun-god. But Helios, far from being incensed at his audacity, was so struck
+with admiration at his daring that he lent to him the golden boat with
+which he accomplished his nocturnal transit from West to East, and thus
+Heracles crossed over safely to the island of Erythia.
+
+No sooner had he landed than Eurytion, accompanied by his savage dog
+Orthrus, fiercely attacked him; but Heracles, with a superhuman effort,
+slew the dog and {247} then his master. Hereupon he collected the herd, and
+was proceeding to the sea-shore when Geryones himself met him, and a
+desperate encounter took place, in which the giant perished.
+
+Heracles then drove the cattle into the sea, and seizing one of the oxen by
+the horns, swam with them over to the opposite coast of Iberia (Spain).
+Then driving his magnificent prize before him through Gaul, Italy, Illyria,
+and Thrace, he at length arrived, after many perilous adventures and
+hair-breadth escapes, at Mycenæ, where he delivered them up to Eurystheus,
+who sacrificed them to Hera.
+
+Heracles had now executed his ten tasks, which had been accomplished in the
+space of eight years; but Eurystheus refused to include the slaying of the
+Hydra and the cleansing of the stables of Augeas among the number, alleging
+as a reason that the one had been performed by the assistance of Iolaus,
+and that the other had been executed for hire. He therefore insisted on
+Heracles substituting two more labours in their place.
+
+11. THE APPLES OF THE HESPERIDES.--The eleventh task imposed by Eurystheus
+was to bring him the golden apples of the Hesperides, which grew on a tree
+presented by Gæa to Hera, on the occasion of her marriage with Zeus. This
+sacred tree was guarded by four maidens, daughters of Night, called the
+Hesperides, who were assisted in their task by a terrible hundred-headed
+dragon. This dragon never slept, and out of its hundred throats came a
+constant hissing sound, which effectually warned off all intruders. But
+what rendered the undertaking still more difficult was the complete
+ignorance of the hero as to the locality of the garden, and he was forced,
+in consequence, to make many fruitless journeys and to undergo many trials
+before he could find it.
+
+He first travelled through Thessaly and arrived at the river Echedorus,
+where he met the giant Cycnus, the son of Ares and Pyrene, who challenged
+him to single combat. In this encounter Heracles completely vanquished
+{248} his opponent, who was killed in the contest; but now a mightier
+adversary appeared on the scene, for the war-god himself came to avenge his
+son. A terrible struggle ensued, which had lasted some time, when Zeus
+interfered between the brothers, and put an end to the strife by hurling a
+thunderbolt between them. Heracles proceeded on his journey, and reached
+the banks of the river Eridanus, where dwelt the Nymphs, daughters of Zeus
+and Themis. On seeking advice from them as to his route, they directed him
+to the old sea-god Nereus, who alone knew the way to the Garden of the
+Hesperides. Heracles found him asleep, and seizing the opportunity, held
+him so firmly in his powerful grasp that he could not possibly escape, so
+that notwithstanding his various metamorphoses he was at last compelled to
+give the information required. The hero then crossed over to Libya, where
+he engaged in a wrestling-match with king Anteos, son of Poseidon and Gæa,
+which terminated fatally for his antagonist.
+
+From thence he proceeded to Egypt, where reigned Busiris, another son of
+Poseidon, who (acting on the advice given by an oracle during a time of
+great scarcity) sacrificed all strangers to Zeus. When Heracles arrived he
+was seized and dragged to the altar; but the powerful demi-god burst
+asunder his bonds, and then slew Busiris and his son.
+
+Resuming his journey he now wandered on through Arabia until he arrived at
+Mount Caucasus, where Prometheus groaned in unceasing agony. It was at this
+time that Heracles (as already related) shot the eagle which had so long
+tortured the noble and devoted friend of mankind. Full of gratitude for his
+deliverance, Prometheus instructed him how to find his way to that remote
+region in the far West where Atlas supported the heavens on his shoulders,
+near which lay the Garden of the Hesperides. He also warned Heracles not to
+attempt to secure the precious fruit himself, but to assume for a time the
+duties of Atlas, and to despatch him for the apples. {249}
+
+On arriving at his destination Heracles followed the advice of Prometheus.
+Atlas, who willingly entered into the arrangement, contrived to put the
+dragon to sleep, and then, having cunningly outwitted the Hesperides,
+carried off three of the golden apples, which he now brought to Heracles.
+But when the latter was prepared to relinquish his burden, Atlas, having
+once tasted the delights of freedom, declined to resume his post, and
+announced his intention of being himself the bearer of the apples to
+Eurystheus, leaving Heracles to fill his place. To this proposal the hero
+feigned assent, merely begging that Atlas would be kind enough to support
+the heavens for a few moments whilst he contrived a pad for his head. Atlas
+good-naturedly threw down the apples and once more resumed his load, upon
+which Heracles bade him adieu, and departed.
+
+When Heracles conveyed the golden apples to Eurystheus the latter presented
+them to the hero, whereupon Heracles placed the sacred fruit on the altar
+of Pallas-Athene, who restored them to the garden of the Hesperides.
+
+12. CERBERUS.--The twelfth and last labour which Eurystheus imposed on
+Heracles was to bring up Cerberus from the lower world, believing that all
+his heroic powers would be unavailing in the Realm of Shades, and that in
+this, his last and most perilous undertaking, the hero must at length
+succumb and perish.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Cerberus was a monster dog with three heads, out of whose awful jaws
+dripped poison; the hair of his head and back was formed of venomous
+snakes, and his body terminated in the tail of a dragon.
+
+After being initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries, and {250} obtaining
+from the priests certain information necessary for the accomplishment of
+his task, Heracles set out for Tænarum in Lacolia, where there was an
+opening which led to the under-world. Conducted by Hermes, he commenced his
+descent into the awful gulf, where myriads of shades soon began to appear,
+all of whom fled in terror at his approach, Meleager and Medusa alone
+excepted. About to strike the latter with his sword, Hermes interfered and
+stayed his hand, reminding him that she was but a shadow, and that
+consequently no weapon could avail against her.
+
+Arrived before the gates of Hades he found Theseus and Pirithöus, who had
+been fixed to an enchanted rock by Aïdes for their presumption in
+endeavouring to carry off Persephone. When they saw Heracles they implored
+him to set them free. The hero succeeded in delivering Theseus, but when he
+endeavoured to liberate Pirithöus, the earth shook so violently beneath him
+that he was compelled to relinquish his task.
+
+Proceeding further Heracles recognized Ascalaphus, who, as we have seen in
+the history of Demeter, had revealed the fact that Persephone had swallowed
+the seeds of a pomegranate offered to her by her husband, which bound her
+to Aïdes for ever. Ascalaphus was groaning beneath a huge rock which
+Demeter in her anger had hurled upon him, and which Heracles now removed,
+releasing the sufferer.
+
+Before the gates of his palace stood Aïdes the mighty ruler of the lower
+world, and barred his entrance; but Heracles, aiming at him with one of his
+unerring darts, shot him in the shoulder, so that for the first time the
+god experienced the agony of mortal suffering. Heracles then demanded of
+him permission to take Cerberus to the upper-world, and to this Aïdes
+consented on condition that he should secure him unarmed. Protected by his
+breastplate and lion's skin Heracles went in search of the monster, whom he
+found at the mouth of the river Acheron. Undismayed by the hideous barking
+which proceeded from his three heads, he seized the {251} throat with one
+hand and the legs with the other, and although the dragon which served him
+as a tail bit him severely, he did not relinquish his grasp. In this manner
+he conducted him to the upper-world, through an opening near Troezen in
+Argolia.
+
+When Eurystheus beheld Cerberus he stood aghast, and despairing of ever
+getting rid of his hated rival, he returned the hell-hound to the hero, who
+restored him to Aïdes, and with this last task the subjection of Heracles
+to Eurystheus terminated.
+
+MURDER OF IPHITUS.--Free at last Heracles now returned to Thebes; and it
+being impossible for him to live happily with Megara in consequence of his
+having murdered her children he, with her own consent, gave her in marriage
+to his nephew Iolaus. Heracles himself sought the hand of Iole, daughter of
+Eurytus, king of Oechalia, who had instructed him when a boy in the use of
+the bow. Hearing that this king had promised to give his daughter to him
+who could surpass himself and his three sons in shooting with the bow,
+Heracles lost no time in presenting himself as a competitor. He soon proved
+that he was no unworthy pupil of Eurytus, for he signally defeated all his
+opponents. But although the king treated him with marked respect and honour
+he refused, nevertheless, to give him the hand of his daughter, fearing for
+her a similar fate to that which had befallen Megara. Iphitus, the eldest
+son of Eurytus, alone espoused the cause of Heracles, and essayed to induce
+his father to give his consent to the marriage; but all to no purpose, and
+at length, stung to the quick at his rejection, the hero angrily took his
+departure.
+
+Soon afterwards the oxen of the king were stolen by the notorious thief
+Autolycus, and Heracles was suspected by Eurytus of having committed the
+theft. But Iphitus loyally defended his absent friend, and proposed to seek
+out Heracles, and with his assistance to go in search of the missing
+cattle. {252}
+
+The hero warmly welcomed his staunch young friend, and entered cordially
+into his plan. They at once set out on their expedition; but their search
+proved altogether unsuccessful. When they approached the city of Tiryns
+they mounted a tower in hopes of discovering the missing herd in the
+surrounding country; but as they stood on the topmost summit of the
+building, Heracles became suddenly seized with one of his former attacks of
+madness, and mistaking his friend Iphitus for an enemy, hurled him down
+into the plain below, and he was killed on the spot.
+
+Heracles now set forth on a weary pilgrimage, begging in vain that some one
+would purify him from the murder of Iphitus. It was during these wanderings
+that he arrived at the palace of his friend Admetus, whose beautiful and
+heroic wife (Alcestes) he restored to her husband after a terrible struggle
+with Death, as already related.
+
+Soon after this event Heracles was struck with a fearful disease, and
+betook himself to the temple of Delphi, hoping to obtain from the oracle
+the means of relief. The priestess, however, refused him a response on the
+ground of his having murdered Iphitus, whereupon the angry hero seized upon
+the tripod, which he carried off, declaring that he would construct an
+oracle for himself. Apollo, who witnessed the sacrilege, came down to
+defend his sanctuary, and a violent struggle ensued. Zeus once more
+interfered, and, flashing his lightnings between his two favourite sons,
+ended the combat. The Pythia now vouchsafed an answer to the prayer of the
+hero, and commanded him, in expiation of his crime, to allow himself to be
+sold by Hermes for three years as a slave, the purchase-money to be given
+to Eurytus in compensation for the loss of his son.
+
+HERACLES BECOMES THE SLAVE OF OMPHALE.--Heracles bowed in submission to the
+divine will, and was conducted by Hermes to Omphale, queen of Lydia. The
+three talents which she paid for him were given {253} to Eurytus, who,
+however, declined to accept the money, which was handed over to the
+children of Iphitus.
+
+Heracles now regained his former vigour. He rid the territory of Omphale of
+the robbers which infested it and performed for her various other services
+requiring strength and courage. It was about this time that he took part in
+the Calydonian boar-hunt, details of which have already been given.
+
+When Omphale learned that her slave was none other than the renowned
+Heracles himself she at once gave him his liberty, and offered him her hand
+and kingdom. In her palace Heracles abandoned himself to all the enervating
+luxuries of an oriental life, and so completely was the great hero
+enthralled by the fascination which his mistress exercised over him, that
+whilst she playfully donned his lion's skin and helmet, he, attired in
+female garments, sat at her feet spinning wool, and beguiling the time by
+the relation of his past adventures.
+
+But when at length, his term of bondage having expired, he became master of
+his own actions, the manly and energetic spirit of the hero reasserted
+itself, and tearing himself away from the palace of the Mæonian queen, he
+determined to carry out the revenge he had so long meditated against the
+treacherous Laomedon and the faithless Augeas.
+
+HERACLES EXECUTES VENGEANCE ON LAOMEDON AND AUGEAS.--Gathering round him
+some of his old brave companions-in-arms, Heracles collected a fleet of
+vessels and set sail for Troy, where he landed, took the city by storm, and
+killed Laomedon, who thus met at length the retribution he had so richly
+deserved.
+
+To Telamon, one of his bravest followers, he gave Hesione, the daughter of
+the king, in marriage. When Heracles gave her permission to release one of
+the prisoners of war she chose her own brother Podarces, whereupon she was
+informed that as he was already a prisoner of war she would be compelled to
+ransom him. {254} On hearing this Hesione took off her golden diadem, which
+she joyfully handed to the hero. Owing to this circumstance Podarces
+henceforth bore the name of Priamus (or Priam), which signifies the
+"ransomed one."
+
+Heracles now marched against Augeas to execute his vengeance on him also
+for his perfidious conduct. He stormed the city of Elis and put to death
+Augeas and his sons, sparing only his brave advocate and staunch defender
+Phyleus, on whom he bestowed the vacant throne of his father.
+
+HERACLES AND DEIANEIRA.--Heracles now proceeded to Calydon, where he wooed
+the beautiful Deianeira, daughter of Oeneus, king of Ætolia; but he
+encountered a formidable rival in Achelous, the river-god, and it was
+agreed that their claims should be decided by single combat. Trusting to
+his power of assuming various forms at will, Achelous felt confident of
+success; but this availed him nothing, for having at last transformed
+himself into a bull, his mighty adversary broke off one of his horns, and
+compelled him to acknowledge himself defeated.
+
+After passing three happy years with Deianeira an unfortunate accident
+occurred, which for a time marred their felicity. Heracles was one day
+present at a banquet given by Oeneus, when, by a sudden swing of his hand,
+he had the misfortune to strike on the head a youth of noble birth, who,
+according to the custom of the ancients, was serving the guests at table,
+and so violent was the blow that it caused his death. The father of the
+unfortunate youth, who had witnessed the occurrence, saw that it was the
+result of accident, and therefore absolved the hero from blame. But
+Heracles resolved to act according to the law of the land, banished himself
+from the country, and bidding farewell to his father-in-law, set out for
+Trachin to visit his friend King Ceyx, taking with him his wife Deianeira,
+and his young son Hyllus.
+
+In the course of their journey they arrived at the river Evenus, over which
+the Centaur Nessus was in the habit {255} of carrying travellers for hire.
+Heracles, with his little son in his arms, forded the stream unaided,
+intrusting his wife to the care of the Centaur, who, charmed with the
+beauty of his fair burden, attempted to carry her off. But her cries were
+heard by her husband, who without hesitation shot Nessus through the heart
+with one of his poisoned arrows. Now the dying Centaur was thirsting for
+revenge. He called Deianeira to his side, and directed her to secure some
+of the blood which flowed from his wound, assuring her that if, when in
+danger of losing her husband's affection, she used it in the manner
+indicated by him, it would act as a charm, and prevent her from being
+supplanted by a rival. Heracles and Deianeira now pursued their journey,
+and after several adventures at length arrived at their destination.
+
+DEATH OF HERACLES.--The last expedition undertaken by the great hero was
+against Eurytus, king of Oechalia, to revenge himself upon this king and
+his sons for having refused to bestow upon him the hand of Iole, after
+having fairly won the maiden. Having collected a large army Heracles set
+out for Euboea in order to besiege Oechalia, its capital. Success crowned
+his arms. He stormed the citadel, slew the king and his three sons, reduced
+the town to ashes, and carried away captive the young and beautiful Iole.
+
+Returning from his victorious expedition, Heracles halted at Cenoeus in
+order to offer a sacrifice to Zeus, and sent to Deianeira to Trachin for a
+sacrificial robe. Deianeira having been informed that the fair Iole was in
+the train of Heracles was fearful lest her youthful charms might supplant
+her in the affection of her husband, and calling to mind the advice of the
+dying Centaur, she determined to test the efficacy of the love-charm which
+he had given to her. Taking out the phial which she had carefully
+preserved, she imbued the robe with a portion of the liquid which it
+contained, and then sent it to Heracles.
+
+The victorious hero clothed himself with the garment, {256} and was about
+to perform the sacrifice, when the hot flames rising from the altar heated
+the poison with which it was imbued, and soon every fibre of his body was
+penetrated by the deadly venom. The unfortunate hero, suffering the most
+fearful tortures, endeavoured to tear off the robe, but it adhered so
+closely to the skin that all his efforts to remove it only increased his
+agonies.
+
+In this pitiable condition he was conveyed to Trachin, where Deianeira, on
+beholding the terrible suffering of which she was the innocent cause, was
+overcome with grief and remorse, and hanged herself in despair. The dying
+hero called his son Hyllus to his side, and desired him to make Iole his
+wife, and then ordering his followers to erect a funeral pyre, he mounted
+it and implored the by-standers to set fire to it, and thus in mercy to
+terminate his insufferable torments. But no one had the courage to obey
+him, until at last his friend and companion Philoctetes, yielding to his
+piteous appeal, lighted the pile, and received in return the bow and arrows
+of the hero.
+
+Soon flames on flames ascended, and amidst vivid flashes of lightning,
+accompanied by awful peals of thunder, Pallas-Athene descended in a cloud,
+and bore her favourite hero in a chariot to Olympus.
+
+Heracles became admitted among the immortals; and Hera, in token of her
+reconciliation, bestowed upon him the hand of her beautiful daughter Hebe,
+the goddess of eternal youth.
+
+BELLEROPHON.
+
+Bellerophon, or Bellerophontes, was the son of Glaucus, king of Corinth,
+and grandson of Sisyphus. In consequence of an unpremeditated murder
+Bellerophon fled to Tiryns, where he was kindly received by King Proetus,
+who purified him from his crime. Antea, the wife of Proetus, was so charmed
+with the comely youth that she fell in love with him; but Bellerophon did
+not return her affection, and she, in revenge, slandered him to the king by
+a gross misrepresentation of the facts. {257}
+
+The first impulse of Proetus, when informed of the conduct of Bellerophon,
+was to kill him; but the youth, with his gentle and winning manners, had so
+endeared himself to his host that he felt it impossible to take his life
+with his own hands. He therefore sent him to his father-in-law, Iobates,
+king of Lycia, with a kind of letter or tablet which contained mysterious
+signs, indicating his desire that the bearer of the missive should be put
+to death. But the gods watched over the true and loyal youth, and inclined
+the heart of Iobates, who was an amiable prince, towards his guest. Judging
+by his appearance that he was of noble birth, he entertained him, according
+to the hospitable custom of the Greeks, in the most princely manner for
+nine days, and not until the morning of the tenth did he inquire his name
+and errand.
+
+Bellerophon now presented to him the letter intrusted to him by Proetus.
+Iobates, who had become greatly attached to the youth, was horror-struck at
+its contents. Nevertheless he concluded that Proetus must have good reasons
+for his conduct, and that probably Bellerophon had committed a crime which
+deserved death. But as he could not make up his mind to murder the guest he
+had grown to esteem, he decided to despatch him upon dangerous enterprises,
+in which he would in all probability lose his life.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+He first sent him to kill the Chimæra, a monster which was at this time
+devastating the country. The fore part of its body was that of a lion, the
+centre of a goat, and the hind part of a dragon; whilst out of its jaws
+issued flames of fire.
+
+Before starting on this difficult task Bellerophon invoked the protection
+of the gods, and in answer to his prayer they despatched to his aid the
+immortal-winged horse Pegasus, the offspring of Poseidon and Medusa. But
+the divine animal would not suffer himself to be {258} caught, and at last,
+worn out with his fruitless exertions, Bellerophon fell into a deep sleep
+beside the sacred spring Pirene. Here Pallas-Athene appeared to him in a
+dream, and presented him with a magic bridle for the purpose of capturing
+the divine steed. On awaking Bellerophon instinctively put out his hand to
+grasp it, when, to his amazement, there lay beside him the bridle of his
+dream, whilst Pegasus was quietly drinking at the fountain close by.
+Seizing him by the mane Bellerophon threw the bridle over his head, and
+succeeded in mounting him without further difficulty; then rising with him
+into the air he slew the Chimæra with his arrows.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Iobates next sent him on an expedition against the Solymans, a fierce
+neighbouring tribe with whom he was at enmity. Bellerophon succeeded in
+vanquishing them, and was then despatched against the much-dreaded Amazons;
+but greatly to the astonishment of Iobates the hero again returned
+victorious.
+
+Finally, Iobates placed a number of the bravest Lycians in ambush for the
+purpose of destroying him, but not one returned alive, for Bellerophon
+bravely defended himself and slew them all. Convinced at length that
+Bellerophon, far from deserving death, was the special favourite of the
+gods, who had evidently protected him throughout his perilous exploits, the
+king now ceased his persecutions.
+
+Iobates admitted him to a share in the government, and gave him his
+daughter in marriage. But Bellerophon having attained the summit of earthly
+prosperity became intoxicated with pride and vanity, and incurred the
+displeasure of the gods by endeavouring to mount to heaven on his winged
+horse, for the purpose of gratifying his idle curiosity. Zeus punished him
+for his impiety by sending {259} a gadfly to sting the horse, who became so
+restive that he threw his rider, who was precipitated to the earth. Filled
+with remorse at having offended the gods Bellerophon fell a prey to the
+deepest melancholy, and wandered about for the remainder of his life in the
+loneliest and most desolate places.
+
+After death he was honoured in Corinth as a hero, and an altar was erected
+to him in the grove of Poseidon.
+
+THESEUS.
+
+Aegeus, king of Athens, being twice married, and having no children, was so
+desirous of an heir to his throne that he made a pilgrimage to Delphi in
+order to consult the oracle. But the response being ambiguous, he repaired
+to Troezen to consult his wise friend Pittheus, who reigned over that city,
+by whose advice he contracted a secret marriage with his friend's daughter
+Aethra.
+
+After passing some time with his bride, Aegeus prepared to take his
+departure for his own dominions; but before doing so he led Aethra to the
+sea-shore, where, after depositing his sword and sandals under a huge rock,
+he thus addressed her: "Should the gods bless our union with a son, do not
+reveal to him the name and rank of his father until he is old enough to
+possess the strength requisite for moving this stone. Then send him to my
+palace at Athens bearing these tokens of his identity."
+
+A son was born to Aethra, whom she called Theseus, and who was carefully
+trained and educated by his grandfather Pittheus. When he had developed
+into a strong and manly youth his mother conducted him to the spot where
+the rock had been placed by Aegeus, and at her command he rolled away the
+stone, and took possession of the sword and sandals which had lain there
+for sixteen years, and which she now desired him to convey to his father
+Aegeus, king of Athens.
+
+His mother and grandfather were anxious that the youth should travel by the
+safe sea route, the road between Troezen and Athens being at this time
+infested {260} with robbers of great ferocity and enormous strength. But
+feeling within himself the spirit of a hero, Theseus resolved to emulate
+the deeds of Heracles, with whose fame all Greece resounded, and therefore
+chose the more dangerous journey by land, as calculated to afford him an
+opportunity of distinguishing himself by feats of valour.
+
+His first adventure occurred at Epidaurus, where he met Periphetes, a son
+of Hephæstus, who was armed with an iron club, with which he killed all
+travellers. Having received from his grandfather a full description of this
+savage, Theseus at once recognized him, and rushing upon him with his
+sword, succeeded after a desperate encounter in killing him. He
+appropriated the club as a trophy of his victory, and proceeded on his
+journey without hinderance until he arrived at the Isthmus of Corinth.
+
+Here the people warned him to beware of Sinnis the robber, who forced all
+travellers to bend with him one of the branches of a tall pine-tree. Having
+dragged it to the ground, the cruel Sinnis suddenly released his hold,
+whereupon the bough rebounding high up into the air, the unfortunate victim
+was dashed to the ground and killed. When Theseus beheld Sinnis advancing
+towards him he steadily awaited his approach; then seizing his powerful
+club, he killed the inhuman wretch with one blow.
+
+Passing through the woody district of Crommyon Theseus next slew a wild and
+dangerous sow which had long ravaged the country.
+
+He then continued his journey and approached the borders of Megara, where,
+on a narrow path overhanging the sea, dwelt the wicked Scyron, another
+terror to travellers. It was his custom to compel all strangers who passed
+his abode to wash his feet, during which operation he kicked them over the
+rock into the sea. Theseus boldly attacked the giant, overcame him, and
+then flung his body over the cliff where so many of his victims had
+perished.
+
+Theseus now journeyed on to Eleusis, where he found {261} another adversary
+in the person of King Cercyon, who forced all comers to wrestle with him,
+and killed those whom he vanquished; but Theseus overcame the mighty
+wrestler and slew him.
+
+Near Eleusis, on the banks of the river Cephissus, Theseus met with a new
+adventure. Here lived the giant Damastes, called Procrustes or the
+Stretcher, who had two iron beds, one being long and the other short, into
+which he forced all strangers; In the short one he placed the tall men,
+whose limbs he cut to the size of the bed, whilst to the short ones he
+assigned the large bed, stretching them out to fit it; and thus he left his
+victims to expire in the most cruel torments. Theseus freed the country
+from this inhuman monster by serving him as he had done his unfortunate
+victims.
+
+The hero now continued his journey, and at length reached Athens without
+meeting with any further adventures. When he arrived at his destination he
+found his father a helpless tool in the hands of the sorceress Medea, whom
+he had married after her departure from Corinth. Knowing, by means of her
+supernatural powers, that Theseus was the king's son, and fearing that her
+influence might be weakened by his presence, she poisoned the mind of the
+old king against the stranger, whom she represented as being a spy. It was
+accordingly arranged that Theseus should be invited to a banquet, and a
+strong poison mixed with his wine.
+
+Now Theseus had resolved to reveal himself at this feast to the father whom
+he yearned to embrace. Before tasting the wine he put his plan into
+execution, and drew out his sword so that the eyes of the king might rest
+upon it. When Aegeus beheld once more the well-known weapon which he had so
+often wielded, he knew that it was his son who stood before him. He warmly
+embraced him, presented him as his heir to his courtiers and subjects, and
+then, no longer able to endure the sight of Medea, he banished her for ever
+from his dominions.
+
+When Theseus was acknowledged as the rightful heir to the throne he was
+opposed by the fifty sons of Pallas, {262} the king's brother, who had
+confidently expected that on the demise of the old king the government of
+the country would devolve upon them. They therefore resolved to put Theseus
+to death; but their plans becoming known to him, he surprised them as they
+lay in ambush awaiting his approach, and destroyed them all.
+
+Fearing, however, lest the Athenians might entertain a prejudice against
+him on account of his extermination of their fellow-citizens, the
+Pallantids, Theseus resolved to perform some signal service for the state,
+which should gain for him the hearts of the people. He accordingly decided
+to rid the country of the famous bull of Marathon, which had become a
+terror to the cultivators of the land. He captured the animal and brought
+him in chains to Athens, where, after publicly exhibiting him to the
+astonished multitude, he solemnly sacrificed him to Apollo.
+
+The next enterprise undertaken by Theseus far surpassed all his other feats
+of heroic daring, and secured to him the universal admiration and gratitude
+of his fellow-citizens. This was the slaying of the Minotaur, which put an
+end for ever to the shameful tribute of seven youths and seven maidens
+which was exacted from the Athenians every nine years.
+
+The origin of this barbarous tribute was as follows: Androgeos, the
+youthful son of Minos, king of Crete, having been treacherously murdered by
+the Athenians, his father, anxious to avenge the death of his son, declared
+war against their king Aegeus, and conquered Athens and the villages in its
+vicinity. The conqueror henceforth compelled the Athenians to send to him
+every nine years a tribute of seven youths and seven maidens of the noblest
+families of the land, who became the prey of the Minotaur, a monster,
+half-man, half-bull, whose lair was in the wonderful labyrinth, constructed
+by Dædalus for the Cretan king.
+
+When Theseus informed his father of his heroic determination, he was
+overwhelmed with grief, and endeavoured, by every means in his power, to
+shake his son's resolution, but, confident of success, Theseus assured his
+{263} father that he would slay the Minotaur and return home victorious.
+
+It was customary for the vessel bearing its unhappy freight of human
+victims to use on this voyage black sails only; but Theseus promised his
+father that, should he return in safety, he would hoist white ones in their
+place.
+
+Before leaving Athens Theseus, by the advice of an oracle, chose Aphrodite
+as his guardian and protectress, and accordingly offered up a sacrifice to
+her. When he arrived in the presence of king Minos, the goddess of Love
+inspired Ariadne, the beautiful daughter of the king, with an ardent
+attachment for the noble young hero. During a secret interview, in which a
+mutual confession of affection took place, Ariadne furnished him with a
+sharp sword and a clue of thread, the end of which she desired him to
+fasten at the entrance to the labyrinth and to continue to unwind it till
+he reached the lair of the Minotaur. Full of hope as to the successful
+issue of his undertaking, Theseus took leave of the kind maiden, after
+expressing his gratitude for her timely aid.
+
+At the head of his companions he was now conducted by Minos to the entrance
+of the labyrinth. Strictly adhering to the injunctions of the fair Ariadne
+he succeeded in finding the Minotaur, whom, after a fierce and violent
+struggle, he defeated and killed; then carefully feeling his way, by means
+of the clue of thread, he led his companions safely out of the labyrinth.
+They then fled to their ship, taking with them the lovely maiden to whose
+affection for their deliverer they owed their safety.
+
+Arrived at the island of Naxos, Theseus had a dream, in which Dionysus, the
+wine-god, appeared to him, and informed him that the Fates had decreed that
+Ariadne should be his bride, at the same time menacing the hero with all
+kinds of misfortunes should he refuse to resign her. Now Theseus, having
+been taught from his youth to reverence the gods, feared to disobey the
+wishes of Dionysus. He accordingly took a sad farewell of the {264}
+beautiful maiden who so tenderly loved him, and left her on the lonely
+island, where she was found and wooed by the wine-god.
+
+Theseus and his companions felt keenly the loss of their benefactress, and
+in their grief at parting with her, forgot that the ship still bore the
+black sails with which she had left the Attic coast. As she neared the port
+of Athens, Aegeus, who was anxiously awaiting the return of his son on the
+beach, caught sight of the vessel with its black sails, and concluding that
+his gallant son had perished, threw himself in despair into the sea.
+
+With the unanimous approval of the Athenians, Theseus now ascended the
+vacant throne, and soon proved himself to be not only a valiant hero but
+also a wise prince and prudent legislator. Athens was at this time but a
+small city surrounded by a number of villages, each of which possessed its
+own separate form of government; but by means of kind and conciliatory
+measures Theseus induced the heads of these different communities to resign
+their sovereignty, and to intrust the administration of public affairs to a
+court which should sit constantly at Athens, and exercise jurisdiction over
+all the inhabitants of Attica. The result of these judicious measures was,
+that the Athenians became a united and powerful people, and that numbers of
+strangers and foreigners flocked to Athens, which became a flourishing
+maritime port and a commercial centre of great importance.
+
+Theseus renewed the Isthmian Games, and also instituted numerous festivals,
+the principal of which was the Panathenæa, held in honour of Athene-Polias.
+
+It is related that Theseus upon one occasion arrived during a voyage at the
+Amazonian coast. Anxious to ascertain the object of his visit, the Amazons
+sent Hippolyte, one of their number, with presents to the stranger; but no
+sooner did the fair herald set foot on board his vessel than Theseus set
+sail and carried her off to Athens, where he made her his queen. Enraged at
+this indignity the Amazons determined to be revenged. Some time afterwards,
+when the whole affair would {265} appear to have been forgotten, they
+seized the opportunity when the city of Athens was in a defenceless
+condition and landed an army in Attica. So sudden was their attack that
+they had penetrated into the very heart of the city before the Athenians
+could organize their forces; but Theseus expeditiously collected his troops
+and commenced such a furious onslaught upon the invaders that, after a
+desperate encounter, they were driven from the city. Peace was then
+concluded, whereupon the Amazons evacuated the country. During this
+engagement Hippolyte, forgetful of her origin, fought valiantly by the side
+of her husband against her own kinsfolk, and perished on the field of
+battle.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It was soon after this sad event that Theseus joined the world-renowned
+Calydonian Boar-hunt, in which he took a leading part. He also formed one
+of the brave band who shared in the perils of the Argonautic expedition.
+
+The remarkable friendship which existed between Theseus and Pirithöus
+originated under such peculiar circumstances that it is worthy of mention.
+
+Hearing upon one occasion that his herds, pasturing in the plains of
+Marathon, had been carried off by Pirithöus, Theseus collected together an
+armed force and sallied forth to punish the plunderer. But, when the two
+heroes met face to face, both were seized with an impulse of sympathetic
+admiration for each other. Pirithöus, holding out his hand in token of
+peace, exclaimed, "What satisfaction shall I render thee, oh Theseus? Be
+thou thyself the judge." Theseus seized the proffered hand and replied, "I
+ask nought save thy {266} friendship;" whereupon the heroes embraced each
+other and swore eternal fidelity.
+
+When, soon afterwards, Pirithöus became united to Hippodamia, a Thessalian
+princess, he invited Theseus to the wedding-feast, which was also attended,
+among other guests, by a large number of Centaurs, who were friends of
+Pirithöus. Towards the end of the banquet Eurytion, a young Centaur, heated
+and flushed with wine, seized the lovely bride and sought by force to carry
+her off. The other Centaurs, following his example, each endeavoured to
+capture a maiden. Pirithöus and his followers, aided by Theseus, who
+rendered most valuable assistance, attacked the Centaurs, and after a
+violent hand-to-hand struggle in which many perished, forced them to
+relinquish their prey.
+
+After the death of Hippolyte Theseus sought the hand of Phædra, the sister
+of his former bride Ariadne, to whom he became united. For some years they
+lived happily together, and their union was blessed by the birth of two
+sons. During this time Hippolytus, the son of the Amazonian queen, had been
+absent from home, having been placed under the care of the king's uncles in
+order to be educated. When, having grown to manhood, he now returned to his
+father's palace, his young stepmother, Phædra, fell violently in love with
+him; but Hippolytus failed to return her affection, and treated her with
+contempt and indifference. Filled with rage and despair at his coldness
+Phædra put an end to her existence; and when she was discovered by her
+husband she held in her hand a letter, accusing Hippolytus of being the
+cause of her death, and of having conspired against the honour of the king.
+
+Now Poseidon had upon one occasion promised to grant Theseus whatever
+request he should demand; he therefore called upon the sea-god to destroy
+Hippolytus, whom he cursed in the most solemn manner. The father's awful
+malediction fell but too soon upon his innocent son; for, as the latter was
+driving his chariot along the sea-shore, between Troezen and Athens, a
+{267} monster, sent by Poseidon, rose out of the deep, and so frightened
+the horses that they became altogether unmanageable. As they rushed on in
+their mad career the chariot was dashed to pieces, and the unfortunate
+youth, whose feet had become entangled in the reins, was dragged along
+until life was nearly extinct.
+
+In this condition he was found by the unhappy Theseus, who, having
+ascertained the true facts of the case from an old servant of Phædra, had
+hastened to prevent the catastrophe. But he arrived too late, and was only
+able to soothe the last moments of his dying son by acknowledging the sad
+mistake which he had committed, and declaring his firm belief in his honour
+and innocence.
+
+After these events Theseus was persuaded by his friend Pirithöus, who had
+also about this time lost his young wife, Hippodamia, to join him in a
+journey through Greece, with the object of carrying off by force the most
+beautiful maidens whom they should chance to meet.
+
+Arrived at Sparta they beheld, in the temple of Artemis, Helen, the
+daughter of Zeus and Leda, who was engaged in performing sacred dances in
+honour of the goddess. Although the maiden was only nine years old the fame
+of her beauty, which was destined to play so important a part in the
+history of Greece, had already spread far and wide. Theseus and Pirithöus
+forcibly abducted her, and then having cast lots for her, she fell to
+Theseus, who placed her under the charge of his mother Æthra.
+
+Pirithöus now requested Theseus to assist him in his ambitious scheme of
+descending to the lower world and carrying off Persephone, the queen of
+Hades. Though fully alive to the perils of the undertaking Theseus would
+not forsake his friend, and together they sought the gloomy realm of
+Shades. But Aïdes had been forewarned of their approach, and scarcely had
+the two friends set foot within his dominions when, by his orders, they
+were seized, bound with chains, and secured to an enchanted rock at the
+entrance of Hades. Here the two {268} friends languished for many years,
+until Heracles passed by in his search for Cerberus, when he released
+Theseus; but in obedience to an injunction of the gods, left Pirithöus to
+endure for ever the punishment of his too daring ambition.
+
+While Theseus was imprisoned in the under world Castor and Pollux, the
+brothers of Helen, invaded Athens, and demanded the restoration of their
+young sister. Seeing his country threatened with the horrors of warfare, an
+Athenian citizen named Academus, who knew of Helen's place of concealment,
+repaired to the camp of the Dioscuri, and informed them where they would
+find her. Æthra at once resigned her charge, whereupon the brothers took
+leave of Athens, and, accompanied by Helen, returned to their native
+country.
+
+But the prolonged absence of Theseus gave rise to other troubles of a more
+serious character. Thinking the opportunity favourable for a revolt, a
+faction, headed by Menesthius, a descendant of Erechtheus, arrogated to
+themselves supreme power, and seized the reins of government.
+
+Returned to Athens, Theseus at once took active measures to quell the
+insubordination which existed on all sides. He expelled Menesthius from
+office, rigorously punished the ringleaders of the revolt, and placed
+himself once more upon the throne. But his hold upon the people was gone.
+His former services were all forgotten, and, finding at length that
+dissensions and revolts were rife, he voluntarily abdicated the throne, and
+retired to his estates in the island of Scyros. Here Lycomedes, king of the
+island, feigned to receive him with the utmost friendship; but being, as it
+is supposed, in league with Menesthius, he led the old king to the summit
+of a high rock, under pretence of showing him his estates, and
+treacherously killed him by pushing him over the cliff.
+
+Many centuries after his death, by the command of the oracle of Delphi,
+Cimon, the father of Miltiades, at the conclusion of the Persian war,
+brought the remains of Theseus, the great benefactor of Athens, to that
+city, {269} and in his honour a temple was erected, which exists to the
+present day, and serves as a museum of art.
+
+OEDIPUS.
+
+Laius, king of Thebes, the son of Labdacus, and a direct descendant of
+Cadmus, was married to Jocaste, the daughter of a noble Theban. An oracle
+having foretold that he would perish by the hand of his own son, he
+determined to destroy the infant to whom Jocaste had just given birth. With
+the consent of his wife, whose affection for her husband overcame her love
+for her child, he pierced the feet of the babe, bound them together, and
+handed the infant over to a servant, with instructions to expose him on
+Mount Cithæron to perish. But instead of obeying this cruel command, the
+servant intrusted him to a shepherd who was tending the flocks of Polybus,
+king of Corinth, and then returned to Laius and Jocaste, and informed them
+that their orders had been obeyed. The parents were satisfied with the
+intelligence, and quieted their conscience by the reflection that they had
+thus prevented their son from committing the crime of parricide.
+
+Meanwhile the shepherd of king Polybus had unbound the feet of the infant,
+and in consequence of their being much swollen he called him Oedipus, or
+Swollen-foot. He then carried him to the king, his master, who, pitying the
+poor little waif, enlisted for him the kind offices of his wife, Merope.
+Oedipus was adopted by the king and queen as their own son, and grew up in
+the belief that they were his parents, until one day a Corinthian noble
+taunted him at a banquet with not being the son of the king. Stung at this
+reproach the youth appealed to Merope, but receiving an equivocal, though
+kindly answer, he repaired to Delphi to consult the oracle. The Pythia
+vouchsafed no reply to his inquiry, but informed him, to his horror, that
+he was fated to kill his father and to marry his own mother.
+
+Filled with dismay, for he was tenderly attached to Polybus and Merope,
+Oedipus determined not to return {270} to Corinth, and took instead the
+road leading to Boeotia. On his way a chariot passed him, in which sat an
+old man with two servants, who rudely pushed the pedestrian out of the
+path. In the scuffle which ensued Oedipus struck the old man with his heavy
+stick, and he fell back dead on the seat of the chariot. Struck with dismay
+at the unpremeditated murder which he had committed, the youth fled, and
+left the spot without learning that the old man whom he had killed was his
+father, Laius, king of Thebes.
+
+Not long after this occurrence the Sphinx (full details of whom have
+already been given) was sent by the goddess Hera as a punishment to the
+Thebans. Stationed on a rocky height just outside the city, she propounded
+to the passers by riddles which she had been taught by the Muses, and
+whoever failed to solve them was torn in pieces and devoured by the
+monster, and in this manner great numbers of the inhabitants of Thebes had
+perished.
+
+Now on the death of the old king Laius, Creon, the brother of the widowed
+queen, had seized the reins of government and mounted the vacant throne;
+and when at length his own son fell a victim to the Sphinx, he resolved at
+all costs to rid the country of this fearful scourge. He accordingly issued
+a proclamation, that the kingdom and the hand of his sister Jocaste should
+be awarded to him who should succeed in solving one of the riddles of the
+Sphinx, it having been foretold by an oracle that only then would the
+country be freed from the monster.
+
+Just as this proclamation was being made in the streets of Thebes Oedipus,
+with his pilgrim's staff in his hand, entered the city. Tempted by the
+prospect of so magnificent a reward he repaired to the rock, and boldly
+requested the Sphinx to propound to him one of her riddles. She proposed to
+him one which she deemed impossible of solution, but Oedipus at once solved
+it; whereupon the Sphinx, full of rage and despair, precipitated herself
+into the abyss and perished. Oedipus {271} received the promised reward. He
+became king of Thebes and the husband of Jocaste, the widow of his father,
+king Laius.
+
+For many years Oedipus enjoyed the greatest happiness and tranquillity.
+Four children were born to him--two sons, Eteocles and Polynices, and two
+daughters, Antigone and Ismene. But at last the gods afflicted the country
+with a grievous pestilence, which made terrible havoc among the people. In
+their distress they entreated the help of the king, who was regarded by his
+subjects as a special favourite of the gods. Oedipus consulted an oracle,
+and the response was that the pestilence would continue to rage until the
+land was purified of the blood of king Laius, whose murderer was living
+unpunished at Thebes.
+
+The king now invoked the most solemn imprecations on the head of the
+murderer, and offered a reward for any information concerning him. He then
+sent for the blind old seer Tiresias, and implored him, by means of his
+prophetic powers, to reveal to him the author of the crime. Tiresias at
+first hesitated, but yielding to the earnest solicitations of the king, the
+old prophet thus addressed him: "Thou thyself art the murderer of the old
+king Laius, who was thy father; and thou art wedded to his widow, thine own
+mother." In order to convince Oedipus of the truth of his words, he brought
+forward the old servant who had exposed him as a babe on Mount Cithæron,
+and the shepherd who had conveyed him to king Polybus. Horrified at this
+awful revelation Oedipus, in a fit of despair, deprived himself of sight,
+and the unfortunate Jocaste, unable to survive her disgrace, hanged
+herself.
+
+Accompanied by his faithful and devoted daughter Antigone, Oedipus quitted
+Thebes and became a miserable and homeless outcast, begging his bread from
+place to place. At length, after a long and painful pilgrimage, he found a
+place of refuge in the grove of the Eumenides (at Colonus, near Athens),
+where his last moments were soothed and tended by the care and devotion of
+the faithful Antigone.
+
+{272}
+
+THE SEVEN AGAINST THEBES.
+
+After the voluntary abdication of Oedipus, his two sons, Eteocles and
+Polynices, took possession of the crown and reigned over the city of
+Thebes. But Eteocles, being an ambitious prince, soon seized the reins of
+government himself, and expelled his brother from the throne.
+
+Polynices now repaired to Argos, where he arrived in the dead of night.
+Outside the gates of the royal palace he encountered Tydeus, the son of
+Oeneus, king of Calydon. Having accidentally killed a relative in the
+chase, Tydeus was also a fugitive; but being mistaken by Polynices in the
+darkness for an enemy, a quarrel ensued, which might have ended fatally,
+had not king Adrastus, aroused by the clamour, appeared on the scene and
+parted the combatants.
+
+By the light of the torches borne by his attendants Adrastus observed, to
+his surprise, that on the shield of Polynices a lion was depicted, and on
+that of Tydeus a boar. The former bore this insignia in honour of the
+renowned hero Heracles, the latter in memory of the famous Calydonian
+boar-hunt. This circumstance reminded the king of an extraordinary oracular
+prediction concerning his two beautiful daughters, Argia and Deipyle, which
+was to the effect that he would give them in marriage to a lion and a boar.
+Hailing with delight what he regarded as an auspicious solution of the
+mysterious prophecy, he invited the strangers into his palace; and when he
+heard their history, and had convinced himself that they were of noble
+birth, he bestowed upon Polynices his beautiful daughter Argia, and upon
+Tydeus the fair Deipyle, promising at the same time that he would assist
+both his sons-in-law to regain their rightful patrimony.
+
+The first care of Adrastus was to aid Polynices in regaining possession of
+his lawful share in the government of Thebes. He accordingly invited the
+most powerful chiefs in his kingdom to join in the expedition, {273} all of
+whom readily obeyed the call with the exception of the king's
+brother-in-law, Amphiaraus, the seer. As he foresaw a disastrous
+termination to the enterprise, and knew that not one of the heroes, save
+Adrastus himself, would return alive, he earnestly dissuaded the king from
+carrying out his project, and declined to take any part in the undertaking.
+But Adrastus, seconded by Polynices and Tydeus, was obstinately bent on the
+achievement of his purpose, and Amphiaraus, in order to escape from their
+importunities, concealed himself in a hiding-place known only to his wife
+Eriphyle.
+
+Now on the occasion of the marriage of Amphiaraus it had been agreed, that
+if he ever differed in opinion with the king, his wife should decide the
+question. As the presence of Amphiaraus was indispensable to the success of
+the undertaking, and, moreover, as Adrastus would not enter upon it without
+"the eye of the army," as he called his brother-in-law, Polynices, bent on
+securing his services, determined to bribe Eriphyle to use her influence
+with her husband and to decide the question in accordance with his wishes.
+He bethought himself of the beautiful necklace of Harmonia, wife of Cadmus,
+which he had brought with him in his flight from Thebes. Without loss of
+time he presented himself before the wife of Amphiaraus, and held up to her
+admiring gaze the glittering bauble, promising that if she revealed the
+hiding-place of her husband and induced him to join the expedition, the
+necklace should be hers. Eriphyle, unable to withstand the tempting bait,
+accepted the bribe, and thus Amphiaraus was compelled to join the army. But
+before leaving his home he extorted a solemn promise from his son Alcmæon
+that, should he perish on the field of battle, he would avenge his death on
+his mother, the perfidious Eriphyle.
+
+Seven leaders were now chosen, each at the head of a separate detachment of
+troops. These were Adrastus the king, his two brothers Hippomedon and
+Parthenopæus, Capaneus his nephew, Polynices and Tydeus, and Amphiaraus.
+
+{274}
+
+When the army was collected they set out for Nemea, which was at this time
+governed by king Lycurgus. Here the Argives, being short of water, halted
+on the outskirts of a forest in order to search for a spring, when they saw
+a majestic and beautiful woman seated on the trunk of a tree, nursing an
+infant. They concluded from her noble and queenly appearance that she must
+be a goddess, but were informed by her that she was Hypsipile, queen of the
+Lemnians, who had been carried away captive by pirates, and sold as a slave
+to king Lycurgus, and that she was now acting as nurse to his infant son.
+When the warriors told her that they were in search of water, she laid the
+child down in the grass, and led them to a secret spring in the forest,
+with which she alone was acquainted. But on their return they found, to
+their grief, that the unfortunate babe had been killed during their
+absence, by a serpent. They slew the reptile, and then collecting the
+remains of the infant, they buried them with funereal honours and proceeded
+on their way.
+
+The warlike host now appeared before the walls of Thebes, and each leader
+placed himself before one of the seven gates of the city in readiness for
+the attack. Eteocles, in conjunction with Creon, had made due preparations
+to repel the invaders, and had stationed troops, under the command of
+trusty leaders, to guard each of the gates. Then, according to the practice
+of the ancients of consulting soothsayers before entering upon any
+undertaking, the blind old seer Tiresias was sent for, who, after carefully
+taking the auguries from the flight of birds, declared that all efforts to
+defend the city would prove unavailing, unless the youngest descendant of
+the house of Cadmus would offer himself as a voluntary sacrifice for the
+good of the state.
+
+When Creon heard the words of the seer his first thought was of his
+favourite son Menoeceus, the youngest scion of the royal house, who was
+present at the interview. He therefore earnestly implored him to leave the
+city, and to repair for safety to Delphi. But the gallant youth heroically
+resolved to sacrifice his life for the {275} benefit of his country, and
+after taking leave of his old father, mounted the city walls, and plunging
+a dagger into his heart, perished in the sight of the contending hosts.
+
+Adrastus now gave his troops the word of command to storm the city, and
+they rushed forward to the attack with great valour. The battle raged long
+and furiously, and after heavy losses on both sides the Argives were routed
+and put to flight.
+
+After the lapse of some days they reorganized their forces, and again
+appeared before the gates of Thebes, when Eteocles, grieved to think that
+there should be such a terrible loss of life on his account, sent a herald
+into the opposite camp, with a proposition that the fate of the campaign
+should be decided by single combat between himself and his brother
+Polynices. The challenge was readily accepted, and in the duel which took
+place outside the city walls, in the sight of the rival forces, Eteocles
+and Polynices were both fatally wounded and expired on the field of battle.
+
+Both sides now claimed the day, and the result was that hostilities
+recommenced, and soon the battle raged with greater fury than ever. But
+victory at last declared itself for the Thebans. In their flight the
+Argives lost all their leaders, Adrastus excepted, who owed his safety to
+the fleetness of his horse Arion.
+
+By the death of the brothers, Creon became once more king of Thebes, and in
+order to show his abhorrence of the conduct of Polynices in fighting
+against his country, he strictly forbade any one to bury either his remains
+or those of his allies. But the faithful Antigone, who had returned to
+Thebes on the death of her father, could not endure that the body of her
+brother should remain unburied. She therefore bravely disregarded the
+orders of the king, and endeavoured to give sepulture to the remains of
+Polynices.
+
+When Creon discovered that his commands had been set at defiance, he
+inhumanly condemned the devoted maiden to be entombed alive in a
+subterranean vault. {276} But retribution was at hand. His son, Hæmon, who
+was betrothed to Antigone, having contrived to effect an entrance into the
+vault, was horrified to find that Antigone had hanged herself by her veil.
+Feeling that life without her would be intolerable, he threw himself in
+despair on his own sword, and after solemnly invoking the malediction of
+the gods on the head of his father, expired beside the dead body of his
+betrothed.
+
+Hardly had the news of the tragic fate of his son reached the king, before
+another messenger appeared, bearing the tidings that his wife Eurydice, on
+hearing of the death of Hæmon, had put an end to her existence, and thus
+the king found himself in his old age both widowed and childless.
+
+Nor did he succeed in the execution of his vindictive designs; for
+Adrastus, who, after his flight from Thebes, had taken refuge at Athens,
+induced Theseus to lead an army against the Thebans, to compel them to
+restore the dead bodies of the Argive warriors to their friends, in order
+that they might perform due funereal rites in honour of the slain. This
+undertaking was successfully accomplished, and the remains of the fallen
+heroes were interred with due honours.
+
+THE EPIGONI.
+
+Ten years after these events the sons of the slain heroes, who were called
+Epigoni, or descendants, resolved to avenge the death of their fathers, and
+with this object entered upon a new expedition against the city of Thebes.
+
+By the advice of the Delphic oracle the command was intrusted to Alcmæon,
+the son of Amphiaraus; but remembering the injunction of his father he
+hesitated to accept this post before executing vengeance on his mother
+Eriphyle. Thersander, however, the son of Polynices, adopting similar
+tactics to those of his father, bribed Eriphyle with the beautiful veil of
+Harmonia, bequeathed to him by Polynices, to induce her son {277} Alcmæon
+and his brother Amphilochus to join in this second war against Thebes.
+
+Now the mother of Alcmæon was gifted with that rare fascination which
+renders its possessor irresistible to all who may chance to come within its
+influence; nor was her own son able to withstand her blandishments.
+Yielding therefore to her wily representations he accepted the command of
+the troops, and at the head of a large and powerful army advanced upon
+Thebes.
+
+Before the gates of the city Alcmæon encountered the Thebans under the
+command of Laodamas, the son of Eteocles. A fierce battle ensued, in which
+the Theban leader, after performing prodigies of valour, perished by the
+hand of Alcmæon.
+
+After losing their chief and the flower of their army, the Thebans
+retreated behind the city walls, and the enemy now pressed them hard on
+every side. In their distress they appealed to the blind old seer Tiresias,
+who was over a hundred years old. With trembling lips and in broken
+accents, he informed them that they could only save their lives by
+abandoning their native city with their wives and families. Upon this they
+despatched ambassadors into the enemy's camp; and whilst these were
+protracting negotiations during the night, the Thebans, with their wives
+and children, evacuated the city. Next morning the Argives entered Thebes
+and plundered it, placing Thersander, the son of Polynices (who was a
+descendant of Cadmus), on the throne which his father had so vainly
+contested.
+
+ALCMÆON AND THE NECKLACE.
+
+When Alcmæon returned from his expedition against the Thebans he determined
+to fulfil the last injunction of his father Amphiaraus, who had desired him
+to be revenged on his mother Eriphyle for her perfidy in accepting a bribe
+to betray him. This resolution was further strengthened by the discovery
+that his unprincipled mother had urged him also to join the expedition
+{278} in return for the much-coveted veil of Harmonia. He therefore put her
+to death; and taking with him the ill-fated necklace and veil, abandoned
+for ever the home of his fathers.
+
+But the gods, who could not suffer so unnatural a crime to go unpunished,
+afflicted him with madness, and sent one of the Furies to pursue him
+unceasingly. In this unhappy condition he wandered about from place to
+place, until at last having reached Psophis in Arcadia, Phegeus, king of
+the country, not only purified him of his crime, but also bestowed upon him
+the hand of his daughter Arsinoë, to whom Alcmæon presented the necklace
+and veil, which had already been the cause of so much unhappiness.
+
+Though now released from his mental affliction, the curse which hung over
+him was not entirely removed, and on his account the country of his
+adoption was visited with a severe drought. On consulting the oracle of
+Delphi he was informed that any land which offered him shelter would be
+cursed by the gods, and that the malediction would continue to follow him
+till he came to a country which was not in existence at the time he had
+murdered his mother. Bereft of hope, and resolved no longer to cast the
+shadow of his dark fate over those he loved, Alcmæon took a tender leave of
+his wife and little son, and became once more an outcast and wanderer.
+
+Arrived after a long and painful pilgrimage at the river Achelous, he
+discovered, to his unspeakable joy, a beautiful and fertile island, which
+had but lately emerged from beneath the water. Here he took up his abode;
+and in this haven of rest he was at length freed from his sufferings, and
+finally purified of his crime by the river-god Achelous. But in his
+new-found home where prosperity smiled upon him, Alcmæon soon forgot the
+loving wife and child he had left behind, and wooed Calirrhoë, the
+beautiful daughter of the river-god, who became united to him in marriage.
+
+For many years Alcmæon and Calirrhoë lived happily together, and two sons
+were born to them. But {279} unfortunately for the peace of her husband,
+the daughter of Achelous had heard of the celebrated necklace and veil of
+Harmonia, and became seized with a violent desire to become the possessor
+of these precious treasures.
+
+Now the necklace and veil were in the safe-keeping of Arsinoë; but as
+Alcmæon had carefully concealed the fact of his former marriage from his
+young wife, he informed her, when no longer able to combat her
+importunities, that he had concealed them in a cave in his native country,
+and promised to hasten thither and procure them for her. He accordingly
+took leave of Calirrhoë and his children, and proceeded to Psophis, where
+he presented himself before his deserted wife and her father, king Phegeus.
+To them he excused his absence by the fact of his having suffered from a
+fresh attack of madness, and added that an oracle had foretold to him that
+his malady would only be cured when he had deposited the necklace and veil
+of Harmonia in the temple of Apollo at Delphi. Arsinoë, deceived by his
+artful representations, unhesitatingly restored to him his bridal gifts,
+whereupon Alcmæon set out on his homeward journey, well satisfied with the
+successful issue of his expedition.
+
+But the fatal necklace and veil were doomed to bring ruin and disaster to
+all who possessed them. During his sojourn at the court of king Phegeus,
+one of the servants who had accompanied Alcmæon betrayed the secret of his
+union with the daughter of the river-god; and when the king informed his
+sons of his treacherous conduct, they determined to avenge the wrongs of
+their sister Arsinoë. They accordingly concealed themselves at a point of
+the road which Alcmæon was compelled to pass, and as he neared the spot
+they suddenly emerged from their place of ambush, fell upon him and
+despatched him.
+
+When Arsinoë, who still loved her faithless husband, heard of the murder,
+she bitterly reproached her brothers for the crime which they had
+perpetrated, at which they were so incensed, that they placed her in a
+chest, and conveyed her to Agapenor, son of Ancæus, at Tegea. {280} Here
+they accused her of the murder of which they themselves were guilty, and
+she suffered a painful death.
+
+Calirrhoë, on learning the sad fate of Alcmæon, implored Zeus that her
+infant sons might grow at once to manhood, and avenge the death of their
+father. The ruler of Olympus heard the petition of the bereaved wife, and,
+in answer to her prayer, the children of yesterday became transformed into
+bearded men, full of strength and courage, and thirsting for revenge.
+
+Hastening to Tegea, they there encountered the sons of Phegeus, who were
+about to repair to Delphi, in order to deposit the necklace and veil in the
+sanctuary of Apollo; and before the brothers had time to defend themselves,
+the stalwart sons of Calirrhoë rushed upon them and slew them. They then
+proceeded to Psophis, where they killed king Phegeus and his wife, after
+which they returned to their mother with the necklace and veil, which, by
+the command of her father Achelous, were deposited as sacred offerings in
+the temple of Apollo at Delphi.
+
+THE HERACLIDÆ.
+
+After the apotheosis of Heracles, his children were so cruelly persecuted
+by Eurystheus, that they fled for protection to king Ceyx at Trachin,
+accompanied by the aged Iolaus, the nephew and life-long friend of their
+father, who constituted himself their guide and protector. But on
+Eurystheus demanding the surrender of the fugitives, the Heraclidæ, knowing
+that the small force at the disposal of king Ceyx would be altogether
+inadequate to protect them against the powerful king of Argos, abandoned
+his territory, and sought refuge at Athens, where they were hospitably
+received by king Demophoon, the son of the great hero Theseus. He warmly
+espoused their cause, and determined to protect them at all costs against
+Eurystheus, who had despatched a numerous force in pursuit of them.
+
+When the Athenians had made all necessary preparations to repel the
+invaders, an oracle announced that the {281} sacrifice of a maiden of noble
+birth was necessary to ensure to them victory; whereupon Macaria, the
+beautiful daughter of Heracles and Deianira, magnanimously offered herself
+as a sacrifice, and, surrounded by the noblest matrons and maidens of
+Athens, voluntarily devoted herself to death.
+
+While these events were transpiring in Athens, Hyllus, the eldest son of
+Heracles and Deianira, had advanced with a large army to the assistance of
+his brothers, and having sent a messenger to the king announcing his
+arrival, Demophoon, with his army, joined his forces.
+
+In the thick of the battle which ensued, Iolaus, following a sudden
+impulse, borrowed the chariot of Hyllus, and earnestly entreated Zeus and
+Hebe to restore to him, for this one day only, the vigour and strength of
+his youth. His prayer was heard. A thick cloud descended from heaven and
+enveloped the chariot, and when it disappeared, Iolaus, in the full
+plenitude of manly vigour, stood revealed before the astonished gaze of the
+combatants. He then led on his valiant band of warriors, and soon the enemy
+was in headlong flight; and Eurystheus, who was taken prisoner, was put to
+death by the command of king Demophoon.
+
+After gratefully acknowledging the timely aid of the Athenians, Hyllus,
+accompanied by the faithful Iolaus and his brothers, took leave of king
+Demophoon, and proceeded to invade the Peloponnesus, which they regarded as
+their lawful patrimony; for, according to the will of Zeus, it should have
+been the rightful possession of their father, the great hero Heracles, had
+not Hera maliciously defeated his plans by causing his cousin Eurystheus to
+precede him into the world.
+
+For the space of twelve months the Heraclidæ contrived to maintain
+themselves in the Peloponnesus; but at the expiration of that time a
+pestilence broke out, which spread over the entire peninsula, and compelled
+the Heraclidæ to evacuate the country and return to Attica, where for a
+time they settled.
+
+After the lapse of three years Hyllus resolved on {282} making another
+effort to obtain his paternal inheritance. Before setting out on the
+expedition, however, he consulted the oracle of Delphi, and the response
+was, that he must wait for the third fruit before the enterprise would
+prove successful. Interpreting this ambiguous reply to signify the third
+summer, Hyllus controlled his impatience for three years, when, having
+collected a powerful army, he once more entered the Peloponnesus.
+
+At the isthmus of Corinth he was opposed by Atreus, the son of Pelops, who
+at the death of Eurystheus had inherited the kingdom. In order to save
+bloodshed, Hyllus offered to decide his claims by single combat, the
+conditions being, that if he were victorious, he and his brothers should
+obtain undisputed possession of their rights; but if defeated, the
+Heraclidæ were to desist for fifty years from attempting to press their
+claim.
+
+The challenge was accepted by Echemon, king of Tegea, and Hyllus lost his
+life in the encounter, whereupon the sons of Heracles, in virtue of their
+agreement, abandoned the Peloponnesus and retired to Marathon.
+
+Hyllus was succeeded by his son Cleodæus, who, at the expiration of the
+appointed time, collected a large army and invaded the Peloponnesus; but he
+was not more successful than his father had been, and perished there with
+all his forces.
+
+Twenty years later his son Aristomachus consulted an oracle, which promised
+him victory if he went by way of the defile. The Heraclidæ once more set
+out, but were again defeated, and Aristomachus shared the fate of his
+father and grandfather, and fell on the field of battle.
+
+When, at the expiration of thirty years, the sons of Aristomachus, Temenus,
+Cresphontes, and Aristodemus again consulted the oracle, the answer was
+still the same; but this time the following explanation accompanied the
+response: the third fruit signified the third generation, to which they
+themselves belonged, and not the third fruit of the earth; and by the
+defile was indicated, not the isthmus of Corinth, but the straits on the
+right of the isthmus.
+
+{283}
+
+Temenus lost no time in collecting an army and building ships of war; but
+just as all was ready and the fleet about to sail, Aristodemus, the
+youngest of the brothers, was struck by lightning. To add to their
+misfortunes, Hippolytes, a descendant of Heracles, who had joined in the
+expedition, killed a soothsayer whom he mistook for a spy, and the gods, in
+their displeasure, sent violent tempests, by means of which the entire
+fleet was destroyed, whilst famine and pestilence decimated the ranks of
+the army.
+
+The oracle, on being again consulted, advised that Hippolytes, being the
+offender, should be banished from the country for ten years, and that the
+command of the troops should be delegated to a man having three eyes. A
+search was at once instituted by the Heraclidæ for a man answering to this
+description, who was found at length in the person of Oxylus, a descendant
+of the Ætolian race of kings. In obedience to the command of the oracle,
+Hippolytes was banished, an army and fleet once more equipped, and Oxylus
+elected commander-in-chief.
+
+And now success at length crowned the efforts of the long-suffering
+descendants of the great hero. They obtained possession of the
+Peloponnesus, which was divided among them by lot. Argos fell to Temenus,
+Lacedæmon to Aristodemus, and Messene to Cresphontes. In gratitude for the
+services of their able leader, Oxylus, the kingdom of Elis, was conferred
+upon him by the Heraclidæ.
+
+THE SIEGE OF TROY.
+
+Troy or Ilion was the capital of a kingdom in Asia Minor, situated near the
+Hellespont, and founded by Ilus, son of Tros. At the time of the famous
+Trojan war this city was under the government of Priam, a direct descendant
+of Ilus. Priam was married to Hecuba, daughter of Dymas, king of Thrace;
+and among the most celebrated of their children were the renowned and {284}
+valiant Hector, the prophetess Cassandra, and Paris, the cause of the
+Trojan war.
+
+Before the birth of her second son Paris, Hecuba dreamt that she had given
+birth to a flaming brand, which was interpreted by Æsacus the seer (a son
+of Priam by a former marriage) to signify that she would bear a son who
+would cause the destruction of the city of Troy. Anxious to prevent the
+fulfilment of the prophecy, Hecuba caused her new-born babe to be exposed
+on Mount Ida to perish; but being found by some kind-hearted shepherds, the
+child was reared by them, and grew up unconscious of his noble birth.
+
+As the boy approached manhood he became remarkable, not only for his
+wonderful beauty of form and feature, but also for his strength and
+courage, which he exercised in defending the flocks from the attacks of
+robbers and wild beasts; hence he was called Alexander, or helper of men.
+It was about this time that he settled the famous dispute concerning the
+golden apple, thrown by the goddess of Discord into the assembly of the
+gods. As we have already seen, he gave his decision in favour of Aphrodite;
+thus creating for himself two implacable enemies, for Hera and Athene never
+forgave the slight.
+
+Paris became united to a beautiful nymph named Oenone, with whom he lived
+happily in the seclusion and tranquillity of a pastoral life; but to her
+deep grief this peaceful existence was not fated to be of long duration.
+
+Hearing that some funereal games were about to be held in Troy in honour of
+a departed relative of the king, Paris resolved to visit the capital and
+take part in them himself. There he so greatly distinguished himself in a
+contest with his unknown brothers, Hector and Deiphobus, that the proud
+young princes, enraged that an obscure shepherd should snatch from them the
+prize of victory, were about to create a disturbance, when Cassandra, who
+had been a spectator of the proceedings, stepped forward, and announced to
+them that the humble peasant who had so signally defeated them was their
+own {285} brother Paris. He was then conducted to the presence of his
+parents, who joyfully acknowledged him as their child; and amidst the
+festivities and rejoicings in honour of their new-found son the ominous
+prediction of the past was forgotten.
+
+As a proof of his confidence, the king now intrusted Paris with a somewhat
+delicate mission. As we have already seen in the Legend of Heracles, that
+great hero conquered Troy, and after killing king Laomedon, carried away
+captive his beautiful daughter Hesione, whom he bestowed in marriage on his
+friend Telamon. But although she became princess of Salamis, and lived
+happily with her husband, her brother Priam never ceased to regret her
+loss, and the indignity which had been passed upon his house; and it was
+now proposed that Paris should be equipped with a numerous fleet, and
+proceed to Greece in order to demand the restoration of the king's sister.
+
+Before setting out on this expedition, Paris was warned by Cassandra
+against bringing home a wife from Greece, and she predicted that if he
+disregarded her injunction he would bring inevitable ruin upon the city of
+Troy, and destruction to the house of Priam.
+
+Under the command of Paris the fleet set sail, and arrived safely in
+Greece. Here the young Trojan prince first beheld Helen, the daughter of
+Zeus and Leda, and sister of the Dioscuri, who was the wife of Menelaus,
+king of Sparta, and the loveliest woman of her time. The most renowned
+heroes in Greece had sought the honour of her hand; but her stepfather,
+Tyndareus, king of Sparta, fearing that if he bestowed her in marriage on
+one of her numerous lovers he would make enemies of the rest, made it a
+stipulation that all suitors should solemnly swear to assist and defend the
+successful candidate, with all the means at their command, in any feud
+which might hereafter arise in connection with the marriage. He at length
+conferred the hand of Helen upon Menelaus, a warlike prince, devoted to
+martial exercises and the pleasures of the chase, to whom he resigned his
+throne and kingdom.
+
+{286}
+
+When Paris arrived at Sparta, and sought hospitality at the royal palace,
+he was kindly received by king Menelaus. At the banquet given in his
+honour, he charmed both host and hostess by his graceful manner and varied
+accomplishments, and specially ingratiated himself with the fair Helen, to
+whom he presented some rare and chaste trinkets of Asiatic manufacture.
+
+Whilst Paris was still a guest at the court of the king of Sparta, the
+latter received an invitation from his friend Idomeneus, king of Crete, to
+join him in a hunting expedition; and Menelaus, being of an unsuspicious
+and easy temperament, accepted the invitation, leaving to Helen the duty of
+entertaining the distinguished stranger. Captivated by her surpassing
+loveliness, the Trojan prince forgot every sense of honour and duty, and
+resolved to rob his absent host of his beautiful wife. He accordingly
+collected his followers, and with their assistance stormed the royal
+castle, possessed himself of the rich treasures which it contained, and
+succeeded in carrying off its beautiful, and not altogether unwilling
+mistress.
+
+They at once set sail, but were driven by stress of weather to the island
+of Crania, where they cast anchor; and it was not until some years had
+elapsed, during which time home and country were forgotten, that Paris and
+Helen proceeded to Troy.
+
+PREPARATIONS FOR THE WAR.--When Menelaus heard of the violation of his
+hearth and home he proceeded to Pylos, accompanied by his brother
+Agamemnon, in order to consult the wise old king Nestor, who was renowned
+for his great experience and state-craft. On hearing the facts of the case
+Nestor expressed it as his opinion that only by means of the combined
+efforts of all the states of Greece could Menelaus hope to regain Helen in
+defiance of so powerful a kingdom as that of Troy.
+
+Menelaus and Agamemnon now raised the war-cry, which was unanimously
+responded to from one end of Greece to the other. Many of those who
+volunteered {287} their services were former suitors of the fair Helen, and
+were therefore bound by their oath to support the cause of Menelaus; others
+joined from pure love of adventure, but one and all were deeply impressed
+with the disgrace which would attach to their country should such a crime
+be suffered to go unpunished. Thus a powerful army was collected in which
+few names of note were missing.
+
+Only in the case of two great heroes, Odysseus (Ulysses) and Achilles, did
+Menelaus experience any difficulty.
+
+Odysseus, famed for his wisdom and great astuteness, was at this time
+living happily in Ithaca with his fair young wife Penelope and his little
+son Telemachus, and was loath to leave his happy home for a perilous
+foreign expedition of uncertain duration. When therefore his services were
+solicited he feigned madness; but the shrewd Palamedes, a distinguished
+hero in the suite of Menelaus, detected and exposed the ruse, and thus
+Odysseus was forced to join in the war. But he never forgave the
+interference of Palamedes, and, as we shall see, eventually revenged
+himself upon him in a most cruel manner.
+
+Achilles was the son of Peleus and the sea-goddess Thetis, who is said to
+have dipped her son, when a babe, in the river Styx, and thereby rendered
+him invulnerable, except in the right heel, by which she held him. When the
+boy was nine years old it was foretold to Thetis that he would either enjoy
+a long life of inglorious ease and inactivity, or that after a brief career
+of victory he would die the death of a hero. Naturally desirous of
+prolonging the life of her son, the fond mother devoutly hoped that the
+former fate might be allotted to him. With this view she conveyed him to
+the island of Scyros, in the Ægean Sea, where, disguised as a girl, he was
+brought up among the daughters of Lycomedes, king of the country.
+
+Now that the presence of Achilles was required, owing to an oracular
+prediction that Troy could not be taken without him, Menelaus consulted
+Calchas the soothsayer, who revealed to him the place of his concealment.
+Odysseus was accordingly despatched to Scyros, where, by {288} means of a
+clever device, he soon discovered which among the maidens was the object of
+his search. Disguising himself as a merchant, Odysseus obtained an
+introduction to the royal palace, where he offered to the king's daughters
+various trinkets for sale. The girls, with one exception, all examined his
+wares with unfeigned interest. Observing this circumstance Odysseus
+shrewdly concluded that the one who held aloof must be none other than the
+young Achilles himself. But in order further to test the correctness of his
+deduction, he now exhibited a beautiful set of warlike accoutrements,
+whilst, at a given signal, stirring strains of martial music were heard
+outside; whereupon Achilles, fired with warlike ardour, seized the weapons,
+and thus revealed his identity. He now joined the cause of the Greeks,
+accompanied at the request of his father by his kinsman Patroclus, and
+contributed to the expedition a large force of Thessalian troops, or
+Myrmidons, as they were called, and also fifty ships.
+
+For ten long years Agamemnon and the other chiefs devoted all their energy
+and means in preparing for the expedition against Troy. But during these
+warlike preparations an attempt at a peaceful solution of the difficulty
+was not neglected. An embassy consisting of Menelaus, Odysseus, &c., was
+despatched to king Priam demanding the surrender of Helen; but though the
+embassy was received with the utmost pomp and ceremony, the demand was
+nevertheless rejected; upon which the ambassadors returned to Greece, and
+the order was given for the fleet to assemble at Aulis, in Boeotia.
+
+Never before in the annals of Greece had so large an army been collected. A
+hundred thousand warriors were assembled at Aulis, and in its bay floated
+over a thousand ships, ready to convey them to the Trojan coast. The
+command of this mighty host was intrusted to Agamemnon, king of Argos, the
+most powerful of all the Greek princes.
+
+Before the fleet set sail solemn sacrifices were offered to the gods on the
+sea-shore, when suddenly a serpent was seen to ascend a plane-tree, in
+which was a sparrow's {289} nest containing nine young ones. The reptile
+first devoured the young birds and then their mother, after which it was
+turned by Zeus into stone. Calchas the soothsayer, on being consulted,
+interpreted the miracle to signify that the war with Troy would last for
+nine years, and that only in the tenth would the city be taken.
+
+DEPARTURE OF THE GREEK FLEET.--The fleet then set sail; but mistaking the
+Mysian coast for that of Troy, they landed troops and commenced to ravage
+the country. Telephus, king of the Mysians, who was a son of the great hero
+Heracles, opposed them with a large army, and succeeded in driving them
+back to their ships, but was himself wounded in the engagement by the spear
+of Achilles. Patroclus, who fought valiantly by the side of his kinsman,
+was also wounded in this battle; but Achilles, who was a pupil of Chiron,
+carefully bound up the wound, which he succeeded in healing; and from this
+incident dates the celebrated friendship which ever after existed between
+the two heroes, who even in death remained united.
+
+The Greeks now returned to Aulis. Meanwhile, the wound of Telephus proving
+incurable, he consulted an oracle, and the response was, that he alone who
+had inflicted the wound possessed the power of curing it. Telephus
+accordingly proceeded to the Greek camp, where he was healed by Achilles,
+and, at the solicitation of Odysseus, consented to act as guide in the
+voyage to Troy.
+
+Just as the expedition was about to start for the second time, Agamemnon
+had the misfortune to kill a hind sacred to Artemis, who, in her anger,
+sent continuous calms, which prevented the fleet from setting sail. Calchas
+on being consulted announced that the sacrifice of Iphigenia, the daughter
+of Agamemnon, would alone appease the incensed goddess. How Agamemnon at
+length overcame his feelings as a father, and how Iphigenia was saved by
+Artemis herself, has been already related in a previous chapter.
+
+A fair wind having at length sprung up, the fleet {290} once more set sail.
+They first stopped at the island of Tenedos, where the famous archer
+Philoctetes--who possessed the bow and arrows of Heracles, given to him by
+the dying hero--was bitten in the foot by a venomous snake. So unbearable
+was the odour emitted by the wound, that, at the suggestion of Odysseus,
+Philoctetes was conveyed to the island of Lesbos, where, to his great
+chagrin, he was abandoned to his fate, and the fleet proceeded on their
+journey to Troy.
+
+COMMENCEMENT OF HOSTILITIES.--Having received early intelligence of the
+impending invasion of their country, the Trojans sought the assistance of
+the neighbouring states, who all gallantly responded to their call for
+help, and thus ample preparations were made to receive the enemy. King
+Priam being himself too advanced in years for active service, the command
+of the army devolved upon his eldest son, the brave and valiant Hector.
+
+At the approach of the Greek fleet the Trojans appeared on the coast in
+order to prevent their landing. But great hesitation prevailed among the
+troops as to who should be the first to set foot on the enemy's soil, it
+having been predicted that whoever did so would fall a sacrifice to the
+Fates. Protesilaus of Phylace, however, nobly disregarding the ominous
+prediction, leaped on shore, and fell by the hand of Hector.
+
+The Greeks then succeeded in effecting a landing, and in the engagement
+which ensued the Trojans were signally defeated, and driven to seek safety
+behind the walls of their city. With Achilles at their head the Greeks now
+made a desperate attempt to take the city by storm, but were repulsed with
+terrible losses. After this defeat the invaders, foreseeing a long and
+wearisome campaign, drew up their ships on land, erected tents, huts, &c.,
+and formed an intrenched camp on the coast.
+
+Between the Greek camp and the city of Troy was a plain watered by the
+rivers Scamander and Simois, and it was on this plain, afterwards so
+renowned in history, {291} that the ever memorable battles between the
+Greeks and Trojans were fought.
+
+The impossibility of taking the city by storm was now recognized by the
+leaders of the Greek forces. The Trojans, on their side, being less
+numerous than the enemy, dared not venture on a great battle in the open
+field; hence the war dragged on for many weary years without any decisive
+engagement taking place.
+
+It was about this time that Odysseus carried out his long meditated revenge
+against Palamedes. Palamedes was one of the wisest, most energetic, and
+most upright of all the Greek heroes, and it was in consequence of his
+unflagging zeal and wonderful eloquence that most of the chiefs had been
+induced to join the expedition. But the very qualities which endeared him
+to the hearts of his countrymen rendered him hateful in the eyes of his
+implacable enemy, Odysseus, who never forgave his having detected his
+scheme to avoid joining the army.
+
+In order to effect the ruin of Palamedes, Odysseus concealed in his tent a
+vast sum of money. He next wrote a letter, purporting to be from king Priam
+to Palamedes, in which the former thanked the Greek hero effusively for the
+valuable information received from him, referring at the same time to a
+large sum of money which he had sent to him as a reward. This letter, which
+was found upon the person of a Phrygian prisoner, was read aloud in a
+council of the Greek princes. Palamedes was arraigned before the chiefs of
+the army and accused of betraying his country to the enemy, whereupon a
+search was instituted, and a large sum of money being found in his tent, he
+was pronounced guilty and sentenced to be stoned to death. Though fully
+aware of the base treachery practised against him, Palamedes offered not a
+word in self-defence, knowing but too well that, in the face of such
+damning evidence, the attempt to prove his innocence would be vain.
+
+DEFECTION OF ACHILLES.--During the first year of the campaign the Greeks
+ravaged the surrounding country, {292} and pillaged the neighbouring
+villages. Upon one of these foraging expeditions the city of Pedasus was
+sacked, and Agamemnon, as commander-in-chief, received as his share of the
+spoil the beautiful Chrysëis, daughter of Chryses, the priest of Apollo;
+whilst to Achilles was allotted another captive, the fair Brisëis. The
+following day Chryses, anxious to ransom his daughter, repaired to the
+Greek camp; but Agamemnon refused to accede to his proposal, and with rude
+and insulting words drove the old man away. Full of grief at the loss of
+his child Chryses called upon Apollo for vengeance on her captor. His
+prayer was heard, and the god sent a dreadful pestilence which raged for
+ten days in the camp of the Greeks. Achilles at length called together a
+council, and inquired of Calchas the soothsayer how to arrest this terrible
+visitation of the gods. The seer replied that Apollo, incensed at the
+insult offered to his priest, had sent the plague, and that only by the
+surrender of Chrysëis could his anger be appeased.
+
+On hearing this Agamemnon agreed to resign the maiden; but being already
+embittered against Calchas for his prediction with regard to his own
+daughter Iphigenia, he now heaped insults upon the soothsayer and accused
+him of plotting against his interests. Achilles espoused the cause of
+Calchas, and a violent dispute arose, in which the son of Thetis would have
+killed his chief but for the timely interference of Pallas-Athene, who
+suddenly appeared beside him, unseen by the rest, and recalled him to a
+sense of the duty he owed to his commander. Agamemnon revenged himself on
+Achilles by depriving him of his beautiful captive, the fair Brisëis, who
+had become so attached to her kind and noble captor that she wept bitterly
+on being removed from his charge. Achilles, now fairly disgusted with the
+ungenerous conduct of his chief, withdrew himself to his tent, and
+obstinately declined to take further part in the war.
+
+Heart-sore and dejected he repaired to the sea-shore, and there invoked the
+presence of his divine mother. In answer to his prayer Thetis emerged from
+beneath {293} the waves, and comforted her gallant son with the assurance
+that she would entreat the mighty Zeus to avenge his wrongs by giving
+victory to the Trojans, so that the Greeks might learn to realize the great
+loss which they had sustained by his withdrawal from the army. The Trojans
+being informed by one of their spies of the defection of Achilles, became
+emboldened by the absence of this brave and intrepid leader, whom they
+feared above all the other Greek heroes; they accordingly sallied forth,
+and made a bold and eminently successful attack upon the Greeks, who,
+although they most bravely and obstinately defended their position, were
+completely routed, and driven back to their intrenchments, Agamemnon and
+most of the other Greek leaders being wounded in the engagement.
+
+Encouraged by this marked and signal success the Trojans now commenced to
+besiege the Greeks in their own camp. At this juncture Agamemnon, seeing
+the danger which threatened the army, sunk for the moment all personal
+grievances, and despatched an embassy to Achilles consisting of many noble
+and distinguished chiefs, urgently entreating him to come to the assistance
+of his countrymen in this their hour of peril; promising that not only
+should the fair Brisëis be restored to him, but also that the hand of his
+own daughter should be bestowed on him in marriage, with seven towns as her
+dowry. But the obstinate determination of the proud hero was not to be
+moved; and though he listened courteously to the arguments and
+representations of the messengers of Agamemnon, his resolution to take no
+further part in the war remained unshaken.
+
+In one of the engagements which took place soon afterwards, the Trojans,
+under the command of Hector, penetrated into the heart of the Greek camp,
+and had already commenced to burn their ships, when Patroclus, seeing the
+distress of his countrymen, earnestly besought Achilles to send him to the
+rescue at the head of the Myrmidons. The better nature of the hero
+prevailed, and he not only intrusted to his friend the command of {294} his
+brave band of warriors, but lent him also his own suit of armour.
+
+Patroclus having mounted the war-chariot of the hero, Achilles lifted on
+high a golden goblet and poured out a libation of wine to the gods,
+accompanied by an earnest petition for victory, and the safe return of his
+beloved comrade. As a parting injunction he warned Patroclus against
+advancing too far into the territory of the enemy, and entreated him to be
+content with rescuing the galleys.
+
+At the head of the Myrmidons Patroclus now made a desperate attack upon the
+enemy, who, thinking that the invincible Achilles was himself in command of
+his battalions, became disheartened, and were put to flight. Patroclus
+followed up his victory and pursued the Trojans as far as the walls of
+their city, altogether forgetting in the excitement of battle the
+injunction of his friend Achilles. But his temerity cost the young hero his
+life, for he now encountered the mighty Hector himself, and fell by his
+hands. Hector stripped the armour from his dead foe, and would have dragged
+the body into the city had not Menelaus and Ajax the Greater rushed
+forward, and after a long and fierce struggle succeeded in rescuing it from
+desecration.
+
+DEATH OF HECTOR.--And now came the mournful task of informing Achilles of
+the fate of his friend. He wept bitterly over the dead body of his comrade,
+and solemnly vowed that the funereal rites should not be solemnized in his
+honour until he had slain Hector with his own hands, and captured twelve
+Trojans to be immolated on his funeral pyre. All other considerations
+vanished before the burning desire to avenge the death of his friend; and
+Achilles, now thoroughly aroused from his apathy, became reconciled to
+Agamemnon, and rejoined the Greek army. At the request of the goddess
+Thetis, Hephæstus forged for him a new suit of armour, which far surpassed
+in magnificence that of all the other heroes.
+
+Thus gloriously arrayed he was soon seen striding {295} along, calling the
+Greeks to arms. He now led the troops against the enemy, who were defeated
+and put to flight until, near the gates of the city, Achilles and Hector
+encountered each other. But here, for the first time throughout his whole
+career, the courage of the Trojan hero deserted him. At the near approach
+of his redoubtable antagonist he turned and fled for his life. Achilles
+pursued him; and thrice round the walls of the city was the terrible race
+run, in sight of the old king and queen, who had mounted the walls to watch
+the battle. Hector endeavoured, during each course, to reach the city
+gates, so that his comrades might open them to admit him or cover him with
+their missiles; but his adversary, seeing his design, forced him into the
+open plain, at the same time calling to his friends to hurl no spear upon
+his foe, but to leave to him the vengeance he had so long panted for. At
+length, wearied with the hot pursuit, Hector made a stand and challenged
+his foe to single combat. A desperate encounter took place, in which Hector
+succumbed to his powerful adversary at the Scæan gate; and with his last
+dying breath the Trojan hero foretold to his conqueror that he himself
+would soon perish on the same spot.
+
+The infuriated victor bound the lifeless corse of his fallen foe to his
+chariot, and dragged it three times round the city walls and thence to the
+Greek camp. Overwhelmed with horror at this terrible scene the aged parents
+of Hector uttered such heart-rending cries of anguish that they reached the
+ears of Andromache, his faithful wife, who, rushing to the walls, beheld
+the dead body of her husband, bound to the conqueror's car.
+
+Achilles now solemnized the funereal rites in honour of his friend
+Patroclus. The dead body of the hero was borne to the funeral pile by the
+Myrmidons in full panoply. His dogs and horses were then slain to accompany
+him, in case he should need them in the realm of shades; after which
+Achilles, in fulfilment of his savage vow, slaughtered twelve brave Trojan
+captives, who were {296} laid on the funeral pyre, which was now lighted.
+When all was consumed the bones of Patroclus were carefully collected and
+inclosed in a golden urn. Then followed the funereal games, which consisted
+of chariot-races, fighting with the cestus (a sort of boxing-glove),
+wrestling matches, foot-races, and single combats with shield and spear, in
+all of which the most distinguished heroes took part, and contended for the
+prizes.
+
+PENTHESILEA.--After the death of Hector, their great hope and bulwark, the
+Trojans did not venture beyond the walls of their city. But soon their
+hopes were revived by the appearance of a powerful army of Amazons under
+the command of their queen Penthesilea, a daughter of Ares, whose great
+ambition was to measure swords with the renowned Achilles himself, and to
+avenge the death of the valiant Hector.
+
+Hostilities now recommenced in the open plain. Penthesilea led the Trojan
+host; the Greeks on their side being under the command of Achilles and
+Ajax. Whilst the latter succeeded in putting the enemy to flight, Achilles
+was challenged by Penthesilea to single combat. With heroic courage she
+went forth to the fight; but even the strongest men failed before the power
+of the great Achilles, and though a daughter of Ares, Penthesilea was but a
+woman. With generous chivalry the hero endeavoured to spare the brave and
+beautiful maiden-warrior, and only when his own life was in imminent danger
+did he make a serious effort to vanquish his enemy, when Penthesilea shared
+the fate of all who ventured to oppose the spear of Achilles, and fell by
+his hand.
+
+Feeling herself fatally wounded, she remembered the desecration of the dead
+body of Hector, and earnestly entreated the forbearance of the hero. But
+the petition was hardly necessary, for Achilles, full of compassion for his
+brave but unfortunate adversary, lifted her gently from the ground, and she
+expired in his arms.
+
+On beholding the dead body of their leader in the {297} possession of
+Achilles, the Amazons and Trojans prepared for a fresh attack in order to
+wrest it from his hands; but observing their purpose, Achilles stepped
+forward and loudly called upon them to halt. Then in a few well-chosen
+words he praised the great valour and intrepidity of the fallen queen, and
+expressed his willingness to resign the body at once.
+
+The chivalrous conduct of Achilles was fully appreciated by both Greeks and
+Trojans. Thersites alone, a base and cowardly wretch, attributed unworthy
+motives to the gracious proceedings of the hero; and, not content with
+these insinuations, he savagely pierced with his lance the dead body of the
+Amazonian queen; whereupon Achilles, with one blow of his powerful arm,
+felled him to the ground, and killed him on the spot.
+
+The well-merited death of Thersites excited no commiseration, but his
+kinsman Diomedes came forward and claimed compensation for the murder of
+his relative; and as Agamemnon, who, as commander-in-chief, might easily
+have settled the difficulty, refrained from interfering, the proud nature
+of Achilles resented the implied condemnation of his conduct, and he once
+more abandoned the Greek army and took ship for Lesbos. Odysseus, however,
+followed him to the island, and, with his usual tact, succeeded in inducing
+the hero to return to the camp.
+
+DEATH OF ACHILLES.--A new ally of the Trojans now appeared on the field in
+the person of Memnon, the Æthiopian, a son of Eos and Tithonus, who brought
+with him a powerful reinforcement of negroes. Memnon was the first opponent
+who had yet encountered Achilles on an equal footing; for like the great
+hero himself he was the son of a goddess, and possessed also, like
+Achilles, a suit of armour made for him by Hephæstus.
+
+Before the heroes encountered each other in single combat, the two
+goddesses, Thetis and Eos, hastened to Olympus to intercede with its mighty
+ruler for the life of their sons. Resolved even in this instance not to act
+in opposition to the Moiræ, Zeus seized the golden scales {298} in which he
+weighed the lot of mortals, and placed in it the respective fates of the
+two heroes, whereupon that of Memnon weighed down the balance, thus
+portending his death.
+
+Eos abandoned Olympus in despair. Arrived on the battlefield she beheld the
+lifeless body of her son, who, after a long and brave defence, had at
+length succumbed to the all-conquering arm of Achilles. At her command her
+children, the Winds, flew down to the plain, and seizing the body of the
+slain hero conveyed it through the air safe from the desecration of the
+enemy.
+
+The triumph of Achilles was not of long duration. Intoxicated with success
+he attempted, at the head of the Greek army, to storm the city of Troy,
+when Paris, by the aid of Phoebus-Apollo, aimed a well-directed dart at the
+hero, which pierced his vulnerable heel, and he fell to the ground fatally
+wounded before the Scæan gate. But though face to face with death, the
+intrepid hero, raising himself from the ground, still performed prodigies
+of valour, and not until his tottering limbs refused their office was the
+enemy aware that the wound was mortal.
+
+By the combined efforts of Ajax and Odysseus the body of Achilles was
+wrested from the enemy after a long and terrible fight, and conveyed to the
+Greek camp. Weeping bitterly over the untimely fate of her gallant son,
+Thetis came to embrace him for the last time, and mingled her regrets and
+lamentations with those of the whole Greek army. The funeral pyre was then
+lighted, and the voices of the Muses were heard chanting his funeral dirge.
+When, according to the custom of the ancients, the body had been burned on
+the pyre, the bones of the hero were collected, inclosed in a golden urn,
+and deposited beside the remains of his beloved friend Patroclus.
+
+In the funereal games celebrated in honour of the fallen hero, the property
+of her son was offered by Thetis as the prize of victory. But it was
+unanimously agreed that the beautiful suit of armour made by Hephæstus
+should be awarded to him who had contributed the most to the {299} rescue
+of the body from the hands of the enemy. Popular opinion unanimously
+decided in favour of Odysseus, which verdict was confirmed by the Trojan
+prisoners who were present at the engagement. Unable to endure the slight,
+the unfortunate Ajax lost his reason, and in this condition put an end to
+his existence.
+
+FINAL MEASURES.--Thus were the Greeks deprived at one and the same time of
+their bravest and most powerful leader, and of him also who approached the
+nearest to this distinction. For a time operations were at a standstill,
+until Odysseus at length, contrived by means of a cleverly-arranged ambush
+to capture Helenus, the son of Priam. Like his sister Cassandra, Helenus
+possessed the gift of prophecy, and the unfortunate youth was now coerced
+by Odysseus into using this gift against the welfare of his native city.
+
+The Greeks learned from the Trojan prince that three conditions were
+indispensable to the conquest of Troy:--In the first place the son of
+Achilles must fight in their ranks; secondly, the arrows of Heracles must
+be used against the enemy; and thirdly, they must obtain possession of the
+wooden image of Pallas-Athene, the famous Palladium of Troy.
+
+The first condition was easily fulfilled. Ever ready to serve the interests
+of the community, Odysseus repaired to the island of Scyros, where he found
+Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles. Having succeeded in arousing the ambition
+of the fiery youth, he generously resigned to him the magnificent armour of
+his father, and then conveyed him to the Greek camp, where he immediately
+distinguished himself in single combat with Eurypylus, the son of Telephus,
+who had come to the aid of the Trojans.
+
+To procure the poison-dipped arrows of Heracles was a matter of greater
+difficulty. They were still in the possession of the much-aggrieved
+Philoctetes, who had remained in the island of Lemnos, his wound still
+unhealed, suffering the most abject misery. But the {300} judicious zeal of
+the indefatigable and ever-active Odysseus, who was accompanied in this
+undertaking by Diomedes, at length gained the day, and he induced
+Philoctetes to accompany him to the camp, where the skilful leech Machaon,
+the son of Asclepias, healed him of his wound.
+
+Philoctetes became reconciled to Agamemnon, and in an engagement which took
+place soon after, he mortally wounded Paris, the son of Priam. But though
+pierced by the fatal arrow of the demi-god, death did not immediately
+ensue; and Paris, calling to mind the prediction of an oracle, that his
+deserted wife Oenone could alone cure him if wounded, caused himself to be
+transported to her abode on Mount Ida, where he implored her by the memory
+of their past love to save his life. But mindful only of her wrongs, Oenone
+crushed out of her heart every womanly feeling of pity and compassion, and
+sternly bade him depart. Soon, however, all her former affection for her
+husband awoke within her. With frantic haste she followed him; but on her
+arrival in the city she found the dead body of Paris already laid on the
+lighted funeral pile, and, in her remorse and despair, Oenone threw herself
+on the lifeless form of her husband and perished in the flames.
+
+The Trojans were now shut up within their walls and closely besieged; but
+the third and most difficult condition being still unfulfilled, all efforts
+to take the city were unavailing. In this emergency the wise and devoted
+Odysseus came once more to the aid of his comrades. Having disfigured
+himself with self-inflicted wounds, he assumed the disguise of a wretched
+old mendicant, and then crept stealthily into the city in order to discover
+where the Palladium was preserved. He succeeded in his object, and was
+recognized by no one save the fair Helen, who after the death of Paris had
+been given in marriage to his brother Deiphobus. But since death had robbed
+her of her lover, the heart of the Greek princess had turned yearningly
+towards her native country and her husband Menelaus, and Odysseus now found
+in her a most unlooked-for ally. On his return to the camp {301} Odysseus
+called to his aid the valiant Diomedes, and with his assistance the
+perilous task of abstracting the Palladium from its sacred precincts was,
+after some difficulty, effected.
+
+The conditions of conquest being now fulfilled, a council was called to
+decide on final proceedings. Epeios, a Greek sculptor, who had accompanied
+the expedition, was desired to construct a colossal wooden horse large
+enough to contain a number of able and distinguished heroes. On its
+completion a band of warriors concealed themselves within, whereupon the
+Greek army broke up their camp, and then set fire to it, as though, wearied
+of the long and tedious ten years' siege, they had abandoned the enterprise
+as hopeless.
+
+Accompanied by Agamemnon and the sage Nestor, the fleet set sail for the
+island of Tenedos, where they cast anchor, anxiously awaiting the torch
+signal to hasten back to the Trojan coast.
+
+DESTRUCTION OF TROY.--When the Trojans saw the enemy depart, and the Greek
+camp in flames, they believed themselves safe at last, and streamed in
+great numbers out of the town in order to view the site where the Greeks
+had so long encamped. Here they found the gigantic wooden horse, which they
+examined with wondering curiosity, various opinions being expressed with
+regard to its utility. Some supposed it to be an engine of war, and were in
+favour of destroying it, others regarded it as a sacred idol, and proposed
+that it should be brought into the city. Two circumstances which now
+occurred induced the Trojans to incline towards the latter opinion.
+
+Chief among those who suspected a treacherous design in this huge
+contrivance was Laocoon, a priest of Apollo, who, in company with his two
+young sons, had issued from the city with the Trojans in order to offer a
+sacrifice to the gods. With all the eloquence at his command he urged his
+countrymen not to place confidence in any gift of the Greeks, and even went
+so far as to pierce the {302} side of the horse with a spear which he took
+from a warrior beside him, whereupon the arms of the heroes were heard to
+rattle. The hearts of the brave men concealed inside the horse quailed
+within them, and they had already given themselves up for lost, when
+Pallas-Athene, who ever watched over the cause of the Greeks, now came to
+their aid, and a miracle occurred in order to blind and deceive the devoted
+Trojans;--for the fall of Troy was decreed by the gods.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Whilst Laocoon with his two sons stood prepared to perform the sacrifice,
+two enormous serpents suddenly rose out of the sea, and made direct for the
+altar. They entwined themselves first round the tender limbs of the
+helpless youths, and then encircled their father who rushed to their
+assistance, and thus all three were destroyed in sight of the horrified
+multitude. The Trojans naturally interpreted the fate of Laocoon and his
+sons to be a punishment sent by Zeus for his sacrilege against the wooden
+horse, and were now fully convinced that it must be consecrated to the
+gods.
+
+The crafty Odysseus had left behind his trusty friend Sinon with full
+instructions as to his course of action. Assuming the rôle assigned to him,
+he now approached king Priam with fettered hands and piteous entreaties,
+alleging that the Greeks, in obedience to the command of an oracle, had
+attempted to immolate him as a sacrifice; but that he had contrived to
+escape from their hands, and now sought protection from the king.
+
+The kind-hearted monarch, believing his story, released {303} his bonds,
+assured him of his favour, and then begged him to explain the true meaning
+of the wooden horse. Sinon willingly complied. He informed the king that
+Pallas-Athene, who had hitherto been the hope and stay of the Greeks
+throughout the war, was so deeply offended at the removal of her sacred
+image, the Palladium, from her temple in Troy, that she had withdrawn her
+protection from the Greeks, and refused all further aid till it was
+restored to its rightful place. Hence the Greeks had returned home in order
+to seek fresh instructions from an oracle. But before leaving, Calchas the
+seer had advised their building this gigantic wooden horse as a tribute to
+the offended goddess, hoping thereby to appease her just anger. He further
+explained that it had been constructed of such colossal proportions in
+order to prevent its being brought into the city, so that the favour of
+Pallas-Athene might not be transferred to the Trojans.
+
+Hardly had the crafty Sinon ceased speaking when the Trojans, with one
+accord, urged that the wooden horse should be brought into their city
+without delay. The gates being too low to admit its entrance, a breach was
+made in the walls, and the horse was conveyed in triumph into the very
+heart of Troy; whereupon the Trojans, overjoyed at what they deemed the
+successful issue of the campaign, abandoned themselves to feasting and
+rioting.
+
+Amidst the universal rejoicing the unhappy Cassandra, foreseeing the result
+of the admission of the wooden horse into the city, was seen rushing
+through the streets with wild gestures and dishevelled hair, warning her
+people against the dangers which awaited them. But her eloquent words fell
+on deaf ears; for it was ever the fate of the unfortunate prophetess that
+her predictions should find no credence.
+
+When, after the day's excitement, the Trojans had retired to rest, and all
+was hushed and silent, Sinon, in the dead of night, released the heroes
+from their voluntary imprisonment. The signal was then given to the Greek
+fleet lying off Tenedos, and the whole army in unbroken silence once more
+landed on the Trojan coast. {304}
+
+To enter the city was now an easy matter, and a fearful slaughter ensued.
+Aroused from their slumbers, the Trojans, under the command of their
+bravest leaders, made a gallant defence, but were easily overcome. All
+their most valiant heroes fell in the fight, and soon the whole city was
+wrapt in flames.
+
+Priam fell by the hand of Neoptolemus, who killed him as he lay prostrate
+before the altar of Zeus, praying for divine assistance in this awful hour
+of peril. The unfortunate Andromache with her young son Astyanax had taken
+refuge on the summit of a tower, where she was discovered by the victors,
+who, fearing lest the son of Hector might one day rise against them to
+avenge the death of his father, tore him from her arms and hurled him over
+the battlements.
+
+Æneas alone, the son of Aphrodite, the beloved of gods and men, escaped the
+universal carnage with his son and his old father Anchises, whom he carried
+on his shoulders out of the city. He first sought refuge on Mount Ida, and
+afterwards fled to Italy, where he became the ancestral hero of the Roman
+people.
+
+Menelaus now sought Helen in the royal palace, who, being immortal, still
+retained all her former beauty and fascination. A reconciliation took
+place, and she accompanied her husband on his homeward voyage. Andromache,
+the widow of the brave Hector, was given in marriage to Neoptolemus,
+Cassandra fell to the share of Agamemnon, and Hecuba, the gray-haired and
+widowed queen, was made prisoner by Odysseus.
+
+The boundless treasures of the wealthy Trojan king fell into the hands of
+the Greek heroes, who, after having levelled the city of Troy to the
+ground, prepared for their homeward voyage.
+
+RETURN OF THE GREEKS FROM TROY.
+
+During the sacking of the city of Troy the Greeks, in the hour of victory,
+committed many acts of desecration and cruelty, which called down upon them
+the wrath of the {305} gods, for which reason their homeward voyage was
+beset with manifold dangers and disasters, and many perished before they
+reached their native land.
+
+Nestor, Diomedes, Philoctetes, and Neoptolemus were among those who arrived
+safely in Greece after a prosperous voyage. The vessel which carried
+Menelaus and Helen was driven by violent tempests to the coast of Egypt,
+and only after many years of weary wanderings and vicissitudes did they
+succeed in reaching their home at Sparta.
+
+Ajax the Lesser having offended Pallas-Athene by desecrating her temple on
+the night of the destruction of Troy, was shipwrecked off Cape Caphareus.
+He succeeded, however, in clinging to a rock, and his life might have been
+spared but for his impious boast that he needed not the help of the gods.
+No sooner had he uttered the sacrilegious words than Poseidon, enraged at
+his audacity, split with his trident the rock to which the hero was
+clinging, and the unfortunate Ajax was overwhelmed by the waves.
+
+FATE OF AGAMEMNON.--The homeward voyage of Agamemnon was tolerably
+uneventful and prosperous; but on his arrival at Mycenæ misfortune and ruin
+awaited him.
+
+His wife Clytemnestra, in revenge for the sacrifice of her beloved daughter
+Iphigenia, had formed a secret alliance during his absence with Ægisthus,
+the son of Thyestes, and on the return of Agamemnon they both conspired to
+compass his destruction. Clytemnestra feigned the greatest joy on beholding
+her husband, and in spite of the urgent warnings of Cassandra, who was now
+a captive in his train, he received her protestations of affection with the
+most trusting confidence. In her well-assumed anxiety for the comfort of
+the weary traveller, she prepared a warm bath for his refreshment, and at a
+given signal from the treacherous queen, Ægisthus, who was concealed in an
+adjoining chamber, rushed upon the defenceless hero and slew him. {306}
+
+During the massacre of the retainers of Agamemnon which followed, his
+daughter Electra, with great presence of mind, contrived to save her young
+brother Orestes. He fled for refuge to his uncle Strophius, king of Phocis,
+who educated him with his own son Pylades, and an ardent friendship sprung
+up between the youths, which, from its constancy and disinterestedness, has
+become proverbial.
+
+As Orestes grew up to manhood, his one great all-absorbing desire was to
+avenge the death of his father. Accompanied by his faithful friend Pylades,
+he repaired in disguise to Mycenæ, where Ægisthus and Clytemnestra reigned
+conjointly over the kingdom of Argos. In order to disarm suspicion he had
+taken the precaution to despatch a messenger to Clytemnestra, purporting to
+be sent by king Strophius, to announce to her the untimely death of her son
+Orestes through an accident during a chariot-race at Delphi.
+
+Arrived at Mycenæ, he found his sister Electra so overwhelmed with grief at
+the news of her brother's death that to her he revealed his identity. When
+he heard from her lips how cruelly she had been treated by her mother, and
+how joyfully the news of his demise had been received, his long pent-up
+passion completely overpowered him, and rushing into the presence of the
+king and queen, he first pierced Clytemnestra to the heart, and afterwards
+her guilty partner.
+
+But the crime of murdering his own mother was not long unavenged by the
+gods. Hardly was the fatal act committed when the Furies appeared and
+unceasingly pursued the unfortunate Orestes wherever he went. In this
+wretched plight he sought refuge in the temple of Delphi, where he
+earnestly besought Apollo to release him from his cruel tormentors. The god
+commanded him, in expiation of his crime, to repair to Taurica-Chersonnesus
+and convey the statue of Artemis from thence to the kingdom of Attica, an
+expedition fraught with extreme peril. We have already seen in a former
+chapter how Orestes escaped the fate which befell all strangers {307} who
+landed on the Taurian coast, and how, with the aid of his sister Iphigenia,
+the priestess of the temple, he succeeded in conveying the statue of the
+goddess to his native country.
+
+But the Furies did not so easily relinquish their prey, and only by means
+of the interposition of the just and powerful goddess Pallas-Athene was
+Orestes finally liberated from their persecution. His peace of mind being
+at length restored, Orestes assumed the government of the kingdom of Argos,
+and became united to the beautiful Hermione, daughter of Helen and
+Menelaus. On his faithful friend Pylades he bestowed the hand of his
+beloved sister, the good and faithful Electra.
+
+HOMEWARD VOYAGE OF ODYSSEUS.--With his twelve ships laden with enormous
+treasures, captured during the sacking of Troy, Odysseus set sail with a
+light heart for his rocky island home of Ithaca. At length the happy hour
+had arrived which for ten long years the hero had so anxiously awaited, and
+he little dreamt that ten more must elapse before he would be permitted by
+the Fates to clasp to his heart his beloved wife and child.
+
+During his homeward voyage his little fleet was driven by stress of weather
+to a land whose inhabitants subsisted entirely on a curious plant called
+the lotus, which was sweet as honey to the taste, but had the effect of
+causing utter oblivion of home and country, and of creating an irresistible
+longing to remain for ever in the land of the lotus-eaters. Odysseus and
+his companions were hospitably received by the inhabitants, who regaled
+them freely with their peculiar and very delicious food; after partaking of
+which, however, the comrades of the hero refused to leave the country, and
+it was only by sheer force that he at length succeeded in bringing them
+back to their ships.
+
+POLYPHEMUS.--Continuing their journey, they next arrived at the country of
+the Cyclops, a race of giants remarkable for having only one eye, which was
+placed in the centre of their foreheads. Here Odysseus, whose love of
+adventure overcame more prudent considerations, {308} left his fleet safely
+anchored in the bay of a neighbouring island, and with twelve chosen
+companions set out to explore the country.
+
+Near the shore they found a vast cave, into which they boldly entered. In
+the interior they saw to their surprise huge piles of cheese and great
+pails of milk ranged round the walls. After partaking freely of these
+provisions his companions endeavoured to persuade Odysseus to return to the
+ship; but the hero being curious to make the acquaintance of the owner of
+this extraordinary abode, ordered them to remain and await his pleasure.
+
+Towards evening a fierce giant made his appearance, bearing an enormous
+load of wood upon his shoulders, and driving before him a large flock of
+sheep. This was Polyphemus, the son of Poseidon, the owner of the cave.
+After all his sheep had entered, the giant rolled before the entrance to
+the cave an enormous rock, which the combined strength of a hundred men
+would have been powerless to move.
+
+Having kindled a fire of great logs of pine-wood he was about to prepare
+his supper when the flames revealed to him, in a corner of the cavern, its
+new occupants, who now came forward and informed him that they were
+shipwrecked mariners, and claimed his hospitality in the name of Zeus. But
+the fierce monster railed at the great ruler of Olympus--for the lawless
+Cyclops knew no fear of the gods--and hardly vouchsafed a reply to the
+demand of the hero. To the consternation of Odysseus the giant seized two
+of his companions, and, after dashing them to the ground, consumed their
+remains, washing down the ghastly meal with huge draughts of milk. He then
+stretched his gigantic limbs on the ground, and soon fell fast asleep
+beside the fire.
+
+Thinking the opportunity a favourable one to rid himself and his companions
+of their terrible enemy, Odysseus drew his sword, and, creeping stealthily
+forward, was about to slay the giant when he suddenly remembered that the
+aperture of the cave was effectually closed by the immense rock, which
+rendered egress impossible. He {309} therefore wisely determined to wait
+until the following day, and set his wits to work in the meantime to devise
+a scheme by which he and his companions might make their escape.
+
+When, early next morning, the giant awoke, two more unfortunate companions
+of the hero were seized by him and devoured; after which Polyphemus
+leisurely drove out his flock, taking care to secure the entrance of the
+cave as before.
+
+Next evening the giant devoured two more of his victims, and when he had
+finished his revolting meal Odysseus stepped forward and presented him with
+a large measure of wine which he had brought with him from his ship in a
+goat's skin. Delighted with the delicious beverage the giant inquired the
+name of the donor. Odysseus replied that his name was Noman, whereupon
+Polyphemus, graciously announced that he would evince his gratitude by
+eating him the last.
+
+The monster, thoroughly overcome with the powerful old liquor, soon fell
+into a heavy sleep, and Odysseus lost no time in putting his plans into
+execution. He had cut during the day a large piece of the giant's own
+olive-staff, which he now heated in the fire, and, aided by his companions,
+thrust it into the eye-ball of Polyphemus, and in this manner effectually
+blinded him.
+
+The giant made the cave resound with his howls of pain and rage. His cries
+being heard by his brother Cyclops, who lived in caves not far distant from
+his own, they soon came trooping over the hills from all sides, and
+assailed the door of the cave with inquiries concerning the cause of his
+cries and groans. But as his only reply was, "Noman has injured me," they
+concluded that he had been playing them a trick, and therefore abandoned
+him to his fate.
+
+The blinded giant now groped vainly round his cave in hopes of laying hands
+on some of his tormentors; but wearied at length of these fruitless
+exertions he rolled away the rock which closed the aperture, thinking that
+his victims would rush out with the sheep, when it would {310} be an easy
+matter to capture them. But in the meantime Odysseus had not been idle, and
+the subtlety of the hero was now brought into play, and proved more than a
+match for the giant's strength. The sheep were very large, and Odysseus,
+with bands of willow taken from the bed of Polyphemus, had cleverly linked
+them together three abreast, and under each centre one had secured one of
+his comrades. After providing for the safety of his companions, Odysseus
+himself selected the finest ram of the flock, and, by clinging to the wool
+of the animal, made his escape. As the sheep passed out of the cave the
+giant felt carefully among them for his victims, but not finding them on
+the backs of the animals he let them pass, and thus they all escaped.
+
+They now hastened on board their vessel, and Odysseus, thinking himself at
+a safe distance, shouted out his real name and mockingly defied the giant;
+whereupon Polyphemus seized a huge rock, and, following the direction of
+the voice, hurled it towards the ship, which narrowly escaped destruction.
+He then called upon his father Poseidon to avenge him, entreating him to
+curse Odysseus with a long and tedious voyage, to destroy all his ships and
+all his companions, and to make his return as late, as unhappy, and as
+desolate as possible.
+
+FURTHER ADVENTURES.--After sailing about over unknown seas for some time
+the hero and his followers cast anchor at the island of Æolus, king of the
+Winds, who welcomed them cordially, and sumptuously entertained them for a
+whole month.
+
+When they took their leave he gave Odysseus the skin of an ox, into which
+he had placed all the contrary winds in order to insure to them a safe and
+speedy voyage, and then, having cautioned him on no account to open it,
+caused the gentle Zephyrus to blow so that he might waft them to the shores
+of Greece.
+
+On the evening of the tenth day after their departure they arrived in sight
+of the watch-fires of Ithaca. But here, unfortunately, Odysseus, being
+completely wearied {311} out, fell asleep, and his comrades, thinking Æolus
+had given him a treasure in the bag which he so sedulously guarded, seized
+this opportunity of opening it, whereupon all the adverse winds rushed out,
+and drove them back to the Æolian island. This time, however, Æolus did not
+welcome them as before, but dismissed them with bitter reproaches and
+upbraidings for their disregard of his injunctions.
+
+After a six days' voyage they at length sighted land. Observing what
+appeared to be the smoke from a large town, Odysseus despatched a herald,
+accompanied by two of his comrades, in order to procure provisions. When
+they arrived in the city they discovered to their consternation that they
+had set foot in the land of the Læstrygones, a race of fierce and gigantic
+cannibals, governed by their king Antiphates. The unfortunate herald was
+seized and killed by the king; but his two companions, who took to flight,
+succeeded in reaching their ship in safety, and urgently entreated their
+chief to put to sea without delay.
+
+But Antiphates and his fellow-giants pursued the fugitives to the
+sea-shore, where they now appeared in large numbers. They seized huge
+rocks, which they hurled upon the fleet, sinking eleven of the ships with
+all hands, on board; the vessel under the immediate command of Odysseus
+being the only one which escaped destruction. In this ship, with his few
+remaining followers, Odysseus now set sail, but was driven by adverse winds
+to an island called Ææa.
+
+CIRCE.--The hero and his companions were in sore need of provisions, but,
+warned by previous disasters, Odysseus resolved that only a certain number
+of the ship's crew should be despatched to reconnoitre the country; and on
+lots being drawn by Odysseus and Eurylochus, it fell to the share of the
+latter to fill the office of conductor to the little band selected for this
+purpose.
+
+They soon came to a magnificent marble palace, which was situated in a
+charming and fertile valley. Here {312} dwelt a beautiful enchantress
+called Circe, daughter of the sun-god and the sea-nymph Perse. The entrance
+to her abode was guarded by wolves and lions, who, however, to the great
+surprise of the strangers, were tame and harmless as lambs. These were, in
+fact, human beings who, by the wicked arts of the sorceress, had been thus
+transformed. From within they heard the enchanting voice of the goddess,
+who was singing a sweet melody as she sat at her work, weaving a web such
+as immortals alone could produce. She graciously invited them to enter, and
+all save the prudent and cautious Eurylochus accepted the invitation.
+
+As they trod the wide and spacious halls of tesselated marble objects of
+wealth and beauty met their view on all sides. The soft and luxuriant
+couches on which she bade them be seated were studded with silver, and the
+banquet which she provided for their refreshment was served in vessels of
+pure gold. But while her unsuspecting guests were abandoning themselves to
+the pleasures of the table the wicked enchantress was secretly working
+their ruin; for the wine-cup which was presented to them was drugged with a
+potent draught, after partaking of which the sorceress touched them with
+her magic wand, and they were immediately transformed into swine, still,
+however, retaining their human senses.
+
+When Odysseus heard from Eurylochus of the terrible fate which had befallen
+his companions he set out, regardless of personal danger, resolved to make
+an effort to rescue them. On his way to the palace of the sorceress he met
+a fair youth bearing a wand of gold, who revealed himself to him as Hermes,
+the divine messenger of the gods. He gently reproached the hero for his
+temerity in venturing to enter the abode of Circe unprovided with an
+antidote against her spells, and presented him with a peculiar herb called
+Moly, assuring him that it would inevitably counteract the baneful arts of
+the fell enchantress. Hermes warned Odysseus that Circe would offer him a
+draught of drugged wine with the intention of transforming him as she had
+done his companions. He bade him drink the wine, the effect of {313} which
+would be completely nullified by the herb which he had given him, and then
+rush boldly at the sorceress as though he would take her life, whereupon
+her power over him would cease, she would recognize her master, and grant
+him whatever he might desire.
+
+Circe received the hero with all the grace and fascination at her command,
+and presented him with a draught of wine in a golden goblet. This he
+readily accepted, trusting to the efficacy of the antidote. Then, in
+obedience to the injunction of Hermes, he drew his sword from its scabbard
+and rushed upon the sorceress as though he would slay her.
+
+When Circe found that her fell purpose was for the first time frustrated,
+and that a mortal had dared to attack her, she knew that it must be the
+great Odysseus who stood before her, whose visit to her abode had been
+foretold to her by Hermes. At his solicitation she restored to his
+companions their human form, promising at the same time that henceforth the
+hero and his comrades should be free from her enchantments.
+
+But all warnings and past experience were forgotten by Odysseus when Circe
+commenced to exercise upon him her fascinations and blandishments. At her
+request his companions took up their abode in the island, and he himself
+became the guest and slave of the enchantress for a whole year; and it was
+only at the earnest admonition of his friends that he was at length induced
+to free himself from her toils.
+
+Circe had become so attached to the gallant hero that it cost her a great
+effort to part with him, but having vowed not to exercise her magic spells
+against him she was powerless to detain him further. The goddess now warned
+him that his future would be beset with many dangers, and commanded him to
+consult the blind old seer Tiresias,[52] in the realm of Hades, concerning
+his future destiny. She then loaded his ship with provisions for the
+voyage, and reluctantly bade him farewell.
+
+{314}
+
+THE REALM OF SHADES.--Though somewhat appalled at the prospect of seeking
+the weird and gloomy realms inhabited by the spirits of the dead, Odysseus
+nevertheless obeyed the command of the goddess, who gave him full
+directions with regard to his course, and also certain injunctions which it
+was important that he should carry out with strict attention to detail.
+
+He accordingly set sail with his companions for the dark and gloomy land of
+the Cimmerians, which lay at the furthermost end of the world, beyond the
+great stream Oceanus. Favoured by gentle breezes they soon reached their
+destination in the far west. On arriving at the spot indicated by Circe,
+where the turbid waters of the rivers Acheron and Cocytus mingled at the
+entrance to the lower world, Odysseus landed, unattended by his companions.
+
+Having dug a trench to receive the blood of the sacrifices he now offered a
+black ram and ewe to the powers of darkness, whereupon crowds of shades
+rose up from the yawning gulf, clustering round him, eager to quaff the
+blood of the sacrifice, which would restore to them for a time their mental
+vigour. But mindful of the injunction of Circe, Odysseus brandished his
+sword, and suffered none to approach until Tiresias had appeared. The great
+prophet now came slowly forward leaning on his golden staff, and after
+drinking of the sacrifice proceeded to impart to Odysseus the hidden
+secrets of his future fate. Tiresias also warned him of the numerous perils
+which would assail him, not only during his homeward voyage but also on his
+return to Ithaca, and then instructed him how to avoid them.
+
+Meanwhile numbers of other shades had quaffed the sense-awakening draught
+of the sacrifice, among whom Odysseus recognized to his dismay his
+tenderly-loved mother Anticlea. From her he learned that she had died of
+grief at her son's protracted absence, and that his aged father Laertes was
+wearing his life away in vain and anxious longings for his return. He also
+conversed with the ill-fated Agamemnon, Patroclus, and Achilles. The latter
+{315} bemoaned his shadowy and unreal existence, and plaintively assured
+his former companion-in-arms that rather would he be the poorest
+day-labourer on earth than reign supreme as king over the realm of shades.
+Ajax alone, who still brooded over his wrongs, held aloof, refusing to
+converse with Odysseus, and sullenly retired when the hero addressed him.
+
+But at last so many shades came swarming round him that the courage of
+Odysseus failed him, and he fled in terror back to his ship. Having
+rejoined his companions they once more put to sea, and proceeded on their
+homeward voyage.
+
+THE SIRENS.--After some days' sail their course led them past the island of
+the Sirens.
+
+Now Circe had warned Odysseus on no account to listen to the seductive
+melodies of these treacherous nymphs; for that all who gave ear to their
+enticing strains felt an unconquerable desire to leap overboard and join
+them, when they either perished at their hands, or were engulfed by the
+waves.
+
+In order that his crew should not hear the song of the Sirens, Odysseus had
+filled their ears with melted wax; but the hero himself so dearly loved
+adventure that he could not resist the temptation of braving this new
+danger. By his own desire, therefore, he was lashed to the mast, and his
+comrades had strict orders on no account to release him until they were out
+of sight of the island, no matter how he might implore them to set him
+free.
+
+As they neared the fatal shore they beheld the Sirens seated side by side
+on the verdant slopes of their island; and as their sweet and alluring
+strains fell upon his ear the hero became so powerfully affected by them,
+that, forgetful of all danger, he entreated his comrades to release him;
+but the sailors, obedient to their orders, refused to unbind him until the
+enchanted island had disappeared from view. The danger past, the hero
+gratefully acknowledged the firmness of his followers, which had been the
+means of saving his life. {316}
+
+THE ISLAND OF HELIOS.--They now approached the terrible dangers of Scylla
+and Charybdis, between which Circe had desired them to pass. As Odysseus
+steered the vessel beneath the great rock, Scylla swooped down and seized
+six of his crew from the deck, and the cries of her wretched victims long
+rang in his ears. At length they reached the island of Trinacria (Sicily),
+whereon the sun-god pastured his flocks and herds, and Odysseus, calling to
+mind the warning of Tiresias to avoid this sacred island, would fain have
+steered the vessel past and left the country unexplored. But his crew
+became mutinous, and insisted on landing. Odysseus was therefore obliged to
+yield, but before allowing them to set foot on shore he made them take an
+oath not to touch the sacred herds of Helios, and to be ready to sail again
+on the following morning.
+
+It happened, unfortunately, however, that stress of weather compelled them
+to remain a whole month at Trinacria, and the store of wine and food given
+to them by Circe at parting being completely exhausted, they were obliged
+to subsist on what fish and birds the island afforded. Frequently there was
+not sufficient to satisfy their hunger, and one evening when Odysseus, worn
+out with anxiety and fatigue, had fallen asleep, Eurylochus persuaded the
+hungry men to break their vows and kill some of the sacred oxen.
+
+Dreadful was the anger of Helios, who caused the hides of the slaughtered
+animals to creep and the joints on the spits to bellow like living cattle,
+and threatened that unless Zeus punished the impious crew he would withdraw
+his light from the heavens and shine only in Hades. Anxious to appease the
+enraged deity Zeus assured him that his cause should be avenged. When,
+therefore, after feasting for seven days Odysseus and his companions again
+set sail, the ruler of Olympus caused a terrible storm to overtake them,
+during which the ship was struck with lightning and went to pieces. All the
+crew were drowned except Odysseus, who, clinging to a mast, floated about
+in the open sea for nine days, when, after once more {317} escaping being
+sucked in by the whirlpool of Charybdis, he was cast ashore on the island
+of Ogygia.
+
+CALYPSO.--Ogygia was an island covered with dense forests, where, in the
+midst of a grove of cypress and poplar, stood the charming grotto-palace of
+the nymph Calypso, daughter of the Titan Atlas. The entrance to the grotto
+was entwined with a leafy trellis-work of vine-branches, from which
+depended clusters of purple and golden grapes; the plashing of fountains
+gave a delicious sense of coolness to the air, which was filled with the
+songs of birds, and the ground was carpeted with violets and mosses.
+
+Calypso cordially welcomed the forlorn and shipwrecked hero, and hospitably
+ministered to his wants. In the course of time she became so greatly
+attached to him that she offered him immortality and eternal youth if he
+would consent to remain with her for ever. But the heart of Odysseus turned
+yearningly towards his beloved wife Penelope and his young son. He
+therefore refused the boon, and earnestly entreated the gods to permit him
+to revisit his home. But the curse of Poseidon still followed the
+unfortunate hero, and for seven long years he was detained on the island by
+Calypso, sorely against his will.
+
+At length Pallas-Athene interceded with her mighty father on his behalf,
+and Zeus, yielding to her request, forthwith despatched the fleet-footed
+Hermes to Calypso, commanding her to permit Odysseus to depart and to
+provide him with the means of transport.
+
+The goddess, though loath to part with her guest, dared not disobey the
+commands of the mighty Zeus. She therefore instructed the hero how to
+construct a raft, for which she herself wove the sails. Odysseus now bade
+her farewell, and alone and unaided embarked on the frail little craft for
+his native land.
+
+NAUSICAA.--For seventeen days Odysseus contrived to pilot the raft
+skilfully through all the perils of the deep, directing his course
+according to the directions {318} of Calypso, and guided by the stars of
+heaven. On the eighteenth day he joyfully hailed the distant outline of the
+Phæacian coast, and began to look forward hopefully to temporary rest and
+shelter. But Poseidon, still enraged with the hero who had blinded and
+insulted his son, caused an awful tempest to arise, during which the raft
+was swamped by the waves, and Odysseus only saved himself by clinging for
+bare life to a portion of the wreck.
+
+For two days and nights he floated about, drifted hither and thither by the
+angry billows, till at last, after many a narrow escape of his life, the
+sea-goddess Leucothea came to his aid, and he was cast ashore on the coast
+of Scheria, the island of the luxurious Phæaces. Worn out with the
+hardships and dangers he had passed through he crept into a thicket for
+security, and, lying down on a bed of dried leaves, soon fell fast asleep.
+
+It chanced that Nausicaa, the beautiful daughter of king Alcinous and his
+queen Arete, had come down to the shore, accompanied by her maidens, to
+wash the linen which was destined to form part of her marriage portion.
+When they had finished their task they bathed and sat down to a repast,
+after which they amused themselves with singing and playing at ball.
+
+Their joyous shouts at last awoke Odysseus, who, rising from his hiding
+place, suddenly found himself in the midst of the happy group. Alarmed at
+his wild aspect the attendants of Nausicaa fled in terror; but the
+princess, pitying the forlorn condition of the stranger, addressed him with
+kind and sympathetic words. After hearing from him the account of his
+shipwreck and the terrible hardships he had undergone, Nausicaa called back
+her attendants, reproached them for their want of courtesy, and bade them
+supply the wanderer with food, drink, and suitable raiment. Odysseus then
+left the maidens to resume their games, whilst he bathed and clothed
+himself with the garments with which they had furnished him. Athene now
+appeared to the hero and endowed him with a commanding and magnificent
+stature, and with more than mortal beauty. When he reappeared, the young
+{319} princess was struck with admiration, and requested the hero to visit
+the palace of her father. She then desired her attendants to yoke the mules
+to the wagons and prepare to return home.
+
+Odysseus was cordially received by the king and queen, who entertained him
+with magnificent hospitality, and in return for their kindness the hero
+related to them the history of his long and eventful voyage, and the many
+extraordinary adventures and miraculous escapes which had befallen him
+since his departure from the coast of Ilion.
+
+When he at last took leave of his royal entertainers Alcinous loaded him
+with rich gifts, and ordered him to be conveyed in one of his own ships to
+Ithaca.
+
+ARRIVAL AT ITHACA.--The voyage was a short and prosperous one. By the
+direction of king Alcinous rich furs had been laid on deck for the comfort
+of his guest, on which the hero, leaving the guidance of the ship to the
+Phæacian sailors, soon fell into a deep sleep. When next morning the vessel
+arrived in the harbour of Ithaca the sailors, concluding that so unusually
+profound a slumber must be sent by the gods, conveyed him on shore without
+disturbing him, where they gently placed him beneath the cool shade of an
+olive-tree.
+
+When Odysseus awoke he knew not where he was, for his ever-watchful
+protectress Pallas-Athene had enveloped him in a thick cloud in order to
+conceal him from view. She now appeared to him in the disguise of a
+shepherd, and informed him that he was in his native land; that his father
+Laertes, bent with sorrow and old age, had withdrawn from the court; that
+his son Telemachus had grown to manhood, and was gone to seek for tidings
+of his father; and that his wife Penelope was harassed by the importunities
+of numerous suitors, who had taken possession of his home and devoured his
+substance. In order to gain time Penelope had promised to marry one of her
+lovers as soon as she had finished weaving a robe for the aged Laertes; but
+by secretly undoing at night {320} what she had done in the day she
+effectually retarded the completion of the work, and thus deferred her
+final reply. Just as Odysseus had set foot in Ithaca the angry suitors had
+discovered her stratagem, and had become in consequence more clamorous than
+ever. When the hero heard that this was indeed his native land, which,
+after an absence of twenty years, the gods had at length permitted him to
+behold once more, he threw himself on the ground, and kissed it in an
+ecstacy of joy.
+
+The goddess, who had meanwhile revealed her identity to Odysseus, now
+assisted him to conceal in a neighbouring cave the valuable gifts of the
+Phæacian king. Then seating herself beside him she consulted with him as to
+the best means of ridding his palace of its shameless occupants.
+
+In order to prevent his being recognized she caused him to assume the form
+of an aged mendicant. His limbs became decrepid, his brown locks vanished,
+his eyes grew dim and bleared, and the regal robes given to him by king
+Alcinous were replaced by a tattered garb of dingy hue, which hung loosely
+round his shrunken form. Athene then desired him to seek shelter in the hut
+of Eumæus his own swine-herd.
+
+Eumæus received the old beggar hospitably, kindly ministered to his wants,
+and even confided to him his distress at the long continued absence of his
+beloved old master, and his regrets at being compelled by the unruly
+invaders of his house, to slaughter for their use all the finest and
+fattest of the herd.
+
+It chanced that the following morning Telemachus returned from his long and
+fruitless search for his father, and going first to the hut of Eumæus,
+heard from him the story of the seeming beggar whom he promised to
+befriend. Athene now urged Odysseus to make himself known to his son; and
+at her touch his beggar's rags disappeared, and he stood before Telemachus
+arrayed in royal robes and in the full strength and vigour of manhood. So
+imposing was the appearance of the hero that at first the young prince
+thought he must be a god; but when {321} he was convinced that it was
+indeed his beloved father, whose prolonged absence had caused him so much
+grief, he fell upon his neck and embraced him with every expression of
+dutiful affection.
+
+Odysseus charged Telemachus to keep his return a secret, and concerted with
+him a plan whereby they might rid themselves of the detested suitors. In
+order to carry it into effect Telemachus was to induce his mother to
+promise her hand to the one who could conquer in shooting with the famous
+bow of Odysseus, which the hero had left behind when he went to Troy,
+deeming it too precious a treasure to be taken with him. Odysseus now
+resumed his beggar's dress and appearance and accompanied his son to the
+palace, before the door of which lay his faithful dog Argo, who, though
+worn and feeble with age and neglect, instantly recognized his master. In
+his delight the poor animal made a last effort to welcome him; but his
+strength was exhausted, and he expired at his feet.
+
+When Odysseus entered his ancestral halls he was mocked and reviled by the
+riotous suitors, and Antinous, the most shameless of them all, ridiculed
+his abject appearance, and insolently bade him depart; but Penelope hearing
+of their cruel conduct, was touched with compassion, and desired her
+maidens to bring the poor mendicant into her presence. She spoke kindly to
+him, inquiring who he was and whence he came. He told her that he was the
+brother of the king of Crete, in whose palace he had seen Odysseus, who was
+about starting for Ithaca, and had declared his intention of arriving there
+before the year was out. The queen, overjoyed at the happy tidings, ordered
+her maidens to prepare a bed for the stranger, and to treat him as an
+honoured guest. She then desired the old nurse Euryclea to provide him with
+suitable raiment and to attend to all his wants.
+
+As the old servant was bathing his feet her eyes fell upon a scar which
+Odysseus had received in his youth from the tusks of a wild boar; and
+instantly recognizing the beloved master whom she had nursed as a babe, she
+{322} would have cried aloud in her joy, but the hero placing his hand upon
+her mouth, implored her not to betray him.
+
+The next day was a festival of Apollo, and the suitors in honour of the
+occasion feasted with more than their accustomed revelry. After the banquet
+was over Penelope, taking down the great bow of Odysseus from its place,
+entered the hall and declared that whosoever of her lovers could bend it
+and send an arrow through twelve rings (a feat which she had often seen
+Odysseus perform) should be chosen by her as her husband.
+
+All the suitors tried their skill, but in vain; not one possessed the
+strength required to draw the bow. Odysseus now stepped forward and asked
+permission to be allowed to try, but the haughty nobles mocked at his
+audacity, and would not have permitted it had not Telemachus interfered.
+The pretended beggar took up the bow, and with the greatest ease sent an
+arrow whizzing through the rings; then turning to Antinous, who was just
+raising a goblet of wine to his lips, he pierced him to the heart. At this
+the suitors sprang to their feet and looked round for their arms; but in
+obedience to the instructions of Odysseus Telemachus had previously removed
+them. He and his father now attacked the riotous revellers, and after a
+desperate encounter not one of the whole crew remained alive.
+
+The joyful intelligence of the return of Odysseus being conveyed to
+Penelope she descended to the hall, but refused to recognize, in the aged
+beggar, her gallant husband; whereupon he retired to the bath, from which
+he emerged in all the vigour and beauty with which Athene had endowed him
+at the court of Alcinous. But Penelope, still incredulous, determined to
+put him to a sure test. She therefore commanded in his hearing that his own
+bed should be brought from his chamber. Now the foot of this bed had been
+fashioned by Odysseus himself out of the stem of an olive-tree which was
+still rooted in the ground, and round it he had built the walls of the
+chamber. Knowing therefore that the bed could not be moved, he exclaimed
+that the errand was useless, for that no {323} mortal could stir it from
+its place. Then Penelope knew that it must be Odysseus himself who stood
+before her, and a most touching and affectionate meeting took place between
+the long-separated husband and wife.
+
+The following day the hero set out to seek his old father Laertes, whom he
+found on one of his estates in the country engaged in digging up a young
+olive-tree. The poor old man, who was dressed in the humble garb of a
+labourer, bore the traces of deep grief on his furrowed countenance, and so
+shocked was his son at the change in his appearance that for a moment he
+turned aside to conceal his tears.
+
+When Odysseus revealed himself to his father as the son whom he had so long
+mourned as lost, the joy of the poor old man was almost greater than he
+could bear. With loving care Odysseus led him into the house, where at
+length, for the first time since the departure of his son, Laertes once
+more resumed his regal robes, and piously thanked the gods for this great
+and unlooked-for happiness.
+
+But not yet was the hero permitted to enjoy his well-earned repose, for the
+friends and relatives of the suitors now rose in rebellion against him and
+pursued him to the abode of his father. The struggle, however, was but a
+short one. After a brief contest negotiations of a peaceful nature were
+entered into between Odysseus and his subjects. Recognizing the justice of
+his cause, they became reconciled to their chief, who for many years
+continued to reign over them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{325}
+
+PRONOUNCING INDEX.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[_Note._--The system of pronunciation here followed is the English system,
+because it is the one at present most used among English-speaking peoples.
+In it the letters have substantially their English sound. Upon the
+continent of Europe the pronunciation of Latin and Greek is in like manner
+made to correspond in each nation to the pronunciation of its own language,
+and thus there is much diversity among the continental systems, though they
+resemble each other more closely than they do the English. In England and
+America also the continental methods of pronunciation have been extensively
+used. Thus Æneas may be pronounced A-na´-ahss; Aïdes ah-ee´-daze. Since the
+true, the ancient, pronunciation has been lost, and, as many contend,
+cannot be even substantially recovered, it is a matter of individual
+preference what system shall be followed.]
+
+          A.
+
+  Abderus (ab-dee´-rus), 244.
+  Absyrtus (ab-sir´-tus), 226.
+  Academus (ak-[)a]-dee´-mus), 268.
+  Achelous (ak-e-lo´-us), 254, 278.
+  Acheron (ak´-e-ron), 132, 250.
+  Achilles ([)a]-kil´-leez), 131, 291, 287, 297.
+  Acis ([=a]´-sis), 105, 167.
+  Acrisius ([)a]-crish´-e-us), 189, 205, 209.
+  Acropolis ([)a]-crop´-o-lis), 189.
+  Actæon (ak-tee´-on), 91.
+  Admete (ad-mee´-te), 244.
+  Admetus (ad-mee´-tus), 76, 119, 216.
+  Adonis ([)a]-don´-iss), 59.
+  Adrastia (ad-ras-ti´-ah), 142.
+  Adrastus ([)a]-dras´-tus), 272.
+  Æacus (ee´-[)a]-cus), 34.
+  Ææa (ee-ee´-ah), island of, 67.
+  Ægean Sea (ee-gee´-an), 287.
+  [53]Ægeus (ee´-juce), 259, 262, 264.
+  Ægina (ee-ji´-nah), island of, 230.
+  Ægis (ee´-jiss), 26.
+  Ægisthus (ee-jiss´-thus, _th_ as in _both_), 305.
+  Ægle (egg´-le), 163.
+  Ægyptus (ee-jip´-tus), 135.
+  Aello ([)a]-el´-lo), 137.
+  Æneas (ee-nee´-ass), 304.
+  Æolus (ee´-o-lus), 170, 210.
+  Aër ([=a]´-er), 12.
+  Æsacus (es´-a-cus), 284.
+  Æsculapius (es-cu-la´-pe-us), 177.
+  Æson (ee´-son), 213.
+  Æetes (ee-ee´-teez), 215, 222.
+  Æther (ee´-ther), 12.
+  Æthiopia (e-thi-o´-pe-ah), 207.
+  Æthra (ee´-thrah), 259, 267, 288.
+  Ætna, Mount (et´-nah), 100.
+  Agamemnon (ag-[)a]-mem´-non), 94, 286, 305.
+  Agave ([)a]-ga´-ve), 127, 205.
+  Agenor ([)a]-jee´-nor), 203.
+  Ages, 22.
+  Aglaia (ag-lay´-yah), 163.
+  Agraulos ([)a]-graw´-l[)o]s), 122.
+  Agrigent (ag´-ri-jent), 213.
+  Aïdes (a-i´-deez), 52, 130, 250.
+    --helmet of 206, 208.
+  Aïdoneus (a-i-do´-nuce), 130.
+  Air, 12.
+  Ajax ([=a]´-jax) the Greater, 298.
+    --the Lesser, 305.
+  Alcestis (al-ses´-tiss), 76.
+  Alcinous (al-sin´-o-us), 228, 318.
+  Alcippe (al-sip´-pe), 113
+  Alcmæon (alk-mee´-on), 273, 277.
+  Alcmene (alk-mee´-ne), 35, 234.
+  Alecto (a-leck´-to), 138.
+  Alexander (al-ex-an´-der), 284.
+  Aloidæ (al-o-i´-de), 113.
+  Alpheus (al´-fuce), 242.
+  Altars, 191.
+  Althea (al-thee´-ah, _th_ as in _both_), 90.
+  Altis (al´-tis) the, 41.
+  Amalthea (am-al-thee´-ah), 15.
+  Amazons (am´-a-zons), 244, 258, 264.
+  Ambrosia (am-bro´-zhah), 15.
+  {326}
+  Amor ([=a]´-mor), 150.
+  Amphiaraus (am´-fe-a-ray´-us), 273.
+  Amphidamas (am-fid´-a-mass), 221.
+  Amphilochus (am-fil´-o-cus), 277.
+  Amphion (am-fi´-on), 33.
+  Amphitrite (am-fe-tri´-te), 104, 167.
+  Amphitrion (am-fit´-re-on), 35, 234.
+  Amycus (am´-i-cus), 219.
+  Anaitis-Aphroditis (an-a-i´-tis-af-ro-di´-tis), 92.
+  Ananke (an-ang´-ke), 147.
+  Anciliæ (an-sil´-e-e), 115.
+  Androgeos (an-dro´-je-oss), 262.
+  Andromache (an-drom´-a-ke), 295, 304.
+  Andromeda (an-drom´-e-dah), 207.
+  Antea (an-tee´-ah), 256.
+  Anteos (an-tee´-[)o]s), 248.
+  Anteros (an´-te-ross), 150.
+  Antigone (an-tig´-o-ne), 271, 275.
+  Antinous (an-tin´-o-us), 321.
+  Antiope (an-ti´-o-pe), 32.
+  Antiphates (an-tif´-a-teez), 311.
+  Aphareus (af´-a-ruce), 34.
+  Aphrodite (af-ro-di´-te), 58, 99, 152.
+  Apollo ([)a]-pol´-lo), 68.
+    --(Roman), 83.
+  Apple of Discord, 39.
+  Arachne (a-rak´-ne), 45.
+  Arcadia (ar-ca´-de-ah), 240.
+  Arctos (ark´-t[)o]s), 35.
+  Areopagus (a-re-op´-a-gus), 44, 113, 212.
+  Ares ([=a]´-reez), 99, 112.
+    --grove of, 215.
+    --field of, 223, 225.
+  Arete (a-ree´-te _or_ ar´-e-te), 228, 318.
+  Arethusa (ar-e-thu´-sah), 163.
+  Aretias ([)a]-ree´-she-ass), 221.
+  Argia (ar-ji´-ah), 272.
+  Argives (ar-jives), 274.
+  Argo, 215, 230, 321.
+  Argonauts (ar´-go-nawts), 213.
+  Argos (ar´-g[)o]s), 209, 216, 283.
+  Argus, 224.
+  Argus-Panoptes (pan-op´-teez), 36.
+  Ariadne (a-re-ad´-ne), 128, 263.
+  Aricia (a-rish´-e-ah), 97.
+  Arion (a-ri´-on), 275.
+  Aristæus (ar-iss-tee´-us), 81.
+  Aristodemus (a-ris´-to-de´-mus), 282.
+  Aristomachus (ar-is-tom´-a-cus), 282.
+  Arsinoë (ar-sin´-o-e), 278.
+  Artemis (ar´-te-miss), 87.
+  Ascalaphus (ass-cal´-a-fuss), 55, 250.
+  Asclepius (ass-clee´-pe-us), 71, 76, 176.
+  Ashtoreth (ash´-to-reth), 61.
+  Asphodel meadows (ass-fo-del), 133.
+  Astarte (ass-tar´-te), 61.
+  Astræa (ass-tree´-ah), 85.
+  Astræus (ass-tree´-us), 68.
+  Astyanax (ass-ti´-a-nax), 304.
+  Atalanta (at-a-lan´-tah), 89.
+  Ate ([=a]´-te), 149.
+  Athamas (ath´-a-mass), 111, 215.
+  Athene (a-thee´-ne, _th_ as in _both_), 43.
+  Athene-Polias (po´-le-ass), 44, 189, 199, 264.
+  Athens, 264.
+  Atlas, 207, 248.
+  Atreus, ([)a]´-truce), 282.
+  Atropos (at´-ro-p[)o]s), 139.
+  Atys ([=a]´-tiss), 19.
+  Augeas (aw´-je-ass), 242, 254.
+  Augurs, 196.
+  Aulis (aw´-lis), 97.
+  Aurora (aw-ro´-rah), 13, 67.
+  Autochthony (aw-tok´-tho-ny), 22.
+  Autolycus (aw-tol´-i-cus), 235, 251.
+  Autonoe, (aw-ton´-o-e), 205.
+  Avernus (a-ver´-nus), 132.
+  Avertor ([=a]-ver´-tor), 180.
+  Averuncus (av-e-run´-cus), 180.
+
+          B.
+
+  Bacchanalia (bac-ca-na´-le-ah), 199.
+  Bacchantes (bac-can´-teez), 198.
+  Bacchus (bac´-cus), 130.
+  Battus (bat´-tus), 119.
+  Baucis (baw´-sis), 37.
+  Bebricians (be-brish´-e-anz), 219.
+  Beech-nymph, 168.
+  Bellerophon (bel-ler´-o-fon), 256.
+  Bellerophontes (bel-ler´-o-fon´-teez), 256.
+  Bellona (bel-lo´-nah), 116.
+  Belvedere (bel´-vi-deer), 85.
+  Benthesicyme, (ben-the-siss´-i-me), 105.
+  Berecynthia-Idea (ber´-e-sin´-the-ah-i-dee´-ah), 19.
+  Beroe (ber´-o-e, first _e_ like ei in _their_), 35.
+  Birch-nymph, 168.
+  Bistonians (bis-to´-ne-anz), 243.
+  Bithynia (bi-thin´-e-ah), 220.
+  Boreas (bo´-re-ass), 171.
+  Brauron (braw´-ron), 96.
+  Brazen Age, 23.
+  Briareus (bri´-a-ruce), 13.
+  Brisëis (bri-see´-iss), 292.
+  Brontes (bron´-teez), 16.
+  Busiris (bu-si´-ris), 248.
+  Butes (bu´-teez), 228.
+
+          C.
+
+  Cadmus, 203.
+  Caduceus (ca-du´-she-us), 121.
+  Calais (cal´-a-iss), 171, 220.
+  Calchas (cal´-kas), 94, 287, 289, 292.
+  Calirrhoë (cal-lir´-ro-e), 278.
+  Calliope (cal-li´-o-pe), 80, 159.
+  Callisto (cal-lis´-to), 35.
+  {327}
+  Calydonian Boar-hunt, 89.
+  Calypso (ca-lip´-so), 317.
+  Camenæ (ca-mee´-nee), 184.
+  Campus Martius (mar´-she-us), 115.
+  Canens (ca´-nenz), 182.
+  Capaneus (cap´-a-nuce), 273.
+  Caphareus, Cape (ca-fa´-ruce), 305.
+  Carmenta (car-men´-tah), 184.
+  Carmentalia (car-men-ta´-le-ah), 184.
+  Carnival, 201.
+  Carpo, 164.
+  Cassandra (cas-san´-drah), 284, 303, 305.
+  Cassiopea (cas´-se-o-pee´-ah), 207.
+  Castalian Spring, 159, 195.
+  Castor, 33, 187, 268.
+  Caucasus (caw´-c[)a]-sus), Mount, 222.
+  Cecrops (see´-crops), 189.
+  Celæno (se-lee´-no), 137.
+  Celeus (see´-le-us), 53.
+  Celts, 10.
+  Cenæus (se-nee´-us), 255.
+  Centaurs (sen´-tawrs), 266.
+  Ceos (see´-[)o]s), 13.
+  Cepheus (see´-fuce), 207.
+  Cephissus (se-fiss´-us), 169.
+  Cerberus (ser´-be-rus), 133, 153, 249.
+  Cercyon (ser´-se-on), 261.
+  Cerealia (se-re-a´-le-ah), 201.
+  Ceres (see´-reez), 58, 201.
+  Cerunitis (ser-u-ni´-tis), 240.
+  Cestus (ses´-tus), 59.
+  Ceto (see´-to), 111.
+  Ceuta (su´-tah), 222.
+  Ceyx (see´-ix), 110, 254, 280.
+  Chalciope (cal-si´-o-pe), 223.
+  Chaos (ka´-oss), 11.
+  Chares (ca´-reez), 99.
+  Charites (car´-i-teez), 163.
+  Charon (ca´-ron), 132, 153.
+  Charybdis (ca-rib´-dis), 228, 316.
+  Chimæra (ki-mee´-rah), 257, 162.
+  Chiron (ki´-ron), 289.
+  Chloris (clo´-ris), 171.
+  Chrysaor (cris-[=a]´-or), 145.
+  Chrysëis (cri-see´-iss), 292.
+  Chryses (cri´-seez), 292.
+  Cimmerians (sim-me´-ri-anz), 132, 314.
+  Cimon (si´-mon), 268.
+  Circe (sir´-se), 64, 182, 227, 311.
+  Cithæron (si-thee´-ron, _th_ as in _both_), 40.
+    --Mount, 236.
+  Cleodæus (cle-o-dee´-us), 282.
+  Cleopatra (cle-o-pat´-rah), 220.
+  Clio (cli´-o), 159.
+  Cloacina (clo-a-si´-nah), 61.
+  Clotho (clo´-tho), 139.
+  Clymene (clim´-e-ne), 64.
+  Clytæmnestra (clit-em-nes´-trah), 94, 305, 306.
+  Clytie (cli´-ti-e), 63.
+  Cocalus (coc´-a-lus), 213.
+  Cocytus (co-si´-tus), 132, 314.
+  Coelus (see´-lus), 11.
+  Colchis (col´-kis), 215, 222.
+  Colonus (co-lo´-nus), 271.
+  Colossus of Rhodes (co-l[)o]s´-sus), 66.
+  Comus (co´-mus), 184.
+  Consualia (con-su-a´-le-ah), 183.
+  Consus (con´-sus), 183.
+  Copreus (co´-pruce), 239.
+  Cora, 197.
+  Cornucopia (cor-noo-co´-pe-ah), 148.
+  Coronis (co-ro´-nis), 75.
+  Corybantes (cor-i-ban´-teez), 19.
+  Cos, island of (coss), 104.
+  Cottos (cot´-t[)o]s), 13.
+  Crania, island of (cra-ni´-ah), 286.
+  Creon (cree´-on), 237, 275.
+  Cresphontes (cres-fon´-teez), 282.
+  Cretan Bull, 243.
+  Crete (creet), 229.
+  Crëusa (cre-yu´-sah), 210.
+  Crios (cri´-[)o]s), 13.
+  Croesus (cree´-sus), 195.
+  Crommyon (crom´-me-on), 260.
+  Cronus (cro´-nus), 14, 179.
+  Ctesiphon (tes´-i-fon), 93.
+  Cumæan Sibyl, the (cu-mee´-an), 84.
+  Cupid (cu´-pid), 150.
+  Curetes (cu-ree´-teez), 15.
+  Cybele (sib´-i-le), 18, 128.
+  Cyclops (si´-clops), 105, 307.
+  Cycnus (sik´-nus), 66, 247.
+  Cyllene, Mount (sil-lee´-ne), 119.
+  Cyparissus (sip-a-ris´-sus), 77, 182.
+  Cyprus, island of (si´-prus), 60.
+  Cyrus (si´-rus), 195.
+  Cythera (sith-ee´-rah), 60.
+  Cyzicus (siz´-i-cus), 218.
+
+          D.
+
+  Dædalus (ded´-a-lus), 211.
+  Dæmons (de´-mons), 185.
+  Damastes (da-mas´-teez), 261.
+  Danaë (dan´-a-e), 205, 209.
+  Danaïdes (dan-a´-[)i]-deez), 135.
+  Danaus (dan´-a-us), 135.
+  Danneker (dan´-ek-ker), 129.
+  Daphne (daf´-ne), 74.
+  Daphnephoria (daf-ne-fo´-re-ah), 200.
+  Daphnephorus (daf-nef´-o-rus), 200.
+  Deianeira (de-i´-a-ni´-rah), 254.
+  Deiphobus (de-if´-o-bus), 300.
+  Deipyle (de-ip´-i-le), 272.
+  Delia (dee´-le-ah), 83.
+  Delos, island of (dee´-l[)o]s), 69, 83.
+  Delphi (del´-fi), 82.
+  Delphic Oracle, 194.
+  Demeter (de-mee´-ter), 50, 197.
+  Demi-gods, 8.
+  Demophoon (de-mof´-o-on), 53, 280.
+  Deucalion (du-ca´-le-on), 21.
+  Diana (di-an´-nah), 87.
+    --of Versailles, 88.
+  {328}
+  Dice (di´-se), 164.
+  Dictys (dic´-tiss), 205.
+  Dindymene (din-di-mee´-ne), 19.
+  Dino (di´-no), 145.
+  Diomedes (di-o-mee´-deez), 112, 243, 297, 305.
+  Dione (di-o´-ne), 58.
+  Dionysia (di-o-nish´-e-ah), 180, 197.
+  Dionysus (di-o-ni´-sus), 124, 193, 198, 263.
+  Dioscuri (di-[)o]s-cu´-ri), 33.
+  Diræ (di´-ree), 138.
+  Dirce (dir´-se), 33.
+  Dis (diss), 137.
+  Discord, goddess of, 284.
+  Dodona (do-do´-nah), 29, 216.
+  Doliones (do-li´-o-neez), 218.
+  Dorians (do´-re-anz), 211.
+  Doris (do´-ris), 108.
+  Dorus (do´-rus), 211.
+  Dryades (dri´-a-deez), 168.
+  Dryas (dri´-ass), 126.
+  Dymas (di´-mass), 283.
+
+          E.
+
+  Echedorus (ek-e-do´-rus), 247.
+  Echemon (ek-kee´-mon), 282.
+  Echidna, (ek-kid´-nah), 146.
+  Echo (ek´-o), 169.
+  Egeria (e-gee´-re-ah), 184.
+  Eilithyia (i-lith-i´-yah), 41, 237.
+  Electra (e-lek´-trah), 111, 306.
+  Electryon (e-lek´-tre-on), 35.
+  Eleusinian Mysteries (el-u-sin´-e-an), 56, 132, 196.
+  Eleusis (e-lu´-sis), 54.
+  Elis (ee´-lis), 254, 283.
+  Elysian Fields (e-lizh´-e-an), 133.
+  Elysium (e-lizh´-e-um), 133.
+  Enceladus (en-sel´-a-dus), 20.
+  Endymion (en-dim´-e-on), 87.
+  Enipeus (e-ni´-puce), 106.
+  Enyo (e-ni´-o), 113.
+  Eos (ee´-[)o]s), 67, 297.
+  Epaphus (ep´-a-fus), 36, 64.
+  Epeios (ep-i´-[)o]s), 301.
+  Ephesus, temple of (ef´-e-sus), 92.
+  Ephialtes (ef-e-[=a]l´-teez), 105.
+  Epidaurus (ep-e-daw´-rus), 260.
+  Epigoni (e-pig´-o-ni), 276.
+  Epimetheus (ep-e-me´-thuce), 25.
+  Epopeus (e-po´-puce), 32.
+  Erato (er´-a-to), 159.
+  Erebus (er´-e-buss), 13.
+  Erechtheus (e-rek´-thuce), 210.
+  Eresichthon (er-e-sik´-thon), 57.
+  Erginus (er-ji´-nus), 237.
+  Eridanus, river, the (e-rid´-a-nus), 65, 227, 248.
+  Erinnyes (e-rin´-ne-eez), 138.
+  Eriphyle (er-i-fi´-le), 273.
+  Eris (ee´-ris), 39.
+  Eros (ee´-r[)o]s), 74, 150.
+  Erymantian Boar (er-e-man´-shun), 240.
+  Erythia (er-e-thi´-ah), 246.
+  Eteocles (e-tee´-o-cleez), 272, 275.
+  Ether (ee´-ther), 12.
+  Euboeans (u-bee´-anz), 210.
+  Eumæus (u-mee´-us), 320.
+  Eumenides (u-men´-i-deez), 138, 271.
+  Eunomia (u-no´-me-ah), 164.
+  Euphemus (u-fee´-mus), 221.
+  Euphrosyne (u-fros´-i-ne), 163.
+  Europa (u-ro´-pah), 34.
+  Eurus (u´-rus), 171.
+  Euryale (u-ri´-a-le), 144.
+  Eurybia (u-rib´-e-ah), 13.
+  Euryclea (u-ri-clee´-ah), 321.
+  Eurydice (u-rid´-i-se), 81.
+  Eurylochus (u-ril´-o-kus), 311.
+  Eurynome (u-rin´-o-me), 98.
+  Eurypylus (u-rip´-i-lus), 299.
+  Eurystheus (u-riss´-thuce), 237, 280.
+  Eurytion (u-rit´-e-on), 246, 266.
+  Eurytus (u´-ri-tus), 235.
+  Euterpe (u-ter´-pe), 159.
+  Evander (e-van´-der), 184.
+  Evenus (e-ve´-nus), 254.
+
+          F.
+
+  Farnese Bull, the (far´-neez), 33.
+  Fates, 139.
+  Fauns (fawns), 175.
+  Faunus (faw´-nus), 174.
+  Festivals, 196.
+  Fetiales (fe-she-a´-leez), 124.
+  Flora, 180.
+  Floralia (flo-ra´-le-ah), 180.
+  Fortuna (for-tu´-nah), 147.
+  Furies, 278, 306.
+
+          G.
+
+  Gadria (gad´-re-ah), 246.
+  Gæa (je´-ah), 11.
+  Galatea (gal-a-tee´-ah), 167.
+  Ganymede (gan-i-mee´-de), 156, 246.
+  Ganymedes (gan-i-mee´-deez), 156, 246.
+  Ge, 11.
+  Genii (jee´-ne-i), 185.
+  Geryon (jee´-re-on), 246.
+  Geryones (je-ri´-o-neez), 246.
+  Giants, 13, 199, 218.
+  Gigantomachia (ji-gan´-to-ma´-ke-ah), 20.
+  Glauce (glaw´-se), 231.
+  Glaucus (glaw´-cus), 109, 219.
+  Golden Age, 22, 185.
+  Golden Fleece, 215, 223, 226, 230.
+  Gordius (gor´-de-us), 128.
+  Gorgons, 144, 206.
+  Graces, 163.
+  {329}
+  Gradivus (gra-di´-vus), 115.
+  Grææ (gree´-ee), 145, 206.
+  Gratiæ (gra´-she-ee), 163.
+  Gyges (ji´-jeez), 13.
+
+          H.
+
+  Hades (ha´-deez), 250.
+  Hæmon (hee´-mon), 276.
+  Halcyone (hal-si´-o-ne), 110.
+  Halirrothius (hal-ir-ro´-the-us), 113.
+  Hamadryades (ham-a-dry´-a-deez), 168.
+  Harmonia (har-mo´-ne-ah), 204, 276.
+  Harpies (har´-piz), 137, 220.
+  Harpinna (har-pin´-nah), 233.
+  Hebe (hee´-be), 41, 156, 256.
+  Hebrus, river, the (hee´-brus), 82.
+  Hecate (hec´-a-te), 85.
+  Hecatombs (hec´-a-tomes), 193.
+  Hecatoncheires (hec´-a-ton-ki´-reez), 13.
+  Hector, 284, 290, 293.
+  Hecuba (hec´-u-bah), 283, 304.
+  Helen, 267, 286, 304.
+  Helenus (hel´-e-nus), 299.
+  Helicon (hel´-e-con), 158, 162.
+  Helios, (hee´-le-[)o]s), 61, 316.
+  Helios-Apollo, 70.
+  Helle (hel´-le), 215.
+  Hemera (hee´-me-rah), 13, 142.
+  Heosphorus (he-[)o]s´-fo-rus), 68.
+  Hephæstus (he-fes´-tus), 97.
+  Hera (he´-rah), 38, 214.
+  Heracles [54] (her´-a-cleez), 26, 218, 234.
+  Heraclidæ [54] (her-a-cli´-dee), 280.
+  Heræ (he´-ree), 41.
+  Hercules (her´-cu-leez) _See_ Heracles.
+    --Pillars of, 246.
+  Hermæ (her´-mee), 118.
+  Hermes (her´-meez), 117, 250, 312.
+  Hermione (her-mi´-o-ne), 307.
+  Heroes, 8.
+  Herostratus (he-ros´-tra-tus), 93.
+  Herse (her´-se), 87, 122.
+  Hesiod's Theogony (he´-she-od), 24, 150.
+  Hesione (he-si´-o-ne), 245, 253, 285.
+  Hesperia (hes-pee´-re-ah), 163.
+  Hesperides (hes-per´-i-deez), 162, 247.
+  Hesperus (hes´-pe-rus), 68.
+  Hestia (hes´-te-ah), 48.
+  Hip´pocamp, 229.
+  Hippocamps, 102.
+  Hippocrene (hip-po-cree´-ne), 159, 162.
+  Hippodamia (hip´-po-da-mi´-ah), 232, 266.
+  Hippolyte (hip-pol´-i-te), 264.
+  Hippolyte's Girdle, 244.
+  Hippolytes (hip-pol´-i teez), 283.
+  Hippolytus (hip-pol´-i-tus), 266.
+  Hippomedon (hip-pom´-e-don), 273.
+  Hippomenes (hip-pom´-e-neez), 91.
+  Horæ (ho´-ree), 164.
+  Horned Hind, 240.
+  Hyacinthus (hi-a-sin´-thus), 77.
+  Hyades (hi´-a-deez), 170.
+  Hydra, Lernean, the (hi´-drah, ler-nee´-an), 239.
+  Hygeia (hi-jee´-yah), 177.
+  Hylas (hi´-las), 216, 219.
+  Hyllus (hil´-lus), 254, 281.
+  Hymen (hi´-men), or Hymenæus (hi-me-nee´-us), 154.
+  Hyperion (hi-pee´-re-on), 13.
+  Hypermnestra (hip-erm-nes´-trah), 135.
+  Hypnus (hip´-nus), 142.
+  Hypsipyle (hip-sip´-i-le), 274.
+
+          I.
+
+  Iambe (i-am´-be), 53.
+  Iapetus (i-ap´-e-tus), 24.
+  Iasion (i-a´-zhe-on), 137.
+  Iberia (i-bee´-re-ah), 247.
+  Icaria (i-ca´-re-ah), 212.
+  Icarus (ic´-a-rus), 211.
+  Ichor (i´-kor), 7.
+  Ida, Mount, 157, 284, 300.
+  Idas (i´-dass), 34, 75.
+  Idmon (id´-mon), 216.
+  Idomeneus (i-dom´-e-nuce), 286.
+  Ilion (il´-e-on), 283.
+  Illyria (il-lir´-e-ah), 205.
+  Ilus (i´-lus), 283.
+  Inachus (in´-a-cus), 36.
+  Ino (i´-no), 205, 215.
+  Inuus (in´-u-us), 174.
+  Io (i´-o), 36.
+  Iobates (i-ob´-a-teez), 257.
+  Iolaus (i-o-la´-us), 239, 251, 281.
+  Iolcus (i-ol´-cus), 213, 230.
+  Iole (i´-o-le), 251, 255.
+  Ion (i´-on), 210.
+  Iphigenia (if´-i-ge-ni´-ah), 94, 289, 307.
+  Iphitus (if´-i-tus), 251.
+  Iris (i´-ris), 155, 220.
+  Iron Age, 23.
+  Ismene (iss-mee´-ne), 271.
+  Ister (iss´-ter), 226.
+  Isthmian Games (isth´-me-an), 107, 264.
+  Ithaca (ith´-a-cah), 310, 319.
+  Ixion (ix-i´-on), 135.
+
+          J.
+
+  Jani (ja´-ni), 178.
+  Janus (ja´-nus), 18, 178.
+  {330}
+  Jason (ja´-son), 213.
+  Jocasta (jo-cas´-tah), 269, 270.
+  Juno (ju´-no), 42, 185.
+  Jupiter (ju´-pe-ter), 38.
+  Jupiter-Ammon, 207.
+  Juventas (ju-ven´-t[)a]ss), 156, 183.
+
+          K.
+
+  Keidomos (ki´-do-mos), 113.
+  Ker (cur), 149.
+  Keres (kee´-reez), 149.
+
+          L.
+
+  Labdacus (lab´-da-cus), 269.
+  Labyrinth (lab´-i-rinth), 212, 262.
+  Lacedæmon (las-e-dee´-mon), 283.
+  Lac´edæmo´nians, 189.
+  Lachesis (lak´-e-sis), 139.
+  Lacolia (la-co´-le-ah), 250.
+  Lacus Nemorensis (la´-cus nem-o-ren´-sis), 97.
+  Ladon (la´-don), 240.
+  Laertes (la-er´-teez), 314, 323.
+  Læstrygones (les-trig´-o-neez), 311.
+  Laius (la´-yus), 269.
+  Lampetus (lam´-pe-tus), 67.
+  Lampsacus (lamp´-sa-cus), 176.
+  Laocoon (la-oc´-o-on), 301.
+  Laodamas (la-od´-a-mass), 277.
+  Laomedon (la-om´-e-don), 104, 245, 253.
+  Lar, 186.
+  Lares Familiares (la´-reez fa-mil´-e-a´-reez), 186.
+  Larissa (la-ris´-sah), 189, 209.
+  Latmus Mount, 87.
+  Latona (la-to´-nah), 31.
+  Laverna (la-ver´-nah), 184.
+  Leda (lee´-dah), 33.
+  Lemnos, island of, (lem´-noss), 98, 217.
+  Lemuralia (lem-u-ra´-le-ah), 186.
+  Lemures (lem´-u-reez), 186.
+  Lerna, 239.
+  Lernean Hydra. _See_ Hydra.
+  Lesbos (lez´-bos), 290.
+  Lethe (lee´-the, _th_ as in _both_), 133.
+  Leto (lee´-to), 31.
+  Leucippus (lu-sip´-pus), 34.
+  Leucothea (lu-co´-the-ah, _th_ as in _both_), 111, 318.
+  Liber (li´-ber), 130.
+  Liberalia (lib-er-a´-le-ah), 130.
+  Libya (lib´-yah), 207, 229.
+  Limoniades (lim-o-ni´-a-deez), 170.
+  Linden-nymph, 168.
+  Linus (li´-nus), 235.
+  Lion, Nemean (ne´-me-an), 238.
+  Ludi Maximi (lu´-di max´-i-mi), 48.
+  Ludovici Villa (lu-do-vee´-chee), 116.
+  Luna (lu´-nah), 86, 97.
+  Lupercus (lu-per´-cus), 174.
+  Lycaon (li-cay´-on), 37.
+  Lycomedes (lic-o-mee´-deez), 268, 287.
+  Lycurgus (li-cur´-gus), 126, 189, 274.
+  Lycus (li´-cus), 32.
+  Lynceus (lin´-suce), 34, 216.
+
+          M.
+
+  Macaria (ma-ca´-re-ah), 281.
+  Machaon (ma-ca´-on), 177, 300.
+  Magna-Mater (may´-ter), 19.
+  Maia (may´-yah), 119.
+  Mamers (ma´-merz), 114.
+  Manes (ma´-neez), 185.
+  Marathonian Bull (mar-a-tho´-ne-an), 262.
+  Mares of Diomedes, 243
+  Marpessa (mar-pes´-sah), 75.
+  Mars (marz), 114.
+  Marspiter (mars´-pe-ter), 114.
+  Marsyas (mar´-she-ass), 78.
+  Mater-Deorum (dee-o´-rum), 19.
+  Matronalia (ma-tro-na´-le-ah), 43.
+  Mecone (me-co´-ne), 24.
+  Medea (me-dee´-ah), 223, 261.
+  Medusa (me-du´-sah), 45, 144, 206.
+  Megæra (me-jee´-rah), 138.
+  Megapenthes (meg-a-pen´-theez), 209.
+  Megara (meg´-a-rah), 138, 237, 251.
+  Melanippe (mel-a-nip´-pe), 245.
+  Meleager (me-le-a´-jer), 89, 216.
+  Meliades (me-li´-a-deez), 170.
+  Melissa (me-lis´-sah), 15.
+  Melpomene (mel-pom´-e-ne), 159.
+  Memnon (mem´-non), 297.
+  Memphis (mem´-fiss), 36.
+  Menades (men´-a-deez), 198.
+  Menelaus (men-e-la´-us), 294, 304, 305.
+  Menesthius (me-nes´-the-us), 268.
+  Menoeceus (me-nee´-suce), 274.
+  Menoetius (me-nee´-she-us), 216.
+  Mercury (mer´-cu-ry), 123.
+  Merope (mer´-ope, first _e_ like _ei_ in _their_), 269.
+  Messene (mes-see´-ne), 283.
+  Metaneira (met-a-ni´-rah), 53.
+  Metis (mee´-tiss), 30.
+  Metra (mee´-trah), 57, 92.
+  Midas (mi´-das), 79, 128.
+  Midea (mi-dee´-ah), 209.
+  Milo (mi´-lo), 60.
+  Miltiades (mil-ti´-a-deez), 268.
+  Mimas (mi´-mass), 20.
+  Minerva (mi-ner´-vah), 47.
+  Minerval (mi-ner´-val), 47.
+  Minos (mi´-n[)o]s), 34, 134, 212, 243.
+  Minotaur (min´-o-tawr), 212, 262.
+  Minyans (min´-yanz), 237.
+  Mnemosyne (ne-m[)o]s´-i-ne), 13, 31.
+  Moira (moy´-rah), 139.
+  Moiræ (moy´-ree), 297, 139.
+  {331}
+  Moly (mo´-ly), 312.
+  Momus (mo´-mus), 149.
+  Moneta Juno (mo-nee´-tah), 42.
+  Mopsus, 216.
+  Morpheus (mor´-fuce), 143.
+  Mors (morz). _See_ Thanatos.
+  Musagetes (mu-saj´-e-teez), 71.
+  Muses, 157.
+  Mutunus (mu-tu´-nus), 176.
+  Mycenæ (mi-see´-ne), 209, 305.
+  Myrmidons (mir´-mi-dons), 288, 293, 295.
+  Myrtilus (mir´-ti-lus), 233.
+  Mysia (mish´-e-ah), 219.
+  Mysians, 289.
+
+          N.
+
+  Naiads (na´-yads), or Naiades (na-i´-a-deez), 166, 227.
+  Napææ (na-pee´-ee), 169.
+  Narcissus (nar-sis´-sus), 169.
+  Nausicaa (naw-sic´-a-ah), 317.
+  Naxos (nax´-oss), 128, 263.
+  Necessitas (ne-ses´-si-tass), 148.
+  Nectar, 15.
+  Neleus (nee´-luce), 106, 119, 216.
+  Nemea (nee´-me-ah), 274.
+  Nemean Lion. _See_ Lion.
+  Nemesis (nem´-e-siss), 141.
+  Nemoralia (nem-o-ra´-le-ah), 97.
+  Neoptolemus (ne-op-tol´-e-mus), 299, 304.
+  Nephalia (ne-fa´-le-ah), 139.
+  Nephelæ (nef´-e-lee), 12.
+  Nephele (nef´-e-le), 215.
+  Neptunalia (nep-tu-na´-le-ah), 107.
+  Neptune (nept´-une), 14, 107.
+  Nereides (ne-ree´-i-deez), 108, 167.
+  Nereus (nee´-ruce), 13, 108.
+  Nessus, 254.
+  Nestor, 286, 301, 305.
+  Nike (ni´-ke), 117.
+  Niobe (ni´-o-be), 79, 141.
+  Noman, 309.
+  Notus (no´-tus), 171.
+  Nox. _See_ Nyx.
+  Nyctimus (nic´-ti-mus), 38.
+  Nycteus (nic´-tuce), 32.
+  Nymphs, 165.
+  Nysa, Mount (ni´-sah), 125.
+  Nyx (nix), 13, 142.
+
+          O.
+
+  Oceanides (o-se-an´-i-deez), 108, 166.
+  Oceanus (o-see´-a-nus), 12, 107, 166, 314.
+  Ocypete (o-sip´-e-te), 137.
+  Odysseus (o-dis´-suce), 131, 287, 307.
+  Oechalia (e-ka´-le-ah), 255.
+  Oedipus (ed´-i-pus), 146, 269.
+  Oeneus (ee´-nuce), 89, 254.
+  Oenomaus (ee-nom´-a-us), 232.
+  Oenone (ee-no´-ne) 284, 300.
+  Ogygia (o-jij´-e-ah), 317.
+  Oileus (o-i´-luce), 216, 221.
+  Olympia (o-lim´-pe-ah), 29, 123.
+  Olym´pic Games, 30.
+  Olym´pus, Mount, 27.
+  Omphale (om´-fa-le), 252.
+  Ops, 19.
+  Oracles, 194.
+  Orchamus (or´-ca-mus), 63.
+  Orchomenus (or-com´-e-nus), 237.
+  Orcus (or´-cus), 136.
+  Oreades (o-ree´-a-deez), 169.
+  Orithyia (or´-i-thi´-yah), 171.
+  Orestes (o-res´-teez), 95, 139, 306.
+  Orpheus (or´-fuce), 80, 216, 228.
+  Orthrus (or´-thrus), 246.
+  Ossa (oss´-sah), 106.
+  Othrys, Mount, (o´-thris), 16.
+  Otus (o´-tus), 105.
+  Oxen of Geryones. _See_ Geryones.
+  Oxylus (ox´-i-lus), 283.
+
+          P.
+
+  Palæmon (pa-lee´-mon), 111.
+  Palamedes (pal-a-mee´-deez), 287, 291.
+  Palatine (pal´-a-tin), 181.
+  Pales (pa´-leez), 181.
+  Palilia (pa-lil´-e-ah), 181.
+  Palladium (pal-la´-de-um), 299, 301.
+  Pallan´tids, 262.
+  Pallas (pal´-lass), 117.
+  Pallas-Athene, 43, 234, 302.
+  Pan, 79, 171, 198.
+  Panacea (pan-a-see´-ah), 177.
+  Panathenæa (pan´-ath-e-nee´-ah), 199.
+  Pandareos (pan-da´-re-oss), 138.
+  Pandora (pan-do´-rah), 25.
+  Panisci (pa-nis´-si), 174.
+  Panoptes (pa-nop´-teez), 246.
+  Parcæ (par´-see). _See_ Moiræ.
+  Paris (par´-ris), 39, 284, 286.
+  Parnassus (par-nas´-sus), 158.
+  Parthenon (par´-the-non), 46.
+    --Hill, 89.
+  Parthenopæus (par´-then-o-pee´-us), 273.
+  Patroclus (p[)a]-tro´-clus), 288, 293, 314.
+  Pedasus (ped´-a-sus), 292.
+  Pegasus (peg´-a-sus), 145, 162, 257.
+  Peitho (pi´-tho), 134.
+  Peleus (pee´-luce), 39, 287.
+  Pelias (pee´-le-ass), 106, 213, 230.
+  Pelion, Mount (pee´-le-on), 106.
+  Peloponnesus (pel´-o-pon-nee´-sus), 281.
+  Pelops (pee´-lops), 135, 232.
+  Penates (pe-na´-teez), 187.
+  {332}
+  Penelope (pe-nel´-o-pe), 287, 319.
+  Peneus (pe-nee´-us), 74, 242.
+  Penthesilea (pen´-the-si-lee´-ah), 296
+  Pentheus (pen´-thuce), 126, 205.
+  Pephredo (pe-free´-do), 145.
+  Peplus (pee´-plus), 199.
+  Periphetes (per-i-fee´-teez), 260.
+  Perse (per´-se), 64, 312.
+  Persephone (per-sef´-o-ne), 52, 197, 267.
+  Perseus (per´-suce), 145, 205.
+  Petasus (pet´-a-sus), 121.
+  Phæaces (fee-a´-seez), 228, 318.
+  Phædra (fee´-drah), 266.
+  Phaëthon (fa´-e-thon), 64, 67.
+  Pharos, isle of, (fa´-r[)o]s), 108.
+  Phases, river (fa´-seez), 222.
+  Phegeus (fee´-juce), 278.
+  Phidias (fid´-e-ass), 28.
+  Philemon (fi-lee´-mon), 37.
+  Philoctetes (fil-oc-tee´-teez), 256, 290, 299.
+  Phineus (fi´-nuce), 208, 220.
+  Phlegethon (flej´-e-thon), 134.
+  Phocis (fo´-siss), 306.
+  Phoebe (fee´-be), 13.
+  Phoebus-Apollo (fee´-bus), 68, 298.
+  Pholus (fo´-lus), 240.
+  Phorcys (for´-siss), 13, 111.
+  Phrygia (frij´-e-ah), 18.
+  Phryxus (frix´-us), 222.
+  Phylace (fil´-a-se), 290.
+  Phyleus (fi´-luce), 242, 254.
+  Phylla (fil´-lah), 233.
+  Picumnus (pi-cum´-nus), 182.
+  Picus (pi´-cus), 182.
+  Pieria (pi-ee´-re-ah), 119, 158.
+  Pierides (pi-er´-i-deez), 158, 162.
+  Pierus (pi´-e-rus), 158.
+  Pilumnus (pi-lum´-nus), 182.
+  Pindus, Mount, 158.
+  Pirithöus (pi-rith´-o-us), 216, 250, 265.
+  Pisa (pi´-sah), 232.
+  Pittheus (pit´-thuce), 259.
+  Platea (pla-tee´-ah), 40.
+  Pleiades (plee´-ya-deez), 119.
+  Pluto (plu´-to), 136.
+  Plutus (plu´-tus), 132, 137, 148.
+  Podalirius (pod-a-lir´-e-us), 177.
+  Podarces (po-dar´-seez), 253.
+  Pollux, 33, 187, 227, 268.
+  Polybotes (pol-e-bo´-teez), 104.
+  Polybus (pol´-e-bus), 269.
+  Polydectes (pol-e-dec´-teez), 205.
+  Polydeuces (pol-e-du´-seez). _See_ Pollux.
+  Polydorus (pol-e-do´-rus), 205.
+  Polyhymnia (pol-e-him´-ne-ah), 159.
+  Polynices (pol-e-ni´-seez), 271, 272, 275.
+  Polyphemus (pol-e-fee´-mus), 105, 219, 307.
+  Pomona (po-mo´-nah), 180.
+  Pontus, 13.
+  Porta Lavernalis (lav-er-na´-lis), 184.
+  Poseidon (po-si´-don), 101, 162, 266.
+  Praxiteles (prax-it´-e-leez), 123.
+  Priam (pri´-am), 254, 283, 304.
+  Priamus (pri´-a-mus). _See_ Priam.
+  Priapus (pri-a´-pus), 175.
+  Priests, 191.
+  Procrustes (pro-crus´-teez), 261.
+  Proetus (pree´-tus), 257.
+  Prometheus (pro-mee´-thuce), 24, 149, 193, 222.
+  Proserpine (pross´-er-pine), _See_ Persephone.
+  Protesilaus (pro-tess´-i-la´-us), 290.
+  Proteus (pro´-tuce), 108.
+  Prytaneum (prit-a-nee´-um), 49.
+  Psophis (so´-fiss), 278.
+  Psyche (si´-ke), 150.
+  Pylades (pil´-a-deez), 95, 306.
+  Pylos (pi´-l[)o]s), 286.
+  Pyracmon (pi-rac´-mon), 16.
+  Pyrrha (pir´-rah), 22.
+  Pythia (pith´-e-ah) 195, 269.
+  Pythian Games, 83.
+  Python (pi´-thon), 31, 72, 195.
+
+          Q.
+
+  Quirinus (que-ri´-nus), 115.
+
+          R.
+
+  Remus (ree´-mus), 114.
+  Rhadamanthus (rad-a-man´-thus), 34, 134.
+  Rhamnus (ram´-nus), 142.
+  Rhamnusia (ram-nu´-zhe-ah), 142.
+  Rhea (ree´-ah), 13, 18.
+  Rhoda (ro´-dah), 105.
+  Rhodes (roads), 105.
+  Rhodope, Mount (rod´-o-pe), 130.
+  Rhoetus (ree´-tus), 20.
+  Robigus (ro-bi´-gus), 180.
+  Romulus (rom´-u-lus), 114.
+
+          S.
+
+  Sacrifices, 192.
+  Sagaris (sag´-a-ris), 19.
+  Salamis (sal´-a-mis), 285.
+  Salii (sa´-le-i), 115.
+  Samos (sa´-mos), 34.
+  Saturn (sat´-urn), 17, 200.
+  Saturnalia (sat-ur-na´-le-ah), 200.
+  Satyrs (sa´-turz), 174, 198.
+  Scamander (sca-man´-der), 290.
+  Scheria (skee´-re-ah), 318.
+  Schoeneus (skee´-nuce), 89.
+  Scyros, island of, (si´-r[)o]s), 268, 287.
+  Scylla (sil´-lah), 104, 316.
+  Scyron (si´-ron), 260.
+  {333}
+  Seasons, 164.
+  Selene (se-lee´-ne), 86.
+  Selene-Artemis, 96.
+  Selli (sel´-li), 29.
+  Semele (sem´-e-le), 35, 205, 215.
+  Seriphus (se-ri´-fus), 205.
+  Servius Tullius (ser´-ve-us tul´-le-us), 184.
+  Shades, realm of, 267, 314.
+  Sibyls (sib´-bles), 84.
+  Silens (si´-lenz), 174.
+  Silenus (si-lee´-nus), 125, 198.
+  Silvanus (sil-va´-nus), 115, 182.
+  Silver Age, 23.
+  Simois (sim´-o-iss), 290.
+  Sinnis (sin´-nis), 260.
+  Sinon (si´-non), 302.
+  Siphylus (sif´-i-lus), 80.
+  Sirens (si´-renz), 112, 158, 315.
+  Sisyphus (sis´-i-fus), 135.
+  Sol (soll). _See_ Helios.
+  Solymans (sol´-i-mans), 258.
+  Somnus (som´-nus). _See_ Hypnus.
+  Soothsayers, 195.
+  Sparta, 285.
+  Sphinx (sfinks), 146.
+  Stables, Augean (aw-jee´-an), 242.
+  Statues, 190.
+  Stellio (stel´-le-o), 57.
+  Steropes (ster´-o peez, the first _e_ like _ei_ in _their_), 16.
+  Stheno (sthee´-no), 144.
+  Strophius (stro´-fe-us), 306.
+  Stymphalides (stim-fal´-i-deez), 221, 242.
+  Styx (sticks), 117, 132, 287.
+  Symplegades (sim-pleg´-a-deez), 221.
+  Syrinx (si´-rinks), 172.
+  Syrtes (sir´-teez), 229.
+
+          T.
+
+  Tænarum (ten´-a-rum), 132, 250.
+  Talaria (ta-la´-re-ah), 121.
+  Talus (ta´-lus), 229.
+  Tantalus (tan´-ta-lus), 134.
+  Tarquinius Superbus (tar-quin´-e-us su-per´-bus), 84.
+  Tartarus (tar´-ta-rus), 14, 134.
+  Taurica Chersonesus (taw´-ri-cah ker-so-nee´-sus), 93, 306.
+  Tauris (taw´-ris), 93, 306.
+  Tegea (tee´-je-ah), 279.
+  Telamon (tel´-a-mon), 216, 253, 285.
+  Telemachus (tel-lem´-a-cus), 287, 320.
+  Telephus (tel´-e-fus), 289.
+  Temenus (tem´-e-nus), 282.
+  Temples, 188.
+  Tenedos (ten´-e-dos), 290, 301, 303.
+  Terminus (ter´-mi-nus), 182.
+  Terpsichore (terp-sic´-o-re), 159.
+  Terra (ter´-rah, the _e_ like _ei_ in _their_), 11.
+  Tethys (tee´-thiss, _th_ as in _both_), 107, 166.
+  Teutamias (tu-ta´-me-ass), 209.
+  [55]Thalia (tha-li´-ah), 159, 163.
+  Thallo (thal´-lo), 164.
+  Thamyris (tham´-i ris), 158.
+  Thanatos (than´-a-tos), 142.
+  Thaumas (thaw´-mass), 13, 111, 137.
+  Thebes (theebs), 203.
+  Theia (thi´-ah), 13.
+  Themis (thee´-mis), 31, 48.
+  Themiscyra (the-mis´-se-rah), 245.
+  Thermodon (ther-mo´-don), 244.
+  Thersander (ther-san´-der), 276.
+  Thersites (ther-si´-teez), 297.
+  Theseus (thee´-suce), 250, 259.
+  Thesmophoria (thes-mo-fo´-re-ah), 197.
+  Thes´saly, 77.
+  Thestius (thes´-te-us), 33.
+  Thetis (thee´-tis), 39, 98, 110, 297.
+  Thyone (thi-o´-ne), 128.
+  Tiphys (ti´-fiss), 216.
+  Tiresias (ti-ree´-she-ass), 235, 271, 274, 277, 313.
+  Tiryns (ti´-rinz), 209, 252.
+  Tirynth (ti´-rinth), 209, 252.
+  Tisiphone (ti-sif´-o-ne), 138.
+  Titanomachia (ti´-tan-o-ma´-ke-ah), 17.
+  Titans (ti´-tanz), 13.
+  Tithonus (ti-tho´-nus), 68, 297.
+  Tityus (tit´-e-us), 134.
+  Trachin (tra´-kin), 254.
+  Trachis (tra´-kis), 254.
+  Trinacria (tri-na´-cre-ah), 316.
+  Triptolemus (trip-tol´-e-mus), 53.
+  Triton (tri´-ton), 109.
+  Trivia (triv´-e-ah), 97.
+  Troezen (tree´-zen), 251
+  Tros (tr[)o]ss), 157, 246.
+  Troy, 283.
+    -- walls of, 104.
+  Tubal-Cain (too´-bal-cane), 101.
+  Tyche (ti´-ke), 147.
+  Tydeus (ti´-duce), 272.
+  Tyndareus (tin-da´-re-us), 285.
+  Typhoeus (ti-fo´-yuce), 21.
+  Typhon (ti´-fon), 21.
+  Tyro (ti´-ro), 106.
+
+          U.
+
+  Uffizi Gallery (oof´-fid-ze), 80.
+  Ulysses (u-lis´-seez), _See_ Odysseus.
+  Urania (u-ra´-ne-ah), 159.
+  Uranus (u´-ra-nus), 11.
+
+          V.
+
+  Veneralia (ven-e-ra´-le-ah), 61.
+  {334}
+  Venus (vee´-nus), 61, 183.
+   -- of Milo, 60.
+  Vertumnus (ver-tum´-nus), 181.
+  Vesta (ves´-tah), 50, 201.
+  Vestalia (ves-ta´-le-ah), 59, 201.
+  Via Salavia (vi´-ah sa-la´-ve-ah), 184.
+  Victo´ria, 117.
+  Vulcan, 100.
+
+          W.
+
+  Winds, 170, 298.
+  Wooden Horse, 301.
+
+          X.
+
+  Xuthus (zoo-thus), 210.
+
+          Z.
+
+  Zephyrus (zef´-i-rus), 151, 171, 310.
+  Zetes (zee´-teez), 171.
+  Zethus (zee´-thus), 33.
+  Zeus (zuce), 26.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
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+              KELLOGG'S TEXT-BOOK ON ENGLISH LITERATURE.
+
+In the preparation of this series the authors have had one object clearly
+in view--to so develop the study of the English language as to present a
+complete, progressive course, from the Spelling-Book to the study of
+English Literature. The troublesome contradictions which arise in using
+books arranged by different authors on these subjects, and which require
+much time for explanation in the schoolroom, will be avoided by the use of
+the above "Complete Course."
+
+Teachers are earnestly invited to examine these books.
+
+  MAYNARD, MERRILL, & CO., PUBLISHERS.
+      43, 45, and 47 East Tenth Street, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOTES
+
+[1] The early Greeks supposed the earth to be a flat circle, in the centre
+of which was Greece. Oceanus, the ocean stream, encircled it; the
+Mediterranean being supposed to flow into this river on the one side, and
+the Euxine, or Black Sea, on the other.
+
+[2] Owing to the vagueness of the various accounts of creation, the origin
+of the primeval gods is variously accounted for. Thus, for instance,
+Oceanus, with some, becomes the younger brother of Uranus and Gæa.
+
+[3] The myth of Cronus swallowing his children is evidently intended by the
+poets to express the melancholy truth that time destroys all things.
+
+[4] Nectar was the drink, and ambrosia the food of the gods.
+
+[5] The Cyclops are generally mentioned as the sons of Uranus and Gæa, but
+Homer speaks of Polyphemus, the chief of the Cyclops, as the son of
+Poseidon, and states the Cyclops to be his brothers.
+
+[6] Possibly an image of him placed in readiness.
+
+[7] This age was contemporary with the commencement of the dynasty of Zeus.
+
+[8] Hesiod is said to have lived 850 years before the Christian era,
+consequently about 200 years after King David. He lived in Boeotia, where
+his tomb is still shown at Orchomenus. This ancient writer left behind him
+two great poems, one entitled "The Works and Days," in which he gives us
+some of the earliest Greek legends, and the other, "The Theogony,"
+containing the genealogies of the gods; but, unfortunately, both these
+poems have been so interpolated by the writers of the Alexandrian school
+that they have lost their value as reliable sources of information with
+regard to the early beliefs of the Greek nation.
+
+[9] Epimetheus signifies after-thought, Prometheus fore-thought.
+
+[10] There are various versions of this myth. According to some the jar or
+vase was full of all "the ills which flesh is heir to."
+
+[11] From _Diaus_, the sky.
+
+[12] A sacred shield made for Zeus by Hephæstus, which derived its name
+from being covered by the skin of the goat Amalthea, the word Ægis
+signifying goat's-skin.
+
+[13] See Demeter.
+
+[14] This frightful monster had sprung from the slimy and stagnant waters
+which remained on the surface of the earth after the deluge of Deucalion.
+
+[15] Castor and Pollux were known by the name of the Dioscuri, from _dios_,
+gods, and _kuroi_, youths.
+
+[16] The ancient Greeks attributed much of the subsequent character of an
+individual to early influences; hence Hera, the future queen and mistress
+of heaven, is represented as being brought up in a domesticated and orderly
+household, where home virtues are carefully inculcated.
+
+[17] In the Homeric age peacocks were unknown; it is therefore the later
+poets who describe Hera surrounded with peacocks, which were brought to
+Greece from India.
+
+[18] This circumstance has given rise to the erroneous conclusion that Juno
+presided over the finances of the state, but the word _moneta_ is derived
+from the Latin _monere_, which means to warn or admonish.
+
+[19] See Roman Festivals.
+
+[20] The first large ship possessed by the Greeks fit for more than coast
+navigation.
+
+[21] When Perseus, with the help of Athene, had cut off the head of the
+Medusa, the two sisters caused a sad dirge-like song to issue from the
+mouths of the many snakes of which their hair was composed, whereupon
+Athene, pleased with the sound, imitated the melody on a reed, and thus
+invented the flute.
+
+[22] For details see Roman Festivals.
+
+[23] See Legend of Troy.
+
+[24] Some, with but little reason, make Demeter the daughter of Uranus and
+Gæa.
+
+[25] Demeter transformed Ascalaphus into an owl for revealing the secret.
+
+[26] The course which the sun ran was considered by the ancients to be a
+rising and descending curve [drawing of an arc], the centre of which was
+supposed to be reached by Helios at mid-day.
+
+[27] The river Po.
+
+[28] This great work of antiquity was destroyed by an earthquake fifty-six
+years after its erection, B.C. 256. The fragments remained on the ground
+for many centuries, until Rhodes was conquered by the Turks, and they were
+eventually sold by one of the generals of Caliph Othman IV. to a merchant
+of Emesa for £36,000, A.D. 672.
+
+[29] According to some authorities, Strymon.
+
+[30] This wonderful lyre, which had been given to Apollo by Hermes
+(Mercury) in exchange for the Caduceus or rod of wealth, is said to have
+possessed such extraordinary powers, that it caused a stone, upon which it
+was laid, to become so melodious, that ever afterwards, on being touched,
+it emitted a musical sound which resembled that produced by the lyre
+itself.
+
+[31] Aristæus was worshipped as a rural divinity in various parts of
+Greece, and was supposed to have taught mankind how to catch bees, and to
+utilize honey and wax.
+
+[32] Astræa was the daughter of the Titans Coeus and Phoebe. Perses was son
+of the Titans Crios and Eurybia.
+
+[33] Called also Anaitis-Aphroditis.
+
+[34] This occurred during the night Alexander the Great was born.
+
+[35] Another version with regard to the origin of this defect, is that
+being born ugly and deformed, his mother Hera, disgusted at his
+unsightliness, herself threw him violently from her lap, and it was then
+that his leg was broken, producing the lameness from which he suffered ever
+after. On this occasion he fell into the sea, and was saved by the
+sea-nymphs Thetis and Eurynome, who kept him for nine years in a cavern
+beneath the ocean, where he made for them, in gratitude for their kindness,
+several beautiful ornaments, and trinkets of rare workmanship.
+
+[36] According to some accounts Chares was the wife of Hephæstus.
+
+[37] The trident resembled the arrow-headed pronged fork, used by the
+fishermen of the Mediterranean Sea in the eel-fishery.
+
+[38] Scylla is a dangerous rock, much dreaded by mariners, in the Straits
+of Messina.
+
+[39] The island of Rhodes owes its name to her.
+
+[40] It is worthy of notice that the sons of Poseidon were, for the most
+part, distinguished by great force and turbulence of character, in keeping
+with the element over which their father was the presiding deity. They were
+giants in power, and intractable, fiery, and impatient by nature, spurning
+all efforts to control them; in all respects, therefore, fitting
+representatives of their progenitor, the mighty ruler of the sea.
+
+[41] A cubit is the length from the elbow to the extremity of the middle
+finger, and therefore an indefinite measure, but modern usage takes it as
+representing a length of seventeen to eighteen inches.
+
+[42] On the Egyptian coast.
+
+[43] See Legend of the Argonauts.
+
+[44] His two sons Deimos and Phobos.
+
+[45] Romulus was deified by the Romans after death, and was worshipped by
+them under the name of Quirinus, an appellation which he shared in common
+with his father Mars.
+
+[46] Midas was the son of Cybele and Gordius, the king who tied the
+celebrated and intricate knot.
+
+[47] The shades of those mortals whose lives had neither been distinguished
+by virtue nor vice, were condemned to a monotonous, joyless, existence in
+the Asphodel meadows of Hades.
+
+[48] Echidna was a bloodthirsty monster, half maiden, half serpent.
+
+[49] One of the horns of the goat Amalthea, broken off by Zeus, and
+supposed to possess the power of filling itself with whatsoever its owner
+desired.
+
+[50] According to another account, Momus discovered that Aphrodite made a
+noise when she walked.
+
+[51] The word Psyche signifies "butterfly," the emblem of the soul in
+ancient art.
+
+[52] Tiresias alone, of all the shades, was in full possession of his
+mental vigour.
+
+[53] Most of the words ending in eus may also be pronounced thus:
+_Æ´-ge-us_, _[=a]´-tre-us_, _pro-me´-the-us_, etc.
+
+[54] The first e like ei in their.
+
+[55] _Th_ at the beginning of a word has its soft sound, as in _both_.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece
+and Rome, by E.M. Berens
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MYTHS AND LEGENDS ***
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome, by 
+E.M. Berens
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome
+
+Author: E.M. Berens
+
+Release Date: August 23, 2007 [EBook #22381]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MYTHS AND LEGENDS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Alicia Williams, Keith Edkins and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<h3><i>A HAND-BOOK OF MYTHOLOGY.</i></h3>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<p class="cenhead">THE</p>
+
+<h1><span class="sc">Myths and Legends</span></h1>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">OF</span></p>
+
+<h2>ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME.</h2>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">BY</span></p>
+
+<h2>E. M. BERENS.</h2>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><i>ILLUSTRATED FROM ANTIQUE SCULPTURES.</i></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:40%;">
+      <a href="images/0335-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0335-1.png"
+      alt="Publishers Vignette." title="Publishers Vignette." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h3>NEW YORK:</h3>
+
+<h2><span class="sc">Maynard, Merrill, &amp; Co</span>.,</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="sc">43, 45 and 47 East Tenth Street</span>.</h3>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<p><!-- Page i --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagei"></a>[i]</span></p>
+
+<h3>PREFACE.</h3>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+  <p>The want of an interesting work on Greek and Roman mythology, suitable
+  for the requirements of both boys and girls, has long been recognized by
+  the principals of our advanced schools. The study of the classics
+  themselves, even where the attainments of the pupil have rendered this
+  feasible, has not been found altogether successful in giving to the
+  student a clear and succinct idea of the religious beliefs of the
+  ancients, and it has been suggested that a work which would so deal with
+  the subject as to render it at once interesting and instructive would be
+  hailed as a valuable introduction to the study of classic authors, and
+  would be found to assist materially the labours of both master and
+  pupil.</p>
+
+  <p>In endeavouring to supply this want I have sought to place before the
+  reader a lifelike picture of the deities of classical times as they were
+  conceived and worshipped by the ancients themselves, and thereby to
+  awaken in the minds of young students a desire to become more intimately
+  acquainted with the noble productions of classical antiquity.</p>
+
+  <p>It has been my aim to render the Legends, which form the second
+  portion of the work, a picture, as it were, of old Greek life; its
+  customs, its superstitions, and its princely hospitalities, for which
+  reason they are given at somewhat greater length than is usual in works
+  of the kind.</p>
+
+  <p>In a chapter devoted to the purpose some interesting particulars have
+  been collected respecting the public worship of the ancient Greeks and
+  Romans (more especially of the former), to which is subjoined an account
+  of their principal festivals.</p>
+
+  <p>I may add that no pains have been spared in order that, without
+  passing over details the omission of which would have <!-- Page ii
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pageii"></a>[ii]</span>marred the
+  completeness of the work, not a single passage should be found which
+  could possibly offend the most scrupulous delicacy; and also that I have
+  purposely treated the subject with that reverence which I consider due to
+  every religious system, however erroneous.</p>
+
+  <p>It is hardly necessary to dwell upon the importance of the study of
+  Mythology: our poems, our novels, and even our daily journals teem with
+  classical allusions; nor can a visit to our art galleries and museums be
+  fully enjoyed without something more than a mere superficial knowledge of
+  a subject which has in all ages inspired painters, sculptors, and poets.
+  It therefore only remains for me to express a hope that my little work
+  may prove useful, not only to teachers and scholars, but also to a large
+  class of general readers, who, in whiling away a leisure hour, may derive
+  some pleasure and profit from its perusal.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">E. M. BERENS.
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<p><!-- Page iii --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pageiii"></a>[iii]</span></p>
+
+  <p>CONTENTS.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>PART I.&mdash;MYTHS.</p>
+      <p>Introduction,                                       <a href="#page7">7</a></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>FIRST DYNASTY.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Origin of the World</span>&mdash;</p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Uranus and Gæa</span> (C&oelig;lus and Terra),  <a href="#page11">11</a></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>SECOND DYNASTY.</p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Cronus</span> (Saturn),                      <a href="#page14">14</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Rhea</span> (Ops),                           <a href="#page18">18</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Division of the World</span>,                <a href="#page19">19</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Theories as to the Origin of Man</span>,     <a href="#page21">21</a></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>THIRD DYNASTY.</p>
+      <p>OLYMPIAN DIVINITIES&mdash;</p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Zeus</span> (Jupiter),                       <a href="#page26">26</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Hera</span> (Juno),                          <a href="#page38">38</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Pallas-Athene</span> (Minerva),              <a href="#page43">43</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Themis</span>,                               <a href="#page48">48</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Hestia</span> (Vesta),                       <a href="#page48">48</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Demeter</span> (Ceres),                      <a href="#page50">50</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Aphrodite</span> (Venus),                    <a href="#page58">58</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Helios</span> (Sol),                         <a href="#page61">61</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Eos</span> (Aurora),                         <a href="#page67">67</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Ph&oelig;bus-Apollo</span>,                     <a href="#page68">68</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Hecate</span>,                               <a href="#page85">85</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Selene</span> (Luna),                        <a href="#page86">86</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Artemis</span> (Diana),                      <a href="#page87">87</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Hephæstus</span> (Vulcan),                   <a href="#page97">97</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Poseidon</span> (Neptune),                  <a href="#page101">101</a></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+<!-- Page iv --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pageiv"></a>[iv]</span>
+      <p>SEA DIVINITIES&mdash;</p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Oceanus</span>,                             <a href="#page107">107</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Nereus</span>,                              <a href="#page108">108</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Proteus</span>,                             <a href="#page108">108</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Triton and the Tritons</span>,              <a href="#page109">109</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Glaucus</span>,                             <a href="#page109">109</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Thetis</span>,                              <a href="#page110">110</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Thaumas, Phorcys, and Ceto</span>,          <a href="#page111">111</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Leucothea</span>,                           <a href="#page111">111</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">The Sirens</span>,                          <a href="#page112">112</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Ares</span> (Mars),                         <a href="#page112">112</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Nike</span> (Victoria),                     <a href="#page117">117</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Hermes</span> (Mercury),                    <a href="#page117">117</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Dionysus</span> (Bacchus or Liber),         <a href="#page124">124</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Aïdes</span> (Pluto),                       <a href="#page130">130</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Plutus</span>,                              <a href="#page137">137</a></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>MINOR DIVINITIES&mdash;</p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">The Harpies</span>,                         <a href="#page137">137</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Erinyes, Eumenides</span> (Furiæ, Diræ),    <a href="#page138">138</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Moiræ or Fates</span> (Parcæ),              <a href="#page139">139</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Nemesis</span>,                             <a href="#page141">141</a></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><span class="sc">Night and Her Children</span>&mdash;</p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Nyx</span> (Nox),                           <a href="#page142">142</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Thanatos</span> (Mors), <span class="sc">Hypnus</span> (Somnus),    <a href="#page142">142</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Morpheus</span>,                            <a href="#page143">143</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">The Gorgons</span>,                         <a href="#page144">144</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Grææ</span>,                                <a href="#page145">145</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Sphinx</span>,                              <a href="#page146">146</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Tyche</span> (Fortuna) and <span class="sc">Ananke</span> (Necessitas),     <a href="#page147">147</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Ker</span>,                                 <a href="#page149">149</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Ate</span>,                                 <a href="#page149">149</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Momus</span>,                               <a href="#page149">149</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Eros</span> (Cupid, Amor) and <span class="sc">Psyche</span>,       <a href="#page150">150</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Hymen</span>,                               <a href="#page154">154</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Iris</span>,                                <a href="#page155">155</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Hebe</span> (Juventas),                     <a href="#page156">156</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Ganymedes</span>,                           <a href="#page157">157</a></p>
+<!-- Page v --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagev"></a>[v]</span>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">The Muses</span>,                           <a href="#page157">157</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Pegasus</span>,                             <a href="#page162">162</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">The Hesperides</span>,                      <a href="#page162">162</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Charites or Graces</span>,                  <a href="#page163">163</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Horæ</span> (Seasons),                      <a href="#page164">164</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">The Nymphs</span>,                          <a href="#page165">165</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">The Winds</span>,                           <a href="#page170">170</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Pan</span> (Faunus),                        <a href="#page171">171</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">The Satyrs</span>,                          <a href="#page174">174</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Priapus</span>,                             <a href="#page175">175</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Asclepias</span> (Æsculapius),              <a href="#page176">176</a></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>ROMAN DIVINITIES&mdash;</p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Janus</span>,                               <a href="#page178">178</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Flora</span>,                               <a href="#page180">180</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Robigus</span>,                             <a href="#page180">180</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Pomona</span>,                              <a href="#page180">180</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Vertumnus</span>,                           <a href="#page181">181</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Pales</span>,                               <a href="#page181">181</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Picus</span>,                               <a href="#page182">182</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Picumnus and Pilumnus</span>,               <a href="#page182">182</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Silvanus</span>,                            <a href="#page182">182</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Terminus</span>,                            <a href="#page182">182</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Consus</span>,                              <a href="#page183">183</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Libitina</span>,                            <a href="#page183">183</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Laverna</span>,                             <a href="#page184">184</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Comus</span>,                               <a href="#page184">184</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Camenæ</span>,                              <a href="#page184">184</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Genii</span>,                               <a href="#page185">185</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Manes</span>,                               <a href="#page185">185</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Penates</span>,                             <a href="#page187">187</a></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>PUBLIC WORSHIP <span class="scac">OF THE</span> ANCIENT GREEKS <span class="scac">AND</span> ROMANS&mdash;</p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Temples</span>,                             <a href="#page188">188</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Statues</span>,                             <a href="#page190">190</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Altars</span>,                              <a href="#page191">191</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Priests</span>,                             <a href="#page191">191</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Sacrifices</span>,                          <a href="#page192">192</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Oracles</span>,                             <a href="#page194">194</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Soothsayers</span>,                         <a href="#page195">195</a></p>
+<!-- Page vi --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagevi"></a>[vi]</span>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Augurs</span>,                              <a href="#page196">196</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Festivals</span>,                           <a href="#page196">196</a></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>GREEK FESTIVALS&mdash;</p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Eleusinian Mysteries</span>,                <a href="#page196">196</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Thesmophoria</span>,                        <a href="#page197">197</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Dionysia</span>,                            <a href="#page197">197</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Panathenæa</span>,                          <a href="#page199">199</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Daphnephoria</span>,                        <a href="#page200">200</a></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>ROMAN FESTIVALS&mdash;</p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Saturnalia</span>,                          <a href="#page200">200</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Cerealia</span>,                            <a href="#page201">201</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Vestalia</span>,                            <a href="#page201">201</a></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>PART II.&mdash;LEGENDS.</p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Cadmus</span>,                              <a href="#page203">203</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Perseus</span>,                             <a href="#page205">205</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Ion</span>,                                 <a href="#page210">210</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Dædalus and Icarus</span>,                  <a href="#page211">211</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">The Argonauts</span>,                       <a href="#page213">213</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Pelops</span>,                              <a href="#page232">232</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Heracles</span>,                            <a href="#page234">234</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Bellerophon</span>,                         <a href="#page256">256</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Theseus</span>,                             <a href="#page259">259</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">&OElig;dipus</span>,                           <a href="#page269">269</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">The Seven against Thebes</span>,            <a href="#page272">272</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">The Epigoni</span>,                         <a href="#page276">276</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Alcmæon and the Necklace</span>,            <a href="#page277">277</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">The Heraclidæ</span>,                       <a href="#page280">280</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">The Siege of Troy</span>,                   <a href="#page283">283</a></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Return of the Greeks from Troy</span>,      <a href="#page304">304</a></p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<p><!-- Page 7 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page7"></a>[7]</span></p>
+
+<h2>MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME.</h2>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h2>PART I.&mdash;MYTHS.</h2>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>INTRODUCTION.</h3>
+
+  <p>Before entering upon the many strange beliefs of the ancient Greeks,
+  and the extraordinary number of gods they worshipped, we must first
+  consider what kind of beings these divinities were.</p>
+
+  <p>In appearance, the gods were supposed to resemble mortals, whom,
+  however, they far surpassed in beauty, grandeur, and strength; they were
+  also more commanding in stature, height being considered by the Greeks an
+  attribute of beauty in man or woman. They resembled human beings in their
+  feelings and habits, intermarrying and having children, and requiring
+  daily nourishment to recruit their strength, and refreshing sleep to
+  restore their energies. Their blood, a bright ethereal fluid called
+  Ichor, never engendered disease, and, when shed, had the power of
+  producing new life.</p>
+
+  <p>The Greeks believed that the mental qualifications of their gods were
+  of a much higher order than those of men, but nevertheless, as we shall
+  see, they were not considered to be exempt from human passions, and we
+  frequently behold them actuated by revenge, deceit, and jealousy. They,
+  however, always punish the evil-doer, and visit with dire calamities any
+  impious mortal who dares to neglect their worship or despise their rites.
+  We often hear of them visiting mankind and partaking of their
+  hospitality, and not unfrequently both gods and goddesses <!-- Page 8
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page8"></a>[8]</span>become attached to
+  mortals, with whom they unite themselves, the offspring of these unions
+  being called heroes or demi-gods, who were usually renowned for their
+  great strength and courage. But although there were so many points of
+  resemblance between gods and men, there remained the one great
+  characteristic distinction, viz., that the gods enjoyed immortality.
+  Still, they were not invulnerable, and we often hear of them being
+  wounded, and suffering in consequence such exquisite torture that they
+  have earnestly prayed to be deprived of their privilege of
+  immortality.</p>
+
+  <p>The gods knew no limitation of time or space, being able to transport
+  themselves to incredible distances with the speed of thought. They
+  possessed the power of rendering themselves invisible at will, and could
+  assume the forms of men or animals as it suited their convenience. They
+  could also transform human beings into trees, stones, animals, &amp;c.,
+  either as a punishment for their misdeeds, or as a means of protecting
+  the individual, thus transformed, from impending danger. Their robes were
+  like those worn by mortals, but were perfect in form and much finer in
+  texture. Their weapons also resembled those used by mankind; we hear of
+  spears, shields, helmets, bows and arrows, &amp;c., being employed by the
+  gods. Each deity possessed a beautiful chariot, which, drawn by horses or
+  other animals of celestial breed, conveyed them rapidly over land and sea
+  according to their pleasure. Most of these divinities lived on the summit
+  of Mount Olympus, each possessing his or her individual habitation, and
+  all meeting together on festive occasions in the council-chamber of the
+  gods, where their banquets were enlivened by the sweet strains of
+  Apollo's lyre, whilst the beautiful voices of the Muses poured forth
+  their rich melodies to his harmonious accompaniment. Magnificent temples
+  were erected to their honour, where they were worshipped with the
+  greatest solemnity; rich gifts were presented to them, and animals, and
+  indeed sometimes human beings, were sacrificed on their altars.</p>
+
+  <p>In the study of Grecian mythology we meet with some <!-- Page 9
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page9"></a>[9]</span>curious, and what
+  may at first sight appear unaccountable notions. Thus we hear of terrible
+  giants hurling rocks, upheaving mountains, and raising earthquakes which
+  engulf whole armies; these ideas, however, may be accounted for by the
+  awful convulsions of nature, which were in operation in pre-historic
+  times. Again, the daily recurring phenomena, which to us, who know them
+  to be the result of certain well-ascertained laws of nature, are so
+  familiar as to excite no remark, were, to the early Greeks, matter of
+  grave speculation, and not unfrequently of alarm. For instance, when they
+  heard the awful roar of thunder, and saw vivid flashes of lightning,
+  accompanied by black clouds and torrents of rain, they believed that the
+  great god of heaven was angry, and they trembled at his wrath. If the
+  calm and tranquil sea became suddenly agitated, and the crested billows
+  rose mountains high, dashing furiously against the rocks, and threatening
+  destruction to all within their reach, the sea-god was supposed to be in
+  a furious rage. When they beheld the sky glowing with the hues of coming
+  day they thought that the goddess of the dawn, with rosy fingers, was
+  drawing aside the dark veil of night, to allow her brother, the sun-god,
+  to enter upon his brilliant career. Thus personifying all the powers of
+  nature, this very imaginative and highly poetical nation beheld a
+  divinity in every tree that grew, in every stream that flowed, in the
+  bright beams of the glorious sun, and the clear, cold rays of the silvery
+  moon; for them the whole universe lived and breathed, peopled by a
+  thousand forms of grace and beauty.</p>
+
+  <p>The most important of these divinities may have been something more
+  than the mere creations of an active and poetical imagination. They were
+  possibly human beings who had so distinguished themselves in life by
+  their preeminence over their fellow-mortals that after death they were
+  deified by the people among whom they lived, and the poets touched with
+  their magic wand the details of lives, which, in more prosaic times,
+  would simply have been recorded as illustrious. <!-- Page 10 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page10"></a>[10]</span></p>
+
+  <p>It is highly probable that the reputed actions of these deified beings
+  were commemorated by bards, who, travelling from one state to another,
+  celebrated their praise in song; it therefore becomes exceedingly
+  difficult, nay almost impossible, to separate bare facts from the
+  exaggerations which never fail to accompany oral traditions.</p>
+
+  <p>In order to exemplify this, let us suppose that Orpheus, the son of
+  Apollo, so renowned for his extraordinary musical powers, had existed at
+  the present day. We should no doubt have ranked him among the greatest of
+  our musicians, and honoured him as such; but the Greeks, with their vivid
+  imagination and poetic license, exaggerated his remarkable gifts, and
+  attributed to his music supernatural influence over animate and inanimate
+  nature. Thus we hear of wild beasts tamed, of mighty rivers arrested in
+  their course, and of mountains being moved by the sweet tones of his
+  voice. The theory here advanced may possibly prove useful in the future,
+  in suggesting to the reader the probable basis of many of the
+  extraordinary accounts we meet with in the study of classical
+  mythology.</p>
+
+  <p>And now a few words will be necessary concerning the religious beliefs
+  of the Romans. When the Greeks first settled in Italy they found in the
+  country they colonized a mythology belonging to the Celtic inhabitants,
+  which, according to the Greek custom of paying reverence to all gods,
+  known or unknown, they readily adopted, selecting and appropriating those
+  divinities which had the greatest affinity to their own, and thus they
+  formed a religious belief which naturally bore the impress of its ancient
+  Greek source. As the primitive Celts, however, were a less civilized
+  people than the Greeks, their mythology was of a more barbarous
+  character, and this circumstance, combined with the fact that the Romans
+  were not gifted with the vivid imagination of their Greek neighbours,
+  leaves its mark on the Roman mythology, which is far less fertile in
+  fanciful conceits, and deficient in all those fairy-like stories and
+  wonderfully poetic ideas which so strongly characterize that of the
+  Greeks.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<p><!-- Page 11 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page11"></a>[11]</span></p>
+
+<h3>ORIGIN OF THE WORLD.&mdash;FIRST DYNASTY.</h3>
+
+<h3>URANUS AND GÆA. (<span class="sc">C&oelig;lus and Terra</span>.)</h3>
+
+  <p>The ancient Greeks had several different theories with regard to the
+  origin of the world, but the generally accepted notion was that before
+  this world came into existence, there was in its place a confused mass of
+  shapeless elements called Chaos. These elements becoming at length
+  consolidated (by what means does not appear), resolved themselves into
+  two widely different substances, the lighter portion of which, soaring on
+  high, formed the sky or firmament, and constituted itself into a vast,
+  overarching vault, which protected the firm and solid mass beneath.</p>
+
+  <p>Thus came into being the two first great primeval deities of the
+  Greeks, Uranus and Ge or Gæa.</p>
+
+  <p>Uranus, the more refined deity, represented the light and air of
+  heaven, possessing the distinguishing qualities of light, heat, purity,
+  and omnipresence, whilst Gæa, the firm, flat,<a name="NtA_1"
+  href="#Nt_1"><sup>[1]</sup></a> life-sustaining earth, was worshipped as
+  the great all-nourishing mother. Her many titles refer to her more or
+  less in this character, and she appears to have been universally revered
+  among the Greeks, there being scarcely a city in Greece which did not
+  contain a temple erected in her honour; indeed Gæa was held in such
+  veneration that her name was always invoked whenever the gods took a
+  solemn oath, made an emphatic declaration, or implored assistance.</p>
+
+  <p>Uranus, the heaven, was believed to have united himself in marriage
+  with Gæa, the earth; and a moment's reflection will show what a truly
+  poetical, and also what a logical idea this was; for, taken in a
+  figurative sense, <!-- Page 12 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page12"></a>[12]</span>this union actually does exist. The smiles
+  of heaven produce the flowers of earth, whereas his long-continued frowns
+  exercise so depressing an influence upon his loving partner, that she no
+  longer decks herself in bright and festive robes, but responds with ready
+  sympathy to his melancholy mood.</p>
+
+  <p>The first-born child of Uranus and Gæa was Oceanus,<a name="NtA_2"
+  href="#Nt_2"><sup>[2]</sup></a> the ocean stream, that vast expanse of
+  ever-flowing water which encircled the earth. Here we meet with another
+  logical though fanciful conclusion, which a very slight knowledge of the
+  workings of nature proves to have been just and true. The ocean is formed
+  from the rains which descend from heaven and the streams which flow from
+  earth. By making Oceanus therefore the offspring of Uranus and Gæa, the
+  ancients, if we take this notion in its literal sense, merely assert that
+  the ocean is produced by the combined influence of heaven and earth,
+  whilst at the same time their fervid and poetical imagination led them to
+  see in this, as in all manifestations of the powers of nature, an actual,
+  tangible divinity.</p>
+
+  <p>But Uranus, the heaven, the embodiment of light, heat, and the breath
+  of life, produced offspring who were of a much less material nature than
+  his son Oceanus. These other children of his were supposed to occupy the
+  intermediate space which divided him from Gæa. Nearest to Uranus, and
+  just beneath him, came Aether (Ether), a bright creation representing
+  that highly rarified atmosphere which immortals alone could breathe. Then
+  followed Aër (Air), which was in close proximity to Gæa, and represented,
+  as its name implies, the grosser atmosphere surrounding the earth which
+  mortals could freely breathe, and without which they would perish. Aether
+  and Aër were separated from each other by divinities called Nephelae.
+  These were their restless and wandering sisters, who existed in the form
+  of clouds, ever <!-- Page 13 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page13"></a>[13]</span>floating between Aether and Aër. Gæa also
+  produced the mountains, and Pontus (the sea). She united herself with the
+  latter, and their offspring were the sea-deities Nereus, Thaumas,
+  Phorcys, Ceto, and Eurybia.</p>
+
+  <p>Co-existent with Uranus and Gæa were two mighty powers who were also
+  the offspring of Chaos. These were Erebus (Darkness) and Nyx (Night), who
+  formed a striking contrast to the cheerful light of heaven and the bright
+  smiles of earth. Erebus reigned in that mysterious world below where no
+  ray of sunshine, no gleam of daylight, nor vestige of health-giving
+  terrestrial life ever appeared. Nyx, the sister of Erebus, represented
+  Night, and was worshipped by the ancients with the greatest
+  solemnity.</p>
+
+  <p>Uranus was also supposed to have been united to Nyx, but only in his
+  capacity as god of light, he being considered the source and fountain of
+  all light, and their children were Eos (Aurora), the Dawn, and Hemera,
+  the Daylight. Nyx again, on her side was also doubly united, having been
+  married at some indefinite period to Erebus.</p>
+
+  <p>In addition to those children of heaven and earth already enumerated,
+  Uranus and Gæa produced two distinctly different races of beings called
+  Giants and Titans. The Giants personified brute strength alone, but the
+  Titans united to their great physical power intellectual qualifications
+  variously developed. There were three Giants, Briareus, Cottus, and
+  Gyges, who each possessed a hundred hands and fifty heads, and were known
+  collectively by the name of the Hecatoncheires, which signified
+  hundred-handed. These mighty Giants could shake the universe and produce
+  earthquakes; it is therefore evident that they represented those active
+  subterranean forces to which allusion has been made in the opening
+  chapter. The Titans were twelve in number; their names were: Oceanus,
+  Ceos, Crios, Hyperion, Iapetus, Cronus, Theia, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne,
+  Ph&oelig;be, and Tethys.</p>
+
+  <p>Now Uranus, the chaste light of heaven, the essence of all that is
+  bright and pleasing, held in abhorrence his <!-- Page 14 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page14"></a>[14]</span>crude, rough, and
+  turbulent offspring, the Giants, and moreover feared that their great
+  power might eventually prove hurtful to himself. He therefore hurled them
+  into Tartarus, that portion of the lower world which served as the
+  subterranean dungeon of the gods. In order to avenge the oppression of
+  her children, the Giants, Gæa instigated a conspiracy on the part of the
+  Titans against Uranus, which was carried to a successful issue by her son
+  Cronus. He wounded his father, and from the blood of the wound which fell
+  upon the earth sprang a race of monstrous beings also called Giants.
+  Assisted by his brother-Titans, Cronus succeeded in dethroning his
+  father, who, enraged at his defeat, cursed his rebellious son, and
+  foretold to him a similar fate. Cronus now became invested with supreme
+  power, and assigned to his brothers offices of distinction, subordinate
+  only to himself. Subsequently, however, when, secure of his position, he
+  no longer needed their assistance, he basely repaid their former services
+  with treachery, made war upon his brothers and faithful allies, and,
+  assisted by the Giants, completely defeated them, sending such as
+  resisted his all-conquering arm down into the lowest depths of
+  Tartarus.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>SECOND DYNASTY.</h3>
+
+<h3>CRONUS (<span class="sc">Saturn</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>Cronus was the god of time in its sense of eternal duration. He
+  married Rhea, daughter of Uranus and Gæa, a very important divinity, to
+  whom a special chapter will be devoted hereafter. Their children were,
+  three sons: Aïdes (Pluto), Poseidon (Neptune), Zeus (Jupiter), and three
+  daughters: Hestia (Vesta), Demeter (Ceres), and Hera (Juno). Cronus,
+  having an uneasy conscience, was afraid that his children might one day
+  rise up against his authority, and thus verify the prediction of his
+  father <!-- Page 15 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page15"></a>[15]</span>Uranus. In order, therefore, to render the
+  prophecy impossible of fulfilment, Cronus swallowed each child as soon as
+  it was born,<a name="NtA_3" href="#Nt_3"><sup>[3]</sup></a> greatly to
+  the sorrow and indignation of his wife Rhea. When it came to Zeus, the
+  sixth and last, Rhea resolved to try and save this one child at least, to
+  love and cherish, and appealed to her parents, Uranus and Gæa, for
+  counsel and assistance. By their advice she wrapped a stone in
+  baby-clothes, and Cronus, in eager haste, swallowed it, without noticing
+  the deception. The child thus saved, eventually, as we shall see,
+  dethroned his father Cronus, became supreme god in his stead, and was
+  universally venerated as the great national god of the Greeks.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0015-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0015-1.png"
+      alt="Cronus" title="Cronus" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Anxious to preserve the secret of his existence from Cronus, Rhea sent
+  the infant Zeus secretly to Crete, where he was nourished, protected, and
+  educated. A sacred goat, called Amalthea, supplied the place of his
+  mother, by providing him with milk; nymphs, called Melissae, fed him with
+  honey, and eagles and doves brought him nectar and ambrosia.<a
+  name="NtA_4" href="#Nt_4"><sup>[4]</sup></a> He was kept concealed in a
+  cave in the heart of Mount Ida, and the Curetes, or priests of Rhea, by
+  beating their shields together, kept up a constant noise at the entrance,
+  which drowned the cries of the child and frightened away all intruders.
+  Under the watchful care of the Nymphs the infant Zeus throve rapidly,
+  developing great physical powers, combined with <!-- Page 16 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page16"></a>[16]</span>extraordinary wisdom and
+  intelligence. Grown to manhood, he determined to compel his father to
+  restore his brothers and sisters to the light of day, and is said to have
+  been assisted in this difficult task by the goddess Metis, who artfully
+  persuaded Cronus to drink a potion, which caused him to give back the
+  children he had swallowed. The stone which had counterfeited Zeus was
+  placed at Delphi, where it was long exhibited as a sacred relic.</p>
+
+  <p>Cronus was so enraged at being circumvented that war between the
+  father and son became inevitable. The rival forces ranged themselves on
+  two separate high mountains in Thessaly; Zeus, with his brothers and
+  sisters, took his stand on Mount Olympus, where he was joined by Oceanus,
+  and others of the Titans, who had forsaken Cronus on account of his
+  oppressions. Cronus and his brother-Titans took possession of Mount
+  Othrys, and prepared for battle. The struggle was long and fierce, and at
+  length Zeus, finding that he was no nearer victory than before, bethought
+  himself of the existence of the imprisoned Giants, and knowing that they
+  would be able to render him most powerful assistance, he hastened to
+  liberate them. He also called to his aid the Cyclops (sons of Poseidon
+  and Amphitrite),<a name="NtA_5" href="#Nt_5"><sup>[5]</sup></a> who had
+  only one eye each in the middle of their foreheads, and were called
+  Brontes (Thunder), Steropes (Lightning), and Pyracmon (Fire-anvil). They
+  promptly responded to his summons for help, and brought with them
+  tremendous thunderbolts which the Hecatoncheires, with their hundred
+  hands, hurled down upon the enemy, at the same time raising mighty
+  earthquakes, which swallowed up and destroyed all who opposed them. Aided
+  by these new and powerful allies, Zeus now made a furious onslaught on
+  his enemies, and so tremendous was the encounter that all nature is said
+  to have throbbed in accord with this mighty effort of the celestial
+  deities. The sea rose mountains high, and its angry billows <!-- Page 17
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page17"></a>[17]</span>hissed and
+  foamed; the earth shook to its foundations, the heavens sent forth
+  rolling thunder, and flash after flash of death-bringing lightning,
+  whilst a blinding mist enveloped Cronus and his allies.</p>
+
+  <p>And now the fortunes of war began to turn, and victory smiled on Zeus.
+  Cronus and his army were completely overthrown, his brothers despatched
+  to the gloomy depths of the lower world, and Cronus himself was banished
+  from his kingdom and deprived for ever of the supreme power, which now
+  became vested in his son Zeus. This war was called the Titanomachia, and
+  is most graphically described by the old classic poets.</p>
+
+  <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0017-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0017-1.png"
+      alt="Saturn" title="Saturn" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>With the defeat of Cronus and his banishment from his dominions, his
+  career as a ruling Greek divinity entirely ceases. But being, like all
+  the gods, immortal, he was supposed to be still in existence, though
+  possessing no longer either influence or authority, his place being
+  filled to a certain extent by his descendant and successor, Zeus.</p>
+
+  <p>Cronus is often represented as an old man leaning on a scythe, with an
+  hour-glass in his hand. The hour-glass symbolizes the fast-fleeting
+  moments as they succeed each other unceasingly; the scythe is
+  emblematical of time, which mows down all before it.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">SATURN.</p>
+
+  <p>The Romans, according to their custom of identifying their deities
+  with those of the Greek gods whose attributes were similar to their own,
+  declared Cronus to be identical with their old agricultural divinity
+  Saturn. They believed that after his defeat in the <!-- Page 18 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page18"></a>[18]</span>Titanomachia and his
+  banishment from his dominions by Zeus, he took refuge with Janus, king of
+  Italy, who received the exiled deity with great kindness, and even shared
+  his throne with him. Their united reign became so thoroughly peaceful and
+  happy, and was distinguished by such uninterrupted prosperity, that it
+  was called the Golden Age.</p>
+
+  <p>Saturn is usually represented bearing a sickle in the one hand and a
+  wheat-sheaf in the other.</p>
+
+  <p>A temple was erected to him at the foot of the Capitoline Hill, in
+  which were deposited the public treasury and the laws of the state.</p>
+
+<h3>RHEA (<span class="sc">Ops</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>Rhea, the wife of Cronus, and mother of Zeus and the other great gods
+  of Olympus, personified the earth, and was regarded as the Great Mother
+  and unceasing producer of all plant-life. She was also believed to
+  exercise unbounded sway over the animal creation, more especially over
+  the lion, the noble king of beasts. Rhea is generally represented wearing
+  a crown of turrets or towers and seated on a throne, with lions crouching
+  at her feet. She is sometimes depicted sitting in a chariot, drawn by
+  lions.</p>
+
+  <p>The principal seat of her worship, which was always of a very riotous
+  character, was at Crete. At her festivals, which took place at night, the
+  wildest music of flutes, cymbals, and drums resounded, whilst joyful
+  shouts and cries, accompanied by dancing and loud stamping of feet,
+  filled the air.</p>
+
+  <p>This divinity was introduced into Crete by its first colonists from
+  Phrygia, in Asia Minor, in which country she was worshipped under the
+  name of Cybele. The people of Crete adored her as the Great Mother, more
+  especially in her signification as the sustainer of the vegetable world.
+  Seeing, however, that year by year, as winter appears, all her glory
+  vanishes, her flowers fade, and her trees become leafless, they
+  poetically expressed this process of nature under the figure of a lost
+  love. She <!-- Page 19 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page19"></a>[19]</span>was said to have been tenderly attached to a
+  youth of remarkable beauty, named Atys, who, to her grief and
+  indignation, proved faithless to her. He was about to unite himself to a
+  nymph called Sagaris, when, in the midst of the wedding feast, the rage
+  of the incensed goddess suddenly burst forth upon all present. A panic
+  seized the assembled guests, and Atys, becoming afflicted with temporary
+  madness, fled to the mountains and destroyed himself. Cybele, moved with
+  sorrow and regret, instituted a yearly mourning for his loss, when her
+  priests, the Corybantes, with their usual noisy accompaniments, marched
+  into the mountains to seek the lost youth. Having discovered him<a
+  name="NtA_6" href="#Nt_6"><sup>[6]</sup></a> they gave full vent to their
+  ecstatic delight by indulging in the most violent gesticulations,
+  dancing, shouting, and, at the same time, wounding and gashing themselves
+  in a frightful manner.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">OPS.</p>
+
+  <p>In Rome the Greek Rhea was identified with Ops, the goddess of plenty,
+  the wife of Saturn, who had a variety of appellations. She was called
+  Magna-Mater, Mater-Deorum, Berecynthia-Idea, and also Dindymene. This
+  latter title she acquired from three high mountains in Phrygia, whence
+  she was brought to Rome as Cybele during the second Punic war, <span
+  class="scac">B.C.</span> 205, in obedience to an injunction contained in
+  the Sybilline books. She was represented as a matron crowned with towers,
+  seated in a chariot drawn by lions.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>DIVISION OF THE WORLD.</h3>
+
+  <p>We will now return to Zeus and his brothers, who, having gained a
+  complete victory over their enemies, began to consider how the world,
+  which they had <!-- Page 20 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page20"></a>[20]</span>conquered, should be divided between them.
+  At last it was settled by lot that Zeus should reign supreme in Heaven,
+  whilst Aïdes governed the Lower World, and Poseidon had full command over
+  the Sea, but the supremacy of Zeus was recognized in all three kingdoms,
+  in heaven, on earth (in which of course the sea was included), and under
+  the earth. Zeus held his court on the top of Mount Olympus, whose summit
+  was beyond the clouds; the dominions of Aïdes were the gloomy unknown
+  regions below the earth; and Poseidon reigned over the sea. It will be
+  seen that the realm of each of these gods was enveloped in mystery.
+  Olympus was shrouded in mists, Hades was wrapt in gloomy darkness, and
+  the sea was, and indeed still is, a source of wonder and deep interest.
+  Hence we see that what to other nations were merely strange phenomena,
+  served this poetical and imaginative people as a foundation upon which to
+  build the wonderful stories of their mythology.</p>
+
+  <p>The division of the world being now satisfactorily arranged, it would
+  seem that all things ought to have gone on smoothly, but such was not the
+  case. Trouble arose in an unlooked-for quarter. The Giants, those hideous
+  monsters (some with legs formed of serpents) who had sprung from the
+  earth and the blood of Uranus, declared war against the triumphant
+  deities of Olympus, and a struggle ensued, which, in consequence of Gæa
+  having made these children of hers invincible as long as they kept their
+  feet on the ground, was wearisome and protracted. Their mother's
+  precaution, however, was rendered unavailing by pieces of rock being
+  hurled upon them, which threw them down, and their feet being no longer
+  placed firmly on their mother-earth, they were overcome, and this tedious
+  war (which was called the Gigantomachia) at last came to an end. Among
+  the most daring of these earth-born giants were Enceladus, Rh&oelig;tus,
+  and the valiant Mimas, who, with youthful fire and energy, hurled against
+  heaven great masses of rock and burning oak-trees, and defied the
+  lightnings of Zeus. One of the most powerful monsters who opposed Zeus in
+  this <!-- Page 21 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page21"></a>[21]</span>war was called Typhon or Typh&oelig;us. He
+  was the youngest son of Tartarus and Gæa, and had a hundred heads, with
+  eyes which struck terror to the beholders, and awe-inspiring voices
+  frightful to hear. This dreadful monster resolved to conquer both gods
+  and men, but his plans were at length defeated by Zeus, who, after a
+  violent encounter, succeeded in destroying him with a thunderbolt, but
+  not before he had so terrified the gods that they had fled for refuge to
+  Egypt, where they metamorphosed themselves into different animals and
+  thus escaped.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>THEORIES AS TO THE ORIGIN OF MAN.</h3>
+
+  <p>Just as there were several theories concerning the origin of the
+  world, so there were various accounts of the creation of man.</p>
+
+  <p>The first natural belief of the Greek people was that man had sprung
+  from the earth. They saw the tender plants and flowers force their way
+  through the ground in the early spring of the year after the frost of
+  winter had disappeared, and so they naturally concluded that man must
+  also have issued from the earth in a similar manner. Like the wild plants
+  and flowers, he was supposed to have had no cultivation, and resembled in
+  his habits the untamed beasts of the field, having no habitation except
+  that which nature had provided in the holes of the rocks, and in the
+  dense forests whose overarching boughs protected him from the inclemency
+  of the weather.</p>
+
+  <p>In the course of time these primitive human beings became tamed and
+  civilized by the gods and heroes, who taught them to work in metals, to
+  build houses, and other useful arts of civilization. But the human race
+  became in the course of time so degenerate that the gods resolved to
+  destroy all mankind by means of a flood; Deucalion <!-- Page 22 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page22"></a>[22]</span>(son of Prometheus) and
+  his wife Pyrrha, being, on account of their piety, the only mortals
+  saved.</p>
+
+  <p>By the command of his father, Deucalion built a ship, in which he and
+  his wife took refuge during the deluge, which lasted for nine days. When
+  the waters abated the ship rested on Mount Othrys in Thessaly, or
+  according to some on Mount Parnassus. Deucalion and his wife now
+  consulted the oracle of Themis as to how the human race might be
+  restored. The answer was, that they were to cover their heads, and throw
+  the bones of their mother behind them. For some time they were perplexed
+  as to the meaning of the oracular command, but at length both agreed that
+  by the bones of their mother were meant the stones of the earth. They
+  accordingly took up stones from the mountain side and cast them over
+  their shoulders. From those thrown by Deucalion there sprang up men, and
+  from those thrown by Pyrrha, women.</p>
+
+  <p>After the lapse of time the theory of Autochthony (from <i>autos</i>,
+  self, and <i>chthon</i>, earth) was laid aside. When this belief existed
+  there were no religious teachers whatever; but in course of time temples
+  were raised in honour of the different gods, and priests appointed to
+  offer sacrifices to them and conduct their worship. These priests were
+  looked upon as authorities in all religious matters, and the doctrine
+  they taught was, that man had been created by the gods, and that there
+  had been several successive ages of men, which were called the Golden,
+  Silver, Brazen, and Iron Ages.</p>
+
+  <p>Life in the Golden Age was one unceasing round of ever-recurring
+  pleasures unmarred by sorrow or care. The favoured mortals living at this
+  happy time led pure and joyous lives, thinking no evil, and doing no
+  wrong. The earth brought forth fruits and flowers without toil or labour
+  in plentiful luxuriance, and war was unknown. This delightful and
+  god-like existence lasted for hundreds of years, and when at length life
+  on earth was ended, death laid his hand so gently upon them that they
+  passed painlessly away in a happy dream, and continued their existence as
+  ministering spirits in Hades, watching over and <!-- Page 23 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page23"></a>[23]</span>protecting those they had
+  loved and left behind on earth. The men of the Silver Age<a name="NtA_7"
+  href="#Nt_7"><sup>[7]</sup></a> were a long time growing up, and during
+  their childhood, which lasted a hundred years, they suffered from
+  ill-health and extreme debility. When they at last became men they lived
+  but a short time, for they would not abstain from mutual injury, nor pay
+  the service due to the gods, and were therefore banished to Hades. There,
+  unlike the beings of the Golden Age, they exercised no beneficent
+  supervision over the dear ones left behind, but wandered about as
+  restless spirits, always sighing for the lost pleasures they had enjoyed
+  in life.</p>
+
+  <p>The men of the Brazen Age were quite a different race of beings, being
+  as strong and powerful as those of the Silver Age were weak and
+  enervated. Everything which surrounded them was of brass; their arms,
+  their tools, their dwellings, and all that they made. Their characters
+  seem to have resembled the metal in which they delighted; their minds and
+  hearts were hard, obdurate, and cruel. They led a life of strife and
+  contention, introduced into the world, which had hitherto known nothing
+  but peace and tranquillity, the scourge of war, and were in fact only
+  happy when fighting and quarrelling with each other. Hitherto Themis, the
+  goddess of Justice, had been living among mankind, but becoming
+  disheartened at their evil doings, she abandoned the earth, and winged
+  her flight back to heaven. At last the gods became so tired of their evil
+  deeds and continual dissensions, that they removed them from the face of
+  the earth, and sent them down to Hades to share the fate of their
+  predecessors.</p>
+
+  <p>We now come to the men of the Iron Age. The earth, no longer teeming
+  with fruitfulness, only yielded her increase after much toil and labour.
+  The goddess of Justice having abandoned mankind, no influence remained
+  sufficiently powerful to preserve them from every kind of wickedness and
+  sin. This condition grew worse as time went on, until at last Zeus in his
+  anger let loose the water-courses from above, and drowned every <!-- Page
+  24 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page24"></a>[24]</span>individual of
+  this evil race, except Deucalion and Pyrrha.</p>
+
+  <p>The theory of Hesiod,<a name="NtA_8" href="#Nt_8"><sup>[8]</sup></a>
+  the oldest of all the Greek poets, was that the Titan Prometheus, the son
+  of Iapetus, had formed man out of clay, and that Athene had breathed a
+  soul into him. Full of love for the beings he had called into existence,
+  Prometheus determined to elevate their minds and improve their condition
+  in every way; he therefore taught them astronomy, mathematics, the
+  alphabet, how to cure diseases, and the art of divination. He created
+  this race in such great numbers that the gods began to see the necessity
+  of instituting certain fixed laws with regard to the sacrifices due to
+  them, and the worship to which they considered themselves entitled from
+  mankind in return for the protection which they accorded them. An
+  assembly was therefore convened at Mecone in order to settle these
+  points. It was decided that Prometheus, as the advocate of man, should
+  slay an ox, which should be divided into two equal parts, and that the
+  gods should select one portion which should henceforth, in all future
+  sacrifices, be set apart for them. Prometheus so divided the ox that one
+  part consisted of the bones (which formed of course the least valuable
+  portion of the animal), artfully concealed by the white fat; whilst the
+  other contained all the edible parts, which he covered with the skin, and
+  on the top of all he laid the stomach.</p>
+
+  <p>Zeus, pretending to be deceived, chose the heap of bones, but he saw
+  through the stratagem, and was so angry at the deception practised on him
+  by Prometheus that he avenged himself by refusing to mortals the gift of
+  fire. <!-- Page 25 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page25"></a>[25]</span>Prometheus, however, resolved to brave the
+  anger of the great ruler of Olympus, and to obtain from heaven the vital
+  spark so necessary for the further progress and comfort of the human
+  race. He accordingly contrived to steal some sparks from the chariot of
+  the sun, which he conveyed to earth hidden in a hollow tube. Furious at
+  being again outwitted, Zeus determined to be revenged first on mankind,
+  and then on Prometheus. To punish the former he commanded Hephæstus
+  (Vulcan) to mould a beautiful woman out of clay, and determined that
+  through her instrumentality trouble and misery should be brought into the
+  world.</p>
+
+  <p>The gods were so charmed with the graceful and artistic creation of
+  Hephæstus, that they all determined to endow her with some special gift.
+  Hermes (Mercury) bestowed on her a smooth persuasive tongue, Aphrodite
+  gave her beauty and the art of pleasing; the Graces made her fascinating,
+  and Athene (Minerva) gifted her with the possession of feminine
+  accomplishments. She was called Pandora, which means all-gifted, having
+  received every attribute necessary to make her charming and irresistible.
+  Thus beautifully formed and endowed, this exquisite creature, attired by
+  the Graces, and crowned with flowers by the Seasons, was conducted to the
+  house of Epimetheus<a name="NtA_9" href="#Nt_9"><sup>[9]</sup></a> by
+  Hermes the messenger of the gods. Now Epimetheus had been warned by his
+  brother not to accept any gift whatever from the gods; but he was so
+  fascinated by the beautiful being who suddenly appeared before him, that
+  he welcomed her to his home, and made her his wife. It was not long,
+  however, before he had cause to regret his weakness.</p>
+
+  <p>He had in his possession a jar of rare workmanship, containing all the
+  blessings reserved by the gods for mankind, which he had been expressly
+  forbidden to open. But woman's proverbial curiosity could not withstand
+  so great a temptation, and Pandora determined to solve the mystery at any
+  cost. Watching her opportunity she raised the lid, and immediately all
+  the blessings which <!-- Page 26 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page26"></a>[26]</span>the gods had thus reserved for mankind took
+  wing and flew away. But all was not lost. Just as Hope (which lay at the
+  bottom) was about to escape, Pandora hastily closed the lid of the jar,
+  and thus preserved to man that never-failing solace which helps him to
+  bear with courage the many ills which assail him.<a name="NtA_10"
+  href="#Nt_10"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>
+
+  <p>Having punished mankind, Zeus determined to execute vengeance on
+  Prometheus. He accordingly chained him to a rock in Mount Caucasus, and
+  sent an eagle every day to gnaw away his liver, which grew again every
+  night ready for fresh torments. For thirty years Prometheus endured this
+  fearful punishment; but at length Zeus relented, and permitted his son
+  Heracles (Hercules) to kill the eagle, and the sufferer was released.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>THIRD DYNASTY&mdash;OLYMPIAN DIVINITIES.</h3>
+
+<h3>ZEUS<a name="NtA_11" href="#Nt_11"><sup>[11]</sup></a> (<span class="sc">Jupiter</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>Zeus, the great presiding deity of the universe, the ruler of heaven
+  and earth, was regarded by the Greeks, first, as the god of all aërial
+  phenomena; secondly, as the personification of the laws of nature;
+  thirdly, as lord of state-life; and fourthly, as the father of gods and
+  men.</p>
+
+  <p>As the god of aërial phenomena he could, by shaking his ægis,<a
+  name="NtA_12" href="#Nt_12"><sup>[12]</sup></a> produce storms, tempests,
+  and intense darkness. At his command the mighty thunder rolls, the
+  lightning flashes, and the clouds open and pour forth their refreshing
+  streams to fructify the earth.</p>
+
+  <p>As the personification of the operations of nature, he represents
+  those grand laws of unchanging and harmonious order, by which not only
+  the physical but also <!-- Page 27 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page27"></a>[27]</span>the moral world is governed. Hence he is the
+  god of regulated time as marked by the changing seasons, and by the
+  regular succession of day and night, in contradistinction to his father
+  Cronus, who represents time absolutely, <i>i.e.</i> eternity.</p>
+
+  <p>As the lord of state-life, he is the founder of kingly power, the
+  upholder of all institutions connected with the state, and the special
+  friend and patron of princes, whom he guards and assists with his advice
+  and counsel. He protects the assembly of the people, and, in fact,
+  watches over the welfare of the whole community.</p>
+
+  <p>As the father of the gods, Zeus sees that each deity performs his or
+  her individual duty, punishes their misdeeds, settles their disputes, and
+  acts towards them on all occasions as their all-knowing counsellor and
+  mighty friend.</p>
+
+  <p>As the father of men, he takes a paternal interest in the actions and
+  well-being of mortals. He watches over them with tender solicitude,
+  rewarding truth, charity, and uprightness, but severely punishing
+  perjury, cruelty, and want of hospitality. Even the poorest and most
+  forlorn wanderer finds in him a powerful advocate, for he, by a wise and
+  merciful dispensation, ordains that the mighty ones of the earth should
+  succour their distressed and needy brethren.</p>
+
+  <p>The Greeks believed that the home of this their mighty and
+  all-powerful deity was on the top of Mount Olympus, that high and lofty
+  mountain between Thessaly and Macedon, whose summit, wrapt in clouds and
+  mist, was hidden from mortal view. It was supposed that this mysterious
+  region, which even a bird could not reach, extended beyond the clouds
+  right into Aether, the realm of the immortal gods. The poets describe
+  this ethereal atmosphere as bright, glistening, and refreshing,
+  exercising a peculiar, gladdening influence over the minds and hearts of
+  those privileged beings permitted to share its delights. Here youth never
+  ages, and the passing years leave no traces on its favoured inhabitants.
+  On the cloud-capped summit of Olympus was the palace of <!-- Page 28
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page28"></a>[28]</span>Zeus and Hera,
+  of burnished gold, chased silver, and gleaming ivory. Lower down were the
+  homes of the other gods, which, though less commanding in position and
+  size, were yet similar to that of Zeus in design and workmanship, all
+  being the work of the divine artist Hephæstus. Below these were other
+  palaces of silver, ebony, ivory, or burnished brass, where the Heroes, or
+  Demi-gods, resided.</p>
+
+  <p>As the worship of Zeus formed so important a feature in the religion
+  of the Greeks, his statues were necessarily both numerous and
+  magnificent. He is usually represented as a man of noble and imposing
+  mien, his countenance expressing all the lofty majesty of the omnipotent
+  ruler of the universe, combined with the gracious, yet serious, benignity
+  of the father and friend of mankind. He may be recognized by his rich
+  flowing beard, and the thick masses of hair, which rise straight from the
+  high and intellectual forehead and fall to his shoulders in clustering
+  locks. The nose is large and finely formed, and the slightly-opened lips
+  impart an air of sympathetic kindliness which invites confidence. He is
+  always accompanied by an eagle, which either surmounts his sceptre, or
+  sits at his feet; he generally bears in his uplifted hand a sheaf of
+  thunder-bolts, just ready to be hurled, whilst in the other he holds the
+  lightning. The head is frequently encircled with a wreath of
+  oak-leaves.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0028-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0028-1.png"
+      alt="Zeus" title="Zeus" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>The most celebrated statue of the Olympian Zeus was that by the famous
+  Athenian sculptor Phidias, which was forty feet high, and stood in the
+  temple of Zeus at Olympia. It was formed of ivory and gold, and was <!--
+  Page 29 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page29"></a>[29]</span>such a
+  masterpiece of art, that it was reckoned among the seven wonders of the
+  world. It represented the god, seated on a throne, holding in his right
+  hand a life-sized image of Nike (the goddess of Victory), and in his left
+  a royal sceptre, surmounted by an eagle. It is said that the great
+  sculptor had concentrated all the marvellous powers of his genius on this
+  sublime conception, and earnestly entreated Zeus to give him a decided
+  proof that his labours were approved. An answer to his prayer came
+  through the open roof of the temple in the shape of a flash of lightning,
+  which Phidias interpreted as a sign that the god of heaven was pleased
+  with his work.</p>
+
+  <p>Zeus was first worshipped at Dodona in Epirus, where, at the foot of
+  Mount Tomarus, on the woody shore of Lake Joanina, was his famous oracle,
+  the most ancient in Greece. Here the voice of the eternal and invisible
+  god was supposed to be heard in the rustling leaves of a giant oak,
+  announcing to mankind the will of heaven and the destiny of mortals;
+  these revelations being interpreted to the people by the priests of Zeus,
+  who were called Selli. Recent excavations which have been made at this
+  spot have brought to light the ruins of the ancient temple of Zeus, and
+  also, among other interesting relics, some plates of lead, on which are
+  engraved inquiries which were evidently made by certain individuals who
+  consulted the oracle. These little leaden plates speak to us, as it were,
+  in a curiously homely manner of a by-gone time in the buried past. One
+  person inquires what god he should apply to for health and fortune;
+  another asks for advice concerning his child; and a third, evidently a
+  shepherd, promises a gift to the oracle should a speculation in sheep
+  turn out successfully. Had these little memorials been of gold instead of
+  lead, they would doubtless have shared the fate of the numerous treasures
+  which adorned this and other temples, in the universal pillage which took
+  place when Greece fell into the hands of barbarians.</p>
+
+  <p>Though Dodona was the most ancient of his shrines, the great national
+  seat of the worship of Zeus was at Olympia in Elis, where there was a
+  magnificent temple <!-- Page 30 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page30"></a>[30]</span>dedicated to him, containing the famous
+  colossal statue by Phidias above described. Crowds of devout worshippers
+  flocked to this world-renowned fane from all parts of Greece, not only to
+  pay homage to their supreme deity, but also to join in the celebrated
+  games which were held there at intervals of four years. The Olympic games
+  were such a thoroughly national institution, that even Greeks who had
+  left their native country made a point of returning on these occasions,
+  if possible, in order to contend with their fellow-countrymen in the
+  various athletic sports which took place at these festivals.</p>
+
+  <p>It will be seen on reflection that in a country like Greece, which
+  contained so many petty states, often at variance with each other, these
+  national gatherings must have been most valuable as a means of uniting
+  the Greeks in one great bond of brotherhood. On these festive occasions
+  the whole nation met together, forgetting for the moment all past
+  differences, and uniting in the enjoyment of the same festivities.</p>
+
+  <p>It will doubtless have been remarked that in the representations of
+  Zeus he is always accompanied by an eagle. This royal bird was sacred to
+  him, probably from the fact of its being the only creature capable of
+  gazing at the sun without being dazzled, which may have suggested the
+  idea that it was able to contemplate the splendour of divine majesty
+  unshrinkingly.</p>
+
+  <p>The oak-tree, and also the summits of mountains, were sacred to Zeus.
+  His sacrifices consisted of white bulls, cows, and goats.</p>
+
+  <p>Zeus had seven immortal wives, whose names were Metis, Themis,
+  Eurynome, Demeter, Mnemosyne, Leto, and Hera.</p>
+
+  <p><b>METIS</b>, his first wife, was one of the Oceanides or sea-nymphs.
+  She was the personification of prudence and wisdom, a convincing proof of
+  which she displayed in her successful administration of the potion which
+  caused Cronus to yield up his children. She was endowed with the gift of
+  prophecy, and foretold to Zeus that one of their children would gain
+  ascendency over <!-- Page 31 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page31"></a>[31]</span>him. In order, therefore, to avert the
+  possibility of the prediction being fulfilled he swallowed her before any
+  children were born to them. Feeling afterwards violent pains in his head,
+  he sent for Hephæstus, and ordered him to open it with an axe. His
+  command was obeyed, and out sprang, with a loud and martial shout, a
+  beautiful being, clad in armour from head to foot. This was Athene
+  (Minerva), goddess of Armed Resistance and Wisdom.</p>
+
+  <p><b>THEMIS</b> was the goddess of Justice, Law, and Order.</p>
+
+  <p><b>EURYNOME</b> was one of the Oceanides, and the mother of the
+  Charites or Graces.</p>
+
+  <p><b>DEMETER</b>,<a name="NtA_13" href="#Nt_13"><sup>[13]</sup></a> the
+  daughter of Cronus and Rhea, was the goddess of Agriculture.</p>
+
+  <p><b>MNEMOSYNE</b>, the daughter of Uranus and Gæa, was the goddess of
+  Memory and the mother of the nine Muses.</p>
+
+  <p><b>LETO</b> (Latona) was the daughter of C&oelig;us and Ph&oelig;be.
+  She was gifted with wonderful beauty, and was tenderly loved by Zeus, but
+  her lot was far from being a happy one, for Hera, being extremely jealous
+  of her, persecuted her with inveterate cruelty, and sent the dreadful
+  serpent Python<a name="NtA_14" href="#Nt_14"><sup>[14]</sup></a> to
+  terrify and torment her wherever she went. But Zeus, who had observed
+  with the deepest compassion her weary wanderings and agonized fears,
+  resolved to create for her some place of refuge, however humble, where
+  she might feel herself safe from the venomous attacks of the serpent. He
+  therefore brought her to Delos, a floating island in the Ægean Sea, which
+  he made stationary by attaching it with chains of adamant to the bottom
+  of the sea. Here she gave birth to her twin-children, Apollo and Artemis
+  (Diana), two of the most beautiful of the immortals.</p>
+
+  <p>According to some versions of the story of Leto, Zeus transformed her
+  into a quail, in order that she might thus elude the vigilance of Hera,
+  and she is said to have <!-- Page 32 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page32"></a>[32]</span>resumed her true form when she arrived at
+  the island of Delos.</p>
+
+  <p><b>HERA</b>, being the principal wife of Zeus and queen of heaven, a
+  detailed account will be given of her in a special chapter.</p>
+
+  <p>In the union of Zeus with most of his immortal wives we shall find
+  that an allegorical meaning is conveyed. His marriage with Metis, who is
+  said to have surpassed both gods and men in knowledge, represents supreme
+  power allied to wisdom and prudence. His union with Themis typifies the
+  bond which exists between divine majesty and justice, law, and order.
+  Eurynome, as the mother of the Charites or Graces, supplied the refining
+  and harmonizing influences of grace and beauty, whilst the marriage of
+  Zeus with Mnemosyne typifies the union of genius with memory.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+  <p>In addition to the seven immortal wives of Zeus, he was also allied to
+  a number of mortal maidens whom he visited under various disguises, as it
+  was supposed that if he revealed himself in his true form as king of
+  heaven the splendour of his glory would cause instant destruction to
+  mortals. The mortal consorts of Zeus have been such a favourite theme
+  with poets, painters, and sculptors, that it is necessary to give some
+  account of their individual history. Those best known are Antiope, Leda,
+  Europa, Callisto, Alcmene, Semele, Io, and Danae.</p>
+
+  <p><b>ANTIOPE</b>, to whom Zeus appeared under the form of a satyr, was
+  the daughter of Nicteus, king of Thebes. To escape the anger of her
+  father she fled to Sicyon, where king Epopeus, enraptured with her
+  wonderful beauty, made her his wife without asking her father's consent.
+  This so enraged Nicteus that he declared war against Epopeus, in order to
+  compel him to restore Antiope. At his death, which took place before he
+  could succeed in his purpose, Nicteus left his kingdom to his brother
+  Lycus, commanding him, at the same time, to carry on the war, and execute
+  his vengeance. Lycus invaded Sicyon, defeated and killed Epopeus, and
+  brought back <!-- Page 33 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page33"></a>[33]</span>Antiope as a prisoner. On the way to Thebes
+  she gave birth to her twin-sons, Amphion and Zethus, who, by the orders
+  of Lycus, were at once exposed on Mount Cithaeron, and would have
+  perished but for the kindness of a shepherd, who took pity on them and
+  preserved their lives. Antiope was, for many years, held captive by her
+  uncle Lycus, and compelled to suffer the utmost cruelty at the hands of
+  his wife Dirce. But one day her bonds were miraculously loosened, and she
+  flew for shelter and protection to the humble dwelling of her sons on
+  Mount Cithaeron. During the long period of their mother's captivity the
+  babes had grown into sturdy youths, and, as they listened angrily to the
+  story of her wrongs, they became all impatience to avenge them. Setting
+  off at once to Thebes they succeeded in possessing themselves of the
+  town, and after slaying the cruel Lycus they bound Dirce by the hair to
+  the horns of a wild bull, which dragged her hither and thither until she
+  expired. Her mangled body was cast into the fount near Thebes, which
+  still bears her name. Amphion became king of Thebes in his uncle's stead.
+  He was a friend of the Muses, and devoted to music and poetry. His
+  brother, Zethus, was famous for his skill in archery, and was
+  passionately fond of the chase. It is said that when Amphion wished to
+  inclose the town of Thebes with walls and towers, he had but to play a
+  sweet melody on the lyre, given to him by Hermes, and the huge stones
+  began to move, and obediently fitted themselves together.</p>
+
+  <p>The punishment of Dirce at the hands of Amphion and Zethus forms the
+  subject of the world-renowned marble group in the museum at Naples, known
+  by the name of the Farnese Bull.</p>
+
+  <p>In sculpture Amphion is always represented with a lyre; Zethus with a
+  club.</p>
+
+  <p><b>LEDA</b>, whose affections Zeus won under the form of a swan, was
+  the daughter of Thestius, king of Ætolia. Her twin-sons, Castor and
+  (Polydeuces or) Pollux,<a name="NtA_15" href="#Nt_15"><sup>[15]</sup></a>
+  were <!-- Page 34 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page34"></a>[34]</span>renowned for their tender attachment to each
+  other. They were also famous for their physical accomplishments, Castor
+  being the most expert charioteer of his day, and Pollux the first of
+  pugilists. Their names appear both among the hunters of the Calydonian
+  boar-hunt and the heroes of the Argonautic expedition. The brothers
+  became attached to the daughters of Leucippus, prince of the Messenians,
+  who had been betrothed by their father to Idas and Lynceus, sons of
+  Aphareus. Having persuaded Leucippus to break his promise, the twins
+  carried off the maidens as their brides. Idas and Lynceus, naturally
+  furious at this proceeding, challenged the Dioscuri to mortal combat, in
+  which Castor perished by the hand of Idas, and Lynceus by that of Pollux.
+  Zeus wished to confer the gift of immortality upon Pollux, but he refused
+  to accept it unless allowed to share it with Castor. Zeus gave the
+  desired permission, and the faithful brothers were both allowed to live,
+  but only on alternate days. The Dioscuri received divine honours
+  throughout Greece, and were worshipped with special reverence at
+  Sparta.</p>
+
+  <p><b>EUROPA</b> was the beautiful daughter of Agenor, king of
+  Ph&oelig;nicia. She was one day gathering flowers with her companions in
+  a meadow near the sea-shore, when Zeus, charmed with her great beauty,
+  and wishing to win her love, transformed himself into a beautiful white
+  bull, and trotted quietly up to the princess, so as not to alarm her.
+  Surprised at the gentleness of the animal, and admiring its beauty, as it
+  lay placidly on the grass, she caressed it, crowned it with flowers, and,
+  at last, playfully seated herself on its back. Hardly had she done so
+  than the disguised god bounded away with his lovely burden, and swam
+  across the sea with her to the island of Crete.</p>
+
+  <p>Europa was the mother of Minos, Aeacus, and Rhadamanthus. Minos, who
+  became king of Crete, was celebrated for his justice and moderation, and
+  after death he was created one of the judges of the lower world, which
+  office he held in conjunction with his brothers. <!-- Page 35 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page35"></a>[35]</span></p>
+
+  <p><b>CALLISTO</b>, the daughter of Lycaon, king of Arcadia, was a
+  huntress in the train of Artemis, devoted to the pleasures of the chase,
+  who had made a vow never to marry; but Zeus, under the form of the
+  huntress-goddess, succeeded in obtaining her affections. Hera, being
+  extremely jealous of her, changed her into a bear, and caused Artemis
+  (who failed to recognize her attendant under this form) to hunt her in
+  the chase, and put an end to her existence. After her death she was
+  placed by Zeus among the stars as a constellation, under the name of
+  Arctos, or the bear.</p>
+
+  <p><b>ALCMENE</b>, the daughter of Electryon, king of Mycenae, was
+  betrothed to her cousin Amphytrion; but, during his absence on a perilous
+  undertaking, Zeus assumed his form, and obtained her affections. Heracles
+  (whose world-renowned exploits will be related among the legends) was the
+  son of Alcmene and Zeus.</p>
+
+  <p><b>SEMELE</b>, a beautiful princess, the daughter of Cadmus, king of
+  Ph&oelig;nicia, was greatly beloved by Zeus. Like the unfortunate
+  Callisto, she was hated by Hera with jealous malignity, and the haughty
+  queen of heaven determined to effect her destruction. Disguising herself,
+  therefore, as Ber&oelig;, Semele's faithful old nurse, she artfully
+  persuaded her to insist upon Zeus visiting her, as he appeared to Hera,
+  in all his power and glory, well knowing that this would cause her
+  instant death. Semele, suspecting no treachery, followed the advice of
+  her supposed nurse; and the next time Zeus came to her, she earnestly
+  entreated him to grant the favour she was about to ask. Zeus swore by the
+  Styx (which was to the gods an irrevocable oath) to accede to her request
+  whatsoever it might be. Semele, therefore, secure of gaining her
+  petition, begged of Zeus to appear to her in all the glory of his divine
+  power and majesty. As he had sworn to grant whatever she asked of him, he
+  was compelled to comply with her wish; he therefore revealed himself as
+  the mighty lord of the universe, accompanied by thunder and lightning,
+  and she was instantly consumed in the flames. <!-- Page 36 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page36"></a>[36]</span></p>
+
+  <p><b>IO</b>, daughter of Inachus, king of Argos, was a priestess of
+  Hera. She was very beautiful, and Zeus, who was much attached to her,
+  transformed her into a white cow, in order to defeat the jealous
+  intrigues of Hera, who, however, was not to be deceived. Aware of the
+  stratagem, she contrived to obtain the animal from Zeus, and placed her
+  under the watchful care of a man called Argus-Panoptes, who fastened her
+  to an olive-tree in the grove of Hera. He had a hundred eyes, of which,
+  when asleep, he never closed more than two at a time; being thus always
+  on the watch, Hera found him extremely useful in keeping guard over Io.
+  Hermes, however, by the command of Zeus, succeeded in putting all his
+  eyes to sleep with the sound of his magic lyre, and then, taking
+  advantage of his helpless condition, slew him. The story goes, that in
+  commemoration of the services which Argus had rendered her, Hera placed
+  his eyes on the tail of a peacock, as a lasting memorial of her
+  gratitude. Ever fertile in resource, Hera now sent a gadfly to worry and
+  torment the unfortunate Io incessantly, and she wandered all over the
+  world in hopes of escaping from her tormentor. At length she reached
+  Egypt, where she found rest and freedom from the persecutions of her
+  enemy. On the banks of the Nile she resumed her original form and gave
+  birth to a son called Epaphus, who afterwards became king of Egypt, and
+  built the famous city of Memphis.</p>
+
+  <p><b>DANAE.</b>&mdash;Zeus appeared to Danae under the form of a shower
+  of gold. (Further details concerning her will be found in the legend of
+  Perseus.)</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+  <p>The Greeks supposed that the divine ruler of the Universe occasionally
+  assumed a human form, and descended from his celestial abode, in order to
+  visit mankind and observe their proceedings, his aim being generally
+  either to punish the guilty, or to reward the deserving.</p>
+
+  <p>On one occasion Zeus, accompanied by Hermes, made a journey through
+  Phrygia, seeking hospitality and shelter wherever they went. But nowhere
+  did they receive a <!-- Page 37 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page37"></a>[37]</span>kindly welcome till they came to the humble
+  cottage of an old man and his wife called Philemon and Baucis, who
+  entertained them with the greatest kindness, setting before them what
+  frugal fare their humble means permitted, and bidding them welcome with
+  unaffected cordiality. Observing in the course of their simple repast
+  that the wine bowl was miraculously replenished, the aged couple became
+  convinced of the divine nature of their guests. The gods now informed
+  them that on account of its wickedness their native place was doomed to
+  destruction, and told them to climb the neighbouring hill with them,
+  which overlooked the village where they dwelt. What was their dismay on
+  beholding at their feet, in place of the spot where they had passed so
+  many happy years together, nothing but a watery plain, the only house to
+  be seen being their own little cottage, which suddenly changed itself
+  into a temple before their eyes. Zeus now asked the worthy pair to name
+  any wish they particularly desired and it should be granted. They
+  accordingly begged that they might serve the gods in the temple below,
+  and end life together.</p>
+
+  <p>Their wish was granted, for, after spending the remainder of their
+  lives in the worship of the gods, they both died at the same instant, and
+  were transformed by Zeus into trees, remaining for ever side by side.</p>
+
+  <p>Upon another occasion Zeus, wishing to ascertain for himself the truth
+  of the reports concerning the atrocious wickedness of mankind, made a
+  journey through Arcadia. Being recognized by the Arcadians as king of
+  heaven, he was received by them with becoming respect and veneration; but
+  Lycaon, their king, who had rendered himself infamous by the gross
+  impiety of himself and his sons, doubted the divinity of Zeus, ridiculed
+  his people for being so easily duped, and, according to his custom of
+  killing all strangers who ventured to trust his hospitality, resolved to
+  murder him. Before executing this wicked design, however, he decided to
+  put Zeus to the test, and having killed a boy for the purpose, placed
+  before him a dish containing human flesh. But Zeus was <!-- Page 38
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page38"></a>[38]</span>not to be
+  deceived. He beheld the revolting dish with horror and loathing, and
+  angrily upsetting the table upon which it was placed, turned Lycaon into
+  a wolf, and destroyed all his fifty sons by lightning, except Nyctimus,
+  who was saved by the intervention of Gæa.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">JUPITER.</p>
+
+  <p>The Roman Jupiter, who is so frequently confounded with the Greek
+  Zeus, is identical with him only as being the head of the Olympic gods,
+  and the presiding deity over Life, Light, and Aërial Phenomena. Jupiter
+  is lord of life in its widest and most comprehensive signification,
+  having absolute power over life and death, in which respect he differed
+  from the Greek Zeus, who was to a certain extent controlled by the
+  all-potent sway of the Moiræ or Fates. Zeus, as we have seen, often
+  condescends to visit mankind, either as a mortal, or under various
+  disguises, whereas Jupiter always remains essentially the supreme god of
+  heaven, and never appears upon earth.</p>
+
+  <p>The most celebrated temple of Jupiter was that on the Capitoline Hill
+  in the city of Rome, where he was worshipped under the names of
+  Jupiter-Optimus-Maximus, Capitolinus, and Tarpeius.</p>
+
+  <p>The Romans represented him seated on a throne of ivory, holding in his
+  right hand a sheaf of thunderbolts, and in his left a sceptre, whilst an
+  eagle stands beside his throne.</p>
+
+<h3>HERA (<span class="sc">Juno</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>Hera, the eldest daughter of Cronus and Rhea, was born at Samos, or,
+  according to some accounts, at Argos, and was reared by the
+  sea-divinities Oceanus and Tethys, who were models of conjugal
+  fidelity.<a name="NtA_16" href="#Nt_16"><sup>[16]</sup></a> She was the
+  <!-- Page 39 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page39"></a>[39]</span>principal wife of Zeus, and, as queen of
+  heaven, participated in the honours paid to him, but her dominion only
+  extended over the air (the lower aërial regions). Hera appears to be the
+  sublime embodiment of strict matronly virtue, and is on that account the
+  protectress of purity and married women. Faultless herself in her
+  fidelity as a wife, she is essentially the type of the sanctity of the
+  marriage tie, and holds in abhorrence any violation of its obligations.
+  So strongly was she imbued with this hatred of any immorality, that,
+  finding herself so often called upon to punish the failings of both gods
+  and men in this respect, she became jealous, harsh, and vindictive. Her
+  exalted position as the wife of the supreme deity, combined with her
+  extreme beauty, caused her to become exceedingly vain, and she
+  consequently resented with great severity any infringement on her rights
+  as queen of heaven, or any apparent slight on her personal
+  appearance.</p>
+
+  <p>The following story will signally illustrate how ready she was to
+  resent any slight offered to her.</p>
+
+  <p>At the marriage of the sea-nymph Thetis with a mortal called Peleus,
+  all the gods and goddesses were present, except Eris (the goddess of
+  Discord). Indignant at not being invited, she determined to cause
+  dissension in the assembly, and for this purpose threw into the midst of
+  the guests a golden apple with the inscription on it "For the Fairest."
+  Now, as all the goddesses were extremely beautiful, each claimed the
+  apple; but at length, the rest having relinquished their pretensions, the
+  number of candidates was reduced to three, Hera, Athene, and Aphrodite,
+  who agreed to appeal to Paris for a settlement of this delicate question,
+  he being noted for the wisdom he had displayed in his judgment upon
+  several occasions. Paris was the son of Priam, king of Troy, who,
+  ignorant of his noble birth, was at this time feeding his flocks on Mount
+  Ida, in Phrygia. Hermes, as messenger of the gods, conducted the three
+  rival beauties to the young shepherd, and with breathless anxiety they
+  awaited his decision. Each fair candidate endeavoured <!-- Page 40
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page40"></a>[40]</span>to secure his
+  favour by the most tempting offers. Hera promised him extensive
+  dominions; Athene, martial fame and glory; and Aphrodite, the loveliest
+  woman in the world. But whether he really considered Aphrodite the
+  fairest of the three, or preferred a beautiful wife to fame and power, we
+  cannot tell; all we know is that to her he awarded the golden apple, and
+  she became ever after universally acknowledged as the goddess of beauty.
+  Hera, having fully expected that Paris would give her the preference, was
+  so indignant that she never forgave him, and not only persecuted him, but
+  all the family of Priam, whose dreadful sufferings and misfortunes during
+  the Trojan war were attributed to her influence. In fact, she carried her
+  animosity to such an extent that it was often the cause of domestic
+  disagreements between herself and Zeus, who espoused the cause of the
+  Trojans.</p>
+
+  <p>Among the many stories of these frequent quarrels there is one
+  connected with Heracles, the favourite son of Zeus, which is as
+  follows:&mdash;Hera having raised a storm at sea in order to drive him
+  out of his course, Zeus became so angry that he hung her in the clouds by
+  a golden chain, and attached heavy anvils to her feet. Her son Hephæstus
+  tried to release his mother from her humiliating position, for which Zeus
+  threw him out of heaven, and his leg was broken by the fall.</p>
+
+  <p>Hera, being deeply offended with Zeus, determined to separate herself
+  from him for ever, and she accordingly left him and took up her abode in
+  Eub&oelig;a. Surprised and grieved at this unlooked-for desertion, Zeus
+  resolved to leave no means untried to win her back again. In this
+  emergency he consulted Cithaeron, king of Platea, who was famed for his
+  great wisdom and subtlety. Cithaeron advised him to dress up an image in
+  bridal attire and place it in a chariot, announcing that this was Platea,
+  his future wife. The artifice succeeded. Hera, incensed at the idea of a
+  rival, flew to meet the procession in great anger, and seizing the
+  supposed bride, she furiously attacked her and dragged off her nuptial
+  attire. Her delight on discovering the deception was so great that a <!--
+  Page 41 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page41"></a>[41]</span>reconciliation took place, and, committing
+  the image to the flames, with joyful laughter she seated herself in its
+  place and returned to Olympus.</p>
+
+  <p>Hera was the mother of Ares (Mars), Hephæstus, Hebe, and Eileithyia.
+  Ares was the god of War; Hephæstus, of Fire; Hebe, of Youth; and
+  Eileithyia presided over the birth of mortals.</p>
+
+  <p>Hera dearly loved Greece, and indeed always watched over and protected
+  Greek interests, her beloved and favourite cities being Argos, Samos,
+  Sparta, and Mycenæ.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0041-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0041-1.png"
+      alt="Hera" title="Hera" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Her principal temples were at Argos and Samos. From a remote period
+  she was greatly venerated at Olympia, and her temple there, which stood
+  in the Altis or sacred grove, was five hundred years older than that of
+  Zeus on the same spot. Some interesting excavations which are now going
+  on there have brought to light the remains of the ancient edifice, which
+  contains among other treasures of antiquity several beautiful statues,
+  the work of the famous sculptors of ancient Greece. At first this temple
+  was built of wood, then of stone, and the one lately discovered was
+  formed of conglomerate of shells.</p>
+
+  <p>In the Altis races were run by young maidens in honour of Hera, and
+  the fleetest of foot received in token of her victory an olive-wreath and
+  a piece of the flesh of the sacrifices. These races, like the Olympic
+  Games, were celebrated at intervals of four years, and were called Heræ.
+  A beautiful robe, woven by sixteen women chosen from the sixteen cities
+  of Elis, was always offered to Hera on these <!-- Page 42 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page42"></a>[42]</span>occasions, and choral
+  songs and sacred dances formed part of the ceremonies.</p>
+
+  <p>Hera is usually represented seated on a throne, holding a pomegranate
+  in one hand and a sceptre surmounted by a cuckoo in the other. She
+  appears as a calm, dignified matron of majestic beauty, robed in a tunic
+  and mantle, her forehead is broad and intellectual, her eyes large and
+  fully opened, and her arms dazzlingly white and finely moulded.</p>
+
+  <p>The finest statue of this divinity was that by Polycletus at
+  Argos.</p>
+
+  <p>Her attributes are the diadem, veil, sceptre, and peacock.</p>
+
+  <p>The first day of every month a ewe-lamb and sow were sacrificed to
+  Hera. The hawk, goose, and more particularly the peacock<a name="NtA_17"
+  href="#Nt_17"><sup>[17]</sup></a> were sacred to her. Flocks of these
+  beautiful birds generally surround her throne and draw her chariot, Iris,
+  the Rainbow, being seated behind her.</p>
+
+  <p>Her favourite flowers were the dittany, poppy, and lily.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">JUNO.</p>
+
+  <p>Juno, the Roman divinity supposed to be identical with the Greek Hera,
+  differed from her in the most salient points, for whereas Hera invariably
+  appears as the haughty, unbending queen of heaven, Juno, on the other
+  hand, is revered and beloved as the type of a matron and housewife. She
+  was worshipped in Rome under various titles, most of which point to her
+  vocation as the protectress of married women. Juno was believed to watch
+  over and guard the life of every woman from her birth to her death. The
+  principal temples dedicated to her were in Rome, one being erected on the
+  Aventine, and the other on the Capitoline Hill. She had also a temple on
+  the Arx, in which she was worshipped as Juno Moneta, or the <!-- Page 43
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page43"></a>[43]</span>warning goddess.
+  Adjacent to this shrine was the public mint.<a name="NtA_18"
+  href="#Nt_18"><sup>[18]</sup></a> On the 1st of March a grand annual
+  festival, called the Matronalia, was celebrated in her honour by all the
+  married women of Rome, and this religious institution was accompanied
+  with much solemnity.<a name="NtA_19"
+  href="#Nt_19"><sup>[19]</sup></a></p>
+
+<h3>PALLAS-ATHENE (<span class="sc">Minerva</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>Pallas-Athene, goddess of Wisdom and Armed Resistance, was a purely
+  Greek divinity; that is to say, no other nation possessed a corresponding
+  conception. She was supposed, as already related, to have issued from the
+  head of Zeus himself, clad in armour from head to foot. The miraculous
+  advent of this maiden goddess is beautifully described by Homer in one of
+  his hymns: snow-capped Olympus shook to its foundation; the glad earth
+  re-echoed her martial shout; the billowy sea became agitated; and Helios,
+  the sun-god, arrested his fiery steeds in their headlong course to
+  welcome this wonderful emanation from the godhead. Athene was at once
+  admitted into the assembly of the gods, and henceforth took her place as
+  the most faithful and sagacious of all her father's counsellors. This
+  brave, dauntless maiden, so exactly the essence of all that is noble in
+  the character of "the father of gods and men," remained throughout chaste
+  in word and deed, and kind at heart, without exhibiting any of those
+  failings which somewhat mar the nobler features in the character of Zeus.
+  This direct emanation from his own self, justly his favourite child, his
+  better and purer counterpart, received from him several important
+  prerogatives. She was permitted to hurl the thunderbolts, to prolong the
+  life of man, and to bestow the gift of prophecy; in fact Athene was the
+  only divinity whose authority was equal to that of Zeus himself, and when
+  he had ceased to visit the earth in person <!-- Page 44 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page44"></a>[44]</span>she was empowered by him
+  to act as his deputy. It was her especial duty to protect the state and
+  all peaceful associations of mankind, which she possessed the power of
+  defending when occasion required. She encouraged the maintenance of law
+  and order, and defended the right on all occasions, for which reason, in
+  the Trojan war she espouses the cause of the Greeks and exerts all her
+  influence on their behalf. The Areopagus, a court of justice where
+  religious causes and murders were tried, was believed to have been
+  instituted by her, and when both sides happened to have an equal number
+  of votes she gave the casting-vote in favour of the accused. She was the
+  patroness of learning, science, and art, more particularly where these
+  contributed directly towards the welfare of nations. She presided over
+  all inventions connected with agriculture, invented the plough, and
+  taught mankind how to use oxen for farming purposes. She also instructed
+  mankind in the use of numbers, trumpets, chariots, &amp;c., and presided
+  over the building of the Argo,<a name="NtA_20"
+  href="#Nt_20"><sup>[20]</sup></a> thereby encouraging the useful art of
+  navigation. She also taught the Greeks how to build the wooden horse by
+  means of which the destruction of Troy was effected.</p>
+
+  <p>The safety of cities depended on her care, for which reason her
+  temples were generally built on the citadels, and she was supposed to
+  watch over the defence of the walls, fortifications, harbours, &amp;c. A
+  divinity who so faithfully guarded the best interests of the state, by
+  not only protecting it from the attacks of enemies, but also by
+  developing its chief resources of wealth and prosperity, was worthily
+  chosen as the presiding deity of the state, and in this character as an
+  essentially political goddess she was called Athene-Polias.</p>
+
+  <p>The fact of Athene having been born clad in armour, which merely
+  signified that her virtue and purity were unassailable, has given rise to
+  the erroneous supposition that she was the presiding goddess of war; but
+  a deeper <!-- Page 45 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page45"></a>[45]</span>study of her character in all its bearings
+  proves that, in contradistinction to her brother Ares, the god of war,
+  who loved strife for its own sake, she only takes up arms to protect the
+  innocent and deserving against tyrannical oppression. It is true that in
+  the Iliad we frequently see her on the battlefield fighting valiantly,
+  and protecting her favourite heroes; but this is always at the command of
+  Zeus, who even supplies her with arms for the purpose, as it is supposed
+  that she possessed none of her own. A marked feature in the
+  representations of this deity is the ægis, that wonderful shield given to
+  her by her father as a further means of defence, which, when in danger,
+  she swung so swiftly round and round that it kept at a distance all
+  antagonistic influences; hence her name Pallas, from <i>pallo</i>, I
+  swing. In the centre of this shield, which was covered with dragon's
+  scales, bordered with serpents, and which she sometimes wore as a
+  breastplate, was the awe-inspiring head of the Medusa, which had the
+  effect of turning to stone all beholders.</p>
+
+  <p>In addition to the many functions which she exercised in connection
+  with the state, Athene presided over the two chief departments of
+  feminine industry, spinning and weaving. In the latter art she herself
+  displayed unrivalled ability and exquisite taste. She wove her own robe
+  and that of Hera, which last she is said to have embroidered very richly;
+  she also gave Jason a cloak wrought by herself, when he set forth in
+  quest of the Golden Fleece. Being on one occasion challenged to a contest
+  in this accomplishment by a mortal maiden named Arachne, whom she had
+  instructed in the art of weaving, she accepted the challenge and was
+  completely vanquished by her pupil. Angry at her defeat, she struck the
+  unfortunate maiden on the forehead with the shuttle which she held in her
+  hand; and Arachne, being of a sensitive nature, was so hurt by this
+  indignity that she hung herself in despair, and was changed by Athene
+  into a spider. This goddess is said to have invented the flute,<a
+  name="NtA_21" href="#Nt_21"><sup>[21]</sup></a> upon <!-- Page 46
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page46"></a>[46]</span>which she played
+  with considerable talent, until one day, being laughed at by the
+  assembled gods and goddesses for the contortions which her countenance
+  assumed during these musical efforts, she hastily ran to a fountain in
+  order to convince herself whether she deserved their ridicule. Finding to
+  her intense disgust that such was indeed the fact, she threw the flute
+  away, and never raised it to her lips again.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0046-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0046-1.png"
+      alt="Athene" title="Athene" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Athene is usually represented fully draped; she has a serious and
+  thoughtful aspect, as though replete with earnestness and wisdom; the
+  beautiful oval contour of her countenance is adorned by the luxuriance of
+  her wealth of hair, which is drawn back from the temples and hangs down
+  in careless grace; she looks the embodiment of strength, grandeur, and
+  majesty; whilst her broad shoulders and small hips give her a slightly
+  masculine appearance.</p>
+
+  <p>When represented as the war-goddess she appears clad in armour, with a
+  helmet on her head, from which waves a large plume; she carries the ægis
+  on her arm, and in her hand a golden staff, which possessed the property
+  of endowing her chosen favourites with youth and dignity.</p>
+
+  <p>Athene was universally worshipped throughout Greece, but was regarded
+  with special veneration by the Athenians, she being the guardian deity of
+  Athens. Her most celebrated temple was the Parthenon, which stood on the
+  <!-- Page 47 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page47"></a>[47]</span>Acropolis at Athens, and contained her
+  world-renowned statue by Phidias, which ranks second only to that of Zeus
+  by the same great artist. This colossal statue was 39 feet high, and was
+  composed of ivory and gold; its majestic beauty formed the chief
+  attraction of the temple. It represented her standing erect, bearing her
+  spear and shield; in her hand she held an image of Nike, and at her feet
+  there lay a serpent.</p>
+
+  <p>The tree sacred to her was the olive, which she herself produced in a
+  contest with Poseidon. The olive-tree thus called into existence was
+  preserved in the temple of Erectheus, on the Acropolis, and is said to
+  have possessed such marvellous vitality, that when the Persians burned it
+  after sacking the town it immediately burst forth into new shoots.</p>
+
+  <p>The principal festival held in honour of this divinity was the
+  Panathenæa.</p>
+
+  <p>The owl, cock, and serpent were the animals sacred to her, and her
+  sacrifices were rams, bulls, and cows.</p>
+
+  <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0047-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0047-1.png"
+      alt="Minerva" title="Minerva" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p class="cenhead">MINERVA.</p>
+
+  <p>The Minerva of the Romans was identified with the Pallas-Athene of the
+  Greeks. Like her she presides over learning and all useful arts, and is
+  the patroness of the feminine accomplishments of sewing, spinning,
+  weaving, &amp;c. Schools were under her especial care, and schoolboys,
+  therefore, had holidays during her festivals (the Greater Quinquatria),
+  when they always brought a gift to their master, called the Minerval.</p>
+
+  <p>It is worthy of notice that the only three divinities <!-- Page 48
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page48"></a>[48]</span>worshipped in
+  the Capitol were Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, and in their joint honour
+  the Ludi Maximi or great games were held.</p>
+
+<h3>THEMIS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Themis, who has already been alluded to as the wife of Zeus, was the
+  daughter of Cronus and Rhea, and personified those divine laws of justice
+  and order by means of which the well-being and morality of communities
+  are regulated. She presided over the assemblies of the people and the
+  laws of hospitality. To her was intrusted the office of convoking the
+  assembly of the gods, and she was also mistress of ritual and ceremony.
+  On account of her great wisdom Zeus himself frequently sought her counsel
+  and acted upon her advice. Themis was a prophetic divinity, and had an
+  oracle near the river Cephissus in B&oelig;otia.</p>
+
+  <p>She is usually represented as being in the full maturity of womanhood,
+  of fair aspect, and wearing a flowing garment, which drapes her noble,
+  majestic form; in her right hand she holds the sword of justice, and in
+  her left the scales, which indicate the impartiality with which every
+  cause is carefully weighed by her, her eyes being bandaged so that the
+  personality of the individual should carry no weight with respect to the
+  verdict.</p>
+
+  <p>This divinity is sometimes identified with Tyche, sometimes with
+  Ananke.</p>
+
+  <p>Themis, like so many other Greek divinities, takes the place of a more
+  ancient deity of the same name who was a daughter of Uranus and Gæa. This
+  elder Themis inherited from her mother the gift of prophecy, and when she
+  became merged into her younger representative she transmitted to her this
+  prophetic power.</p>
+
+<h3>HESTIA (Vesta).</h3>
+
+  <p>Hestia was the daughter of Cronus and Rhea. She was the goddess of
+  Fire in its first application to the wants of mankind, hence she was
+  essentially the presiding deity <!-- Page 49 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page49"></a>[49]</span>of the domestic hearth and the guardian
+  spirit of man, and it was her pure and benign influence which was
+  supposed to protect the sanctity of domestic life.</p>
+
+  <p>Now in these early ages the hearth was regarded as the most important
+  and most sacred portion of the dwelling, probably because the protection
+  of the fire was an important consideration, for if once permitted to
+  become extinct, re-ignition was attended with extreme difficulty. In
+  fact, the hearth was held so sacred that it constituted the sanctum of
+  the family, for which reason it was always erected in the centre of every
+  house. It was a few feet in height and was built of stone; the fire was
+  placed on the top of it, and served the double purpose of preparing the
+  daily meals, and consuming the family sacrifices. Round this domestic
+  hearth or altar were gathered the various members of the family, the head
+  of the house occupying the place of honour nearest the hearth. Here
+  prayers were said and sacrifices offered, and here also every kind and
+  loving feeling was fostered, which even extended to the hunted and guilty
+  stranger, who, if he once succeeded in touching this sacred altar, was
+  safe from pursuit and punishment, and was henceforth placed under the
+  protection of the family. Any crime committed within the sacred precincts
+  of the domestic hearth was invariably visited by death.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0050-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0050-1.png"
+      alt="Vesta" title="Vesta" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>In Grecian cities there was a common hall, called the Prytaneum, in
+  which the members of the government had their meals at the expense of the
+  state, and here too was the Hestia, or public hearth, with its fire, by
+  means of which those meals were prepared. It was customary for emigrants
+  to take with them a portion of this sacred fire, which they jealously
+  guarded and brought with them to their new home, where it served as a
+  connecting link between the young Greek colony and the mother country.
+  Hestia is generally represented standing, and in accordance with the
+  dignity and sanctity of her character, always appears fully draped. Her
+  countenance is distinguished by a serene gravity of expression. <!-- Page
+  50 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page50"></a>[50]</span></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">VESTA.</p>
+
+  <p>Vesta occupies a distinguished place among the earlier divinities of
+  the Romans. Her temple in Rome, containing as it were the hearthstone of
+  the nation, stood close beside the palace of Numa Pompilius.</p>
+
+  <p>On her altar burned the never-ceasing fire, which was tended by her
+  priestesses, the Vestal Virgins.<a name="NtA_22"
+  href="#Nt_22"><sup>[22]</sup></a></p>
+
+  <p>The temple of Vesta was circular in form, and contained that sacred
+  and highly prized treasure the Palladium of Troy.<a name="NtA_23"
+  href="#Nt_23"><sup>[23]</sup></a></p>
+
+  <p>The great festival in honour of Vesta, called the Vestalia, was
+  celebrated on the 9th of June.</p>
+
+<h3>DEMETER (Ceres).</h3>
+
+  <p>Demeter (from <i>Ge-meter</i>, earth-mother) was the daughter of
+  Cronus and Rhea.<a name="NtA_24" href="#Nt_24"><sup>[24]</sup></a> She
+  represented that portion of Gæa (the whole solid earth) which we call the
+  earth's crust, and which produces all vegetation. As goddess of
+  agriculture, field-fruits, plenty, and productiveness, she was the
+  sustainer of material life, and was therefore a divinity of great
+  importance. When ancient Gæa lost, with Uranus, her position as a ruling
+  divinity, she abdicated her sway in favour of her daughter Rhea, who
+  henceforth inherited the powers which her mother had previously
+  possessed, receiving in her place the honour and worship of mankind. In a
+  very old poem Gæa is accordingly described as retiring to a cavern in the
+  bowels <!-- Page 51 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page51"></a>[51]</span>of the earth, where she sits in the lap of
+  her daughter, slumbering, moaning, and nodding for ever and ever.</p>
+
+  <p>It is necessary to keep clearly in view the distinctive difference
+  between the three great earth-goddesses Gæa, Rhea, and Demeter. Gæa
+  represents the earth as a whole, with its mighty subterranean forces;
+  Rhea is that productive power which causes vegetation to spring forth,
+  thus sustaining men and animals; Demeter, by presiding over agriculture,
+  directs and utilizes Rhea's productive powers. But in later times, when
+  Rhea, like other ancient divinities, loses her importance as a ruling
+  deity, Demeter assumes all her functions and attributes, and then becomes
+  the goddess of the life-producing and life-maintaining earth-crust. We
+  must bear in mind the fact that man in his primitive state knew neither
+  how to sow nor how to till the ground; when, therefore, he had exhausted
+  the pastures which surrounded him he was compelled to seek others which
+  were as yet unreaped; thus, roaming constantly from one place to another,
+  settled habitations, and consequently civilizing influences, were
+  impossible. Demeter, however, by introducing a knowledge of agriculture,
+  put an end, at once and for ever, to that nomadic life which was now no
+  longer necessary.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0051-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0051-1.png"
+      alt="Demeter" title="Demeter" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>The favour of Demeter was believed to bring mankind rich harvests and
+  fruitful crops, whereas her displeasure caused blight, drought, and
+  famine. The island of Sicily was supposed to be under her especial
+  protection, and there she was regarded with particular veneration, the
+  Sicilians naturally attributing the wonderful fertility of their country
+  to the partiality of the goddess.</p>
+
+  <p>Demeter is usually represented as a woman of noble <!-- Page 52
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page52"></a>[52]</span>bearing and
+  majestic appearance, tall, matronly, and dignified, with beautiful golden
+  hair, which falls in rippling curls over her stately shoulders, the
+  yellow locks being emblematical of the ripened ears of corn. Sometimes
+  she appears seated in a chariot drawn by winged dragons, at others she
+  stands erect, her figure drawn up to its full height, and always fully
+  draped; she bears a sheaf of wheat-ears in one hand and a lighted torch
+  in the other. The wheat-ears are not unfrequently replaced by a bunch of
+  poppies, with which her brows are also garlanded, though sometimes she
+  merely wears a simple riband in her hair.</p>
+
+  <p>Demeter, as the wife of Zeus, became the mother of Persephone
+  (Proserpine), to whom she was so tenderly attached that her whole life
+  was bound up in her, and she knew no happiness except in her society. One
+  day, however, whilst Persephone was gathering flowers in a meadow,
+  attended by the ocean-nymphs, she saw to her surprise a beautiful
+  narcissus, from the stem of which sprang forth a hundred blossoms.
+  Drawing near to examine this lovely flower, whose exquisite scent
+  perfumed the air, she stooped down to gather it, suspecting no evil, when
+  a yawning abyss opened at her feet, and Aïdes, the grim ruler of the
+  lower world, appeared from its depths, seated in his dazzling chariot
+  drawn by four black horses. Regardless of her tears and the shrieks of
+  her female attendants, Aïdes seized the terrified maiden, and bore her
+  away to the gloomy realms over which he reigned in melancholy grandeur.
+  Helios, the all-seeing sun-god, and Hecate, a mysterious and very ancient
+  divinity, alone heard her cries for aid, but were powerless to help her.
+  When Demeter became conscious of her loss her grief was intense, and she
+  refused to be comforted. She knew not where to seek for her child, but
+  feeling that repose and inaction were impossible, she set out on her
+  weary search, taking with her two torches which she lighted in the flames
+  of Mount Etna to guide her on her way. For nine long days and nights she
+  wandered on, inquiring of every one she met for tidings of her child.
+  <!-- Page 53 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page53"></a>[53]</span>But
+  all was in vain! Neither gods nor men could give her the comfort which
+  her soul so hungered for. At last, on the tenth day, the disconsolate
+  mother met Hecate, who informed her that she had heard her daughter's
+  cries, but knew not who it was that had borne her away. By Hecate's
+  advice Demeter consulted Helios, whose all-seeing eye nothing escapes,
+  and from him she learnt that it was Zeus himself who had permitted Aïdes
+  to seize Persephone, and transport her to the lower world in order that
+  she might become his wife. Indignant with Zeus for having given his
+  sanction to the abduction of his daughter, and filled with the bitterest
+  sorrow, she abandoned her home in Olympus, and refused all heavenly food.
+  Disguising herself as an old woman, she descended upon earth, and
+  commenced a weary pilgrimage among mankind. One evening she arrived at a
+  place called Eleusis, in Attica, and sat down to rest herself near a well
+  beneath the shade of an olive-tree. The youthful daughters of Celeus, the
+  king of the country, came with their pails of brass to draw water from
+  this well, and seeing that the tired wayfarer appeared faint and
+  dispirited, they spoke kindly to her, asking who she was, and whence she
+  came. Demeter replied that she had made her escape from pirates, who had
+  captured her, and added that she would feel grateful for a home with any
+  worthy family, whom she would be willing to serve in a menial capacity.
+  The princesses, on hearing this, begged Demeter to have a moment's
+  patience while they returned home and consulted their mother, Metaneira.
+  They soon brought the joyful intelligence that she was desirous of
+  securing her services as nurse to her infant son Demophoon, or
+  Triptolemus. When Demeter arrived at the house a radiant light suddenly
+  illumined her, which circumstance so overawed Metaneira that she treated
+  the unknown stranger with the greatest respect, and hospitably offered
+  her food and drink. But Demeter, still grief-worn and dejected, refused
+  her friendly offers, and held herself apart from the social board. At
+  length, however, the maid-servant Iambe succeeded, by means <!-- Page 54
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page54"></a>[54]</span>of playful jests
+  and merriment, in somewhat dispelling the grief of the sorrowing mother,
+  causing her at times to smile in spite of herself, and even inducing her
+  to partake of a mixture of barley-meal, mint, and water, which was
+  prepared according to the directions of the goddess herself. Time passed
+  on, and the young child throve amazingly under the care of his kind and
+  judicious nurse, who, however, gave him no food, but anointed him daily
+  with ambrosia, and every night laid him secretly in the fire in order to
+  render him immortal and exempt from old age. But, unfortunately, this
+  benevolent design on the part of Demeter was frustrated by Metaneira
+  herself, whose curiosity, one night, impelled her to watch the
+  proceedings of the mysterious being who nursed her child. When to her
+  horror she beheld her son placed in the flames, she shrieked aloud.
+  Demeter, incensed at this untimely interruption, instantly withdrew the
+  child, and throwing him on the ground, revealed herself in her true
+  character. The bent and aged form had vanished, and in its place there
+  stood a bright and beauteous being, whose golden locks streamed over her
+  shoulders in richest luxuriance, her whole aspect bespeaking dignity and
+  majesty. She told the awe-struck Metaneira that she was the goddess
+  Demeter, and had intended to make her son immortal, but that her fatal
+  curiosity had rendered this impossible, adding, however, that the child,
+  having slept in her arms, and been nursed on her lap, should ever command
+  the respect and esteem of mankind. She then desired that a temple and
+  altar should be erected to her on a neighbouring hill by the people of
+  Eleusis, promising that she herself would direct them how to perform the
+  sacred rites and ceremonies, which should be observed in her honour. With
+  these words she took her departure never to return.</p>
+
+  <p>Obedient to her commands, Celeus called together a meeting of his
+  people, and built the temple on the spot which the goddess had indicated.
+  It was soon completed, and Demeter took up her abode in it, but her heart
+  was still sad for the loss of her daughter, and the whole world felt the
+  influence of her grief and dejection. This was <!-- Page 55 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page55"></a>[55]</span>indeed a terrible year
+  for mankind. Demeter no longer smiled on the earth she was wont to bless,
+  and though the husbandman sowed the grain, and the groaning oxen ploughed
+  the fields, no harvest rewarded their labour. All was barren, dreary
+  desolation. The world was threatened with famine, and the gods with the
+  loss of their accustomed honours and sacrifices; it became evident,
+  therefore, to Zeus himself that some measures must be adopted to appease
+  the anger of the goddess. He accordingly despatched Iris and many of the
+  other gods and goddesses to implore Demeter to return to Olympus; but all
+  their prayers were fruitless. The incensed goddess swore that until her
+  daughter was restored to her she would not allow the grain to spring
+  forth from the earth. At length Zeus sent Hermes, his faithful messenger,
+  to the lower world with a petition to Aïdes, urgently entreating him to
+  restore Persephone to the arms of her disconsolate mother. When he
+  arrived in the gloomy realms of Aïdes, Hermes found him seated on a
+  throne with the beautiful Persephone beside him, sorrowfully bewailing
+  her unhappy fate. On learning his errand, Aïdes consented to resign
+  Persephone, who joyfully prepared to follow the messenger of the gods to
+  the abode of life and light. Before taking leave of her husband, he
+  presented to her a few seeds of pomegranate, which in her excitement she
+  thoughtlessly swallowed, and this simple act, as the sequel will show,
+  materially affected her whole future life. The meeting between mother and
+  child was one of unmixed rapture, and for the moment all the past was
+  forgotten. The loving mother's happiness would now have been complete had
+  not Aïdes asserted his rights. These were, that if any immortal had
+  tasted food in his realms they were bound to remain there for ever. Of
+  course the ruler of the lower world had to prove this assertion. This,
+  however, he found no difficulty in doing, as Ascalaphus, the son of
+  Acheron and Orphne, was his witness to the fact.<a name="NtA_25"
+  href="#Nt_25"><sup>[25]</sup></a> Zeus, pitying the disappointment of
+  Demeter at finding <!-- Page 56 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page56"></a>[56]</span>her hopes thus blighted, succeeded in
+  effecting a compromise by inducing his brother Aïdes to allow Persephone
+  to spend six months of the year with the gods above, whilst during the
+  other six she was to be the joyless companion of her grim lord below.
+  Accompanied by her daughter, the beautiful Persephone, Demeter now
+  resumed her long-abandoned dwelling in Olympus; the sympathetic earth
+  responded gaily to her bright smiles, the corn at once sprang forth from
+  the ground in fullest plenty, the trees, which late were sered and bare,
+  now donned their brightest emerald robes, and the flowers, so long
+  imprisoned in the hard, dry soil, filled the whole air with their
+  fragrant perfume. Thus ends this charming story, which was a favourite
+  theme with all the classic authors.</p>
+
+  <p>It is very possible that the poets who first created this graceful
+  myth merely intended it as an allegory to illustrate the change of
+  seasons; in the course of time, however, a literal meaning became
+  attached to this and similar poetical fancies, and thus the people of
+  Greece came to regard as an article of religious belief what, in the
+  first instance, was nothing more than a poetic simile.</p>
+
+  <p>In the temple erected to Demeter at Eleusis, the famous Eleusinian
+  Mysteries were instituted by the goddess herself. It is exceedingly
+  difficult, as in the case of all secret societies, to discover anything
+  with certainty concerning these sacred rites. The most plausible
+  supposition is that the doctrines taught by the priests to the favoured
+  few whom they initiated, were religious truths which were deemed unfit
+  for the uninstructed mind of the multitude. For instance, it is supposed
+  that the myth of Demeter and Persephone was explained by the teachers of
+  the Mysteries to signify the temporary loss which mother earth sustains
+  every year when the icy breath of winter robs her of her flowers and
+  fruits and grain.</p>
+
+  <p>It is believed that in later times a still deeper meaning was conveyed
+  by this beautiful myth, viz., the doctrine of the immortality of the
+  soul. The grain, which, as it were, remains dead for a time in the dark
+  earth, only <!-- Page 57 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page57"></a>[57]</span>to rise one day dressed in a newer and
+  lovelier garb, was supposed to symbolize the soul, which, after death,
+  frees itself from corruption, to live again under a better and purer
+  form.</p>
+
+  <p>When Demeter instituted the Eleusinian Mysteries, Celeus and his
+  family were the first to be initiated, Celeus himself being appointed
+  high-priest. His son Triptolemus and his daughters, who acted as
+  priestesses, assisted him in the duties of his sacred office. The
+  Mysteries were celebrated by the Athenians every five years, and were,
+  for a long time, their exclusive privilege. They took place by
+  torchlight, and were conducted with the greatest solemnity.</p>
+
+  <p>In order to spread abroad the blessings which agriculture confers,
+  Demeter presented Triptolemus with her chariot drawn by winged dragons,
+  and, giving him some grains of corn, desired him to journey through the
+  world, teaching mankind the arts of agriculture and husbandry.</p>
+
+  <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0058-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0058-1.png"
+      alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Demeter exercised great severity towards those who incurred her
+  displeasure. We find examples of this in the stories of Stellio and
+  Eresicthon. Stellio was a youth who ridiculed the goddess for the
+  eagerness with which she was eating a bowl of porridge, when weary and
+  faint in the vain search for her daughter. Resolved that he should never
+  again have an opportunity of thus offending, she angrily threw into his
+  face the remainder of the food, and changed him into a spotted
+  lizard.</p>
+
+  <p>Eresicthon, son of Triopas, had drawn upon himself the anger of
+  Demeter by cutting down her sacred groves, for which she punished him
+  with a constant and insatiable hunger. He sold all his possessions in
+  order to satisfy his cravings, and was forced at last to devour his own
+  limbs. His daughter Metra, who was devotedly attached to him, possessed
+  the power of transforming herself into a variety of different animals. By
+  this means she contrived to support her father, who sold her again and
+  again each time she assumed a different form, and thus he dragged on a
+  pitiful existence. <!-- Page 58 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page58"></a>[58]</span></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">CERES.</p>
+
+  <p>The Roman Ceres is actually the Greek Demeter under another name, her
+  attributes, worship, festivals, &amp;c., being precisely identical.</p>
+
+  <p>The Romans were indebted to Sicily for this divinity, her worship
+  having been introduced by the Greek colonists who settled there.</p>
+
+  <p>The Cerealia, or festivals in honour of Ceres, commenced on the 12th
+  of April, and lasted several days.</p>
+
+<h3>APHRODITE (<span class="sc">Venus</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>Aphrodite (from <i>aphros</i>, sea-foam, and <i>dite</i>, issued), the
+  daughter of Zeus and a sea-nymph called Dione, was the goddess of Love
+  and Beauty.</p>
+
+  <p>Dione, being a sea-nymph, gave birth to her daughter beneath the
+  waves; but the child of the heaven-inhabiting Zeus was forced to ascend
+  from the ocean-depths and mount to the snow-capped summits of Olympus, in
+  order to breathe that ethereal and most refined atmosphere which pertains
+  to the celestial gods.</p>
+
+  <p>Aphrodite was the mother of Eros (Cupid), the god of Love, also of
+  Æneas, the great Trojan hero and the head of that Greek colony which
+  settled in Italy, and from which arose the city of Rome. As a mother
+  Aphrodite claims our sympathy for the tenderness she exhibits towards her
+  children. Homer tells us in his Iliad, how, when Æneas was wounded in
+  battle, she came to his assistance, regardless of personal danger, and
+  was herself severely wounded in attempting to save his life. <!-- Page 59
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page59"></a>[59]</span></p>
+
+  <p>Aphrodite was tenderly attached to a lovely youth, called Adonis,
+  whose exquisite beauty has become proverbial. He was a motherless babe,
+  and Aphrodite, taking pity on him, placed him in a chest and intrusted
+  him to the care of Persephone, who became so fond of the beautiful youth
+  that she refused to part with him. Zeus, being appealed to by the rival
+  foster-mothers, decided that Adonis should spend four months of every
+  year with Persephone, four with Aphrodite, whilst during the remaining
+  four months he should be left to his own devices. He became, however, so
+  attached to Aphrodite that he voluntarily devoted to her the time at his
+  own disposal. Adonis was killed, during the chase, by a wild boar, to the
+  great grief of Aphrodite, who bemoaned his loss so persistently that
+  Aïdes, moved with pity, permitted him to pass six months of every year
+  with her, whilst the remaining half of the year was spent by him in the
+  lower world.</p>
+
+  <p>Aphrodite possessed a magic girdle (the famous <i>cestus</i>) which
+  she frequently lent to unhappy maidens suffering from the pangs of
+  unrequited love, as it was endowed with the power of inspiring affection
+  for the wearer, whom it invested with every attribute of grace, beauty,
+  and fascination.</p>
+
+  <p>Her usual attendants are the Charites or Graces (Euphrosyne, Aglaia,
+  and Thalia), who are represented undraped and intertwined in a loving
+  embrace.</p>
+
+  <p>In Hesiod's <i>Theogony</i> she is supposed to belong to the more
+  ancient divinities, and, whilst those of later date are represented as
+  having descended one from another, and all more or less from Zeus,
+  Aphrodite has a variously-accounted-for, yet independent origin.</p>
+
+  <p>The most poetical version of her birth is that when Uranus was wounded
+  by his son Cronus, his blood mingled with the foam of the sea, whereupon
+  the bubbling waters at once assumed a rosy tint, and from their depths
+  arose, in all the surpassing glory of her loveliness, Aphrodite, goddess
+  of love and beauty! Shaking her long, fair tresses, the water-drops
+  rolled down into the beautiful <!-- Page 60 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page60"></a>[60]</span>sea-shell in which she stood, and became
+  transformed into pure glistening pearls. Wafted by the soft and balmy
+  breezes, she floated on to Cythera, and was thence transported to the
+  island of Cyprus. Lightly she stepped on shore, and under the gentle
+  pressure of her delicate foot the dry and rigid sand became transformed
+  into a verdant meadow, where every varied shade of colour and every sweet
+  odour charmed the senses. The whole island of Cyprus became clothed with
+  verdure, and greeted this fairest of all created beings with a glad smile
+  of friendly welcome. Here she was received by the Seasons, who decked her
+  with garments of immortal fabric, encircling her fair brow with a wreath
+  of purest gold, whilst from her ears depended costly rings, and a
+  glittering chain embraced her swan-like throat. And now, arrayed in all
+  the panoply of her irresistible charms, the nymphs escort her to the
+  dazzling halls of Olympus, where she is received with ecstatic enthusiasm
+  by the admiring gods and goddesses. The gods all vied with each other in
+  aspiring to the honour of her hand, but Hephæstus became the envied
+  possessor of this lovely being, who, however, proved as faithless as she
+  was beautiful, and caused her husband much unhappiness, owing to the
+  preference she showed at various times for some of the other gods and
+  also for mortal men.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0060-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0060-1.png"
+      alt="Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>The celebrated Venus of Milo, now in the Louvre, is an exquisite
+  statue of this divinity. The head is beautifully formed; the rich waves
+  of hair descend on her rather low but broad forehead and are caught up
+  gracefully in a small knot at the back of the head; the expression of the
+  face is most bewitching, and bespeaks the perfect <!-- Page 61 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page61"></a>[61]</span>joyousness of a happy
+  nature combined with the dignity of a goddess; the drapery falls in
+  careless folds from the waist downwards, and her whole attitude is the
+  embodiment of all that is graceful and lovely in womanhood. She is of
+  medium height, and the form is perfect in its symmetry and faultless
+  proportions.</p>
+
+  <p>Aphrodite is also frequently represented in the act of confining her
+  dripping locks in a knot, whilst her attendant nymphs envelop her in a
+  gauzy veil.</p>
+
+  <p>The animals sacred to her were the dove, swan, swallow, and sparrow.
+  Her favourite plants were the myrtle, apple-tree, rose, and poppy.</p>
+
+  <p>The worship of Aphrodite is supposed to have been introduced into
+  Greece from Central Asia. There is no doubt that she was originally
+  identical with the famous Astarté, the Ashtoreth of the Bible, against
+  whose idolatrous worship and infamous rites the prophets of old hurled
+  forth their sublime and powerful anathemas.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">VENUS.</p>
+
+  <p>The Venus of the Romans was identified with the Aphrodite of the
+  Greeks. The worship of this divinity was only established in Rome in
+  comparatively later times. Annual festivals, called Veneralia, were held
+  in her honour, and the month of April, when flowers and plants spring
+  forth afresh, was sacred to her. She was worshipped as Venus Cloacina (or
+  the Purifier), and as Venus Myrtea (or the myrtle goddess), an epithet
+  derived from the myrtle, the emblem of Love.</p>
+
+<h3>HELIOS (<span class="sc">Sol</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>The worship of Helios was introduced into Greece from Asia. According
+  to the earliest conceptions of the Greeks he was not only the sun-god,
+  but also the personification of life and all life-giving power, for light
+  is well known to be an indispensable condition of all healthy terrestrial
+  life. The worship of the sun was originally very widely spread, <!-- Page
+  62 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page62"></a>[62]</span>not only
+  among the early Greeks themselves, but also among other primitive
+  nations. To us the sun is simply the orb of light, which, high above our
+  heads, performs each day the functions assigned to it by a mighty and
+  invisible Power; we can, therefore, form but a faint idea of the
+  impression which it produced upon the spirit of a people whose intellect
+  was still in its infancy, and who believed, with child-like simplicity,
+  that every power of nature was a divinity, which, according as its
+  character was baleful or beneficent, worked for the destruction or
+  benefit of the human race.</p>
+
+  <p>Helios, who was the son of the Titans Hyperion and Theia, is described
+  as rising every morning in the east, preceded by his sister Eos (the
+  Dawn), who, with her rosy fingers, paints the tips of the mountains, and
+  draws aside that misty veil through which her brother is about to appear.
+  When he has burst forth in all the glorious light of day, Eos disappears,
+  and Helios now drives his flame-darting chariot along the accustomed
+  track. This chariot, which is of burnished gold, is drawn by four
+  fire-breathing steeds, behind which the young god stands erect with
+  flashing eyes, his head surrounded with rays, holding in one hand the
+  reins of those fiery coursers which in all hands save his are
+  unmanageable. When towards evening he descends the curve<a name="NtA_26"
+  href="#Nt_26"><sup>[26]</sup></a> in order to cool his burning forehead
+  in the waters of the deep sea, he is followed closely by his sister
+  Selene (the Moon), who is now prepared to take charge of the world, and
+  illumine with her silver crescent the dusky night. Helios meanwhile rests
+  from his labours, and, reclining softly on the cool fragrant couch
+  prepared for him by the sea-nymphs, recruits himself for another
+  life-giving, joy-inspiring, and beauteous day.</p>
+
+  <p>It may appear strange that, although the Greeks considered the earth
+  to be a flat circle, no explanation is given of the fact that Helios
+  sinks down in the far <!-- Page 63 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page63"></a>[63]</span>west regularly every evening, and yet
+  reappears as regularly every morning in the east. Whether he was supposed
+  to pass through Tartarus, and thus regain the opposite extremity through
+  the bowels of the earth, or whether they thought he possessed any other
+  means of making this transit, there is not a line in either Homer or
+  Hesiod to prove. In later times, however, the poets invented the graceful
+  fiction, that when Helios had finished his course, and reached the
+  western side of the curve, a winged-boat, or cup, which had been made for
+  him by Hephæstus, awaited him there, and conveyed him rapidly, with his
+  glorious equipage, to the east, where he recommenced his bright and
+  glowing career.</p>
+
+  <p>This divinity was invoked as a witness when a solemn oath was taken,
+  as it was believed that nothing escaped his all-seeing eye, and it was
+  this fact which enabled him to inform Demeter of the fate of her
+  daughter, as already related. He was supposed to possess flocks and herds
+  in various localities, which may possibly be intended to represent the
+  days and nights of the year, or the stars of heaven.</p>
+
+  <p>Helios is said to have loved Clytie, a daughter of Oceanus, who
+  ardently returned his affection; but in the course of time the fickle
+  sun-god transferred his devotion to Leucothea, the daughter of Orchamus,
+  king of the eastern countries, which so angered the forsaken Clytie that
+  she informed Orchamus of his daughter's attachment, and he punished her
+  by inhumanly burying her alive. Helios, overcome with grief, endeavoured,
+  by every means in his power, to recall her to life. At last, finding all
+  his efforts unavailing, he sprinkled her grave with heavenly nectar, and
+  immediately there sprang forth from the spot a shoot of frankincense,
+  which spread around its aromatic perfume.</p>
+
+  <p>The jealous Clytie gained nothing by her cruel conduct, for the
+  sun-god came to her no more. Inconsolable at his loss, she threw herself
+  upon the ground, and refused all sustenance. For nine long days she
+  turned her face towards the glorious god of day, as he moved along the
+  <!-- Page 64 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page64"></a>[64]</span>heavens, till at length her limbs became
+  rooted in the ground, and she was transformed into a flower, which ever
+  turns towards the sun.</p>
+
+  <p>Helios married Perse, daughter of Oceanus, and their children were,
+  Aëtes, king of Colchis (celebrated in the legend of the Argonauts as the
+  possessor of the Golden Fleece), and Circe, the renowned sorceress.</p>
+
+  <p>Helios had another son named Phaethon, whose mother was Clymene, one
+  of the Oceanides. The youth was very beautiful, and a great favourite
+  with Aphrodite, who intrusted him with the care of one of her temples,
+  which flattering proof of her regard caused him to become vain and
+  presumptuous. His friend Epaphus, son of Zeus and Io, endeavoured to
+  check his youthful vanity by pretending to disbelieve his assertion that
+  the sun-god was his father. Phaethon, full of resentment, and eager to be
+  able to refute the calumny, hastened to his mother Clymene, and besought
+  her to tell him whether Helios was really his father. Moved by his
+  entreaties, and at the same time angry at the reproach of Epaphus,
+  Clymene pointed to the glorious sun, then shining down upon them, and
+  assured her son that in that bright orb he beheld the author of his
+  being, adding that if he had still any doubt, he might visit the radiant
+  dwelling of the great god of light and inquire for himself. Overjoyed at
+  his mother's reassuring words, and following the directions she gave him,
+  Phaethon quickly wended his way to his father's palace.</p>
+
+  <p>As he entered the palace of the sun-god the dazzling rays almost
+  blinded him, and prevented him from approaching the throne on which his
+  father was seated, surrounded by the Hours, Days, Months, Years, and
+  Seasons. Helios, who with his all-seeing eye had watched him from afar,
+  removed his crown of glittering rays, and bade him not to be afraid, but
+  to draw near to his father. Encouraged by this kind reception, Phaethon
+  entreated him to bestow upon him such a proof of his love, that all the
+  world might be convinced that he was indeed his son; whereupon Helios
+  desired him to ask any favour he pleased, <!-- Page 65 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page65"></a>[65]</span>and swore by the Styx
+  that it should be granted. The impetuous youth immediately requested
+  permission to drive the chariot of the sun for one whole day. His father
+  listened horror-struck to this presumptuous demand, and by representing
+  the many dangers which would beset his path, endeavoured to dissuade him
+  from so perilous an undertaking; but his son, deaf to all advice, pressed
+  his point with such pertinacity, that Helios was reluctantly compelled to
+  lead him to the chariot. Phaethon paused for a moment to admire the
+  beauty of the glittering equipage, the gift of the god of fire, who had
+  formed it of gold, and ornamented it with precious stones, which
+  reflected the rays of the sun. And now Helios, seeing his sister, the
+  Dawn, opening her doors in the rosy east, ordered the Hours to yoke the
+  horses. The goddesses speedily obeyed the command, and the father then
+  anointed the face of his son with a sacred balm, to enable him to endure
+  the burning flames which issued from the nostrils of the steeds, and
+  sorrowfully placing his crown of rays upon his head, desired him to
+  ascend the chariot.</p>
+
+  <p>The eager youth joyfully took his place and grasped the coveted reins,
+  but no sooner did the fiery coursers of the sun feel the inexperienced
+  hand which attempted to guide them, than they became restive and
+  unmanageable. Wildly they rushed out of their accustomed track, now
+  soaring so high as to threaten the heavens with destruction, now
+  descending so low as nearly to set the earth on fire. At last the
+  unfortunate charioteer, blinded with the glare, and terrified at the
+  awful devastation he had caused, dropped the reins from his trembling
+  hands. Mountains and forests were in flames, rivers and streams were
+  dried up, and a general conflagration was imminent. The scorched earth
+  now called on Zeus for help, who hurled his thunderbolt at Phaethon, and
+  with a flash of lightning brought the fiery steeds to a standstill. The
+  lifeless body of the youth fell headlong into the river Eridanus,<a
+  name="NtA_27" href="#Nt_27"><sup>[27]</sup></a> where it was received and
+  buried by the <!-- Page 66 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page66"></a>[66]</span>nymphs of the stream. His sisters mourned so
+  long for him that they were transformed by Zeus into poplars, and the
+  tears they shed, falling into the waters, became drops of clear,
+  transparent amber. Cycnus, the faithful friend of the unhappy Phaethon,
+  felt such overwhelming grief at his terrible fate, that he pined and
+  wasted away. The gods, moved with compassion, transformed him into a
+  swan, which for ever brooded over the fatal spot where the waters had
+  closed over the head of his unfortunate friend.</p>
+
+  <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0066-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0066-1.png"
+      alt="Colossus of Rhodes" title="Colossus of Rhodes" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>The chief seat of the worship of Helios was the island of Rhodes,
+  which according to the following myth was his especial territory. At the
+  time of the Titanomachia, when the gods were dividing the world by lot,
+  Helios happened to be absent, and consequently received no share. He,
+  therefore, complained to Zeus, who proposed to have a new allotment, but
+  this Helios would not allow, saying, that as he pursued his daily
+  journey, his penetrating eye had beheld a lovely, fertile island lying
+  beneath the waves of the ocean, and that if the immortals would swear to
+  give him the undisturbed possession of this spot, he would be content to
+  accept it as his share of the universe. The gods took the oath, whereupon
+  the island of Rhodes immediately raised itself above the surface of the
+  waters.</p>
+
+  <p>The famous Colossus of Rhodes, which was one of the seven wonders of
+  the world, was erected in honour of Helios. This wonderful statue was 105
+  feet high, and was formed entirely of brass; it formed the entrance to
+  the harbour at Rhodes, and the largest vessel could easily sail between
+  the legs, which stood on moles, each side of the harbour. Though so
+  gigantic, it was perfectly proportioned in every part. Some idea of <!--
+  Page 67 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page67"></a>[67]</span>its size
+  may be gained from the fact that very few people were able to span the
+  thumb of this statue with their arms. In the interior of the Colossus was
+  a winding staircase leading to the top, from the summit of which, by
+  means of a telescope, the coast of Syria, and also the shores of Egypt,
+  are said to have been visible.<a name="NtA_28"
+  href="#Nt_28"><sup>[28]</sup></a></p>
+
+<h3>EOS (<span class="sc">Aurora</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>Eos, the Dawn, like her brother Helios, whose advent she always
+  announced, was also deified by the early Greeks. She too had her own
+  chariot, which she drove across the vast horizon both morning and night,
+  before and after the sun-god. Hence she is not merely the personification
+  of the rosy morn, but also of twilight, for which reason her palace is
+  placed in the west, on the island Ææa. The abode of Eos is a magnificent
+  structure, surrounded by flowery meads and velvety lawns, where nymphs
+  and other immortal beings, wind in and out in the mazy figures of the
+  dance, whilst the music of a sweetly-tuned melody accompanies their
+  graceful, gliding movements.</p>
+
+  <p>Eos is described by the poets as a beautiful maiden with rosy arms and
+  fingers, and large wings, whose plumage is of an ever-changing hue; she
+  bears a star on her forehead, and a torch in her hand. Wrapping round her
+  the rich folds of her violet-tinged mantle, she leaves her couch before
+  the break of day, and herself yokes her two horses, Lampetus and
+  Phaethon, to her glorious chariot. She then hastens with active
+  cheerfulness to open the gates of heaven, in order to herald the approach
+  of her brother, the god of day, whilst the tender plants and flowers,
+  revived by the morning dew, lift their heads to welcome her as she
+  passes.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 68 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page68"></a>[68]</span></p>
+
+  <p>Eos first married the Titan Astræus,<a name="NtA_29"
+  href="#Nt_29"><sup>[29]</sup></a> and their children were Heosphorus
+  (Hesperus), the evening star, and the winds. She afterwards became united
+  to Tithonus, son of Laomedon, king of Troy, who had won her affection by
+  his unrivalled beauty; and Eos, unhappy at the thought of their being
+  ever separated by death, obtained for him from Zeus the gift of
+  immortality, forgetting, however, to add to it that of eternal youth. The
+  consequence was that when, in the course of time, Tithonus grew old and
+  decrepid, and lost all the beauty which had won her admiration, Eos
+  became disgusted with his infirmities, and at last shut him up in a
+  chamber, where soon little else was left of him but his voice, which had
+  now sunk into a weak, feeble quaver. According to some of the later
+  poets, he became so weary of his cheerless and miserable existence, that
+  he entreated to be allowed to die. This was, however, impossible; but
+  Eos, pitying his unhappy condition, exerted her divine power, and changed
+  him into a grasshopper, which is, as it were, all voice, and whose
+  monotonous, ceaseless chirpings may not inaptly be compared to the
+  meaningless babble of extreme old age.</p>
+
+<h3>PH&OElig;BUS-APOLLO.</h3>
+
+  <p>Ph&oelig;bus-Apollo, the god of Light, Prophecy, Music, Poetry, and
+  the Arts and Sciences, is by far the noblest conception within the whole
+  range of Greek mythology, and his worship, which not only extended to all
+  the states of Greece, but also to Asia Minor and to every Greek colony
+  throughout the world, stands out among the most ancient and
+  strongly-marked features of Grecian history, and exerted a more decided
+  influence over the Greek nation, than that of any other deity, not
+  excepting Zeus himself.</p>
+
+  <p>Apollo was the son of Zeus and Leto, and was born beneath the shade of
+  a palm tree which grew at the foot <!-- Page 69 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page69"></a>[69]</span>of Mount Cynthus, on the
+  barren and rocky island of Delos. The poets tell us that the earth smiled
+  when the young god first beheld the light of day, and that Delos became
+  so proud and exultant at the honour thus conferred upon her, that she
+  covered herself with golden flowers; swans surrounded the island, and the
+  Delian nymphs celebrated his birth with songs of joy.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0069-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0069-1.png"
+      alt="Apollo" title="Apollo" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>The unhappy Leto, driven to Delos by the relentless persecutions of
+  Hera, was not long permitted to enjoy her haven of refuge. Being still
+  tormented by her enemy, the young mother was once more obliged to fly;
+  she therefore resigned the charge of her new-born babe to the goddess
+  Themis, who carefully wrapped the helpless infant in swaddling-clothes,
+  and fed him with nectar and ambrosia; but he had no sooner partaken of
+  the heavenly food than, to the amazement of the goddess, he burst asunder
+  the bands which confined his infant limbs, and springing to his feet,
+  appeared before her as a full-grown youth of divine strength and beauty.
+  He now demanded a lyre and a bow, declaring that henceforth he would
+  announce to mankind the will of his father Zeus. "The golden lyre," said
+  he, "shall be my friend, the bent bow my delight, and in oracles will I
+  foretell the dark future." With these words he ascended to Olympus, where
+  he was received with joyful acclamations into the assembly of the
+  celestial gods, who acknowledged him as the most beautiful and glorious
+  of all the sons of Zeus.</p>
+
+  <p>Ph&oelig;bus-Apollo was the god of light in a twofold <!-- Page 70
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page70"></a>[70]</span>signification:
+  first, as representing the great orb of day which illumines the world;
+  and secondly, as the heavenly light which animates the soul of man. He
+  inherited his function as sun-god from Helios, with whom, in later times,
+  he was so completely identified, that the personality of the one became
+  gradually merged in that of the other. We, accordingly, find Helios
+  frequently confounded with Apollo, myths belonging to the former
+  attributed to the latter; and with some tribes&mdash;the Ionic, for
+  instance&mdash;so complete is this identification, that Apollo is called
+  by them Helios-Apollo.</p>
+
+  <p>As the divinity whose power is developed in the broad light of day, he
+  brings joy and delight to nature, and health and prosperity to man. By
+  the influence of his warm and gentle rays he disperses the noxious
+  vapours of the night, assists the grain to ripen and the flowers to
+  bloom.</p>
+
+  <p>But although, as god of the sun, he is a life-giving and
+  life-preserving power, who, by his genial influence, dispels the cold of
+  winter, he is, at the same time, the god who, by means of his fiercely
+  darting rays, could spread disease and send sudden death to men and
+  animals; and it is to this phase of his character that we must look for
+  the explanation of his being considered, in conjunction with his
+  twin-sister, Artemis (as moon-goddess), a divinity of death. The brother
+  and sister share this function between them, he taking man and she woman
+  as her aim, and those especially who died in the bloom of youth, or at an
+  advanced age, were believed to have been killed by their gentle arrows.
+  But Apollo did not always send an easy death. We see in the <i>Iliad</i>
+  how, when angry with the Greeks, the "god of the silver bow" strode down
+  from Olympus, with his quiver full of death-bringing darts, and sent a
+  raging pestilence into their camp. For nine days he let fly his fatal
+  arrows, first on animals and then on men, till the air became darkened
+  with the smoke from the funeral pyres.</p>
+
+  <p>In his character as god of light, Ph&oelig;bus-Apollo is the
+  protecting deity of shepherds, because it is he who warms <!-- Page 71
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page71"></a>[71]</span>the fields and
+  meadows, and gives rich pastures to the flocks, thereby gladdening the
+  heart of the herdsman.</p>
+
+  <p>As the temperate heat of the sun exercises so invigorating an effect
+  on man and animals, and promotes the growth of those medicinal herbs and
+  vegetable productions necessary for the cure of diseases,
+  Ph&oelig;bus-Apollo was supposed to possess the power of restoring life
+  and health; hence he was regarded as the god of healing; but this feature
+  in his character we shall find more particularly developed in his son
+  Asclepius (Æsculapius), the veritable god of the healing art.</p>
+
+  <p>Pursuing our analysis of the various phases in the character of
+  Ph&oelig;bus-Apollo, we find that with the first beams of his genial
+  light, all nature awakens to renewed life, and the woods re-echo with the
+  jubilant sound of the untaught lays, warbled by thousands of feathered
+  choristers. Hence, by a natural inference, he is the god of music, and
+  as, according to the belief of the ancients, the inspirations of genius
+  were inseparably connected with the glorious light of heaven, he is also
+  the god of poetry, and acts as the special patron of the arts and
+  sciences. Apollo is himself the heavenly musician among the Olympic gods,
+  whose banquets are gladdened by the wondrous strains which he produces
+  from his favourite instrument, the seven-stringed lyre. In the cultus of
+  Apollo, music formed a distinguishing feature. All sacred dances, and
+  even the sacrifices in his honour, were performed to the sound of musical
+  instruments; and it is, in a great measure, owing to the influence which
+  the music in his worship exercised on the Greek nation, that Apollo came
+  to be regarded as the leader of the nine Muses, the legitimate divinities
+  of poetry and song. In this character he is called Musagetes, and is
+  always represented robed in a long flowing garment; his lyre, to the
+  tones of which he appears to be singing, is suspended by a band across
+  the chest; his head is encircled by a wreath of laurel, and his long
+  hair, streaming down over his shoulders, gives him a somewhat effeminate
+  appearance.</p>
+
+  <p>And now we must view the glorious god of light under <!-- Page 72
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page72"></a>[72]</span>another, and (as
+  far as regards his influence over the Greek nation) a much more important
+  aspect; for, in historical times, all the other functions and attributes
+  of Apollo sink into comparative insignificance before the great power
+  which he exercised as god of prophecy. It is true that all Greek gods
+  were endowed, to a certain extent, with the faculty of foretelling future
+  events; but Apollo, as sun-god, was the concentration of all prophetic
+  power, as it was supposed that nothing escaped his all-seeing eye, which
+  penetrated the most hidden recesses, and laid bare the secrets which lay
+  concealed behind the dark veil of the future.</p>
+
+  <p>We have seen that when Apollo assumed his god-like form, he took his
+  place among the immortals; but he had not long enjoyed the rapturous
+  delights of Olympus, before he felt within him an ardent desire to fulfil
+  his great mission of interpreting to mankind the will of his mighty
+  father. He accordingly descended to earth, and travelled through many
+  countries, seeking a fitting site upon which to establish an oracle. At
+  length he reached the southern side of the rocky heights of Parnassus,
+  beneath which lay the harbour of Crissa. Here, under the overhanging
+  cliff, he found a secluded spot, where, from the most ancient times,
+  there had existed an oracle, in which Gæa herself had revealed the future
+  to man, and which, in Deucalion's time, she had resigned to Themis. It
+  was guarded by the huge serpent Python, the scourge of the surrounding
+  neighbourhood, and the terror alike of men and cattle. The young god,
+  full of confidence in his unerring aim, attacked and slew the monster
+  with his arrows, thus freeing land and people from their mighty
+  enemy.</p>
+
+  <p>The grateful inhabitants, anxious to do honour to their deliverer,
+  flocked round Apollo, who proceeded to mark out a plan for a temple, and,
+  with the assistance of numbers of eager volunteers, a suitable edifice
+  was soon erected. It now became necessary to choose ministers, who would
+  offer up sacrifices, interpret his prophecies to the people, and take
+  charge of the temple. Looking round, he saw in the far distance a vessel
+  bound from Crete to the <!-- Page 73 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page73"></a>[73]</span>Peloponnesus, and determined to avail
+  himself of her crew for his service. Assuming the shape of an enormous
+  dolphin, he agitated the waters to such a degree, that the ship was
+  tossed violently to and fro, to the great alarm of the mariners; at the
+  same time he raised a mighty wind, which drove the ship into the harbour
+  of Crissa, where she ran aground. The terrified sailors dared not set
+  foot on shore; but Apollo, under the form of a vigorous youth, stepped
+  down to the vessel, revealed himself in his true character, and informed
+  them that it was he who had driven them to Crissa, in order that they
+  might become his priests, and serve him in his temple. Arrived at the
+  sacred fane, he instructed them how to perform the services in his
+  honour, and desired them to worship him under the name of
+  Apollo-Delphinios, because he had first appeared to them under the form
+  of a dolphin. Thus was established the far-famed oracle of Delphi, the
+  only institution of the kind which was not exclusively national, for it
+  was consulted by Lydians, Phrygians, Etruscans, Romans, &amp;c., and, in
+  fact, was held in the highest repute all over the world. In obedience to
+  its decrees, the laws of Lycurgus were introduced, and the earliest Greek
+  colonies founded. No cities were built without first consulting the
+  Delphic oracle, for it was believed that Apollo took special delight in
+  the founding of cities, the first stone of which he laid in person; nor
+  was any enterprise ever undertaken, without inquiring at this sacred fane
+  as to its probable success.</p>
+
+  <p>But that which brought Apollo more closely home to the hearts of the
+  people, and raised the whole moral tone of the Greek nation, was the
+  belief, gradually developed with the intelligence of the people, that he
+  was the god who accepted repentance as an atonement for sin, who pardoned
+  the contrite sinner, and who acted as the special protector of those,
+  who, like Orestes, had committed a crime, which required long years of
+  expiation.</p>
+
+  <p>Apollo is represented by the poets as being eternally young; his
+  countenance, glowing with joyous life, is the embodiment of immortal
+  beauty; his eyes are of a deep <!-- Page 74 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page74"></a>[74]</span>blue; his forehead low, but broad and
+  intellectual; his hair, which falls over his shoulders in long waving
+  locks, is of a golden, or warm chestnut hue. He is crowned with laurel,
+  and wears a purple robe; in his hand he bears his silver bow, which is
+  unbent when he smiles, but ready for use when he menaces evil-doers.</p>
+
+  <p>But Apollo, the eternally beautiful youth, the perfection of all that
+  is graceful and refined, rarely seems to have been happy in his love;
+  either his advances met with a repulse, or his union with the object of
+  his affection was attended with fatal consequences.</p>
+
+  <p>His first love was Daphne (daughter of Peneus, the river-god), who was
+  so averse to marriage that she entreated her father to allow her to lead
+  a life of celibacy, and devote herself to the chase, which she loved to
+  the exclusion of all other pursuits. But one day, soon after his victory
+  over the Python, Apollo happened to see Eros bending his bow, and proud
+  of his own superior strength and skill, he laughed at the efforts of the
+  little archer, saying that such a weapon was more suited to the one who
+  had just killed the terrible serpent. Eros angrily replied that his arrow
+  should pierce the heart of the mocker himself, and flying off to the
+  summit of Mount Parnassus, he drew from his quiver two darts of different
+  workmanship&mdash;one of gold, which had the effect of inspiring love;
+  the other of lead, which created aversion. Taking aim at Apollo, he
+  pierced his breast with the golden shaft, whilst the leaden one he
+  discharged into the bosom of the beautiful Daphne. The son of Leto
+  instantly felt the most ardent affection for the nymph, who, on her part,
+  evinced the greatest dislike towards her divine lover, and, at his
+  approach, fled from him like a hunted deer. He called upon her in the
+  most endearing accents to stay, but she still sped on, until at length,
+  becoming faint with fatigue, and fearing that she was about to succumb,
+  she called upon the gods to come to her aid. Hardly had she uttered her
+  prayer before a heavy torpor seized her limbs, and just as Apollo threw
+  out his arms to embrace her, she became transformed <!-- Page 75 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page75"></a>[75]</span>into a laurel-bush. He
+  sorrowfully crowned his head with its leaves, and declared, that in
+  memory of his love, it should henceforth remain evergreen, and be held
+  sacred to him.</p>
+
+  <p>He next sought the love of Marpessa, the daughter of Evenus; but
+  though her father approved his suit, the maiden preferred a youth named
+  Idas, who contrived to carry her off in a winged chariot which he had
+  procured from Poseidon. Apollo pursued the fugitives, whom he quickly
+  overtook, and forcibly seizing the bride, refused to resign her. Zeus
+  then interfered, and declared that Marpessa herself must decide which of
+  her lovers should claim her as his wife. After due reflection she
+  accepted Idas as her husband, judiciously concluding that although the
+  attractions of the divine Apollo were superior to those of her lover, it
+  would be wiser to unite herself to a mortal, who, growing old with
+  herself, would be less likely to forsake her, when advancing years should
+  rob her of her charms.</p>
+
+  <p>Cassandra, daughter of Priam, king of Troy, was another object of the
+  love of Apollo. She feigned to return his affection, and promised to
+  marry him, provided he would confer upon her the gift of prophecy; but
+  having received the boon she desired, the treacherous maiden refused to
+  comply with the conditions upon which it had been granted. Incensed at
+  her breach of faith, Apollo, unable to recall the gift he had bestowed,
+  rendered it useless by causing her predictions to fail in obtaining
+  credence. Cassandra became famous in history for her prophetic powers,
+  but her prophecies were never believed. For instance, she warned her
+  brother Paris that if he brought back a wife from Greece he would cause
+  the destruction of his father's house and kingdom; she also warned the
+  Trojans not to admit the wooden horse within the walls of the city, and
+  foretold to Agamemnon all the disasters which afterwards befell him.</p>
+
+  <p>Apollo afterwards married Coronis, a nymph of Larissa, and thought
+  himself happy in the possession of her faithful love; but once more he
+  was doomed to <!-- Page 76 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page76"></a>[76]</span>disappointment, for one day his favourite
+  bird, the crow, flew to him with the intelligence that his wife had
+  transferred her affections to a youth of Haemonia. Apollo, burning with
+  rage, instantly destroyed her with one of his death-bringing darts. Too
+  late he repented of his rashness, for she had been tenderly beloved by
+  him, and he would fain have recalled her to life; but, although he
+  exerted all his healing powers, his efforts were in vain. He punished the
+  crow for its garrulity by changing the colour of its plumage from pure
+  white to intense black, and forbade it to fly any longer among the other
+  birds.</p>
+
+  <p>Coronis left an infant son named Asclepius, who afterwards became god
+  of medicine. His powers were so extraordinary that he could not only cure
+  the sick, but could even restore the dead to life. At last Aïdes
+  complained to Zeus that the number of shades conducted to his dominions
+  was daily decreasing, and the great ruler of Olympus, fearing that
+  mankind, thus protected against sickness and death, would be able to defy
+  the gods themselves, killed Asclepius with one of his thunderbolts. The
+  loss of his highly gifted son so exasperated Apollo that, being unable to
+  vent his anger on Zeus, he destroyed the Cyclops, who had forged the
+  fatal thunderbolts. For this offence, Apollo would have been banished by
+  Zeus to Tartarus, but at the earnest intercession of Leto he partially
+  relented, and contented himself with depriving him of all power and
+  dignity, and imposing on him a temporary servitude in the house of
+  Admetus, king of Thessaly. Apollo faithfully served his royal master for
+  nine years in the humble capacity of a shepherd, and was treated by him
+  with every kindness and consideration. During the period of his service
+  the king sought the hand of Alcestis, the beautiful daughter of Pelias,
+  son of Poseidon; but her father declared that he would only resign her to
+  the suitor who should succeed in yoking a lion and a wild boar to his
+  chariot. By the aid of his divine herdsman, Admetus accomplished this
+  difficult task, and gained his bride. Nor was this the only favour which
+  the king received from the exiled god, for Apollo obtained from <!-- Page
+  77 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page77"></a>[77]</span>the Fates the
+  gift of immortality for his benefactor, on condition that when his last
+  hour approached, some member of his own family should be willing to die
+  in his stead. When the fatal hour arrived, and Admetus felt that he was
+  at the point of death, he implored his aged parents to yield to him their
+  few remaining days. But "life is sweet" even to old age, and they both
+  refused to make the sacrifice demanded of them. Alcestis, however, who
+  had secretly devoted herself to death for her husband, was seized with a
+  mortal sickness, which kept pace with his rapid recovery. The devoted
+  wife breathed her last in the arms of Admetus, and he had just consigned
+  her to the tomb, when Heracles chanced to come to the palace. Admetus
+  held the rites of hospitality so sacred, that he at first kept silence
+  with regard to his great bereavement; but as soon as his friend heard
+  what had occurred, he bravely descended into the tomb, and when death
+  came to claim his prey, he exerted his marvellous strength, and held him
+  in his arms, until he promised to restore the beautiful and heroic queen
+  to the bosom of her family.</p>
+
+  <p>Whilst pursuing the peaceful life of a shepherd, Apollo formed a
+  strong friendship with two youths named Hyacinthus and Cyparissus, but
+  the great favour shown to them by the god did not suffice to shield them
+  from misfortune. The former was one day throwing the discus with Apollo,
+  when, running too eagerly to take up the one thrown by the god, he was
+  struck on the head with it and killed on the spot. Apollo was overcome
+  with grief at the sad end of his young favourite, but being unable to
+  restore him to life, he changed him into the flower called after him the
+  Hyacinth. Cyparissus had the misfortune to kill by accident one of
+  Apollo's favourite stags, which so preyed on his mind that he gradually
+  pined away, and died of a broken heart. He was transformed by the god
+  into a cypress-tree, which owes its name to this story.</p>
+
+  <p>After these sad occurrences Apollo quitted Thessaly and repaired to
+  Phrygia, in Asia Minor, where he met Poseidon, who, like himself, was in
+  exile, and condemned <!-- Page 78 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page78"></a>[78]</span>to a temporary servitude on earth. The two
+  gods now entered the service of Laomedon, king of Troy, Apollo
+  undertaking to tend his flocks, and Poseidon to build the walls of the
+  city. But Apollo also contributed his assistance in the erection of those
+  wonderful walls, and, by the aid of his marvellous musical powers, the
+  labours of his fellow-worker, Poseidon, were rendered so light and easy
+  that his otherwise arduous task advanced with astonishing celerity; for,
+  as the master-hand of the god of music grasped the chords of his lyre,<a
+  name="NtA_30" href="#Nt_30"><sup>[30]</sup></a> the huge blocks of stone
+  moved of their own accord, adjusting themselves with the utmost nicety
+  into the places designed for them.</p>
+
+  <p>But though Apollo was so renowned in the art of music, there were two
+  individuals who had the effrontery to consider themselves equal to him in
+  this respect, and, accordingly, each challenged him to compete with them
+  in a musical contest. These were Marsyas and Pan. Marsyas was a satyr,
+  who, having picked up the flute which Athene had thrown away in disgust,
+  discovered, to his great delight and astonishment, that, in consequence
+  of its having touched the lips of a goddess, it played of itself in the
+  most charming manner. Marsyas, who was a great lover of music, and much
+  beloved on this account by all the elf-like denizens of the woods and
+  glens, was so intoxicated with joy at this discovery, that he foolishly
+  challenged Apollo to compete with him in a musical contest. The challenge
+  being accepted, the Muses were chosen umpires, and it was decided that
+  the unsuccessful candidate should suffer the punishment of being flayed
+  alive. For a long time the merits of both claimants remained so equally
+  balanced, that it was impossible to award the palm of victory to either,
+  seeing which, Apollo, resolved to conquer, added the sweet tones of his
+  melodious voice to the strains of his lyre, <!-- Page 79 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page79"></a>[79]</span>and this at once turned
+  the scale in his favour. The unhappy Marsyas being defeated, had to
+  undergo the terrible penalty, and his untimely fate was universally
+  lamented; indeed the Satyrs and Dryads, his companions, wept so
+  incessantly at his fate, that their tears, uniting together, formed a
+  river in Phrygia which is still known by the name of Marsyas.</p>
+
+  <p>The result of the contest with Pan was by no means of so serious a
+  character. The god of shepherds having affirmed that he could play more
+  skilfully on his flute of seven reeds (the syrinx or Pan's pipe), than
+  Apollo on his world-renowned lyre, a contest ensued, in which Apollo was
+  pronounced the victor by all the judges appointed to decide between the
+  rival candidates. Midas, king of Phrygia, alone demurred at this
+  decision, having the bad taste to prefer the uncouth tones of the Pan's
+  pipe to the refined melodies of Apollo's lyre. Incensed at the obstinacy
+  and stupidity of the Phrygian king, Apollo punished him by giving him the
+  ears of an ass. Midas, horrified at being thus disfigured, determined to
+  hide his disgrace from his subjects by means of a cap; his barber,
+  however, could not be kept in ignorance of the fact, and was therefore
+  bribed with rich gifts never to reveal it. Finding, however, that he
+  could not keep the secret any longer, he dug a hole in the ground into
+  which he whispered it; then closing up the aperture he returned home,
+  feeling greatly relieved at having thus eased his mind of its burden. But
+  after all, this very humiliating secret was revealed to the world, for
+  some reeds which sprung up from the spot murmured incessantly, as they
+  waved to and fro in the wind: "King Midas has the ears of an ass."</p>
+
+  <p>In the sad and beautiful story of Niobe, daughter of Tantalus, and
+  wife of Amphion, king of Thebes, we have another instance of the severe
+  punishments meted out by Apollo to those who in any way incurred his
+  displeasure. Niobe was the proud mother of seven sons and seven
+  daughters, and exulting in the number of her children, she, upon one
+  occasion, ridiculed the worship of Leto, <!-- Page 80 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page80"></a>[80]</span>because she had but one
+  son and daughter, and desired the Thebans, for the future, to give to her
+  the honours and sacrifices which they had hitherto offered to the mother
+  of Apollo and Artemis. The sacrilegious words had scarcely passed her
+  lips before Apollo called upon his sister Artemis to assist him in
+  avenging the insult offered to their mother, and soon their invisible
+  arrows sped through the air. Apollo slew all the sons, and Artemis had
+  already slain all the daughters save one, the youngest and best beloved,
+  whom Niobe clasped in her arms, when the agonized mother implored the
+  enraged deities to leave her, at least, one out of all her beautiful
+  children; but, even as she prayed, the deadly arrow reached the heart of
+  this child also. Meanwhile the unhappy father, unable to bear the loss of
+  his children, had destroyed himself, and his dead body lay beside the
+  lifeless corpse of his favourite son. Widowed and childless, the
+  heart-broken mother sat among her dead, and the gods, in pity for her
+  unutterable woe, turned her into a stone, which they transferred to
+  Siphylus, her native Phrygian mountain, where it still continues to shed
+  tears.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0080-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0080-1.png"
+      alt="Niobe" title="Niobe" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>The punishment of Niobe forms the subject of a magnificent marble
+  group, which was found at Rome in the year 1553, and is now in the
+  gallery of Uffizi, at Florence.</p>
+
+  <p>The renowned singer Orpheus was the son of Apollo and Calliope, the
+  muse of epic poetry, and, as might be expected with parents so highly
+  gifted, was endowed with most distinguished intellectual qualifications.
+  He was a poet, a teacher of the religious doctrines known as the Orphic
+  mysteries, and a great musician, having inherited from his father an
+  extraordinary genius for music. <!-- Page 81 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page81"></a>[81]</span>When he sang to the sweet tones of his lyre,
+  he charmed all nature, and summoned round him the wild beasts of the
+  forests, who, under the influence of his music, became tame and gentle as
+  lambs. The madly rushing torrents stopped their rapid course, and the
+  very mountains and trees moved from their places at the sound of his
+  entrancing melodies.</p>
+
+  <p>Orpheus became united to a lovely nymph named Eurydice, the daughter
+  of the sea-god Nereus, whom he fondly loved. She was no less attached to
+  him, and their married life was full of joy and happiness. But it was
+  only short-lived; for Aristæus,<a name="NtA_31"
+  href="#Nt_31"><sup>[31]</sup></a> the half-brother of Orpheus, having
+  fallen in love with the beautiful Eurydice, forcibly endeavoured to take
+  her from her husband, and as she fled across some fields to elude his
+  pursuit, she was bitten in the foot by a venomous snake, which lay
+  concealed in the long grass. Eurydice died of the wound, and her
+  sorrowing husband filled the groves and valleys with his piteous and
+  unceasing lamentations.</p>
+
+  <p>His longing to behold her once more became at last so unconquerable,
+  that he determined to brave the horrors of the lower world, in order to
+  entreat Aïdes to restore to him his beloved wife. Armed only with his
+  golden lyre, the gift of Apollo, he descended into the gloomy depths of
+  Hades, where his heavenly music arrested for a while the torments of the
+  unhappy sufferers. The stone of Sisyphus remained motionless; Tantalus
+  forgot his perpetual thirst; the wheel of Ixion ceased to revolve; and
+  even the Furies shed tears, and withheld for a time their persecutions.
+  Undismayed at the scenes of horror and suffering which met his view on
+  every side, he pursued his way until he arrived at the palace of Aïdes.
+  Presenting himself before the throne on which sat the stony-hearted king
+  and his consort Persephone, Orpheus recounted his woes to the sound of
+  his lyre. Moved to pity by his sweet strains, they listened to his <!--
+  Page 82 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page82"></a>[82]</span>melancholy story, and consented to release
+  Eurydice on condition that he should not look upon her until they reached
+  the upper world. Orpheus gladly promised to comply with this injunction,
+  and, followed by Eurydice, ascended the steep and gloomy path which led
+  to the realms of life and light. All went well until he was just about to
+  pass the extreme limits of Hades, when, forgetting for the moment the
+  hard condition, he turned to convince himself that his beloved wife was
+  really behind him. The glance was fatal, and destroyed all his hopes of
+  happiness; for, as he yearningly stretched out his arms to embrace her,
+  she was caught back, and vanished from his sight for ever. The grief of
+  Orpheus at this second loss was even more intense than before, and he now
+  avoided all human society. In vain did the nymphs, his once chosen
+  companions, endeavour to win him back to his accustomed haunts; their
+  power to charm was gone, and music was now his sole consolation. He
+  wandered forth alone, choosing the wildest and most secluded paths, and
+  the hills and vales resounded with his pathetic melodies. At last he
+  happened to cross the path of some Thracian women, who were performing
+  the wild rites of Dionysus (Bacchus), and in their mad fury at his
+  refusing to join them, they furiously attacked him, and tore him in
+  pieces. In pity for his unhappy fate, the Muses collected his remains,
+  which they buried at the foot of Mount Olympus, and the nightingale
+  warbled a funeral dirge over his grave. His head was thrown into the
+  river Hebrus, and as it floated down the stream, the lips still continued
+  to murmur the beloved name of Eurydice.</p>
+
+  <p>The chief seat of the worship of Apollo was at Delphi, and here was
+  the most magnificent of all his temples, the foundation of which reaches
+  far beyond all historical knowledge, and which contained immense riches,
+  the offerings of kings and private persons, who had received favourable
+  replies from the oracle. The Greeks believed Delphi to be the central
+  point of the earth, because two eagles sent forth by Zeus, one from the
+  east, the other <!-- Page 83 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page83"></a>[83]</span>from the west, were said to have arrived
+  there at the same moment.</p>
+
+  <p>The Pythian games, celebrated in honour of the victory of Apollo over
+  the Python, took place at Delphi every four years. At the first
+  celebration of these games, gods, goddesses, and heroes contended for the
+  prizes, which were at first of gold or silver, but consisted, in later
+  times, of simple laurel wreaths.</p>
+
+  <p>On account of its being the place of his birth, the whole island of
+  Delos was consecrated to Apollo, where he was worshipped with great
+  solemnity; the greatest care was taken to preserve the sanctity of the
+  spot, for which reason no one was suffered to be buried there. At the
+  foot of Mount Cynthus was a splendid temple of Apollo which possessed an
+  oracle, and was enriched with magnificent offerings from all parts of
+  Greece. Even foreign nations held this island sacred, for when the
+  Persians passed it on their way to attack Greece, they not only sailed
+  by, leaving it uninjured, but sent rich presents to the temple. Games,
+  called Delia, instituted by Theseus, were celebrated at Delos every four
+  years.</p>
+
+  <p>A festival termed the Gymnopedæa was held at Sparta in honour of
+  Apollo, in which boys sang the praises of the gods, and of the three
+  hundred Lacedæmonians who fell at the battle of Thermopylæ.</p>
+
+  <p>Wolves and hawks were sacrificed to Apollo, and the birds sacred to
+  him were the hawk, raven, and swan.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">ROMAN APOLLO.</p>
+
+  <p>The worship of Apollo never occupied the all-important position in
+  Rome which it held in Greece, nor was it introduced till a comparatively
+  late period. There was no sanctuary erected to this divinity until <span
+  class="scac">B.C.</span> 430, when the Romans, in order to avert a
+  plague, built a temple in his honour; but we do not find the worship of
+  Apollo becoming in any way prominent until the time of Augustus, who,
+  having called upon this god for aid before the famous battle of Actium,
+  ascribed the victory which he <!-- Page 84 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page84"></a>[84]</span>gained, to his influence, and accordingly
+  erected a temple there, which he enriched with a portion of the
+  spoil.</p>
+
+  <p>Augustus afterwards built another temple in honour of Apollo, on the
+  Palatine Hill, in which at the foot of his statue, were deposited two
+  gilt chests, containing the Sibylline oracles. These oracles were
+  collected to replace the Sibylline books originally preserved in the
+  temple of Jupiter, which were destroyed when that edifice was burned.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0084-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0084-1.png"
+      alt="Sibyl" title="Sibyl" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>The Sibyls were maidens who had received the gift of prophecy, and the
+  privilege of living to an incredible age. One of these Sibyls (known as
+  the Cumæan) appeared to Tarquinius Superbus, the last king of Rome,
+  offering for sale nine books, which she informed him had been written by
+  herself. Not knowing who she was, Tarquin refused to buy them, upon which
+  she burned three, and returned with six, demanding the same price as
+  before. Being again driven away as an impostor, she again retired and
+  burned three more, returning with the remaining three, for which she
+  still asked the same price as at first. Tarquin, amazed at her
+  inconsistency, now consulted the Augurs, who blamed him for not having
+  bought the nine books when they were first offered to him, and desired
+  him to secure the remaining three, at whatever price they were to be had.
+  He, accordingly, purchased the volumes, which were found to contain
+  predictions of great importance to the Romans. After the disposal of the
+  books, the Sibyl vanished, and was seen no more.</p>
+
+  <p>The most beautiful and renowned of all the statues of Apollo now in
+  existence, is that known as the Apollo Belvedere, which was found in 1503
+  among the ruins of <!-- Page 85 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page85"></a>[85]</span>ancient Antium. It was purchased by Pope
+  Julius II., who removed it to the Belvedere of the Vatican, from whence
+  it takes its name, and where it has been, for more than three hundred
+  years, the admiration of the world. When Rome was taken, and plundered by
+  the French, this celebrated statue was transported to Paris, and placed
+  in the museum there, but in 1815 it was restored to its former place in
+  the Vatican. The attitude of the figure, which is more than seven feet
+  high, is inimitable in its freedom, grace, and majesty. The forehead is
+  noble and intellectual, and the whole countenance so exquisite in its
+  beauty, that one pauses spell-bound to gaze on so perfect a conception.
+  The god has a very youthful appearance, as is usual in all his
+  representations, and with the exception of a short mantle which falls
+  from his shoulders, is unclothed. He stands against the trunk of a tree,
+  up which a serpent is creeping, and his left arm is outstretched, as
+  though about to punish.</p>
+
+<h3>HECATE.</h3>
+
+  <p>Hecate would appear to have been originally a moon-goddess worshipped
+  by the Thracians. She became confounded, and eventually identified with
+  Selene and Persephone, and is one of those divinities of whom the
+  ancients had various conflicting accounts.</p>
+
+  <p>Hecate was the daughter of Perses and "gold-wreathed" Astræa (the
+  starry night<a name="NtA_32" href="#Nt_32"><sup>[32]</sup></a>), and her
+  sway extended over earth, heaven, and hell, for which reason she is
+  represented in works of art as a triple divinity, having three female
+  bodies, all young and beautiful, and united together.</p>
+
+  <p>In later times, when this divinity becomes identified with Persephone,
+  she is supposed to inhabit the lower world as a malignant deity, and
+  henceforward it is the gloomy, awe-inspiring side of her character which
+  alone <!-- Page 86 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page86"></a>[86]</span>develops itself. She now presides over all
+  practices connected with witchcraft and enchantments, haunts sepulchres,
+  and the point where two roads cross, and lonely spots where murders have
+  been committed. She was supposed to be connected with the appearance of
+  ghosts and spectres, to possess unlimited influence over the powers of
+  the lower world, and to be able to lay to rest unearthly apparitions by
+  her magic spells and incantations.</p>
+
+  <p>Hecate appears as a gigantic woman, bearing a torch and a sword. Her
+  feet and hair are formed of snakes, and her passage is accompanied by
+  voices of thunder, weird shrieks and yells, and the deep baying and
+  howling of dogs.</p>
+
+  <p>Her favour was propitiated by offerings and sacrifices, principally
+  consisting of black lambs. Her festivals were celebrated at night, by
+  torchlight, when these animals were offered to her, accompanied by many
+  peculiar ceremonies. These ceremonies were carried out with the minutest
+  attention to details, as it was believed that the omission of the
+  slightest particular would afford to her ministers, the evil spirits of
+  the lower world, who hovered round the worshippers, an opportunity for
+  entering among them, and exerting their baneful influence. At the end of
+  every month food was placed wherever two roads met, in readiness for her
+  and other malignant divinities.</p>
+
+  <p>In studying the peculiar characteristics which Hecate assumes when she
+  usurps the place of Persephone, the rightful mistress of the lower world,
+  we are reminded of the various superstitions with regard to spectres,
+  witchcraft, &amp;c., which have, even down to our own times, exerted so
+  powerful an influence over the minds of the ignorant, and which would
+  appear to owe their origin to a remote pagan source.</p>
+
+<h3>SELENE (<span class="sc">Luna</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>Just as Helios personified the sun, so his sister Selene represented
+  the moon, and was supposed to drive her <!-- Page 87 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page87"></a>[87]</span>chariot across the sky
+  whilst her brother was reposing after the toils of the day.</p>
+
+  <p>When the shades of evening began to enfold the earth, the two
+  milk-white steeds of Selene rose out of the mysterious depths of Oceanus.
+  Seated in a silvery chariot, and accompanied by her daughter Herse, the
+  goddess of the dew, appeared the mild and gentle queen of the night, with
+  a crescent on her fair brow, a gauzy veil flowing behind, and a lighted
+  torch in her hand.</p>
+
+  <p>Selene greatly admired a beautiful young shepherd named Endymion, to
+  whom Zeus had accorded the privilege of eternal youth, combined with the
+  faculty of sleeping whenever he desired, and as long as he wished. Seeing
+  this lovely youth fast asleep on Mount Latmus, Selene was so struck with
+  his beauty, that she came down every night from heaven to watch over and
+  protect him.</p>
+
+<h3>ARTEMIS (<span class="sc">Diana</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>Artemis was worshipped by the Greeks under various appellations, to
+  each of which belonged special characteristics. Thus she is known as the
+  Arcadian, Ephesian and Brauronian Artemis, and also as Selene-Artemis,
+  and in order fully to comprehend the worship of this divinity, we must
+  consider her under each aspect.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">ARCADIAN ARTEMIS.</p>
+
+  <p>The Arcadian Artemis (the real Artemis of the Greeks) was the daughter
+  of Zeus and Leto, and twin-sister of Apollo. She was the goddess of
+  Hunting and Chastity, and having obtained from her father permission to
+  lead a life of celibacy, she ever remained a maiden-divinity. Artemis is
+  the feminine counterpart of her brother, the glorious god of Light, and,
+  like him, though she deals out destruction and sudden death to men and
+  animals, she is also able to alleviate suffering and cure diseases. Like
+  Apollo also, she is skilled in the use of the bow, but in a far more
+  eminent degree, for in the character of Artemis, who devoted herself to
+  the chase with passionate <!-- Page 88 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page88"></a>[88]</span>ardour, this becomes an all-distinguishing
+  feature. Armed with her bow and quiver, and attended by her train of
+  huntresses, who were nymphs of the woods and springs, she roamed over the
+  mountains in pursuit of her favourite exercise, destroying in her course
+  the wild animals of the forest. When the chase was ended, Artemis and her
+  maidens loved to assemble in a shady grove, or on the banks of a
+  favourite stream, where they joined in the merry song, or graceful dance,
+  and made the hills resound with their joyous shouts.</p>
+
+  <p>As the type of purity and chastity, Artemis was especially venerated
+  by young maidens, who, before marrying, sacrificed their hair to her. She
+  was also the patroness of those vowed to celibacy, and punished severely
+  any infringement of their obligation.</p>
+
+  <p>The huntress-goddess is represented as being a head taller than her
+  attendant nymphs, and always appears as a youthful and slender maiden.
+  Her features are beautiful, but wanting in gentleness of expression; her
+  hair is gathered negligently into a knot at the back of her well-shaped
+  head; and her figure, though somewhat masculine, is most graceful in its
+  attitude and proportions. The short robe she wears, leaves her limbs free
+  for the exercise of the chase, her devotion to which is indicated by the
+  quiver which is slung over her shoulder, and the bow which she bears in
+  her hand.</p>
+
+  <p>There are many famous statues of this divinity; but the most
+  celebrated is that known as the Diana of Versailles, now in the Louvre,
+  which forms a not unworthy companion to the Apollo-Belvedere of the
+  Vatican. In this statue, the goddess appears in the act of rescuing a
+  hunted deer from its pursuers, on whom she is turning with angry mien.
+  One hand is laid protectingly on the head of the stag, whilst with the
+  other she draws an arrow from the quiver which hangs over her
+  shoulder.</p>
+
+  <p>Her attributes are the bow, quiver, and spear. The animals sacred to
+  her are the hind, dog, bear, and wild boar.</p>
+
+  <p>Artemis promptly resented any disregard or neglect of <!-- Page 89
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page89"></a>[89]</span>her worship; a
+  remarkable instance of this is shown in the story of the Calydonian
+  boar-hunt, which is as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0089-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0089-1.png"
+      alt="Artemis" title="Artemis" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Oeneus, king of Calydon in Ætolia, had incurred the displeasure of
+  Artemis by neglecting to include her in a general sacrifice to the gods
+  which he had offered up, out of gratitude for a bountiful harvest. The
+  goddess, enraged at this neglect, sent a wild boar of extraordinary size
+  and prodigious strength, which destroyed the sprouting grain, laid waste
+  the fields, and threatened the inhabitants with famine and death. At this
+  juncture, Meleager, the brave son of Oeneus, returned from the Argonautic
+  expedition, and finding his country ravaged by this dreadful scourge,
+  entreated the assistance of all the celebrated heroes of the age to join
+  him in hunting the ferocious monster. Among the most famous of those who
+  responded to his call were Jason, Castor and Pollux, Idas and Lynceus,
+  Peleus, Telamon, Admetus, Perithous, and Theseus. The brothers of Althea,
+  wife of Oeneus, joined the hunters, and Meleager also enlisted into his
+  service the fleet-footed huntress Atalanta.</p>
+
+  <p>The father of this maiden was Schoeneus, an Arcadian, who,
+  disappointed at the birth of a daughter when he had particularly desired
+  a son, had exposed her on the Parthenian Hill, where he left her to
+  perish. Here she was nursed by a she-bear, and at last found by some
+  hunters, who reared her, and gave her the name of Atalanta. As the maiden
+  grew up, she became an ardent <!-- Page 90 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page90"></a>[90]</span>lover of the chase, and was alike
+  distinguished for her beauty and courage. Though often wooed, she led a
+  life of strict celibacy, an oracle having predicted that inevitable
+  misfortune awaited her, should she give herself in marriage to any of her
+  numerous suitors.</p>
+
+  <p>Many of the heroes objected to hunt in company with a maiden; but
+  Meleager, who loved Atalanta, overcame their opposition, and the valiant
+  band set out on their expedition. Atalanta was the first to wound the
+  boar with her spear, but not before two of the heroes had met their death
+  from his fierce tusks. After a long and desperate encounter, Meleager
+  succeeded in killing the monster, and presented the head and hide to
+  Atalanta, as trophies of the victory. The uncles of Meleager, however,
+  forcibly took the hide from the maiden, claiming their right to the spoil
+  as next of kin, if Meleager resigned it. Artemis, whose anger was still
+  unappeased, caused a violent quarrel to arise between uncles and nephew,
+  and, in the struggle which ensued, Meleager killed his mother's brothers,
+  and then restored the hide to Atalanta. When Althea beheld the dead
+  bodies of the slain heroes, her grief and anger knew no bounds. She swore
+  to revenge the death of her brothers on her own son, and unfortunately
+  for him, the instrument of vengeance lay ready to her hand.</p>
+
+  <p>At the birth of Meleager, the Moirae, or Fates, entered the house of
+  Oeneus, and pointing to a piece of wood then burning on the hearth,
+  declared that as soon as it was consumed the babe would surely die. On
+  hearing this, Althea seized the brand, laid it up carefully in a chest,
+  and henceforth preserved it as her most precious possession. But now,
+  love for her son giving place to the resentment she felt against the
+  murderer of her brothers, she threw the fatal brand into the devouring
+  flames. As it consumed, the vigour of Meleager wasted away, and when it
+  was reduced to ashes, he expired. Repenting too late the terrible effects
+  of her rash deed, Althea, in remorse and despair, took away her own
+  life.</p>
+
+  <p>The news of the courage and intrepidity displayed by <!-- Page 91
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page91"></a>[91]</span>Atalanta in the
+  famous boar-hunt, being carried to the ears of her father, caused him to
+  acknowledge his long-lost child. Urged by him to choose one of her
+  numerous suitors, she consented to do so, but made it a condition that he
+  alone, who could outstrip her in the race, should become her husband,
+  whilst those she defeated should be put to death by her, with the lance
+  which she bore in her hand. Thus many suitors had perished, for the
+  maiden was unequalled for swiftness of foot, but at last a beautiful
+  youth, named Hippomenes, who had vainly endeavoured to win her love by
+  his assiduous attentions in the chase, ventured to enter the fatal lists.
+  Knowing that only by stratagem could he hope to be successful, he
+  obtained, by the help of Aphrodite, three golden apples from the garden
+  of the Hesperides, which he threw down at intervals during his course.
+  Atalanta, secure of victory, stooped to pick up the tempting fruit, and,
+  in the meantime, Hippomenes arrived at the goal. He became the husband of
+  the lovely Atalanta, but forgot, in his newly found happiness, the
+  gratitude which he owed to Aphrodite, and the goddess withdrew her favour
+  from the pair. Not long after, the prediction which foretold misfortune
+  to Atalanta, in the event of her marriage, was verified, for she and her
+  husband, having strayed unsanctioned into a sacred grove of Zeus, were
+  both transformed into lions.</p>
+
+  <p>The trophies of the ever-memorable boar-hunt had been carried by
+  Atalanta into Arcadia, and, for many centuries, the identical hide and
+  enormous tusks of the Calydonian boar hung in the temple of Athene at
+  Tegea. The tusks were afterwards conveyed to Rome, and shown there among
+  other curiosities.</p>
+
+  <p>A forcible instance of the manner in which Artemis resented any
+  intrusion on her retirement, is seen in the fate which befell the famous
+  hunter Actaeon, who happening one day to see Artemis and her attendants
+  bathing, imprudently ventured to approach the spot. The goddess, incensed
+  at his audacity, sprinkled him with water, and transformed him into a
+  stag, whereupon he was torn in pieces and devoured by his own dogs. <!--
+  Page 92 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page92"></a>[92]</span></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">EPHESIAN ARTEMIS.</p>
+
+  <p>The Ephesian Artemis, known to us as "Diana of the Ephesians," was a
+  very ancient Asiatic divinity of Persian origin called Metra,<a
+  name="NtA_33" href="#Nt_33"><sup>[33]</sup></a> whose worship the Greek
+  colonists found already established, when they first settled in Asia
+  Minor, and whom they identified with their own Greek Artemis, though she
+  really possessed but one single attribute in common with their home
+  deity.</p>
+
+  <p>Metra was a twofold divinity, and represented, in one phase of her
+  character, all-pervading love; in the other she was the light of heaven;
+  and as Artemis, in her character as Selene, was the only Greek female
+  divinity who represented celestial light, the Greek settlers, according
+  to their custom of fusing foreign deities into their own, seized at once
+  upon this point of resemblance, and decided that Metra should henceforth
+  be regarded as identical with Artemis.</p>
+
+  <p>In her character as the love which pervades all nature, and penetrates
+  everywhere, they believed her also to be present in the mysterious Realm
+  of Shades, where she exercised her benign sway, replacing to a certain
+  extent that ancient divinity Hecate, and partly usurping also the place
+  of Persephone, as mistress of the lower world. Thus they believed that it
+  was she who permitted the spirits of the departed to revisit the earth,
+  in order to communicate with those they loved, and to give them timely
+  warning of coming evil. In fact, this great, mighty, and omnipresent
+  power of love, as embodied in the Ephesian Artemis, was believed by the
+  great thinkers of old, to be the ruling spirit of the universe, and it
+  was to her influence, that all the mysterious and beneficent workings of
+  nature were ascribed.</p>
+
+  <p>There was a magnificent temple erected to this divinity at Ephesus (a
+  city of Asia Minor), which was ranked among the seven wonders of the
+  world, and was unequalled in beauty and grandeur. The interior of this
+  <!-- Page 93 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page93"></a>[93]</span>edifice was adorned with statues and
+  paintings, and contained one hundred and twenty-seven columns, sixty feet
+  in height, each column having been placed there by a different king. The
+  wealth deposited in this temple was enormous, and the goddess was here
+  worshipped with particular awe and solemnity. In the interior of the
+  edifice stood a statue of her, formed of ebony, with lions on her arms
+  and turrets on her head, whilst a number of breasts indicated the
+  fruitfulness of the earth and of nature. Ctesiphon was the principal
+  architect of this world-renowned structure, which, however, was not
+  entirely completed till two hundred and twenty years after the
+  foundation-stone was laid. But the labour of centuries was destroyed in a
+  single night; for a man called Herostratus, seized with the insane desire
+  of making his name famous to all succeeding generations, set fire to it
+  and completely destroyed it.<a name="NtA_34"
+  href="#Nt_34"><sup>[34]</sup></a> So great was the indignation and sorrow
+  of the Ephesians at this calamity, that they enacted a law, forbidding
+  the incendiary's name to be mentioned, thereby however, defeating their
+  own object, for thus the name of Herostratus has been handed down to
+  posterity, and will live as long as the memory of the famous temple of
+  Ephesus.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">BRAURONIAN ARTEMIS.</p>
+
+  <p>In ancient times, the country which we now call the Crimea, was known
+  by the name of the Taurica Chersonnesus. It was colonized by Greek
+  settlers, who, finding that the Scythian inhabitants had a native
+  divinity somewhat resembling their own Artemis, identified her with the
+  huntress-goddess of the mother-country. The worship of this Taurian
+  Artemis was attended with the most barbarous practices, for, in
+  accordance with a law which she had enacted, all strangers, whether male
+  or female, landing, or shipwrecked on her shores, were sacrificed upon
+  her altars. It is supposed that this decree was <!-- Page 94 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page94"></a>[94]</span>issued by the Taurian
+  goddess of Chastity, to protect the purity of her followers, by keeping
+  them apart from foreign influences.</p>
+
+  <p>The interesting story of Iphigenia, a priestess in the temple of
+  Artemis at Tauris, forms the subject of one of Schiller's most beautiful
+  plays. The circumstances occurred at the commencement of the Trojan war,
+  and are as follows:&mdash;The fleet, collected by the Greeks for the
+  siege of Troy, had assembled at Aulis, in B&oelig;otia, and was about to
+  set sail, when Agamemnon, the commander-in-chief, had the misfortune to
+  kill accidentally a stag which was grazing in a grove, sacred to Artemis.
+  The offended goddess sent continuous calms that delayed the departure of
+  the fleet, and Calchas, the soothsayer, who had accompanied the
+  expedition, declared that nothing less than the sacrifice of Agamemnon's
+  favorite daughter, Iphigenia, would appease the wrath of the goddess. At
+  these words, the heroic heart of the brave leader sank within him, and he
+  declared that rather than consent to so fearful an alternative, he would
+  give up his share in the expedition and return to Argos. In this dilemma
+  Odysseus and other great generals called a council to discuss the matter,
+  and, after much deliberation, it was decided that private feeling must
+  yield to the welfare of the state. For a long time the unhappy Agamemnon
+  turned a deaf ear to their arguments, but at last they succeeded in
+  persuading him that it was his duty to make the sacrifice. He,
+  accordingly, despatched a messenger to his wife, Clytemnæstra, begging
+  her to send Iphigenia to him, alleging as a pretext that the great hero
+  Achilles desired to make her his wife. Rejoicing at the brilliant destiny
+  which awaited her beautiful daughter, the fond mother at once obeyed the
+  command, and sent her to Aulis. When the maiden arrived at her
+  destination, and discovered, to her horror, the dreadful fate which
+  awaited her, she threw herself in an agony of grief at her father's feet,
+  and with sobs and tears entreated him to have mercy on her, and to spare
+  her young life. But alas! her doom was sealed, and her now repentant and
+  <!-- Page 95 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page95"></a>[95]</span>heart-broken father was powerless to avert
+  it. The unfortunate victim was bound to the altar, and already the fatal
+  knife was raised to deal the death-blow, when suddenly Iphigenia
+  disappeared from view, and in her place on the altar, lay a beautiful
+  deer ready to be sacrificed. It was Artemis herself, who, pitying the
+  youth and beauty of her victim, caused her to be conveyed in a cloud to
+  Taurica, where she became one of her priestesses, and intrusted with the
+  charge of her temple; a dignity, however, which necessitated the offering
+  of those human sacrifices presented to Artemis.</p>
+
+  <p>Many years passed away, during which time the long and wearisome siege
+  of Troy had come to an end, and the brave Agamemnon had returned home to
+  meet death at the hands of his wife and Aegisthus. But his daughter,
+  Iphigenia, was still an exile from her native country, and continued to
+  perform the terrible duties which her office involved. She had long given
+  up all hopes of ever being restored to her friends, when one day two
+  Greek strangers landed on Taurica's inhospitable shores. These were
+  Orestes and Pylades, whose romantic attachment to each other has made
+  their names synonymous for devoted self-sacrificing friendship. Orestes
+  was Iphigenia's brother, and Pylades her cousin, and their object in
+  undertaking an expedition fraught with so much peril, was to obtain the
+  statue of the Taurian Artemis. Orestes, having incurred the anger of the
+  Furies for avenging the murder of his father Agamemnon, was pursued by
+  them wherever he went, until at last he was informed by the oracle of
+  Delphi that, in order to pacify them, he must convey the image of the
+  Taurian Artemis from Tauris to Attica. This he at once resolved to do,
+  and accompanied by his faithful friend Pylades, who insisted on sharing
+  the dangers of the undertaking, he set out for Taurica. But the
+  unfortunate youths had hardly stepped on shore before they were seized by
+  the natives, who, as usual, conveyed them for sacrifice to the temple of
+  Artemis. Iphigenia, discovering that they were Greeks, though unaware of
+  their near relationship to herself, thought the <!-- Page 96 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page96"></a>[96]</span>opportunity a favourable
+  one for sending tidings of her existence to her native country, and,
+  accordingly, requested one of the strangers to be the bearer of a letter
+  from her to her family. A magnanimous dispute now arose between the
+  friends, and each besought the other to accept the precious privilege of
+  life and freedom. Pylades, at length overcome by the urgent entreaties of
+  Orestes, agreed to be the bearer of the missive, but on looking more
+  closely at the superscription, he observed, to his intense surprise, that
+  it was addressed to Orestes. Hereupon an explanation followed; the
+  brother and sister recognized each other, amid joyful tears and loving
+  embraces, and assisted by her friends and kinsmen, Iphigenia escaped with
+  them from a country where she had spent so many unhappy days, and
+  witnessed so many scenes of horror and anguish.</p>
+
+  <p>The fugitives, having contrived to obtain the image of the Taurian
+  Artemis, carried it with them to Brauron in Attica. This divinity was
+  henceforth known as the Brauronian Artemis, and the rites which had
+  rendered her worship so infamous in Taurica were now introduced into
+  Greece, and human victims bled freely under the sacrificial knife, both
+  in Athens and Sparta. The revolting practice of offering human sacrifices
+  to her, was continued until the time of Lycurgus, the great Spartan
+  lawgiver, who put an end to it by substituting in its place one, which
+  was hardly less barbarous, namely, the scourging of youths, who were
+  whipped on the altars of the Brauronian Artemis in the most cruel manner;
+  sometimes indeed they expired under the lash, in which case their
+  mothers, far from lamenting their fate, are said to have rejoiced,
+  considering this an honourable death for their sons.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">SELENE-ARTEMIS.</p>
+
+  <p>Hitherto we have seen Artemis only in the various phases of her
+  terrestrial character; but just as her brother Apollo drew into himself
+  by degrees the attributes of that more ancient divinity Helios, the
+  sun-god, so, in like manner, she came to be identified in later times
+  <!-- Page 97 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page97"></a>[97]</span>with Selene, the moon-goddess, in which
+  character she is always represented as wearing on her forehead a
+  glittering crescent, whilst a flowing veil, bespangled with stars,
+  reaches to her feet, and a long robe completely envelops her.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">DIANA.</p>
+
+  <p>The Diana of the Romans was identified with the Greek Artemis, with
+  whom she shares that peculiar tripartite character, which so strongly
+  marks the individuality of the Greek goddess. In heaven she was Luna (the
+  moon), on earth Diana (the huntress-goddess), and in the lower world
+  Proserpine; but, unlike the Ephesian Artemis, Diana, in her character as
+  Proserpine, carries with her into the lower world no element of love or
+  sympathy; she is, on the contrary, characterized by practices altogether
+  hostile to man, such as the exercise of witchcraft, evil charms, and
+  other antagonistic influences, and is, in fact, the Greek Hecate, in her
+  later development.</p>
+
+  <p>The statues of Diana were generally erected at a point where three
+  roads met, for which reason she is called Trivia (from <i>tri</i>, three,
+  and <i>via</i>, way).</p>
+
+  <p>A temple was dedicated to her on the Aventine hill by Servius Tullius,
+  who is said to have first introduced the worship of this divinity into
+  Rome.</p>
+
+  <p>The Nemoralia, or Grove Festivals, were celebrated in her honour on
+  the 13th of August, on the Lacus Nemorensis, or forest-buried lake, near
+  Aricia. The priest who officiated in her temple on this spot, was always
+  a fugitive slave, who had gained his office by murdering his predecessor,
+  and hence was constantly armed, in order that he might thus be prepared
+  to encounter a new aspirant.</p>
+
+<h3>HEPHÆSTUS (<span class="sc">Vulcan</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>Hephæstus, the son of Zeus and Hera, was the god of fire in its
+  beneficial aspect, and the presiding deity over all workmanship
+  accomplished by means of this useful element. He was universally
+  honoured, not only as the <!-- Page 98 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page98"></a>[98]</span>god of all mechanical arts, but also as a
+  house and hearth divinity, who exercised a beneficial influence on
+  civilized society in general. Unlike the other Greek divinities, he was
+  ugly and deformed, being awkward in his movements, and limping in his
+  gait. This latter defect originated, as we have already seen, in the
+  wrath of his father Zeus, who hurled him down from heaven<a name="NtA_35"
+  href="#Nt_35"><sup>[35]</sup></a> in consequence of his taking the part
+  of Hera, in one of the domestic disagreements, which so frequently arose
+  between this royal pair. Hephæstus was a whole day falling from Olympus
+  to the earth, where he at length alighted on the island of Lemnos. The
+  inhabitants of the country, seeing him descending through the air,
+  received him in their arms; but in spite of their care, his leg was
+  broken by the fall, and he remained ever afterwards lame in one foot.
+  Grateful for the kindness of the Lemnians, he henceforth took up his
+  abode in their island, and there built for himself a superb palace, and
+  forges for the pursuit of his avocation. He instructed the people how to
+  work in metals, and also taught them other valuable and useful arts.</p>
+
+  <p>It is said that the first work of Hephæstus was a most ingenious
+  throne of gold, with secret springs, which he presented to Hera. It was
+  arranged in such a manner that, once seated, she found herself unable to
+  move, and though all the gods endeavoured to extricate her, their efforts
+  were unavailing. Hephæstus thus revenged himself on his mother for the
+  cruelty she had always displayed towards him, on account of his want of
+  comeliness and grace. Dionysus, the wine god, contrived, however, to
+  intoxicate Hephæstus, and then induced him to return to Olympus, where,
+  after having released the <!-- Page 99 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page99"></a>[99]</span>queen of heaven from her very undignified
+  position, he became reconciled to his parents.</p>
+
+  <p>He now built for himself a glorious palace on Olympus, of shining
+  gold, and made for the other deities those magnificent edifices which
+  they inhabited. He was assisted in his various and exquisitely skilful
+  works of art, by two female statues of pure gold, formed by his own hand,
+  which possessed the power of motion, and always accompanied him wherever
+  he went. With the assistance of the Cyclops, he forged for Zeus his
+  wonderful thunderbolts, thus investing his mighty father with a new power
+  of terrible import. Zeus testified his appreciation of this precious
+  gift, by bestowing upon Hephæstus the beautiful Aphrodite in marriage,<a
+  name="NtA_36" href="#Nt_36"><sup>[36]</sup></a> but this was a
+  questionable boon; for the lovely Aphrodite, who was the personification
+  of all grace and beauty, felt no affection for her ungainly and
+  unattractive spouse, and amused herself by ridiculing his awkward
+  movements and unsightly person. On one occasion especially, when
+  Hephæstus good-naturedly took upon himself the office of cup-bearer to
+  the gods, his hobbling gait and extreme awkwardness created the greatest
+  mirth amongst the celestials, in which his disloyal partner was the first
+  to join, with unconcealed merriment.</p>
+
+  <p>Aphrodite greatly preferred Ares to her husband, and this preference
+  naturally gave rise to much jealousy on the part of Hephæstus, and caused
+  them great unhappiness.</p>
+
+  <p>Hephæstus appears to have been an indispensable member of the Olympic
+  Assembly, where he plays the part of smith, armourer, chariot-builder,
+  &amp;c. As already mentioned, he constructed the palaces where the gods
+  resided, fashioned the golden shoes with which they trod the air or
+  water, built for them their wonderful chariots, and shod with brass the
+  horses of celestial breed, which conveyed these glittering equipages over
+  land and sea. He also made the tripods which moved of themselves in and
+  out of the celestial halls, formed for Zeus the <!-- Page 100 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page100"></a>[100]</span>far-famed ægis, and
+  erected the magnificent palace of the sun. He also created the
+  brazen-footed bulls of Aetes, which breathed flames from their nostrils,
+  sent forth clouds of smoke, and filled the air with their roaring.</p>
+
+  <p>Among his most renowned works of art for the use of mortals were: the
+  armour of Achilles and Æneas, the beautiful necklace of Harmonia, and the
+  crown of Ariadne; but his masterpiece was Pandora, of whom a detailed
+  account has already been given.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0100-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0100-1.png"
+      alt="Hephæstus" title="Hephæstus" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>There was a temple on Mount Etna erected in his honour, which none but
+  the pure and virtuous were permitted to enter. The entrance to this
+  temple was guarded by dogs, which possessed the extraordinary faculty of
+  being able to discriminate between the righteous and the unrighteous,
+  fawning upon and caressing the good, whilst they rushed upon all
+  evil-doers and drove them away.</p>
+
+  <p>Hephæstus is usually represented as a powerful, brawny, and very
+  muscular man of middle height and mature age; his strong uplifted arm is
+  raised in the act of striking the anvil with a hammer, which he holds in
+  one hand, whilst with the other he is turning a thunderbolt, which an
+  eagle beside him is waiting to carry to Zeus. The principal seat of his
+  worship was the island of Lemnos, where he was regarded with peculiar
+  veneration.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">VULCAN.</p>
+
+  <p>The Roman Vulcan was merely an importation from Greece, which never at
+  any time took firm root in Rome, nor entered largely into the actual life
+  and sympathies of the nation, his worship being unattended by the
+  devotional feeling and enthusiasm which characterized the religious rites
+  of the other deities. He still, however, retained in Rome his <!-- Page
+  101 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page101"></a>[101]</span>Greek
+  attributes as god of fire, and unrivalled master of the art of working in
+  metals, and was ranked among the twelve great gods of Olympus, whose
+  gilded statues were arranged consecutively along the Forum. His Roman
+  name, Vulcan, would seem to indicate a connection with the first great
+  metal-working artificer of Biblical history, Tubal-Cain.</p>
+
+<h3>POSEIDON (<span class="sc">Neptune</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>Poseidon was the son of Kronos and Rhea, and the brother of Zeus. He
+  was god of the sea, more particularly of the Mediterranean, and, like the
+  element over which he presided, was of a variable disposition, now
+  violently agitated, and now calm and placid, for which reason he is
+  sometimes represented by the poets as quiet and composed, and at others
+  as disturbed and angry.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0101-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0101-1.png"
+      alt="Poseidon" title="Poseidon" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>In the earliest ages of Greek mythology, he merely symbolized the
+  watery element; but in later times, as navigation and intercourse with
+  other nations engendered greater traffic by sea, Poseidon gained in
+  importance, and came to be regarded as a distinct divinity, holding
+  indisputable dominion over the sea, and over all sea-divinities, who
+  acknowledged him as their sovereign ruler. He possessed the power of
+  causing at will, mighty and destructive tempests, in which the billows
+  rise mountains high, the wind becomes a hurricane, land and sea being
+  enveloped in thick mists, whilst destruction assails the unfortunate
+  mariners exposed to their fury. On the other hand, his alone was the
+  power of stilling the angry <!-- Page 102 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page102"></a>[102]</span>waves, of soothing the troubled waters,
+  and granting safe voyages to mariners. For this reason, Poseidon was
+  always invoked and propitiated by a libation before a voyage was
+  undertaken, and sacrifices and thanksgivings were gratefully offered to
+  him after a safe and prosperous journey by sea.</p>
+
+  <p>The symbol of his power was the fisherman's fork or trident,<a
+  name="NtA_37" href="#Nt_37"><sup>[37]</sup></a> by means of which he
+  produced earthquakes, raised up islands from the bottom of the sea, and
+  caused wells to spring forth out of the earth.</p>
+
+  <p>Poseidon was essentially the presiding deity over fishermen, and was
+  on that account, more particularly worshipped and revered in countries
+  bordering on the sea-coast, where fish naturally formed a staple
+  commodity of trade. He was supposed to vent his displeasure by sending
+  disastrous inundations, which completely destroyed whole countries, and
+  were usually accompanied by terrible marine monsters, who swallowed up
+  and devoured those whom the floods had spared. It is probable that these
+  sea-monsters are the poetical figures which represent the demons of
+  hunger and famine, necessarily accompanying a general inundation.</p>
+
+  <p>Poseidon is generally represented as resembling his brother Zeus in
+  features, height, and general aspect; but we miss in the countenance of
+  the sea-god the kindness and benignity which so pleasingly distinguish
+  his mighty brother. The eyes are bright and piercing, and the contour of
+  the face somewhat sharper in its outline than that of Zeus, thus
+  corresponding, as it were, with his more angry and violent nature. His
+  hair waves in dark, disorderly masses over his shoulders; his chest is
+  broad, and his frame powerful and stalwart; he wears a short, curling
+  beard, and a band round his head. He usually appears standing erect in a
+  graceful shell-chariot, drawn by hippocamps, or sea-horses, with golden
+  manes and brazen hoofs, who bound over the dancing waves with such
+  wonderful swiftness, that the chariot scarcely touches <!-- Page 103
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page103"></a>[103]</span>the water. The
+  monsters of the deep, acknowledging their mighty lord, gambol playfully
+  around him, whilst the sea joyfully smooths a path for the passage of its
+  all-powerful ruler.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:25%;">
+      <a href="images/0103-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0103-1.png"
+      alt="A hippocamp" title="A hippocamp" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>He inhabited a beautiful palace at the bottom of the sea at Ægea in
+  Eub&oelig;a, and also possessed a royal residence on Mount Olympus,
+  which, however, he only visited when his presence was required at the
+  council of the gods.</p>
+
+  <p>His wonderful palace beneath the waters was of vast extent; in its
+  lofty and capacious halls thousands of his followers could assemble. The
+  exterior of the building was of bright gold, which the continual wash of
+  the waters preserved untarnished; in the interior, lofty and graceful
+  columns supported the gleaming dome. Everywhere fountains of glistening,
+  silvery water played; everywhere groves and arbours of feathery-leaved
+  sea-plants appeared, whilst rocks of pure crystal glistened with all the
+  varied colours of the rainbow. Some of the paths were strewn with white
+  sparkling sand, interspersed with jewels, pearls, and amber. This
+  delightful abode was surrounded on all sides by wide fields, where there
+  were whole groves of dark purple coralline, and tufts of beautiful
+  scarlet-leaved plants, and sea-anemones of every tint. Here grew bright,
+  pinky sea-weeds, mosses of all hues and shades, and tall grasses, which,
+  growing upwards, formed emerald caves and grottoes such as the Nereides
+  love, whilst fish of various kinds playfully darted in and out, in the
+  full enjoyment of their native element. Nor was illumination wanting in
+  this fairy-like region, which at night was lit up by the glow-worms of
+  the deep.</p>
+
+  <p>But although Poseidon ruled with absolute power over the ocean and its
+  inhabitants, he nevertheless bowed submissively to the will of the great
+  ruler of Olympus, and appeared at all times desirous of conciliating him.
+  We <!-- Page 104 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page104"></a>[104]</span>find him coming to his aid when emergency
+  demanded, and frequently rendering him valuable assistance against his
+  opponents. At the time when Zeus was harassed by the attacks of the
+  Giants, he proved himself a most powerful ally, engaging in single combat
+  with a hideous giant named Polybotes, whom he followed over the sea, and
+  at last succeeded in destroying, by hurling upon him the island of
+  Cos.</p>
+
+  <p>These amicable relations between the brothers were, however, sometimes
+  interrupted. Thus, for instance, upon one occasion Poseidon joined Hera
+  and Athene in a secret conspiracy to seize upon the ruler of heaven,
+  place him in fetters, and deprive him of the sovereign power. The
+  conspiracy being discovered, Hera, as the chief instigator of this
+  sacrilegious attempt on the divine person of Zeus, was severely
+  chastised, and even beaten, by her enraged spouse, as a punishment for
+  her rebellion and treachery, whilst Poseidon was condemned, for the space
+  of a whole year, to forego his dominion over the sea, and it was at this
+  time that, in conjunction with Apollo, he built for Laomedon the walls of
+  Troy.</p>
+
+  <p>Poseidon married a sea-nymph named Amphitrite, whom he wooed under the
+  form of a dolphin. She afterwards became jealous of a beautiful maiden
+  called Scylla, who was beloved by Poseidon, and in order to revenge
+  herself she threw some herbs into a well where Scylla was bathing, which
+  had the effect of metamorphosing her into a monster of terrible aspect,
+  having twelve feet, six heads with six long necks, and a voice which
+  resembled the bark of a dog. This awful monster is said to have inhabited
+  a cave at a very great height in the famous rock which still bears her
+  name,<a name="NtA_38" href="#Nt_38"><sup>[38]</sup></a> and was supposed
+  to swoop down from her rocky eminence upon every ship that passed, and
+  with each of her six heads to secure a victim.</p>
+
+  <p>Amphitrite is often represented assisting Poseidon in attaching the
+  sea-horses to his chariot.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 105 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page105"></a>[105]</span></p>
+
+  <p>The Cyclops, who have been already alluded to in the history of
+  Cronus, were the sons of Poseidon and Amphitrite. They were a wild race
+  of gigantic growth, similar in their nature to the earth-born Giants, and
+  had only one eye each in the middle of their foreheads. They led a
+  lawless life, possessing neither social manners nor fear of the gods, and
+  were the workmen of Hephæstus, whose workshop was supposed to be in the
+  heart of the volcanic mountain Ætna.</p>
+
+  <p>Here we have another striking instance of the manner in which the
+  Greeks personified the powers of nature, which they saw in active
+  operation around them. They beheld with awe, mingled with astonishment,
+  the fire, stones, and ashes which poured forth from the summit of this
+  and other volcanic mountains, and, with their vivacity of imagination,
+  found a solution of the mystery in the supposition, that the god of Fire
+  must be busy at work with his men in the depths of the earth, and that
+  the mighty flames which they beheld, issued in this manner from his
+  subterranean forge.</p>
+
+  <p>The chief representative of the Cyclops was the man-eating monster
+  Polyphemus, described by Homer as having been blinded and outwitted at
+  last by Odysseus. This monster fell in love with a beautiful nymph called
+  Galatea; but, as may be supposed, his addresses were not acceptable to
+  the fair maiden, who rejected them in favour of a youth named Acis, upon
+  which Polyphemus, with his usual barbarity, destroyed the life of his
+  rival by throwing upon him a gigantic rock. The blood of the murdered
+  Acis, gushing out of the rock, formed a stream which still bears his
+  name.</p>
+
+  <p>Triton, Rhoda,<a name="NtA_39" href="#Nt_39"><sup>[39]</sup></a> and
+  Benthesicyme were also children of Poseidon and Amphitrite.</p>
+
+  <p>The sea-god was the father of two giant sons called Otus and
+  Ephialtes.<a name="NtA_40" href="#Nt_40"><sup>[40]</sup></a> When only
+  nine years old they <!-- Page 106 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page106"></a>[106]</span>were said to be twenty-seven cubits<a
+  name="NtA_41" href="#Nt_41"><sup>[41]</sup></a> in height and nine in
+  breadth. These youthful giants were as rebellious as they were powerful,
+  even presuming to threaten the gods themselves with hostilities. During
+  the war of the Gigantomachia, they endeavoured to scale heaven by piling
+  mighty mountains one upon another. Already had they succeeded in placing
+  Mount Ossa on Olympus and Pelion on Ossa, when this impious project was
+  frustrated by Apollo, who destroyed them with his arrows. It was supposed
+  that had not their lives been thus cut off before reaching maturity,
+  their sacrilegious designs would have been carried into effect.</p>
+
+  <p>Pelias and Neleus were also sons of Poseidon. Their mother Tyro was
+  attached to the river-god Enipeus, whose form Poseidon assumed, and thus
+  won her love. Pelias became afterwards famous in the story of the
+  Argonauts, and Neleus was the father of Nestor, who was distinguished in
+  the Trojan War.</p>
+
+  <p>The Greeks believed that it was to Poseidon they were indebted for the
+  existence of the horse, which he is said to have produced in the
+  following manner: Athene and Poseidon both claiming the right to name
+  Cecropia (the ancient name of Athens), a violent dispute arose, which was
+  finally settled by an assembly of the Olympian gods, who decided that
+  whichever of the contending parties presented mankind with the most
+  useful gift, should obtain the privilege of naming the city. Upon this
+  Poseidon struck the ground with his trident, and the horse sprang forth
+  in all his untamed strength and graceful beauty. From the spot which
+  Athene touched with her wand, issued the olive-tree, whereupon the gods
+  unanimously awarded to her the victory, declaring her gift to be the
+  emblem of peace and plenty, whilst that of Poseidon was thought to be the
+  symbol of war and <!-- Page 107 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page107"></a>[107]</span>bloodshed. Athene accordingly called the
+  city Athens, after herself, and it has ever since retained this name.</p>
+
+  <p>Poseidon tamed the horse for the use of mankind, and was believed to
+  have taught men the art of managing horses by the bridle. The Isthmian
+  games (so named because they were held on the Isthmus of Corinth), in
+  which horse and chariot races were a distinguishing feature, were
+  instituted in honour of Poseidon.</p>
+
+  <p>He was more especially worshipped in the Peloponnesus, though
+  universally revered throughout Greece and in the south of Italy. His
+  sacrifices were generally black and white bulls, also wild boars and
+  rams. His usual attributes are the trident, horse, and dolphin.</p>
+
+  <p>In some parts of Greece this divinity was identified with the sea-god
+  Nereus, for which reason the Nereides, or daughters of Nereus, are
+  represented as accompanying him.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">NEPTUNE.</p>
+
+  <p>The Romans worshipped Poseidon under the name of Neptune, and invested
+  him with all the attributes which belong to the Greek divinity.</p>
+
+  <p>The Roman commanders never undertook any naval expedition without
+  propitiating Neptune by a sacrifice.</p>
+
+  <p>His temple at Rome was in the Campus Martius, and the festivals
+  commemorated in his honour were called Neptunalia.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>SEA DIVINITIES.</h3>
+
+<h3>OCEANUS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Oceanus was the son of Uranus and Gæa. He was the personification of
+  the ever-flowing stream, which, according to the primitive notions of the
+  early Greeks, encircled the world, and from which sprang all the rivers
+  and streams that watered the earth. He was married to Tethys, one of the
+  Titans, and was the father of a <!-- Page 108 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page108"></a>[108]</span>numerous progeny called the Oceanides, who
+  are said to have been three thousand in number. He alone, of all the
+  Titans, refrained from taking part against Zeus in the Titanomachia, and
+  was, on that account, the only one of the primeval divinities permitted
+  to retain his dominion under the new dynasty.</p>
+
+<h3>NEREUS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Nereus appears to have been the personification of the sea in its calm
+  and placid moods, and was, after Poseidon, the most important of the
+  sea-deities. He is represented as a kind and benevolent old man,
+  possessing the gift of prophecy, and presiding more particularly over the
+  Ægean Sea, of which he was considered to be the protecting spirit. There
+  he dwelt with his wife Doris and their fifty blooming daughters, the
+  Nereides, beneath the waves in a beautiful grotto-palace, and was ever
+  ready to assist distressed mariners in the hour of danger.</p>
+
+<h3>PROTEUS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Proteus, more familiarly known as "The Old Man of the Sea," was a son
+  of Poseidon, and gifted with prophetic power. But he had an invincible
+  objection to being consulted in his capacity as seer, and those who
+  wished him to foretell events, watched for the hour of noon, when he was
+  in the habit of coming up to the island of Pharos,<a name="NtA_42"
+  href="#Nt_42"><sup>[42]</sup></a> with Poseidon's flock of seals, which
+  he tended at the bottom of the sea. Surrounded by these creatures of the
+  deep, he used to slumber beneath the grateful shade of the rocks. This
+  was the favourable moment to seize the prophet, who, in order to avoid
+  importunities, would change himself into an infinite variety of forms.
+  But patience gained the day; for if he were only held long enough, he
+  became wearied at last, and, resuming his true form, gave the information
+  desired, after which he dived down again to the bottom of the sea,
+  accompanied by the animals he tended.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 109 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page109"></a>[109]</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0109-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0109-1.png"
+      alt="Triton" title="Triton" /></a>
+  </div>
+<h3>TRITON and the TRITONS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Triton was the only son of Poseidon and Amphitrite, but he possessed
+  little influence, being altogether a minor divinity. He is usually
+  represented as preceding his father and acting as his trumpeter, using a
+  conch-shell for this purpose. He lived with his parents in their
+  beautiful golden palace beneath the sea at Ægea, and his favourite
+  pastime was to ride over the billows on horses or sea-monsters. Triton is
+  always represented as half man, half fish, the body below the waist
+  terminating in the tail of a dolphin. We frequently find mention of
+  Tritons who are either the offspring or kindred of Triton.</p>
+
+<h3>GLAUCUS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Glaucus is said to have become a sea-divinity in the following manner.
+  While angling one day, he observed that the fish he caught and threw on
+  the bank, at once nibbled at the grass and then leaped back into the
+  water. His curiosity was naturally excited, and he proceeded to gratify
+  it by taking up a few blades and tasting them. No sooner was this done
+  than, obeying an irresistible impulse, he precipitated himself into the
+  deep, and became a sea-god.</p>
+
+  <p>Like most sea-divinities he was gifted with prophetic power, and each
+  year visited all the islands and coasts with a train of marine monsters,
+  foretelling all kinds of evil. Hence fishermen dreaded his approach, and
+  endeavoured, by prayer and fasting, to avert the misfortunes which he
+  prophesied. He is often represented floating on the billows, his body
+  covered with mussels, sea-weed, and shells, wearing a full beard and long
+  flowing hair, and bitterly bewailing his immortality.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 110 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page110"></a>[110]</span></p>
+
+<h3>THETIS.</h3>
+
+  <p>The silver-footed, fair-haired Thetis, who plays an important part in
+  the mythology of Greece, was the daughter of Nereus, or, as some assert,
+  of Poseidon. Her grace and beauty were so remarkable that Zeus and
+  Poseidon both sought an alliance with her; but, as it had been foretold
+  that a son of hers would gain supremacy over his father, they
+  relinquished their intentions, and she became the wife of Peleus, son of
+  Æacus. Like Proteus, Thetis possessed the power of transforming herself
+  into a variety of different shapes, and when wooed by Peleus she exerted
+  this power in order to elude him. But, knowing that persistence would
+  eventually succeed, he held her fast until she assumed her true form.
+  Their nuptials were celebrated with the utmost pomp and magnificence, and
+  were honoured by the presence of all the gods and goddesses, with the
+  exception of Eris. How the goddess of discord resented her exclusion from
+  the marriage festivities has already been shown.</p>
+
+  <p>Thetis ever retained great influence over the mighty lord of heaven,
+  which, as we shall see hereafter, she used in favour of her renowned son,
+  Achilles, in the Trojan War.</p>
+
+  <p>When Halcyone plunged into the sea in despair after the shipwreck and
+  death of her husband King Ceyx, Thetis transformed both husband and wife
+  into the birds called kingfishers (halcyones), which, with the tender
+  affection which characterized the unfortunate couple, always fly in
+  pairs. The idea of the ancients was that these birds brought forth their
+  young in nests, which float on the surface of the sea in calm weather,
+  before and after the shortest day, when Thetis was said to keep the
+  waters smooth and tranquil for their especial benefit; hence the term
+  "halcyon-days," which signifies a period of rest and untroubled
+  felicity.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 111 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page111"></a>[111]</span></p>
+
+<h3>THAUMAS, PHORCYS, and CETO.</h3>
+
+  <p>The early Greeks, with their extraordinary power of personifying all
+  and every attribute of Nature, gave a distinct personality to those
+  mighty wonders of the deep, which, in all ages, have afforded matter of
+  speculation to educated and uneducated alike. Among these
+  personifications we find Thaumas, Phorcys, and their sister Ceto, who
+  were the offspring of Pontus.</p>
+
+  <p>Thaumas (whose name signifies Wonder) typifies that peculiar,
+  translucent condition of the surface of the sea when it reflects,
+  mirror-like, various images, and appears to hold in its transparent
+  embrace the flaming stars and illuminated cities, which are so frequently
+  reflected on its glassy bosom.</p>
+
+  <p>Thaumas married the lovely Electra (whose name signifies the sparkling
+  light produced by electricity), daughter of Oceanus. Her amber-coloured
+  hair was of such rare beauty that none of her fair-haired sisters could
+  compare with her, and when she wept, her tears, being too precious to be
+  lost, formed drops of shining amber.</p>
+
+  <p>Phorcys and Ceto personified more especially the hidden perils and
+  terrors of the ocean. They were the parents of the Gorgons, the Græa, and
+  the Dragon which guarded the golden apples of the Hesperides.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0112-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0112-1.png"
+      alt="A Siren" title="A Siren" /></a>
+  </div>
+<h3>LEUCOTHEA.</h3>
+
+  <p>Leucothea was originally a mortal named Ino, daughter of Cadmus, king
+  of Thebes. She married Athamas, king of Orchomenus, who, incensed at her
+  unnatural conduct to her step-children,<a name="NtA_43"
+  href="#Nt_43"><sup>[43]</sup></a> pursued her and her son to the
+  sea-shore, when, seeing no hope of escape, she flung herself with her
+  child into the deep. They were kindly received by the Nereides, and
+  became sea-divinities under the name of Leucothea and Palæmon.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 112 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page112"></a>[112]</span></p>
+
+<h3>THE SIRENS.</h3>
+
+  <p>The Sirens would appear to have been personifications of those
+  numerous rocks and unseen dangers, which abound on the S.W. coast of
+  Italy. They were sea-nymphs, with the upper part of the body that of a
+  maiden and the lower that of a sea-bird, having wings attached to their
+  shoulders, and were endowed with such wonderful voices, that their sweet
+  songs are said to have lured mariners to destruction.</p>
+
+<h3>ARES (<span class="sc">Mars</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>Ares, the son of Zeus and Hera, was the god of war, who gloried in
+  strife for its own sake; he loved the tumult and havoc of the
+  battlefield, and delighted in slaughter and extermination; in fact he
+  presents no benevolent aspect which could possibly react favourably upon
+  human life.</p>
+
+  <p>Epic poets, in particular, represent the god of battles as a wild
+  ungovernable warrior, who passes through the armies like a whirlwind,
+  hurling to the ground the brave and cowardly alike; destroying chariots
+  and helmets, and triumphing over the terrible desolation which he
+  produces.</p>
+
+  <p>In all the myths concerning Ares, his sister Athene ever appears in
+  opposition to him, endeavouring by every means in her power to defeat his
+  bloodthirsty designs. Thus she assists the divine hero Diomedes at the
+  siege of Troy, to overcome Ares in battle, and so well does he profit by
+  her timely aid, that he succeeds in wounding the sanguinary war-god, who
+  makes his exit from the field, roaring like ten thousand bulls.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 113 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page113"></a>[113]</span></p>
+
+  <p>Ares appears to have been an object of aversion to all the gods of
+  Olympus, Aphrodite alone excepted. As the son of Hera, he had inherited
+  from his mother the strongest feelings of independence and contradiction,
+  and as he took delight in upsetting that peaceful course of state-life
+  which it was pre-eminently the care of Zeus to establish, he was
+  naturally disliked and even hated by him.</p>
+
+  <p>When wounded by Diomedes, as above related, he complains to his
+  father, but receives no sympathy from the otherwise kindly and beneficent
+  ruler of Olympus, who thus angrily addresses him: "Do not trouble me with
+  thy complaints, thou who art of all the gods of Olympus most hateful to
+  me, for thou delightest in nought save war and strife. The very spirit of
+  thy mother lives in thee, and wert thou not my son, long ago wouldst thou
+  have lain deeper down in the bowels of the earth than the son of
+  Uranus."</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0114-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0114-1.png"
+      alt="Ares" title="Ares" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Ares, upon one occasion, incurred the anger of Poseidon by slaying his
+  son Halirrhothios, who had insulted Alcippe, the daughter of the war-god.
+  For this deed, Poseidon summoned Ares to appear before the tribunal of
+  the Olympic gods, which was held upon a hill in Athens. Ares was
+  acquitted, and this event is supposed to have given rise to the name
+  Areopagus (or Hill of Ares), which afterwards became so famous as a court
+  of justice. In the Gigantomachia, Ares was defeated by the Aloidæ, the
+  two giant-sons of Poseidon, who put him in chains, and kept him in prison
+  for thirteen months.</p>
+
+  <p>Ares is represented as a man of youthful appearance; his tall muscular
+  form combines great strength with wonderful agility. In his right hand he
+  bears a sword or a mighty lance, while on the left arm he carries his
+  round shield (see next page). His demoniacal surroundings are Terror and
+  Fear;<a name="NtA_44" href="#Nt_44"><sup>[44]</sup></a> Enyo, the goddess
+  of the war-cry; Keidomos, the demon of the noise of battles; and Eris
+  (Contention), his twin-sister and companion, who always <!-- Page 114
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page114"></a>[114]</span>precedes his
+  chariot when he rushes to the fight, the latter being evidently a simile
+  of the poets to express the fact that war follows contention.</p>
+
+  <p>Eris is represented as a woman of florid complexion, with dishevelled
+  hair, and her whole appearance angry and menacing. In one hand she
+  brandishes a poniard and a hissing adder, whilst in the other she carries
+  a burning torch. Her dress is torn and disorderly, and her hair
+  intertwined with venomous snakes. This divinity was never invoked by
+  mortals, except when they desired her assistance for the accomplishment
+  of evil purposes.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">MARS.</p>
+
+  <p>The Roman divinity most closely resembling the Greek Ares, and
+  identified with him, was called Mars, Mamers, and Marspiter or Father
+  Mars.</p>
+
+  <p>The earliest Italian tribes, who were mostly engaged in the pursuit of
+  husbandry, regarded this deity more especially as the god of spring, who
+  vanquished the powers of winter, and encouraged the peaceful arts of
+  agriculture. But with the Romans, who were an essentially warlike nation,
+  Mars gradually loses his peaceful character, and, as god of war, attains,
+  after Jupiter, the highest position among the Olympic gods. The Romans
+  looked upon him as their special protector, and declared him to have been
+  the father of Romulus and Remus, the founders of their city. But although
+  he was especially <!-- Page 115 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page115"></a>[115]</span>worshipped in Rome as god of war, he still
+  continued to preside over agriculture, and was also the protecting deity
+  who watched over the welfare of the state.</p>
+
+  <p>As the god who strode with warlike step to the battlefield, he was
+  called Gradivus (from <i>gradus</i>, a step), it being popularly believed
+  by the Romans that he himself marched before them to battle, and acted as
+  their invisible protector. As the presiding deity over agriculture, he
+  was styled Sylvanus, whilst in his character as guardian of the state, he
+  bore the name of Quirinus.<a name="NtA_45"
+  href="#Nt_45"><sup>[45]</sup></a></p>
+
+  <p>The priests of Mars were twelve in number, and were called Salii, or
+  the dancers, from the fact that sacred dances, in full armour, formed an
+  important item in their peculiar ceremonial. This religious order, the
+  members of which were always chosen from the noblest families in Rome,
+  was first instituted by Numa Pompilius, who intrusted to their special
+  charge the Anciliæ, or sacred shields. It is said that one morning, when
+  Numa was imploring the protection of Jupiter for the newly-founded city
+  of Rome, the god of heaven, as though in answer to his prayer, sent down
+  an oblong brazen shield, and, as it fell at the feet of the king, a voice
+  was heard announcing that on its preservation depended the future safety
+  and prosperity of Rome. In order, therefore, to lessen the chances of
+  this sacred treasure being abstracted, Numa caused eleven more to be made
+  exactly like it, which were then given into the care of the Salii.</p>
+
+  <p>The assistance and protection of the god of war was always solemnly
+  invoked before the departure of a Roman army for the field of battle, and
+  any reverses of fortune were invariably ascribed to his anger, which was
+  accordingly propitiated by means of extraordinary sin-offerings and
+  prayers.</p>
+
+  <p>In Rome a field, called the Campus Martius, was dedicated to Mars. It
+  was a large, open space, in which armies were collected and reviewed,
+  general assemblies of <!-- Page 116 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page116"></a>[116]</span>the people held, and the young nobility
+  trained to martial exercises.</p>
+
+  <p>The most celebrated and magnificent of the numerous temples built by
+  the Romans in honour of this deity was the one erected by Augustus in the
+  Forum, to commemorate the overthrow of the murderers of Cæsar.</p>
+
+  <p>Of all existing statues of Mars the most renowned is that in the Villa
+  Ludovisi at Rome, in which he is represented as a powerful, muscular man
+  in the full vigour of youth. The attitude is that of thoughtful repose,
+  but the short, curly hair, dilated nostrils, and strongly marked features
+  leave no doubt as to the force and turbulence of his character. At his
+  feet, the sculptor has placed the little god of love, who looks up all
+  undaunted at the mighty war-god, as though mischievously conscious that
+  this unusually quiet mood is attributable to his influence.</p>
+
+  <p>Religious festivals in honour of Mars were generally held in the month
+  of March; but he had also a festival on the Ides of October, when
+  chariot-races took place, after which, the right-hand horse of the team
+  which had drawn the victorious chariot, was sacrificed to him. In ancient
+  times, human sacrifices, more especially prisoners of war, were offered
+  to him; but, at a later period, this cruel practice was discontinued.</p>
+
+  <p>The attributes of this divinity are the helmet, shield, and spear. The
+  animals consecrated to him were the wolf, horse, vulture, and
+  woodpecker.</p>
+
+  <p>Intimately associated with Mars in his character as god of war, was a
+  goddess called <b>BELLONA</b>, who was evidently the female divinity of
+  battle with one or other of the primitive nations of Italy (most probably
+  the Sabines), and is usually seen accompanying Mars, whose war-chariot
+  she guides. Bellona appears on the battle-field, inspired with mad rage,
+  cruelty, and the love of extermination. She is in full armour, her hair
+  is dishevelled, and she bears a scourge in one hand, and a lance in the
+  other.</p>
+
+  <p>A temple was erected to her on the Campus Martius. Before the entrance
+  to this edifice stood a pillar, over which a spear was thrown when war
+  was publicly declared. <!-- Page 117 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page117"></a>[117]</span></p>
+
+<h3>NIKE (<span class="sc">Victoria</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>Nike, the goddess of victory, was the daughter of the Titan Pallas,
+  and of Styx, the presiding nymph of the river of that name in the lower
+  world.</p>
+
+  <p>In her statues, Nike somewhat resembles Athene, but may easily be
+  recognized by her large, graceful wings and flowing drapery, which is
+  negligently fastened on the right shoulder, and only partially conceals
+  her lovely form. In her left hand, she holds aloft a crown of laurel, and
+  in the right, a palm-branch. In ancient sculpture, Nike is usually
+  represented in connection with colossal statues of Zeus or Pallas-Athene,
+  in which case she is life-sized, and stands on a ball, held in the open
+  palm of the deity she accompanies. Sometimes she is represented engaged
+  in inscribing the victory of a conqueror on his shield, her right foot
+  being slightly raised and placed on a ball.</p>
+
+  <p>A celebrated temple was erected to this divinity on the Acropolis at
+  Athens, which is still to be seen, and is in excellent preservation.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">VICTORIA.</p>
+
+  <p>Under the name of Victoria, Nike was highly honoured by the Romans,
+  with whom love of conquest was an all-absorbing characteristic. There
+  were several sanctuaries in Rome dedicated to her, the principal of which
+  was on the Capitol, where it was the custom of generals, after success
+  had attended their arms, to erect statues of the goddess in commemoration
+  of their victories. The most magnificent of these statues, was that
+  raised by Augustus after the battle of Actium. A festival was celebrated
+  in honour of Nike on the 12th of April.</p>
+
+<h3>HERMES (<span class="sc">Mercury</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>Hermes was the swift-footed messenger, and trusted ambassador of all
+  the gods, and conductor of shades to Hades. He presided over the rearing
+  and education of <!-- Page 118 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page118"></a>[118]</span>the young, and encouraged gymnastic
+  exercises and athletic pursuits, for which reason, all gymnasiums and
+  wrestling schools throughout Greece were adorned with his statues. He is
+  said to have invented the alphabet, and to have taught the art of
+  interpreting foreign languages, and his versatility, sagacity, and
+  cunning were so extraordinary, that Zeus invariably chose him as his
+  attendant, when, disguised as a mortal, he journeyed on earth.</p>
+
+  <p>Hermes was worshipped as god of eloquence, most probably from the fact
+  that, in his office as ambassador, this faculty was indispensable to the
+  successful issue of the negotiations with which he was intrusted. He was
+  regarded as the god who granted increase and prosperity to flocks and
+  herds, and, on this account, was worshipped with special veneration by
+  herdsmen.</p>
+
+  <p>In ancient times, trade was conducted chiefly by means of the exchange
+  of cattle. Hermes, therefore, as god of herdsmen, came to be regarded as
+  the protector of merchants, and, as ready wit and adroitness are valuable
+  qualities both in buying and selling, he was also looked upon as the
+  patron of artifice and cunning. Indeed, so deeply was this notion rooted
+  in the minds of the Greek people, that he was popularly believed to be
+  also god of thieves, and of all persons who live by their wits.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:10%;">
+      <a href="images/0118-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0118-1.png"
+      alt="A Herma" title="A Herma" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>As the patron of commerce, Hermes was naturally supposed to be the
+  promoter of intercourse among nations; hence, he is essentially the god
+  of travellers, over whose safety he presided, and he severely punished
+  those who refused assistance to the lost or weary wayfarer. He was also
+  guardian of streets and roads, and his statues, called Hermæ (which were
+  pillars of stone surmounted by a head of Hermes), were placed at
+  cross-roads, and frequently in streets and public squares.</p>
+
+  <p>Being the god of all undertakings in which gain was a feature, he was
+  worshipped as the giver of wealth and <!-- Page 119 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page119"></a>[119]</span>good luck, and any
+  unexpected stroke of fortune was attributed to his influence. He also
+  presided over the game of dice, in which he is said to have been
+  instructed by Apollo.</p>
+
+  <p>Hermes was the son of Zeus and Maia, the eldest and most beautiful of
+  the seven Pleiades (daughters of Atlas), and was born in a cave of Mount
+  Cyllene in Arcadia. As a mere babe, he exhibited an extraordinary faculty
+  for cunning and dissimulation; in fact, he was a thief from his cradle,
+  for, not many hours after his birth, we find him creeping stealthily out
+  of the cave in which he was born, in order to steal some oxen belonging
+  to his brother Apollo, who was at this time feeding the flocks of
+  Admetus. But he had not proceeded very far on his expedition before he
+  found a tortoise, which he killed, and, stretching seven strings across
+  the empty shell, invented a lyre, upon which he at once began to play
+  with exquisite skill. When he had sufficiently amused himself with the
+  instrument, he placed it in his cradle, and then resumed his journey to
+  Pieria, where the cattle of Admetus were grazing. Arriving at sunset at
+  his destination, he succeeded in separating fifty oxen from his brother's
+  herd, which he now drove before him, taking the precaution to cover his
+  feet with sandals made of twigs of myrtle, in order to escape detection.
+  But the little rogue was not unobserved, for the theft had been witnessed
+  by an old shepherd named Battus, who was tending the flocks of Neleus,
+  king of Pylos (father of Nestor). Hermes, frightened at being discovered,
+  bribed him with the finest cow in the herd not to betray him, and Battus
+  promised to keep the secret. But Hermes, astute as he was dishonest,
+  determined to test the shepherd's integrity. Feigning to go away, he
+  assumed the form of Admetus, and then returning to the spot offered the
+  old man two of his best oxen if he would disclose the author of the
+  theft. The ruse succeeded, for the avaricious shepherd, unable to resist
+  the tempting bait, gave the desired information, upon which Hermes,
+  exerting his divine power, changed him into a lump of touchstone, as a
+  <!-- Page 120 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page120"></a>[120]</span>punishment for his treachery and avarice.
+  Hermes now killed two of the oxen, which he sacrificed to himself and the
+  other gods, concealing the remainder in the cave. He then carefully
+  extinguished the fire, and, after throwing his twig shoes into the river
+  Alpheus, returned to Cyllene.</p>
+
+  <p>Apollo, by means of his all-seeing power, soon discovered who it was
+  that had robbed him, and hastening to Cyllene, demanded restitution of
+  his property. On his complaining to Maia of her son's conduct, she
+  pointed to the innocent babe then lying, apparently fast asleep, in his
+  cradle, whereupon, Apollo angrily aroused the pretended sleeper, and
+  charged him with the theft; but the child stoutly denied all knowledge of
+  it, and so cleverly did he play his part, that he even inquired in the
+  most naive manner what sort of animals cows were. Apollo threatened to
+  throw him into Tartarus if he would not confess the truth, but all to no
+  purpose. At last, he seized the babe in his arms, and brought him into
+  the presence of his august father, who was seated in the council chamber
+  of the gods. Zeus listened to the charge made by Apollo, and then sternly
+  desired Hermes to say where he had hidden the cattle. The child, who was
+  still in swaddling-clothes, looked up bravely into his father's face and
+  said, "Now, do I look capable of driving away a herd of cattle; I, who
+  was only born yesterday, and whose feet are much too soft and tender to
+  tread in rough places? Until this moment, I lay in sweet sleep on my
+  mother's bosom, and have never even crossed the threshold of our
+  dwelling. You know well that I am not guilty; but, if you wish, I will
+  affirm it by the most solemn oaths." As the child stood before him,
+  looking the picture of innocence, Zeus could not refrain from smiling at
+  his cleverness and cunning, but, being perfectly aware of his guilt, he
+  commanded him to conduct Apollo to the cave where he had concealed the
+  herd, and Hermes, seeing that further subterfuge was useless,
+  unhesitatingly obeyed. But when the divine shepherd was about to drive
+  his cattle back into Pieria, Hermes, as though by chance, touched the
+  chords of his <!-- Page 121 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page121"></a>[121]</span>lyre. Hitherto Apollo had heard nothing
+  but the music of his own three-stringed lyre and the syrinx, or Pan's
+  pipe, and, as he listened entranced to the delightful strains of this new
+  instrument, his longing to possess it became so great, that he gladly
+  offered the oxen in exchange, promising at the same time, to give Hermes
+  full dominion over flocks and herds, as well as over horses, and all the
+  wild animals of the woods and forests. The offer was accepted, and, a
+  reconciliation being thus effected between the brothers, Hermes became
+  henceforth god of herdsmen, whilst Apollo devoted himself
+  enthusiastically to the art of music.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:10%;">
+      <a href="images/0121-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0121-1.png"
+      alt="Caduceus" title="Caduceus" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>They now proceeded together to Olympus, where Apollo introduced Hermes
+  as his chosen friend and companion, and, having made him swear by the
+  Styx, that he would never steal his lyre or bow, nor invade his sanctuary
+  at Delphi, he presented him with the Caduceus, or golden wand. This wand
+  was surmounted by wings, and on presenting it to Hermes, Apollo informed
+  him that it possessed the faculty of uniting in love, all beings divided
+  by hate. Wishing to prove the truth of this assertion, Hermes threw it
+  down between two snakes which were fighting, whereupon the angry
+  combatants clasped each other in a loving embrace, and curling round the
+  staff, remained ever after permanently attached to it. The wand itself
+  typified power; the serpents, wisdom; and the wings, despatch&mdash;all
+  qualities characteristic of a trustworthy ambassador.</p>
+
+  <p>The young god was now presented by his father with a winged silver cap
+  (Petasus), and also with silver wings for his feet (Talaria), and was
+  forthwith appointed herald of the gods, and conductor of shades to Hades,
+  which office had hitherto been filled by Aïdes.</p>
+
+  <p>As messenger of the gods, we find him employed on all occasions
+  requiring special skill, tact, or despatch. Thus he conducts Hera,
+  Athene, and Aphrodite to Paris, leads Priam to Achilles to demand the
+  body of Hector, <!-- Page 122 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page122"></a>[122]</span>binds Prometheus to Mount Caucasus,
+  secures Ixion to the eternally revolving wheel, destroys Argus, the
+  hundred-eyed guardian of Io, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>As conductor of shades, Hermes was always invoked by the dying to
+  grant them a safe and speedy passage across the Styx. He also possessed
+  the power of bringing back departed spirits to the upper world, and was,
+  therefore, the mediator between the living and the dead.</p>
+
+  <p>The poets relate many amusing stories of the youthful tricks played by
+  this mischief-loving god upon the other immortals. For instance, he had
+  the audacity to extract the Medusa's head from the shield of Athene,
+  which he playfully attached to the back of Hephæstus; he also stole the
+  girdle of Aphrodite; deprived Artemis of her arrows, and Ares of his
+  spear, but these acts were always performed with such graceful dexterity,
+  combined with such perfect good humour, that even the gods and goddesses
+  he thus provoked, were fain to pardon him, and he became a universal
+  favourite with them all.</p>
+
+  <p>It is said that Hermes was one day flying over Athens, when, looking
+  down into the city, he beheld a number of maidens returning in solemn
+  procession from the temple of Pallas-Athene. Foremost among them was
+  Herse, the beautiful daughter of king Cecrops, and Hermes was so struck
+  with her exceeding loveliness that he determined to seek an interview
+  with her. He accordingly presented himself at the royal palace, and
+  begged her sister Agraulos to favour his suit; but, being of an
+  avaricious turn of mind, she refused to do so without the payment of an
+  enormous sum of money. It did not take the messenger of the gods long to
+  obtain the means of fulfilling this condition, and he soon returned with
+  a well-filled purse. But meanwhile Athene, to punish the cupidity of
+  Agraulos, had caused the demon of envy to take possession of her, and the
+  consequence was, that, being unable to contemplate the happiness of her
+  sister, she sat down before the door, and resolutely refused to allow
+  Hermes to enter. He tried every persuasion and blandishment in his power,
+  but she still remained obstinate. At last, his patience <!-- Page 123
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page123"></a>[123]</span>being
+  exhausted, he changed her into a mass of black stone, and, the obstacle
+  to his wishes being removed, he succeeded in persuading Herse to become
+  his wife.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0123-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0123-1.png"
+      alt="Hermes" title="Hermes" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>In his statues, Hermes is represented as a beardless youth, with broad
+  chest and graceful but muscular limbs; the face is handsome and
+  intelligent, and a genial smile of kindly benevolence plays round the
+  delicately chiselled lips.</p>
+
+  <p>As messenger of the gods he wears the Petasus and Talaria, and bears
+  in his hand the Caduceus or herald's staff.</p>
+
+  <p>As god of eloquence, he is often represented with chains of gold
+  hanging from his lips, whilst, as the patron of merchants, he bears a
+  purse in his hand.</p>
+
+  <p>The wonderful excavations in Olympia, to which allusion has already
+  been made, have brought to light an exquisite marble group of Hermes and
+  the infant Bacchus, by Praxiteles. In this great work of art, Hermes is
+  represented as a young and handsome man, who is looking down kindly and
+  affectionately at the child resting on his arm, but unfortunately nothing
+  remains of the infant save the right hand, which is laid lovingly on the
+  shoulder of his protector.</p>
+
+  <p>The sacrifices to Hermes consisted of incense, honey, cakes, pigs, and
+  especially lambs and young goats. As god of eloquence, the tongues of
+  animals were sacrificed to him.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">MERCURY.</p>
+
+  <p>Mercury was the Roman god of commerce and gain. We find mention of a
+  temple having been erected to him <!-- Page 124 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page124"></a>[124]</span>near the Circus Maximus
+  as early as <span class="scac">B.C.</span> 495; and he had also a temple
+  and a sacred fount near the Porta Capena. Magic powers were ascribed to
+  the latter, and on the festival of Mercury, which took place on the 25th
+  of May, it was the custom for merchants to sprinkle themselves and their
+  merchandise with this holy water, in order to insure large profits from
+  their wares.</p>
+
+  <p>The Fetiales (Roman priests whose duty it was to act as guardians of
+  the public faith) refused to recognize the identity of Mercury with
+  Hermes, and ordered him to be represented with a sacred branch as the
+  emblem of peace, instead of the Caduceus. In later times, however, he was
+  completely identified with the Greek Hermes.</p>
+
+<h3>DIONYSUS (<span class="sc">Bacchus</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>Dionysus, also called Bacchus (from <i>bacca</i>, berry), was the god
+  of wine, and the personification of the blessings of Nature in
+  general.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0124-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0124-1.png"
+      alt="Dionysus" title="Dionysus" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>The worship of this divinity, which is supposed to have been
+  introduced into Greece from Asia (in all probability from India), first
+  took root in Thrace, whence it gradually spread into other parts of
+  Greece.</p>
+
+  <p>Dionysus was the son of Zeus and Semele, and was snatched by Zeus from
+  the devouring flames in which his mother perished, when he appeared to
+  her in all the splendour of his divine glory. The motherless child was
+  intrusted to the charge of Hermes, who conveyed him to Semele's sister,
+  Ino. But Hera, still implacable in her vengeance, visited Athamas, the
+  husband of Ino, with madness, <!-- Page 125 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page125"></a>[125]</span>and the child's life being no longer safe,
+  he was transferred to the fostering care of the nymphs of Mount Nysa. An
+  aged satyr named Silenus, the son of Pan, took upon himself the office of
+  guardian and preceptor to the young god, who, in his turn, became much
+  attached to his kind tutor; hence we see Silenus always figuring as one
+  of the chief personages in the various expeditions of the wine-god.</p>
+
+  <p>Dionysus passed an innocent and uneventful childhood, roaming through
+  the woods and forests, surrounded by nymphs, satyrs, and shepherds.
+  During one of these rambles, he found a fruit growing wild, of a most
+  refreshing and cooling nature. This was the vine, from which he
+  subsequently learnt to extract a juice which formed a most exhilarating
+  beverage. After his companions had partaken freely of it, they felt their
+  whole being pervaded by an unwonted sense of pleasurable excitement, and
+  gave full vent to their overflowing exuberance, by shouting, singing, and
+  dancing. Their numbers were soon swelled by a crowd, eager to taste a
+  beverage productive of such extraordinary results, and anxious to join in
+  the worship of a divinity to whom they were indebted for this new
+  enjoyment. Dionysus, on his part, seeing how agreeably his discovery had
+  affected his immediate followers, resolved to extend the boon to mankind
+  in general. He saw that wine, used in moderation, would enable man to
+  enjoy a happier, and more sociable existence, and that, under its
+  invigorating influence, the sorrowful might, for a while, forget their
+  grief and the sick their pain. He accordingly gathered round him his
+  zealous followers, and they set forth on their travels, planting the vine
+  and teaching its cultivation wherever they went.</p>
+
+  <p>We now behold Dionysus at the head of a large army composed of men,
+  women, fauns, and satyrs, all bearing in their hands the Thyrsus (a staff
+  entwined with vine-branches surmounted by a fir-cone), and clashing
+  together cymbals and other musical instruments. Seated in a chariot drawn
+  by panthers, and accompanied by thousands of enthusiastic followers,
+  Dionysus made a triumphal <!-- Page 126 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page126"></a>[126]</span>progress through Syria, Egypt, Arabia,
+  India, &amp;c., conquering all before him, founding cities, and
+  establishing on every side a more civilized and sociable mode of life
+  among the inhabitants of the various countries through which he
+  passed.</p>
+
+  <p>When Dionysus returned to Greece from his Eastern expedition, he
+  encountered great opposition from Lycurgus, king of Thrace, and Pentheus,
+  king of Thebes. The former, highly disapproving of the wild revels which
+  attended the worship of the wine-god, drove away his attendants, the
+  nymphs of Nysa, from that sacred mountain, and so effectually intimidated
+  Dionysus, that he precipitated himself into the sea, where he was
+  received into the arms of the ocean-nymph, Thetis. But the impious king
+  bitterly expiated his sacrilegious conduct. He was punished with the loss
+  of his reason, and, during one of his mad paroxysms, killed his own son
+  Dryas, whom he mistook for a vine.</p>
+
+  <p>Pentheus, king of Thebes, seeing his subjects so completely infatuated
+  by the riotous worship of this new divinity, and fearing the demoralizing
+  effects of the unseemly nocturnal orgies held in honour of the wine-god,
+  strictly prohibited his people from taking any part in the wild
+  Bacchanalian revels. Anxious to save him from the consequences of his
+  impiety, Dionysus appeared to him under the form of a youth in the king's
+  train, and earnestly warned him to desist from his denunciations. But the
+  well-meant admonition failed in its purpose, for Pentheus only became
+  more incensed at this interference, and, commanding Dionysus to be cast
+  into prison, caused the most cruel preparations to be made for his
+  immediate execution. But the god soon freed himself from his ignoble
+  confinement, for scarcely had his jailers departed, ere the prison-doors
+  opened of themselves, and, bursting asunder his iron chains, he escaped
+  to rejoin his devoted followers.</p>
+
+  <p>Meanwhile, the mother of the king and her sisters, inspired with
+  Bacchanalian fury, had repaired to Mount Cithæron, in order to join the
+  worshippers of the <!-- Page 127 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page127"></a>[127]</span>wine-god in those dreadful orgies which
+  were solemnized exclusively by women, and at which no man was allowed to
+  be present. Enraged at finding his commands thus openly disregarded by
+  the members of his own family, Pentheus resolved to witness for himself
+  the excesses of which he had heard such terrible reports, and for this
+  purpose, concealed himself behind a tree on Mount Cithæron; but his
+  hiding-place being discovered, he was dragged out by the half-maddened
+  crew of Bacchantes and, horrible to relate, he was torn in pieces by his
+  own mother Agave and her two sisters.</p>
+
+  <p>An incident which occurred to Dionysus on one of his travels has been
+  a favourite subject with the classic poets. One day, as some Tyrrhenian
+  pirates approached the shores of Greece, they beheld Dionysus, in the
+  form of a beautiful youth, attired in radiant garments. Thinking to
+  secure a rich prize, they seized him, bound him, and conveyed him on
+  board their vessel, resolved to carry him with them to Asia and there
+  sell him as a slave. But the fetters dropped from his limbs, and the
+  pilot, who was the first to perceive the miracle, called upon his
+  companions to restore the youth carefully to the spot whence they had
+  taken him, assuring them that he was a god, and that adverse winds and
+  storms would, in all probability, result from their impious conduct. But,
+  refusing to part with their prisoner, they set sail for the open sea.
+  Suddenly, to the alarm of all on board, the ship stood still, masts and
+  sails were covered with clustering vines and wreaths of ivy-leaves,
+  streams of fragrant wine inundated the vessel, and heavenly strains of
+  music were heard around. The terrified crew, too late repentant, crowded
+  round the pilot for protection, and entreated him to steer for the shore.
+  But the hour of retribution had arrived. Dionysus assumed the form of a
+  lion, whilst beside him appeared a bear, which, with a terrific roar,
+  rushed upon the captain and tore him in pieces; the sailors, in an agony
+  of terror, leaped overboard, and were changed into dolphins. The discreet
+  and pious steersman was alone permitted to escape the fate of his
+  companions, <!-- Page 128 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page128"></a>[128]</span>and to him Dionysus, who had resumed his
+  true form, addressed words of kind and affectionate encouragement, and
+  announced his name and dignity. They now set sail, and Dionysus desired
+  the pilot to land him at the island of Naxos, where he found the lovely
+  Ariadne, daughter of Minos, king of Crete. She had been abandoned by
+  Theseus on this lonely spot, and, when Dionysus now beheld her, was lying
+  fast asleep on a rock, worn out with sorrow and weeping. Wrapt in
+  admiration, the god stood gazing at the beautiful vision before him, and
+  when she at length unclosed her eyes, he revealed himself to her, and, in
+  gentle tones, sought to banish her grief. Grateful for his kind sympathy,
+  coming as it did at a moment when she had deemed herself forsaken and
+  friendless, she gradually regained her former serenity, and, yielding to
+  his entreaties, consented to become his wife.</p>
+
+  <p>Dionysus, having established his worship in various parts of the
+  world, descended to the realm of shades in search of his ill-fated
+  mother, whom he conducted to Olympus, where, under the name of Thyone,
+  she was admitted into the assembly of the immortal gods.</p>
+
+  <p>Among the most noted worshippers of Dionysus was Midas,<a
+  name="NtA_46" href="#Nt_46"><sup>[46]</sup></a> the wealthy king of
+  Phrygia, the same who, as already related, gave judgment against Apollo.
+  Upon one occasion Silenus, the preceptor and friend of Dionysus, being in
+  an intoxicated condition, strayed into the rose-gardens of this monarch,
+  where he was found by some of the king's attendants, who bound him with
+  roses and conducted him to the presence of their royal master. Midas
+  treated the aged satyr with the greatest consideration, and, after
+  entertaining him hospitably for ten days, led him back to Dionysus, who
+  was so grateful for the kind attention shown to his old friend, that he
+  offered to grant Midas any favour he chose to demand; whereupon the
+  avaricious monarch, not content with his boundless wealth, and still
+  thirsting for more, desired that everything he touched might turn to
+  gold. The request was <!-- Page 129 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page129"></a>[129]</span>complied with in so literal a sense, that
+  the now wretched Midas bitterly repented his folly and cupidity, for,
+  when the pangs of hunger assailed him, and he essayed to appease his
+  cravings, the food became gold ere he could swallow it; as he raised the
+  cup of wine to his parched lips, the sparkling draught was changed into
+  the metal he had so coveted, and when at length, wearied and faint, he
+  stretched his aching frame on his hitherto luxurious couch, this also was
+  transformed into the substance which had now become the curse of his
+  existence. The despairing king at last implored the god to take back the
+  fatal gift, and Dionysus, pitying his unhappy plight, desired him to
+  bathe in the river Pactolus, a small stream in Lydia, in order to lose
+  the power which had become the bane of his life. Midas joyfully obeying
+  the injunction, was at once freed from the consequences of his avaricious
+  demand, and from this time forth the sands of the river Pactolus have
+  ever contained grains of gold.</p>
+
+  <p>Representations of Dionysus are of two kinds. According to the
+  earliest conceptions, he appears as a grave and dignified man in the
+  prime of life; his countenance is earnest, thoughtful, and benevolent; he
+  wears a full beard, and is draped from head to foot in the garb of an
+  Eastern monarch. But the sculptors of a later period represent him as a
+  youth of singular beauty, though of somewhat effeminate appearance; the
+  expression of the countenance is gentle and winning; the limbs are supple
+  and gracefully moulded; and the hair, which is adorned by a wreath of
+  vine or ivy leaves, falls over the shoulders in long curls. In one hand
+  he bears the Thyrsus, and in the other a drinking-cup with two handles,
+  these being his distinguishing attributes. He is often represented riding
+  on a panther, or seated in a chariot drawn by lions, tigers, panthers, or
+  lynxes.</p>
+
+  <p>Being the god of wine, which is calculated to promote sociability, he
+  rarely appears alone, but is usually accompanied by Bacchantes, satyrs,
+  and mountain-nymphs.</p>
+
+  <p>The finest modern representation of Ariadne is that by Danneker, at
+  Frankfort-on-the-Maine. In this statue she <!-- Page 130 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page130"></a>[130]</span>appears riding on a
+  panther; the beautiful upturned face inclines slightly over the left
+  shoulder; the features are regular and finely cut, and a wreath of
+  ivy-leaves encircles the well-shaped head. With her right hand she
+  gracefully clasps the folds of drapery which fall away negligently from
+  her rounded form, whilst the other rests lightly and caressingly on the
+  head of the animal.</p>
+
+  <p>Dionysus was regarded as the patron of the drama, and at the state
+  festival of the Dionysia, which was celebrated with great pomp in the
+  city of Athens, dramatic entertainments took place in his honour, for
+  which all the renowned Greek dramatists of antiquity composed their
+  immortal tragedies and comedies.</p>
+
+  <p>He was also a prophetic divinity, and possessed oracles, the principal
+  of which was that on Mount Rhodope in Thrace.</p>
+
+  <p>The tiger, lynx, panther, dolphin, serpent, and ass were sacred to
+  this god. His favourite plants were the vine, ivy, laurel, and asphodel.
+  His sacrifices consisted of goats, probably on account of their being
+  destructive to vineyards.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">BACCHUS <span class="scac">OR</span> LIBER.</p>
+
+  <p>The Romans had a divinity called Liber who presided over vegetation,
+  and was, on this account, identified with the Greek Dionysus, and
+  worshipped under the name of Bacchus.</p>
+
+  <p>The festival of Liber, called the Liberalia, was celebrated on the
+  17th of March.</p>
+
+<h3>AÏDES (<span class="sc">Pluto</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>Aïdes, Aïdoneus, or Hades, was the son of Cronus and Rhea, and the
+  youngest brother of Zeus and Poseidon. He was the ruler of that
+  subterranean region called Erebus, which was inhabited by the shades or
+  spirits of the dead, and also by those dethroned and exiled deities who
+  had been vanquished by Zeus and his allies. Aïdes, the grim and gloomy
+  monarch of this lower world, was the <!-- Page 131 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page131"></a>[131]</span>successor of Erebus,
+  that ancient primeval divinity after whom these realms were called.</p>
+
+  <p>The early Greeks regarded Aïdes in the light of their greatest foe,
+  and Homer tells us that he was "of all the gods the most detested," being
+  in their eyes the grim robber who stole from them their nearest and
+  dearest, and eventually deprived each of them of their share in
+  terrestrial existence. His name was so feared that it was never mentioned
+  by mortals, who, when they invoked him, struck the earth with their
+  hands, and in sacrificing to him turned away their faces.</p>
+
+  <p>The belief of the people with regard to a future state was, in the
+  Homeric age, a sad and cheerless one. It was supposed that when a mortal
+  ceased to exist, his spirit tenanted the shadowy outline of the human
+  form it had quitted. These shadows, or shades as they were called, were
+  driven by Aïdes into his dominions, where they passed their time, some in
+  brooding over the vicissitudes of fortune which they had experienced on
+  earth, others in regretting the lost pleasures they had enjoyed in life,
+  but all in a condition of semi-consciousness, from which the intellect
+  could only be roused to full activity by drinking of the blood of the
+  sacrifices offered to their shades by living friends, which, for a time,
+  endowed them with their former mental vigour. The only beings supposed to
+  enjoy any happiness in a future state were the heroes, whose acts of
+  daring and deeds of prowess had, during their life, reflected honour on
+  the land of their birth; and even these, according to Homer, pined after
+  their career of earthly activity. He tells us that when Odysseus visited
+  the lower world at the command of Circe, and held communion with the
+  shades of the heroes of the Trojan war, Achilles assured him that he
+  would rather be the poorest day-labourer on earth than reign supreme over
+  the realm of shades.</p>
+
+  <p>The early Greek poets offer but scanty allusions to Erebus. Homer
+  appears purposely to envelop these realms in vagueness and mystery, in
+  order, probably, to heighten the sensation of awe inseparably connected
+  with <!-- Page 132 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page132"></a>[132]</span>the lower world. In the Odyssey he
+  describes the entrance to Erebus as being beyond the furthermost edge of
+  Oceanus, in the far west, where dwelt the Cimmerians, enveloped in
+  eternal mists and darkness.</p>
+
+  <p>In later times, however, in consequence of extended intercourse with
+  foreign nations, new ideas became gradually introduced, and we find
+  Egyptian theories with regard to a future state taking root in Greece,
+  which become eventually the religious belief of the whole nation. It is
+  now that the poets and philosophers, and more especially the teachers of
+  the Eleusinian Mysteries, begin to inculcate the doctrine of the future
+  reward and punishment of good and bad deeds. Aïdes, who had hitherto been
+  regarded as the dread enemy of mankind, who delights in his grim office,
+  and keeps the shades imprisoned in his dominions after withdrawing them
+  from the joys of existence, now receives them with hospitality and
+  friendship, and Hermes replaces him as conductor of shades to Hades.
+  Under this new aspect Aïdes usurps the functions of a totally different
+  divinity called Plutus (the god of riches), and is henceforth regarded as
+  the giver of wealth to mankind, in the shape of those precious metals
+  which lie concealed in the bowels of the earth.</p>
+
+  <p>The later poets mention various entrances to Erebus, which were for
+  the most part caves and fissures. There was one in the mountain of
+  Taenarum, another in Thesprotia, and a third, the most celebrated of all,
+  in Italy, near the pestiferous Lake Avernus, over which it is said no
+  bird could fly, so noxious were its exhalations.</p>
+
+  <p>In the dominions of Aïdes there were four great rivers, three of which
+  had to be crossed by all the shades. These three were Acheron (sorrow),
+  Cocytus (lamentation), and Styx (intense darkness), the sacred stream
+  which flowed nine times round these realms.</p>
+
+  <p>The shades were ferried over the Styx by the grim, unshaven old
+  boatman Charon, who, however, only took those whose bodies had received
+  funereal rites on earth, and who had brought with them his indispensable
+  toll, which was a small coin or obolus, usually placed under the <!--
+  Page 133 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page133"></a>[133]</span>tongue of a dead person for this purpose.
+  If these conditions had not been fulfilled, the unhappy shades were left
+  behind to wander up and down the banks for a hundred years as restless
+  spirits.</p>
+
+  <p>On the opposite bank of the Styx was the tribunal of Minos, the
+  supreme judge, before whom all shades had to appear, and who, after
+  hearing full confession of their actions whilst on earth, pronounced the
+  sentence of happiness or misery to which their deeds had entitled them.
+  This tribunal was guarded by the terrible triple-headed dog Cerberus,
+  who, with his three necks bristling with snakes, lay at full length on
+  the ground;&mdash;a formidable sentinel, who permitted all shades to
+  enter, but none to return.</p>
+
+  <p>The happy spirits, destined to enjoy the delights of Elysium, passed
+  out on the right, and proceeded to the golden palace where Aïdes and
+  Persephone held their royal court, from whom they received a kindly
+  greeting, ere they set out for the Elysian Fields which lay beyond.<a
+  name="NtA_47" href="#Nt_47"><sup>[47]</sup></a> This blissful region was
+  replete with all that could charm the senses or please the imagination;
+  the air was balmy and fragrant, rippling brooks flowed peacefully through
+  the smiling meadows, which glowed with the varied hues of a thousand
+  flowers, whilst the groves resounded with the joyous songs of birds. The
+  occupations and amusements of the happy shades were of the same nature as
+  those which they had delighted in whilst on earth. Here the warrior found
+  his horses, chariots, and arms, the musician his lyre, and the hunter his
+  quiver and bow.</p>
+
+  <p>In a secluded vale of Elysium there flowed a gentle, silent stream,
+  called Lethe (oblivion), whose waters had the effect of dispelling care,
+  and producing utter forgetfulness of former events. According to the
+  Pythagorean doctrine of the transmigration of souls, it was supposed that
+  after the shades had inhabited Elysium for a thousand years they were
+  destined to animate other bodies on <!-- Page 134 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page134"></a>[134]</span>earth, and before
+  leaving Elysium they drank of the river Lethe, in order that they might
+  enter upon their new career without any remembrance of the past.</p>
+
+  <p>The guilty souls, after leaving the presence of Minos, were conducted
+  to the great judgment-hall of Hades, whose massive walls of solid adamant
+  were surrounded by the river Phlegethon, the waves of which rolled flames
+  of fire, and lit up, with their lurid glare, these awful realms. In the
+  interior sat the dread judge Rhadamanthus, who declared to each comer the
+  precise torments which awaited him in Tartarus. The wretched sinners were
+  then seized by the Furies, who scourged them with their whips, and
+  dragged them along to the great gate, which closed the opening to
+  Tartarus, into whose awful depths they were hurled, to suffer endless
+  torture.</p>
+
+  <p>Tartarus was a vast and gloomy expanse, as far below Hades as the
+  earth is distant from the skies. There the Titans, fallen from their high
+  estate, dragged out a dreary and monotonous existence; there also were
+  Otus and Ephialtes, those giant sons of Poseidon, who, with impious
+  hands, had attempted to scale Olympus and dethrone its mighty ruler.
+  Principal among the sufferers in this abode of gloom were Tityus,
+  Tantalus, Sisyphus, Ixion, and the Danaïdes.</p>
+
+  <p><b>TITYUS</b>, one of the earth-born giants, had insulted Hera on her
+  way to Peitho, for which offence Zeus flung him into Tartarus, where he
+  suffered dreadful torture, inflicted by two vultures, which perpetually
+  gnawed his liver.</p>
+
+  <p><b>TANTALUS</b> was a wise and wealthy king of Lydia, with whom the
+  gods themselves condescended to associate; he was even permitted to sit
+  at table with Zeus, who delighted in his conversation, and listened with
+  interest to the wisdom of his observations. Tantalus, however, elated at
+  these distinguished marks of divine favour, presumed upon his position,
+  and used unbecoming language to Zeus himself; he also stole nectar and
+  ambrosia from the table of the gods, with which he regaled his friends;
+  but his greatest crime consisted in killing his own son, <!-- Page 135
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page135"></a>[135]</span>Pelops, and
+  serving him up at one of the banquets to the gods, in order to test their
+  omniscience. For these heinous offences he was condemned by Zeus to
+  eternal punishment in Tartarus, where, tortured with an ever-burning
+  thirst, he was plunged up to the chin in water, which, as he stooped to
+  drink, always receded from his parched lips. Tall trees, with spreading
+  branches laden with delicious fruits, hung temptingly over his head; but
+  no sooner did he raise himself to grasp them, than a wind arose, and
+  carried them beyond his reach.</p>
+
+  <p><b>SISYPHUS</b> was a great tyrant who, according to some accounts,
+  barbarously murdered all travellers who came into his dominions, by
+  hurling upon them enormous pieces of rock. In punishment for his crimes
+  he was condemned to roll incessantly a huge block of stone up a steep
+  hill, which, as soon as it reached the summit, always rolled back again
+  to the plain below.</p>
+
+  <p><b>IXION</b> was a king of Thessaly to whom Zeus accorded the
+  privilege of joining the festive banquets of the gods; but, taking
+  advantage of his exalted position, he presumed to aspire to the favour of
+  Hera, which so greatly incensed Zeus, that he struck him with his
+  thunderbolts, and commanded Hermes to throw him into Tartarus, and bind
+  him to an ever-revolving wheel.</p>
+
+  <p>The <b>DANAÏDES</b> were the fifty daughters of Danaus, king of Argos,
+  who had married their fifty cousins, the sons of Ægyptus. By the command
+  of their father, who had been warned by an oracle that his son-in-law
+  would cause his death, they all killed their husbands in one night,
+  Hypermnestra alone excepted. Their punishment in the lower world was to
+  fill with water a vessel full of holes,&mdash;a never-ending and useless
+  task.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0136-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0136-1.png"
+      alt="Aïdes and Persephone" title="Aïdes and Persephone" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Aïdes is usually represented as a man of mature years and stern
+  majestic mien, bearing a striking resemblance to his brother Zeus; but
+  the gloomy and inexorable expression of the face contrasts forcibly with
+  that peculiar benignity which so characterizes the countenance of the
+  mighty ruler of heaven. He is seated on a throne of ebony, with his
+  queen, the grave and sad Persephone, <!-- Page 136 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page136"></a>[136]</span>beside him, and wears a
+  full beard, and long flowing black hair, which hangs straight down over
+  his forehead; in his hand he either bears a two-pronged fork or the keys
+  of the lower world, and at his feet sits Cerberus. He is sometimes seen
+  in a chariot of gold, drawn by four black horses, and wearing on his head
+  a helmet made for him by the Cyclops, which rendered the wearer
+  invisible. This helmet he frequently lent to mortals and immortals.</p>
+
+  <p>Aïdes, who was universally worshipped throughout Greece, had temples
+  erected to his honour in Elis, Olympia, and also at Athens.</p>
+
+  <p>His sacrifices, which took place at night, consisted of black sheep,
+  and the blood, instead of being sprinkled on the altars or received in
+  vessels, as at other sacrifices, was permitted to run down into a trench,
+  dug for this purpose. The officiating priests wore black robes, and were
+  crowned with cypress.</p>
+
+  <p>The narcissus, maiden-hair, and cypress were sacred to this
+  divinity.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">PLUTO.</p>
+
+  <p>Before the introduction into Rome of the religion and literature of
+  Greece, the Romans had no belief in a realm of future happiness or
+  misery, corresponding to the Greek Hades; hence they had no god of the
+  lower world identical with Aïdes. They supposed that there was, in the
+  centre of the earth, a vast, gloomy, and impenetrably dark cavity called
+  Orcus, which formed a place of eternal rest for the dead. But with the
+  introduction of Greek mythology, the Roman Orcus became the Greek Hades,
+  and <!-- Page 137 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page137"></a>[137]</span>all the Greek notions with regard to a
+  future state now obtained with the Romans, who worshipped Aïdes under the
+  name of Pluto, his other appellations being Dis (from <i>dives</i>, rich)
+  and Orcus from the dominions over which he ruled. In Rome there were no
+  temples erected to this divinity.</p>
+
+<h3>PLUTUS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Plutus, the son of Demeter and a mortal called Iasion, was the god of
+  wealth, and is represented as being lame when he makes his appearance,
+  and winged when he takes his departure. He was supposed to be both blind
+  and foolish, because he bestows his gifts without discrimination, and
+  frequently upon the most unworthy objects.</p>
+
+  <p>Plutus was believed to have his abode in the bowels of the earth,
+  which was probably the reason why, in later times, Aïdes became
+  confounded with this divinity.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>MINOR DIVINITIES.</h3>
+
+<h3>THE HARPIES.</h3>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0137-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0137-1.png"
+      alt="A Harpy" title="A Harpy" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>The Harpies, who, like the Furies, were employed by the gods as
+  instruments for the punishment of the guilty, were three female
+  divinities, daughters of Thaumas and Electra, called Aello, Ocypete, and
+  Celæno.</p>
+
+  <p>They were represented with the head of a fair-haired maiden and the
+  body of a vulture, and were perpetually devoured by the pangs of
+  insatiable hunger, which caused them to torment their victims by robbing
+  them of their food; this they either devoured with great <!-- Page 138
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page138"></a>[138]</span>gluttony, or
+  defiled in such a manner as to render it unfit to be eaten.</p>
+
+  <p>Their wonderfully rapid flight far surpassed that of birds, or even of
+  the winds themselves. If any mortal suddenly and unaccountably
+  disappeared, the Harpies were believed to have carried him off. Thus they
+  were supposed to have borne away the daughters of King Pandareos to act
+  as servants to the Erinyes.</p>
+
+  <p>The Harpies would appear to be personifications of sudden tempests,
+  which, with ruthless violence, sweep over whole districts, carrying off
+  or injuring all before them.</p>
+
+<h3>ERINYES, EUMENIDES (<span class="sc">Furiæ</span>, <span class="sc">Diræ</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>The Erinyes or Furies were female divinities who personified the
+  torturing pangs of an evil conscience, and the remorse which inevitably
+  follows wrong-doing.</p>
+
+  <p>Their names were Alecto, Megæra, and Tisiphone, and their origin was
+  variously accounted for. According to Hesiod, they sprang from the blood
+  of Uranus, when wounded by Cronus, and were hence supposed to be the
+  embodiment of all the terrible imprecations, which the defeated deity
+  called down upon the head of his rebellious son. According to other
+  accounts they were the daughters of Night.</p>
+
+  <p>Their place of abode was the lower world, where they were employed by
+  Aïdes and Persephone to chastise and torment those shades who, during
+  their earthly career, had committed crimes, and had not been reconciled
+  to the gods before descending to Hades.</p>
+
+  <p>But their sphere of action was not confined to the realm of shades,
+  for they appeared upon earth as the avenging deities who relentlessly
+  pursued and punished murderers, perjurers, those who had failed in duty
+  to their parents, in hospitality to strangers, or in the respect due to
+  old age. Nothing escaped the piercing glance of these terrible
+  divinities, from whom flight was unavailing, for no corner of the earth
+  was so remote as <!-- Page 139 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page139"></a>[139]</span>to be beyond their reach, nor did any
+  mortal dare to offer to their victims an asylum from their
+  persecutions.</p>
+
+  <p>The Furies are frequently represented with wings; their bodies are
+  black, blood drips from their eyes, and snakes twine in their hair. In
+  their hands they bear either a dagger, scourge, torch, or serpent.</p>
+
+  <p>When they pursued Orestes they constantly held up a mirror to his
+  horrified gaze, in which he beheld the face of his murdered mother.</p>
+
+  <p>These divinities were also called Eumenides, which signifies the
+  "well-meaning" or "soothed goddesses;" This appellation was given to them
+  because they were so feared and dreaded that people dared not call them
+  by their proper title, and hoped by this means to propitiate their
+  wrath.</p>
+
+  <p>In later times the Furies came to be regarded as salutary agencies,
+  who, by severely punishing sin, upheld the cause of morality and social
+  order, and thus contributed to the welfare of mankind. They now lose
+  their awe-inspiring aspect, and are represented, more especially in
+  Athens, as earnest maidens, dressed, like Artemis, in short tunics
+  suitable for the chase, but still retaining, in their hands, the wand of
+  office in the form of a snake.</p>
+
+  <p>Their sacrifices consisted of black sheep and a libation composed of a
+  mixture of honey and water, called Nephalia. A celebrated temple was
+  erected to the Eumenides at Athens, near the Areopagus.</p>
+
+<h3><b>MOIRÆ or FATES</b> (<span class="sc">Parcæ</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>The ancients believed that the duration of human existence and the
+  destinies of mortals were regulated by three sister-goddesses, called
+  Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, who were the daughters of Zeus and
+  Themis.</p>
+
+  <p>The power which they wielded over the fate of man was significantly
+  indicated under the figure of a thread, which they spun out for the life
+  of each human being from his birth to the grave. This occupation they
+  divided between them. Clotho wound the flax round the distaff, <!-- Page
+  140 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page140"></a>[140]</span>ready for
+  her sister Lachesis, who span out the thread of life, which Atropos, with
+  her scissors, relentlessly snapt asunder, when the career of an
+  individual was about to terminate.</p>
+
+  <p>Homer speaks of one Moira only, the daughter of Night, who represents
+  the moral force by which the universe is governed, and to whom both
+  mortals and immortals were forced to submit, Zeus himself being powerless
+  to avert her decrees; but in later times this conception of one
+  inexorable, all-conquering fate became amplified by the poets into that
+  above described, and the Moiræ are henceforth the special presiding
+  deities over the life and death of mortals.</p>
+
+  <p>The Moiræ are represented by the poets as stern, inexorable female
+  divinities, aged, hideous, and also lame, which is evidently meant to
+  indicate the slow and halting march of destiny, which they controlled.
+  Painters and sculptors, on the other hand, depicted them as beautiful
+  maidens of a grave but kindly aspect.</p>
+
+  <p>There is a charming representation of Lachesis, which depicts her in
+  all the grace of youth and beauty. She is sitting spinning, and at her
+  feet lie two masks, one comic, the other tragic, as though to convey the
+  idea, that, to a divinity of fate, the brightest and saddest scenes of
+  earthly existence are alike indifferent, and that she quietly and
+  steadily pursues her occupation, regardless of human weal or woe.</p>
+
+  <p>When represented at the feet of Aïdes in the lower world they are clad
+  in dark robes; but when they appear in Olympus they wear bright garments,
+  bespangled with stars, and are seated on radiant thrones, with crowns on
+  their heads.</p>
+
+  <p>It was considered the function of the Moiræ to indicate to the Furies
+  the precise torture which the wicked should undergo for their crimes.</p>
+
+  <p>They were regarded as prophetic divinities, and had sanctuaries in
+  many parts of Greece.</p>
+
+  <p>The Moiræ are mentioned as assisting the Charites to conduct
+  Persephone to the upper world at her periodical <!-- Page 141 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page141"></a>[141]</span>reunion with her mother
+  Demeter. They also appear in company with Eileithyia, goddess of
+  birth.</p>
+
+<h3>NEMESIS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Nemesis, the daughter of Nyx, represents that power which adjusts the
+  balance of human affairs, by awarding to each individual the fate which
+  his actions deserve. She rewards, humble, unacknowledged merit, punishes
+  crime, deprives the worthless of undeserved good fortune, humiliates the
+  proud and overbearing, and visits all evil on the wrong-doer; thus
+  maintaining that proper balance of things, which the Greeks recognized as
+  a necessary condition of all civilized life. But though Nemesis, in her
+  original character, was the distributor of rewards as well as
+  punishments, the world was so full of sin, that she found but little
+  occupation in her first capacity, and hence became finally regarded as
+  the avenging goddess only.</p>
+
+  <p>We have seen a striking instance of the manner in which this divinity
+  punishes the proud and arrogant in the history of Niobe. Apollo and
+  Artemis were merely the instruments for avenging the insult offered to
+  their mother; but it was Nemesis who prompted the deed, and presided over
+  its execution.</p>
+
+  <p>Homer makes no mention of Nemesis; it is therefore evident that she
+  was a conception of later times, when higher views of morality had
+  obtained among the Greek nation.</p>
+
+  <p>Nemesis is represented as a beautiful woman of thoughtful and benign
+  aspect and regal bearing; a diadem crowns her majestic brow, and she
+  bears in her hand a rudder, balance, and cubit;&mdash;fitting emblems of
+  the manner in which she guides, weighs, and measures all human events.
+  She is also sometimes seen with a wheel, to symbolize the rapidity with
+  which she executes justice. As the avenger of evil she appears winged,
+  bearing in her hand either a scourge or a sword, and seated in a chariot
+  drawn by griffins. <!-- Page 142 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page142"></a>[142]</span></p>
+
+  <p>Nemesis is frequently called Adrastia, and also Rhamnusia, from
+  Rhamnus in Attica, the chief seat of her worship, which contained a
+  celebrated statue of the goddess.</p>
+
+  <p>Nemesis was worshipped by the Romans, (who invoked her on the
+  Capitol), as a divinity who possessed the power of averting the
+  pernicious consequences of envy.</p>
+
+<h3>NIGHT AND HER CHILDREN.<br />
+DEATH, SLEEP, AND DREAMS.</h3>
+
+<h3>NYX (<span class="sc">Nox</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>Nyx, the daughter of Chaos, being the personification of Night, was,
+  according to the poetic ideas of the Greeks, considered to be the mother
+  of everything mysterious and inexplicable, such as death, sleep, dreams,
+  &amp;c. She became united to Erebus, and their children were Aether and
+  Hemera (Air and Daylight), evidently a simile of the poets, to indicate
+  that darkness always precedes light.</p>
+
+  <p>Nyx inhabited a palace in the dark regions of the lower world, and is
+  represented as a beautiful woman, seated in a chariot, drawn by two black
+  horses. She is clothed in dark robes, wears a long veil, and is
+  accompanied by the stars, which follow in her train.</p>
+
+<h3>THANATOS (<span class="sc">Mors</span>) <b>AND HYPNUS</b> (<span class="sc">Somnus</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>Thanatos (Death) and his twin-brother Hypnus (Sleep) were the children
+  of Nyx.</p>
+
+  <p>Their dwelling was in the realm of shades, and when they appear among
+  mortals, Thanatos is feared and hated as the enemy of mankind, whose hard
+  heart knows no pity, whilst his brother Hypnus is universally loved and
+  welcomed as their kindest and most beneficent friend.</p>
+
+  <p>But though the ancients regarded Thanatos as a gloomy and mournful
+  divinity, they did not represent him with any exterior repulsiveness. On
+  the contrary, he appears as a beautiful youth, who holds in his hand an
+  inverted <!-- Page 143 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page143"></a>[143]</span>torch, emblematical of the light of life
+  being extinguished, whilst his disengaged arm is thrown lovingly round
+  the shoulder of his brother Hypnus.</p>
+
+  <p>Hypnus is sometimes depicted standing erect with closed eyes; at
+  others he is in a recumbent position beside his brother Thanatos, and
+  usually bears a poppy-stalk in his hand.</p>
+
+  <p>A most interesting description of the abode of Hypnus is given by Ovid
+  in his Metamorphoses. He tells us how the god of Sleep dwelt in a
+  mountain-cave near the realm of the Cimmerians, which the sun never
+  pierced with his rays. No sound disturbed the stillness, no song of
+  birds, not a branch moved, and no human voice broke the profound silence
+  which reigned everywhere. From the lowermost rocks of the cave issued the
+  river Lethe, and one might almost have supposed that its course was
+  arrested, were it not for the low, monotonous hum of the water, which
+  invited slumber. The entrance was partially hidden by numberless white
+  and red poppies, which Mother Night had gathered and planted there, and
+  from the juice of which she extracts drowsiness, which she scatters in
+  liquid drops all over the earth, as soon as the sun-god has sunk to rest.
+  In the centre of the cave stands a couch of blackest ebony, with a bed of
+  down, over which is laid a coverlet of sable hue. Here the god himself
+  reposes, surrounded by innumerable forms. These are idle dreams, more
+  numerous than the sands of the sea. Chief among them is Morpheus, that
+  changeful god, who may assume any shape or form he pleases. Nor can the
+  god of Sleep resist his own power; for though he may rouse himself for a
+  while, he soon succumbs to the drowsy influences which surround him.</p>
+
+<h3>MORPHEUS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Morpheus, the son of Hypnus, was the god of Dreams.</p>
+
+  <p>He is always represented winged, and appears sometimes as a youth,
+  sometimes as an old man. In his hand he bears a cluster of poppies, and
+  as he steps with <!-- Page 144 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page144"></a>[144]</span>noiseless footsteps over the earth, he
+  gently scatters the seeds of this sleep-producing plant over the eyes of
+  weary mortals.</p>
+
+  <p>Homer describes the House of Dreams as having two gates: one, whence
+  issue all deceptive and flattering visions, being formed of ivory; the
+  other, through which proceed those dreams which are fulfilled, of
+  horn.</p>
+
+<h3>THE GORGONS.</h3>
+
+  <p>The Gorgons, Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, were the three daughters of
+  Phorcys and Ceto, and were the personification of those benumbing, and,
+  as it were, petrifying sensations, which result from sudden and extreme
+  fear.</p>
+
+  <p>They were frightful winged monsters, whose bodies were covered with
+  scales; hissing, wriggling snakes clustered round their heads instead of
+  hair; their hands were of brass; their teeth resembled the tusks of a
+  wild boar; and their whole aspect was so appalling, that they are said to
+  have turned into stone all who beheld them.</p>
+
+  <p>These terrible sisters were supposed to dwell in that remote and
+  mysterious region in the far West, beyond the sacred stream of
+  Oceanus.</p>
+
+  <p>The Gorgons were the servants of Aïdes, who made use of them to
+  terrify and overawe those shades, doomed to be kept in a constant state
+  of unrest as a punishment for their misdeeds, whilst the Furies, on their
+  part, scourged them with their whips and tortured them incessantly.</p>
+
+  <p>The most celebrated of the three sisters was Medusa, who alone was
+  mortal. She was originally a golden-haired and very beautiful maiden,
+  who, as a priestess of Athene, was devoted to a life of celibacy; but,
+  being wooed by Poseidon, whom she loved in return, she forgot her vows,
+  and became united to him in marriage. For this offence she was punished
+  by the goddess in a most terrible manner. Each wavy lock of the beautiful
+  hair which had so charmed her husband, was changed into a <!-- Page 145
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page145"></a>[145]</span>venomous
+  snake; her once gentle, love-inspiring eyes now became blood-shot,
+  furious orbs, which excited fear and disgust in the mind of the beholder;
+  whilst her former roseate hue and milk-white skin assumed a loathsome
+  greenish tinge. Seeing herself thus transformed into so repulsive an
+  object, Medusa fled from her home, never to return. Wandering about,
+  abhorred, dreaded, and shunned by all the world, she now developed into a
+  character, worthy of her outward appearance. In her despair she fled to
+  Africa, where, as she passed restlessly from place to place, infant
+  snakes dropped from her hair, and thus, according to the belief of the
+  ancients, that country became the hotbed of these venomous reptiles. With
+  the curse of Athene upon her, she turned into stone whomsoever she gazed
+  upon, till at last, after a life of nameless misery, deliverance came to
+  her in the shape of death, at the hands of Perseus.</p>
+
+  <p>It is well to observe that when the Gorgons are spoken of in the
+  singular, it is Medusa who is alluded to.</p>
+
+  <p>Medusa was the mother of Pegasus and Chrysaor, father of the
+  three-headed, winged giant Geryones, who was slain by Heracles.</p>
+
+<h3>GRÆÆ.</h3>
+
+  <p>The Grææ, who acted as servants to their sisters the Gorgons, were
+  also three in number; their names were Pephredo, Enyo, and Dino.</p>
+
+  <p>In their original conception they were merely personifications of
+  kindly and venerable old age, possessing all its benevolent attributes
+  without its natural infirmities. They were old and gray from their birth,
+  and so they ever remained. In later times, however, they came to be
+  regarded as misshapen females, decrepid, and hideously ugly, having only
+  one eye, one tooth, and one gray wig between them, which they lent to
+  each other, when one of them wished to appear before the world.</p>
+
+  <p>When Perseus entered upon his expedition to slay the Medusa, he
+  repaired to the abode of the Grææ, in the far <!-- Page 146 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page146"></a>[146]</span>west, to inquire the
+  way to the Gorgons, and on their refusing to give any information, he
+  deprived them of their one eye, tooth, and wig, and did not restore them
+  until he received the necessary directions.</p>
+
+<h3>SPHINX.</h3>
+
+  <p>The Sphinx was an ancient Egyptian divinity, who personified wisdom,
+  and the fertility of nature. She is represented as a lion-couchant, with
+  the head and bust of a woman, and wears a peculiar sort of hood, which
+  completely envelops her head, and falls down on either side of the
+  face.</p>
+
+  <p>Transplanted into Greece, this sublime and mysterious Egyptian deity
+  degenerates into an insignificant, and yet malignant power, and though
+  she also deals in mysteries, they are, as we shall see, of a totally
+  different character, and altogether inimical to human life.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0147-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0147-1.png"
+      alt="The Sphinx" title="The Sphinx" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>The Sphinx is represented, according to Greek genealogy, as the
+  offspring of Typhon and Echidna.<a name="NtA_48"
+  href="#Nt_48"><sup>[48]</sup></a> Hera, being upon one occasion
+  displeased with the Thebans, sent them this awful monster, as a
+  punishment for their offences. Taking her seat on a rocky eminence near
+  the city of Thebes, commanding a pass which the Thebans were compelled to
+  traverse in their usual way of business, she propounded to all comers a
+  riddle, and if they failed to solve it, she tore them in pieces.</p>
+
+  <p>During the reign of King Creon, so many people had fallen a sacrifice
+  to this monster, that he determined to use every effort to rid the
+  country of so terrible a scourge. On consulting the oracle of Delphi, he
+  was informed that the only way to destroy the Sphinx was to solve one of
+  her riddles, when she would immediately precipitate herself from the rock
+  on which she was seated.</p>
+
+  <p>Creon, accordingly, made a public declaration to the effect, that
+  whoever could give the true interpretation of a riddle propounded by the
+  monster, should obtain the crown, and the hand of his sister Jocaste.
+  &OElig;dipus offered <!-- Page 147 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page147"></a>[147]</span>himself as a candidate, and proceeding to
+  the spot where she kept guard, received from her the following riddle for
+  solution: "What creature goes in the morning on four legs, at noon on
+  two, and in the evening on three?" &OElig;dipus replied, that it must be
+  man, who during his infancy creeps on all fours, in his prime walks erect
+  on two legs, and when old age has enfeebled his powers, calls a staff to
+  his assistance, and thus has, as it were, three legs.</p>
+
+  <p>The Sphinx no sooner heard this reply, which was the correct solution
+  of her riddle, than she flung herself over the precipice, and perished in
+  the abyss below.</p>
+
+  <p>The Greek Sphinx may be recognized by having wings and by being of
+  smaller dimensions than the Egyptian Sphinx.</p>
+
+<h3>TYCHE (<span class="sc">Fortuna</span>) <span class="scac">AND</span> <b>ANANKE</b> (<span class="sc">Necessitas</span>).</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">TYCHE (<span class="sc">Fortuna</span>).</p>
+
+  <p>Tyche personified that peculiar combination of circumstances which we
+  call luck or fortune, and was considered to be the source of all
+  unexpected events in human life, whether good or evil. If a person
+  succeeded in all he undertook without possessing any special merit of his
+  own, Tyche was supposed to have smiled on his birth. If, on the other
+  hand, undeserved ill-luck followed him through life, and all his efforts
+  resulted in failure, it was ascribed to her adverse influence.</p>
+
+  <p>This goddess of Fortune is variously represented. Sometimes she is
+  depicted bearing in her hand two rudders, with one of which she steers
+  the bark of the fortunate, and with the other that of the unfortunate
+  among mortals. In later times she appears blindfolded, and stands on a
+  ball or wheel, indicative of the fickleness and ever-revolving <!-- Page
+  148 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page148"></a>[148]</span>changes of
+  fortune. She frequently bears the sceptre and cornucopia<a name="NtA_49"
+  href="#Nt_49"><sup>[49]</sup></a> or horn of plenty, and is usually
+  winged. In her temple at Thebes, she is represented holding the infant
+  Plutus in her arms, to symbolize her power over riches and
+  prosperity.</p>
+
+  <p>Tyche was worshipped in various parts of Greece, but more particularly
+  by the Athenians, who believed in her special predilection for their
+  city.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">FORTUNA.</p>
+
+  <p>Tyche was worshipped in Rome under the name of Fortuna, and held a
+  position of much greater importance among the Romans than the Greeks.</p>
+
+  <p>In later times Fortuna is never represented either winged or standing
+  on a ball; she merely bears the cornucopia. It is evident, therefore,
+  that she had come to be regarded as the goddess of good luck only, who
+  brings blessings to man, and not, as with the Greeks, as the
+  personification of the fluctuations of fortune.</p>
+
+  <p>In addition to Fortuna, the Romans worshipped Felicitas as the giver
+  of positive good fortune.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">ANANKE (<span class="sc">Necessitas</span>).</p>
+
+  <p>As Ananke, Tyche assumes quite another character, and becomes the
+  embodiment of those immutable laws of nature, by which certain causes
+  produce certain inevitable results.</p>
+
+  <p>In a statue of this divinity at Athens she was represented with hands
+  of bronze, and surrounded with nails and hammers. The hands of bronze
+  probably indicated the irresistible power of the inevitable, and the
+  hammer and chains the fetters which she forged for man.</p>
+
+  <p>Ananke was worshipped in Rome under the name of Necessitas.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 149 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page149"></a>[149]</span></p>
+
+<h3>KER.</h3>
+
+  <p>In addition to the Moiræ, who presided over the life of mortals, there
+  was another divinity, called Ker, appointed for each human being at the
+  moment of his birth. The Ker belonging to an individual was believed to
+  develop with his growth, either for good or evil; and when the ultimate
+  fate of a mortal was about to be decided, his Ker was weighed in the
+  balance, and, according to the preponderance of its worth or
+  worthlessness, life or death was awarded to the human being in question.
+  It becomes evident, therefore, that according to the belief of the early
+  Greeks, each individual had it in his power, to a certain extent, to
+  shorten or prolong his own existence.</p>
+
+  <p>The Keres, who are frequently mentioned by Homer, were the goddesses
+  who delighted in the slaughter of the battle-field.</p>
+
+<h3>ATE.</h3>
+
+  <p>Ate, the daughter of Zeus and Eris, was a divinity who delighted in
+  evil.</p>
+
+  <p>Having instigated Hera to deprive Heracles of his birthright, her
+  father seized her by the hair of her head, and hurled her from Olympus,
+  forbidding her, under the most solemn imprecations, ever to return.
+  Henceforth she wandered among mankind, sowing dissension, working
+  mischief, and luring men to all actions inimical to their welfare and
+  happiness. Hence, when a reconciliation took place between friends who
+  had quarrelled, Ate was blamed as the original cause of disagreement.</p>
+
+<h3>MOMUS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Momus, the son of Nyx, was the god of raillery and ridicule, who
+  delighted to criticise, with bitter sarcasm, the actions of gods and men,
+  and contrived to discover in all things some defect or blemish. Thus when
+  Prometheus created the first man, Momus considered his work incomplete
+  because there was no aperture in the breast through which his inmost
+  thoughts might be read. He <!-- Page 150 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page150"></a>[150]</span>also found fault with a house built by
+  Athene because, being unprovided with the means of locomotion, it could
+  never be removed from an unhealthy locality. Aphrodite alone defied his
+  criticism, for, to his great chagrin, he could find no fault with her
+  perfect form.<a name="NtA_50" href="#Nt_50"><sup>[50]</sup></a></p>
+
+  <p>In what manner the ancients represented this god is unknown. In modern
+  art he is depicted like a king's jester, with a fool's cap and bells.</p>
+
+<h3>EROS (<span class="sc">Cupid</span>, <span class="sc">Amor</span>) <b>AND PSYCHE</b>.</h3>
+
+  <p>According to Hesiod's Theogony, Eros, the divine spirit of Love,
+  sprang forth from Chaos, while all was still in confusion, and by his
+  beneficent power reduced to order and harmony the shapeless, conflicting
+  elements, which, under his influence, began to assume distinct forms.
+  This ancient Eros is represented as a full-grown and very beautiful
+  youth, crowned with flowers, and leaning on a shepherd's crook.</p>
+
+  <p>In the course of time, this beautiful conception gradually faded away,
+  and though occasional mention still continues to be made of the Eros of
+  Chaos, he is replaced by the son of Aphrodite, the popular,
+  mischief-loving little god of Love, so familiar to us all.</p>
+
+  <p>In one of the myths concerning Eros, Aphrodite is described as
+  complaining to Themis, that her son, though so beautiful, did not appear
+  to increase in stature; whereupon Themis suggested that his small
+  proportions were probably attributable to the fact of his being always
+  alone, and advised his mother to let him have a companion. Aphrodite
+  accordingly gave him, as a playfellow, his younger brother Anteros
+  (requited love), and soon had the gratification of seeing the little Eros
+  begin to grow and thrive; but, curious to relate, this desirable result
+  only continued as long as the brothers remained together, for the moment
+  they were separated, Eros shrank once more to his original size.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 151 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page151"></a>[151]</span></p>
+
+  <p>By degrees the conception of Eros became multiplied and we hear of
+  little love-gods (Amors), who appear under the most charming and
+  diversified forms. These love-gods, who afforded to artists inexhaustible
+  subjects for the exercise of their imagination, are represented as being
+  engaged in various occupations, such as hunting, fishing, rowing, driving
+  chariots, and even busying themselves in mechanical labour.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:12%;">
+      <a href="images/0151-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0151-1.png"
+      alt="Eros and Psyche" title="Eros and Psyche" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Perhaps no myth is more charming and interesting than that of Eros and
+  Psyche, which is as follows:&mdash;Psyche, the youngest of three
+  princesses, was so transcendently beautiful that Aphrodite herself became
+  jealous of her, and no mortal dared to aspire to the honour of her hand.
+  As her sisters, who were by no means equal to her in attractions, were
+  married, and Psyche still remained unwedded, her father consulted the
+  oracle of Delphi, and, in obedience to the divine response, caused her to
+  be dressed as though for the grave, and conducted to the edge of a
+  yawning precipice. No sooner was she alone than she felt herself lifted
+  up, and wafted away by the gentle west wind Zephyrus, who transported her
+  to a verdant meadow, in the midst of which stood a stately palace,
+  surrounded by groves and fountains.</p>
+
+  <p>Here dwelt Eros, the god of Love, in whose arms Zephyrus deposited his
+  lovely burden. Eros, himself unseen, wooed her in the softest accents of
+  affection; but warned her, as she valued his love, not to endeavour to
+  behold his form. For some time Psyche was obedient to the injunction of
+  her immortal spouse, and made no effort to gratify her natural curiosity;
+  but, unfortunately, in the midst of her happiness she was seized with an
+  unconquerable longing for the society of her <!-- Page 152 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page152"></a>[152]</span>sisters, and, in
+  accordance with her desire, they were conducted by Zephyrus to her
+  fairy-like abode. Filled with envy at the sight of her felicity, they
+  poisoned her mind against her husband, and telling her that her unseen
+  lover was a frightful monster, they gave her a sharp dagger, which they
+  persuaded her to use for the purpose of delivering herself from his
+  power.</p>
+
+  <p>After the departure of her sisters, Psyche resolved to take the first
+  opportunity of following their malicious counsel. She accordingly rose in
+  the dead of night, and taking a lamp in one hand and a dagger in the
+  other, stealthily approached the couch where Eros was reposing, when,
+  instead of the frightful monster she had expected to see, the beauteous
+  form of the god of Love greeted her view. Overcome with surprise and
+  admiration, Psyche stooped down to gaze more closely on his lovely
+  features, when, from the lamp which she held in her trembling hand, there
+  fell a drop of burning oil upon the shoulder of the sleeping god, who
+  instantly awoke, and seeing Psyche standing over him with the instrument
+  of death in her hand, sorrowfully reproached her for her treacherous
+  designs, and, spreading out his wings, flew away.</p>
+
+  <p>In despair at having lost her lover, the unhappy Psyche endeavoured to
+  put an end to her existence by throwing herself into the nearest river;
+  but instead of closing over her, the waters bore her gently to the
+  opposite bank, where Pan (the god of shepherds) received her, and
+  consoled her with the hope of becoming eventually reconciled to her
+  husband.</p>
+
+  <p>Meanwhile her wicked sisters, in expectation of meeting with the same
+  good fortune which had befallen Psyche, placed themselves on the edge of
+  the rock, but were both precipitated into the chasm below.</p>
+
+  <p>Psyche herself, filled with a restless yearning for her lost love,
+  wandered all over the world in search of him. At length she appealed to
+  Aphrodite to take compassion on her; but the goddess of Beauty, still
+  jealous of her charms, imposed upon her the hardest tasks, the
+  accomplishment of which often appeared impossible. In these <!-- Page 153
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page153"></a>[153]</span>she was always
+  assisted by invisible, beneficent beings, sent to her by Eros, who still
+  loved her, and continued to watch over her welfare.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0154-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0154-1.png"
+      alt="Eros" title="Eros" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Psyche had to undergo a long and severe penance before she became
+  worthy to regain the happiness, which she had so foolishly trifled away.
+  At last Aphrodite commanded her to descend into the under world, and
+  obtain from Persephone a box containing all the charms of beauty.
+  Psyche's courage now failed her, for she concluded that death must of
+  necessity precede her entrance into the realm of shades. About to abandon
+  herself to despair, she heard a voice which warned her of every danger to
+  be avoided on her perilous journey, and instructed her with regard to
+  certain precautions to be observed. These were as follows:&mdash;not to
+  omit to provide herself with the ferryman's toll for Charon, and the cake
+  to pacify Cerberus, also to refrain from taking any part in the banquets
+  of Aïdes and Persephone, and, above all things, to bring the box of
+  beauty charms unopened to Aphrodite. In conclusion, the voice assured
+  her, that compliance with the above conditions would insure for her a
+  safe return to the realms of light. But, alas, Psyche, who had implicitly
+  followed all injunctions, could not withstand the temptation of the last
+  condition; and, hardly had she quitted the lower world, when, unable to
+  resist the curiosity which devoured her, she raised the lid of the box
+  with eager expectation. But, instead of the wondrous charms of beauty
+  which she expected to behold, there issued from the casket a dense black
+  vapour, which had the effect of throwing her into a death-like sleep, out
+  of which Eros, who had long hovered round her unseen, at length awoke her
+  with the point of one of his golden arrows. He gently reproached her with
+  this second proof of her curiosity and folly, and then, having persuaded
+  Aphrodite to be reconciled to his beloved, he induced Zeus to admit her
+  among the immortal gods.</p>
+
+  <p>Their reunion was celebrated amidst the rejoicings of all the Olympian
+  deities. The Graces shed perfume on <!-- Page 154 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page154"></a>[154]</span>their path, the Hours
+  sprinkled roses over the sky, Apollo added the music of his lyre, and the
+  Muses united their voices in a glad chorus of delight.</p>
+
+  <p>This myth would appear to be an allegory, which signifies that the
+  soul, before it can be reunited to its original divine essence, must be
+  purified by the chastening sorrows and sufferings of its earthly
+  career.<a name="NtA_51" href="#Nt_51"><sup>[51]</sup></a></p>
+
+  <p>Eros is represented as a lovely boy, with rounded limbs, and a merry,
+  roguish expression. He has golden wings, and a quiver slung over his
+  shoulder, which contained his magical and unerring arrows; in one hand he
+  bears his golden bow, and in the other a torch.</p>
+
+  <p>He is also frequently depicted riding on a lion, dolphin, or eagle, or
+  seated in a chariot drawn by stags or wild boars, undoubtedly
+  emblematical of the power of love as the subduer of all nature, even of
+  the wild animals.</p>
+
+  <p>In Rome, Eros was worshipped under the name of Amor or Cupid.</p>
+
+<h3>HYMEN.</h3>
+
+  <p>Hymen or Hymenæus, the son of Apollo and the muse Urania, was the god
+  who presided over marriage and nuptial solemnities, and was hence invoked
+  at all marriage festivities.</p>
+
+  <p>There is a myth concerning this divinity, which tells us that Hymen
+  was a beautiful youth of very poor parents, who fell in love with a
+  wealthy maiden, so far above him in rank, that he dared not cherish the
+  hope of ever becoming united to her. Still he missed no opportunity of
+  seeing her, and, upon one occasion, disguised himself as <!-- Page 155
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page155"></a>[155]</span>a girl, and
+  joined a troop of maidens, who, in company with his beloved, were
+  proceeding from Athens to Eleusis, in order to attend a festival of
+  Demeter. On their way thither they were surprised by pirates, who carried
+  them off to a desert island, where the ruffians, after drinking deeply,
+  fell into a heavy sleep. Hymen, seizing the opportunity, slew them all,
+  and then set sail for Athens, where he found the parents of the maidens
+  in the greatest distress at their unaccountable disappearance. He
+  comforted them with the assurance that their children should be restored
+  to them, provided they would promise to give him in marriage the maiden
+  he loved. The condition being gladly complied with, he at once returned
+  to the island, and brought back the maidens in safety to Athens,
+  whereupon he became united to the object of his love; and their union
+  proved so remarkably happy, that henceforth the name of Hymen became
+  synonymous with conjugal felicity.</p>
+
+<h3>IRIS (<span class="sc">The Rainbow</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>Iris, the daughter of Thaumas and Electra, personified the rainbow,
+  and was the special attendant and messenger of the queen of heaven, whose
+  commands she executed with singular tact, intelligence, and
+  swiftness.</p>
+
+  <p>Most primitive nations have regarded the rainbow as a bridge of
+  communication between heaven and earth, and this is doubtless the reason
+  why Iris, who represented that beautiful phenomenon of nature, should
+  have been invested by the Greeks with the office of communicating between
+  gods and men.</p>
+
+  <p>Iris is usually represented seated behind the chariot of Hera, ready
+  to do the bidding of her royal mistress. She appears under the form of a
+  slender maiden of great beauty, robed in an airy fabric of variegated
+  hues, resembling mother-of-pearl; her sandals are bright as burnished
+  silver, she has golden wings, and wherever she appears, a radiance of
+  light, and a sweet odour, as of delicate spring flowers, pervades the
+  air. <!-- Page 156 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page156"></a>[156]</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0156-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0156-1.png"
+      alt="Hebe" title="Hebe" /></a>
+  </div>
+<h3>HEBE (<span class="sc">Juventas</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>Hebe was the personification of eternal youth under its most
+  attractive and joyous aspect.</p>
+
+  <p>She was the daughter of Zeus and Hera, and though of such
+  distinguished rank, is nevertheless represented as cup-bearer to the
+  gods; a forcible exemplification of the old patriarchal custom, in
+  accordance with which the daughters of the house, even when of the
+  highest lineage, personally assisted in serving the guests.</p>
+
+  <p>Hebe is represented as a comely, modest maiden, small, of a
+  beautifully rounded contour, with nut-brown tresses and sparkling eyes.
+  She is often depicted pouring out nectar from an upraised vessel, or
+  bearing in her hand a shallow dish, supposed to contain ambrosia, the
+  ever youth-renewing food of the immortals.</p>
+
+  <p>In consequence of an act of awkwardness, which caused her to slip
+  while serving the gods, Hebe was deprived of her office, which was
+  henceforth delegated to Ganymedes, son of Tros.</p>
+
+  <p>Hebe afterwards became the bride of Heracles, when, after his
+  apotheosis, he was received among the immortals.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">JUVENTAS.</p>
+
+  <p>Juventas was the Roman divinity identified with Hebe, whose
+  attributes, however, were regarded by the Romans as applying more
+  particularly to the imperishable vigour and immortal glory of the
+  state.</p>
+
+  <p>In Rome, several temples were erected in honour of this goddess. <!--
+  Page 157 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page157"></a>[157]</span></p>
+
+<h3>GANYMEDES.</h3>
+
+  <p>Ganymedes, the youngest son of Tros, king of Troy, was one day drawing
+  water from a well on Mount Ida, when he was observed by Zeus, who, struck
+  with his wonderful beauty, sent his eagle to transport him to Olympus,
+  where he was endowed with immortality, and appointed cup-bearer to the
+  gods.</p>
+
+  <p>Ganymedes is represented as a youth of exquisite beauty, with short
+  golden locks, delicately chiselled features, beaming blue eyes, and
+  pouting lips.</p>
+
+<h3>THE MUSES.</h3>
+
+  <p>Of all the Olympic deities, none occupy a more distinguished position
+  than the Muses, the nine beautiful daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne.</p>
+
+  <p>In their original signification, they presided merely over music,
+  song, and dance; but with the progress of civilization the arts and
+  sciences claimed their special presiding divinities, and we see these
+  graceful creations, in later times, sharing among them various functions,
+  such as poetry, astronomy, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>The Muses were honoured alike by mortals and immortals. In Olympus,
+  where Apollo acted as their leader, no banquet or festivity was
+  considered complete without their joy-inspiring presence, and on earth no
+  social gathering was celebrated without libations being poured out to
+  them; nor was any task involving intellectual effort ever undertaken,
+  without earnestly supplicating their assistance. They endowed their
+  chosen favourites with knowledge, wisdom, and understanding; they
+  bestowed upon the orator the gift of eloquence, inspired the poet with
+  his noblest thoughts, and the musician with his sweetest harmonies.</p>
+
+  <p>Like so many of the Greek divinities, however, the refined conception
+  of the Muses is somewhat marred by the acerbity with which they punished
+  any effort on the part <!-- Page 158 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page158"></a>[158]</span>of mortals to rival them in their divine
+  powers. An instance of this is seen in the case of Thamyris, a Thracian
+  bard, who presumed to invite them to a trial of skill in music. Having
+  vanquished him, they not only afflicted him with blindness, but deprived
+  him also of the power of song.</p>
+
+  <p>Another example of the manner in which the gods punished presumption
+  and vanity is seen in the story of the daughters of King Pierus. Proud of
+  the perfection to which they had brought their skill in music, they
+  presumed to challenge the Muses themselves in the art over which they
+  specially presided. The contest took place on Mount Helicon, and it is
+  said that when the mortal maidens commenced their song, the sky became
+  dark and misty, whereas when the Muses raised their heavenly voices, all
+  nature seemed to rejoice, and Mount Helicon itself moved with exultation.
+  The Pierides were signally defeated, and were transformed by the Muses
+  into singing birds, as a punishment for having dared to challenge
+  comparison with the immortals.</p>
+
+  <p>Undeterred by the above example, the Sirens also entered into a
+  similar contest. The songs of the Muses were loyal and true, whilst those
+  of the Sirens were the false and deceptive strains with which so many
+  unfortunate mariners had been lured to their death. The Sirens were
+  defeated by the Muses, and as a mark of humiliation, were deprived of the
+  feathers with which their bodies were adorned.</p>
+
+  <p>The oldest seat of the worship of the Muses was Pieria in Thrace,
+  where they were supposed to have first seen the light of day. Pieria is a
+  district on one of the sloping declivities of Mount Olympus, whence a
+  number of rivulets, as they flow towards the plains beneath, produce
+  those sweet, soothing sounds, which may possibly have suggested this spot
+  as a fitting home for the presiding divinities of song.</p>
+
+  <p>They dwelt on the summits of Mounts Helicon, Parnassus, and Pindus,
+  and loved to haunt the springs and fountains which gushed forth amidst
+  these rocky <!-- Page 159 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page159"></a>[159]</span>heights, all of which were sacred to them
+  and to poetic inspiration. Aganippe and Hippocrene on Mount Helicon, and
+  the Castalian spring on Mount Parnassus, were sacred to the Muses. The
+  latter flowed between two lofty rocks above the city of Delphi, and in
+  ancient times its waters were introduced into a square stone basin, where
+  they were retained for the use of the Pythia and the priests of
+  Apollo.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0159-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0159-1.png"
+      alt="Calliope" title="Calliope" /></a>
+    <span class="sc">Calliope.</span>
+  </div>
+  <p>The libations to these divinities consisted of water, milk, and honey,
+  but never of wine.</p>
+
+  <p>Their names and functions are as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p><b>CALLIOPE</b>, the most honoured of the Muses, presided over heroic
+  song and epic poetry, and is represented with a pencil in her hand, and a
+  slate upon her knee.</p>
+
+  <p><b>CLIO</b>, the muse of History, holds in her hand a roll of
+  parchment, and wears a wreath of laurel.</p>
+
+  <p><b>MELPOMENE</b>, the muse of Tragedy, bears a tragic mask.</p>
+
+  <p><b>THALIA</b>, the muse of Comedy, carries in her right hand a
+  shepherd's crook, and has a comic mask beside her.</p>
+
+  <p><b>POLYHYMNIA</b>, the muse of Sacred Hymns, is crowned with a wreath
+  of laurel. She is always represented in a thoughtful attitude, and
+  entirely enveloped in rich folds of drapery.</p>
+
+  <p><b>TERPSICHORE</b>, the muse of Dance and Roundelay, is represented in
+  the act of playing on a seven-stringed lyre.</p>
+
+  <p><b>URANIA</b>, the muse of Astronomy, stands erect, and bears in her
+  left hand a celestial globe.</p>
+
+  <p><b>EUTERPE</b>, the muse of Harmony, is represented bearing a musical
+  instrument, usually a flute.</p>
+
+  <p><b>ERATO</b>, the muse of Love and hymeneal songs, wears a wreath of
+  laurel, and is striking the chords of a lyre. <!-- Page 160 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page160"></a>[160]</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figright" style="width:19%;">
+      <a href="images/0160-4.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0160-4.png"
+      alt="Erato" title="Erato" /></a>
+    <span class="sc">Erato.</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="figright" style="width:19%;">
+      <a href="images/0160-3.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0160-3.png"
+      alt="Euterpe" title="Euterpe" /></a>
+    <span class="sc">Euterpe.</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="figright" style="width:21%;">
+      <a href="images/0160-2.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0160-2.png"
+      alt="Terpsichore" title="Terpsichore" /></a>
+    <span class="sc">Terpsichore.</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="figright" style="width:21%;">
+      <a href="images/0160-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0160-1.png"
+      alt="Clio" title="Clio" /></a>
+    <span class="sc">Clio.</span>
+  </div>
+  <p><br style="clear : both" /></p>
+  <p>With regard to the origin of the Muses, it is said that they were
+  created by Zeus in answer to a request on the part of the victorious
+  deities, after the war with the <!-- Page 161 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page161"></a>[161]</span>Titans, that some special divinities
+  should be called into existence, in order to commemorate in song the
+  glorious deeds of the Olympian gods.</p>
+
+  <div class="figright" style="width:21%;">
+      <a href="images/0161-4.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0161-4.png"
+      alt="Polyhymnia" title="Polyhymnia" /></a>
+    <span class="sc">Polyhymnia.</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="figright" style="width:21%;">
+      <a href="images/0161-3.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0161-3.png"
+      alt="Thalia" title="Thalia" /></a>
+    <span class="sc">Thalia.</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="figright" style="width:19%;">
+      <a href="images/0161-2.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0161-2.png"
+      alt="Melpomene" title="Melpomene" /></a>
+    <span class="sc">Melpomene.</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="figright" style="width:19%;">
+      <a href="images/0161-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0161-1.png"
+      alt="Clio" title="Clio" /></a>
+    <span class="sc">Urania.</span>
+  </div>
+  <p><br style="clear : both" /></p>
+<p><!-- Page 162 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page162"></a>[162]</span></p>
+
+<h3>PEGASUS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Pegasus was a beautiful winged horse who sprang from the body of
+  Medusa when she was slain by the hero Perseus, the son of Zeus and Danaë.
+  Spreading out his wings he immediately flew to the top of Mount Olympus,
+  where he was received with delight and admiration by all the immortals. A
+  place in his palace was assigned to him by Zeus, who employed him to
+  carry his thunder and lightning. Pegasus permitted none but the gods to
+  mount him, except in the case of Bellerophon, whom, at the command of
+  Athene, he carried aloft, in order that he might slay the Chimæra with
+  his arrows.</p>
+
+  <p>The later poets represent Pegasus as being at the service of the
+  Muses, and for this reason he is more celebrated in modern times than in
+  antiquity. He would appear to represent that poetical inspiration, which
+  tends to develop man's higher nature, and causes the mind to soar
+  heavenwards. The only mention by the ancients of Pegasus in connection
+  with the Muses, is the story of his having produced with his hoofs, the
+  famous fountain Hippocrene.</p>
+
+  <p>It is said that during their contest with the Pierides, the Muses
+  played and sang on the summit of Mount Helicon with such extraordinary
+  power and sweetness, that heaven and earth stood still to listen, whilst
+  the mountain raised itself in joyous ecstasy towards the abode of the
+  celestial gods. Poseidon, seeing his special function thus interfered
+  with, sent Pegasus to check the boldness of the mountain, in daring to
+  move without his permission. When Pegasus reached the summit, he stamped
+  the ground with his hoofs, and out gushed the waters of Hippocrene,
+  afterwards so renowned as the sacred fount, whence the Muses quaffed
+  their richest draughts of inspiration.</p>
+
+<h3>THE HESPERIDES.</h3>
+
+  <p>The Hesperides, the daughters of Atlas, dwelt in an island in the far
+  west, whence they derived their name. <!-- Page 163 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page163"></a>[163]</span></p>
+
+  <p>They were appointed by Hera to act as guardians to a tree bearing
+  golden apples, which had been presented to her by Gæa on the occasion of
+  her marriage with Zeus.</p>
+
+  <p>It is said that the Hesperides, being unable to withstand the
+  temptation of tasting the golden fruit confided to their care, were
+  deprived of their office, which was henceforth delegated to the terrible
+  dragon Ladon, who now became the ever-watchful sentinel of these precious
+  treasures.</p>
+
+  <p>The names of the Hesperides were Aegle, Arethusa, and Hesperia.</p>
+
+<h3>CHARITES (<span class="sc">Gratiæ</span>) <b>GRACES.</b></h3>
+
+  <p>All those gentler attributes which beautify and refine human existence
+  were personified by the Greeks under the form of three lovely sisters,
+  Euphrosyne, Aglaia, and Thalia, the daughters of Zeus and Eurynome (or,
+  according to later writers, of Dionysus and Aphrodite).</p>
+
+  <p>They are represented as beautiful, slender maidens in the full bloom
+  of youth, with hands and arms lovingly intertwined, and are either
+  undraped, or wear a fleecy, transparent garment of an ethereal
+  fabric.</p>
+
+  <p>They portray every gentle emotion of the heart, which vents itself in
+  friendship and benevolence, and were believed to preside over those
+  qualities which constitute grace, modesty, unconscious beauty,
+  gentleness, kindliness, innocent joy, purity of mind and body, and
+  eternal youth.</p>
+
+  <p>They not only possessed the most perfect beauty themselves, but also
+  conferred this gift upon others. All the enjoyments of life were enhanced
+  by their presence, and were deemed incomplete without them; and wherever
+  joy or pleasure, grace and gaiety reigned, there they were supposed to be
+  present.</p>
+
+  <p>Temples and altars were everywhere erected in their honour, and people
+  of all ages and of every rank in life entreated their favour. Incense was
+  burnt daily upon their altars, and at every banquet they were invoked,
+  <!-- Page 164 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page164"></a>[164]</span>and a libation poured out to them, as they
+  not only heightened all enjoyment, but also by their refining influence
+  moderated the exciting effects of wine.</p>
+
+  <p>Music, eloquence, poetry, and art, though the direct work of the
+  Muses, received at the hands of the Graces an additional touch of
+  refinement and beauty; for which reason they are always regarded as the
+  friends of the Muses, with whom they lived on Mount Olympus.</p>
+
+  <p>Their special function was to act, in conjunction with the Seasons, as
+  attendants upon Aphrodite, whom they adorned with wreaths of flowers, and
+  she emerges from their hands like the Queen of Spring, perfumed with the
+  odour of roses and violets, and all sweet-scented blossoms.</p>
+
+  <p>The Graces are frequently seen in attendance on other divinities; thus
+  they carry music for Apollo, myrtles for Aphrodite, &amp;c., and
+  frequently accompany the Muses, Eros, or Dionysus.</p>
+
+<h3>HORÆ (<span class="sc">Seasons</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>Closely allied to the Graces were the Horæ, or Seasons, who were also
+  represented as three beautiful maidens, daughters of Zeus and Themis.
+  Their names were Eunomia, Dice, and Irene.</p>
+
+  <p>It may appear strange that these divinities, presiding over the
+  seasons, should be but three in number, but this is quite in accordance
+  with the notions of the ancient Greeks, who only recognized spring,
+  summer, and autumn as seasons; nature being supposed to be wrapt in death
+  or slumber, during that cheerless and unproductive portion of the year
+  which we call winter. In some parts of Greece there were but two Horæ,
+  Thallo, goddess of the bloom, and Carpo, of the corn and fruit-bearing
+  season.</p>
+
+  <p>The Horæ are always regarded as friendly towards mankind, and totally
+  devoid of guile or subtlety; they are represented as joyous, but gentle
+  maidens, crowned with flowers, and holding each other by the hand in a
+  round dance. When they are depicted separately as personifications of the
+  different seasons, the Hora <!-- Page 165 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page165"></a>[165]</span>representing spring appears laden with
+  flowers, that of summer bears a sheaf of corn, whilst the personification
+  of autumn has her hands filled with clusters of grapes and other fruits.
+  They also appear in company with the Graces in the train of Aphrodite,
+  and are seen with Apollo and the Muses.</p>
+
+  <p>They are inseparably connected with all that is good and beautiful in
+  nature, and as the regular alternation of the seasons, like all her other
+  operations, demands the most perfect order and regularity, the Horæ,
+  being the daughters of Themis, came to be regarded as the representatives
+  of order, and the just administration of human affairs in civilized
+  communities. Each of these graceful maidens took upon herself a separate
+  function: Eunomia presided more especially over state life, Dice guarded
+  the interests of individuals, whilst Irene, the gayest and brightest of
+  the three sisters, was the light-hearted companion of Dionysus.</p>
+
+  <p>The Horæ were also the deities of the fast-fleeting hours, and thus
+  presided over the smaller, as well as the larger divisions of time. In
+  this capacity they assist every morning in yoking the celestial horses to
+  the glorious chariot of the sun, which they again help to unyoke when he
+  sinks to rest.</p>
+
+  <p>In their original conception they were personifications of the clouds,
+  and are described as opening and closing the gates of heaven, and causing
+  fruits and flowers to spring forth, when they pour down upon them their
+  refreshing and life-giving streams.</p>
+
+<h3>THE NYMPHS.</h3>
+
+  <p>The graceful beings called the Nymphs were the presiding deities of
+  the woods, grottoes, streams, meadows, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>These divinities were supposed to be beautiful maidens of fairy-like
+  form, and robed in more or less shadowy garments. They were held in the
+  greatest veneration, though, being minor divinities, they had no temples
+  <!-- Page 166 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page166"></a>[166]</span>dedicated to them, but were worshipped in
+  caves or grottoes, with libations of milk, honey, oil, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>They may be divided into three distinct classes, viz., water,
+  mountain, and tree or wood nymphs.</p>
+
+<h3>WATER NYMPHS.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><b>OCEANIDES, NEREIDES, AND NAIADES.</b></p>
+
+  <p>The worship of water-deities is common to most primitive nations. The
+  streams, springs, and fountains of a country bear the same relation to it
+  which the blood, coursing through the numberless arteries of a human
+  being, bears to the body; both represent the living, moving,
+  life-awakening element, without which existence would be impossible.
+  Hence we find among most nations a deep feeling of attachment to the
+  streams and waters of their native land, the remembrance of which, when
+  absent in foreign climes, is always treasured with peculiar fondness.
+  Thus among the early Greeks, each tribe came to regard the rivers and
+  springs of its individual state as beneficent powers, which brought
+  blessing and prosperity to the country. It is probable also that the
+  charm which ever accompanies the sound of running water exercised its
+  power over their imagination. They heard with delight the gentle whisper
+  of the fountain, lulling the senses with its low, rippling tones; the
+  soft purling of the brook as it rushes over the pebbles, or the mighty
+  voice of the waterfall as it dashes on in its headlong course; and the
+  beings which they pictured to themselves as presiding over all these
+  charming sights and sounds of nature, corresponded, in their graceful
+  appearance, with the scenes with which they were associated.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><b>OCEANIDES.</b></p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="sc">Oceanides</span>, or Ocean Nymphs, were the
+  daughters of Oceanus and Tethys, and, like most sea divinities, were
+  endowed with the gift of prophecy.</p>
+
+  <p>They are personifications of those delicate vapour-like <!-- Page 167
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page167"></a>[167]</span>exhalations,
+  which, in warm climates, are emitted from the surface of the sea, more
+  especially at sunset, and are impelled forwards by the evening breeze.
+  They are accordingly represented as misty, shadowy beings, with graceful
+  swaying forms, and robed in pale blue, gauze-like fabrics.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><b>THE NEREIDES.</b></p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="sc">Nereides</span> were the daughters of Nereus and
+  Doris, and were nymphs of the Mediterranean Sea.</p>
+
+  <p>They are similar in appearance to the Oceanides, but their beauty is
+  of a less shadowy order, and is more like that of mortals. They wear a
+  flowing, pale green robe; their liquid eyes resemble, in their clear
+  depths, the lucid waters of the sea they inhabit; their hair floats
+  carelessly over their shoulders, and assumes the greenish tint of the
+  water itself, which, far from deteriorating from their beauty, greatly
+  adds to its effect. The Nereides either accompany the chariot of the
+  mighty ruler of the sea, or follow in his train.</p>
+
+  <p>We are told by the poets that the lonely mariner watches the Nereides
+  with silent awe and wondering delight, as they rise from their
+  grotto-palaces in the deep, and dance, in joyful groups, over the
+  sleeping waves. Some, with arms entwined, follow with their movements the
+  melodies which seem to hover over the sea, whilst others scatter liquid
+  gems around, these being emblematical of the phosphorescent light, so
+  frequently observed at night by the traveller in southern waters.</p>
+
+  <p>The best known of the Nereides were Thetis, the wife of Peleus,
+  Amphitrite, the spouse of Poseidon, and Galatea, the beloved of Acis.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><b>THE NAIADES.</b></p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="sc">Naiades</span> were the nymphs of fresh-water
+  springs, lakes, brooks, rivers, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>As the trees, plants, and flowers owed their nourishment to their
+  genial, fostering care, these divinities were <!-- Page 168 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page168"></a>[168]</span>regarded by the Greeks
+  as special benefactors to mankind. Like all the nymphs, they possessed
+  the gift of prophecy, for which reason many of the springs and fountains
+  over which they presided were believed to inspire mortals who drank of
+  their waters with the power of foretelling future events. The Naiades are
+  intimately connected in idea with those flowers which are called after
+  them Nymphæ, or water-lilies, whose broad, green leaves and yellow cups
+  float upon the surface of the water, as though proudly conscious of their
+  own grace and beauty.</p>
+
+  <p>We often hear of the Naiades forming alliances with mortals, and also
+  of their being wooed by the sylvan deities of the woods and dales.</p>
+
+<h3>DRYADES, OR TREE NYMPHS.</h3>
+
+  <p>The tree nymphs partook of the distinguishing characteristics of the
+  particular tree to whose life they were wedded, and were known
+  collectively by the name of the Dryades.</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="sc">Hamadryades</span>, or oak nymphs, represent in
+  their peculiar individuality the quiet, self-reliant power which appears
+  to belong essentially to the grand and lordly king of the forest.</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="sc">Birch Nymph</span> is a melancholy maiden with
+  floating hair, resembling the branches of the pale and fragile-looking
+  tree which she inhabits.</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="sc">Beech Nymph</span> is strong and sturdy, full of
+  life and joyousness, and appears to give promise of faithful love and
+  undisturbed repose, whilst her rosy cheeks, deep brown eyes, and graceful
+  form bespeak health, vigour, and vitality.</p>
+
+  <p>The nymph of the <span class="sc">Linden Tree</span> is represented as
+  a little coy maiden, whose short silver-gray dress reaches a little below
+  the knee, and displays to advantage her delicately formed limbs. The
+  sweet face, which is partly averted, reveals a pair of large blue eyes,
+  which appear to look at you with wondering surprise and shy mistrust;
+  <!-- Page 169 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page169"></a>[169]</span>her pale, golden hair is bound by the
+  faintest streak of rose-coloured ribbon.</p>
+
+  <p>The tree nymph, being wedded to the life of the tree she inhabited,
+  ceased to exist when it was either felled, or so injured as to wither
+  away and die.</p>
+
+<h3>NYMPHS OF THE VALLEYS AND MOUNTAINS.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><b>NAPÆÆ AND OREADES.</b></p>
+
+  <p>The Napææ were the kind and gentle nymphs of the valleys and glens who
+  appear in the train of Artemis. They are represented as lovely maidens
+  with short tunics, which, reaching only to the knee, do not impede their
+  swift and graceful movements in the exercise of the chase. Their pale
+  brown tresses are fastened in a knot at the back of the head, whence a
+  few stray curls escape over their shoulders. The Napææ are shy as the
+  fawns, and quite as frolicsome.</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="sc">Oreades</span>, or mountain nymphs, who are the
+  principal and constant companions of Artemis, are tall, graceful maidens,
+  attired as huntresses. They are ardent followers of the chase, and spare
+  neither the gentle deer nor the timid hare, nor indeed any animal they
+  meet with in their rapid course. Wherever their wild hunt goes the shy
+  Napææ are represented as hiding behind the leaves, whilst their
+  favourites, the fawns, kneel tremblingly beside them, looking up
+  beseechingly for protection from the wild huntresses; and even the bold
+  Satyrs dart away at their approach, and seek safety in flight.</p>
+
+  <p>There is a myth connected with one of these mountain nymphs, the
+  unfortunate Echo. She became enamoured of a beautiful youth named
+  Narcissus, son of the river-god Cephissus, who, however, failed to return
+  her love, which so grieved her that she gradually pined away, becoming a
+  mere shadow of her former self, till, at length, nothing remained of her
+  except her voice, which henceforth gave back, with unerring fidelity,
+  every sound that was uttered in the hills and dales. Narcissus himself
+  <!-- Page 170 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page170"></a>[170]</span>also met with an unhappy fate, for
+  Aphrodite punished him by causing him to fall in love with his own image,
+  which he beheld in a neighbouring fountain, whereupon, consumed with
+  unrequited love, he wasted away, and was changed into the flower which
+  bears his name.</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="sc">Limoniades</span>, or meadow nymphs, resemble the
+  Naiades, and are usually represented dancing hand in hand in a
+  circle.</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="sc">Hyades</span>, who in appearance are somewhat
+  similar to the Oceanides, are cloudy divinities, and, from the fact of
+  their being invariably accompanied by rain, are represented as
+  incessantly weeping.</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="sc">Meliades</span> were the nymphs who presided over
+  fruit-trees.</p>
+
+  <p>Before concluding this subject, attention should be drawn to the fact
+  that, in more modern times, this beautiful idea of animating all nature
+  in detail reappears under the various local traditions extant in
+  different countries. Thus do the Oceanides and Nereides live again in the
+  mermaids, whose existence is still believed in by mariners, whilst the
+  flower and meadow nymphs assume the shape of those tiny elves and
+  fairies, who were formerly believed to hold their midnight revels in
+  every wood and on every common; indeed, even at the present day, the
+  Irish peasantry, especially in the west, firmly believe in the existence
+  of the fairies, or "good people," as they are called.</p>
+
+<h3>THE WINDS.</h3>
+
+  <p>According to the oldest accounts, Æolus was a king of the Æolian
+  Islands, to whom Zeus gave the command of the winds, which he kept shut
+  up in a deep cave, and which he freed at his pleasure, or at the command
+  of the gods.</p>
+
+  <p>In later times the above belief underwent a change, and the winds came
+  to be regarded as distinct divinities, whose aspect accorded with the
+  respective winds with which they were identified. They were depicted as
+  <!-- Page 171 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page171"></a>[171]</span>winged youths in full vigour in the act of
+  flying through the air.</p>
+
+  <p>The principal winds were: Boreas (the north wind), Eurus (the east
+  wind), Zephyrus (the west wind), and Notus (the south wind), who were
+  said to be the children of Eos and Astræus.</p>
+
+  <p>There are no myths of interest connected with these divinities.
+  Zephyrus was united to Chloris (Flora), the goddess of flowers. Of Boreas
+  it is related that while flying over the river Ilissus, he beheld on the
+  banks Oreithyia, the charming daughter of Erechtheus, king of Athens,
+  whom he carried off to his native Thrace, and there made her his bride.
+  Boreas and Oreithyia were the parents of Zetes and Calais, afterwards
+  famous in the expedition of the Argonauts.</p>
+
+  <p>There was an altar erected at Athens in honour of Boreas, in
+  commemoration of his having destroyed the Persian fleet sent to attack
+  the Greeks.</p>
+
+  <p>On the Acropolis at Athens there was a celebrated octagonal temple,
+  built by Pericles, which was dedicated to the winds, and on its sides
+  were their various representations. The ruins of this temple are still to
+  be seen.</p>
+
+<h3>PAN (<span class="sc">Faunus</span>).</h3>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0171-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0171-1.png"
+      alt="Pan and Syrinx" title="Pan and Syrinx" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Pan was the god of fertility, and the special patron of shepherds and
+  huntsmen; he presided over all rural occupations, was chief of the
+  Satyrs, and head of all rural divinities.</p>
+
+  <p>According to the common belief, he was the son of Hermes and a wood
+  nymph, and came into the world with horns sprouting from his forehead, a
+  goat's beard and a crooked nose, pointed ears, and the tail and feet of a
+  goat, and presented altogether so repulsive <!-- Page 172 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page172"></a>[172]</span>an appearance that, at
+  the sight of him, his mother fled in dismay.</p>
+
+  <p>Hermes, however, took up his curious little offspring, wrapt him in a
+  hare skin, and carried him in his arms to Olympus. The grotesque form and
+  merry antics of the little stranger made him a great favourite with all
+  the immortals, especially Dionysus; and they bestowed upon him the name
+  of Pan (all), because he had delighted them <i>all</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>His favourite haunts were grottoes, and his delight was to wander in
+  uncontrolled freedom over rocks and mountains, following his various
+  pursuits, ever cheerful, and usually very noisy. He was a great lover of
+  music, singing, dancing, and all pursuits which enhance the pleasures of
+  life; and hence, in spite of his repulsive appearance, we see him
+  surrounded with nymphs of the forests and dales, who love to dance round
+  him to the cheerful music of his pipe, the syrinx. The myth concerning
+  the origin of Pan's pipe is as follows:&mdash;Pan became enamoured of a
+  beautiful nymph, called Syrinx, who, appalled at his terrible appearance,
+  fled from the pertinacious attentions of her unwelcome suitor. He pursued
+  her to the banks of the river Ladon, when, seeing his near approach, and
+  feeling escape impossible, she called on the gods for assistance, who, in
+  answer to her prayer, transformed her into a reed, just as Pan was about
+  to seize her. Whilst the love-sick Pan was sighing and lamenting his
+  unfortunate fate, the winds gently swayed the reeds, and produced a
+  murmuring sound as of one complaining. Charmed with the soothing tones,
+  he endeavoured to reproduce them himself, and after cutting seven of the
+  reeds of unequal length, he joined them together, and succeeded in
+  producing the pipe, which he called the syrinx, in memory of his lost
+  love.</p>
+
+  <p>Pan was regarded by shepherds as their most valiant protector, who
+  defended their flocks from the attacks of wolves. The shepherds of these
+  early times, having no penfolds, were in the habit of gathering together
+  their flocks in mountain caves, to protect them against the <!-- Page 173
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page173"></a>[173]</span>inclemency of
+  the weather, and also to secure them at night against the attacks of wild
+  animals; these caves, therefore, which were very numerous in the mountain
+  districts of Arcadia, B&oelig;otia, &amp;c., were all consecrated to
+  Pan.</p>
+
+  <p>As it is customary in all tropical climates to repose during the heat
+  of the day, Pan is represented as greatly enjoying his afternoon sleep in
+  the cool shelter of a tree or cave, and also as being highly displeased
+  at any sound which disturbed his slumbers, for which reason the shepherds
+  were always particularly careful to keep unbroken silence during these
+  hours, whilst they themselves indulged in a quiet siesta.</p>
+
+  <p>Pan was equally beloved by huntsmen, being himself a great lover of
+  the woods, which afforded to his cheerful and active disposition full
+  scope, and in which he loved to range at will. He was regarded as the
+  patron of the chase, and the rural sportsmen, returning from an
+  unsuccessful day's sport, beat, in token of their displeasure, the wooden
+  image of Pan, which always occupied a prominent place in their
+  dwellings.</p>
+
+  <p>All sudden and unaccountable sounds which startle travellers in lonely
+  spots, were attributed to Pan, who possessed a frightful and most
+  discordant voice; hence the term <i>pan</i>ic terror, to indicate sudden
+  fear. The Athenians ascribed their victory at Marathon to the alarm which
+  he created among the Persians by his terrible voice.</p>
+
+  <p>Pan was gifted with the power of prophecy, which he is said to have
+  imparted to Apollo, and he possessed a well-known and very ancient oracle
+  in Arcadia, in which state he was more especially worshipped.</p>
+
+  <p>The artists of later times have somewhat toned down the original very
+  unattractive conception of Pan, as above described, and merely represent
+  him as a young man, hardened by the exposure to all weathers which a
+  rural life involves, and bearing in his hand the shepherd's crook and
+  syrinx&mdash;these being his usual attributes&mdash;whilst small horns
+  project from his forehead. He is either undraped, or wears merely the
+  light cloak called the chlamys.</p>
+
+  <p>The usual offerings to Pan were milk and honey in <!-- Page 174
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page174"></a>[174]</span>shepherds'
+  bowls. Cows, lambs, and rams were also sacrificed to him.</p>
+
+  <p>After the introduction of Pan into the worship of Dionysus, we hear of
+  a number of little Pans (Panisci), who are sometimes confounded with the
+  Satyrs.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">FAUNUS.</p>
+
+  <p>The Romans had an old Italian divinity called Faunus, who, as the god
+  of shepherds, was identified with the Greek Pan, and represented in a
+  similar manner.</p>
+
+  <p>Faunus is frequently called Inuus or the fertilizer, and Lupercus or
+  the one who wards off wolves. Like Pan, he possessed the gift of
+  prophecy, and was the presiding spirit of the woods and fields; he also
+  shared with his Greek prototype the faculty of alarming travellers in
+  solitary places. Bad dreams and evil apparitions were attributed to
+  Faunus, and he was believed to enter houses stealthily at night for this
+  purpose.</p>
+
+  <p>Fauna was the wife of Faunus, and participated in his functions.</p>
+
+<h3>THE SATYRS.</h3>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0175-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0175-1.png"
+      alt="A Satyr" title="A Satyr" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>The Satyrs were a race of woodland spirits, who evidently personified
+  the free, wild, and untrammelled life of the forest. Their appearance was
+  both grotesque and repulsive; they had flat broad noses, pointed ears,
+  and little horns sprouting from their foreheads, a rough shaggy skin, and
+  small goat's tails. They led a life of pleasure and self-indulgence,
+  followed the chase, revelled in every description of wild music and
+  dancing, were terrible wine-bibbers, and addicted to the deep slumbers
+  which follow heavy potations. They were no less dreaded by mortals than
+  by the gentle woodland nymphs, who always avoided their coarse rough
+  sports.</p>
+
+  <p>The Satyrs were conspicuous figures in the train of Dionysus, and, as
+  we have seen, Silenus their chief was tutor to the wine god. The older
+  Satyrs were called Silens, and are represented in antique sculpture, as
+  more nearly approaching the human form.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 175 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page175"></a>[175]</span></p>
+
+  <p>In addition to the ordinary Satyrs, artists delighted in depicting
+  little Satyrs, young imps, frolicking about the woods in a marvellous
+  variety of droll attitudes. These little fellows greatly resemble their
+  friends and companions, the Panisci.</p>
+
+  <p>In rural districts it was customary for the shepherds and peasants who
+  attended the festivals of Dionysus, to dress themselves in the skins of
+  goats and other animals, and, under this disguise, they permitted
+  themselves all kinds of playful tricks and excesses, to which
+  circumstance the conception of the Satyrs is by some authorities
+  attributed.</p>
+
+  <p>In Rome the old Italian wood-divinities, the FAUNS, who had goats'
+  feet and all other characteristics of the Satyrs greatly exaggerated,
+  were identified with them.</p>
+
+<h3>PRIAPUS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Priapus, the son of Dionysus and Aphrodite, was regarded as the god of
+  fruitfulness, the protector of flocks, sheep, goats, bees, the fruit of
+  the vine, and all garden produce.</p>
+
+  <p>His statues, which were set up in gardens and vineyards, acted not
+  only as objects of worship, but also as scarecrows, the appearance of
+  this god being especially repulsive and unsightly. These statues were
+  formed of wood or stone, and from the hips downwards were merely rude
+  columns. They represent him as having a red and very ugly face; he bears
+  in his hand a pruning knife, and his head is crowned with a wreath of
+  vine and laurel. He usually carries fruit in his garments or a cornucopia
+  in his hand, always, however, retaining his singularly revolting aspect.
+  It is said that Hera, wishing <!-- Page 176 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page176"></a>[176]</span>to punish Aphrodite, sent her this
+  misshapen and unsightly son, and that when he was born, his mother was so
+  horrified at the sight of him, that she ordered him to be exposed on the
+  mountains, where he was found by some shepherds, who, taking pity on him,
+  saved his life.</p>
+
+  <p>This divinity was chiefly worshipped at Lampsacus, his birthplace.
+  Asses were sacrificed to him, and he received the first-fruits of the
+  fields and gardens, with a libation of milk and honey.</p>
+
+  <p>The worship of Priapus was introduced into Rome at the same time as
+  that of Aphrodite, and was identified with a native Italian divinity
+  named Mutunus.</p>
+
+<h3>ASCLEPIAS (<span class="sc">Æsculapius</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>Asclepias, the god of the healing art, was the son of Apollo and the
+  nymph Coronis. He was educated by the noble Centaur Chiron, who
+  instructed him in all knowledge, but more especially in that of the
+  properties of herbs. Asclepias searched out the hidden powers of plants,
+  and discovered cures for the various diseases which afflict the human
+  body. He brought his art to such perfection, that he not only succeeded
+  in warding off death, but also restored the dead to life. It was
+  popularly believed that he was materially assisted in his wonderful cures
+  by the blood of the Medusa, given to him by Pallas-Athene.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0177-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0177-1.png"
+      alt="Asclepias" title="Asclepias" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>It is well to observe that the shrines of this divinity, which were
+  usually built in healthy places, on hills outside the town, or near wells
+  which were believed to have healing powers, offered at the same time
+  means of cure for the sick and suffering, thus combining religious with
+  sanitary influences. It was the custom for the sufferer to sleep in the
+  temple, when, if he had been earnest in his devotions, Asclepias appeared
+  to him in a dream, and revealed the means to be employed for the cure of
+  his malady. On the walls of these temples were hung tablets, inscribed by
+  the different pilgrims with the particulars of their maladies, the
+  remedies practised, and the cures <!-- Page 177 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page177"></a>[177]</span>worked by the
+  god:&mdash;a custom undoubtedly productive of most beneficial
+  results.</p>
+
+  <p>Groves, temples, and altars were dedicated to Asclepias in many parts
+  of Greece, but Epidaurus, the chief seat of his worship,&mdash;where,
+  indeed, it is said to have originated,&mdash;contained his principal
+  temple, which served at the same time as a hospital.</p>
+
+  <p>The statue of Asclepias in the temple at Epidaurus was formed of ivory
+  and gold, and represented him as an old man with a full beard, leaning on
+  a staff round which a serpent is climbing. The serpent was the
+  distinguishing symbol of this divinity, partly because these reptiles
+  were greatly used by the ancients in the cure of diseases, and partly
+  also because all the prudence and wisdom of the serpent were deemed
+  indispensable to the judicious physician.</p>
+
+  <p>His usual attributes are a staff, a bowl, a bunch of herbs, a
+  pineapple, a dog, and a serpent.</p>
+
+  <p>His children inherited, for the most part, the distinguished talents
+  of their father. Two of his sons, Machaon and Podalirius, accompanied
+  Agamemnon to the Trojan war, in which expedition they became renowned,
+  not only as military heroes, but also as skilful physicians.</p>
+
+  <p>Their sisters, <b>HYGEIA</b> (health), and <b>PANACEA</b>
+  (all-healing), had temples dedicated to them, and received divine
+  honours. The function of Hygeia was to maintain the health of the
+  community, which great blessing was supposed to be brought by her as a
+  direct and beneficent gift from the gods.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">ÆSCULAPIUS.</p>
+
+  <p>The worship of Æsculapius was introduced into Rome from Epidaurus,
+  whence the statue of the god of healing <!-- Page 178 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page178"></a>[178]</span>was brought at the time
+  of a great pestilence. Grateful for their deliverance from this plague,
+  the Romans erected a temple in his honour, on an island near the mouth of
+  the Tiber.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>ROMAN DIVINITIES.</h3>
+
+<h3>JANUS.</h3>
+
+  <p>From the earliest ages Janus was regarded by the Romans with the
+  utmost affection and veneration, as a divinity who ranked only second to
+  Jupiter himself, and through whom all prayers and petitions were
+  transmitted to the other gods.</p>
+
+  <p>He was believed to preside over the beginnings of all things, hence it
+  was he who inaugurated the years, months, and seasons, and in course of
+  time came to be considered as specially protecting the beginnings of all
+  human enterprises. The great importance which the Romans attached to an
+  auspicious commencement, as contributing to the ultimate success of an
+  enterprise, accounts for the high estimation in which Janus was held as
+  the god of beginnings.</p>
+
+  <p>This divinity would appear to have been the ancient sun-god of the
+  Italian tribes, in which capacity he opens and closes the gates of heaven
+  every morning and evening. Hence he was regarded as the door-keeper of
+  heaven, and also as the presiding deity over all gates, entrances,
+  &amp;c., on earth.</p>
+
+  <p>The fact of his being the god of city gates, which were called Jani
+  after him, is ascribed, however, to the following myth:&mdash;After the
+  abduction of their women by the Romans, the Sabines, in revenge, invaded
+  the Roman state, and were already about to enter the gates of the city,
+  when suddenly a hot sulphur spring, which was believed to have been sent
+  by Janus for their special preservation, gushed forth from the earth, and
+  arrested the progress of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 179 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page179"></a>[179]</span></p>
+
+  <p>In his character as guardian of gates and doors, he was also regarded
+  as a protecting deity of the home, for which reason little shrines were
+  erected to him over the doors of houses, which contained an image of the
+  god, having two faces.</p>
+
+  <p>Janus possessed no temples in the ordinary acceptation of the word,
+  but all the gates of cities were dedicated to him. Close to the Forum of
+  Rome stood the so-called temple of Janus, which, however, was merely an
+  arched passage, closed by massive gates. This temple was open only in
+  time of war, as it was supposed that the god had then taken his departure
+  with the Roman army, over whose welfare he personally presided. It is
+  worthy of notice, as an evidence of the many wars in which the Romans
+  were engaged, that the gates of this sanctuary were only closed three
+  times during 700 years.</p>
+
+  <p>As the god who ushers in the new year, the first month was called
+  after him, and on the 1st of January his most important festival was
+  celebrated, on which occasion all entrances of public and private
+  buildings were decorated with laurel branches and garlands of
+  flowers.</p>
+
+  <p>His sacrifices, consisting of cakes, wine, and barley, were offered to
+  him at the beginning of every month; and before sacrificing to the other
+  gods his name was always invoked, and a libation poured out to him.</p>
+
+  <p>Janus is usually represented with two faces; in his special function
+  as door-keeper of heaven he stands erect, bearing a key in one hand, and
+  a rod or sceptre in the other.</p>
+
+  <p>It is supposed that Janus was the most ancient king of Italy, who,
+  during his life, governed his subjects with such wisdom and moderation
+  that, in gratitude for the benefits conferred upon them, his people
+  deified him after death and placed him in the foremost rank among their
+  divinities. We have already seen in the history of Cronus that Saturn,
+  who was identified with the Greek Cronus (god of time), was the friend
+  and colleague of Janus. Anxious to prove his gratitude to his benefactor,
+  Cronus endowed him with the knowledge of past and future <!-- Page 180
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page180"></a>[180]</span>events, which
+  enabled him to adopt the wisest measures for the welfare of his subjects,
+  and it is on this account that Janus is represented with two faces
+  looking in opposite directions, the one to the past, the other to the
+  future.</p>
+
+<h3>FLORA.</h3>
+
+  <p>Flora was the goddess of flowers, and was regarded as a beneficent
+  power, who watched over and protected the early blossoms.</p>
+
+  <p>She was held in the highest estimation by the Romans, and a festival,
+  called the Floralia, was celebrated in her honour from the 28th of April
+  to the 1st of May. This festival was a season of universal merriment, in
+  which flowers were used profusely in adorning houses, streets, &amp;c.,
+  and were worn by young girls in their hair.</p>
+
+  <p>Flora, who typified the season of Spring, is generally represented as
+  a lovely maiden, garlanded with flowers.</p>
+
+<h3>ROBIGUS.</h3>
+
+  <p>In opposition to Flora we find an antagonistic divinity, called
+  Robigus, a worker of evil, who delighted in the destruction of the tender
+  herbs by mildew, and whose wrath could only be averted by prayers and
+  sacrifices, when he was invoked under the title of Averuncus, or the
+  Avertor.</p>
+
+  <p>The festival of Robigus (the Robigalia) was celebrated on the 25th of
+  April.</p>
+
+<h3>POMONA.</h3>
+
+  <p>Pomona was the goddess of orchards and fruit-trees, who, according to
+  Ovid, cares not for woods or streams, but loves her gardens and the
+  boughs that bear the thriving fruit.</p>
+
+  <p>Pomona, who typifies Autumn, is represented as a lovely maiden, laden
+  with branches of fruit-trees.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 181 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page181"></a>[181]</span></p>
+
+<h3>VERTUMNUS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Vertumnus was the god of garden and field produce. He personifies the
+  change of seasons, and that process of transformation in nature by means
+  of which the leaf-buds become developed into blossoms, and the blossoms
+  into fruit.</p>
+
+  <p>The change of seasons is symbolized in a myth which represents
+  Vertumnus as metamorphosing himself into a variety of different forms in
+  order to gain the affection of Pomona, who so loved her vocation that she
+  abjured all thoughts of marriage. He first appears to her as a ploughman,
+  typifying Spring; then as a reaper, to represent Summer; afterwards as a
+  vine-gatherer, to indicate Autumn; and finally as a gray-haired old
+  woman, symbolical of the snows of Winter; but it was not until he assumed
+  his true form, that of a beautiful youth, that he succeeded in his
+  suit.</p>
+
+  <p>Vertumnus is generally represented crowned with wheat-sheaves, and
+  bearing in his hand a cornucopia.</p>
+
+<h3>PALES.</h3>
+
+  <p>Pales, a very ancient Italian divinity, is represented sometimes as a
+  male, sometimes as a female power.</p>
+
+  <p>As a male divinity he is more particularly the god of shepherds and
+  flocks.</p>
+
+  <p>As a female deity, Pales presides over husbandry and the fruitfulness
+  of herds. Her festivals, the Palilia, were celebrated on the 21st of
+  April, the day on which the city of Rome was founded. During this
+  festival it was customary for shepherds to ignite a mass of straw,
+  through which they rushed with their flocks, believing that this ordeal
+  would purify them from sin.</p>
+
+  <p>The name Palatine, which originally signified a pastoral colony, is
+  derived from this divinity. Her offerings were cakes and milk.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 182 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page182"></a>[182]</span></p>
+
+<h3>PICUS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Picus, the son of Saturn and father of Faunus, was a woodland
+  divinity, gifted with prophetic powers.</p>
+
+  <p>An ancient myth relates that Picus was a beautiful youth, united to a
+  nymph called Canens. The sorceress Circe, infatuated by his beauty,
+  endeavoured to secure his love, but he rejected her advances, and she, in
+  revenge, changed him into a woodpecker, under which form he still
+  retained his powers of prophecy.</p>
+
+  <p>Picus is represented as a youth, with a woodpecker perched upon his
+  head, which bird became henceforth regarded as possessed of the power of
+  prophecy.</p>
+
+<h3>PICUMNUS AND PILUMNUS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Picumnus and Pilumnus were two household divinities of the Romans, who
+  were the special presiding deities of new-born infants.</p>
+
+<h3>SILVANUS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Silvanus was a woodland divinity, who, like Faunus, greatly resembled
+  the Greek Pan. He was the presiding deity of plantations and forests, and
+  specially protected the boundaries of fields.</p>
+
+  <p>Silvanus is represented as a hale old man, carrying a cypress-tree,
+  for, according to Roman mythology, the transformation of the youth
+  Cyparissus into the tree which bears his name was attributed to him.</p>
+
+  <p>His sacrifices consisted of milk, meat, wine, grapes, wheat-ears, and
+  pigs.</p>
+
+<h3>TERMINUS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Terminus was the god who presided over all boundaries and
+  landmarks.</p>
+
+  <p>He was originally represented by a simple block of stone, which in
+  later times became surmounted by a <!-- Page 183 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page183"></a>[183]</span>head of this divinity.
+  Numa Pompilius, the great benefactor of his people, anxious to inculcate
+  respect for the rights of property, specially enjoined the erection of
+  these blocks of stone, as a durable monument to mark the line dividing
+  one property from another. He also caused altars to be raised to
+  Terminus, and instituted his festival (the Terminalia), which was
+  celebrated on the 23rd of February.</p>
+
+  <p>Upon one occasion, when Tarquin wished to remove the altars of several
+  deities, in order to build a new temple, it is said that Terminus and
+  Juventas alone objected to being displaced. This obstinate refusal on
+  their part was interpreted as a good omen, signifying that the city of
+  Rome would never lose her boundaries, and would remain ever young and
+  vigorous.</p>
+
+<h3>CONSUS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Consus was the god of secret counsel.</p>
+
+  <p>The Romans believed that when an idea developed itself spontaneously
+  within the mind of an individual, it was Consus who had prompted the
+  suggestion. This applied, however, more particularly to plans which
+  resulted satisfactorily.</p>
+
+  <p>An altar was erected to this divinity on the Circus Maximus, which was
+  kept always covered, except during his festival, the Consualia, which was
+  celebrated on the 18th of August.</p>
+
+<h3>LIBITINA.</h3>
+
+  <p>Libitina was the goddess who presided over funerals. This divinity was
+  identified with Venus, possibly because the ancients considered that the
+  power of love extended even to the realms of death.</p>
+
+  <p>Her temple in Rome, which was erected by Servius Tullius, contained
+  all the requisites for funerals, and these could either be bought or
+  hired there. A register of all deaths which occurred in the city of Rome
+  was kept in <!-- Page 184 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page184"></a>[184]</span>this temple, and in order to ascertain the
+  rate of mortality, a piece of money was paid by command of Servius
+  Tullius, on the demise of each person.</p>
+
+<h3>LAVERNA.</h3>
+
+  <p>Laverna was the presiding goddess of thieves, and of all artifice and
+  fraud. There was an altar erected to her near the Porta Lavernalis, which
+  was called after her, and she possessed a sacred grove on the Via
+  Salavia.</p>
+
+<h3>COMUS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Comus was the presiding genius of banquets, festive scenes, revelry,
+  and all joyous pleasures and reckless gaiety.</p>
+
+  <p>He is represented as a young man crowned with flowers, his face heated
+  and flushed with wine, leaning against a post in a half-sleepy and
+  drunken attitude, with a torch falling from his hand.</p>
+
+<h3>THE CAMENÆ.</h3>
+
+  <p>The Camenæ were prophetic nymphs held in high veneration by the
+  ancient Italians. They were four in number, the best known of whom are
+  Carmenta and Egeria.</p>
+
+  <p>Carmenta was celebrated as being the mother of Evander, who led an
+  Arcadian colony into Italy, and founded a town on the river Tiber, which
+  became afterwards incorporated with the city of Rome. Evander is said to
+  have been the first who introduced Greek art and civilization into Italy,
+  and also the worship of Greek divinities.</p>
+
+  <p>A temple was erected to Carmenta on the Capitoline Hill, and a
+  festival, called the Carmentalia, was celebrated in her honour on the
+  11th of January.</p>
+
+  <p>Egeria is said to have initiated Numa Pompilius in the forms of
+  religious worship, which he introduced among his people. She was regarded
+  as the giver of <!-- Page 185 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page185"></a>[185]</span>life, and was therefore invoked by women
+  before the birth of their children.</p>
+
+  <p>The Camenæ are frequently identified by Roman writers with the
+  Muses.</p>
+
+<h3>GENII.</h3>
+
+  <p>A comforting and assuring belief existed among the Romans, that each
+  individual was accompanied through life, from the hour of his birth to
+  that of his death, by a protecting spirit, called his genius, who
+  prompted him to good and noble deeds, and acted towards him as a guardian
+  angel, comforting him in sorrow, and guiding him throughout his earthly
+  career.</p>
+
+  <p>In the course of time a second genius was believed to exist, of an
+  evil nature, who, as the instigator of all wrong-doing, was ever at war
+  with the beneficent genius; and on the issue of the conflict between
+  these antagonistic influences, depended the fate of the individual. The
+  genii were depicted as winged beings, greatly resembling our modern
+  representations of guardian angels.</p>
+
+  <p>Every state, town, or city, (as well as every man), possessed its
+  special genius. The sacrifices to the genii consisted of wine, cakes, and
+  incense, which were offered to them on birthdays.</p>
+
+  <p>The genius which guided a woman was called, after the queen of heaven,
+  Juno.</p>
+
+  <p>Among the Greeks, beings called Dæmons were regarded as exercising
+  similar functions to those of the Roman genii. They were believed to be
+  the spirits of the righteous race which existed in the Golden Age, who
+  watched over mankind, carrying their prayers to the gods, and the gifts
+  of the gods to them.</p>
+
+<h3>MANES.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">LEMURES (LARVÆ) AND LARES.</p>
+
+  <p>The Manes were the spirits of the departed, and were of two kinds,
+  viz., Lemures (or Larvæ) and Lares. <!-- Page 186 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page186"></a>[186]</span></p>
+
+  <p>The Lemures were those Manes who haunted their former abodes on earth
+  as evil spirits, appearing at night under awful forms and hideous shapes,
+  greatly to the alarm of their friends and relatives. They were so feared
+  that a festival, called the Lemuralia, was celebrated in order to
+  propitiate them.</p>
+
+  <p>It appears extremely probable that the superstitions with regard to
+  ghosts, haunted houses, &amp;c., which exist even at the present day, owe
+  their origin to this very ancient pagan source.</p>
+
+  <p>The Lares Familiares were a much more pleasing conception. They were
+  the spirits of the ancestors of each family, who exercised after death a
+  protecting power over the well-being and prosperity of the family to
+  which they had in life belonged. The place of honour beside the hearth
+  was occupied by the statue of the Lar of the house, who was supposed to
+  have been the founder of the family. This statue was the object of
+  profound veneration, and was honoured on all occasions by every member of
+  the family; a portion of each meal was laid before it, and it was
+  believed to take an active part in all family affairs and domestic
+  events, whether of a sad or joyful nature. Before starting on any
+  expedition the master of the house saluted the statue of the Lar, and, on
+  his return, a solemn thanksgiving was offered to this, the presiding
+  deity of his hearth and home, in grateful acknowledgment of his
+  protection; whereupon the statue was crowned with garlands of flowers,
+  these being the favourite offerings to the Lares on all occasions of
+  especial family rejoicing.</p>
+
+  <p>The first act of a bride on entering her new abode was to do homage to
+  the Lar, in the belief that he would exercise over her a protecting
+  influence and shield her from evil.</p>
+
+  <p>In addition to those above enumerated there were also public Lares,
+  who were guardians of the state, highroads, country, and sea. Their
+  temples were always open for any pious worshipper to enter, and on their
+  altars public sacrifices were offered for the welfare of the state or
+  city. <!-- Page 187 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page187"></a>[187]</span></p>
+
+<h3>PENATES.</h3>
+
+  <p>The Penates were deities selected by each family, and frequently by
+  its individual members, as a special protector. Various causes led to
+  this selection. If, for instance, a child were born on the festival of
+  Vesta, it was thought that that deity would henceforward act as its
+  special guardian. If a youth possessed great business talents he adopted
+  Mercury as his tutelary deity; should he, on the other hand, develop a
+  passion for music, Apollo was selected as his patron god, and so forth.
+  These became regarded as the special divinities of the household, small
+  images of them adorned the surroundings of the hearth, and honours
+  similar to those paid to the Lares were accorded to them.</p>
+
+  <p>Just as there were public Lares so there were public Penates, which
+  were worshipped by the Roman people under the form of two youthful
+  warriors, who, in later times, were regarded as identical with Castor and
+  Pollux. They are generally represented on horseback, with conical caps on
+  their heads, and bearing long spears in their hands.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 188 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page188"></a>[188]</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:30%;">
+      <a href="images/0188-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0188-1.png"
+      alt="Temple" title="Temple" /></a>
+  </div>
+<h3>PUBLIC WORSHIP OF THE ANCIENT GREEKS
+AND ROMANS.</h3>
+
+<h3>TEMPLES.</h3>
+
+  <p>In very remote times the Greeks had no shrines or sanctuaries devoted
+  to public worship, but performed their devotions beneath the vast and
+  boundless canopy of heaven, in the great temple of nature itself.
+  Believing that their divinities throned above the clouds, pious
+  worshippers naturally sought the highest available points, in order to
+  place themselves in the closest communion possible with their gods; hence
+  the summits of high mountains were selected for devotional purposes, and
+  the more exalted the rank and importance of the divinity invoked, the
+  more elevated was the site selected for his or her worship. But the
+  inconvenience attending this mode of worship gradually suggested the idea
+  of erecting edifices which would afford means of shelter from the
+  inclemency of the weather.</p>
+
+  <p>These structures were, in the first instance, of the most simple form,
+  and without decoration; but when, with the progress of civilization, the
+  Greeks became a <!-- Page 189 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page189"></a>[189]</span>wealthy and powerful people, temples were
+  built and adorned with the greatest splendour and magnificence, talent,
+  labour, and wealth being lavished unsparingly on their erection and
+  decoration; indeed so massively were they constructed, that some of them
+  have, to a certain extent, withstood the ravages of time. The city of
+  Athens especially contains numerous remains of these buildings of
+  antiquity. On the Acropolis we may still behold, among other monuments of
+  ancient art, the temple of Athene-Polias, and that of Theseus, the latter
+  of which is the most entire ancient edifice in the world. In the island
+  of Delos, also, are to be seen the ruins of the temples of Apollo and
+  Artemis, both of which are in a wonderful state of preservation. These
+  ruins are most valuable, being sufficiently complete to enable us to
+  study, by their aid, the plan and character of the original
+  structure.</p>
+
+  <p>Among the Lacedæmonians, however, we find no vestiges of these stately
+  temples, for they were specially enjoined by a law of Lycurgus to serve
+  the gods with as little outlay as possible. When the great lawgiver was
+  asked the reason of this injunction, he replied that the Lacedæmonians,
+  being a poor nation, might otherwise abstain altogether from the
+  observance of their religious duties, and wisely added that magnificent
+  edifices and costly sacrifices were not so pleasing to the gods, as the
+  true piety and unfeigned devotion of their worshippers.</p>
+
+  <p>The most ancient temples known to us served a double purpose: they
+  were not only consecrated to the service of the gods, but were at the
+  same time venerable monuments in honour of the dead. Thus, for instance,
+  the temple of Pallas-Athene, in the tower of the city of Larissa, served
+  as the sepulchre of Acrisius, and the Acropolis at Athens received the
+  ashes of Cecrops, founder of the city.</p>
+
+  <p>A temple was frequently dedicated to two or more gods, and was always
+  built after the manner considered most acceptable to the particular
+  divinities to whom it was consecrated; for just as trees, birds, and
+  animals of <!-- Page 190 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page190"></a>[190]</span>every description were held to be sacred
+  to certain deities, so almost every god had a form of building peculiar
+  to himself, which was deemed more acceptable to him than any other. Thus
+  the Doric style of architecture was sacred to Zeus, Ares, and Heracles;
+  the Ionic to Apollo, Artemis, and Dionysus; and the Corinthian to
+  Hestia.</p>
+
+  <p>In the porch of the temple stood a vessel of stone or brass,
+  containing holy water (which had been consecrated by putting into it a
+  burning torch, taken from the altar), with which all those admitted to
+  take part in the sacrifices were besprinkled. In the inmost recess of the
+  sanctuary was the most holy place, into which none but the priests were
+  suffered to enter.</p>
+
+  <p>Temples in the country were usually surrounded with groves of trees.
+  The solitude of these shady retreats naturally tended to inspire the
+  worshipper with awe and reverence, added to which the delightful shade
+  and coolness afforded by tall leafy trees is peculiarly grateful in hot
+  countries. Indeed so general did this custom of building temples in
+  groves become, that all places devoted to sacred purposes, even where no
+  trees existed, were called groves. That this practice must be of very
+  remote antiquity is proved by the Biblical injunction, having for its
+  object the separation of the Jews from all idolatrous practices: "Thou
+  shalt not plant thee a grove of trees near unto the altar of the Lord thy
+  God."</p>
+
+<h3>STATUES.</h3>
+
+  <p>The Greeks worshipped their gods without any visible representations
+  of them until the time of Cecrops. The most ancient of these
+  representations consisted of square blocks of stone, upon which the name
+  of the deity intended to be represented was engraved. The first attempts
+  at sculpture were rude stocks, with a head at one end and a shapeless
+  trunk at the other, tapering slightly down to the feet, which, however,
+  were not divided, the limbs being in no way defined. But the artists of
+  later times devoted all their genius to the <!-- Page 191 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page191"></a>[191]</span>successful production
+  of the highest ideals of their gods, some of which are preserved to this
+  day, and are regarded as examples of purest art.</p>
+
+  <p>On a pedestal in the centre of the edifice stood the statue of the
+  divinity to whom the temple was dedicated, surrounded by images of other
+  gods, all of which were fenced off by rails.</p>
+
+<h3>ALTARS.</h3>
+
+  <p>The altar in a Greek temple, which stood in the centre of the building
+  and in front of the statue of the presiding deity, was generally of a
+  circular form, and constructed of stone. It was customary to engrave upon
+  it the name or distinguishing symbol of the divinity to whom it was
+  dedicated; and it was held so sacred that if any malefactor fled to it
+  his life was safe from his pursuers, and it was considered one of the
+  greatest acts of sacrilege to force him from this asylum.</p>
+
+  <p>The most ancient altars were adorned with horns, which in former times
+  were emblems of power and dignity, as wealth, and consequently
+  importance, consisted among most primitive nations in flocks and
+  herds.</p>
+
+  <p>In addition to those erected in places of public worship, altars were
+  frequently raised in groves, on highways, or in the market-places of
+  cities.</p>
+
+  <p>The gods of the lower world had no altars whatever, ditches or
+  trenches being dug for the reception of the blood of the sacrifices
+  offered to them.</p>
+
+<h3>PRIESTS.</h3>
+
+  <p>In ancient times the priests were recognized as a special social
+  caste, and were distinguished not only by their sacerdotal vestments, but
+  also by their piety, wisdom, and blameless life. They were the chosen
+  mediators between gods and men, and offered prayers and sacrifices in the
+  name of the people, whom they also instructed as to what vows, gifts, and
+  offerings would be most acceptable to the gods.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 192 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page192"></a>[192]</span></p>
+
+  <p>Every deity had a different order of priests consecrated to his
+  worship, and in every place a high-priest was appointed, whose duty it
+  was to superintend the rest of his order, and also to carry out the more
+  sacred rites and religious observances.</p>
+
+  <p>Priests and priestesses were permitted to marry, but not a second
+  time; some, however, voluntarily adopted a life of celibacy.</p>
+
+<h3>SACRIFICES.</h3>
+
+  <p>There is no doubt that a feeling of gratitude to the gods for their
+  protecting care, and the abundance with which they were believed to bless
+  mankind, has induced men of all nations and in all countries to feel a
+  desire to sacrifice to their divinities some portion of the gifts so
+  generously lavished upon them.</p>
+
+  <p>Among the Greeks, sacrifices were of various kinds. They consisted of
+  <i>free-will offerings</i>, <i>propitiatory offerings</i>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Free-will offerings</i> were grateful acknowledgments for benefits
+  received, and usually consisted of the first-fruits of the field, or the
+  finest of the flocks and herds, which were required to be without spot or
+  blemish.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Propitiatory offerings</i> were brought with the object of
+  appeasing the anger of the gods.</p>
+
+  <p>In addition to those above enumerated, sacrifices were made, either
+  with a view of obtaining success in an enterprise about to be undertaken,
+  or in fulfilment of a vow, or at the command of an oracle.</p>
+
+  <p>Every sacrifice was accompanied by salt and also by a libation, which
+  usually consisted of wine, the cup being always filled to the brim,
+  indicating that the offering was made without stint. When sacrificing to
+  the infernal gods the cup containing the libation was filled with
+  blood.</p>
+
+  <p>The animals offered to the Olympian divinities were white, whilst
+  those to the gods of the lower world were black. When a man offered a
+  special sacrifice for himself or his family it partook of the nature of
+  his <!-- Page 193 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page193"></a>[193]</span>occupation; thus a shepherd brought a
+  sheep, a vine-grower his grapes, and so forth. But in the case of public
+  sacrifices, the supposed individuality of the deity was always consulted.
+  For instance, to Demeter a sow was offered, because that animal is apt to
+  root up the seed-corn; to Dionysus a goat, on account of its being
+  destructive to vineyards, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>The value of offerings depended greatly upon the position of the
+  individual; it being regarded as a contempt of the gods for a rich man to
+  bring a sordid offering, whilst from a poor man the smallest oblation was
+  considered acceptable.</p>
+
+  <p>Hecatombs consisted of a hundred animals, and were offered by entire
+  communities, or by wealthy individuals who either desired, or had
+  obtained some special favour from the gods.</p>
+
+  <p>When a sacrifice was to be offered, a fire was kindled on the altar,
+  into which wine and frankincense were poured, in order to increase the
+  flame. In very ancient times, the victim was laid upon the altar and
+  burned whole; but after the time of Prometheus portions only of the
+  shoulders, thighs, entrails, &amp;c., were sacrificed, the remainder
+  becoming the perquisites of the priests.</p>
+
+  <p>The officiating priests wore a crown composed of the leaves of the
+  tree sacred to the deity they invoked. Thus when sacrificing to Apollo
+  the crowns were of laurel; when to Heracles, of poplar. This practice of
+  wearing crowns was, at a later period, adopted by the general public at
+  banquets and other festivities.</p>
+
+  <p>On occasions of special solemnity the horns of the victim were
+  overlaid with gold, and the altars decked with flowers and sacred
+  herbs.</p>
+
+  <p>The mode of conducting the sacrifices was as follows:&mdash;All things
+  being prepared, a salt cake, the sacrificial knife, and the crowns, were
+  placed in a small basket, and carried to the sanctuary by a young maiden,
+  whereupon the victim was conducted into the temple, frequently to the
+  accompaniment of music. If a small animal, it was driven loose to the
+  altar; if a large one, it was led by a <!-- Page 194 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page194"></a>[194]</span>long trailing rope, in
+  order to indicate that it was not an unwilling sacrifice.</p>
+
+  <p>When all were assembled, the priest, after walking in solemn state
+  round the altar, besprinkled it with a mixture of meal and holy water,
+  after which he also besprinkled the assembled worshippers, and exhorted
+  them to join with him in prayer. The service being ended, the priest
+  first tasted the libation, and after causing the congregation to do the
+  like, poured the remainder between the horns of the victim, after which
+  frankincense was strewn upon the altar, and a portion of the meal and
+  water poured upon the animal, which was then killed. If by any chance the
+  victim escaped the stroke, or became in any way restless, it was regarded
+  as an evil omen; if, on the contrary, it expired without a struggle, it
+  was considered auspicious.</p>
+
+  <p>At the sacrifices to the aërial divinities music was added, whilst
+  dances were performed round the altar, and sacred hymns sung. These hymns
+  were generally composed in honour of the gods, and contained an account
+  of their famous actions, their clemency and beneficence, and the gifts
+  conferred by them on mankind. In conclusion, the gods were invoked for a
+  continuance of their favour, and when the service was ended a feast was
+  held.</p>
+
+<h3>ORACLES.</h3>
+
+  <p>The desire to penetrate the dark veil of futurity, and thereby to
+  avert, if possible, threatened danger, has animated mankind in all ages
+  of the world. Prophetic knowledge was sought by the Greeks at the mouth
+  of oracles, whose predictions were interpreted to the people by priests,
+  specially appointed for the purpose.</p>
+
+  <p>The most famous of these institutions was the oracle of Apollo at
+  Delphi, which was held in general repute all over the world. People
+  flocked from far and near to consult this wonderful mouth-piece of the
+  gods, one month in the year being specially set apart for the
+  purpose.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 195 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page195"></a>[195]</span></p>
+
+  <p>The priestess who delivered the oracles was called the Pythia, after
+  the serpent Python, which was killed by Apollo. Having first bathed in
+  the waters of the Castalian spring, she was conducted into the temple by
+  the priests, and was seated on a sort of three-legged stool or table,
+  called a tripod, which was placed over the mouth of a cave whence issued
+  sulphurous vapours. Here she gradually became affected in a remarkable
+  manner, and fell into an ecstatic condition, in which she uttered wild
+  and extraordinary phrases, which were held to be the utterance of Apollo
+  himself; these the priests interpreted to the people, but in most cases
+  in so ambiguous a manner that the fulfilment of the prediction could not
+  easily be disputed. During the ceremony, clouds of incense filled the
+  temple, and hid the priestess from the view of the uninitiated, and at
+  its conclusion she was reconducted, in a fainting condition, to her
+  cell.</p>
+
+  <p>The following is a striking instance of the ambiguity of oracular
+  predictions:&mdash;Cr&oelig;sus, the rich king of Lydia, before going to
+  war with Cyrus, king of Persia, consulted an oracle as to the probable
+  success of the expedition. The reply he received was, that if he crossed
+  a certain river he would destroy a great empire. Interpreting the
+  response as being favourable to his design, Cr&oelig;sus crossed the
+  river, and encountered the Persian king, by whom he was entirely
+  defeated; and his own empire being destroyed, the prediction of the
+  oracle was said to have been fulfilled.</p>
+
+<h3>SOOTHSAYERS (<span class="sc">Augurs</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>In addition to the manifestation of the will of the gods by means of
+  oracles, the Greeks also believed that certain men, called soothsayers,
+  were gifted with the power of foretelling future events from dreams, from
+  observing the flight of birds, the entrails of sacrificed animals, and
+  even the direction of the flames and smoke from the altar, &amp;c. <!--
+  Page 196 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page196"></a>[196]</span></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">AUGURS.</p>
+
+  <p>The Roman soothsayers were called augurs, and played an important part
+  in the history of the Romans, as no enterprise was ever undertaken
+  without first consulting them with regard to its ultimate success.</p>
+
+<h3>FESTIVALS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Festivals were instituted as seasons of rest, rejoicing, and
+  thanksgiving, and also as anniversaries to commemorate events of national
+  importance. The most ancient festivals were those held after the
+  ingathering of the harvest or vintage, and were celebrated with
+  rejoicings and merry-makings, which lasted many days, during which time
+  the first-fruits of the fields were offered to the gods, accompanied by
+  prayers and thanksgiving.</p>
+
+  <p>The festivals held in cities in honour of special divinities, or in
+  commemoration of particular events, were conducted with an elaborate
+  ceremonial. Gorgeous processions, games, chariot races, &amp;c., were
+  conspicuous features on these occasions, and dramatic performances,
+  representing particular episodes in the lives of the gods and heroes,
+  frequently took place.</p>
+
+  <p>We subjoin a few of the most interesting of the Greek and Roman
+  festivals.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>GREEK FESTIVALS.</h3>
+
+<h3>ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES.</h3>
+
+  <p>One of the most ancient and important among the festivals observed by
+  the Greeks was that of the Eleusinian Mysteries, which was celebrated in
+  honour of Demeter and Persephone. The name was derived from Eleusis, a
+  town in Attica, where the Mysteries were first introduced by the goddess
+  herself. They were divided into the <!-- Page 197 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page197"></a>[197]</span>Greater and Lesser
+  Mysteries, and, according to the general account, were held every five
+  years. The Greater, which were celebrated in honour of Demeter, and
+  lasted nine days, were held in autumn; the Lesser, dedicated to
+  Persephone (who at these festivals was affectionately called Cora, or the
+  maiden), were held in spring.</p>
+
+  <p>It is supposed that the secrets taught to the initiated by the
+  priests&mdash;the expounders of the Mysteries&mdash;were moral meanings,
+  elucidated from the myths concerning Demeter and Persephone; but the most
+  important belief inculcated was the doctrine of the immortality of the
+  soul. That the lessons taught were of the highest moral character is
+  universally admitted. "The souls of those who participated in them were
+  filled with the sweetest hopes both as to this and the future world;" and
+  it was a common saying among the Athenians: "In the Mysteries no one is
+  sad."</p>
+
+  <p>The initiation into these solemn rites (which was originally the
+  exclusive privilege of the Athenians) was accompanied with awe-inspiring
+  ceremonies; and secrecy was so strictly enjoined that its violation was
+  punished by death. At the conclusion of the initiation great rejoicings
+  took place, chariot-races, wrestling matches, &amp;c., were held, and
+  solemn sacrifices offered.</p>
+
+  <p>The initiation into the Lesser Mysteries served as a preparation for
+  the Greater.</p>
+
+<h3>THESMOPHORIA.</h3>
+
+  <p>The Thesmophoria was another festival held in honour of Demeter, in
+  her character as presiding over marriage and social institutions
+  resulting from the spread of agriculture.</p>
+
+  <p>This festival was celebrated exclusively by women.</p>
+
+<h3>DIONYSIA.</h3>
+
+  <p>A joyous spring festival was held in honour of Dionysus, in the month
+  of March, and lasted several days.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 198 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page198"></a>[198]</span></p>
+
+  <p>This festival, which was called the Greater Dionysia, was celebrated
+  with particular splendour at Athens, when strangers flocked from all
+  parts of the world to take part in the ceremonies. The city was gaily
+  decorated, the houses were garlanded with ivy-leaves, crowds perambulated
+  the streets, everything wore its holiday garb, and wine was freely
+  indulged in.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0198-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0198-1.png"
+      alt="Celebrating the Dionysia" title="Celebrating the Dionysia" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>In the processions which took place during these festivities, the
+  statue of Dionysus was carried, and men and women, crowned with ivy and
+  bearing the thyrsus, were dressed in every description of grotesque
+  costume, and played on drums, pipes, flutes, cymbals, &amp;c. Some
+  representing Silenus rode on asses, others wearing fawn-skins appeared as
+  Pan or the Satyrs, and the whole multitude sang pæans in honour of the
+  wine-god. Public shows, games, and sports took place, and the entire city
+  was full of revelry.</p>
+
+  <p>What lent additional interest to these festivals was the custom of
+  introducing new comedies and tragedies to the public, representations of
+  which were given, and prizes awarded to those which elicited the greatest
+  admiration.</p>
+
+  <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0198-2.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0198-2.png"
+      alt="Celebrating the Dionysia" title="Celebrating the Dionysia" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>The Lesser Dionysia were vintage festivals, celebrated in rural
+  districts in the month of November, and were characterized by drinking,
+  feasting, and joviality of all kinds.</p>
+
+  <p>In connection with some of the festivals in honour of Dionysus were
+  certain mystic observances, into which only women, called Menades or
+  Bacchantes, were initiated. Clad in fawn-skins, they assembled by night
+  on the mountain sides, <!-- Page 199 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page199"></a>[199]</span>some carrying blazing torches, others
+  thyrsi, and all animated with religious enthusiasm and frenzy. They
+  shouted, clapped their hands, danced wildly, and worked themselves up to
+  such a pitch of excitement and fury that in their mad frenzy they tore in
+  pieces the animal brought as a sacrifice to Dionysus.</p>
+
+  <p>Under the name of Bacchanalia, these mystic rites were introduced into
+  Rome, where men also were allowed to participate in them; but they were
+  attended with such frightful excesses that the state authorities at
+  length interfered and prohibited them.</p>
+
+<h3>PANATHENÆA.</h3>
+
+  <p>The Panathenæa was a famous festival celebrated in Athens in honour of
+  Athene-Polias, the guardian of the state. There were two festivals of
+  this name, the Lesser and the Greater Panathenæa. The former was held
+  annually, and the latter, which lasted several days, was celebrated every
+  fourth year.</p>
+
+  <p>For the Greater Panathenæa a garment, embroidered with gold, called
+  the Peplus, was specially woven by Athenian maidens, on which was
+  represented the victory gained by Athene over the Giants. This garment
+  was suspended to the mast of a ship which stood outside the city; and
+  during the festival, which was characterized by a grand procession, the
+  ship (with the Peplus on its mast) was impelled forward by means of
+  invisible machinery, and formed the most conspicuous feature of the
+  pageant. The whole population, bearing olive branches in their hands,
+  took part in the procession; and amidst music and rejoicings this
+  imposing pageant wended its way to the temple of Athene-Polias, where the
+  Peplus was deposited on the statue of the goddess.</p>
+
+  <p>At this festival, Homer's poems were declaimed aloud, and poets also
+  introduced their own works to the public. Musical contests, foot and
+  horse races, and wrestling matches were held, and dances were performed
+  by boys in armour.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 200 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page200"></a>[200]</span></p>
+
+  <p>Men who had deserved well of their country were presented at the
+  festival with a crown of gold, and the name of the person so
+  distinguished was announced publicly by a herald.</p>
+
+  <p>The victors in the races and athletic games received, as a prize, a
+  vase of oil, supposed to have been extracted from the fruit of the sacred
+  olive-tree of Athene.</p>
+
+<h3>DAPHNEPHORIA.</h3>
+
+  <p>The Daphnephoria was celebrated at Thebes in honour of Apollo every
+  ninth year.</p>
+
+  <p>The distinguishing feature of this festival was a procession to the
+  temple of Apollo, in which a young priest (the Daphnephorus) of noble
+  descent, splendidly attired and wearing a crown of gold, was preceded by
+  a youth, carrying an emblematical representation of the sun, moon, stars,
+  and days of the year, and followed by beautiful maidens bearing laurel
+  branches, and singing hymns in honour of the god.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>ROMAN FESTIVALS.</h3>
+
+<h3>SATURNALIA.</h3>
+
+  <p>The Saturnalia, a national festival held in December in honour of
+  Saturn, was celebrated after the ingathering of the harvest, and lasted
+  several days.</p>
+
+  <p>It was a time of universal rejoicing, cessation from labour, and
+  merry-making. School children had holidays, friends sent presents to each
+  other, the law-courts were closed, and no business was transacted.</p>
+
+  <p>Crowds of people from the surrounding country flocked to Rome for this
+  festival attired in every variety of masquerade dress; practical jokes
+  were given and received with the utmost good humour, shouts of exultation
+  filled <!-- Page 201 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page201"></a>[201]</span>the air, all classes abandoned themselves
+  to enjoyment, and unrestrained hilarity reigned supreme. Social
+  distinctions were for a time suspended, or even reversed; and so heartily
+  was the spirit of this festival entered into, that masters waited upon
+  their slaves at banquets which they provided for them; the slaves being
+  dressed upon these occasions in the garments of their masters.</p>
+
+  <p>There appears little doubt that the modern Carnival is a survival of
+  the ancient Saturnalia.</p>
+
+<h3>CEREALIA.</h3>
+
+  <p>This festival was celebrated in honour of Ceres. It was solemnized
+  exclusively by women, who, dressed in white garments, wandered about with
+  torches in their hands, to represent the search of the goddess for her
+  daughter Proserpine.</p>
+
+  <p>During this festival, games were celebrated in the Circus Maximus, to
+  which none were admitted unless clothed in white.</p>
+
+<h3>VESTALIA.</h3>
+
+  <p>The Vestalia was a festival held in honour of Vesta on the 9th of
+  June, and was celebrated exclusively by women, who walked barefooted in
+  procession to the temple of the goddess.</p>
+
+  <p>The priestesses of Vesta, called Vestales or Vestal Virgins, played a
+  conspicuous part in these festivals. They were six in number, and were
+  chosen&mdash;between the ages of six and ten&mdash;from the noblest
+  families in Rome. Their term of office was thirty years. During the first
+  ten years, they were initiated in their religious duties, during the
+  second ten they performed them, and during the third they instructed
+  novices. Their chief duty was to watch and feed the ever-burning flame on
+  the altar of Vesta, the extinction of which was regarded as a national
+  calamity of ominous import.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 202 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page202"></a>[202]</span></p>
+
+  <p>Great honours and privileges were accorded to them; the best seats
+  were reserved for their use at all public spectacles, and even the
+  consuls and prætors made way for them to pass. If they met a criminal on
+  his way to execution they had the power to pardon him, provided it could
+  be proved that the meeting was accidental.</p>
+
+  <p>The Vestales were vowed to chastity, a violation of which was visited
+  by the frightful punishment of being buried alive.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<p><!-- Page 203 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page203"></a>[203]</span></p>
+
+<h2>PART II.&mdash;LEGENDS.</h2>
+
+<h3>CADMUS.</h3>
+
+  <p>The following is the legendary account of the founding of
+  Thebes:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>After the abduction of his daughter Europa by Zeus, Agenor, king of
+  Ph&oelig;nicia, unable to reconcile himself to her loss, despatched his
+  son Cadmus in search of her, desiring him not to return without his
+  sister.</p>
+
+  <p>For many years Cadmus pursued his search through various countries,
+  but without success. Not daring to return home without her, he consulted
+  the oracle of Apollo at Delphi; and the reply was that he must desist
+  from his task, and take upon himself a new duty, <i>i.e.</i> that of
+  founding a city, the site of which would be indicated to him by a heifer
+  which had never borne the yoke, and which would lie down on the spot
+  whereon the city was to be built.</p>
+
+  <p>Scarcely had Cadmus left the sacred fane, when he observed a heifer
+  who bore no marks of servitude on her neck, walking slowly in front of
+  him. He followed the animal for a considerable distance, until at length,
+  on the site where Thebes afterwards stood, she looked towards heaven and,
+  gently lowing, lay down in the long grass. Grateful for this mark of
+  divine favour, Cadmus resolved to offer up the animal as a sacrifice, and
+  accordingly sent his followers to fetch water for the libation from a
+  neighbouring spring. This spring, which was sacred to Ares, was situated
+  in a wood, and guarded by a fierce dragon, who, at the approach of the
+  retainers of Cadmus, suddenly pounced upon them and killed them.</p>
+
+  <p>After waiting some time for the return of his servants <!-- Page 204
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page204"></a>[204]</span>Cadmus grew
+  impatient, and hastily arming himself with his lance and spear, set out
+  to seek them. On reaching the spot, the mangled remains of his
+  unfortunate followers met his view, and near them he beheld the frightful
+  monster, dripping with the blood of his victims. Seizing a huge rock, the
+  hero hurled it with all his might upon the dragon; but protected by his
+  tough black skin and steely scales as by a coat of mail, he remained
+  unhurt. Cadmus now tried his lance, and with more success, for it pierced
+  the side of the beast, who, furious with pain, sprang at his adversary,
+  when Cadmus, leaping aside, succeeded in fixing the point of his spear
+  within his jaws, which final stroke put an end to the encounter.</p>
+
+  <p>While Cadmus stood surveying his vanquished foe Pallas-Athene appeared
+  to him, and commanded him to sow the teeth of the dead dragon in the
+  ground. He obeyed; and out of the furrows there arose a band of armed
+  men, who at once commenced to fight with each other, until all except
+  five were killed. These last surviving warriors made peace with each
+  other, and it was with their assistance that Cadmus now built the famous
+  city of Thebes. In later times the noblest Theban families proudly
+  claimed their descent from these mighty earth-born warriors.</p>
+
+  <p>Ares was furious with rage when he discovered that Cadmus had slain
+  his dragon, and would have killed him had not Zeus interfered, and
+  induced him to mitigate his punishment to that of servitude for the term
+  of eight years. At the end of that time the god of war became reconciled
+  to Cadmus, and, in token of his forgiveness, bestowed upon him the hand
+  of his daughter Harmonia in marriage. Their nuptials were almost as
+  celebrated as those of Peleus and Thetis. All the gods honoured them with
+  their presence, and offered rich gifts and congratulations. Cadmus
+  himself presented his lovely bride with a splendid necklace fashioned by
+  Hephæstus, which, however, after the death of Harmonia, always proved
+  fatal to its possessor.</p>
+
+  <p>The children of Cadmus and Harmonia were one son, <!-- Page 205
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page205"></a>[205]</span>Polydorus, and
+  four daughters, Autonoe, Ino, Semele, and Agave.</p>
+
+  <p>For many years the founder of Thebes reigned happily, but at length a
+  conspiracy was formed against him, and he was deprived of his throne by
+  his grandson Pentheus. Accompanied by his faithful wife Harmonia, he
+  retired into Illyria, and after death they were both changed by Zeus into
+  serpents, and transferred to Elysium.</p>
+
+<h3>PERSEUS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Perseus, one of the most renowned of the legendary heroes of
+  antiquity, was the son of Zeus and Danaë, daughter of Acrisius, king of
+  Argos.</p>
+
+  <p>An oracle having foretold to Acrisius that a son of Danaë would be the
+  cause of his death, he imprisoned her in a tower of brass in order to
+  keep her secluded from the world. Zeus, however, descended through the
+  roof of the tower in the form of a shower of gold, and the lovely Danaë
+  became his bride.</p>
+
+  <p>For four years Acrisius remained in ignorance of this union, but one
+  evening as he chanced to pass by the brazen chamber, he heard the cry of
+  a young child proceeding from within, which led to the discovery of his
+  daughter's marriage with Zeus. Enraged at finding all his precautions
+  unavailing, Acrisius commanded the mother and child to be placed in a
+  chest and thrown into the sea.</p>
+
+  <p>But it was not the will of Zeus that they should perish. He directed
+  Poseidon to calm the troubled waters, and caused the chest to float
+  safely to the island of Seriphus. Dictys, brother of Polydectes, king of
+  the island, was fishing on the sea-shore when he saw the chest stranded
+  on the beach; and pitying the helpless condition of its unhappy
+  occupants, he conducted them to the palace of the king, where they were
+  treated with the greatest kindness.</p>
+
+  <p>Polydectes eventually became united to Danaë, and <!-- Page 206
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page206"></a>[206]</span>bestowed upon
+  Perseus an education befitting a hero. When he saw his stepson develop
+  into a noble and manly youth he endeavoured to instil into his mind a
+  desire to signalize himself by the achievement of some great and heroic
+  deed, and after mature deliberation it was decided that the slaying of
+  the Gorgon, Medusa, would bring him the greatest renown.</p>
+
+  <p>For the successful accomplishment of his object it was necessary for
+  him to be provided with a pair of winged sandals, a magic wallet, and the
+  helmet of Aïdes, which rendered the wearer invisible, all of which were
+  in the keeping of the Nymphs, the place of whose abode was known only to
+  the Grææ. Perseus started on his expedition, and, guided by Hermes and
+  Pallas-Athene, arrived, after a long journey, in the far-off region, on
+  the borders of Oceanus, where dwelt the Grææ, daughters of Phorcys and
+  Ceto. He at once applied to them for the necessary information, and on
+  their refusing to grant it he deprived them of their single eye and
+  tooth, which he only restored to them when they gave him full directions
+  with regard to his route. He then proceeded to the abode of the Nymphs,
+  from whom he obtained the objects indispensable for his purpose.</p>
+
+  <p>Equipped with the magic helmet and wallet, and armed with a sickle,
+  the gift of Hermes, he attached to his feet the winged sandals, and flew
+  to the abode of the Gorgons, whom he found fast asleep. Now as Perseus
+  had been warned by his celestial guides that whoever looked upon these
+  weird sisters would be transformed into stone, he stood with averted face
+  before the sleepers, and caught on his bright metal shield their triple
+  image. Then, guided by Pallas-Athene, he cut off the head of the Medusa,
+  which he placed in his wallet. No sooner had he done so than from the
+  headless trunk there sprang forth the winged steed Pegasus, and Chrysaor,
+  the father of the winged giant Geryon. He now hastened to elude the
+  pursuit of the two surviving sisters, who, aroused from their slumbers,
+  eagerly rushed to avenge the death of their sister.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 207 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page207"></a>[207]</span></p>
+
+  <p>His invisible helmet and winged sandals here stood him in good stead;
+  for the former concealed him from the view of the Gorgons, whilst the
+  latter bore him swiftly over land and sea, far beyond the reach of
+  pursuit. In passing over the burning plains of Libya the drops of blood
+  from the head of the Medusa oozed through the wallet, and falling on the
+  hot sands below produced a brood of many-coloured snakes, which spread
+  all over the country.</p>
+
+  <p>Perseus continued his flight until he reached the kingdom of Atlas, of
+  whom he begged rest and shelter. But as this king possessed a valuable
+  orchard, in which every tree bore golden fruit, he was fearful lest the
+  slayer of the Medusa might destroy the dragon which guarded it, and then
+  rob him of his treasures. He therefore refused to grant the hospitality
+  which the hero demanded, whereupon Perseus, exasperated at the churlish
+  repulse, produced from his wallet the head of the Medusa, and holding it
+  towards the king, transformed him into a stony mountain. Beard and hair
+  erected themselves into forests; shoulders, hands, and limbs became huge
+  rocks, and the head grew up into a craggy peak which reached into the
+  clouds.</p>
+
+  <p>Perseus then resumed his travels. His winged sandals bore him over
+  deserts and mountains, until he arrived at Æthiopia, the kingdom of King
+  Cepheus. Here he found the country inundated with disastrous floods,
+  towns and villages destroyed, and everywhere signs of desolation and
+  ruin. On a projecting cliff close to the shore he beheld a lovely maiden
+  chained to a rock. This was Andromeda, the king's daughter. Her mother
+  Cassiopea, having boasted that her beauty surpassed that of the Nereides,
+  the angry sea-nymphs appealed to Poseidon to avenge their wrongs,
+  whereupon the sea-god devastated the country with a terrible inundation,
+  which brought with it a huge monster who devoured all that came in his
+  way.</p>
+
+  <p>In their distress the unfortunate Æthiopians applied to the oracle of
+  Jupiter-Ammon, in the Libyan desert, <!-- Page 208 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page208"></a>[208]</span>and obtained the
+  response, that only by the sacrifice of the king's daughter to the
+  monster could the country and people be saved.</p>
+
+  <p>Cepheus, who was tenderly attached to his child, at first refused to
+  listen to this dreadful proposal; but overcome at length by the prayers
+  and solicitations of his unhappy subjects, the heart-broken father gave
+  up his child for the welfare of his country. Andromeda was accordingly
+  chained to a rock on the sea-shore to serve as a prey to the monster,
+  whilst her unhappy parents bewailed her sad fate on the beach below.</p>
+
+  <p>On being informed of the meaning of this tragic scene, Perseus
+  proposed to Cepheus to slay the dragon, on condition that the lovely
+  victim should become his bride. Overjoyed at the prospect of Andromeda's
+  release, the king gladly acceded to the stipulation, and Perseus hastened
+  to the rock, to breathe words of hope and comfort to the trembling
+  maiden. Then assuming once more the helmet of Aïdes, he mounted into the
+  air, and awaited the approach of the monster.</p>
+
+  <p>Presently the sea opened, and the shark's head of the gigantic beast
+  of the deep raised itself above the waves. Lashing his tail furiously
+  from side to side, he leaped forward to seize his victim; but the gallant
+  hero, watching his opportunity, suddenly darted down, and producing the
+  head of the Medusa from his wallet, held it before the eyes of the
+  dragon, whose hideous body became gradually transformed into a huge black
+  rock, which remained for ever a silent witness of the miraculous
+  deliverance of Andromeda. Perseus then led the maiden to her now happy
+  parents, who, anxious to evince their gratitude to her deliverer ordered
+  immediate preparations to be made for the nuptial feast. But the young
+  hero was not to bear away his lovely bride uncontested; for in the midst
+  of the banquet, Phineus, the king's brother, to whom Andromeda had
+  previously been betrothed, returned to claim his bride. Followed by a
+  band of armed warriors he forced his way into the hall, and a desperate
+  encounter took place between the rivals, <!-- Page 209 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page209"></a>[209]</span>which might have
+  terminated fatally for Perseus, had he not suddenly bethought himself of
+  the Medusa's head. Calling to his friends to avert their faces, he drew
+  it from his wallet, and held it before Phineus and his formidable
+  body-guard, whereupon they all stiffened into stone.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0209-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0209-1.png"
+      alt="Pallas-Athene with her shield" title="Pallas-Athene with her shield" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Perseus now took leave of the Æthiopian king, and, accompanied by his
+  beautiful bride, returned to Seriphus, where a joyful meeting took place
+  between Danaë and her son. He then sent a messenger to his grandfather,
+  informing him that he intended returning to Argos; but Acrisius, fearing
+  the fulfilment of the oracular prediction, fled for protection to his
+  friend Teutemias, king of Larissa. Anxious to induce the aged monarch to
+  return to Argos, Perseus followed him thither. But here a strange
+  fatality occurred. Whilst taking part in some funereal games, celebrated
+  in honour of the king's father, Perseus, by an unfortunate throw of the
+  discus, accidentally struck his grandfather, and thereby was the innocent
+  cause of his death.</p>
+
+  <p>After celebrating the funereal rites of Acrisius with due solemnity,
+  Perseus returned to Argos; but feeling loath to occupy the throne of one
+  whose death he had caused, he exchanged kingdoms with Megapenthes, king
+  of Tiryns, and in course of time founded the cities of Mycenæ and
+  Midea.</p>
+
+  <p>The head of the Medusa he presented to his divine patroness,
+  Pallas-Athene, who placed it in the centre of her shield.</p>
+
+  <p>Many great heroes were descended from Perseus and Andromeda, foremost
+  among whom was Heracles, whose mother, Alcmene, was their
+  granddaughter.</p>
+
+  <p>Heroic honours were paid to Perseus, not only <!-- Page 210 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page210"></a>[210]</span>throughout Argos, but
+  also at Athens and in the island of Seriphus.</p>
+
+<h3>ION.</h3>
+
+  <p>Ion was the son of Crëusa (the beauteous daughter of Erechtheus, king
+  of Athens) and the sun-god Ph&oelig;bus-Apollo, to whom she was united
+  without the knowledge of her father.</p>
+
+  <p>Fearing the anger of Erechtheus, Crëusa placed her new-born babe in a
+  little wicker basket, and hanging some golden charms round his neck,
+  invoked for him the protection of the gods, and concealed him in a lonely
+  cave. Apollo, pitying his deserted child, sent Hermes to convey him to
+  Delphi, where he deposited his charge on the steps of the temple. Next
+  morning the Delphic priestess discovered the infant, and was so charmed
+  by his engaging appearance that she adopted him as her own son. The young
+  child was carefully tended and reared by his kind foster-mother, and was
+  brought up in the service of the temple, where he was intrusted with some
+  of the minor duties of the holy edifice.</p>
+
+  <p>And now to return to Crëusa. During a war with the Eub&oelig;ans, in
+  which the latter were signally defeated, Xuthus, son of Æolus, greatly
+  distinguished himself on the side of the Athenians, and as a reward for
+  his valuable services, the hand of Crëusa, the king's daughter, was
+  bestowed upon him in marriage. Their union, however, was not blest with
+  children, and as this was a source of great grief to both of them, they
+  repaired to Delphi in order to consult the oracle. The response was, that
+  Xuthus should regard the first person who met him on leaving the
+  sanctuary as his son. Now it happened that Ion, the young guardian of the
+  temple, was the first to greet his view, and when Xuthus beheld the
+  beautiful youth, he gladly welcomed him as his son, declaring that the
+  gods had sent him to be a blessing and comfort to his old age. Crëusa,
+  however, who concluded that the youth was the offspring of a secret
+  marriage on the part of her husband, was filled with suspicion and
+  jealousy; <!-- Page 211 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page211"></a>[211]</span>when an old servant, observing her grief,
+  begged her to be comforted, assuring her that the cause of her distress
+  should be speedily removed.</p>
+
+  <p>When, upon the occasion of the public adoption of his son, Xuthus gave
+  a grand banquet, the old servant of Crëusa contrived to mix a strong
+  poison in the wine of the unsuspecting Ion. But the youth&mdash;according
+  to the pious custom of the ancients, of offering a libation to the gods
+  before partaking of any repast&mdash;poured upon the ground a portion of
+  the wine before putting it to his lips, when suddenly, as if by a
+  miracle, a dove flew into the banquet-hall, and sipped of the wine of the
+  libation; whereupon the poor little creature began to quiver in every
+  limb, and in a few moments expired.</p>
+
+  <p>Ion's suspicions at once fell upon the obsequious servant of Crëusa,
+  who with such officious attention had filled his cup. He violently seized
+  the old man, and accused him of his murderous intentions. Unprepared for
+  this sudden attack he admitted his guilt, but pointed to the wife of
+  Xuthus as the instigator of the crime. Ion was about to avenge himself
+  upon Crëusa, when, by means of the divine intervention of Apollo, his
+  foster-mother, the Delphic priestess appeared on the scene, and explained
+  the true relationship which existed between Crëusa and Ion. In order to
+  set all doubts at rest, she produced the charms which she had found round
+  the neck of the infant, and also the wicker basket in which he had been
+  conveyed to Delphi.</p>
+
+  <p>Mother and son now became reconciled to each other, and Crëusa
+  revealed to Ion the secret of his divine origin. The priestess of Delphi
+  foretold that he would become the father of a great nation, called after
+  him the Ionians, and also that Xuthus and Crëusa would have a son called
+  Dorus, who would be the progenitor of the Dorian people, both of which
+  predictions were in due time verified.</p>
+
+<h3>DÆDALUS and ICARUS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Dædalus, a descendant of Erechtheus, was an Athenian architect,
+  sculptor, and mechanician. He was the first <!-- Page 212 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page212"></a>[212]</span>to introduce the art of
+  sculpture in its higher development, for before his time statues were
+  merely rude representations, having the limbs altogether undefined.</p>
+
+  <p>But great as was his genius, still greater was his vanity, and he
+  could brook no rival. Now his nephew and pupil, Talus, exhibited great
+  talent, having invented both the saw and the compass, and Dædalus,
+  fearing lest he might overshadow his own fame, secretly killed him by
+  throwing him down from the citadel of Pallas-Athene. The murder being
+  discovered, Dædalus was summoned before the court of the Areopagus and
+  condemned to death; but he made his escape to the island of Crete, where
+  he was received by king Minos in a manner worthy of his great
+  reputation.</p>
+
+  <p>Dædalus constructed for the king the world-renowned labyrinth, which
+  was an immense building, full of intricate passages, intersecting each
+  other in such a manner, that even Dædalus himself is said, upon one
+  occasion, to have nearly lost his way in it; and it was in this building
+  the king placed the Minotaur, a monster with the head and shoulders of a
+  bull and the body of a man.</p>
+
+  <p>In the course of time the great artist became weary of his long exile,
+  more especially as the king, under the guise of friendship, kept him
+  almost a prisoner. He therefore resolved to make his escape, and for this
+  purpose ingeniously contrived wings for himself and his young son Icarus,
+  whom he diligently trained how to use them. Having awaited a favourable
+  opportunity, father and son commenced their flight, and were well on
+  their way when Icarus, pleased with the novel sensation, forgot
+  altogether his father's oft-repeated injunction not to approach too near
+  the sun. The consequence was that the wax, by means of which his wings
+  were attached, melted, and he fell into the sea and was drowned. The body
+  of the unfortunate Icarus was washed up by the tide, and was buried by
+  the bereaved father on an island which he called after his son,
+  Icaria.</p>
+
+  <p>After this sad event, Dædalus winged his flight to the island of
+  Sicily, where he met with a kind welcome from <!-- Page 213 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page213"></a>[213]</span>king Cocalus, for whom
+  he constructed several important public works. But no sooner did Minos
+  receive the intelligence that his great architect had found an asylum
+  with Cocalus than he sailed over to Sicily with a large army, and sent
+  messengers to the Sicilian king demanding the surrender of his guest.
+  Cocalus feigned compliance and invited Minos to his palace, where he was
+  treacherously put to death in a warm bath. The body of their king was
+  brought to Agrigent by the Cretans, where it was buried with great pomp,
+  and over his tomb a temple to Aphrodite was erected.</p>
+
+  <p>Dædalus passed the remainder of his life tranquilly in the island of
+  Sicily, where he occupied himself in the construction of various
+  beautiful works of art.</p>
+
+<h3>THE ARGONAUTS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Aeson, king of Iolcus, was forced to fly from his dominions, which had
+  been usurped by his younger brother, Pelias, and with difficulty
+  succeeded in saving the life of his young son, Jason, who was at that
+  time only ten years of age. He intrusted him to the care of the Centaur
+  Chiron, by whom he was carefully trained in company with other noble
+  youths, who, like himself, afterwards signalized themselves by their
+  bravery and heroic exploits. For ten years Jason remained in the cave of
+  the Centaur, by whom he was instructed in all useful and warlike arts.
+  But as he approached manhood he became filled with an unconquerable
+  desire to regain his paternal inheritance. He therefore took leave of his
+  kind friend and preceptor, and set out for Iolcus to demand from his
+  uncle Pelias the kingdom which he had so unjustly usurped.</p>
+
+  <p>In the course of his journey he came to a broad and foaming river, on
+  the banks of which he perceived an old woman, who implored him to help
+  her across. At first he hesitated, knowing that even alone he would find
+  some difficulty in stemming the fierce torrent; but, <!-- Page 214
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page214"></a>[214]</span>pitying her
+  forlorn condition, he raised her in his arms, and succeeded, with a great
+  effort, in reaching the opposite shore. But as soon as her feet had
+  touched the earth she became transformed into a beautiful woman, who,
+  looking kindly at the bewildered youth, informed him that she was the
+  goddess Hera, and that she would henceforth guide and protect him
+  throughout his career. She then disappeared, and, full of hope and
+  courage at this divine manifestation, Jason pursued his journey. He now
+  perceived that in crossing the river he had lost one of his sandals, but
+  as it could not be recovered he was obliged to proceed without it.</p>
+
+  <p>On his arrival at Iolcus he found his uncle in the market-place,
+  offering up a public sacrifice to Poseidon. When the king had concluded
+  his offering, his eye fell upon the distinguished stranger, whose manly
+  beauty and heroic bearing had already attracted the attention of his
+  people. Observing that one foot was unshod, he was reminded of an
+  oracular prediction which foretold to him the loss of his kingdom by a
+  man wearing only one sandal. He, however, disguised his fears, conversed
+  kindly with the youth, and drew from him his name and errand. Then
+  pretending to be highly pleased with his nephew, Pelias entertained him
+  sumptuously for five days, during which time all was festivity and
+  rejoicing. On the sixth, Jason appeared before his uncle, and with manly
+  firmness demanded from him the throne and kingdom which were his by
+  right. Pelias, dissembling his true feelings, smilingly consented to
+  grant his request, provided that, in return, Jason would undertake an
+  expedition for him, which his advanced age prevented him from
+  accomplishing himself. He informed his nephew that the shade of Phryxus
+  had appeared to him in his dreams, and entreated him to bring back from
+  Colchis his mortal remains and the Golden Fleece; and added that if Jason
+  succeeded in obtaining for him these sacred relics, throne, kingdom, and
+  sceptre should be his.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 215 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page215"></a>[215]</span></p>
+
+<h3>STORY OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE.</h3>
+
+  <p>Athamas, king of B&oelig;otia, had married Nephele, a cloud-nymph, and
+  their children were Helle and Phryxus. The restless and wandering nature
+  of Nephele, however, soon wearied her husband, who, being a mortal, had
+  little sympathy with his ethereal consort; so he divorced her, and
+  married the beautiful but wicked Ino (sister of Semele), who hated her
+  step-children, and even planned their destruction. But the watchful
+  Nephele contrived to circumvent her cruel designs, and succeeded in
+  getting the children out of the palace. She then placed them both on the
+  back of a winged ram, with a fleece of pure gold, which had been given to
+  her by Hermes; and on this wonderful animal brother and sister rode
+  through the air over land and sea; but on the way Helle, becoming seized
+  with giddiness, fell into the sea (called after her the Hellespont) and
+  was drowned.</p>
+
+  <p>Phryxus arrived safely at Colchis, where he was hospitably received by
+  king Aëtes, who gave him one of his daughters in marriage. In gratitude
+  to Zeus for the protection accorded him during his flight, Phryxus
+  sacrificed to him the golden ram, whilst the fleece he presented to
+  Aëtes, who nailed it up in the Grove of Ares, and dedicated it to the god
+  of War. An oracle having declared that the life of Aëtes depended on the
+  safe-keeping of the fleece, he carefully guarded the entrance to the
+  grove by placing before it an immense dragon, which never slept.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Building and Launch of the Argo.</b>&mdash;We will now return to
+  Jason, who eagerly undertook the perilous expedition proposed to him by
+  his uncle, who, well aware of the dangers attending such an enterprise,
+  hoped by this means to rid himself for ever of the unwelcome
+  intruder.</p>
+
+  <p>Jason accordingly began to arrange his plans without delay, and
+  invited the young heroes whose friendship he <!-- Page 216 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page216"></a>[216]</span>had formed whilst under
+  the care of Chiron, to join him in the perilous expedition. None refused
+  the invitation, all feeling honoured at being allowed the privilege of
+  taking part in so noble and heroic an undertaking.</p>
+
+  <p>Jason now applied to Argos, one of the cleverest ship-builders of his
+  time, who, under the guidance of Pallas-Athene, built for him a splendid
+  fifty-oared galley, which was called the Argo, after the builder. In the
+  upper deck of the vessel the goddess had imbedded a board from the
+  speaking oak of the oracle of Zeus at Dodona, which ever retained its
+  powers of prophecy. The exterior of the ship was ornamented with
+  magnificent carvings, and the whole vessel was so strongly built that it
+  defied the power of the winds and waves, and was, nevertheless, so light
+  that the heroes, when necessary, were able to carry it on their
+  shoulders. When the vessel was completed, the Argonauts (so called after
+  their ship) assembled, and their places were distributed by lot.</p>
+
+  <p>Jason was appointed commander-in-chief of the expedition, Tiphys acted
+  as steersman, Lynceus as pilot. In the bow of the vessel sat the renowned
+  hero Heracles; in the stern, Peleus (father of Achilles) and Telamon (the
+  father of Ajax the Great). In the inner space were Castor and Pollux,
+  Neleus (the father of Nestor), Admetus (the husband of Alcestes),
+  Meleager (the slayer of the Calydonian boar), Orpheus (the renowned
+  singer), Menoctius (the father of Patroclus), Theseus (afterwards king of
+  Athens) and his friend Pirithöus (the son of Ixion), Hylas (the adopted
+  son of Heracles), Euphemus (the son of Poseidon), Oileus (father of Ajax
+  the Lesser), Zetes and Calais (the winged sons of Boreas), Idmon the Seer
+  (the son of Apollo), Mopsus (the Thessalian prophet), &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>Before their departure Jason offered a solemn sacrifice to Poseidon
+  and all the other sea-deities; he also invoked the protection of Zeus and
+  the Fates, and then, Mopsus having taken the auguries, and found them
+  auspicious, the heroes stepped on board. And now a favourable breeze
+  having sprung up, they take their allotted places, <!-- Page 217 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page217"></a>[217]</span>the anchor is weighed,
+  and the ship glides like a bird out of the harbour into the waters of the
+  great sea.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Arrival at Lemnos.</b>&mdash;The Argo, with her brave crew of fifty
+  heroes, was soon out of sight, and the sea-breeze only wafted to the
+  shore a faint echo of the sweet strains of Orpheus.</p>
+
+  <p>For a time all went smoothly, but the vessel was soon driven, by
+  stress of weather, to take refuge in a harbour in the island of Lemnos.
+  This island was inhabited by women only, who, the year before, in a fit
+  of mad jealousy, had killed all the male population of the island, with
+  the exception of the father of their queen, Hypsipyle. As the protection
+  of their island now devolved upon themselves they were always on the
+  look-out for danger. When, therefore, they sighted the Argo from afar
+  they armed themselves and rushed to the shore, determined to repel any
+  invasion of their territory.</p>
+
+  <p>On arriving in port the Argonauts, astonished at beholding an armed
+  crowd of women, despatched a herald in one of their boats, bearing the
+  staff of peace and friendship. Hypsipyle, the queen, proposed that food
+  and presents should be sent to the strangers, in order to prevent their
+  landing; but her old nurse, who stood beside her, suggested that this
+  would be a good opportunity to provide themselves with noble husbands,
+  who would act as their defenders, and thus put an end to their constant
+  fears. Hypsipyle listened attentively to the advice of her nurse, and
+  after some consultation, decided to invite the strangers into the city.
+  Robed in his purple mantle, the gift of Pallas-Athene, Jason, accompanied
+  by some of his companions, stepped on shore, where he was met by a
+  deputation consisting of the most beautiful of the Lemnian women, and, as
+  commander of the expedition, was invited into the palace of the
+  queen.</p>
+
+  <p>When he appeared before Hypsipyle, she was so struck with his godlike
+  and heroic presence that she presented him with her father's sceptre, and
+  invited him to seat himself on the throne beside her. Jason thereupon
+  <!-- Page 218 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page218"></a>[218]</span>took up his residence in the royal castle,
+  whilst his companions scattered themselves through the town, spending
+  their time in feasting and pleasure. Heracles, with a few chosen
+  comrades, alone remained on board.</p>
+
+  <p>From day to day their departure was delayed, and the Argonauts, in
+  their new life of dissipation, had almost forgotten the object of the
+  expedition, when Heracles suddenly appeared amongst them, and at last
+  recalled them to a sense of their duty.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Giants and Doliones.</b>&mdash;The Argonauts now pursued their
+  voyage, till contrary winds drove them towards an island, inhabited by
+  the Doliones, whose king Cyzicus received them with great kindness and
+  hospitality. The Doliones were descendants of Poseidon, who protected
+  them against the frequent attacks of their fierce and formidable
+  neighbours, the earth-born Giants&mdash;monsters with six arms.</p>
+
+  <p>Whilst his companions were attending a banquet given by king Cyzicus,
+  Heracles, who, as usual, had remained behind to guard the ship, observed
+  that these Giants were busy blocking up the harbour with huge rocks. He
+  at once realized the danger, and, attacking them with his arrows,
+  succeeded in considerably thinning their numbers; then, assisted by the
+  heroes, who at length came to his aid, he effectually destroyed the
+  remainder.</p>
+
+  <p>The Argo now steered out of the harbour and set sail; but in
+  consequence of a severe storm which arose at night, was driven back once
+  more to the shores of the kindly Doliones. Unfortunately, however, owing
+  to the darkness of the night, the inhabitants failed to recognize their
+  former guests, and, mistaking them for enemies, commenced to attack them.
+  Those who had so recently parted as friends were now engaged in mortal
+  combat, and in the battle which ensued, Jason himself pierced to the
+  heart his friend king Cyzicus; whereupon the Doliones, being deprived of
+  their leader, fled to their city and closed the gates. When morning
+  dawned, and both sides perceived their error, they were filled with <!--
+  Page 219 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page219"></a>[219]</span>the
+  deepest sorrow and remorse; and for three days the heroes remained with
+  the Doliones, celebrating the funereal rites of the slain, with every
+  demonstration of mourning and solemnity.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Heracles left behind.</b>&mdash;The Argonauts once more set sail,
+  and after a stormy voyage arrived at Mysia, where they were hospitably
+  received by the inhabitants, who spread before them plentiful banquets
+  and sumptuously regaled them.</p>
+
+  <p>While his friends were feasting, Heracles, who had declined to join
+  them, went into the forest to seek a fir-tree which he required for an
+  oar, and was missed by his adopted son Hylas, who set out to seek him.
+  When the youth arrived at a spring, in the most secluded part of the
+  forest, the nymph of the fountain was so struck by his beauty that she
+  drew him down beneath the waters, and he was seen no more. Polyphemus,
+  one of the heroes, who happened to be also in the forest, heard his cry
+  for help, and on meeting Heracles informed him of the circumstance. They
+  at once set out in search of the missing youth, no traces of whom were to
+  be found, and whilst they were engaged looking for him, the Argo set sail
+  and left them behind.</p>
+
+  <p>The ship had proceeded some distance before the absence of Heracles
+  was observed. Some of the heroes were in favour of returning for him,
+  others wished to proceed on their journey, when, in the midst of the
+  dispute, the sea-god Glaucus arose from the waves, and informed them that
+  it was the will of Zeus that Heracles, having another mission to perform,
+  should remain behind. The Argonauts continued their voyage without their
+  companions; Heracles returned to Argos, whilst Polyphemus remained with
+  the Mysians, where he founded a city and became its king.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Contest with Amycus.</b>&mdash;Next morning the Argo touched at the
+  country of the Bebrycians, whose king Amycus was a famous pugilist, and
+  permitted no strangers to leave his shores without matching their <!--
+  Page 220 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page220"></a>[220]</span>strength with his. When the heroes,
+  therefore, demanded permission to land, they were informed that they
+  could only do so provided that one of their number should engage in a
+  boxing-match with the king. Pollux, who was the best pugilist in Greece,
+  was selected as their champion, and a contest took place, which, after a
+  tremendous struggle, proved fatal to Amycus, who had hitherto been
+  victorious in all similar encounters.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Phineus and the Harpies.</b>&mdash;They now proceeded towards
+  Bithynia, where reigned the blind old prophet-king Phineus, son of
+  Agenor. Phineus had been punished by the gods with premature old age and
+  blindness for having abused the gift of prophecy. He was also tormented
+  by the Harpies, who swooped down upon his food, which they either
+  devoured or so defiled as to render it unfit to be eaten. This poor old
+  man, trembling with the weakness of age, and faint with hunger, appeared
+  before the Argonauts, and implored their assistance against his fiendish
+  tormentors, whereupon Zetes and Calais, the winged sons of Boreas,
+  recognizing in him the husband of their sister Cleopatra, affectionately
+  embraced him, and promised to rescue him from his painful position.</p>
+
+  <p>The heroes prepared a banquet on the sea-shore, to which they invited
+  Phineus; but no sooner had he taken his place, than the Harpies appeared
+  and devoured all the viands. Zetes and Calais now rose up into the air,
+  drove the Harpies away, and were pursuing them with drawn swords, when
+  Iris, the swift-footed messenger of the gods, appeared, and desired them
+  to desist from their work of vengeance, promising that Phineus should be
+  no longer molested.</p>
+
+  <p>Freed at length from his tormentors the old man sat down and enjoyed a
+  plentiful repast with his kind friends the Argonauts, who now informed
+  him of the object of their voyage. In gratitude for his deliverance
+  Phineus gave them much useful information concerning their journey, and
+  not only warned them of the manifold <!-- Page 221 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page221"></a>[221]</span>dangers awaiting them,
+  but also instructed them how they might be overcome.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Passage of the Symplegades.</b>&mdash;After a fortnight's sojourn
+  in Bithynia the Argonauts once more set sail, but had not proceeded far
+  on their course, when they heard a fearful and tremendous crash. This was
+  caused by the meeting of two great rocky islands, called the Symplegades,
+  which floated about in the sea, and constantly met and separated.</p>
+
+  <p>Before leaving Bithynia, the blind old seer, Phineus, had informed
+  them that they would be compelled to pass between these terrible rocks,
+  and he instructed them how to do so with safety. As they now approached
+  the scene of danger they remembered his advice, and acted upon it.
+  Typhus, the steersman, stood at the helm, whilst Euphemus held in his
+  hand a dove ready to be let loose; for Phineus had told them that if the
+  dove ventured to fly through, they might safely follow. Euphemus now
+  despatched the bird, which passed swiftly through the islands, yet not
+  without losing some of the feathers of her tail, so speedily did they
+  reunite. Seizing the moment when the rocks once more separated, the
+  Argonauts worked at their oars with all their might, and achieved the
+  perilous passage in safety.</p>
+
+  <p>After the miraculous passage of the Argo, the Symplegades became
+  permanently united, and attached to the bottom of the sea.</p>
+
+  <p><b>The Stymphalides.</b>&mdash;The Argo pursued her course along the
+  southern coast of the Pontus, and arrived at the island of Aretias, which
+  was inhabited by birds, who, as they flew through the air, discharged
+  from their wings feathers sharp as arrows.</p>
+
+  <p>As the ship was gliding along, Oileus was wounded by one of these
+  birds, whereupon the Argonauts held a council, and by the advice of
+  Amphidamas, an experienced hero, all put on their helmets, and held up
+  their glittering shields, uttering, at the same time, such fearful cries
+  that <!-- Page 222 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page222"></a>[222]</span>the birds flew away in terror, and the
+  Argonauts were enabled to land with safety on the island.</p>
+
+  <p>Here they found four shipwrecked youths, who proved to be the sons of
+  Phryxus, and were greeted by Jason as his cousins. On ascertaining the
+  object of the expedition they volunteered to accompany the Argo, and to
+  show the heroes the way to Colchis. They also informed them that the
+  Golden Fleece was guarded by a fearful dragon, that king Aëtes was
+  extremely cruel, and, as the son of Apollo, was possessed of superhuman
+  strength.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Arrival at Colchis.</b>&mdash;Taking with them the four new-comers
+  they journeyed on, and soon came in sight of the snow-capped peaks of the
+  Caucasus, when, towards evening, the loud flapping of wings was heard
+  overhead. It was the giant eagle of Prometheus on his way to torture the
+  noble and long-suffering Titan, whose fearful groans soon afterwards fell
+  upon their ears. That night they reached their journey's end, and
+  anchored in the smooth waters of the river Phases. On the left bank of
+  this river they beheld Ceuta, the capital of Colchis; and on their right
+  a wide field, and the sacred grove of Ares, where the Golden Fleece,
+  suspended from a magnificent oak-tree, was glittering in the sun. Jason
+  now filled a golden cup with wine, and offered a libation to
+  mother-earth, the gods of the country, and the shades of those of the
+  heroes who had died on the voyage.</p>
+
+  <p>Next morning a council was held, in which it was decided, that before
+  resorting to forcible measures kind and conciliatory overtures should
+  first be made to king Aëtes in order to induce him to resign the Golden
+  Fleece. It was arranged that Jason, with a few chosen companions, should
+  proceed to the royal castle, leaving the remainder of the crew to guard
+  the Argo. Accompanied, therefore, by Telamon and Augeas, and the four
+  sons of Phryxus, he set out for the palace.</p>
+
+  <p>When they arrived in sight of the castle they were struck by the
+  vastness and massiveness of the building, at the entrance to which
+  sparkling fountains played in <!-- Page 223 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page223"></a>[223]</span>the midst of luxuriant and park-like
+  gardens. Here the king's daughters, Chalciope and Medea, who were walking
+  in the grounds of the palace, met them. The former, to her great joy,
+  recognized in the youths who accompanied the hero her own long-lost sons,
+  whom she had mourned as dead, whilst the young and lovely Medea was
+  struck with the noble and manly form of Jason.</p>
+
+  <p>The news of the return of the sons of Phryxus soon spread through the
+  palace, and brought Aëtes himself to the scene, whereupon the strangers
+  were presented to him, and were invited to a banquet which the king
+  ordered to be prepared in their honour. All the most beautiful ladies of
+  the court were present at this entertainment; but in the eyes of Jason
+  none could compare with the king's daughter, the young and lovely
+  Medea.</p>
+
+  <p>When the banquet was ended, Jason related to the king his various
+  adventures, and also the object of his expedition, with the circumstances
+  which had led to his undertaking it. Aëtes listened, in silent
+  indignation, to this recital, and then burst out into a torrent of
+  invectives against the Argonauts and his grand-children, declaring that
+  the Fleece was his rightful property, and that on no consideration would
+  he consent to relinquish it. Jason, however, with mild and persuasive
+  words, contrived so far to conciliate him, that he was induced to promise
+  that if the heroes could succeed in demonstrating their divine origin by
+  the performance of some task requiring superhuman power, the Fleece
+  should be theirs.</p>
+
+  <p>The task proposed by Aëtes to Jason was that he should yoke the two
+  brazen-footed, fire-breathing oxen of the king (which had been made for
+  him by Hephæstus) to his ponderous iron plough. Having done this he must
+  till with them the stony field of Ares, and then sow in the furrows the
+  poisonous teeth of a dragon, from which armed men would arise. These he
+  must destroy to a man, or he himself would perish at their hands.</p>
+
+  <p>When Jason heard what was expected of him, his heart for a moment sank
+  within him; but he determined, nevertheless, not to flinch from his task,
+  but to trust to the <!-- Page 224 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page224"></a>[224]</span>assistance of the gods, and to his own
+  courage and energy.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Jason ploughs the Field of Ares.</b>&mdash;Accompanied by his two
+  friends, Telamon and Augeas, and also by Argus, the son of Chalciope,
+  Jason returned to the vessel for the purpose of holding a consultation as
+  to the best means of accomplishing these perilous feats.</p>
+
+  <p>Argus explained to Jason all the difficulties of the superhuman task
+  which lay before him, and pronounced it as his opinion that the only
+  means by which success was possible was to enlist the assistance of the
+  Princess Medea, who was a priestess of Hecate, and a great enchantress.
+  His suggestion meeting with approval, he returned to the palace, and by
+  the aid of his mother an interview was arranged between Jason and Medea,
+  which took place, at an early hour next morning, in the temple of
+  Hecate.</p>
+
+  <p>A confession of mutual attachment took place, and Medea, trembling for
+  her lover's safety, presented him with a magic salve, which possessed the
+  property of rendering any person anointed with it invulnerable for the
+  space of one day against fire and steel, and invincible against any
+  adversary however powerful. With this salve she instructed him to anoint
+  his spear and shield on the day of his great undertaking. She further
+  added that when, after having ploughed the field and sown the teeth,
+  armed men should arise from the furrows, he must on no account lose
+  heart, but remember to throw among them a huge rock, over the possession
+  of which they would fight among themselves, and their attention being
+  thus diverted he would find it an easy task to destroy them. Overwhelmed
+  with gratitude, Jason thanked her, in the most earnest manner, for her
+  wise counsel and timely aid; at the same time he offered her his hand,
+  and promised her he would not return to Greece without taking her with
+  him as his wife.</p>
+
+  <p>Next morning Aëtes, in all the pomp of state, surrounded by his family
+  and the members of his court, <!-- Page 225 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page225"></a>[225]</span>repaired to a spot whence a full view of
+  the approaching spectacle could be obtained. Soon Jason appeared in the
+  field of Ares, looking as noble and majestic as the god of war himself.
+  In a distant part of the field the brazen yokes and the massive plough
+  met his view, but as yet the dread animals themselves were nowhere to be
+  seen. He was about to go in quest of them, when they suddenly rushed out
+  from a subterranean cave, breathing flames of fire, and enveloped in a
+  thick smoke.</p>
+
+  <p>The friends of Jason trembled; but the undaunted hero, relying on the
+  magic powers with which he was imbued by Medea, seized the oxen, one
+  after the other, by the horns, and forced them to the yoke. Near the
+  plough was a helmet full of dragon's teeth, which he sowed as he ploughed
+  the field, whilst with sharp pricks from his lance he compelled the
+  monstrous creatures to draw the plough over the stony ground, which was
+  thus speedily tilled.</p>
+
+  <p>While Jason was engaged sowing the dragon's teeth in the deep furrows
+  of the field, he kept a cautious look-out lest the germinating giant
+  brood might grow too quickly for him, and as soon as the four acres of
+  land had been tilled he unyoked the oxen, and succeeded in frightening
+  them so effectually with his weapons, that they rushed back in terror to
+  their subterranean stables. Meanwhile armed men had sprung up out of the
+  furrows, and the whole field now bristled with lances; but Jason,
+  remembering the instructions of Medea, seized an immense rock and hurled
+  it into the midst of these earth-born warriors, who immediately began to
+  attack each other. Jason then rushed furiously upon them, and after a
+  terrible struggle not one of the giants remained alive.</p>
+
+  <p>Furious at seeing his murderous schemes thus defeated, Aëtes not only
+  perfidiously refused to give Jason the Fleece which he had so bravely
+  earned, but, in his anger, determined to destroy all the Argonauts, and
+  to burn their vessel.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Jason secures the Golden Fleece.</b>&mdash;Becoming aware of the
+  treacherous designs of her father, Medea at <!-- Page 226 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page226"></a>[226]</span>once took measures to
+  baffle them. In the darkness of night she went on board the Argo, and
+  warned the heroes of their approaching danger. She then advised Jason to
+  accompany her without loss of time to the sacred grove, in order to
+  possess himself of the long-coveted treasure. They set out together, and
+  Medea, followed by Jason, led the way, and advanced boldly into the
+  grove. The tall oak-tree was soon discovered, from the topmost boughs of
+  which hung the beautiful Golden Fleece. At the foot of this tree, keeping
+  his ever-wakeful watch, lay the dreadful, sleepless dragon, who at sight
+  of them bounded forward, opening his huge jaws.</p>
+
+  <p>Medea now called into play her magic powers, and quietly approaching
+  the monster, threw over him a few drops of a potion, which soon took
+  effect, and sent him into a deep sleep; whereupon Jason, seizing the
+  opportunity, climbed the tree and secured the Fleece. Their perilous task
+  being now accomplished, Jason and Medea quitted the grove, and hastened
+  on board the Argo, which immediately put to sea.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Murder of Absyrtus.</b>&mdash;Meanwhile Aëtes, having discovered
+  the loss of his daughter and the Golden Fleece, despatched a large fleet,
+  under the command of his son Absyrtus, in pursuit of the fugitives. After
+  some days' sail they arrived at an island at the mouth of the river
+  Ister, where they found the Argo at anchor, and surrounded her with their
+  numerous ships. They then despatched a herald on board of her, demanding
+  the surrender of Medea and the Fleece.</p>
+
+  <p>Medea now consulted Jason, and, with his consent, carried out the
+  following stratagem. She sent a message to her brother Absyrtus, to the
+  effect that she had been carried off against her will, and promised that
+  if he would meet her, in the darkness of night, in the temple of Artemis,
+  she would assist him in regaining possession of the Golden Fleece.
+  Relying on the good faith of his sister, Absyrtus fell into the snare,
+  and duly appeared at the appointed trysting-place; and whilst Medea kept
+  her <!-- Page 227 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page227"></a>[227]</span>brother engaged in conversation, Jason
+  rushed forward and slew him. Then, according to a preconcerted signal, he
+  held aloft a lighted torch, whereupon the Argonauts attacked the
+  Colchians, put them to flight, and entirely defeated them.</p>
+
+  <p>The Argonauts now returned to their ship, when the prophetic board
+  from the Dodonean oak thus addressed them: "The cruel murder of Absyrtus
+  was witnessed by the Erinyes, and you will not escape the wrath of Zeus
+  until the goddess Circe has purified you from your crime. Let Castor and
+  Pollux pray to the gods that you may be enabled to find the abode of the
+  sorceress." In obedience to the voice, the twin-brothers invoked divine
+  assistance, and the heroes set out in search of the isle of Circe.</p>
+
+  <p><b>They arrive at the Island of Circe.</b>&mdash;The good ship Argo
+  sped on her way, and, after passing safely through the foaming waters of
+  the river Eridanus, at length arrived in the harbour of the island of
+  Circe, where she cast anchor.</p>
+
+  <p>Commanding his companions to remain on board, Jason landed with Medea,
+  and conducted her to the palace of the sorceress. The goddess of charms
+  and magic arts received them kindly, and invited them to be seated; but
+  instead of doing so they assumed a supplicating attitude, and humbly
+  besought her protection. They then informed her of the dreadful crime
+  which they had committed, and implored her to purify them from it. This
+  Circe promised to do. She forthwith commanded her attendant Naiads to
+  kindle the fire on the altar, and to prepare everything necessary for the
+  performance of the mystic rites, after which a dog was sacrificed, and
+  the sacred cakes were burned. Having thus duly purified the criminals,
+  she severely reprimanded them for the horrible murder of which they had
+  been guilty; whereupon Medea, with veiled head, and weeping bitterly, was
+  reconducted by Jason to the Argo.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Further Adventures of the Argonauts.</b>&mdash;Having left the
+  island of Circe they were wafted by gentle <!-- Page 228 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page228"></a>[228]</span>zephyrs towards the
+  abode of the Sirens, whose enticing strains soon fell upon their ears.
+  The Argonauts, powerfully affected by the melody, were making ready to
+  land, when Orpheus perceived the danger, and, to the accompaniment of his
+  magic lyre, commenced one of his enchanting songs, which so completely
+  absorbed his listeners that they passed the island in safety; but not
+  before Butes, one of their number, lured by the seductive music of the
+  Sirens, had sprung from the vessel into the waves below. Aphrodite,
+  however, in pity for his youth, landed him gently on the island of
+  Libibaon before the Sirens could reach him, and there he remained for
+  many years.</p>
+
+  <p>And now the Argonauts approached new dangers, for on one side of them
+  seethed and foamed the whirlpool of Charybdis, whilst on the other
+  towered the mighty rock whence the monster Scylla swooped down upon
+  unfortunate mariners; but here the goddess Hera came to their assistance,
+  and sent to them the sea-nymph Thetis, who guided them safely through
+  these dangerous straits.</p>
+
+  <p>The Argo next arrived at the island of the Phæaces, where they were
+  hospitably entertained by King Alcinous and his queen Arete. But the
+  banquet prepared for them by their kind host was unexpectedly interrupted
+  by the appearance of a large army of Colchians, sent by Aëtes to demand
+  the restoration of his daughter.</p>
+
+  <p>Medea threw herself at the feet of the queen, and implored her to save
+  her from the anger of her father, and Arete, in her kindness of heart,
+  promised her her protection. Next morning, in an assembly of the people
+  at which the Colchians were invited to be present, the latter were
+  informed that as Medea was the lawful wife of Jason they could not
+  consent to deliver her up; whereupon the Colchians, seeing that the
+  resolution of the king was not to be shaken, and fearing to face the
+  anger of Aëtes should they return to Colchis without her, sought
+  permission of Alcinous to settle in his kingdom, which request was
+  accorded them.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 229 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page229"></a>[229]</span></p>
+
+  <p>After these events the Argonauts once more set sail, and steered for
+  Iolcus; but, in the course of a terrible and fearful night, a mighty
+  storm arose, and in the morning they found themselves stranded on the
+  treacherous quicksands of Syrtes, on the shores of Libya. Here all was a
+  waste and barren desert, untenanted by any living creature, save the
+  venomous snakes which had sprung from the blood of the Medusa when borne
+  by Perseus over these arid plains.</p>
+
+  <p>They had already passed several days in this abode of desolation,
+  beneath the rays of the scorching sun, and had abandoned themselves to
+  the deepest despair, when the Libyan queen, who was a prophetess of
+  divine origin, appeared to Jason, and informed him that a sea-horse would
+  be sent by the gods to act as his guide.</p>
+
+  <p>Scarcely had she departed when a gigantic hippocamp was seen in the
+  distance, making its way towards the Argo. Jason now related to his
+  companions the particulars of his interview with the Libyan prophetess,
+  and after some deliberation it was decided to carry the Argo on their
+  shoulders, and to follow wherever the sea-horse should lead them. They
+  then commenced a long and weary journey through the desert, and at last,
+  after twelve days of severe toil and terrible suffering, the welcome
+  sight of the sea greeted their view. In gratitude for having been saved
+  from their manifold dangers they offered up sacrifices to the gods, and
+  launched their ship once more into the deep waters of the ocean.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Arrival at Crete.</b>&mdash;With heartfelt joy and gladness they
+  proceeded on their homeward voyage, and after some days arrived at the
+  island of Crete, where they purposed to furnish themselves with fresh
+  provisions and water. Their landing, however, was opposed by a terrible
+  giant who guarded the island against all intruders. This giant, whose
+  name was Talus, was the last of the Brazen race, and being formed of
+  brass, was invulnerable, except in his right ankle, where there was a
+  sinew of flesh and a vein of blood. As he saw the Argo <!-- Page 230
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page230"></a>[230]</span>nearing the
+  coast, he hurled huge rocks at her, which would inevitably have sunk the
+  vessel had not the crew beat a hasty retreat. Although sadly in want of
+  food and water, the Argonauts had decided to proceed on their journey
+  rather than face so powerful an opponent, when Medea came forward and
+  assured them that if they would trust to her she would destroy the
+  giant.</p>
+
+  <p>Enveloped in the folds of a rich purple mantle, she stepped on deck,
+  and after invoking the aid of the Fates, uttered a magic incantation,
+  which had the effect of throwing Talus into a deep sleep. He stretched
+  himself at full length upon the ground, and in doing so grazed his
+  vulnerable ankle against the point of a sharp rock, whereupon a mighty
+  stream of blood gushed forth from the wound. Awakened by the pain, he
+  tried to rise, but in vain, and with a mighty groan of anguish the giant
+  fell dead, and his enormous body rolled heavily over into the deep. The
+  heroes being now able to land, provisioned their vessel, after which they
+  resumed their homeward voyage.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Arrival at Iolcus.</b>&mdash;After a terrible night of storm and
+  darkness they passed the island of Ægina, and at length reached in safety
+  the port of Iolcus, where the recital of their numerous adventures and
+  hair-breadth escapes was listened to with wondering admiration by their
+  fellow-countrymen.</p>
+
+  <p>The Argo was consecrated to Poseidon, and was carefully preserved for
+  many generations till no vestige of it remained, when it was placed in
+  the heavens as a brilliant constellation.</p>
+
+  <p>On his arrival at Iolcus, Jason conducted his beautiful bride to the
+  palace of his uncle Pelias, taking with him the Golden Fleece, for the
+  sake of which this perilous expedition had been undertaken. But the old
+  king, who had never expected that Jason would return alive, basely
+  refused to fulfil his part of the compact, and declined to abdicate the
+  throne.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 231 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page231"></a>[231]</span></p>
+
+  <p>Indignant at the wrongs of her husband, Medea avenged them in a most
+  shocking manner. She made friends with the daughters of the king, and
+  feigned great interest in all their concerns. Having gained their
+  confidence, she informed them, that among her numerous magic arts, she
+  possessed the power of restoring to the aged all the vigour and strength
+  of youth, and in order to give them a convincing proof of the truth of
+  her assertion, she cut up an old ram, which she boiled in a cauldron,
+  whereupon, after uttering various mystic incantations, there came forth
+  from the vessel a beautiful young lamb. She then assured them, that in a
+  similar manner they could restore to their old father his former youthful
+  frame and vigour. The fond and credulous daughters of Pelias lent an all
+  too willing ear to the wicked sorceress, and thus the old king perished
+  at the hands of his innocent children.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Death of Jason.</b>&mdash;Medea and Jason now fled to Corinth,
+  where at length they found, for a time, peace and tranquillity, their
+  happiness being completed by the birth of three children.</p>
+
+  <p>As time passed on, however, and Medea began to lose the beauty which
+  had won the love of her husband, he grew weary of her, and became
+  attracted by the youthful charms of Glauce, the beautiful daughter of
+  Creon, king of Corinth. Jason had obtained her father's consent to their
+  union, and the wedding-day was already fixed, before he disclosed to
+  Medea the treachery which he meditated against her. He used all his
+  persuasive powers in order to induce her to consent to his union with
+  Glauce, assuring her that his affection had in no way diminished, but
+  that for the sake of the advantages which would thereby accrue to their
+  children, he had decided on forming this alliance with the royal house.
+  Though justly enraged at his deceitful conduct, Medea dissembled her
+  wrath, and, feigning to be satisfied with this explanation, sent, as a
+  wedding-gift to her rival, a magnificent robe of cloth-of-gold. This robe
+  was imbued with a deadly <!-- Page 232 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page232"></a>[232]</span>poison which penetrated to the flesh and
+  bone of the wearer, and burned them as though with a consuming fire.
+  Pleased with the beauty and costliness of the garment, the unsuspecting
+  Glauce lost no time in donning it; but no sooner had she done so than the
+  fell poison began to take effect. In vain she tried to tear the robe
+  away; it defied all efforts to be removed, and after horrible and
+  protracted sufferings, she expired.</p>
+
+  <p>Maddened at the loss of her husband's love Medea next put to death her
+  three sons, and when Jason, thirsting for revenge, left the chamber of
+  his dead bride, and flew to his own house in search of Medea, the ghastly
+  spectacle of his murdered children met his view. He rushed frantically to
+  seek the murderess, but nowhere could she be found. At length, hearing a
+  sound above his head, he looked up, and beheld Medea gliding through the
+  air in a golden chariot drawn by dragons.</p>
+
+  <p>In a fit of despair Jason threw himself on his own sword, and perished
+  on the threshold of his desolate and deserted home.</p>
+
+<h3>PELOPS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Pelops, the son of the cruel Tantalus, was a pious and virtuous
+  prince. After his father was banished into Tartarus, a war ensued between
+  Pelops and the king of Troy, in which the former was vanquished and
+  forced to fly from his dominions in Phrygia. He emigrated into Greece,
+  where, at the court of &OElig;nomaus, king of Elis, he beheld Hippodamia,
+  the king's daughter, whose beauty won his heart. But an oracle having
+  foretold to &OElig;nomaus that he would die on the day of his daughter's
+  marriage, he threw every obstacle in the way of her suitors, and declared
+  that he would only give her to him who succeeded in vanquishing him in a
+  chariot race, but that all unsuccessful competitors should suffer death
+  at his hands.</p>
+
+  <p>The conditions of the contest were as follows:&mdash;The race was to
+  be run from a given point at Pisa to the altar of Poseidon at Corinth;
+  the suitor was allowed to start <!-- Page 233 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page233"></a>[233]</span>on his course whilst &OElig;nomaus
+  performed his sacrifice to Zeus, and only on its completion did the king
+  mount his chariot, guided by the skilful Myrtilus, and drawn by his two
+  famous horses, Phylla and Harpinna, who surpassed in swiftness the winds
+  themselves. In this manner many a gallant young prince had perished; for
+  although a considerable start was given to all competitors, still
+  &OElig;nomaus, with his swift team, always overtook them before they
+  reached the goal, and killed them with his spear. But the love of Pelops
+  for Hippodamia overcame all fears, and, undeterred by the terrible fate
+  of his predecessors, he announced himself to &OElig;nomaus as a suitor
+  for the hand of his daughter.</p>
+
+  <p>On the eve of the race, Pelops repaired to the sea-shore and earnestly
+  implored Poseidon to assist him in his perilous undertaking. The sea-god
+  heard his prayer, and sent him out of the deep a chariot drawn by two
+  winged horses.</p>
+
+  <p>When Pelops appeared on the course, the king at once recognized the
+  horses of Poseidon; but, nothing daunted, he relied on his own
+  supernatural team, and the contest was allowed to proceed.</p>
+
+  <p>Whilst the king was offering his sacrifice to Zeus Pelops set out on
+  the race, and had nearly reached the goal, when, turning round, he beheld
+  &OElig;nomaus, spear in hand, who, with his magic steeds, had nearly
+  overtaken him. But in this emergency Poseidon came to the aid of the son
+  of Tantalus. He caused the wheels of the royal chariot to fly off,
+  whereupon the king was thrown out violently, and killed on the spot, just
+  as Pelops arrived at the altar of Poseidon.</p>
+
+  <p>As the hero was about to return to Pisa to claim his bride, he beheld,
+  in the distance, flames issuing from the royal castle, which at that
+  instant had been struck by lightning. With his winged horses he flew to
+  rescue his lovely bride, and succeeded in extricating her uninjured from
+  the burning building. They soon afterwards became united, and Pelops
+  reigned in Pisa for many years in great splendour.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 234 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page234"></a>[234]</span></p>
+
+<h3>HERACLES (<span class="sc">Hercules</span>).</h3>
+
+  <p>Heracles, the most renowned hero of antiquity, was the son of Zeus and
+  Alcmene, and the great grandson of Perseus.</p>
+
+  <p>At the time of his birth Alcmene was living at Thebes with her husband
+  Amphitryon, and thus the infant Heracles was born in the palace of his
+  stepfather.</p>
+
+  <p>Aware of the animosity with which Hera persecuted all those who
+  rivalled her in the affections of Zeus, Alcmene, fearful lest this hatred
+  should be visited on her innocent child, intrusted him, soon after his
+  birth, to the care of a faithful servant, with instructions to expose him
+  in a certain field, and there leave him, feeling assured that the divine
+  offspring of Zeus would not long remain without the protection of the
+  gods.</p>
+
+  <p>Soon after the child had been thus abandoned, Hera and Pallas-Athene
+  happened to pass by the field, and were attracted by its cries. Athene
+  pityingly took up the infant in her arms, and prevailed upon the queen of
+  heaven to put it to her breast; but no sooner had she done so, than the
+  child, causing her pain, she angrily threw him to the ground, and left
+  the spot. Athene, moved with compassion, carried him to Alcmene, and
+  entreated her kind offices on behalf of the poor little foundling.
+  Alcmene at once recognized her child, and joyfully accepted the
+  charge.</p>
+
+  <p>Soon afterwards Hera, to her extreme annoyance, discovered whom she
+  had nursed, and became filled with jealous rage. She now sent two
+  venomous snakes into the chamber of Alcmene, which crept, unperceived by
+  the nurses, to the cradle of the sleeping child. He awoke with a cry, and
+  grasping a snake in each hand, strangled them both. Alcmene and her
+  attendants, whom the cry of the child had awakened, rushed to the cradle,
+  where, to their astonishment and terror, they beheld the two reptiles
+  dead in the hands of the infant Heracles. Amphitryon was also attracted
+  to the chamber by the <!-- Page 235 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page235"></a>[235]</span>commotion, and when he beheld this
+  astounding proof of supernatural strength, he declared that the child
+  must have been sent to him as a special gift from Zeus. He accordingly
+  consulted the famous seer Tiresias, who now informed him of the divine
+  origin of his stepson, and prognosticated for him a great and
+  distinguished future.</p>
+
+  <p>When Amphitryon heard the noble destiny which awaited the child
+  intrusted to his care, he resolved to educate him in a manner worthy of
+  his future career. At a suitable age he himself taught him how to guide a
+  chariot; Eurytus, how to handle the bow; Autolycus, dexterity in
+  wrestling and boxing; and Castor, the art of armed warfare; whilst Linus,
+  the son of Apollo, instructed him in music and letters.</p>
+
+  <p>Heracles was an apt pupil; but undue harshness was intolerable to his
+  high spirit, and old Linus, who was not the gentlest of teachers, one day
+  corrected him with blows, whereupon the boy angrily took up his lyre,
+  and, with one stroke of his powerful arm, killed his tutor on the
+  spot.</p>
+
+  <p>Apprehensive lest the ungovernable temper of the youth might again
+  involve him in similar acts of violence, Amphitryon sent him into the
+  country, where he placed him under the charge of one of his most trusted
+  herdsmen. Here, as he grew up to manhood, his extraordinary stature and
+  strength became the wonder and admiration of all beholders. His aim,
+  whether with spear, lance, or bow, was unerring, and at the age of
+  eighteen he was considered to be the strongest as well as the most
+  beautiful youth in all Greece.</p>
+
+  <p><b>The Choice of Heracles.</b>&mdash;Heracles felt that the time had
+  now arrived when it became necessary to decide for himself how to make
+  use of the extraordinary powers with which he had been endowed by the
+  gods; and in order to meditate in solitude on this all-important subject,
+  he repaired to a lonely and secluded spot in the heart of the forest.</p>
+
+  <p>Here two females of great beauty appeared to him. <!-- Page 236
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page236"></a>[236]</span>One was Vice,
+  the other Virtue. The former was full of artificial wiles and fascinating
+  arts, her face painted and her dress gaudy and attractive; whilst the
+  latter was of noble bearing and modest mien, her robes of spotless
+  purity.</p>
+
+  <p>Vice stepped forward and thus addressed him: "If you will walk in my
+  paths, and make me your friend, your life shall be one round of pleasure
+  and enjoyment. You shall taste of every delight which can be procured on
+  earth; the choicest viands, the most delicious wines, the most luxuriant
+  of couches shall be ever at your disposal; and all this without any
+  exertion on your part, either physical or mental."</p>
+
+  <p>Virtue now spoke in her turn: "If you will follow me and be my friend,
+  I promise you the reward of a good conscience, and the love and respect
+  of your fellowmen. I cannot undertake to smooth your path with roses, or
+  to give you a life of idleness and pleasure; for you must know that the
+  gods grant no good and desirable thing that is not earned by labour; and
+  as you sow, so must you reap."</p>
+
+  <p>Heracles listened patiently and attentively to both speakers, and
+  then, after mature deliberation, decided to follow in the paths of
+  virtue, and henceforth to honour the gods, and to devote his life to the
+  service of his country.</p>
+
+  <p>Full of these noble resolves he sought once more his rural home, where
+  he was informed that on Mount Cithæron, at the foot of which the herds of
+  Amphitryon were grazing, a ferocious lion had fixed his lair, and was
+  committing such frightful ravages among the flocks and herds that he had
+  become the scourge and terror of the whole neighbourhood. Heracles at
+  once armed himself and ascended the mountain, where he soon caught sight
+  of the lion, and rushing at him with his sword succeeded in killing him.
+  The hide of the animal he wore ever afterwards over his shoulders, and
+  the head served him as a helmet.</p>
+
+  <p>As he was returning from this, his first exploit, he met <!-- Page 237
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page237"></a>[237]</span>the heralds of
+  Erginus, king of the Minyans, who were proceeding to Thebes to demand
+  their annual tribute of 100 oxen. Indignant at this humiliation of his
+  native city, Heracles mutilated the heralds, and sent them back, with
+  ropes round their necks, to their royal master.</p>
+
+  <p>Erginus was so incensed at the ill-treatment of his messengers that he
+  collected an army and appeared before the gates of Thebes, demanding the
+  surrender of Heracles. Creon, who was at this time king of Thebes,
+  fearing the consequences of a refusal, was about to yield, when the hero,
+  with the assistance of Amphitryon and a band of brave youths, advanced
+  against the Minyans.</p>
+
+  <p>Heracles took possession of a narrow defile through which the enemy
+  were compelled to pass, and as they entered the pass the Thebans fell
+  upon them, killed their king Erginus, and completely routed them. In this
+  engagement Amphitryon, the kind friend and foster-father of Heracles,
+  lost his life. The hero now advanced upon Orchomenus, the capital of the
+  Minyans, where he burned the royal castle and sacked the town.</p>
+
+  <p>After this signal victory all Greece rang with the fame of the young
+  hero, and Creon, in gratitude for his great services, bestowed upon him
+  his daughter Megara in marriage. The Olympian gods testified their
+  appreciation of his valour by sending him presents; Hermes gave him a
+  sword, Ph&oelig;bus-Apollo a bundle of arrows, Hephæstus a golden quiver,
+  and Athene a coat of leather.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Heracles and Eurystheus.</b>&mdash;And now it will be necessary to
+  retrace our steps. Just before the birth of Heracles, Zeus, in an
+  assembly of the gods, exultingly declared that the child who should be
+  born on that day to the house of Perseus should rule over all his race.
+  When Hera heard her lord's boastful announcement she knew well that it
+  was for the child of the hated Alcmene that this brilliant destiny was
+  designed; and in order to rob the son of her rival of his rights, she
+  called to her aid the goddess Eilithyia, who retarded the birth of <!--
+  Page 238 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page238"></a>[238]</span>Heracles, and caused his cousin Eurystheus
+  (another grandson of Perseus) to precede him into the world. And thus, as
+  the word of the mighty Zeus was irrevocable, Heracles became the subject
+  and servant of his cousin Eurystheus.</p>
+
+  <p>When, after his splendid victory over Erginus, the fame of Heracles
+  spread throughout Greece, Eurystheus (who had become king of Mycenæ),
+  jealous of the reputation of the young hero, asserted his rights, and
+  commanded him to undertake for him various difficult tasks. But the proud
+  spirit of the hero rebelled against this humiliation, and he was about to
+  refuse compliance, when Zeus appeared to him and desired him not to rebel
+  against the Fates. Heracles now repaired to Delphi in order to consult
+  the oracle, and received the answer that after performing ten tasks for
+  his cousin Eurystheus his servitude would be at an end.</p>
+
+  <p>Soon afterwards Heracles fell into a state of the deepest melancholy,
+  and through the influence of his inveterate enemy, the goddess Hera, this
+  despondency developed into raving madness, in which condition he killed
+  his own children. When he at length regained his reason he was so
+  horrified and grieved at what he had done, that he shut himself up in his
+  chamber and avoided all intercourse with men. But in his loneliness and
+  seclusion the conviction that work would be the best means of procuring
+  oblivion of the past decided him to enter, without delay, upon the tasks
+  appointed him by Eurystheus.</p>
+
+  <p><b>1. The Nemean Lion.</b>&mdash;His first task was to bring to
+  Eurystheus the skin of the much-dreaded Nemean lion, which ravaged the
+  territory between Cleone and Nemea, and whose hide was invulnerable
+  against any mortal weapon.</p>
+
+  <p>Heracles proceeded to the forest of Nemea, where, having discovered
+  the lion's lair, he attempted to pierce him with his arrows; but finding
+  these of no avail he felled him to the ground with his club, and before
+  the animal had time to recover from the terrible blow, <!-- Page 239
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page239"></a>[239]</span>Heracles
+  seized him by the neck and, with a mighty effort, succeeded in strangling
+  him. He then made himself a coat of mail of the skin, and a new helmet of
+  the head of the animal. Thus attired, he so alarmed Eurystheus by
+  appearing suddenly before him, that the king concealed himself in his
+  palace, and henceforth forbade Heracles to enter his presence, but
+  commanded him to receive his behests, for the future, through his
+  messenger Copreus.</p>
+
+  <p><b>2. The Hydra.</b>&mdash;His second task was to slay the Hydra, a
+  monster serpent (the offspring of Typhon and Echidna), bristling with
+  nine heads, one of which was immortal. This monster infested the
+  neighbourhood of Lerna, where she committed great depredations among the
+  herds.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0239-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0239-1.png"
+      alt="Heracles fighting the Hydra" title="Heracles fighting the Hydra" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Heracles, accompanied by his nephew Iolaus, set out in a chariot for
+  the marsh of Lerna, in the slimy waters of which he found her. He
+  commenced the attack by assailing her with his fierce arrows, in order to
+  force her to leave her lair, from which she at length emerged, and sought
+  refuge in a wood on a neighbouring hill. Heracles now rushed forward and
+  endeavoured to crush her heads by means of well-directed blows from his
+  tremendous club; but no sooner was one head destroyed than it was
+  immediately replaced by two others. He next seized the monster in his
+  powerful grasp; but at this juncture a giant crab came to the assistance
+  of the Hydra and commenced biting the feet of her assailant. Heracles
+  destroyed this new adversary with his club, and now called upon his
+  nephew to come to his aid. At his command Iolaus set fire to the
+  neighbouring trees, <!-- Page 240 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page240"></a>[240]</span>and, with a burning branch, seared the
+  necks of the monster as Heracles cut them off, thus effectually
+  preventing the growth of more. Heracles next struck off the immortal
+  head, which he buried by the road-side, and placed over it a heavy stone.
+  Into the poisonous blood of the monster he then dipped his arrows, which
+  ever afterwards rendered wounds inflicted by them incurable.</p>
+
+  <p><b>3. The Horned Hind.</b>&mdash;The third labour of Heracles was to
+  bring the horned hind Cerunitis alive to Mycenæ. This animal, which was
+  sacred to Artemis, had golden antlers and hoofs of brass.</p>
+
+  <p>Not wishing to wound the hind Heracles patiently pursued her through
+  many countries for a whole year, and overtook her at last on the banks of
+  the river Ladon; but even there he was compelled, in order to secure her,
+  to wound her with one of his arrows, after which he lifted her on his
+  shoulders and carried her through Arcadia. On his way he met Artemis with
+  her brother Ph&oelig;bus-Apollo, when the goddess angrily reproved him
+  for wounding her favourite hind; but Heracles succeeded in appeasing her
+  displeasure, whereupon she permitted him to take the animal alive to
+  Mycenæ.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0240-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0240-1.png"
+      alt="A Centaur" title="A Centaur" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p><b>4. The Erymantian Boar.</b>&mdash;The fourth task imposed upon
+  Heracles by Eurystheus was to bring alive to Mycenæ the Erymantian boar,
+  which had laid waste the region of Erymantia, and was the scourge of the
+  surrounding neighbourhood.</p>
+
+  <p>On his way thither he craved food and shelter of a Centaur named
+  Pholus, who received him with generous hospitality, setting before him a
+  good and plentiful repast. When Heracles expressed his surprise that at
+  such a well-furnished board <!-- Page 241 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page241"></a>[241]</span>wine should be wanting, his host explained
+  that the wine-cellar was the common property of all the Centaurs, and
+  that it was against the rules for a cask to be broached, except all were
+  present to partake of it. By dint of persuasion, however, Heracles
+  prevailed on his kind host to make an exception in his favour; but the
+  powerful, luscious odour of the good old wine soon spread over the
+  mountains, and brought large numbers of Centaurs to the spot, all armed
+  with huge rocks and fir-trees. Heracles drove them back with fire-brands,
+  and then, following up his victory, pursued them with his arrows as far
+  as Malea, where they took refuge in the cave of the kind old Centaur
+  Chiron. Unfortunately, however, as Heracles was shooting at them with his
+  poisoned darts, one of these pierced the knee of Chiron. When Heracles
+  discovered that it was the friend of his early days that he had wounded,
+  he was overcome with sorrow and regret. He at once extracted the arrow,
+  and anointed the wound with a salve, the virtue of which had been taught
+  him by Chiron himself. But all his efforts were unavailing. The wound,
+  imbued with the deadly poison of the Hydra, was incurable, and so great
+  was the agony of Chiron that, at the intercession of Heracles, death was
+  sent him by the gods; for otherwise, being immortal, he would have been
+  doomed to endless suffering.</p>
+
+  <p>Pholus, who had so kindly entertained Heracles, also perished by means
+  of one of these arrows, which he had extracted from the body of a dead
+  Centaur. While he was quietly examining it, astonished that so small and
+  insignificant an object should be productive of such serious results, the
+  arrow fell upon his foot and fatally wounded him. Full of grief at this
+  untoward event, Heracles buried him with due honours, and then set out to
+  chase the boar.</p>
+
+  <p>With loud shouts and terrible cries he first drove him out of the
+  thickets into the deep snow-drifts which covered the summit of the
+  mountain, and then, having at length wearied him with his incessant
+  pursuit, he captured the exhausted animal, bound him with a rope, and
+  brought him alive to Mycenæ.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 242 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page242"></a>[242]</span></p>
+
+  <p><b>5. Cleansing the Stables of Augeas.</b>&mdash;After slaying the
+  Erymantian boar Eurystheus commanded Heracles to cleanse in one day the
+  stables of Augeas.</p>
+
+  <p>Augeas was a king of Elis who was very rich in herds. Three thousand
+  of his cattle he kept near the royal palace in an inclosure where the
+  refuse had accumulated for many years. When Heracles presented himself
+  before the king, and offered to cleanse his stables in one day, provided
+  he should receive in return a tenth part of the herds, Augeas, thinking
+  the feat impossible, accepted his offer in the presence of his son
+  Phyleus.</p>
+
+  <p>Near the palace were the two rivers Peneus and Alpheus, the streams of
+  which Heracles conducted into the stables by means of a trench which he
+  dug for this purpose, and as the waters rushed through the shed, they
+  swept away with them the whole mass of accumulated filth.</p>
+
+  <p>But when Augeas heard that this was one of the labours imposed by
+  Eurystheus, he refused the promised guerdon. Heracles brought the matter
+  before a court, and called Phyleus as a witness to the justice of his
+  claim, whereupon Augeas, without waiting for the delivery of the verdict,
+  angrily banished Heracles and his son from his dominions.</p>
+
+  <p><b>6. The Stymphalides.</b>&mdash;The sixth task was to chase away the
+  Stymphalides, which were immense birds of prey who, as we have seen (in
+  the legend of the Argonauts), shot from their wings feathers sharp as
+  arrows. The home of these birds was on the shore of the lake Stymphalis,
+  in Arcadia (after which they were called), where they caused great
+  destruction among men and cattle.</p>
+
+  <p>On approaching the lake, Heracles observed great numbers of them; and,
+  while hesitating how to commence the attack, he suddenly felt a hand on
+  his shoulder. Looking round he beheld the majestic form of Pallas-Athene,
+  who held in her hand a gigantic pair of brazen clappers made by
+  Hephæstus, with which she <!-- Page 243 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page243"></a>[243]</span>presented him; whereupon he ascended to
+  the summit of a neighbouring hill, and commenced to rattle them
+  violently. The shrill noise of these instruments was so intolerable to
+  the birds that they rose into the air in terror, upon which he aimed at
+  them with his arrows, destroying them in great numbers, whilst such as
+  escaped his darts flew away, never to return.</p>
+
+  <p><b>7. The Cretan Bull.</b>&mdash;The seventh labour of Heracles was to
+  capture the Cretan bull.</p>
+
+  <p>Minos, king of Crete, having vowed to sacrifice to Poseidon any animal
+  which should first appear out of the sea, the god caused a magnificent
+  bull to emerge from the waves in order to test the sincerity of the
+  Cretan king, who, in making this vow, had alleged that he possessed no
+  animal, among his own herds, worthy the acceptance of the mighty sea-god.
+  Charmed with the splendid animal sent by Poseidon, and eager to possess
+  it, Minos placed it among his herds, and substituted as a sacrifice one
+  of his own bulls. Hereupon Poseidon, in order to punish the cupidity of
+  Minos, caused the animal to become mad, and commit such great havoc in
+  the island as to endanger the safety of the inhabitants. When Heracles,
+  therefore, arrived in Crete for the purpose of capturing the bull, Minos,
+  far from opposing his design, gladly gave him permission to do so.</p>
+
+  <p>The hero not only succeeded in securing the animal, but tamed him so
+  effectually that he rode on his back right across the sea as far as the
+  Peloponnesus. He now delivered him up to Eurystheus, who at once set him
+  at liberty, after which he became as ferocious and wild as before, roamed
+  all over Greece into Arcadia, and was eventually killed by Theseus on the
+  plains of Marathon.</p>
+
+  <p><b>8. The Mares of Diomedes.</b>&mdash;The eighth labour of Heracles
+  was to bring to Eurystheus the mares of Diomedes, a son of Ares, and king
+  of the Bistonians, a warlike Thracian tribe. This king possessed a breed
+  of wild horses of tremendous size and strength, whose food consisted of
+  human flesh, and all strangers who had the <!-- Page 244 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page244"></a>[244]</span>misfortune to enter the
+  country were made prisoners and flung before the horses, who devoured
+  them.</p>
+
+  <p>When Heracles arrived he first captured the cruel Diomedes himself,
+  and then threw him before his own mares, who, after devouring their
+  master, became perfectly tame and tractable. They were then led by
+  Heracles to the sea-shore, when the Bistonians, enraged at the loss of
+  their king, rushed after the hero and attacked him. He now gave the
+  animals in charge of his friend Abderus, and made such a furious
+  onslaught on his assailants that they turned and fled.</p>
+
+  <p>But on his return from this encounter he found, to his great grief,
+  that the mares had torn his friend in pieces and devoured him. After
+  celebrating due funereal rites to the unfortunate Abderus, Heracles built
+  a city in his honour, which he named after him. He then returned to
+  Tiryns, where he delivered up the mares to Eurystheus, who set them loose
+  on Mount Olympus, where they became the prey of wild beasts.</p>
+
+  <p>It was after the performance of this task that Heracles joined the
+  Argonauts in their expedition to gain possession of the Golden Fleece,
+  and was left behind at Chios, as already narrated. During his wanderings
+  he undertook his ninth labour, which was to bring to Eurystheus the
+  girdle of Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons.</p>
+
+  <p><b>9. The Girdle of Hippolyte.</b>&mdash;The Amazons, who dwelt on the
+  shores of the Black Sea, near the river Thermodon, were a nation of
+  warlike women, renowned for their strength, courage, and great skill in
+  horsemanship. Their queen, Hippolyte, had received from her father, Ares,
+  a beautiful girdle, which she always wore as a sign of her royal power
+  and authority, and it was this girdle which Heracles was required to
+  place in the hands of Eurystheus, who designed it as a gift for his
+  daughter Admete.</p>
+
+  <p>Foreseeing that this would be a task of no ordinary difficulty the
+  hero called to his aid a select band of brave companions, with whom he
+  embarked for the Amazonian <!-- Page 245 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page245"></a>[245]</span>town Themiscyra. Here they were met by
+  queen Hippolyte, who was so impressed by the extraordinary stature and
+  noble bearing of Heracles that, on learning his errand, she at once
+  consented to present him with the coveted girdle. But Hera, his
+  implacable enemy, assuming the form of an Amazon, spread the report in
+  the town that a stranger was about to carry off their queen. The Amazons
+  at once flew to arms and mounted their horses, whereupon a battle ensued,
+  in which many of their bravest warriors were killed or wounded. Among the
+  latter was their most skilful leader, Melanippe, whom Heracles afterwards
+  restored to Hippolyte, receiving the girdle in exchange.</p>
+
+  <p>On his voyage home the hero stopped at Troy, where a new adventure
+  awaited him.</p>
+
+  <p>During the time that Apollo and Poseidon were condemned by Zeus to a
+  temporary servitude on earth, they built for king Laomedon the famous
+  walls of Troy, afterwards so renowned in history; but when their work was
+  completed the king treacherously refused to give them the reward due to
+  them. The incensed deities now combined to punish the offender. Apollo
+  sent a pestilence which decimated the people, and Poseidon a flood, which
+  bore with it a marine monster, who swallowed in his huge jaws all that
+  came within his reach.</p>
+
+  <p>In his distress Laomedon consulted an oracle, and was informed that
+  only by the sacrifice of his own daughter Hesione could the anger of the
+  gods be appeased. Yielding at length to the urgent appeals of his people
+  he consented to make the sacrifice, and on the arrival of Heracles the
+  maiden was already chained to a rock in readiness to be devoured by the
+  monster.</p>
+
+  <p>When Laomedon beheld the renowned hero, whose marvellous feats of
+  strength and courage had become the wonder and admiration of all mankind,
+  he earnestly implored him to save his daughter from her impending fate,
+  and to rid the country of the monster, holding out to him as a reward the
+  horses which Zeus had presented to <!-- Page 246 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page246"></a>[246]</span>his grandfather Tros in
+  compensation for robbing him of his son Ganymede.</p>
+
+  <p>Heracles unhesitatingly accepted the offer, and when the monster
+  appeared, opening his terrible jaws to receive his prey, the hero, sword
+  in hand, attacked and slew him. But the perfidious monarch once more
+  broke faith, and Heracles, vowing future vengeance, departed for Mycenæ,
+  where he presented the girdle to Eurystheus.</p>
+
+  <p><b>10. The Oxen of Geryones.</b>&mdash;The tenth labour of Heracles
+  was the capture of the magnificent oxen belonging to the giant Geryon or
+  Geryones, who dwelt on the island of Erythia in the bay of Gadria
+  (Cadiz). This giant, who was the son of Chrysaor, had three bodies with
+  three heads, six hands, and six feet. He possessed a herd of splendid
+  cattle, which were famous for their size, beauty, and rich red colour.
+  They were guarded by another giant named Eurytion, and a two-headed dog
+  called Orthrus, the offspring of Typhon and Echidna.</p>
+
+  <p>In choosing for him a task so replete with danger, Eurystheus was in
+  hopes that he might rid himself for ever of his hated cousin. But the
+  indomitable courage of the hero rose with the prospect of this difficult
+  and dangerous undertaking.</p>
+
+  <p>After a long and wearisome journey he at last arrived at the western
+  coast of Africa, where, as a monument of his perilous expedition, he
+  erected the famous "Pillars of Hercules," one of which he placed on each
+  side of the Straits of Gibraltar. Here he found the intense heat so
+  insufferable that he angrily raised his bow towards heaven, and
+  threatened to shoot the sun-god. But Helios, far from being incensed at
+  his audacity, was so struck with admiration at his daring that he lent to
+  him the golden boat with which he accomplished his nocturnal transit from
+  West to East, and thus Heracles crossed over safely to the island of
+  Erythia.</p>
+
+  <p>No sooner had he landed than Eurytion, accompanied by his savage dog
+  Orthrus, fiercely attacked him; but Heracles, with a superhuman effort,
+  slew the dog and <!-- Page 247 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page247"></a>[247]</span>then his master. Hereupon he collected the
+  herd, and was proceeding to the sea-shore when Geryones himself met him,
+  and a desperate encounter took place, in which the giant perished.</p>
+
+  <p>Heracles then drove the cattle into the sea, and seizing one of the
+  oxen by the horns, swam with them over to the opposite coast of Iberia
+  (Spain). Then driving his magnificent prize before him through Gaul,
+  Italy, Illyria, and Thrace, he at length arrived, after many perilous
+  adventures and hair-breadth escapes, at Mycenæ, where he delivered them
+  up to Eurystheus, who sacrificed them to Hera.</p>
+
+  <p>Heracles had now executed his ten tasks, which had been accomplished
+  in the space of eight years; but Eurystheus refused to include the
+  slaying of the Hydra and the cleansing of the stables of Augeas among the
+  number, alleging as a reason that the one had been performed by the
+  assistance of Iolaus, and that the other had been executed for hire. He
+  therefore insisted on Heracles substituting two more labours in their
+  place.</p>
+
+  <p><b>11. The Apples of the Hesperides.</b>&mdash;The eleventh task
+  imposed by Eurystheus was to bring him the golden apples of the
+  Hesperides, which grew on a tree presented by Gæa to Hera, on the
+  occasion of her marriage with Zeus. This sacred tree was guarded by four
+  maidens, daughters of Night, called the Hesperides, who were assisted in
+  their task by a terrible hundred-headed dragon. This dragon never slept,
+  and out of its hundred throats came a constant hissing sound, which
+  effectually warned off all intruders. But what rendered the undertaking
+  still more difficult was the complete ignorance of the hero as to the
+  locality of the garden, and he was forced, in consequence, to make many
+  fruitless journeys and to undergo many trials before he could find
+  it.</p>
+
+  <p>He first travelled through Thessaly and arrived at the river
+  Echedorus, where he met the giant Cycnus, the son of Ares and Pyrene, who
+  challenged him to single combat. In this encounter Heracles completely
+  vanquished <!-- Page 248 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page248"></a>[248]</span>his opponent, who was killed in the
+  contest; but now a mightier adversary appeared on the scene, for the
+  war-god himself came to avenge his son. A terrible struggle ensued, which
+  had lasted some time, when Zeus interfered between the brothers, and put
+  an end to the strife by hurling a thunderbolt between them. Heracles
+  proceeded on his journey, and reached the banks of the river Eridanus,
+  where dwelt the Nymphs, daughters of Zeus and Themis. On seeking advice
+  from them as to his route, they directed him to the old sea-god Nereus,
+  who alone knew the way to the Garden of the Hesperides. Heracles found
+  him asleep, and seizing the opportunity, held him so firmly in his
+  powerful grasp that he could not possibly escape, so that notwithstanding
+  his various metamorphoses he was at last compelled to give the
+  information required. The hero then crossed over to Libya, where he
+  engaged in a wrestling-match with king Anteos, son of Poseidon and Gæa,
+  which terminated fatally for his antagonist.</p>
+
+  <p>From thence he proceeded to Egypt, where reigned Busiris, another son
+  of Poseidon, who (acting on the advice given by an oracle during a time
+  of great scarcity) sacrificed all strangers to Zeus. When Heracles
+  arrived he was seized and dragged to the altar; but the powerful demi-god
+  burst asunder his bonds, and then slew Busiris and his son.</p>
+
+  <p>Resuming his journey he now wandered on through Arabia until he
+  arrived at Mount Caucasus, where Prometheus groaned in unceasing agony.
+  It was at this time that Heracles (as already related) shot the eagle
+  which had so long tortured the noble and devoted friend of mankind. Full
+  of gratitude for his deliverance, Prometheus instructed him how to find
+  his way to that remote region in the far West where Atlas supported the
+  heavens on his shoulders, near which lay the Garden of the Hesperides. He
+  also warned Heracles not to attempt to secure the precious fruit himself,
+  but to assume for a time the duties of Atlas, and to despatch him for the
+  apples. <!-- Page 249 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page249"></a>[249]</span></p>
+
+  <p>On arriving at his destination Heracles followed the advice of
+  Prometheus. Atlas, who willingly entered into the arrangement, contrived
+  to put the dragon to sleep, and then, having cunningly outwitted the
+  Hesperides, carried off three of the golden apples, which he now brought
+  to Heracles. But when the latter was prepared to relinquish his burden,
+  Atlas, having once tasted the delights of freedom, declined to resume his
+  post, and announced his intention of being himself the bearer of the
+  apples to Eurystheus, leaving Heracles to fill his place. To this
+  proposal the hero feigned assent, merely begging that Atlas would be kind
+  enough to support the heavens for a few moments whilst he contrived a pad
+  for his head. Atlas good-naturedly threw down the apples and once more
+  resumed his load, upon which Heracles bade him adieu, and departed.</p>
+
+  <p>When Heracles conveyed the golden apples to Eurystheus the latter
+  presented them to the hero, whereupon Heracles placed the sacred fruit on
+  the altar of Pallas-Athene, who restored them to the garden of the
+  Hesperides.</p>
+
+  <p><b>12. Cerberus.</b>&mdash;The twelfth and last labour which
+  Eurystheus imposed on Heracles was to bring up Cerberus from the lower
+  world, believing that all his heroic powers would be unavailing in the
+  Realm of Shades, and that in this, his last and most perilous
+  undertaking, the hero must at length succumb and perish.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0249-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0249-1.png"
+      alt="Cerberus" title="Cerberus" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Cerberus was a monster dog with three heads, out of whose awful jaws
+  dripped poison; the hair of his head and back was formed of venomous
+  snakes, and his body terminated in the tail of a dragon.</p>
+
+  <p>After being initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries, and <!-- Page 250
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page250"></a>[250]</span>obtaining from
+  the priests certain information necessary for the accomplishment of his
+  task, Heracles set out for Tænarum in Lacolia, where there was an opening
+  which led to the under-world. Conducted by Hermes, he commenced his
+  descent into the awful gulf, where myriads of shades soon began to
+  appear, all of whom fled in terror at his approach, Meleager and Medusa
+  alone excepted. About to strike the latter with his sword, Hermes
+  interfered and stayed his hand, reminding him that she was but a shadow,
+  and that consequently no weapon could avail against her.</p>
+
+  <p>Arrived before the gates of Hades he found Theseus and Pirithöus, who
+  had been fixed to an enchanted rock by Aïdes for their presumption in
+  endeavouring to carry off Persephone. When they saw Heracles they
+  implored him to set them free. The hero succeeded in delivering Theseus,
+  but when he endeavoured to liberate Pirithöus, the earth shook so
+  violently beneath him that he was compelled to relinquish his task.</p>
+
+  <p>Proceeding further Heracles recognized Ascalaphus, who, as we have
+  seen in the history of Demeter, had revealed the fact that Persephone had
+  swallowed the seeds of a pomegranate offered to her by her husband, which
+  bound her to Aïdes for ever. Ascalaphus was groaning beneath a huge rock
+  which Demeter in her anger had hurled upon him, and which Heracles now
+  removed, releasing the sufferer.</p>
+
+  <p>Before the gates of his palace stood Aïdes the mighty ruler of the
+  lower world, and barred his entrance; but Heracles, aiming at him with
+  one of his unerring darts, shot him in the shoulder, so that for the
+  first time the god experienced the agony of mortal suffering. Heracles
+  then demanded of him permission to take Cerberus to the upper-world, and
+  to this Aïdes consented on condition that he should secure him unarmed.
+  Protected by his breastplate and lion's skin Heracles went in search of
+  the monster, whom he found at the mouth of the river Acheron. Undismayed
+  by the hideous barking which proceeded from his three heads, he seized
+  the <!-- Page 251 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page251"></a>[251]</span>throat with one hand and the legs with the
+  other, and although the dragon which served him as a tail bit him
+  severely, he did not relinquish his grasp. In this manner he conducted
+  him to the upper-world, through an opening near Troezen in Argolia.</p>
+
+  <p>When Eurystheus beheld Cerberus he stood aghast, and despairing of
+  ever getting rid of his hated rival, he returned the hell-hound to the
+  hero, who restored him to Aïdes, and with this last task the subjection
+  of Heracles to Eurystheus terminated.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Murder of Iphitus.</b>&mdash;Free at last Heracles now returned to
+  Thebes; and it being impossible for him to live happily with Megara in
+  consequence of his having murdered her children he, with her own consent,
+  gave her in marriage to his nephew Iolaus. Heracles himself sought the
+  hand of Iole, daughter of Eurytus, king of &OElig;chalia, who had
+  instructed him when a boy in the use of the bow. Hearing that this king
+  had promised to give his daughter to him who could surpass himself and
+  his three sons in shooting with the bow, Heracles lost no time in
+  presenting himself as a competitor. He soon proved that he was no
+  unworthy pupil of Eurytus, for he signally defeated all his opponents.
+  But although the king treated him with marked respect and honour he
+  refused, nevertheless, to give him the hand of his daughter, fearing for
+  her a similar fate to that which had befallen Megara. Iphitus, the eldest
+  son of Eurytus, alone espoused the cause of Heracles, and essayed to
+  induce his father to give his consent to the marriage; but all to no
+  purpose, and at length, stung to the quick at his rejection, the hero
+  angrily took his departure.</p>
+
+  <p>Soon afterwards the oxen of the king were stolen by the notorious
+  thief Autolycus, and Heracles was suspected by Eurytus of having
+  committed the theft. But Iphitus loyally defended his absent friend, and
+  proposed to seek out Heracles, and with his assistance to go in search of
+  the missing cattle. <!-- Page 252 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page252"></a>[252]</span></p>
+
+  <p>The hero warmly welcomed his staunch young friend, and entered
+  cordially into his plan. They at once set out on their expedition; but
+  their search proved altogether unsuccessful. When they approached the
+  city of Tiryns they mounted a tower in hopes of discovering the missing
+  herd in the surrounding country; but as they stood on the topmost summit
+  of the building, Heracles became suddenly seized with one of his former
+  attacks of madness, and mistaking his friend Iphitus for an enemy, hurled
+  him down into the plain below, and he was killed on the spot.</p>
+
+  <p>Heracles now set forth on a weary pilgrimage, begging in vain that
+  some one would purify him from the murder of Iphitus. It was during these
+  wanderings that he arrived at the palace of his friend Admetus, whose
+  beautiful and heroic wife (Alcestes) he restored to her husband after a
+  terrible struggle with Death, as already related.</p>
+
+  <p>Soon after this event Heracles was struck with a fearful disease, and
+  betook himself to the temple of Delphi, hoping to obtain from the oracle
+  the means of relief. The priestess, however, refused him a response on
+  the ground of his having murdered Iphitus, whereupon the angry hero
+  seized upon the tripod, which he carried off, declaring that he would
+  construct an oracle for himself. Apollo, who witnessed the sacrilege,
+  came down to defend his sanctuary, and a violent struggle ensued. Zeus
+  once more interfered, and, flashing his lightnings between his two
+  favourite sons, ended the combat. The Pythia now vouchsafed an answer to
+  the prayer of the hero, and commanded him, in expiation of his crime, to
+  allow himself to be sold by Hermes for three years as a slave, the
+  purchase-money to be given to Eurytus in compensation for the loss of his
+  son.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Heracles becomes the Slave of Omphale.</b>&mdash;Heracles bowed in
+  submission to the divine will, and was conducted by Hermes to Omphale,
+  queen of Lydia. The three talents which she paid for him were given <!--
+  Page 253 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page253"></a>[253]</span>to
+  Eurytus, who, however, declined to accept the money, which was handed
+  over to the children of Iphitus.</p>
+
+  <p>Heracles now regained his former vigour. He rid the territory of
+  Omphale of the robbers which infested it and performed for her various
+  other services requiring strength and courage. It was about this time
+  that he took part in the Calydonian boar-hunt, details of which have
+  already been given.</p>
+
+  <p>When Omphale learned that her slave was none other than the renowned
+  Heracles himself she at once gave him his liberty, and offered him her
+  hand and kingdom. In her palace Heracles abandoned himself to all the
+  enervating luxuries of an oriental life, and so completely was the great
+  hero enthralled by the fascination which his mistress exercised over him,
+  that whilst she playfully donned his lion's skin and helmet, he, attired
+  in female garments, sat at her feet spinning wool, and beguiling the time
+  by the relation of his past adventures.</p>
+
+  <p>But when at length, his term of bondage having expired, he became
+  master of his own actions, the manly and energetic spirit of the hero
+  reasserted itself, and tearing himself away from the palace of the
+  Mæonian queen, he determined to carry out the revenge he had so long
+  meditated against the treacherous Laomedon and the faithless Augeas.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Heracles executes vengeance on Laomedon and
+  Augeas.</b>&mdash;Gathering round him some of his old brave
+  companions-in-arms, Heracles collected a fleet of vessels and set sail
+  for Troy, where he landed, took the city by storm, and killed Laomedon,
+  who thus met at length the retribution he had so richly deserved.</p>
+
+  <p>To Telamon, one of his bravest followers, he gave Hesione, the
+  daughter of the king, in marriage. When Heracles gave her permission to
+  release one of the prisoners of war she chose her own brother Podarces,
+  whereupon she was informed that as he was already a prisoner of war she
+  would be compelled to ransom him. <!-- Page 254 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page254"></a>[254]</span>On hearing this Hesione
+  took off her golden diadem, which she joyfully handed to the hero. Owing
+  to this circumstance Podarces henceforth bore the name of Priamus (or
+  Priam), which signifies the "ransomed one."</p>
+
+  <p>Heracles now marched against Augeas to execute his vengeance on him
+  also for his perfidious conduct. He stormed the city of Elis and put to
+  death Augeas and his sons, sparing only his brave advocate and staunch
+  defender Phyleus, on whom he bestowed the vacant throne of his
+  father.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Heracles and Deianeira.</b>&mdash;Heracles now proceeded to
+  Calydon, where he wooed the beautiful Deianeira, daughter of &OElig;neus,
+  king of Ætolia; but he encountered a formidable rival in Achelous, the
+  river-god, and it was agreed that their claims should be decided by
+  single combat. Trusting to his power of assuming various forms at will,
+  Achelous felt confident of success; but this availed him nothing, for
+  having at last transformed himself into a bull, his mighty adversary
+  broke off one of his horns, and compelled him to acknowledge himself
+  defeated.</p>
+
+  <p>After passing three happy years with Deianeira an unfortunate accident
+  occurred, which for a time marred their felicity. Heracles was one day
+  present at a banquet given by &OElig;neus, when, by a sudden swing of his
+  hand, he had the misfortune to strike on the head a youth of noble birth,
+  who, according to the custom of the ancients, was serving the guests at
+  table, and so violent was the blow that it caused his death. The father
+  of the unfortunate youth, who had witnessed the occurrence, saw that it
+  was the result of accident, and therefore absolved the hero from blame.
+  But Heracles resolved to act according to the law of the land, banished
+  himself from the country, and bidding farewell to his father-in-law, set
+  out for Trachin to visit his friend King Ceyx, taking with him his wife
+  Deianeira, and his young son Hyllus.</p>
+
+  <p>In the course of their journey they arrived at the river Evenus, over
+  which the Centaur Nessus was in the habit <!-- Page 255 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page255"></a>[255]</span>of carrying travellers
+  for hire. Heracles, with his little son in his arms, forded the stream
+  unaided, intrusting his wife to the care of the Centaur, who, charmed
+  with the beauty of his fair burden, attempted to carry her off. But her
+  cries were heard by her husband, who without hesitation shot Nessus
+  through the heart with one of his poisoned arrows. Now the dying Centaur
+  was thirsting for revenge. He called Deianeira to his side, and directed
+  her to secure some of the blood which flowed from his wound, assuring her
+  that if, when in danger of losing her husband's affection, she used it in
+  the manner indicated by him, it would act as a charm, and prevent her
+  from being supplanted by a rival. Heracles and Deianeira now pursued
+  their journey, and after several adventures at length arrived at their
+  destination.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Death of Heracles.</b>&mdash;The last expedition undertaken by the
+  great hero was against Eurytus, king of &OElig;chalia, to revenge himself
+  upon this king and his sons for having refused to bestow upon him the
+  hand of Iole, after having fairly won the maiden. Having collected a
+  large army Heracles set out for Eub&oelig;a in order to besiege
+  &OElig;chalia, its capital. Success crowned his arms. He stormed the
+  citadel, slew the king and his three sons, reduced the town to ashes, and
+  carried away captive the young and beautiful Iole.</p>
+
+  <p>Returning from his victorious expedition, Heracles halted at
+  Cen&oelig;us in order to offer a sacrifice to Zeus, and sent to Deianeira
+  to Trachin for a sacrificial robe. Deianeira having been informed that
+  the fair Iole was in the train of Heracles was fearful lest her youthful
+  charms might supplant her in the affection of her husband, and calling to
+  mind the advice of the dying Centaur, she determined to test the efficacy
+  of the love-charm which he had given to her. Taking out the phial which
+  she had carefully preserved, she imbued the robe with a portion of the
+  liquid which it contained, and then sent it to Heracles.</p>
+
+  <p>The victorious hero clothed himself with the garment, <!-- Page 256
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page256"></a>[256]</span>and was about
+  to perform the sacrifice, when the hot flames rising from the altar
+  heated the poison with which it was imbued, and soon every fibre of his
+  body was penetrated by the deadly venom. The unfortunate hero, suffering
+  the most fearful tortures, endeavoured to tear off the robe, but it
+  adhered so closely to the skin that all his efforts to remove it only
+  increased his agonies.</p>
+
+  <p>In this pitiable condition he was conveyed to Trachin, where
+  Deianeira, on beholding the terrible suffering of which she was the
+  innocent cause, was overcome with grief and remorse, and hanged herself
+  in despair. The dying hero called his son Hyllus to his side, and desired
+  him to make Iole his wife, and then ordering his followers to erect a
+  funeral pyre, he mounted it and implored the by-standers to set fire to
+  it, and thus in mercy to terminate his insufferable torments. But no one
+  had the courage to obey him, until at last his friend and companion
+  Philoctetes, yielding to his piteous appeal, lighted the pile, and
+  received in return the bow and arrows of the hero.</p>
+
+  <p>Soon flames on flames ascended, and amidst vivid flashes of lightning,
+  accompanied by awful peals of thunder, Pallas-Athene descended in a
+  cloud, and bore her favourite hero in a chariot to Olympus.</p>
+
+  <p>Heracles became admitted among the immortals; and Hera, in token of
+  her reconciliation, bestowed upon him the hand of her beautiful daughter
+  Hebe, the goddess of eternal youth.</p>
+
+<h3>BELLEROPHON.</h3>
+
+  <p>Bellerophon, or Bellerophontes, was the son of Glaucus, king of
+  Corinth, and grandson of Sisyphus. In consequence of an unpremeditated
+  murder Bellerophon fled to Tiryns, where he was kindly received by King
+  Pr&oelig;tus, who purified him from his crime. Antea, the wife of
+  Pr&oelig;tus, was so charmed with the comely youth that she fell in love
+  with him; but Bellerophon did not return her affection, and she, in
+  revenge, slandered him to the king by a gross misrepresentation of the
+  facts. <!-- Page 257 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page257"></a>[257]</span></p>
+
+  <p>The first impulse of Pr&oelig;tus, when informed of the conduct of
+  Bellerophon, was to kill him; but the youth, with his gentle and winning
+  manners, had so endeared himself to his host that he felt it impossible
+  to take his life with his own hands. He therefore sent him to his
+  father-in-law, Iobates, king of Lycia, with a kind of letter or tablet
+  which contained mysterious signs, indicating his desire that the bearer
+  of the missive should be put to death. But the gods watched over the true
+  and loyal youth, and inclined the heart of Iobates, who was an amiable
+  prince, towards his guest. Judging by his appearance that he was of noble
+  birth, he entertained him, according to the hospitable custom of the
+  Greeks, in the most princely manner for nine days, and not until the
+  morning of the tenth did he inquire his name and errand.</p>
+
+  <p>Bellerophon now presented to him the letter intrusted to him by
+  Pr&oelig;tus. Iobates, who had become greatly attached to the youth, was
+  horror-struck at its contents. Nevertheless he concluded that
+  Pr&oelig;tus must have good reasons for his conduct, and that probably
+  Bellerophon had committed a crime which deserved death. But as he could
+  not make up his mind to murder the guest he had grown to esteem, he
+  decided to despatch him upon dangerous enterprises, in which he would in
+  all probability lose his life.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:30%;">
+      <a href="images/0257-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0257-1.png"
+      alt="The Chimæra" title="The Chimæra" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>He first sent him to kill the Chimæra, a monster which was at this
+  time devastating the country. The fore part of its body was that of a
+  lion, the centre of a goat, and the hind part of a dragon; whilst out of
+  its jaws issued flames of fire.</p>
+
+  <p>Before starting on this difficult task Bellerophon invoked the
+  protection of the gods, and in answer to his prayer they despatched to
+  his aid the immortal-winged horse Pegasus, the offspring of Poseidon and
+  Medusa. But the divine animal would not suffer himself to be <!-- Page
+  258 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page258"></a>[258]</span>caught,
+  and at last, worn out with his fruitless exertions, Bellerophon fell into
+  a deep sleep beside the sacred spring Pirene. Here Pallas-Athene appeared
+  to him in a dream, and presented him with a magic bridle for the purpose
+  of capturing the divine steed. On awaking Bellerophon instinctively put
+  out his hand to grasp it, when, to his amazement, there lay beside him
+  the bridle of his dream, whilst Pegasus was quietly drinking at the
+  fountain close by. Seizing him by the mane Bellerophon threw the bridle
+  over his head, and succeeded in mounting him without further difficulty;
+  then rising with him into the air he slew the Chimæra with his
+  arrows.</p>
+
+  <div class="figright" style="width:25%;">
+      <a href="images/0258-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0258-1.png"
+      alt="Bellerophon and Pegasus" title="Bellerophon and Pegasus" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Iobates next sent him on an expedition against the Solymans, a fierce
+  neighbouring tribe with whom he was at enmity. Bellerophon succeeded in
+  vanquishing them, and was then despatched against the much-dreaded
+  Amazons; but greatly to the astonishment of Iobates the hero again
+  returned victorious.</p>
+
+  <p>Finally, Iobates placed a number of the bravest Lycians in ambush for
+  the purpose of destroying him, but not one returned alive, for
+  Bellerophon bravely defended himself and slew them all. Convinced at
+  length that Bellerophon, far from deserving death, was the special
+  favourite of the gods, who had evidently protected him throughout his
+  perilous exploits, the king now ceased his persecutions.</p>
+
+  <p>Iobates admitted him to a share in the government, and gave him his
+  daughter in marriage. But Bellerophon having attained the summit of
+  earthly prosperity became intoxicated with pride and vanity, and incurred
+  the displeasure of the gods by endeavouring to mount to heaven on his
+  winged horse, for the purpose of gratifying his idle curiosity. Zeus
+  punished him for his impiety by sending <!-- Page 259 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page259"></a>[259]</span>a gadfly to sting the
+  horse, who became so restive that he threw his rider, who was
+  precipitated to the earth. Filled with remorse at having offended the
+  gods Bellerophon fell a prey to the deepest melancholy, and wandered
+  about for the remainder of his life in the loneliest and most desolate
+  places.</p>
+
+  <p>After death he was honoured in Corinth as a hero, and an altar was
+  erected to him in the grove of Poseidon.</p>
+
+<h3>THESEUS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Aegeus, king of Athens, being twice married, and having no children,
+  was so desirous of an heir to his throne that he made a pilgrimage to
+  Delphi in order to consult the oracle. But the response being ambiguous,
+  he repaired to Troezen to consult his wise friend Pittheus, who reigned
+  over that city, by whose advice he contracted a secret marriage with his
+  friend's daughter Aethra.</p>
+
+  <p>After passing some time with his bride, Aegeus prepared to take his
+  departure for his own dominions; but before doing so he led Aethra to the
+  sea-shore, where, after depositing his sword and sandals under a huge
+  rock, he thus addressed her: "Should the gods bless our union with a son,
+  do not reveal to him the name and rank of his father until he is old
+  enough to possess the strength requisite for moving this stone. Then send
+  him to my palace at Athens bearing these tokens of his identity."</p>
+
+  <p>A son was born to Aethra, whom she called Theseus, and who was
+  carefully trained and educated by his grandfather Pittheus. When he had
+  developed into a strong and manly youth his mother conducted him to the
+  spot where the rock had been placed by Aegeus, and at her command he
+  rolled away the stone, and took possession of the sword and sandals which
+  had lain there for sixteen years, and which she now desired him to convey
+  to his father Aegeus, king of Athens.</p>
+
+  <p>His mother and grandfather were anxious that the youth should travel
+  by the safe sea route, the road between Troezen and Athens being at this
+  time infested <!-- Page 260 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page260"></a>[260]</span>with robbers of great ferocity and
+  enormous strength. But feeling within himself the spirit of a hero,
+  Theseus resolved to emulate the deeds of Heracles, with whose fame all
+  Greece resounded, and therefore chose the more dangerous journey by land,
+  as calculated to afford him an opportunity of distinguishing himself by
+  feats of valour.</p>
+
+  <p>His first adventure occurred at Epidaurus, where he met Periphetes, a
+  son of Hephæstus, who was armed with an iron club, with which he killed
+  all travellers. Having received from his grandfather a full description
+  of this savage, Theseus at once recognized him, and rushing upon him with
+  his sword, succeeded after a desperate encounter in killing him. He
+  appropriated the club as a trophy of his victory, and proceeded on his
+  journey without hinderance until he arrived at the Isthmus of
+  Corinth.</p>
+
+  <p>Here the people warned him to beware of Sinnis the robber, who forced
+  all travellers to bend with him one of the branches of a tall pine-tree.
+  Having dragged it to the ground, the cruel Sinnis suddenly released his
+  hold, whereupon the bough rebounding high up into the air, the
+  unfortunate victim was dashed to the ground and killed. When Theseus
+  beheld Sinnis advancing towards him he steadily awaited his approach;
+  then seizing his powerful club, he killed the inhuman wretch with one
+  blow.</p>
+
+  <p>Passing through the woody district of Crommyon Theseus next slew a
+  wild and dangerous sow which had long ravaged the country.</p>
+
+  <p>He then continued his journey and approached the borders of Megara,
+  where, on a narrow path overhanging the sea, dwelt the wicked Scyron,
+  another terror to travellers. It was his custom to compel all strangers
+  who passed his abode to wash his feet, during which operation he kicked
+  them over the rock into the sea. Theseus boldly attacked the giant,
+  overcame him, and then flung his body over the cliff where so many of his
+  victims had perished.</p>
+
+  <p>Theseus now journeyed on to Eleusis, where he found <!-- Page 261
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page261"></a>[261]</span>another
+  adversary in the person of King Cercyon, who forced all comers to wrestle
+  with him, and killed those whom he vanquished; but Theseus overcame the
+  mighty wrestler and slew him.</p>
+
+  <p>Near Eleusis, on the banks of the river Cephissus, Theseus met with a
+  new adventure. Here lived the giant Damastes, called Procrustes or the
+  Stretcher, who had two iron beds, one being long and the other short,
+  into which he forced all strangers; In the short one he placed the tall
+  men, whose limbs he cut to the size of the bed, whilst to the short ones
+  he assigned the large bed, stretching them out to fit it; and thus he
+  left his victims to expire in the most cruel torments. Theseus freed the
+  country from this inhuman monster by serving him as he had done his
+  unfortunate victims.</p>
+
+  <p>The hero now continued his journey, and at length reached Athens
+  without meeting with any further adventures. When he arrived at his
+  destination he found his father a helpless tool in the hands of the
+  sorceress Medea, whom he had married after her departure from Corinth.
+  Knowing, by means of her supernatural powers, that Theseus was the king's
+  son, and fearing that her influence might be weakened by his presence,
+  she poisoned the mind of the old king against the stranger, whom she
+  represented as being a spy. It was accordingly arranged that Theseus
+  should be invited to a banquet, and a strong poison mixed with his
+  wine.</p>
+
+  <p>Now Theseus had resolved to reveal himself at this feast to the father
+  whom he yearned to embrace. Before tasting the wine he put his plan into
+  execution, and drew out his sword so that the eyes of the king might rest
+  upon it. When Aegeus beheld once more the well-known weapon which he had
+  so often wielded, he knew that it was his son who stood before him. He
+  warmly embraced him, presented him as his heir to his courtiers and
+  subjects, and then, no longer able to endure the sight of Medea, he
+  banished her for ever from his dominions.</p>
+
+  <p>When Theseus was acknowledged as the rightful heir to the throne he
+  was opposed by the fifty sons of Pallas, <!-- Page 262 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page262"></a>[262]</span>the king's brother, who
+  had confidently expected that on the demise of the old king the
+  government of the country would devolve upon them. They therefore
+  resolved to put Theseus to death; but their plans becoming known to him,
+  he surprised them as they lay in ambush awaiting his approach, and
+  destroyed them all.</p>
+
+  <p>Fearing, however, lest the Athenians might entertain a prejudice
+  against him on account of his extermination of their fellow-citizens, the
+  Pallantids, Theseus resolved to perform some signal service for the
+  state, which should gain for him the hearts of the people. He accordingly
+  decided to rid the country of the famous bull of Marathon, which had
+  become a terror to the cultivators of the land. He captured the animal
+  and brought him in chains to Athens, where, after publicly exhibiting him
+  to the astonished multitude, he solemnly sacrificed him to Apollo.</p>
+
+  <p>The next enterprise undertaken by Theseus far surpassed all his other
+  feats of heroic daring, and secured to him the universal admiration and
+  gratitude of his fellow-citizens. This was the slaying of the Minotaur,
+  which put an end for ever to the shameful tribute of seven youths and
+  seven maidens which was exacted from the Athenians every nine years.</p>
+
+  <p>The origin of this barbarous tribute was as follows: Androgeos, the
+  youthful son of Minos, king of Crete, having been treacherously murdered
+  by the Athenians, his father, anxious to avenge the death of his son,
+  declared war against their king Aegeus, and conquered Athens and the
+  villages in its vicinity. The conqueror henceforth compelled the
+  Athenians to send to him every nine years a tribute of seven youths and
+  seven maidens of the noblest families of the land, who became the prey of
+  the Minotaur, a monster, half-man, half-bull, whose lair was in the
+  wonderful labyrinth, constructed by Dædalus for the Cretan king.</p>
+
+  <p>When Theseus informed his father of his heroic determination, he was
+  overwhelmed with grief, and endeavoured, by every means in his power, to
+  shake his son's resolution, but, confident of success, Theseus assured
+  his <!-- Page 263 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page263"></a>[263]</span>father that he would slay the Minotaur and
+  return home victorious.</p>
+
+  <p>It was customary for the vessel bearing its unhappy freight of human
+  victims to use on this voyage black sails only; but Theseus promised his
+  father that, should he return in safety, he would hoist white ones in
+  their place.</p>
+
+  <p>Before leaving Athens Theseus, by the advice of an oracle, chose
+  Aphrodite as his guardian and protectress, and accordingly offered up a
+  sacrifice to her. When he arrived in the presence of king Minos, the
+  goddess of Love inspired Ariadne, the beautiful daughter of the king,
+  with an ardent attachment for the noble young hero. During a secret
+  interview, in which a mutual confession of affection took place, Ariadne
+  furnished him with a sharp sword and a clue of thread, the end of which
+  she desired him to fasten at the entrance to the labyrinth and to
+  continue to unwind it till he reached the lair of the Minotaur. Full of
+  hope as to the successful issue of his undertaking, Theseus took leave of
+  the kind maiden, after expressing his gratitude for her timely aid.</p>
+
+  <p>At the head of his companions he was now conducted by Minos to the
+  entrance of the labyrinth. Strictly adhering to the injunctions of the
+  fair Ariadne he succeeded in finding the Minotaur, whom, after a fierce
+  and violent struggle, he defeated and killed; then carefully feeling his
+  way, by means of the clue of thread, he led his companions safely out of
+  the labyrinth. They then fled to their ship, taking with them the lovely
+  maiden to whose affection for their deliverer they owed their safety.</p>
+
+  <p>Arrived at the island of Naxos, Theseus had a dream, in which
+  Dionysus, the wine-god, appeared to him, and informed him that the Fates
+  had decreed that Ariadne should be his bride, at the same time menacing
+  the hero with all kinds of misfortunes should he refuse to resign her.
+  Now Theseus, having been taught from his youth to reverence the gods,
+  feared to disobey the wishes of Dionysus. He accordingly took a sad
+  farewell of the <!-- Page 264 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page264"></a>[264]</span>beautiful maiden who so tenderly loved
+  him, and left her on the lonely island, where she was found and wooed by
+  the wine-god.</p>
+
+  <p>Theseus and his companions felt keenly the loss of their benefactress,
+  and in their grief at parting with her, forgot that the ship still bore
+  the black sails with which she had left the Attic coast. As she neared
+  the port of Athens, Aegeus, who was anxiously awaiting the return of his
+  son on the beach, caught sight of the vessel with its black sails, and
+  concluding that his gallant son had perished, threw himself in despair
+  into the sea.</p>
+
+  <p>With the unanimous approval of the Athenians, Theseus now ascended the
+  vacant throne, and soon proved himself to be not only a valiant hero but
+  also a wise prince and prudent legislator. Athens was at this time but a
+  small city surrounded by a number of villages, each of which possessed
+  its own separate form of government; but by means of kind and
+  conciliatory measures Theseus induced the heads of these different
+  communities to resign their sovereignty, and to intrust the
+  administration of public affairs to a court which should sit constantly
+  at Athens, and exercise jurisdiction over all the inhabitants of Attica.
+  The result of these judicious measures was, that the Athenians became a
+  united and powerful people, and that numbers of strangers and foreigners
+  flocked to Athens, which became a flourishing maritime port and a
+  commercial centre of great importance.</p>
+
+  <p>Theseus renewed the Isthmian Games, and also instituted numerous
+  festivals, the principal of which was the Panathenæa, held in honour of
+  Athene-Polias.</p>
+
+  <p>It is related that Theseus upon one occasion arrived during a voyage
+  at the Amazonian coast. Anxious to ascertain the object of his visit, the
+  Amazons sent Hippolyte, one of their number, with presents to the
+  stranger; but no sooner did the fair herald set foot on board his vessel
+  than Theseus set sail and carried her off to Athens, where he made her
+  his queen. Enraged at this indignity the Amazons determined to be
+  revenged. Some time afterwards, when the whole affair would <!-- Page 265
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page265"></a>[265]</span>appear to have
+  been forgotten, they seized the opportunity when the city of Athens was
+  in a defenceless condition and landed an army in Attica. So sudden was
+  their attack that they had penetrated into the very heart of the city
+  before the Athenians could organize their forces; but Theseus
+  expeditiously collected his troops and commenced such a furious onslaught
+  upon the invaders that, after a desperate encounter, they were driven
+  from the city. Peace was then concluded, whereupon the Amazons evacuated
+  the country. During this engagement Hippolyte, forgetful of her origin,
+  fought valiantly by the side of her husband against her own kinsfolk, and
+  perished on the field of battle.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0265-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0265-1.png"
+      alt="Hippolyte" title="Hippolyte" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>It was soon after this sad event that Theseus joined the
+  world-renowned Calydonian Boar-hunt, in which he took a leading part. He
+  also formed one of the brave band who shared in the perils of the
+  Argonautic expedition.</p>
+
+  <p>The remarkable friendship which existed between Theseus and Pirithöus
+  originated under such peculiar circumstances that it is worthy of
+  mention.</p>
+
+  <p>Hearing upon one occasion that his herds, pasturing in the plains of
+  Marathon, had been carried off by Pirithöus, Theseus collected together
+  an armed force and sallied forth to punish the plunderer. But, when the
+  two heroes met face to face, both were seized with an impulse of
+  sympathetic admiration for each other. Pirithöus, holding out his hand in
+  token of peace, exclaimed, "What satisfaction shall I render thee, oh
+  Theseus? Be thou thyself the judge." Theseus seized the proffered hand
+  and replied, "I ask nought save thy <!-- Page 266 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page266"></a>[266]</span>friendship;" whereupon
+  the heroes embraced each other and swore eternal fidelity.</p>
+
+  <p>When, soon afterwards, Pirithöus became united to Hippodamia, a
+  Thessalian princess, he invited Theseus to the wedding-feast, which was
+  also attended, among other guests, by a large number of Centaurs, who
+  were friends of Pirithöus. Towards the end of the banquet Eurytion, a
+  young Centaur, heated and flushed with wine, seized the lovely bride and
+  sought by force to carry her off. The other Centaurs, following his
+  example, each endeavoured to capture a maiden. Pirithöus and his
+  followers, aided by Theseus, who rendered most valuable assistance,
+  attacked the Centaurs, and after a violent hand-to-hand struggle in which
+  many perished, forced them to relinquish their prey.</p>
+
+  <p>After the death of Hippolyte Theseus sought the hand of Phædra, the
+  sister of his former bride Ariadne, to whom he became united. For some
+  years they lived happily together, and their union was blessed by the
+  birth of two sons. During this time Hippolytus, the son of the Amazonian
+  queen, had been absent from home, having been placed under the care of
+  the king's uncles in order to be educated. When, having grown to manhood,
+  he now returned to his father's palace, his young stepmother, Phædra,
+  fell violently in love with him; but Hippolytus failed to return her
+  affection, and treated her with contempt and indifference. Filled with
+  rage and despair at his coldness Phædra put an end to her existence; and
+  when she was discovered by her husband she held in her hand a letter,
+  accusing Hippolytus of being the cause of her death, and of having
+  conspired against the honour of the king.</p>
+
+  <p>Now Poseidon had upon one occasion promised to grant Theseus whatever
+  request he should demand; he therefore called upon the sea-god to destroy
+  Hippolytus, whom he cursed in the most solemn manner. The father's awful
+  malediction fell but too soon upon his innocent son; for, as the latter
+  was driving his chariot along the sea-shore, between Troezen and Athens,
+  a <!-- Page 267 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page267"></a>[267]</span>monster, sent by Poseidon, rose out of the
+  deep, and so frightened the horses that they became altogether
+  unmanageable. As they rushed on in their mad career the chariot was
+  dashed to pieces, and the unfortunate youth, whose feet had become
+  entangled in the reins, was dragged along until life was nearly
+  extinct.</p>
+
+  <p>In this condition he was found by the unhappy Theseus, who, having
+  ascertained the true facts of the case from an old servant of Phædra, had
+  hastened to prevent the catastrophe. But he arrived too late, and was
+  only able to soothe the last moments of his dying son by acknowledging
+  the sad mistake which he had committed, and declaring his firm belief in
+  his honour and innocence.</p>
+
+  <p>After these events Theseus was persuaded by his friend Pirithöus, who
+  had also about this time lost his young wife, Hippodamia, to join him in
+  a journey through Greece, with the object of carrying off by force the
+  most beautiful maidens whom they should chance to meet.</p>
+
+  <p>Arrived at Sparta they beheld, in the temple of Artemis, Helen, the
+  daughter of Zeus and Leda, who was engaged in performing sacred dances in
+  honour of the goddess. Although the maiden was only nine years old the
+  fame of her beauty, which was destined to play so important a part in the
+  history of Greece, had already spread far and wide. Theseus and Pirithöus
+  forcibly abducted her, and then having cast lots for her, she fell to
+  Theseus, who placed her under the charge of his mother Æthra.</p>
+
+  <p>Pirithöus now requested Theseus to assist him in his ambitious scheme
+  of descending to the lower world and carrying off Persephone, the queen
+  of Hades. Though fully alive to the perils of the undertaking Theseus
+  would not forsake his friend, and together they sought the gloomy realm
+  of Shades. But Aïdes had been forewarned of their approach, and scarcely
+  had the two friends set foot within his dominions when, by his orders,
+  they were seized, bound with chains, and secured to an enchanted rock at
+  the entrance of Hades. Here the two <!-- Page 268 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page268"></a>[268]</span>friends languished for
+  many years, until Heracles passed by in his search for Cerberus, when he
+  released Theseus; but in obedience to an injunction of the gods, left
+  Pirithöus to endure for ever the punishment of his too daring
+  ambition.</p>
+
+  <p>While Theseus was imprisoned in the under world Castor and Pollux, the
+  brothers of Helen, invaded Athens, and demanded the restoration of their
+  young sister. Seeing his country threatened with the horrors of warfare,
+  an Athenian citizen named Academus, who knew of Helen's place of
+  concealment, repaired to the camp of the Dioscuri, and informed them
+  where they would find her. Æthra at once resigned her charge, whereupon
+  the brothers took leave of Athens, and, accompanied by Helen, returned to
+  their native country.</p>
+
+  <p>But the prolonged absence of Theseus gave rise to other troubles of a
+  more serious character. Thinking the opportunity favourable for a revolt,
+  a faction, headed by Menesthius, a descendant of Erechtheus, arrogated to
+  themselves supreme power, and seized the reins of government.</p>
+
+  <p>Returned to Athens, Theseus at once took active measures to quell the
+  insubordination which existed on all sides. He expelled Menesthius from
+  office, rigorously punished the ringleaders of the revolt, and placed
+  himself once more upon the throne. But his hold upon the people was gone.
+  His former services were all forgotten, and, finding at length that
+  dissensions and revolts were rife, he voluntarily abdicated the throne,
+  and retired to his estates in the island of Scyros. Here Lycomedes, king
+  of the island, feigned to receive him with the utmost friendship; but
+  being, as it is supposed, in league with Menesthius, he led the old king
+  to the summit of a high rock, under pretence of showing him his estates,
+  and treacherously killed him by pushing him over the cliff.</p>
+
+  <p>Many centuries after his death, by the command of the oracle of
+  Delphi, Cimon, the father of Miltiades, at the conclusion of the Persian
+  war, brought the remains of Theseus, the great benefactor of Athens, to
+  that city, <!-- Page 269 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page269"></a>[269]</span>and in his honour a temple was erected,
+  which exists to the present day, and serves as a museum of art.</p>
+
+<h3>&OElig;DIPUS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Laius, king of Thebes, the son of Labdacus, and a direct descendant of
+  Cadmus, was married to Jocaste, the daughter of a noble Theban. An oracle
+  having foretold that he would perish by the hand of his own son, he
+  determined to destroy the infant to whom Jocaste had just given birth.
+  With the consent of his wife, whose affection for her husband overcame
+  her love for her child, he pierced the feet of the babe, bound them
+  together, and handed the infant over to a servant, with instructions to
+  expose him on Mount Cithæron to perish. But instead of obeying this cruel
+  command, the servant intrusted him to a shepherd who was tending the
+  flocks of Polybus, king of Corinth, and then returned to Laius and
+  Jocaste, and informed them that their orders had been obeyed. The parents
+  were satisfied with the intelligence, and quieted their conscience by the
+  reflection that they had thus prevented their son from committing the
+  crime of parricide.</p>
+
+  <p>Meanwhile the shepherd of king Polybus had unbound the feet of the
+  infant, and in consequence of their being much swollen he called him
+  &OElig;dipus, or Swollen-foot. He then carried him to the king, his
+  master, who, pitying the poor little waif, enlisted for him the kind
+  offices of his wife, Merope. &OElig;dipus was adopted by the king and
+  queen as their own son, and grew up in the belief that they were his
+  parents, until one day a Corinthian noble taunted him at a banquet with
+  not being the son of the king. Stung at this reproach the youth appealed
+  to Merope, but receiving an equivocal, though kindly answer, he repaired
+  to Delphi to consult the oracle. The Pythia vouchsafed no reply to his
+  inquiry, but informed him, to his horror, that he was fated to kill his
+  father and to marry his own mother.</p>
+
+  <p>Filled with dismay, for he was tenderly attached to Polybus and
+  Merope, &OElig;dipus determined not to return <!-- Page 270 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page270"></a>[270]</span>to Corinth, and took
+  instead the road leading to B&oelig;otia. On his way a chariot passed
+  him, in which sat an old man with two servants, who rudely pushed the
+  pedestrian out of the path. In the scuffle which ensued &OElig;dipus
+  struck the old man with his heavy stick, and he fell back dead on the
+  seat of the chariot. Struck with dismay at the unpremeditated murder
+  which he had committed, the youth fled, and left the spot without
+  learning that the old man whom he had killed was his father, Laius, king
+  of Thebes.</p>
+
+  <p>Not long after this occurrence the Sphinx (full details of whom have
+  already been given) was sent by the goddess Hera as a punishment to the
+  Thebans. Stationed on a rocky height just outside the city, she
+  propounded to the passers by riddles which she had been taught by the
+  Muses, and whoever failed to solve them was torn in pieces and devoured
+  by the monster, and in this manner great numbers of the inhabitants of
+  Thebes had perished.</p>
+
+  <p>Now on the death of the old king Laius, Creon, the brother of the
+  widowed queen, had seized the reins of government and mounted the vacant
+  throne; and when at length his own son fell a victim to the Sphinx, he
+  resolved at all costs to rid the country of this fearful scourge. He
+  accordingly issued a proclamation, that the kingdom and the hand of his
+  sister Jocaste should be awarded to him who should succeed in solving one
+  of the riddles of the Sphinx, it having been foretold by an oracle that
+  only then would the country be freed from the monster.</p>
+
+  <p>Just as this proclamation was being made in the streets of Thebes
+  &OElig;dipus, with his pilgrim's staff in his hand, entered the city.
+  Tempted by the prospect of so magnificent a reward he repaired to the
+  rock, and boldly requested the Sphinx to propound to him one of her
+  riddles. She proposed to him one which she deemed impossible of solution,
+  but &OElig;dipus at once solved it; whereupon the Sphinx, full of rage
+  and despair, precipitated herself into the abyss and perished.
+  &OElig;dipus <!-- Page 271 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page271"></a>[271]</span>received the promised reward. He became
+  king of Thebes and the husband of Jocaste, the widow of his father, king
+  Laius.</p>
+
+  <p>For many years &OElig;dipus enjoyed the greatest happiness and
+  tranquillity. Four children were born to him&mdash;two sons, Eteocles and
+  Polynices, and two daughters, Antigone and Ismene. But at last the gods
+  afflicted the country with a grievous pestilence, which made terrible
+  havoc among the people. In their distress they entreated the help of the
+  king, who was regarded by his subjects as a special favourite of the
+  gods. &OElig;dipus consulted an oracle, and the response was that the
+  pestilence would continue to rage until the land was purified of the
+  blood of king Laius, whose murderer was living unpunished at Thebes.</p>
+
+  <p>The king now invoked the most solemn imprecations on the head of the
+  murderer, and offered a reward for any information concerning him. He
+  then sent for the blind old seer Tiresias, and implored him, by means of
+  his prophetic powers, to reveal to him the author of the crime. Tiresias
+  at first hesitated, but yielding to the earnest solicitations of the
+  king, the old prophet thus addressed him: "Thou thyself art the murderer
+  of the old king Laius, who was thy father; and thou art wedded to his
+  widow, thine own mother." In order to convince &OElig;dipus of the truth
+  of his words, he brought forward the old servant who had exposed him as a
+  babe on Mount Cithæron, and the shepherd who had conveyed him to king
+  Polybus. Horrified at this awful revelation &OElig;dipus, in a fit of
+  despair, deprived himself of sight, and the unfortunate Jocaste, unable
+  to survive her disgrace, hanged herself.</p>
+
+  <p>Accompanied by his faithful and devoted daughter Antigone,
+  &OElig;dipus quitted Thebes and became a miserable and homeless outcast,
+  begging his bread from place to place. At length, after a long and
+  painful pilgrimage, he found a place of refuge in the grove of the
+  Eumenides (at Colonus, near Athens), where his last moments were soothed
+  and tended by the care and devotion of the faithful Antigone.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 272 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page272"></a>[272]</span></p>
+
+<h3>THE SEVEN AGAINST THEBES.</h3>
+
+  <p>After the voluntary abdication of &OElig;dipus, his two sons, Eteocles
+  and Polynices, took possession of the crown and reigned over the city of
+  Thebes. But Eteocles, being an ambitious prince, soon seized the reins of
+  government himself, and expelled his brother from the throne.</p>
+
+  <p>Polynices now repaired to Argos, where he arrived in the dead of
+  night. Outside the gates of the royal palace he encountered Tydeus, the
+  son of &OElig;neus, king of Calydon. Having accidentally killed a
+  relative in the chase, Tydeus was also a fugitive; but being mistaken by
+  Polynices in the darkness for an enemy, a quarrel ensued, which might
+  have ended fatally, had not king Adrastus, aroused by the clamour,
+  appeared on the scene and parted the combatants.</p>
+
+  <p>By the light of the torches borne by his attendants Adrastus observed,
+  to his surprise, that on the shield of Polynices a lion was depicted, and
+  on that of Tydeus a boar. The former bore this insignia in honour of the
+  renowned hero Heracles, the latter in memory of the famous Calydonian
+  boar-hunt. This circumstance reminded the king of an extraordinary
+  oracular prediction concerning his two beautiful daughters, Argia and
+  Deipyle, which was to the effect that he would give them in marriage to a
+  lion and a boar. Hailing with delight what he regarded as an auspicious
+  solution of the mysterious prophecy, he invited the strangers into his
+  palace; and when he heard their history, and had convinced himself that
+  they were of noble birth, he bestowed upon Polynices his beautiful
+  daughter Argia, and upon Tydeus the fair Deipyle, promising at the same
+  time that he would assist both his sons-in-law to regain their rightful
+  patrimony.</p>
+
+  <p>The first care of Adrastus was to aid Polynices in regaining
+  possession of his lawful share in the government of Thebes. He
+  accordingly invited the most powerful chiefs in his kingdom to join in
+  the expedition, <!-- Page 273 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page273"></a>[273]</span>all of whom readily obeyed the call with
+  the exception of the king's brother-in-law, Amphiaraus, the seer. As he
+  foresaw a disastrous termination to the enterprise, and knew that not one
+  of the heroes, save Adrastus himself, would return alive, he earnestly
+  dissuaded the king from carrying out his project, and declined to take
+  any part in the undertaking. But Adrastus, seconded by Polynices and
+  Tydeus, was obstinately bent on the achievement of his purpose, and
+  Amphiaraus, in order to escape from their importunities, concealed
+  himself in a hiding-place known only to his wife Eriphyle.</p>
+
+  <p>Now on the occasion of the marriage of Amphiaraus it had been agreed,
+  that if he ever differed in opinion with the king, his wife should decide
+  the question. As the presence of Amphiaraus was indispensable to the
+  success of the undertaking, and, moreover, as Adrastus would not enter
+  upon it without "the eye of the army," as he called his brother-in-law,
+  Polynices, bent on securing his services, determined to bribe Eriphyle to
+  use her influence with her husband and to decide the question in
+  accordance with his wishes. He bethought himself of the beautiful
+  necklace of Harmonia, wife of Cadmus, which he had brought with him in
+  his flight from Thebes. Without loss of time he presented himself before
+  the wife of Amphiaraus, and held up to her admiring gaze the glittering
+  bauble, promising that if she revealed the hiding-place of her husband
+  and induced him to join the expedition, the necklace should be hers.
+  Eriphyle, unable to withstand the tempting bait, accepted the bribe, and
+  thus Amphiaraus was compelled to join the army. But before leaving his
+  home he extorted a solemn promise from his son Alcmæon that, should he
+  perish on the field of battle, he would avenge his death on his mother,
+  the perfidious Eriphyle.</p>
+
+  <p>Seven leaders were now chosen, each at the head of a separate
+  detachment of troops. These were Adrastus the king, his two brothers
+  Hippomedon and Parthenopæus, Capaneus his nephew, Polynices and Tydeus,
+  and Amphiaraus.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 274 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page274"></a>[274]</span></p>
+
+  <p>When the army was collected they set out for Nemea, which was at this
+  time governed by king Lycurgus. Here the Argives, being short of water,
+  halted on the outskirts of a forest in order to search for a spring, when
+  they saw a majestic and beautiful woman seated on the trunk of a tree,
+  nursing an infant. They concluded from her noble and queenly appearance
+  that she must be a goddess, but were informed by her that she was
+  Hypsipile, queen of the Lemnians, who had been carried away captive by
+  pirates, and sold as a slave to king Lycurgus, and that she was now
+  acting as nurse to his infant son. When the warriors told her that they
+  were in search of water, she laid the child down in the grass, and led
+  them to a secret spring in the forest, with which she alone was
+  acquainted. But on their return they found, to their grief, that the
+  unfortunate babe had been killed during their absence, by a serpent. They
+  slew the reptile, and then collecting the remains of the infant, they
+  buried them with funereal honours and proceeded on their way.</p>
+
+  <p>The warlike host now appeared before the walls of Thebes, and each
+  leader placed himself before one of the seven gates of the city in
+  readiness for the attack. Eteocles, in conjunction with Creon, had made
+  due preparations to repel the invaders, and had stationed troops, under
+  the command of trusty leaders, to guard each of the gates. Then,
+  according to the practice of the ancients of consulting soothsayers
+  before entering upon any undertaking, the blind old seer Tiresias was
+  sent for, who, after carefully taking the auguries from the flight of
+  birds, declared that all efforts to defend the city would prove
+  unavailing, unless the youngest descendant of the house of Cadmus would
+  offer himself as a voluntary sacrifice for the good of the state.</p>
+
+  <p>When Creon heard the words of the seer his first thought was of his
+  favourite son Men&oelig;ceus, the youngest scion of the royal house, who
+  was present at the interview. He therefore earnestly implored him to
+  leave the city, and to repair for safety to Delphi. But the gallant youth
+  heroically resolved to sacrifice his life for the <!-- Page 275 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page275"></a>[275]</span>benefit of his country,
+  and after taking leave of his old father, mounted the city walls, and
+  plunging a dagger into his heart, perished in the sight of the contending
+  hosts.</p>
+
+  <p>Adrastus now gave his troops the word of command to storm the city,
+  and they rushed forward to the attack with great valour. The battle raged
+  long and furiously, and after heavy losses on both sides the Argives were
+  routed and put to flight.</p>
+
+  <p>After the lapse of some days they reorganized their forces, and again
+  appeared before the gates of Thebes, when Eteocles, grieved to think that
+  there should be such a terrible loss of life on his account, sent a
+  herald into the opposite camp, with a proposition that the fate of the
+  campaign should be decided by single combat between himself and his
+  brother Polynices. The challenge was readily accepted, and in the duel
+  which took place outside the city walls, in the sight of the rival
+  forces, Eteocles and Polynices were both fatally wounded and expired on
+  the field of battle.</p>
+
+  <p>Both sides now claimed the day, and the result was that hostilities
+  recommenced, and soon the battle raged with greater fury than ever. But
+  victory at last declared itself for the Thebans. In their flight the
+  Argives lost all their leaders, Adrastus excepted, who owed his safety to
+  the fleetness of his horse Arion.</p>
+
+  <p>By the death of the brothers, Creon became once more king of Thebes,
+  and in order to show his abhorrence of the conduct of Polynices in
+  fighting against his country, he strictly forbade any one to bury either
+  his remains or those of his allies. But the faithful Antigone, who had
+  returned to Thebes on the death of her father, could not endure that the
+  body of her brother should remain unburied. She therefore bravely
+  disregarded the orders of the king, and endeavoured to give sepulture to
+  the remains of Polynices.</p>
+
+  <p>When Creon discovered that his commands had been set at defiance, he
+  inhumanly condemned the devoted maiden to be entombed alive in a
+  subterranean vault. <!-- Page 276 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page276"></a>[276]</span>But retribution was at hand. His son,
+  Hæmon, who was betrothed to Antigone, having contrived to effect an
+  entrance into the vault, was horrified to find that Antigone had hanged
+  herself by her veil. Feeling that life without her would be intolerable,
+  he threw himself in despair on his own sword, and after solemnly invoking
+  the malediction of the gods on the head of his father, expired beside the
+  dead body of his betrothed.</p>
+
+  <p>Hardly had the news of the tragic fate of his son reached the king,
+  before another messenger appeared, bearing the tidings that his wife
+  Eurydice, on hearing of the death of Hæmon, had put an end to her
+  existence, and thus the king found himself in his old age both widowed
+  and childless.</p>
+
+  <p>Nor did he succeed in the execution of his vindictive designs; for
+  Adrastus, who, after his flight from Thebes, had taken refuge at Athens,
+  induced Theseus to lead an army against the Thebans, to compel them to
+  restore the dead bodies of the Argive warriors to their friends, in order
+  that they might perform due funereal rites in honour of the slain. This
+  undertaking was successfully accomplished, and the remains of the fallen
+  heroes were interred with due honours.</p>
+
+<h3>THE EPIGONI.</h3>
+
+  <p>Ten years after these events the sons of the slain heroes, who were
+  called Epigoni, or descendants, resolved to avenge the death of their
+  fathers, and with this object entered upon a new expedition against the
+  city of Thebes.</p>
+
+  <p>By the advice of the Delphic oracle the command was intrusted to
+  Alcmæon, the son of Amphiaraus; but remembering the injunction of his
+  father he hesitated to accept this post before executing vengeance on his
+  mother Eriphyle. Thersander, however, the son of Polynices, adopting
+  similar tactics to those of his father, bribed Eriphyle with the
+  beautiful veil of Harmonia, bequeathed to him by Polynices, to induce her
+  son <!-- Page 277 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page277"></a>[277]</span>Alcmæon and his brother Amphilochus to
+  join in this second war against Thebes.</p>
+
+  <p>Now the mother of Alcmæon was gifted with that rare fascination which
+  renders its possessor irresistible to all who may chance to come within
+  its influence; nor was her own son able to withstand her blandishments.
+  Yielding therefore to her wily representations he accepted the command of
+  the troops, and at the head of a large and powerful army advanced upon
+  Thebes.</p>
+
+  <p>Before the gates of the city Alcmæon encountered the Thebans under the
+  command of Laodamas, the son of Eteocles. A fierce battle ensued, in
+  which the Theban leader, after performing prodigies of valour, perished
+  by the hand of Alcmæon.</p>
+
+  <p>After losing their chief and the flower of their army, the Thebans
+  retreated behind the city walls, and the enemy now pressed them hard on
+  every side. In their distress they appealed to the blind old seer
+  Tiresias, who was over a hundred years old. With trembling lips and in
+  broken accents, he informed them that they could only save their lives by
+  abandoning their native city with their wives and families. Upon this
+  they despatched ambassadors into the enemy's camp; and whilst these were
+  protracting negotiations during the night, the Thebans, with their wives
+  and children, evacuated the city. Next morning the Argives entered Thebes
+  and plundered it, placing Thersander, the son of Polynices (who was a
+  descendant of Cadmus), on the throne which his father had so vainly
+  contested.</p>
+
+<h3>ALCMÆON AND THE NECKLACE.</h3>
+
+  <p>When Alcmæon returned from his expedition against the Thebans he
+  determined to fulfil the last injunction of his father Amphiaraus, who
+  had desired him to be revenged on his mother Eriphyle for her perfidy in
+  accepting a bribe to betray him. This resolution was further strengthened
+  by the discovery that his unprincipled mother had urged him also to join
+  the expedition <!-- Page 278 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page278"></a>[278]</span>in return for the much-coveted veil of
+  Harmonia. He therefore put her to death; and taking with him the
+  ill-fated necklace and veil, abandoned for ever the home of his
+  fathers.</p>
+
+  <p>But the gods, who could not suffer so unnatural a crime to go
+  unpunished, afflicted him with madness, and sent one of the Furies to
+  pursue him unceasingly. In this unhappy condition he wandered about from
+  place to place, until at last having reached Psophis in Arcadia, Phegeus,
+  king of the country, not only purified him of his crime, but also
+  bestowed upon him the hand of his daughter Arsinoë, to whom Alcmæon
+  presented the necklace and veil, which had already been the cause of so
+  much unhappiness.</p>
+
+  <p>Though now released from his mental affliction, the curse which hung
+  over him was not entirely removed, and on his account the country of his
+  adoption was visited with a severe drought. On consulting the oracle of
+  Delphi he was informed that any land which offered him shelter would be
+  cursed by the gods, and that the malediction would continue to follow him
+  till he came to a country which was not in existence at the time he had
+  murdered his mother. Bereft of hope, and resolved no longer to cast the
+  shadow of his dark fate over those he loved, Alcmæon took a tender leave
+  of his wife and little son, and became once more an outcast and
+  wanderer.</p>
+
+  <p>Arrived after a long and painful pilgrimage at the river Achelous, he
+  discovered, to his unspeakable joy, a beautiful and fertile island, which
+  had but lately emerged from beneath the water. Here he took up his abode;
+  and in this haven of rest he was at length freed from his sufferings, and
+  finally purified of his crime by the river-god Achelous. But in his
+  new-found home where prosperity smiled upon him, Alcmæon soon forgot the
+  loving wife and child he had left behind, and wooed Calirrhoë, the
+  beautiful daughter of the river-god, who became united to him in
+  marriage.</p>
+
+  <p>For many years Alcmæon and Calirrhoë lived happily together, and two
+  sons were born to them. But <!-- Page 279 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page279"></a>[279]</span>unfortunately for the peace of her
+  husband, the daughter of Achelous had heard of the celebrated necklace
+  and veil of Harmonia, and became seized with a violent desire to become
+  the possessor of these precious treasures.</p>
+
+  <p>Now the necklace and veil were in the safe-keeping of Arsinoë; but as
+  Alcmæon had carefully concealed the fact of his former marriage from his
+  young wife, he informed her, when no longer able to combat her
+  importunities, that he had concealed them in a cave in his native
+  country, and promised to hasten thither and procure them for her. He
+  accordingly took leave of Calirrhoë and his children, and proceeded to
+  Psophis, where he presented himself before his deserted wife and her
+  father, king Phegeus. To them he excused his absence by the fact of his
+  having suffered from a fresh attack of madness, and added that an oracle
+  had foretold to him that his malady would only be cured when he had
+  deposited the necklace and veil of Harmonia in the temple of Apollo at
+  Delphi. Arsinoë, deceived by his artful representations, unhesitatingly
+  restored to him his bridal gifts, whereupon Alcmæon set out on his
+  homeward journey, well satisfied with the successful issue of his
+  expedition.</p>
+
+  <p>But the fatal necklace and veil were doomed to bring ruin and disaster
+  to all who possessed them. During his sojourn at the court of king
+  Phegeus, one of the servants who had accompanied Alcmæon betrayed the
+  secret of his union with the daughter of the river-god; and when the king
+  informed his sons of his treacherous conduct, they determined to avenge
+  the wrongs of their sister Arsinoë. They accordingly concealed themselves
+  at a point of the road which Alcmæon was compelled to pass, and as he
+  neared the spot they suddenly emerged from their place of ambush, fell
+  upon him and despatched him.</p>
+
+  <p>When Arsinoë, who still loved her faithless husband, heard of the
+  murder, she bitterly reproached her brothers for the crime which they had
+  perpetrated, at which they were so incensed, that they placed her in a
+  chest, and conveyed her to Agapenor, son of Ancæus, at Tegea. <!-- Page
+  280 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page280"></a>[280]</span>Here they
+  accused her of the murder of which they themselves were guilty, and she
+  suffered a painful death.</p>
+
+  <p>Calirrhoë, on learning the sad fate of Alcmæon, implored Zeus that her
+  infant sons might grow at once to manhood, and avenge the death of their
+  father. The ruler of Olympus heard the petition of the bereaved wife,
+  and, in answer to her prayer, the children of yesterday became
+  transformed into bearded men, full of strength and courage, and thirsting
+  for revenge.</p>
+
+  <p>Hastening to Tegea, they there encountered the sons of Phegeus, who
+  were about to repair to Delphi, in order to deposit the necklace and veil
+  in the sanctuary of Apollo; and before the brothers had time to defend
+  themselves, the stalwart sons of Calirrhoë rushed upon them and slew
+  them. They then proceeded to Psophis, where they killed king Phegeus and
+  his wife, after which they returned to their mother with the necklace and
+  veil, which, by the command of her father Achelous, were deposited as
+  sacred offerings in the temple of Apollo at Delphi.</p>
+
+<h3>THE HERACLIDÆ.</h3>
+
+  <p>After the apotheosis of Heracles, his children were so cruelly
+  persecuted by Eurystheus, that they fled for protection to king Ceyx at
+  Trachin, accompanied by the aged Iolaus, the nephew and life-long friend
+  of their father, who constituted himself their guide and protector. But
+  on Eurystheus demanding the surrender of the fugitives, the Heraclidæ,
+  knowing that the small force at the disposal of king Ceyx would be
+  altogether inadequate to protect them against the powerful king of Argos,
+  abandoned his territory, and sought refuge at Athens, where they were
+  hospitably received by king Demophoon, the son of the great hero Theseus.
+  He warmly espoused their cause, and determined to protect them at all
+  costs against Eurystheus, who had despatched a numerous force in pursuit
+  of them.</p>
+
+  <p>When the Athenians had made all necessary preparations to repel the
+  invaders, an oracle announced that the <!-- Page 281 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page281"></a>[281]</span>sacrifice of a maiden
+  of noble birth was necessary to ensure to them victory; whereupon
+  Macaria, the beautiful daughter of Heracles and Deianira, magnanimously
+  offered herself as a sacrifice, and, surrounded by the noblest matrons
+  and maidens of Athens, voluntarily devoted herself to death.</p>
+
+  <p>While these events were transpiring in Athens, Hyllus, the eldest son
+  of Heracles and Deianira, had advanced with a large army to the
+  assistance of his brothers, and having sent a messenger to the king
+  announcing his arrival, Demophoon, with his army, joined his forces.</p>
+
+  <p>In the thick of the battle which ensued, Iolaus, following a sudden
+  impulse, borrowed the chariot of Hyllus, and earnestly entreated Zeus and
+  Hebe to restore to him, for this one day only, the vigour and strength of
+  his youth. His prayer was heard. A thick cloud descended from heaven and
+  enveloped the chariot, and when it disappeared, Iolaus, in the full
+  plenitude of manly vigour, stood revealed before the astonished gaze of
+  the combatants. He then led on his valiant band of warriors, and soon the
+  enemy was in headlong flight; and Eurystheus, who was taken prisoner, was
+  put to death by the command of king Demophoon.</p>
+
+  <p>After gratefully acknowledging the timely aid of the Athenians,
+  Hyllus, accompanied by the faithful Iolaus and his brothers, took leave
+  of king Demophoon, and proceeded to invade the Peloponnesus, which they
+  regarded as their lawful patrimony; for, according to the will of Zeus,
+  it should have been the rightful possession of their father, the great
+  hero Heracles, had not Hera maliciously defeated his plans by causing his
+  cousin Eurystheus to precede him into the world.</p>
+
+  <p>For the space of twelve months the Heraclidæ contrived to maintain
+  themselves in the Peloponnesus; but at the expiration of that time a
+  pestilence broke out, which spread over the entire peninsula, and
+  compelled the Heraclidæ to evacuate the country and return to Attica,
+  where for a time they settled.</p>
+
+  <p>After the lapse of three years Hyllus resolved on <!-- Page 282
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page282"></a>[282]</span>making another
+  effort to obtain his paternal inheritance. Before setting out on the
+  expedition, however, he consulted the oracle of Delphi, and the response
+  was, that he must wait for the third fruit before the enterprise would
+  prove successful. Interpreting this ambiguous reply to signify the third
+  summer, Hyllus controlled his impatience for three years, when, having
+  collected a powerful army, he once more entered the Peloponnesus.</p>
+
+  <p>At the isthmus of Corinth he was opposed by Atreus, the son of Pelops,
+  who at the death of Eurystheus had inherited the kingdom. In order to
+  save bloodshed, Hyllus offered to decide his claims by single combat, the
+  conditions being, that if he were victorious, he and his brothers should
+  obtain undisputed possession of their rights; but if defeated, the
+  Heraclidæ were to desist for fifty years from attempting to press their
+  claim.</p>
+
+  <p>The challenge was accepted by Echemon, king of Tegea, and Hyllus lost
+  his life in the encounter, whereupon the sons of Heracles, in virtue of
+  their agreement, abandoned the Peloponnesus and retired to Marathon.</p>
+
+  <p>Hyllus was succeeded by his son Cleodæus, who, at the expiration of
+  the appointed time, collected a large army and invaded the Peloponnesus;
+  but he was not more successful than his father had been, and perished
+  there with all his forces.</p>
+
+  <p>Twenty years later his son Aristomachus consulted an oracle, which
+  promised him victory if he went by way of the defile. The Heraclidæ once
+  more set out, but were again defeated, and Aristomachus shared the fate
+  of his father and grandfather, and fell on the field of battle.</p>
+
+  <p>When, at the expiration of thirty years, the sons of Aristomachus,
+  Temenus, Cresphontes, and Aristodemus again consulted the oracle, the
+  answer was still the same; but this time the following explanation
+  accompanied the response: the third fruit signified the third generation,
+  to which they themselves belonged, and not the third fruit of the earth;
+  and by the defile was indicated, not the isthmus of Corinth, but the
+  straits on the right of the isthmus.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 283 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page283"></a>[283]</span></p>
+
+  <p>Temenus lost no time in collecting an army and building ships of war;
+  but just as all was ready and the fleet about to sail, Aristodemus, the
+  youngest of the brothers, was struck by lightning. To add to their
+  misfortunes, Hippolytes, a descendant of Heracles, who had joined in the
+  expedition, killed a soothsayer whom he mistook for a spy, and the gods,
+  in their displeasure, sent violent tempests, by means of which the entire
+  fleet was destroyed, whilst famine and pestilence decimated the ranks of
+  the army.</p>
+
+  <p>The oracle, on being again consulted, advised that Hippolytes, being
+  the offender, should be banished from the country for ten years, and that
+  the command of the troops should be delegated to a man having three eyes.
+  A search was at once instituted by the Heraclidæ for a man answering to
+  this description, who was found at length in the person of Oxylus, a
+  descendant of the Ætolian race of kings. In obedience to the command of
+  the oracle, Hippolytes was banished, an army and fleet once more
+  equipped, and Oxylus elected commander-in-chief.</p>
+
+  <p>And now success at length crowned the efforts of the long-suffering
+  descendants of the great hero. They obtained possession of the
+  Peloponnesus, which was divided among them by lot. Argos fell to Temenus,
+  Lacedæmon to Aristodemus, and Messene to Cresphontes. In gratitude for
+  the services of their able leader, Oxylus, the kingdom of Elis, was
+  conferred upon him by the Heraclidæ.</p>
+
+<h3>THE SIEGE OF TROY.</h3>
+
+  <p>Troy or Ilion was the capital of a kingdom in Asia Minor, situated
+  near the Hellespont, and founded by Ilus, son of Tros. At the time of the
+  famous Trojan war this city was under the government of Priam, a direct
+  descendant of Ilus. Priam was married to Hecuba, daughter of Dymas, king
+  of Thrace; and among the most celebrated of their children were the
+  renowned and <!-- Page 284 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page284"></a>[284]</span>valiant Hector, the prophetess Cassandra,
+  and Paris, the cause of the Trojan war.</p>
+
+  <p>Before the birth of her second son Paris, Hecuba dreamt that she had
+  given birth to a flaming brand, which was interpreted by Æsacus the seer
+  (a son of Priam by a former marriage) to signify that she would bear a
+  son who would cause the destruction of the city of Troy. Anxious to
+  prevent the fulfilment of the prophecy, Hecuba caused her new-born babe
+  to be exposed on Mount Ida to perish; but being found by some
+  kind-hearted shepherds, the child was reared by them, and grew up
+  unconscious of his noble birth.</p>
+
+  <p>As the boy approached manhood he became remarkable, not only for his
+  wonderful beauty of form and feature, but also for his strength and
+  courage, which he exercised in defending the flocks from the attacks of
+  robbers and wild beasts; hence he was called Alexander, or helper of men.
+  It was about this time that he settled the famous dispute concerning the
+  golden apple, thrown by the goddess of Discord into the assembly of the
+  gods. As we have already seen, he gave his decision in favour of
+  Aphrodite; thus creating for himself two implacable enemies, for Hera and
+  Athene never forgave the slight.</p>
+
+  <p>Paris became united to a beautiful nymph named &OElig;none, with whom
+  he lived happily in the seclusion and tranquillity of a pastoral life;
+  but to her deep grief this peaceful existence was not fated to be of long
+  duration.</p>
+
+  <p>Hearing that some funereal games were about to be held in Troy in
+  honour of a departed relative of the king, Paris resolved to visit the
+  capital and take part in them himself. There he so greatly distinguished
+  himself in a contest with his unknown brothers, Hector and Deiphobus,
+  that the proud young princes, enraged that an obscure shepherd should
+  snatch from them the prize of victory, were about to create a
+  disturbance, when Cassandra, who had been a spectator of the proceedings,
+  stepped forward, and announced to them that the humble peasant who had so
+  signally defeated them was their own <!-- Page 285 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page285"></a>[285]</span>brother Paris. He was
+  then conducted to the presence of his parents, who joyfully acknowledged
+  him as their child; and amidst the festivities and rejoicings in honour
+  of their new-found son the ominous prediction of the past was
+  forgotten.</p>
+
+  <p>As a proof of his confidence, the king now intrusted Paris with a
+  somewhat delicate mission. As we have already seen in the Legend of
+  Heracles, that great hero conquered Troy, and after killing king
+  Laomedon, carried away captive his beautiful daughter Hesione, whom he
+  bestowed in marriage on his friend Telamon. But although she became
+  princess of Salamis, and lived happily with her husband, her brother
+  Priam never ceased to regret her loss, and the indignity which had been
+  passed upon his house; and it was now proposed that Paris should be
+  equipped with a numerous fleet, and proceed to Greece in order to demand
+  the restoration of the king's sister.</p>
+
+  <p>Before setting out on this expedition, Paris was warned by Cassandra
+  against bringing home a wife from Greece, and she predicted that if he
+  disregarded her injunction he would bring inevitable ruin upon the city
+  of Troy, and destruction to the house of Priam.</p>
+
+  <p>Under the command of Paris the fleet set sail, and arrived safely in
+  Greece. Here the young Trojan prince first beheld Helen, the daughter of
+  Zeus and Leda, and sister of the Dioscuri, who was the wife of Menelaus,
+  king of Sparta, and the loveliest woman of her time. The most renowned
+  heroes in Greece had sought the honour of her hand; but her stepfather,
+  Tyndareus, king of Sparta, fearing that if he bestowed her in marriage on
+  one of her numerous lovers he would make enemies of the rest, made it a
+  stipulation that all suitors should solemnly swear to assist and defend
+  the successful candidate, with all the means at their command, in any
+  feud which might hereafter arise in connection with the marriage. He at
+  length conferred the hand of Helen upon Menelaus, a warlike prince,
+  devoted to martial exercises and the pleasures of the chase, to whom he
+  resigned his throne and kingdom.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 286 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page286"></a>[286]</span></p>
+
+  <p>When Paris arrived at Sparta, and sought hospitality at the royal
+  palace, he was kindly received by king Menelaus. At the banquet given in
+  his honour, he charmed both host and hostess by his graceful manner and
+  varied accomplishments, and specially ingratiated himself with the fair
+  Helen, to whom he presented some rare and chaste trinkets of Asiatic
+  manufacture.</p>
+
+  <p>Whilst Paris was still a guest at the court of the king of Sparta, the
+  latter received an invitation from his friend Idomeneus, king of Crete,
+  to join him in a hunting expedition; and Menelaus, being of an
+  unsuspicious and easy temperament, accepted the invitation, leaving to
+  Helen the duty of entertaining the distinguished stranger. Captivated by
+  her surpassing loveliness, the Trojan prince forgot every sense of honour
+  and duty, and resolved to rob his absent host of his beautiful wife. He
+  accordingly collected his followers, and with their assistance stormed
+  the royal castle, possessed himself of the rich treasures which it
+  contained, and succeeded in carrying off its beautiful, and not
+  altogether unwilling mistress.</p>
+
+  <p>They at once set sail, but were driven by stress of weather to the
+  island of Crania, where they cast anchor; and it was not until some years
+  had elapsed, during which time home and country were forgotten, that
+  Paris and Helen proceeded to Troy.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Preparations for the War.</b>&mdash;When Menelaus heard of the
+  violation of his hearth and home he proceeded to Pylos, accompanied by
+  his brother Agamemnon, in order to consult the wise old king Nestor, who
+  was renowned for his great experience and state-craft. On hearing the
+  facts of the case Nestor expressed it as his opinion that only by means
+  of the combined efforts of all the states of Greece could Menelaus hope
+  to regain Helen in defiance of so powerful a kingdom as that of Troy.</p>
+
+  <p>Menelaus and Agamemnon now raised the war-cry, which was unanimously
+  responded to from one end of Greece to the other. Many of those who
+  volunteered <!-- Page 287 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page287"></a>[287]</span>their services were former suitors of the
+  fair Helen, and were therefore bound by their oath to support the cause
+  of Menelaus; others joined from pure love of adventure, but one and all
+  were deeply impressed with the disgrace which would attach to their
+  country should such a crime be suffered to go unpunished. Thus a powerful
+  army was collected in which few names of note were missing.</p>
+
+  <p>Only in the case of two great heroes, Odysseus (Ulysses) and Achilles,
+  did Menelaus experience any difficulty.</p>
+
+  <p>Odysseus, famed for his wisdom and great astuteness, was at this time
+  living happily in Ithaca with his fair young wife Penelope and his little
+  son Telemachus, and was loath to leave his happy home for a perilous
+  foreign expedition of uncertain duration. When therefore his services
+  were solicited he feigned madness; but the shrewd Palamedes, a
+  distinguished hero in the suite of Menelaus, detected and exposed the
+  ruse, and thus Odysseus was forced to join in the war. But he never
+  forgave the interference of Palamedes, and, as we shall see, eventually
+  revenged himself upon him in a most cruel manner.</p>
+
+  <p>Achilles was the son of Peleus and the sea-goddess Thetis, who is said
+  to have dipped her son, when a babe, in the river Styx, and thereby
+  rendered him invulnerable, except in the right heel, by which she held
+  him. When the boy was nine years old it was foretold to Thetis that he
+  would either enjoy a long life of inglorious ease and inactivity, or that
+  after a brief career of victory he would die the death of a hero.
+  Naturally desirous of prolonging the life of her son, the fond mother
+  devoutly hoped that the former fate might be allotted to him. With this
+  view she conveyed him to the island of Scyros, in the Ægean Sea, where,
+  disguised as a girl, he was brought up among the daughters of Lycomedes,
+  king of the country.</p>
+
+  <p>Now that the presence of Achilles was required, owing to an oracular
+  prediction that Troy could not be taken without him, Menelaus consulted
+  Calchas the soothsayer, who revealed to him the place of his concealment.
+  Odysseus was accordingly despatched to Scyros, where, by <!-- Page 288
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page288"></a>[288]</span>means of a
+  clever device, he soon discovered which among the maidens was the object
+  of his search. Disguising himself as a merchant, Odysseus obtained an
+  introduction to the royal palace, where he offered to the king's
+  daughters various trinkets for sale. The girls, with one exception, all
+  examined his wares with unfeigned interest. Observing this circumstance
+  Odysseus shrewdly concluded that the one who held aloof must be none
+  other than the young Achilles himself. But in order further to test the
+  correctness of his deduction, he now exhibited a beautiful set of warlike
+  accoutrements, whilst, at a given signal, stirring strains of martial
+  music were heard outside; whereupon Achilles, fired with warlike ardour,
+  seized the weapons, and thus revealed his identity. He now joined the
+  cause of the Greeks, accompanied at the request of his father by his
+  kinsman Patroclus, and contributed to the expedition a large force of
+  Thessalian troops, or Myrmidons, as they were called, and also fifty
+  ships.</p>
+
+  <p>For ten long years Agamemnon and the other chiefs devoted all their
+  energy and means in preparing for the expedition against Troy. But during
+  these warlike preparations an attempt at a peaceful solution of the
+  difficulty was not neglected. An embassy consisting of Menelaus,
+  Odysseus, &amp;c., was despatched to king Priam demanding the surrender
+  of Helen; but though the embassy was received with the utmost pomp and
+  ceremony, the demand was nevertheless rejected; upon which the
+  ambassadors returned to Greece, and the order was given for the fleet to
+  assemble at Aulis, in B&oelig;otia.</p>
+
+  <p>Never before in the annals of Greece had so large an army been
+  collected. A hundred thousand warriors were assembled at Aulis, and in
+  its bay floated over a thousand ships, ready to convey them to the Trojan
+  coast. The command of this mighty host was intrusted to Agamemnon, king
+  of Argos, the most powerful of all the Greek princes.</p>
+
+  <p>Before the fleet set sail solemn sacrifices were offered to the gods
+  on the sea-shore, when suddenly a serpent was seen to ascend a
+  plane-tree, in which was a sparrow's <!-- Page 289 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page289"></a>[289]</span>nest containing nine
+  young ones. The reptile first devoured the young birds and then their
+  mother, after which it was turned by Zeus into stone. Calchas the
+  soothsayer, on being consulted, interpreted the miracle to signify that
+  the war with Troy would last for nine years, and that only in the tenth
+  would the city be taken.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Departure of the Greek Fleet.</b>&mdash;The fleet then set sail;
+  but mistaking the Mysian coast for that of Troy, they landed troops and
+  commenced to ravage the country. Telephus, king of the Mysians, who was a
+  son of the great hero Heracles, opposed them with a large army, and
+  succeeded in driving them back to their ships, but was himself wounded in
+  the engagement by the spear of Achilles. Patroclus, who fought valiantly
+  by the side of his kinsman, was also wounded in this battle; but
+  Achilles, who was a pupil of Chiron, carefully bound up the wound, which
+  he succeeded in healing; and from this incident dates the celebrated
+  friendship which ever after existed between the two heroes, who even in
+  death remained united.</p>
+
+  <p>The Greeks now returned to Aulis. Meanwhile, the wound of Telephus
+  proving incurable, he consulted an oracle, and the response was, that he
+  alone who had inflicted the wound possessed the power of curing it.
+  Telephus accordingly proceeded to the Greek camp, where he was healed by
+  Achilles, and, at the solicitation of Odysseus, consented to act as guide
+  in the voyage to Troy.</p>
+
+  <p>Just as the expedition was about to start for the second time,
+  Agamemnon had the misfortune to kill a hind sacred to Artemis, who, in
+  her anger, sent continuous calms, which prevented the fleet from setting
+  sail. Calchas on being consulted announced that the sacrifice of
+  Iphigenia, the daughter of Agamemnon, would alone appease the incensed
+  goddess. How Agamemnon at length overcame his feelings as a father, and
+  how Iphigenia was saved by Artemis herself, has been already related in a
+  previous chapter.</p>
+
+  <p>A fair wind having at length sprung up, the fleet <!-- Page 290
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page290"></a>[290]</span>once more set
+  sail. They first stopped at the island of Tenedos, where the famous
+  archer Philoctetes&mdash;who possessed the bow and arrows of Heracles,
+  given to him by the dying hero&mdash;was bitten in the foot by a venomous
+  snake. So unbearable was the odour emitted by the wound, that, at the
+  suggestion of Odysseus, Philoctetes was conveyed to the island of Lesbos,
+  where, to his great chagrin, he was abandoned to his fate, and the fleet
+  proceeded on their journey to Troy.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Commencement of Hostilities.</b>&mdash;Having received early
+  intelligence of the impending invasion of their country, the Trojans
+  sought the assistance of the neighbouring states, who all gallantly
+  responded to their call for help, and thus ample preparations were made
+  to receive the enemy. King Priam being himself too advanced in years for
+  active service, the command of the army devolved upon his eldest son, the
+  brave and valiant Hector.</p>
+
+  <p>At the approach of the Greek fleet the Trojans appeared on the coast
+  in order to prevent their landing. But great hesitation prevailed among
+  the troops as to who should be the first to set foot on the enemy's soil,
+  it having been predicted that whoever did so would fall a sacrifice to
+  the Fates. Protesilaus of Phylace, however, nobly disregarding the
+  ominous prediction, leaped on shore, and fell by the hand of Hector.</p>
+
+  <p>The Greeks then succeeded in effecting a landing, and in the
+  engagement which ensued the Trojans were signally defeated, and driven to
+  seek safety behind the walls of their city. With Achilles at their head
+  the Greeks now made a desperate attempt to take the city by storm, but
+  were repulsed with terrible losses. After this defeat the invaders,
+  foreseeing a long and wearisome campaign, drew up their ships on land,
+  erected tents, huts, &amp;c., and formed an intrenched camp on the
+  coast.</p>
+
+  <p>Between the Greek camp and the city of Troy was a plain watered by the
+  rivers Scamander and Simois, and it was on this plain, afterwards so
+  renowned in history, <!-- Page 291 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page291"></a>[291]</span>that the ever memorable battles between
+  the Greeks and Trojans were fought.</p>
+
+  <p>The impossibility of taking the city by storm was now recognized by
+  the leaders of the Greek forces. The Trojans, on their side, being less
+  numerous than the enemy, dared not venture on a great battle in the open
+  field; hence the war dragged on for many weary years without any decisive
+  engagement taking place.</p>
+
+  <p>It was about this time that Odysseus carried out his long meditated
+  revenge against Palamedes. Palamedes was one of the wisest, most
+  energetic, and most upright of all the Greek heroes, and it was in
+  consequence of his unflagging zeal and wonderful eloquence that most of
+  the chiefs had been induced to join the expedition. But the very
+  qualities which endeared him to the hearts of his countrymen rendered him
+  hateful in the eyes of his implacable enemy, Odysseus, who never forgave
+  his having detected his scheme to avoid joining the army.</p>
+
+  <p>In order to effect the ruin of Palamedes, Odysseus concealed in his
+  tent a vast sum of money. He next wrote a letter, purporting to be from
+  king Priam to Palamedes, in which the former thanked the Greek hero
+  effusively for the valuable information received from him, referring at
+  the same time to a large sum of money which he had sent to him as a
+  reward. This letter, which was found upon the person of a Phrygian
+  prisoner, was read aloud in a council of the Greek princes. Palamedes was
+  arraigned before the chiefs of the army and accused of betraying his
+  country to the enemy, whereupon a search was instituted, and a large sum
+  of money being found in his tent, he was pronounced guilty and sentenced
+  to be stoned to death. Though fully aware of the base treachery practised
+  against him, Palamedes offered not a word in self-defence, knowing but
+  too well that, in the face of such damning evidence, the attempt to prove
+  his innocence would be vain.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Defection of Achilles.</b>&mdash;During the first year of the
+  campaign the Greeks ravaged the surrounding country, <!-- Page 292
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page292"></a>[292]</span>and pillaged
+  the neighbouring villages. Upon one of these foraging expeditions the
+  city of Pedasus was sacked, and Agamemnon, as commander-in-chief,
+  received as his share of the spoil the beautiful Chrysëis, daughter of
+  Chryses, the priest of Apollo; whilst to Achilles was allotted another
+  captive, the fair Brisëis. The following day Chryses, anxious to ransom
+  his daughter, repaired to the Greek camp; but Agamemnon refused to accede
+  to his proposal, and with rude and insulting words drove the old man
+  away. Full of grief at the loss of his child Chryses called upon Apollo
+  for vengeance on her captor. His prayer was heard, and the god sent a
+  dreadful pestilence which raged for ten days in the camp of the Greeks.
+  Achilles at length called together a council, and inquired of Calchas the
+  soothsayer how to arrest this terrible visitation of the gods. The seer
+  replied that Apollo, incensed at the insult offered to his priest, had
+  sent the plague, and that only by the surrender of Chrysëis could his
+  anger be appeased.</p>
+
+  <p>On hearing this Agamemnon agreed to resign the maiden; but being
+  already embittered against Calchas for his prediction with regard to his
+  own daughter Iphigenia, he now heaped insults upon the soothsayer and
+  accused him of plotting against his interests. Achilles espoused the
+  cause of Calchas, and a violent dispute arose, in which the son of Thetis
+  would have killed his chief but for the timely interference of
+  Pallas-Athene, who suddenly appeared beside him, unseen by the rest, and
+  recalled him to a sense of the duty he owed to his commander. Agamemnon
+  revenged himself on Achilles by depriving him of his beautiful captive,
+  the fair Brisëis, who had become so attached to her kind and noble captor
+  that she wept bitterly on being removed from his charge. Achilles, now
+  fairly disgusted with the ungenerous conduct of his chief, withdrew
+  himself to his tent, and obstinately declined to take further part in the
+  war.</p>
+
+  <p>Heart-sore and dejected he repaired to the sea-shore, and there
+  invoked the presence of his divine mother. In answer to his prayer Thetis
+  emerged from beneath <!-- Page 293 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page293"></a>[293]</span>the waves, and comforted her gallant son
+  with the assurance that she would entreat the mighty Zeus to avenge his
+  wrongs by giving victory to the Trojans, so that the Greeks might learn
+  to realize the great loss which they had sustained by his withdrawal from
+  the army. The Trojans being informed by one of their spies of the
+  defection of Achilles, became emboldened by the absence of this brave and
+  intrepid leader, whom they feared above all the other Greek heroes; they
+  accordingly sallied forth, and made a bold and eminently successful
+  attack upon the Greeks, who, although they most bravely and obstinately
+  defended their position, were completely routed, and driven back to their
+  intrenchments, Agamemnon and most of the other Greek leaders being
+  wounded in the engagement.</p>
+
+  <p>Encouraged by this marked and signal success the Trojans now commenced
+  to besiege the Greeks in their own camp. At this juncture Agamemnon,
+  seeing the danger which threatened the army, sunk for the moment all
+  personal grievances, and despatched an embassy to Achilles consisting of
+  many noble and distinguished chiefs, urgently entreating him to come to
+  the assistance of his countrymen in this their hour of peril; promising
+  that not only should the fair Brisëis be restored to him, but also that
+  the hand of his own daughter should be bestowed on him in marriage, with
+  seven towns as her dowry. But the obstinate determination of the proud
+  hero was not to be moved; and though he listened courteously to the
+  arguments and representations of the messengers of Agamemnon, his
+  resolution to take no further part in the war remained unshaken.</p>
+
+  <p>In one of the engagements which took place soon afterwards, the
+  Trojans, under the command of Hector, penetrated into the heart of the
+  Greek camp, and had already commenced to burn their ships, when
+  Patroclus, seeing the distress of his countrymen, earnestly besought
+  Achilles to send him to the rescue at the head of the Myrmidons. The
+  better nature of the hero prevailed, and he not only intrusted to his
+  friend the command of <!-- Page 294 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page294"></a>[294]</span>his brave band of warriors, but lent him
+  also his own suit of armour.</p>
+
+  <p>Patroclus having mounted the war-chariot of the hero, Achilles lifted
+  on high a golden goblet and poured out a libation of wine to the gods,
+  accompanied by an earnest petition for victory, and the safe return of
+  his beloved comrade. As a parting injunction he warned Patroclus against
+  advancing too far into the territory of the enemy, and entreated him to
+  be content with rescuing the galleys.</p>
+
+  <p>At the head of the Myrmidons Patroclus now made a desperate attack
+  upon the enemy, who, thinking that the invincible Achilles was himself in
+  command of his battalions, became disheartened, and were put to flight.
+  Patroclus followed up his victory and pursued the Trojans as far as the
+  walls of their city, altogether forgetting in the excitement of battle
+  the injunction of his friend Achilles. But his temerity cost the young
+  hero his life, for he now encountered the mighty Hector himself, and fell
+  by his hands. Hector stripped the armour from his dead foe, and would
+  have dragged the body into the city had not Menelaus and Ajax the Greater
+  rushed forward, and after a long and fierce struggle succeeded in
+  rescuing it from desecration.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Death of Hector.</b>&mdash;And now came the mournful task of
+  informing Achilles of the fate of his friend. He wept bitterly over the
+  dead body of his comrade, and solemnly vowed that the funereal rites
+  should not be solemnized in his honour until he had slain Hector with his
+  own hands, and captured twelve Trojans to be immolated on his funeral
+  pyre. All other considerations vanished before the burning desire to
+  avenge the death of his friend; and Achilles, now thoroughly aroused from
+  his apathy, became reconciled to Agamemnon, and rejoined the Greek army.
+  At the request of the goddess Thetis, Hephæstus forged for him a new suit
+  of armour, which far surpassed in magnificence that of all the other
+  heroes.</p>
+
+  <p>Thus gloriously arrayed he was soon seen striding <!-- Page 295
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page295"></a>[295]</span>along, calling
+  the Greeks to arms. He now led the troops against the enemy, who were
+  defeated and put to flight until, near the gates of the city, Achilles
+  and Hector encountered each other. But here, for the first time
+  throughout his whole career, the courage of the Trojan hero deserted him.
+  At the near approach of his redoubtable antagonist he turned and fled for
+  his life. Achilles pursued him; and thrice round the walls of the city
+  was the terrible race run, in sight of the old king and queen, who had
+  mounted the walls to watch the battle. Hector endeavoured, during each
+  course, to reach the city gates, so that his comrades might open them to
+  admit him or cover him with their missiles; but his adversary, seeing his
+  design, forced him into the open plain, at the same time calling to his
+  friends to hurl no spear upon his foe, but to leave to him the vengeance
+  he had so long panted for. At length, wearied with the hot pursuit,
+  Hector made a stand and challenged his foe to single combat. A desperate
+  encounter took place, in which Hector succumbed to his powerful adversary
+  at the Scæan gate; and with his last dying breath the Trojan hero
+  foretold to his conqueror that he himself would soon perish on the same
+  spot.</p>
+
+  <p>The infuriated victor bound the lifeless corse of his fallen foe to
+  his chariot, and dragged it three times round the city walls and thence
+  to the Greek camp. Overwhelmed with horror at this terrible scene the
+  aged parents of Hector uttered such heart-rending cries of anguish that
+  they reached the ears of Andromache, his faithful wife, who, rushing to
+  the walls, beheld the dead body of her husband, bound to the conqueror's
+  car.</p>
+
+  <p>Achilles now solemnized the funereal rites in honour of his friend
+  Patroclus. The dead body of the hero was borne to the funeral pile by the
+  Myrmidons in full panoply. His dogs and horses were then slain to
+  accompany him, in case he should need them in the realm of shades; after
+  which Achilles, in fulfilment of his savage vow, slaughtered twelve brave
+  Trojan captives, who were <!-- Page 296 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page296"></a>[296]</span>laid on the funeral pyre, which was now
+  lighted. When all was consumed the bones of Patroclus were carefully
+  collected and inclosed in a golden urn. Then followed the funereal games,
+  which consisted of chariot-races, fighting with the cestus (a sort of
+  boxing-glove), wrestling matches, foot-races, and single combats with
+  shield and spear, in all of which the most distinguished heroes took
+  part, and contended for the prizes.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Penthesilea.</b>&mdash;After the death of Hector, their great hope
+  and bulwark, the Trojans did not venture beyond the walls of their city.
+  But soon their hopes were revived by the appearance of a powerful army of
+  Amazons under the command of their queen Penthesilea, a daughter of Ares,
+  whose great ambition was to measure swords with the renowned Achilles
+  himself, and to avenge the death of the valiant Hector.</p>
+
+  <p>Hostilities now recommenced in the open plain. Penthesilea led the
+  Trojan host; the Greeks on their side being under the command of Achilles
+  and Ajax. Whilst the latter succeeded in putting the enemy to flight,
+  Achilles was challenged by Penthesilea to single combat. With heroic
+  courage she went forth to the fight; but even the strongest men failed
+  before the power of the great Achilles, and though a daughter of Ares,
+  Penthesilea was but a woman. With generous chivalry the hero endeavoured
+  to spare the brave and beautiful maiden-warrior, and only when his own
+  life was in imminent danger did he make a serious effort to vanquish his
+  enemy, when Penthesilea shared the fate of all who ventured to oppose the
+  spear of Achilles, and fell by his hand.</p>
+
+  <p>Feeling herself fatally wounded, she remembered the desecration of the
+  dead body of Hector, and earnestly entreated the forbearance of the hero.
+  But the petition was hardly necessary, for Achilles, full of compassion
+  for his brave but unfortunate adversary, lifted her gently from the
+  ground, and she expired in his arms.</p>
+
+  <p>On beholding the dead body of their leader in the <!-- Page 297
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page297"></a>[297]</span>possession of
+  Achilles, the Amazons and Trojans prepared for a fresh attack in order to
+  wrest it from his hands; but observing their purpose, Achilles stepped
+  forward and loudly called upon them to halt. Then in a few well-chosen
+  words he praised the great valour and intrepidity of the fallen queen,
+  and expressed his willingness to resign the body at once.</p>
+
+  <p>The chivalrous conduct of Achilles was fully appreciated by both
+  Greeks and Trojans. Thersites alone, a base and cowardly wretch,
+  attributed unworthy motives to the gracious proceedings of the hero; and,
+  not content with these insinuations, he savagely pierced with his lance
+  the dead body of the Amazonian queen; whereupon Achilles, with one blow
+  of his powerful arm, felled him to the ground, and killed him on the
+  spot.</p>
+
+  <p>The well-merited death of Thersites excited no commiseration, but his
+  kinsman Diomedes came forward and claimed compensation for the murder of
+  his relative; and as Agamemnon, who, as commander-in-chief, might easily
+  have settled the difficulty, refrained from interfering, the proud nature
+  of Achilles resented the implied condemnation of his conduct, and he once
+  more abandoned the Greek army and took ship for Lesbos. Odysseus,
+  however, followed him to the island, and, with his usual tact, succeeded
+  in inducing the hero to return to the camp.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Death of Achilles.</b>&mdash;A new ally of the Trojans now appeared
+  on the field in the person of Memnon, the Æthiopian, a son of Eos and
+  Tithonus, who brought with him a powerful reinforcement of negroes.
+  Memnon was the first opponent who had yet encountered Achilles on an
+  equal footing; for like the great hero himself he was the son of a
+  goddess, and possessed also, like Achilles, a suit of armour made for him
+  by Hephæstus.</p>
+
+  <p>Before the heroes encountered each other in single combat, the two
+  goddesses, Thetis and Eos, hastened to Olympus to intercede with its
+  mighty ruler for the life of their sons. Resolved even in this instance
+  not to act in opposition to the Moiræ, Zeus seized the golden scales <!--
+  Page 298 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page298"></a>[298]</span>in
+  which he weighed the lot of mortals, and placed in it the respective
+  fates of the two heroes, whereupon that of Memnon weighed down the
+  balance, thus portending his death.</p>
+
+  <p>Eos abandoned Olympus in despair. Arrived on the battlefield she
+  beheld the lifeless body of her son, who, after a long and brave defence,
+  had at length succumbed to the all-conquering arm of Achilles. At her
+  command her children, the Winds, flew down to the plain, and seizing the
+  body of the slain hero conveyed it through the air safe from the
+  desecration of the enemy.</p>
+
+  <p>The triumph of Achilles was not of long duration. Intoxicated with
+  success he attempted, at the head of the Greek army, to storm the city of
+  Troy, when Paris, by the aid of Ph&oelig;bus-Apollo, aimed a
+  well-directed dart at the hero, which pierced his vulnerable heel, and he
+  fell to the ground fatally wounded before the Scæan gate. But though face
+  to face with death, the intrepid hero, raising himself from the ground,
+  still performed prodigies of valour, and not until his tottering limbs
+  refused their office was the enemy aware that the wound was mortal.</p>
+
+  <p>By the combined efforts of Ajax and Odysseus the body of Achilles was
+  wrested from the enemy after a long and terrible fight, and conveyed to
+  the Greek camp. Weeping bitterly over the untimely fate of her gallant
+  son, Thetis came to embrace him for the last time, and mingled her
+  regrets and lamentations with those of the whole Greek army. The funeral
+  pyre was then lighted, and the voices of the Muses were heard chanting
+  his funeral dirge. When, according to the custom of the ancients, the
+  body had been burned on the pyre, the bones of the hero were collected,
+  inclosed in a golden urn, and deposited beside the remains of his beloved
+  friend Patroclus.</p>
+
+  <p>In the funereal games celebrated in honour of the fallen hero, the
+  property of her son was offered by Thetis as the prize of victory. But it
+  was unanimously agreed that the beautiful suit of armour made by
+  Hephæstus should be awarded to him who had contributed the most to the
+  <!-- Page 299 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page299"></a>[299]</span>rescue of the body from the hands of the
+  enemy. Popular opinion unanimously decided in favour of Odysseus, which
+  verdict was confirmed by the Trojan prisoners who were present at the
+  engagement. Unable to endure the slight, the unfortunate Ajax lost his
+  reason, and in this condition put an end to his existence.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Final Measures.</b>&mdash;Thus were the Greeks deprived at one and
+  the same time of their bravest and most powerful leader, and of him also
+  who approached the nearest to this distinction. For a time operations
+  were at a standstill, until Odysseus at length, contrived by means of a
+  cleverly-arranged ambush to capture Helenus, the son of Priam. Like his
+  sister Cassandra, Helenus possessed the gift of prophecy, and the
+  unfortunate youth was now coerced by Odysseus into using this gift
+  against the welfare of his native city.</p>
+
+  <p>The Greeks learned from the Trojan prince that three conditions were
+  indispensable to the conquest of Troy:&mdash;In the first place the son
+  of Achilles must fight in their ranks; secondly, the arrows of Heracles
+  must be used against the enemy; and thirdly, they must obtain possession
+  of the wooden image of Pallas-Athene, the famous Palladium of Troy.</p>
+
+  <p>The first condition was easily fulfilled. Ever ready to serve the
+  interests of the community, Odysseus repaired to the island of Scyros,
+  where he found Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles. Having succeeded in
+  arousing the ambition of the fiery youth, he generously resigned to him
+  the magnificent armour of his father, and then conveyed him to the Greek
+  camp, where he immediately distinguished himself in single combat with
+  Eurypylus, the son of Telephus, who had come to the aid of the
+  Trojans.</p>
+
+  <p>To procure the poison-dipped arrows of Heracles was a matter of
+  greater difficulty. They were still in the possession of the
+  much-aggrieved Philoctetes, who had remained in the island of Lemnos, his
+  wound still unhealed, suffering the most abject misery. But the <!-- Page
+  300 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page300"></a>[300]</span>judicious
+  zeal of the indefatigable and ever-active Odysseus, who was accompanied
+  in this undertaking by Diomedes, at length gained the day, and he induced
+  Philoctetes to accompany him to the camp, where the skilful leech
+  Machaon, the son of Asclepias, healed him of his wound.</p>
+
+  <p>Philoctetes became reconciled to Agamemnon, and in an engagement which
+  took place soon after, he mortally wounded Paris, the son of Priam. But
+  though pierced by the fatal arrow of the demi-god, death did not
+  immediately ensue; and Paris, calling to mind the prediction of an
+  oracle, that his deserted wife &OElig;none could alone cure him if
+  wounded, caused himself to be transported to her abode on Mount Ida,
+  where he implored her by the memory of their past love to save his life.
+  But mindful only of her wrongs, &OElig;none crushed out of her heart
+  every womanly feeling of pity and compassion, and sternly bade him
+  depart. Soon, however, all her former affection for her husband awoke
+  within her. With frantic haste she followed him; but on her arrival in
+  the city she found the dead body of Paris already laid on the lighted
+  funeral pile, and, in her remorse and despair, &OElig;none threw herself
+  on the lifeless form of her husband and perished in the flames.</p>
+
+  <p>The Trojans were now shut up within their walls and closely besieged;
+  but the third and most difficult condition being still unfulfilled, all
+  efforts to take the city were unavailing. In this emergency the wise and
+  devoted Odysseus came once more to the aid of his comrades. Having
+  disfigured himself with self-inflicted wounds, he assumed the disguise of
+  a wretched old mendicant, and then crept stealthily into the city in
+  order to discover where the Palladium was preserved. He succeeded in his
+  object, and was recognized by no one save the fair Helen, who after the
+  death of Paris had been given in marriage to his brother Deiphobus. But
+  since death had robbed her of her lover, the heart of the Greek princess
+  had turned yearningly towards her native country and her husband
+  Menelaus, and Odysseus now found in her a most unlooked-for ally. On his
+  return to the camp <!-- Page 301 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page301"></a>[301]</span>Odysseus called to his aid the valiant
+  Diomedes, and with his assistance the perilous task of abstracting the
+  Palladium from its sacred precincts was, after some difficulty,
+  effected.</p>
+
+  <p>The conditions of conquest being now fulfilled, a council was called
+  to decide on final proceedings. Epeios, a Greek sculptor, who had
+  accompanied the expedition, was desired to construct a colossal wooden
+  horse large enough to contain a number of able and distinguished heroes.
+  On its completion a band of warriors concealed themselves within,
+  whereupon the Greek army broke up their camp, and then set fire to it, as
+  though, wearied of the long and tedious ten years' siege, they had
+  abandoned the enterprise as hopeless.</p>
+
+  <p>Accompanied by Agamemnon and the sage Nestor, the fleet set sail for
+  the island of Tenedos, where they cast anchor, anxiously awaiting the
+  torch signal to hasten back to the Trojan coast.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Destruction of Troy.</b>&mdash;When the Trojans saw the enemy
+  depart, and the Greek camp in flames, they believed themselves safe at
+  last, and streamed in great numbers out of the town in order to view the
+  site where the Greeks had so long encamped. Here they found the gigantic
+  wooden horse, which they examined with wondering curiosity, various
+  opinions being expressed with regard to its utility. Some supposed it to
+  be an engine of war, and were in favour of destroying it, others regarded
+  it as a sacred idol, and proposed that it should be brought into the
+  city. Two circumstances which now occurred induced the Trojans to incline
+  towards the latter opinion.</p>
+
+  <p>Chief among those who suspected a treacherous design in this huge
+  contrivance was Laocoon, a priest of Apollo, who, in company with his two
+  young sons, had issued from the city with the Trojans in order to offer a
+  sacrifice to the gods. With all the eloquence at his command he urged his
+  countrymen not to place confidence in any gift of the Greeks, and even
+  went so far as to pierce the <!-- Page 302 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page302"></a>[302]</span>side of the horse with a spear which he
+  took from a warrior beside him, whereupon the arms of the heroes were
+  heard to rattle. The hearts of the brave men concealed inside the horse
+  quailed within them, and they had already given themselves up for lost,
+  when Pallas-Athene, who ever watched over the cause of the Greeks, now
+  came to their aid, and a miracle occurred in order to blind and deceive
+  the devoted Trojans;&mdash;for the fall of Troy was decreed by the
+  gods.</p>
+
+  <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <a href="images/0302-1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/0302-1.png"
+      alt="Laocoon and his sons" title="Laocoon and his sons" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Whilst Laocoon with his two sons stood prepared to perform the
+  sacrifice, two enormous serpents suddenly rose out of the sea, and made
+  direct for the altar. They entwined themselves first round the tender
+  limbs of the helpless youths, and then encircled their father who rushed
+  to their assistance, and thus all three were destroyed in sight of the
+  horrified multitude. The Trojans naturally interpreted the fate of
+  Laocoon and his sons to be a punishment sent by Zeus for his sacrilege
+  against the wooden horse, and were now fully convinced that it must be
+  consecrated to the gods.</p>
+
+  <p>The crafty Odysseus had left behind his trusty friend Sinon with full
+  instructions as to his course of action. Assuming the rôle assigned to
+  him, he now approached king Priam with fettered hands and piteous
+  entreaties, alleging that the Greeks, in obedience to the command of an
+  oracle, had attempted to immolate him as a sacrifice; but that he had
+  contrived to escape from their hands, and now sought protection from the
+  king.</p>
+
+  <p>The kind-hearted monarch, believing his story, released <!-- Page 303
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page303"></a>[303]</span>his bonds,
+  assured him of his favour, and then begged him to explain the true
+  meaning of the wooden horse. Sinon willingly complied. He informed the
+  king that Pallas-Athene, who had hitherto been the hope and stay of the
+  Greeks throughout the war, was so deeply offended at the removal of her
+  sacred image, the Palladium, from her temple in Troy, that she had
+  withdrawn her protection from the Greeks, and refused all further aid
+  till it was restored to its rightful place. Hence the Greeks had returned
+  home in order to seek fresh instructions from an oracle. But before
+  leaving, Calchas the seer had advised their building this gigantic wooden
+  horse as a tribute to the offended goddess, hoping thereby to appease her
+  just anger. He further explained that it had been constructed of such
+  colossal proportions in order to prevent its being brought into the city,
+  so that the favour of Pallas-Athene might not be transferred to the
+  Trojans.</p>
+
+  <p>Hardly had the crafty Sinon ceased speaking when the Trojans, with one
+  accord, urged that the wooden horse should be brought into their city
+  without delay. The gates being too low to admit its entrance, a breach
+  was made in the walls, and the horse was conveyed in triumph into the
+  very heart of Troy; whereupon the Trojans, overjoyed at what they deemed
+  the successful issue of the campaign, abandoned themselves to feasting
+  and rioting.</p>
+
+  <p>Amidst the universal rejoicing the unhappy Cassandra, foreseeing the
+  result of the admission of the wooden horse into the city, was seen
+  rushing through the streets with wild gestures and dishevelled hair,
+  warning her people against the dangers which awaited them. But her
+  eloquent words fell on deaf ears; for it was ever the fate of the
+  unfortunate prophetess that her predictions should find no credence.</p>
+
+  <p>When, after the day's excitement, the Trojans had retired to rest, and
+  all was hushed and silent, Sinon, in the dead of night, released the
+  heroes from their voluntary imprisonment. The signal was then given to
+  the Greek fleet lying off Tenedos, and the whole army in unbroken silence
+  once more landed on the Trojan coast. <!-- Page 304 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page304"></a>[304]</span></p>
+
+  <p>To enter the city was now an easy matter, and a fearful slaughter
+  ensued. Aroused from their slumbers, the Trojans, under the command of
+  their bravest leaders, made a gallant defence, but were easily overcome.
+  All their most valiant heroes fell in the fight, and soon the whole city
+  was wrapt in flames.</p>
+
+  <p>Priam fell by the hand of Neoptolemus, who killed him as he lay
+  prostrate before the altar of Zeus, praying for divine assistance in this
+  awful hour of peril. The unfortunate Andromache with her young son
+  Astyanax had taken refuge on the summit of a tower, where she was
+  discovered by the victors, who, fearing lest the son of Hector might one
+  day rise against them to avenge the death of his father, tore him from
+  her arms and hurled him over the battlements.</p>
+
+  <p>Æneas alone, the son of Aphrodite, the beloved of gods and men,
+  escaped the universal carnage with his son and his old father Anchises,
+  whom he carried on his shoulders out of the city. He first sought refuge
+  on Mount Ida, and afterwards fled to Italy, where he became the ancestral
+  hero of the Roman people.</p>
+
+  <p>Menelaus now sought Helen in the royal palace, who, being immortal,
+  still retained all her former beauty and fascination. A reconciliation
+  took place, and she accompanied her husband on his homeward voyage.
+  Andromache, the widow of the brave Hector, was given in marriage to
+  Neoptolemus, Cassandra fell to the share of Agamemnon, and Hecuba, the
+  gray-haired and widowed queen, was made prisoner by Odysseus.</p>
+
+  <p>The boundless treasures of the wealthy Trojan king fell into the hands
+  of the Greek heroes, who, after having levelled the city of Troy to the
+  ground, prepared for their homeward voyage.</p>
+
+<h3>RETURN OF THE GREEKS FROM TROY.</h3>
+
+  <p>During the sacking of the city of Troy the Greeks, in the hour of
+  victory, committed many acts of desecration and cruelty, which called
+  down upon them the wrath of the <!-- Page 305 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page305"></a>[305]</span>gods, for which reason their homeward
+  voyage was beset with manifold dangers and disasters, and many perished
+  before they reached their native land.</p>
+
+  <p>Nestor, Diomedes, Philoctetes, and Neoptolemus were among those who
+  arrived safely in Greece after a prosperous voyage. The vessel which
+  carried Menelaus and Helen was driven by violent tempests to the coast of
+  Egypt, and only after many years of weary wanderings and vicissitudes did
+  they succeed in reaching their home at Sparta.</p>
+
+  <p>Ajax the Lesser having offended Pallas-Athene by desecrating her
+  temple on the night of the destruction of Troy, was shipwrecked off Cape
+  Caphareus. He succeeded, however, in clinging to a rock, and his life
+  might have been spared but for his impious boast that he needed not the
+  help of the gods. No sooner had he uttered the sacrilegious words than
+  Poseidon, enraged at his audacity, split with his trident the rock to
+  which the hero was clinging, and the unfortunate Ajax was overwhelmed by
+  the waves.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Fate of Agamemnon.</b>&mdash;The homeward voyage of Agamemnon was
+  tolerably uneventful and prosperous; but on his arrival at Mycenæ
+  misfortune and ruin awaited him.</p>
+
+  <p>His wife Clytemnestra, in revenge for the sacrifice of her beloved
+  daughter Iphigenia, had formed a secret alliance during his absence with
+  Ægisthus, the son of Thyestes, and on the return of Agamemnon they both
+  conspired to compass his destruction. Clytemnestra feigned the greatest
+  joy on beholding her husband, and in spite of the urgent warnings of
+  Cassandra, who was now a captive in his train, he received her
+  protestations of affection with the most trusting confidence. In her
+  well-assumed anxiety for the comfort of the weary traveller, she prepared
+  a warm bath for his refreshment, and at a given signal from the
+  treacherous queen, Ægisthus, who was concealed in an adjoining chamber,
+  rushed upon the defenceless hero and slew him. <!-- Page 306 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page306"></a>[306]</span></p>
+
+  <p>During the massacre of the retainers of Agamemnon which followed, his
+  daughter Electra, with great presence of mind, contrived to save her
+  young brother Orestes. He fled for refuge to his uncle Strophius, king of
+  Phocis, who educated him with his own son Pylades, and an ardent
+  friendship sprung up between the youths, which, from its constancy and
+  disinterestedness, has become proverbial.</p>
+
+  <p>As Orestes grew up to manhood, his one great all-absorbing desire was
+  to avenge the death of his father. Accompanied by his faithful friend
+  Pylades, he repaired in disguise to Mycenæ, where Ægisthus and
+  Clytemnestra reigned conjointly over the kingdom of Argos. In order to
+  disarm suspicion he had taken the precaution to despatch a messenger to
+  Clytemnestra, purporting to be sent by king Strophius, to announce to her
+  the untimely death of her son Orestes through an accident during a
+  chariot-race at Delphi.</p>
+
+  <p>Arrived at Mycenæ, he found his sister Electra so overwhelmed with
+  grief at the news of her brother's death that to her he revealed his
+  identity. When he heard from her lips how cruelly she had been treated by
+  her mother, and how joyfully the news of his demise had been received,
+  his long pent-up passion completely overpowered him, and rushing into the
+  presence of the king and queen, he first pierced Clytemnestra to the
+  heart, and afterwards her guilty partner.</p>
+
+  <p>But the crime of murdering his own mother was not long unavenged by
+  the gods. Hardly was the fatal act committed when the Furies appeared and
+  unceasingly pursued the unfortunate Orestes wherever he went. In this
+  wretched plight he sought refuge in the temple of Delphi, where he
+  earnestly besought Apollo to release him from his cruel tormentors. The
+  god commanded him, in expiation of his crime, to repair to
+  Taurica-Chersonnesus and convey the statue of Artemis from thence to the
+  kingdom of Attica, an expedition fraught with extreme peril. We have
+  already seen in a former chapter how Orestes escaped the fate which
+  befell all strangers <!-- Page 307 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page307"></a>[307]</span>who landed on the Taurian coast, and how,
+  with the aid of his sister Iphigenia, the priestess of the temple, he
+  succeeded in conveying the statue of the goddess to his native
+  country.</p>
+
+  <p>But the Furies did not so easily relinquish their prey, and only by
+  means of the interposition of the just and powerful goddess Pallas-Athene
+  was Orestes finally liberated from their persecution. His peace of mind
+  being at length restored, Orestes assumed the government of the kingdom
+  of Argos, and became united to the beautiful Hermione, daughter of Helen
+  and Menelaus. On his faithful friend Pylades he bestowed the hand of his
+  beloved sister, the good and faithful Electra.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Homeward Voyage of Odysseus.</b>&mdash;With his twelve ships laden
+  with enormous treasures, captured during the sacking of Troy, Odysseus
+  set sail with a light heart for his rocky island home of Ithaca. At
+  length the happy hour had arrived which for ten long years the hero had
+  so anxiously awaited, and he little dreamt that ten more must elapse
+  before he would be permitted by the Fates to clasp to his heart his
+  beloved wife and child.</p>
+
+  <p>During his homeward voyage his little fleet was driven by stress of
+  weather to a land whose inhabitants subsisted entirely on a curious plant
+  called the lotus, which was sweet as honey to the taste, but had the
+  effect of causing utter oblivion of home and country, and of creating an
+  irresistible longing to remain for ever in the land of the lotus-eaters.
+  Odysseus and his companions were hospitably received by the inhabitants,
+  who regaled them freely with their peculiar and very delicious food;
+  after partaking of which, however, the comrades of the hero refused to
+  leave the country, and it was only by sheer force that he at length
+  succeeded in bringing them back to their ships.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Polyphemus.</b>&mdash;Continuing their journey, they next arrived
+  at the country of the Cyclops, a race of giants remarkable for having
+  only one eye, which was placed in the centre of their foreheads. Here
+  Odysseus, whose love of adventure overcame more prudent considerations,
+  <!-- Page 308 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page308"></a>[308]</span>left his fleet safely anchored in the bay
+  of a neighbouring island, and with twelve chosen companions set out to
+  explore the country.</p>
+
+  <p>Near the shore they found a vast cave, into which they boldly entered.
+  In the interior they saw to their surprise huge piles of cheese and great
+  pails of milk ranged round the walls. After partaking freely of these
+  provisions his companions endeavoured to persuade Odysseus to return to
+  the ship; but the hero being curious to make the acquaintance of the
+  owner of this extraordinary abode, ordered them to remain and await his
+  pleasure.</p>
+
+  <p>Towards evening a fierce giant made his appearance, bearing an
+  enormous load of wood upon his shoulders, and driving before him a large
+  flock of sheep. This was Polyphemus, the son of Poseidon, the owner of
+  the cave. After all his sheep had entered, the giant rolled before the
+  entrance to the cave an enormous rock, which the combined strength of a
+  hundred men would have been powerless to move.</p>
+
+  <p>Having kindled a fire of great logs of pine-wood he was about to
+  prepare his supper when the flames revealed to him, in a corner of the
+  cavern, its new occupants, who now came forward and informed him that
+  they were shipwrecked mariners, and claimed his hospitality in the name
+  of Zeus. But the fierce monster railed at the great ruler of
+  Olympus&mdash;for the lawless Cyclops knew no fear of the gods&mdash;and
+  hardly vouchsafed a reply to the demand of the hero. To the consternation
+  of Odysseus the giant seized two of his companions, and, after dashing
+  them to the ground, consumed their remains, washing down the ghastly meal
+  with huge draughts of milk. He then stretched his gigantic limbs on the
+  ground, and soon fell fast asleep beside the fire.</p>
+
+  <p>Thinking the opportunity a favourable one to rid himself and his
+  companions of their terrible enemy, Odysseus drew his sword, and,
+  creeping stealthily forward, was about to slay the giant when he suddenly
+  remembered that the aperture of the cave was effectually closed by the
+  immense rock, which rendered egress impossible. He <!-- Page 309 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page309"></a>[309]</span>therefore wisely
+  determined to wait until the following day, and set his wits to work in
+  the meantime to devise a scheme by which he and his companions might make
+  their escape.</p>
+
+  <p>When, early next morning, the giant awoke, two more unfortunate
+  companions of the hero were seized by him and devoured; after which
+  Polyphemus leisurely drove out his flock, taking care to secure the
+  entrance of the cave as before.</p>
+
+  <p>Next evening the giant devoured two more of his victims, and when he
+  had finished his revolting meal Odysseus stepped forward and presented
+  him with a large measure of wine which he had brought with him from his
+  ship in a goat's skin. Delighted with the delicious beverage the giant
+  inquired the name of the donor. Odysseus replied that his name was Noman,
+  whereupon Polyphemus, graciously announced that he would evince his
+  gratitude by eating him the last.</p>
+
+  <p>The monster, thoroughly overcome with the powerful old liquor, soon
+  fell into a heavy sleep, and Odysseus lost no time in putting his plans
+  into execution. He had cut during the day a large piece of the giant's
+  own olive-staff, which he now heated in the fire, and, aided by his
+  companions, thrust it into the eye-ball of Polyphemus, and in this manner
+  effectually blinded him.</p>
+
+  <p>The giant made the cave resound with his howls of pain and rage. His
+  cries being heard by his brother Cyclops, who lived in caves not far
+  distant from his own, they soon came trooping over the hills from all
+  sides, and assailed the door of the cave with inquiries concerning the
+  cause of his cries and groans. But as his only reply was, "Noman has
+  injured me," they concluded that he had been playing them a trick, and
+  therefore abandoned him to his fate.</p>
+
+  <p>The blinded giant now groped vainly round his cave in hopes of laying
+  hands on some of his tormentors; but wearied at length of these fruitless
+  exertions he rolled away the rock which closed the aperture, thinking
+  that his victims would rush out with the sheep, when it would <!-- Page
+  310 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page310"></a>[310]</span>be an easy
+  matter to capture them. But in the meantime Odysseus had not been idle,
+  and the subtlety of the hero was now brought into play, and proved more
+  than a match for the giant's strength. The sheep were very large, and
+  Odysseus, with bands of willow taken from the bed of Polyphemus, had
+  cleverly linked them together three abreast, and under each centre one
+  had secured one of his comrades. After providing for the safety of his
+  companions, Odysseus himself selected the finest ram of the flock, and,
+  by clinging to the wool of the animal, made his escape. As the sheep
+  passed out of the cave the giant felt carefully among them for his
+  victims, but not finding them on the backs of the animals he let them
+  pass, and thus they all escaped.</p>
+
+  <p>They now hastened on board their vessel, and Odysseus, thinking
+  himself at a safe distance, shouted out his real name and mockingly
+  defied the giant; whereupon Polyphemus seized a huge rock, and, following
+  the direction of the voice, hurled it towards the ship, which narrowly
+  escaped destruction. He then called upon his father Poseidon to avenge
+  him, entreating him to curse Odysseus with a long and tedious voyage, to
+  destroy all his ships and all his companions, and to make his return as
+  late, as unhappy, and as desolate as possible.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Further Adventures.</b>&mdash;After sailing about over unknown seas
+  for some time the hero and his followers cast anchor at the island of
+  Æolus, king of the Winds, who welcomed them cordially, and sumptuously
+  entertained them for a whole month.</p>
+
+  <p>When they took their leave he gave Odysseus the skin of an ox, into
+  which he had placed all the contrary winds in order to insure to them a
+  safe and speedy voyage, and then, having cautioned him on no account to
+  open it, caused the gentle Zephyrus to blow so that he might waft them to
+  the shores of Greece.</p>
+
+  <p>On the evening of the tenth day after their departure they arrived in
+  sight of the watch-fires of Ithaca. But here, unfortunately, Odysseus,
+  being completely wearied <!-- Page 311 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page311"></a>[311]</span>out, fell asleep, and his comrades,
+  thinking Æolus had given him a treasure in the bag which he so sedulously
+  guarded, seized this opportunity of opening it, whereupon all the adverse
+  winds rushed out, and drove them back to the Æolian island. This time,
+  however, Æolus did not welcome them as before, but dismissed them with
+  bitter reproaches and upbraidings for their disregard of his
+  injunctions.</p>
+
+  <p>After a six days' voyage they at length sighted land. Observing what
+  appeared to be the smoke from a large town, Odysseus despatched a herald,
+  accompanied by two of his comrades, in order to procure provisions. When
+  they arrived in the city they discovered to their consternation that they
+  had set foot in the land of the Læstrygones, a race of fierce and
+  gigantic cannibals, governed by their king Antiphates. The unfortunate
+  herald was seized and killed by the king; but his two companions, who
+  took to flight, succeeded in reaching their ship in safety, and urgently
+  entreated their chief to put to sea without delay.</p>
+
+  <p>But Antiphates and his fellow-giants pursued the fugitives to the
+  sea-shore, where they now appeared in large numbers. They seized huge
+  rocks, which they hurled upon the fleet, sinking eleven of the ships with
+  all hands, on board; the vessel under the immediate command of Odysseus
+  being the only one which escaped destruction. In this ship, with his few
+  remaining followers, Odysseus now set sail, but was driven by adverse
+  winds to an island called Ææa.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Circe.</b>&mdash;The hero and his companions were in sore need of
+  provisions, but, warned by previous disasters, Odysseus resolved that
+  only a certain number of the ship's crew should be despatched to
+  reconnoitre the country; and on lots being drawn by Odysseus and
+  Eurylochus, it fell to the share of the latter to fill the office of
+  conductor to the little band selected for this purpose.</p>
+
+  <p>They soon came to a magnificent marble palace, which was situated in a
+  charming and fertile valley. Here <!-- Page 312 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page312"></a>[312]</span>dwelt a beautiful
+  enchantress called Circe, daughter of the sun-god and the sea-nymph
+  Perse. The entrance to her abode was guarded by wolves and lions, who,
+  however, to the great surprise of the strangers, were tame and harmless
+  as lambs. These were, in fact, human beings who, by the wicked arts of
+  the sorceress, had been thus transformed. From within they heard the
+  enchanting voice of the goddess, who was singing a sweet melody as she
+  sat at her work, weaving a web such as immortals alone could produce. She
+  graciously invited them to enter, and all save the prudent and cautious
+  Eurylochus accepted the invitation.</p>
+
+  <p>As they trod the wide and spacious halls of tesselated marble objects
+  of wealth and beauty met their view on all sides. The soft and luxuriant
+  couches on which she bade them be seated were studded with silver, and
+  the banquet which she provided for their refreshment was served in
+  vessels of pure gold. But while her unsuspecting guests were abandoning
+  themselves to the pleasures of the table the wicked enchantress was
+  secretly working their ruin; for the wine-cup which was presented to them
+  was drugged with a potent draught, after partaking of which the sorceress
+  touched them with her magic wand, and they were immediately transformed
+  into swine, still, however, retaining their human senses.</p>
+
+  <p>When Odysseus heard from Eurylochus of the terrible fate which had
+  befallen his companions he set out, regardless of personal danger,
+  resolved to make an effort to rescue them. On his way to the palace of
+  the sorceress he met a fair youth bearing a wand of gold, who revealed
+  himself to him as Hermes, the divine messenger of the gods. He gently
+  reproached the hero for his temerity in venturing to enter the abode of
+  Circe unprovided with an antidote against her spells, and presented him
+  with a peculiar herb called Moly, assuring him that it would inevitably
+  counteract the baneful arts of the fell enchantress. Hermes warned
+  Odysseus that Circe would offer him a draught of drugged wine with the
+  intention of transforming him as she had done his companions. He bade him
+  drink the wine, the effect of <!-- Page 313 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page313"></a>[313]</span>which would be completely nullified by the
+  herb which he had given him, and then rush boldly at the sorceress as
+  though he would take her life, whereupon her power over him would cease,
+  she would recognize her master, and grant him whatever he might
+  desire.</p>
+
+  <p>Circe received the hero with all the grace and fascination at her
+  command, and presented him with a draught of wine in a golden goblet.
+  This he readily accepted, trusting to the efficacy of the antidote. Then,
+  in obedience to the injunction of Hermes, he drew his sword from its
+  scabbard and rushed upon the sorceress as though he would slay her.</p>
+
+  <p>When Circe found that her fell purpose was for the first time
+  frustrated, and that a mortal had dared to attack her, she knew that it
+  must be the great Odysseus who stood before her, whose visit to her abode
+  had been foretold to her by Hermes. At his solicitation she restored to
+  his companions their human form, promising at the same time that
+  henceforth the hero and his comrades should be free from her
+  enchantments.</p>
+
+  <p>But all warnings and past experience were forgotten by Odysseus when
+  Circe commenced to exercise upon him her fascinations and blandishments.
+  At her request his companions took up their abode in the island, and he
+  himself became the guest and slave of the enchantress for a whole year;
+  and it was only at the earnest admonition of his friends that he was at
+  length induced to free himself from her toils.</p>
+
+  <p>Circe had become so attached to the gallant hero that it cost her a
+  great effort to part with him, but having vowed not to exercise her magic
+  spells against him she was powerless to detain him further. The goddess
+  now warned him that his future would be beset with many dangers, and
+  commanded him to consult the blind old seer Tiresias,<a name="NtA_52"
+  href="#Nt_52"><sup>[52]</sup></a> in the realm of Hades, concerning his
+  future destiny. She then loaded his ship with provisions for the voyage,
+  and reluctantly bade him farewell.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 314 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page314"></a>[314]</span></p>
+
+  <p><b>The Realm of Shades.</b>&mdash;Though somewhat appalled at the
+  prospect of seeking the weird and gloomy realms inhabited by the spirits
+  of the dead, Odysseus nevertheless obeyed the command of the goddess, who
+  gave him full directions with regard to his course, and also certain
+  injunctions which it was important that he should carry out with strict
+  attention to detail.</p>
+
+  <p>He accordingly set sail with his companions for the dark and gloomy
+  land of the Cimmerians, which lay at the furthermost end of the world,
+  beyond the great stream Oceanus. Favoured by gentle breezes they soon
+  reached their destination in the far west. On arriving at the spot
+  indicated by Circe, where the turbid waters of the rivers Acheron and
+  Cocytus mingled at the entrance to the lower world, Odysseus landed,
+  unattended by his companions.</p>
+
+  <p>Having dug a trench to receive the blood of the sacrifices he now
+  offered a black ram and ewe to the powers of darkness, whereupon crowds
+  of shades rose up from the yawning gulf, clustering round him, eager to
+  quaff the blood of the sacrifice, which would restore to them for a time
+  their mental vigour. But mindful of the injunction of Circe, Odysseus
+  brandished his sword, and suffered none to approach until Tiresias had
+  appeared. The great prophet now came slowly forward leaning on his golden
+  staff, and after drinking of the sacrifice proceeded to impart to
+  Odysseus the hidden secrets of his future fate. Tiresias also warned him
+  of the numerous perils which would assail him, not only during his
+  homeward voyage but also on his return to Ithaca, and then instructed him
+  how to avoid them.</p>
+
+  <p>Meanwhile numbers of other shades had quaffed the sense-awakening
+  draught of the sacrifice, among whom Odysseus recognized to his dismay
+  his tenderly-loved mother Anticlea. From her he learned that she had died
+  of grief at her son's protracted absence, and that his aged father
+  Laertes was wearing his life away in vain and anxious longings for his
+  return. He also conversed with the ill-fated Agamemnon, Patroclus, and
+  Achilles. The latter <!-- Page 315 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page315"></a>[315]</span>bemoaned his shadowy and unreal existence,
+  and plaintively assured his former companion-in-arms that rather would he
+  be the poorest day-labourer on earth than reign supreme as king over the
+  realm of shades. Ajax alone, who still brooded over his wrongs, held
+  aloof, refusing to converse with Odysseus, and sullenly retired when the
+  hero addressed him.</p>
+
+  <p>But at last so many shades came swarming round him that the courage of
+  Odysseus failed him, and he fled in terror back to his ship. Having
+  rejoined his companions they once more put to sea, and proceeded on their
+  homeward voyage.</p>
+
+  <p><b>The Sirens.</b>&mdash;After some days' sail their course led them
+  past the island of the Sirens.</p>
+
+  <p>Now Circe had warned Odysseus on no account to listen to the seductive
+  melodies of these treacherous nymphs; for that all who gave ear to their
+  enticing strains felt an unconquerable desire to leap overboard and join
+  them, when they either perished at their hands, or were engulfed by the
+  waves.</p>
+
+  <p>In order that his crew should not hear the song of the Sirens,
+  Odysseus had filled their ears with melted wax; but the hero himself so
+  dearly loved adventure that he could not resist the temptation of braving
+  this new danger. By his own desire, therefore, he was lashed to the mast,
+  and his comrades had strict orders on no account to release him until
+  they were out of sight of the island, no matter how he might implore them
+  to set him free.</p>
+
+  <p>As they neared the fatal shore they beheld the Sirens seated side by
+  side on the verdant slopes of their island; and as their sweet and
+  alluring strains fell upon his ear the hero became so powerfully affected
+  by them, that, forgetful of all danger, he entreated his comrades to
+  release him; but the sailors, obedient to their orders, refused to unbind
+  him until the enchanted island had disappeared from view. The danger
+  past, the hero gratefully acknowledged the firmness of his followers,
+  which had been the means of saving his life. <!-- Page 316 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page316"></a>[316]</span></p>
+
+  <p><b>The Island of Helios.</b>&mdash;They now approached the terrible
+  dangers of Scylla and Charybdis, between which Circe had desired them to
+  pass. As Odysseus steered the vessel beneath the great rock, Scylla
+  swooped down and seized six of his crew from the deck, and the cries of
+  her wretched victims long rang in his ears. At length they reached the
+  island of Trinacria (Sicily), whereon the sun-god pastured his flocks and
+  herds, and Odysseus, calling to mind the warning of Tiresias to avoid
+  this sacred island, would fain have steered the vessel past and left the
+  country unexplored. But his crew became mutinous, and insisted on
+  landing. Odysseus was therefore obliged to yield, but before allowing
+  them to set foot on shore he made them take an oath not to touch the
+  sacred herds of Helios, and to be ready to sail again on the following
+  morning.</p>
+
+  <p>It happened, unfortunately, however, that stress of weather compelled
+  them to remain a whole month at Trinacria, and the store of wine and food
+  given to them by Circe at parting being completely exhausted, they were
+  obliged to subsist on what fish and birds the island afforded. Frequently
+  there was not sufficient to satisfy their hunger, and one evening when
+  Odysseus, worn out with anxiety and fatigue, had fallen asleep,
+  Eurylochus persuaded the hungry men to break their vows and kill some of
+  the sacred oxen.</p>
+
+  <p>Dreadful was the anger of Helios, who caused the hides of the
+  slaughtered animals to creep and the joints on the spits to bellow like
+  living cattle, and threatened that unless Zeus punished the impious crew
+  he would withdraw his light from the heavens and shine only in Hades.
+  Anxious to appease the enraged deity Zeus assured him that his cause
+  should be avenged. When, therefore, after feasting for seven days
+  Odysseus and his companions again set sail, the ruler of Olympus caused a
+  terrible storm to overtake them, during which the ship was struck with
+  lightning and went to pieces. All the crew were drowned except Odysseus,
+  who, clinging to a mast, floated about in the open sea for nine days,
+  when, after once more <!-- Page 317 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page317"></a>[317]</span>escaping being sucked in by the whirlpool
+  of Charybdis, he was cast ashore on the island of Ogygia.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Calypso.</b>&mdash;Ogygia was an island covered with dense forests,
+  where, in the midst of a grove of cypress and poplar, stood the charming
+  grotto-palace of the nymph Calypso, daughter of the Titan Atlas. The
+  entrance to the grotto was entwined with a leafy trellis-work of
+  vine-branches, from which depended clusters of purple and golden grapes;
+  the plashing of fountains gave a delicious sense of coolness to the air,
+  which was filled with the songs of birds, and the ground was carpeted
+  with violets and mosses.</p>
+
+  <p>Calypso cordially welcomed the forlorn and shipwrecked hero, and
+  hospitably ministered to his wants. In the course of time she became so
+  greatly attached to him that she offered him immortality and eternal
+  youth if he would consent to remain with her for ever. But the heart of
+  Odysseus turned yearningly towards his beloved wife Penelope and his
+  young son. He therefore refused the boon, and earnestly entreated the
+  gods to permit him to revisit his home. But the curse of Poseidon still
+  followed the unfortunate hero, and for seven long years he was detained
+  on the island by Calypso, sorely against his will.</p>
+
+  <p>At length Pallas-Athene interceded with her mighty father on his
+  behalf, and Zeus, yielding to her request, forthwith despatched the
+  fleet-footed Hermes to Calypso, commanding her to permit Odysseus to
+  depart and to provide him with the means of transport.</p>
+
+  <p>The goddess, though loath to part with her guest, dared not disobey
+  the commands of the mighty Zeus. She therefore instructed the hero how to
+  construct a raft, for which she herself wove the sails. Odysseus now bade
+  her farewell, and alone and unaided embarked on the frail little craft
+  for his native land.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Nausicaa.</b>&mdash;For seventeen days Odysseus contrived to pilot
+  the raft skilfully through all the perils of the deep, directing his
+  course according to the directions <!-- Page 318 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page318"></a>[318]</span>of Calypso, and guided
+  by the stars of heaven. On the eighteenth day he joyfully hailed the
+  distant outline of the Phæacian coast, and began to look forward
+  hopefully to temporary rest and shelter. But Poseidon, still enraged with
+  the hero who had blinded and insulted his son, caused an awful tempest to
+  arise, during which the raft was swamped by the waves, and Odysseus only
+  saved himself by clinging for bare life to a portion of the wreck.</p>
+
+  <p>For two days and nights he floated about, drifted hither and thither
+  by the angry billows, till at last, after many a narrow escape of his
+  life, the sea-goddess Leucothea came to his aid, and he was cast ashore
+  on the coast of Scheria, the island of the luxurious Phæaces. Worn out
+  with the hardships and dangers he had passed through he crept into a
+  thicket for security, and, lying down on a bed of dried leaves, soon fell
+  fast asleep.</p>
+
+  <p>It chanced that Nausicaa, the beautiful daughter of king Alcinous and
+  his queen Arete, had come down to the shore, accompanied by her maidens,
+  to wash the linen which was destined to form part of her marriage
+  portion. When they had finished their task they bathed and sat down to a
+  repast, after which they amused themselves with singing and playing at
+  ball.</p>
+
+  <p>Their joyous shouts at last awoke Odysseus, who, rising from his
+  hiding place, suddenly found himself in the midst of the happy group.
+  Alarmed at his wild aspect the attendants of Nausicaa fled in terror; but
+  the princess, pitying the forlorn condition of the stranger, addressed
+  him with kind and sympathetic words. After hearing from him the account
+  of his shipwreck and the terrible hardships he had undergone, Nausicaa
+  called back her attendants, reproached them for their want of courtesy,
+  and bade them supply the wanderer with food, drink, and suitable raiment.
+  Odysseus then left the maidens to resume their games, whilst he bathed
+  and clothed himself with the garments with which they had furnished him.
+  Athene now appeared to the hero and endowed him with a commanding and
+  magnificent stature, and with more than mortal beauty. When he
+  reappeared, the young <!-- Page 319 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page319"></a>[319]</span>princess was struck with admiration, and
+  requested the hero to visit the palace of her father. She then desired
+  her attendants to yoke the mules to the wagons and prepare to return
+  home.</p>
+
+  <p>Odysseus was cordially received by the king and queen, who entertained
+  him with magnificent hospitality, and in return for their kindness the
+  hero related to them the history of his long and eventful voyage, and the
+  many extraordinary adventures and miraculous escapes which had befallen
+  him since his departure from the coast of Ilion.</p>
+
+  <p>When he at last took leave of his royal entertainers Alcinous loaded
+  him with rich gifts, and ordered him to be conveyed in one of his own
+  ships to Ithaca.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Arrival at Ithaca.</b>&mdash;The voyage was a short and prosperous
+  one. By the direction of king Alcinous rich furs had been laid on deck
+  for the comfort of his guest, on which the hero, leaving the guidance of
+  the ship to the Phæacian sailors, soon fell into a deep sleep. When next
+  morning the vessel arrived in the harbour of Ithaca the sailors,
+  concluding that so unusually profound a slumber must be sent by the gods,
+  conveyed him on shore without disturbing him, where they gently placed
+  him beneath the cool shade of an olive-tree.</p>
+
+  <p>When Odysseus awoke he knew not where he was, for his ever-watchful
+  protectress Pallas-Athene had enveloped him in a thick cloud in order to
+  conceal him from view. She now appeared to him in the disguise of a
+  shepherd, and informed him that he was in his native land; that his
+  father Laertes, bent with sorrow and old age, had withdrawn from the
+  court; that his son Telemachus had grown to manhood, and was gone to seek
+  for tidings of his father; and that his wife Penelope was harassed by the
+  importunities of numerous suitors, who had taken possession of his home
+  and devoured his substance. In order to gain time Penelope had promised
+  to marry one of her lovers as soon as she had finished weaving a robe for
+  the aged Laertes; but by secretly undoing at night <!-- Page 320 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page320"></a>[320]</span>what she had done in
+  the day she effectually retarded the completion of the work, and thus
+  deferred her final reply. Just as Odysseus had set foot in Ithaca the
+  angry suitors had discovered her stratagem, and had become in consequence
+  more clamorous than ever. When the hero heard that this was indeed his
+  native land, which, after an absence of twenty years, the gods had at
+  length permitted him to behold once more, he threw himself on the ground,
+  and kissed it in an ecstacy of joy.</p>
+
+  <p>The goddess, who had meanwhile revealed her identity to Odysseus, now
+  assisted him to conceal in a neighbouring cave the valuable gifts of the
+  Phæacian king. Then seating herself beside him she consulted with him as
+  to the best means of ridding his palace of its shameless occupants.</p>
+
+  <p>In order to prevent his being recognized she caused him to assume the
+  form of an aged mendicant. His limbs became decrepid, his brown locks
+  vanished, his eyes grew dim and bleared, and the regal robes given to him
+  by king Alcinous were replaced by a tattered garb of dingy hue, which
+  hung loosely round his shrunken form. Athene then desired him to seek
+  shelter in the hut of Eumæus his own swine-herd.</p>
+
+  <p>Eumæus received the old beggar hospitably, kindly ministered to his
+  wants, and even confided to him his distress at the long continued
+  absence of his beloved old master, and his regrets at being compelled by
+  the unruly invaders of his house, to slaughter for their use all the
+  finest and fattest of the herd.</p>
+
+  <p>It chanced that the following morning Telemachus returned from his
+  long and fruitless search for his father, and going first to the hut of
+  Eumæus, heard from him the story of the seeming beggar whom he promised
+  to befriend. Athene now urged Odysseus to make himself known to his son;
+  and at her touch his beggar's rags disappeared, and he stood before
+  Telemachus arrayed in royal robes and in the full strength and vigour of
+  manhood. So imposing was the appearance of the hero that at first the
+  young prince thought he must be a god; but when <!-- Page 321 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page321"></a>[321]</span>he was convinced that
+  it was indeed his beloved father, whose prolonged absence had caused him
+  so much grief, he fell upon his neck and embraced him with every
+  expression of dutiful affection.</p>
+
+  <p>Odysseus charged Telemachus to keep his return a secret, and concerted
+  with him a plan whereby they might rid themselves of the detested
+  suitors. In order to carry it into effect Telemachus was to induce his
+  mother to promise her hand to the one who could conquer in shooting with
+  the famous bow of Odysseus, which the hero had left behind when he went
+  to Troy, deeming it too precious a treasure to be taken with him.
+  Odysseus now resumed his beggar's dress and appearance and accompanied
+  his son to the palace, before the door of which lay his faithful dog
+  Argo, who, though worn and feeble with age and neglect, instantly
+  recognized his master. In his delight the poor animal made a last effort
+  to welcome him; but his strength was exhausted, and he expired at his
+  feet.</p>
+
+  <p>When Odysseus entered his ancestral halls he was mocked and reviled by
+  the riotous suitors, and Antinous, the most shameless of them all,
+  ridiculed his abject appearance, and insolently bade him depart; but
+  Penelope hearing of their cruel conduct, was touched with compassion, and
+  desired her maidens to bring the poor mendicant into her presence. She
+  spoke kindly to him, inquiring who he was and whence he came. He told her
+  that he was the brother of the king of Crete, in whose palace he had seen
+  Odysseus, who was about starting for Ithaca, and had declared his
+  intention of arriving there before the year was out. The queen, overjoyed
+  at the happy tidings, ordered her maidens to prepare a bed for the
+  stranger, and to treat him as an honoured guest. She then desired the old
+  nurse Euryclea to provide him with suitable raiment and to attend to all
+  his wants.</p>
+
+  <p>As the old servant was bathing his feet her eyes fell upon a scar
+  which Odysseus had received in his youth from the tusks of a wild boar;
+  and instantly recognizing the beloved master whom she had nursed as a
+  babe, she <!-- Page 322 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page322"></a>[322]</span>would have cried aloud in her joy, but the
+  hero placing his hand upon her mouth, implored her not to betray him.</p>
+
+  <p>The next day was a festival of Apollo, and the suitors in honour of
+  the occasion feasted with more than their accustomed revelry. After the
+  banquet was over Penelope, taking down the great bow of Odysseus from its
+  place, entered the hall and declared that whosoever of her lovers could
+  bend it and send an arrow through twelve rings (a feat which she had
+  often seen Odysseus perform) should be chosen by her as her husband.</p>
+
+  <p>All the suitors tried their skill, but in vain; not one possessed the
+  strength required to draw the bow. Odysseus now stepped forward and asked
+  permission to be allowed to try, but the haughty nobles mocked at his
+  audacity, and would not have permitted it had not Telemachus interfered.
+  The pretended beggar took up the bow, and with the greatest ease sent an
+  arrow whizzing through the rings; then turning to Antinous, who was just
+  raising a goblet of wine to his lips, he pierced him to the heart. At
+  this the suitors sprang to their feet and looked round for their arms;
+  but in obedience to the instructions of Odysseus Telemachus had
+  previously removed them. He and his father now attacked the riotous
+  revellers, and after a desperate encounter not one of the whole crew
+  remained alive.</p>
+
+  <p>The joyful intelligence of the return of Odysseus being conveyed to
+  Penelope she descended to the hall, but refused to recognize, in the aged
+  beggar, her gallant husband; whereupon he retired to the bath, from which
+  he emerged in all the vigour and beauty with which Athene had endowed him
+  at the court of Alcinous. But Penelope, still incredulous, determined to
+  put him to a sure test. She therefore commanded in his hearing that his
+  own bed should be brought from his chamber. Now the foot of this bed had
+  been fashioned by Odysseus himself out of the stem of an olive-tree which
+  was still rooted in the ground, and round it he had built the walls of
+  the chamber. Knowing therefore that the bed could not be moved, he
+  exclaimed that the errand was useless, for that no <!-- Page 323 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page323"></a>[323]</span>mortal could stir it
+  from its place. Then Penelope knew that it must be Odysseus himself who
+  stood before her, and a most touching and affectionate meeting took place
+  between the long-separated husband and wife.</p>
+
+  <p>The following day the hero set out to seek his old father Laertes,
+  whom he found on one of his estates in the country engaged in digging up
+  a young olive-tree. The poor old man, who was dressed in the humble garb
+  of a labourer, bore the traces of deep grief on his furrowed countenance,
+  and so shocked was his son at the change in his appearance that for a
+  moment he turned aside to conceal his tears.</p>
+
+  <p>When Odysseus revealed himself to his father as the son whom he had so
+  long mourned as lost, the joy of the poor old man was almost greater than
+  he could bear. With loving care Odysseus led him into the house, where at
+  length, for the first time since the departure of his son, Laertes once
+  more resumed his regal robes, and piously thanked the gods for this great
+  and unlooked-for happiness.</p>
+
+  <p>But not yet was the hero permitted to enjoy his well-earned repose,
+  for the friends and relatives of the suitors now rose in rebellion
+  against him and pursued him to the abode of his father. The struggle,
+  however, was but a short one. After a brief contest negotiations of a
+  peaceful nature were entered into between Odysseus and his subjects.
+  Recognizing the justice of his cause, they became reconciled to their
+  chief, who for many years continued to reign over them.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<p><!-- Page 325 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page325"></a>[325]</span></p>
+
+<h2>PRONOUNCING INDEX.</h2>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+  <p>[<i>Note.</i>&mdash;The system of pronunciation here followed is the
+  English system, because it is the one at present most used among
+  English-speaking peoples. In it the letters have substantially their
+  English sound. Upon the continent of Europe the pronunciation of Latin
+  and Greek is in like manner made to correspond in each nation to the
+  pronunciation of its own language, and thus there is much diversity among
+  the continental systems, though they resemble each other more closely
+  than they do the English. In England and America also the continental
+  methods of pronunciation have been extensively used. Thus Æneas may be
+  pronounced A-na´-ahss; Aïdes ah-ee´-daze. Since the true, the ancient,
+  pronunciation has been lost, and, as many contend, cannot be even
+  substantially recovered, it is a matter of individual preference what
+  system shall be followed.]</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8">A.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Abderus (ab-dee´-rus), <a href="#page244">244</a>.</p>
+      <p>Absyrtus (ab-sir´-tus), <a href="#page226">226</a>.</p>
+      <p>Academus (ak-&#x103;-dee´-mus), <a href="#page268">268</a>.</p>
+      <p>Achelous (ak-e-lo´-us), <a href="#page254">254</a>, <a href="#page278">278</a>.</p>
+      <p>Acheron (ak´-e-ron), <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page250">250</a>.</p>
+      <p>Achilles (&#x103;-kil´-leez), <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href="#page291">291</a>, <a href="#page287">287</a>, <a href="#page297">297</a>.</p>
+      <p>Acis (&#x101;´-sis), <a href="#page105">105</a>, <a href="#page167">167</a>.</p>
+      <p>Acrisius (&#x103;-crish´-e-us), <a href="#page189">189</a>, <a href="#page205">205</a>, <a href="#page209">209</a>.</p>
+      <p>Acropolis (&#x103;-crop´-o-lis), <a href="#page189">189</a>.</p>
+      <p>Actæon (ak-tee´-on), <a href="#page91">91</a>.</p>
+      <p>Admete (ad-mee´-te), <a href="#page244">244</a>.</p>
+      <p>Admetus (ad-mee´-tus), <a href="#page76">76</a>, <a href="#page119">119</a>, <a href="#page216">216</a>.</p>
+      <p>Adonis (&#x103;-don´-iss), <a href="#page59">59</a>.</p>
+      <p>Adrastia (ad-ras-ti´-ah), <a href="#page142">142</a>.</p>
+      <p>Adrastus (&#x103;-dras´-tus), <a href="#page272">272</a>.</p>
+      <p>Æacus (ee´-&#x103;-cus), <a href="#page34">34</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ææa (ee-ee´-ah), island of, <a href="#page67">67</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ægean Sea (ee-gee´-an), <a href="#page287">287</a>.</p>
+      <p><a name="NtA_53" href="#Nt_53"><sup>[53]</sup></a>Ægeus (ee´-juce), <a href="#page259">259</a>, <a href="#page262">262</a>, <a href="#page264">264</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ægina (ee-ji´-nah), island of, <a href="#page230">230</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ægis (ee´-jiss), <a href="#page26">26</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ægisthus (ee-jiss´-thus, <i>th</i> as in <i>both</i>), <a href="#page305">305</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ægle (egg´-le), <a href="#page163">163</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ægyptus (ee-jip´-tus), <a href="#page135">135</a>.</p>
+      <p>Aello (&#x103;-el´-lo), <a href="#page137">137</a>.</p>
+      <p>Æneas (ee-nee´-ass), <a href="#page304">304</a>.</p>
+      <p>Æolus (ee´-o-lus), <a href="#page170">170</a>, <a href="#page210">210</a>.</p>
+      <p>Aër (&#x101;´-er), <a href="#page12">12</a>.</p>
+      <p>Æsacus (es´-a-cus), <a href="#page284">284</a>.</p>
+      <p>Æsculapius (es-cu-la´-pe-us), <a href="#page177">177</a>.</p>
+      <p>Æson (ee´-son), <a href="#page213">213</a>.</p>
+      <p>Æetes (ee-ee´-teez), <a href="#page215">215</a>, <a href="#page222">222</a>.</p>
+      <p>Æther (ee´-ther), <a href="#page12">12</a>.</p>
+      <p>Æthiopia (e-thi-o´-pe-ah), <a href="#page207">207</a>.</p>
+      <p>Æthra (ee´-thrah), <a href="#page259">259</a>, <a href="#page267">267</a>, <a href="#page288">288</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ætna, Mount (et´-nah), <a href="#page100">100</a>.</p>
+      <p>Agamemnon (ag-&#x103;-mem´-non), <a href="#page94">94</a>, <a href="#page286">286</a>, <a href="#page305">305</a>.</p>
+      <p>Agave (&#x103;-ga´-ve), <a href="#page127">127</a>, <a href="#page205">205</a>.</p>
+      <p>Agenor (&#x103;-jee´-nor), <a href="#page203">203</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ages, <a href="#page22">22</a>.</p>
+      <p>Aglaia (ag-lay´-yah), <a href="#page163">163</a>.</p>
+      <p>Agraulos (&#x103;-graw´-l&#x14F;s), <a href="#page122">122</a>.</p>
+      <p>Agrigent (ag´-ri-jent), <a href="#page213">213</a>.</p>
+      <p>Aïdes (a-i´-deez), <a href="#page52">52</a>, <a href="#page130">130</a>, <a href="#page250">250</a>.</p>
+      <p class="i2">&mdash;helmet of <a href="#page206">206</a>, <a href="#page208">208</a>.</p>
+      <p>Aïdoneus (a-i-do´-nuce), <a href="#page130">130</a>.</p>
+      <p>Air, <a href="#page12">12</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ajax (&#x101;´-jax) the Greater, <a href="#page298">298</a>.</p>
+      <p class="i2">&mdash;the Lesser, <a href="#page305">305</a>.</p>
+      <p>Alcestis (al-ses´-tiss), <a href="#page76">76</a>.</p>
+      <p>Alcinous (al-sin´-o-us), <a href="#page228">228</a>, <a href="#page318">318</a>.</p>
+      <p>Alcippe (al-sip´-pe), <a href="#page113">113</a></p>
+      <p>Alcmæon (alk-mee´-on), <a href="#page273">273</a>, <a href="#page277">277</a>.</p>
+      <p>Alcmene (alk-mee´-ne), <a href="#page35">35</a>, <a href="#page234">234</a>.</p>
+      <p>Alecto (a-leck´-to), <a href="#page138">138</a>.</p>
+      <p>Alexander (al-ex-an´-der), <a href="#page284">284</a>.</p>
+      <p>Aloidæ (al-o-i´-de), <a href="#page113">113</a>.</p>
+      <p>Alpheus (al´-fuce), <a href="#page242">242</a>.</p>
+      <p>Altars, <a href="#page191">191</a>.</p>
+      <p>Althea (al-thee´-ah, <i>th</i> as in <i>both</i>), <a href="#page90">90</a>.</p>
+      <p>Altis (al´-tis) the, <a href="#page41">41</a>.</p>
+      <p>Amalthea (am-al-thee´-ah), <a href="#page15">15</a>.</p>
+      <p>Amazons (am´-a-zons), <a href="#page244">244</a>, <a href="#page258">258</a>, <a href="#page264">264</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ambrosia (am-bro´-zhah), <a href="#page15">15</a>.</p>
+<!-- Page 326 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page326"></a>[326]</span>
+      <p>Amor (&#x101;´-mor), <a href="#page150">150</a>.</p>
+      <p>Amphiaraus (am´-fe-a-ray´-us), <a href="#page273">273</a>.</p>
+      <p>Amphidamas (am-fid´-a-mass), <a href="#page221">221</a>.</p>
+      <p>Amphilochus (am-fil´-o-cus), <a href="#page277">277</a>.</p>
+      <p>Amphion (am-fi´-on), <a href="#page33">33</a>.</p>
+      <p>Amphitrite (am-fe-tri´-te), <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href="#page167">167</a>.</p>
+      <p>Amphitrion (am-fit´-re-on), <a href="#page35">35</a>, <a href="#page234">234</a>.</p>
+      <p>Amycus (am´-i-cus), <a href="#page219">219</a>.</p>
+      <p>Anaitis-Aphroditis (an-a-i´-tis-af-ro-di´-tis), <a href="#page92">92</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ananke (an-ang´-ke), <a href="#page147">147</a>.</p>
+      <p>Anciliæ (an-sil´-e-e), <a href="#page115">115</a>.</p>
+      <p>Androgeos (an-dro´-je-oss), <a href="#page262">262</a>.</p>
+      <p>Andromache (an-drom´-a-ke), <a href="#page295">295</a>, <a href="#page304">304</a>.</p>
+      <p>Andromeda (an-drom´-e-dah), <a href="#page207">207</a>.</p>
+      <p>Antea (an-tee´-ah), <a href="#page256">256</a>.</p>
+      <p>Anteos (an-tee´-&#x14F;s), <a href="#page248">248</a>.</p>
+      <p>Anteros (an´-te-ross), <a href="#page150">150</a>.</p>
+      <p>Antigone (an-tig´-o-ne), <a href="#page271">271</a>, <a href="#page275">275</a>.</p>
+      <p>Antinous (an-tin´-o-us), <a href="#page321">321</a>.</p>
+      <p>Antiope (an-ti´-o-pe), <a href="#page32">32</a>.</p>
+      <p>Antiphates (an-tif´-a-teez), <a href="#page311">311</a>.</p>
+      <p>Aphareus (af´-a-ruce), <a href="#page34">34</a>.</p>
+      <p>Aphrodite (af-ro-di´-te), <a href="#page58">58</a>, <a href="#page99">99</a>, <a href="#page152">152</a>.</p>
+      <p>Apollo (&#x103;-pol´-lo), <a href="#page68">68</a>.</p>
+      <p class="i2">&mdash;(Roman), <a href="#page83">83</a>.</p>
+      <p>Apple of Discord, <a href="#page39">39</a>.</p>
+      <p>Arachne (a-rak´-ne), <a href="#page45">45</a>.</p>
+      <p>Arcadia (ar-ca´-de-ah), <a href="#page240">240</a>.</p>
+      <p>Arctos (ark´-t&#x14F;s), <a href="#page35">35</a>.</p>
+      <p>Areopagus (a-re-op´-a-gus), <a href="#page44">44</a>, <a href="#page113">113</a>, <a href="#page212">212</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ares (&#x101;´-reez), <a href="#page99">99</a>, <a href="#page112">112</a>.</p>
+      <p class="i2">&mdash;grove of, <a href="#page215">215</a>.</p>
+      <p class="i2">&mdash;field of, <a href="#page223">223</a>, <a href="#page225">225</a>.</p>
+      <p>Arete (a-ree´-te <i>or</i> ar´-e-te), <a href="#page228">228</a>, <a href="#page318">318</a>.</p>
+      <p>Arethusa (ar-e-thu´-sah), <a href="#page163">163</a>.</p>
+      <p>Aretias (&#x103;-ree´-she-ass), <a href="#page221">221</a>.</p>
+      <p>Argia (ar-ji´-ah), <a href="#page272">272</a>.</p>
+      <p>Argives (ar-jives), <a href="#page274">274</a>.</p>
+      <p>Argo, <a href="#page215">215</a>, <a href="#page230">230</a>, <a href="#page321">321</a>.</p>
+      <p>Argonauts (ar´-go-nawts), <a href="#page213">213</a>.</p>
+      <p>Argos (ar´-g&#x14F;s), <a href="#page209">209</a>, <a href="#page216">216</a>, <a href="#page283">283</a>.</p>
+      <p>Argus, <a href="#page224">224</a>.</p>
+      <p>Argus-Panoptes (pan-op´-teez), <a href="#page36">36</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ariadne (a-re-ad´-ne), <a href="#page128">128</a>, <a href="#page263">263</a>.</p>
+      <p>Aricia (a-rish´-e-ah), <a href="#page97">97</a>.</p>
+      <p>Arion (a-ri´-on), <a href="#page275">275</a>.</p>
+      <p>Aristæus (ar-iss-tee´-us), <a href="#page81">81</a>.</p>
+      <p>Aristodemus (a-ris´-to-de´-mus), <a href="#page282">282</a>.</p>
+      <p>Aristomachus (ar-is-tom´-a-cus), <a href="#page282">282</a>.</p>
+      <p>Arsinoë (ar-sin´-o-e), <a href="#page278">278</a>.</p>
+      <p>Artemis (ar´-te-miss), <a href="#page87">87</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ascalaphus (ass-cal´-a-fuss), <a href="#page55">55</a>, <a href="#page250">250</a>.</p>
+      <p>Asclepius (ass-clee´-pe-us), <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href="#page76">76</a>, <a href="#page176">176</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ashtoreth (ash´-to-reth), <a href="#page61">61</a>.</p>
+      <p>Asphodel meadows (ass-fo-del), <a href="#page133">133</a>.</p>
+      <p>Astarte (ass-tar´-te), <a href="#page61">61</a>.</p>
+      <p>Astræa (ass-tree´-ah), <a href="#page85">85</a>.</p>
+      <p>Astræus (ass-tree´-us), <a href="#page68">68</a>.</p>
+      <p>Astyanax (ass-ti´-a-nax), <a href="#page304">304</a>.</p>
+      <p>Atalanta (at-a-lan´-tah), <a href="#page89">89</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ate (&#x101;´-te), <a href="#page149">149</a>.</p>
+      <p>Athamas (ath´-a-mass), <a href="#page111">111</a>, <a href="#page215">215</a>.</p>
+      <p>Athene (a-thee´-ne, <i>th</i> as in <i>both</i>), <a href="#page43">43</a>.</p>
+      <p>Athene-Polias (po´-le-ass), <a href="#page44">44</a>, <a href="#page189">189</a>, <a href="#page199">199</a>, <a href="#page264">264</a>.</p>
+      <p>Athens, <a href="#page264">264</a>.</p>
+      <p>Atlas, <a href="#page207">207</a>, <a href="#page248">248</a>.</p>
+      <p>Atreus, (&#x103;´-truce), <a href="#page282">282</a>.</p>
+      <p>Atropos (at´-ro-p&#x14F;s), <a href="#page139">139</a>.</p>
+      <p>Atys (&#x101;´-tiss), <a href="#page19">19</a>.</p>
+      <p>Augeas (aw´-je-ass), <a href="#page242">242</a>, <a href="#page254">254</a>.</p>
+      <p>Augurs, <a href="#page196">196</a>.</p>
+      <p>Aulis (aw´-lis), <a href="#page97">97</a>.</p>
+      <p>Aurora (aw-ro´-rah), <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page67">67</a>.</p>
+      <p>Autochthony (aw-tok´-tho-ny), <a href="#page22">22</a>.</p>
+      <p>Autolycus (aw-tol´-i-cus), <a href="#page235">235</a>, <a href="#page251">251</a>.</p>
+      <p>Autonoe, (aw-ton´-o-e), <a href="#page205">205</a>.</p>
+      <p>Avernus (a-ver´-nus), <a href="#page132">132</a>.</p>
+      <p>Avertor (&#x101;-ver´-tor), <a href="#page180">180</a>.</p>
+      <p>Averuncus (av-e-run´-cus), <a href="#page180">180</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8">B.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Bacchanalia (bac-ca-na´-le-ah), <a href="#page199">199</a>.</p>
+      <p>Bacchantes (bac-can´-teez), <a href="#page198">198</a>.</p>
+      <p>Bacchus (bac´-cus), <a href="#page130">130</a>.</p>
+      <p>Battus (bat´-tus), <a href="#page119">119</a>.</p>
+      <p>Baucis (baw´-sis), <a href="#page37">37</a>.</p>
+      <p>Bebricians (be-brish´-e-anz), <a href="#page219">219</a>.</p>
+      <p>Beech-nymph, <a href="#page168">168</a>.</p>
+      <p>Bellerophon (bel-ler´-o-fon), <a href="#page256">256</a>.</p>
+      <p>Bellerophontes (bel-ler´-o-fon´-teez), <a href="#page256">256</a>.</p>
+      <p>Bellona (bel-lo´-nah), <a href="#page116">116</a>.</p>
+      <p>Belvedere (bel´-vi-deer), <a href="#page85">85</a>.</p>
+      <p>Benthesicyme, (ben-the-siss´-i-me), <a href="#page105">105</a>.</p>
+      <p>Berecynthia-Idea (ber´-e-sin´-the-ah-i-dee´-ah), <a href="#page19">19</a>.</p>
+      <p>Beroe (ber´-o-e, first <i>e</i> like ei in <i>their</i>), <a href="#page35">35</a>.</p>
+      <p>Birch-nymph, <a href="#page168">168</a>.</p>
+      <p>Bistonians (bis-to´-ne-anz), <a href="#page243">243</a>.</p>
+      <p>Bithynia (bi-thin´-e-ah), <a href="#page220">220</a>.</p>
+      <p>Boreas (bo´-re-ass), <a href="#page171">171</a>.</p>
+      <p>Brauron (braw´-ron), <a href="#page96">96</a>.</p>
+      <p>Brazen Age, <a href="#page23">23</a>.</p>
+      <p>Briareus (bri´-a-ruce), <a href="#page13">13</a>.</p>
+      <p>Brisëis (bri-see´-iss), <a href="#page292">292</a>.</p>
+      <p>Brontes (bron´-teez), <a href="#page16">16</a>.</p>
+      <p>Busiris (bu-si´-ris), <a href="#page248">248</a>.</p>
+      <p>Butes (bu´-teez), <a href="#page228">228</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8">C.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Cadmus, <a href="#page203">203</a>.</p>
+      <p>Caduceus (ca-du´-she-us), <a href="#page121">121</a>.</p>
+      <p>Calais (cal´-a-iss), <a href="#page171">171</a>, <a href="#page220">220</a>.</p>
+      <p>Calchas (cal´-kas), <a href="#page94">94</a>, <a href="#page287">287</a>, <a href="#page289">289</a>, <a href="#page292">292</a>.</p>
+      <p>Calirrhoë (cal-lir´-ro-e), <a href="#page278">278</a>.</p>
+      <p>Calliope (cal-li´-o-pe), <a href="#page80">80</a>, <a href="#page159">159</a>.</p>
+      <p>Callisto (cal-lis´-to), <a href="#page35">35</a>.</p>
+<!-- Page 327 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page327"></a>[327]</span>
+      <p>Calydonian Boar-hunt, <a href="#page89">89</a>.</p>
+      <p>Calypso (ca-lip´-so), <a href="#page317">317</a>.</p>
+      <p>Camenæ (ca-mee´-nee), <a href="#page184">184</a>.</p>
+      <p>Campus Martius (mar´-she-us), <a href="#page115">115</a>.</p>
+      <p>Canens (ca´-nenz), <a href="#page182">182</a>.</p>
+      <p>Capaneus (cap´-a-nuce), <a href="#page273">273</a>.</p>
+      <p>Caphareus, Cape (ca-fa´-ruce), <a href="#page305">305</a>.</p>
+      <p>Carmenta (car-men´-tah), <a href="#page184">184</a>.</p>
+      <p>Carmentalia (car-men-ta´-le-ah), <a href="#page184">184</a>.</p>
+      <p>Carnival, <a href="#page201">201</a>.</p>
+      <p>Carpo, <a href="#page164">164</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cassandra (cas-san´-drah), <a href="#page284">284</a>, <a href="#page303">303</a>, <a href="#page305">305</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cassiopea (cas´-se-o-pee´-ah), <a href="#page207">207</a>.</p>
+      <p>Castalian Spring, <a href="#page159">159</a>, <a href="#page195">195</a>.</p>
+      <p>Castor, <a href="#page33">33</a>, <a href="#page187">187</a>, <a href="#page268">268</a>.</p>
+      <p>Caucasus (caw´-c&#x103;-sus), Mount, <a href="#page222">222</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cecrops (see´-crops), <a href="#page189">189</a>.</p>
+      <p>Celæno (se-lee´-no), <a href="#page137">137</a>.</p>
+      <p>Celeus (see´-le-us), <a href="#page53">53</a>.</p>
+      <p>Celts, <a href="#page10">10</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cenæus (se-nee´-us), <a href="#page255">255</a>.</p>
+      <p>Centaurs (sen´-tawrs), <a href="#page266">266</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ceos (see´-&#x14F;s), <a href="#page13">13</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cepheus (see´-fuce), <a href="#page207">207</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cephissus (se-fiss´-us), <a href="#page169">169</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cerberus (ser´-be-rus), <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page249">249</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cercyon (ser´-se-on), <a href="#page261">261</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cerealia (se-re-a´-le-ah), <a href="#page201">201</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ceres (see´-reez), <a href="#page58">58</a>, <a href="#page201">201</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cerunitis (ser-u-ni´-tis), <a href="#page240">240</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cestus (ses´-tus), <a href="#page59">59</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ceto (see´-to), <a href="#page111">111</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ceuta (su´-tah), <a href="#page222">222</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ceyx (see´-ix), <a href="#page110">110</a>, <a href="#page254">254</a>, <a href="#page280">280</a>.</p>
+      <p>Chalciope (cal-si´-o-pe), <a href="#page223">223</a>.</p>
+      <p>Chaos (ka´-oss), <a href="#page11">11</a>.</p>
+      <p>Chares (ca´-reez), <a href="#page99">99</a>.</p>
+      <p>Charites (car´-i-teez), <a href="#page163">163</a>.</p>
+      <p>Charon (ca´-ron), <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page153">153</a>.</p>
+      <p>Charybdis (ca-rib´-dis), <a href="#page228">228</a>, <a href="#page316">316</a>.</p>
+      <p>Chimæra (ki-mee´-rah), <a href="#page257">257</a>, <a href="#page162">162</a>.</p>
+      <p>Chiron (ki´-ron), <a href="#page289">289</a>.</p>
+      <p>Chloris (clo´-ris), <a href="#page171">171</a>.</p>
+      <p>Chrysaor (cris-&#x101;´-or), <a href="#page145">145</a>.</p>
+      <p>Chrysëis (cri-see´-iss), <a href="#page292">292</a>.</p>
+      <p>Chryses (cri´-seez), <a href="#page292">292</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cimmerians (sim-me´-ri-anz), <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page314">314</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cimon (si´-mon), <a href="#page268">268</a>.</p>
+      <p>Circe (sir´-se), <a href="#page64">64</a>, <a href="#page182">182</a>, <a href="#page227">227</a>, <a href="#page311">311</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cithæron (si-thee´-ron, <i>th</i> as in <i>both</i>), <a href="#page40">40</a>.</p>
+      <p class="i2">&mdash;Mount, <a href="#page236">236</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cleodæus (cle-o-dee´-us), <a href="#page282">282</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cleopatra (cle-o-pat´-rah), <a href="#page220">220</a>.</p>
+      <p>Clio (cli´-o), <a href="#page159">159</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cloacina (clo-a-si´-nah), <a href="#page61">61</a>.</p>
+      <p>Clotho (clo´-tho), <a href="#page139">139</a>.</p>
+      <p>Clymene (clim´-e-ne), <a href="#page64">64</a>.</p>
+      <p>Clytæmnestra (clit-em-nes´-trah), <a href="#page94">94</a>, <a href="#page305">305</a>, <a href="#page306">306</a>.</p>
+      <p>Clytie (cli´-ti-e), <a href="#page63">63</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cocalus (coc´-a-lus), <a href="#page213">213</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cocytus (co-si´-tus), <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page314">314</a>.</p>
+      <p>C&oelig;lus (see´-lus), <a href="#page11">11</a>.</p>
+      <p>Colchis (col´-kis), <a href="#page215">215</a>, <a href="#page222">222</a>.</p>
+      <p>Colonus (co-lo´-nus), <a href="#page271">271</a>.</p>
+      <p>Colossus of Rhodes (co-l&#x14F;s´-sus), <a href="#page66">66</a>.</p>
+      <p>Comus (co´-mus), <a href="#page184">184</a>.</p>
+      <p>Consualia (con-su-a´-le-ah), <a href="#page183">183</a>.</p>
+      <p>Consus (con´-sus), <a href="#page183">183</a>.</p>
+      <p>Copreus (co´-pruce), <a href="#page239">239</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cora, <a href="#page197">197</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cornucopia (cor-noo-co´-pe-ah), <a href="#page148">148</a>.</p>
+      <p>Coronis (co-ro´-nis), <a href="#page75">75</a>.</p>
+      <p>Corybantes (cor-i-ban´-teez), <a href="#page19">19</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cos, island of (coss), <a href="#page104">104</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cottos (cot´-t&#x14F;s), <a href="#page13">13</a>.</p>
+      <p>Crania, island of (cra-ni´-ah), <a href="#page286">286</a>.</p>
+      <p>Creon (cree´-on), <a href="#page237">237</a>, <a href="#page275">275</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cresphontes (cres-fon´-teez), <a href="#page282">282</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cretan Bull, <a href="#page243">243</a>.</p>
+      <p>Crete (creet), <a href="#page229">229</a>.</p>
+      <p>Crëusa (cre-yu´-sah), <a href="#page210">210</a>.</p>
+      <p>Crios (cri´-&#x14F;s), <a href="#page13">13</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cr&oelig;sus (cree´-sus), <a href="#page195">195</a>.</p>
+      <p>Crommyon (crom´-me-on), <a href="#page260">260</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cronus (cro´-nus), <a href="#page14">14</a>, <a href="#page179">179</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ctesiphon (tes´-i-fon), <a href="#page93">93</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cumæan Sibyl, the (cu-mee´-an), <a href="#page84">84</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cupid (cu´-pid), <a href="#page150">150</a>.</p>
+      <p>Curetes (cu-ree´-teez), <a href="#page15">15</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cybele (sib´-i-le), <a href="#page18">18</a>, <a href="#page128">128</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cyclops (si´-clops), <a href="#page105">105</a>, <a href="#page307">307</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cycnus (sik´-nus), <a href="#page66">66</a>, <a href="#page247">247</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cyllene, Mount (sil-lee´-ne), <a href="#page119">119</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cyparissus (sip-a-ris´-sus), <a href="#page77">77</a>, <a href="#page182">182</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cyprus, island of (si´-prus), <a href="#page60">60</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cyrus (si´-rus), <a href="#page195">195</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cythera (sith-ee´-rah), <a href="#page60">60</a>.</p>
+      <p>Cyzicus (siz´-i-cus), <a href="#page218">218</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8">D.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Dædalus (ded´-a-lus), <a href="#page211">211</a>.</p>
+      <p>Dæmons (de´-mons), <a href="#page185">185</a>.</p>
+      <p>Damastes (da-mas´-teez), <a href="#page261">261</a>.</p>
+      <p>Danaë (dan´-a-e), <a href="#page205">205</a>, <a href="#page209">209</a>.</p>
+      <p>Danaïdes (dan-a´-&#x12D;-deez), <a href="#page135">135</a>.</p>
+      <p>Danaus (dan´-a-us), <a href="#page135">135</a>.</p>
+      <p>Danneker (dan´-ek-ker), <a href="#page129">129</a>.</p>
+      <p>Daphne (daf´-ne), <a href="#page74">74</a>.</p>
+      <p>Daphnephoria (daf-ne-fo´-re-ah), <a href="#page200">200</a>.</p>
+      <p>Daphnephorus (daf-nef´-o-rus), <a href="#page200">200</a>.</p>
+      <p>Deianeira (de-i´-a-ni´-rah), <a href="#page254">254</a>.</p>
+      <p>Deiphobus (de-if´-o-bus), <a href="#page300">300</a>.</p>
+      <p>Deipyle (de-ip´-i-le), <a href="#page272">272</a>.</p>
+      <p>Delia (dee´-le-ah), <a href="#page83">83</a>.</p>
+      <p>Delos, island of (dee´-l&#x14F;s), <a href="#page69">69</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a>.</p>
+      <p>Delphi (del´-fi), <a href="#page82">82</a>.</p>
+      <p>Delphic Oracle, <a href="#page194">194</a>.</p>
+      <p>Demeter (de-mee´-ter), <a href="#page50">50</a>, <a href="#page197">197</a>.</p>
+      <p>Demi-gods, <a href="#page8">8</a>.</p>
+      <p>Demophoon (de-mof´-o-on), <a href="#page53">53</a>, <a href="#page280">280</a>.</p>
+      <p>Deucalion (du-ca´-le-on), <a href="#page21">21</a>.</p>
+      <p>Diana (di-an´-nah), <a href="#page87">87</a>.</p>
+      <p class="i2">&mdash;of Versailles, <a href="#page88">88</a>.</p>
+<!-- Page 328 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page328"></a>[328]</span>
+      <p>Dice (di´-se), <a href="#page164">164</a>.</p>
+      <p>Dictys (dic´-tiss), <a href="#page205">205</a>.</p>
+      <p>Dindymene (din-di-mee´-ne), <a href="#page19">19</a>.</p>
+      <p>Dino (di´-no), <a href="#page145">145</a>.</p>
+      <p>Diomedes (di-o-mee´-deez), <a href="#page112">112</a>, <a href="#page243">243</a>, <a href="#page297">297</a>, <a href="#page305">305</a>.</p>
+      <p>Dione (di-o´-ne), <a href="#page58">58</a>.</p>
+      <p>Dionysia (di-o-nish´-e-ah), <a href="#page180">180</a>, <a href="#page197">197</a>.</p>
+      <p>Dionysus (di-o-ni´-sus), <a href="#page124">124</a>, <a href="#page193">193</a>, <a href="#page198">198</a>, <a href="#page263">263</a>.</p>
+      <p>Dioscuri (di-&#x14F;s-cu´-ri), <a href="#page33">33</a>.</p>
+      <p>Diræ (di´-ree), <a href="#page138">138</a>.</p>
+      <p>Dirce (dir´-se), <a href="#page33">33</a>.</p>
+      <p>Dis (diss), <a href="#page137">137</a>.</p>
+      <p>Discord, goddess of, <a href="#page284">284</a>.</p>
+      <p>Dodona (do-do´-nah), <a href="#page29">29</a>, <a href="#page216">216</a>.</p>
+      <p>Doliones (do-li´-o-neez), <a href="#page218">218</a>.</p>
+      <p>Dorians (do´-re-anz), <a href="#page211">211</a>.</p>
+      <p>Doris (do´-ris), <a href="#page108">108</a>.</p>
+      <p>Dorus (do´-rus), <a href="#page211">211</a>.</p>
+      <p>Dryades (dri´-a-deez), <a href="#page168">168</a>.</p>
+      <p>Dryas (dri´-ass), <a href="#page126">126</a>.</p>
+      <p>Dymas (di´-mass), <a href="#page283">283</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8">E.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Echedorus (ek-e-do´-rus), <a href="#page247">247</a>.</p>
+      <p>Echemon (ek-kee´-mon), <a href="#page282">282</a>.</p>
+      <p>Echidna, (ek-kid´-nah), <a href="#page146">146</a>.</p>
+      <p>Echo (ek´-o), <a href="#page169">169</a>.</p>
+      <p>Egeria (e-gee´-re-ah), <a href="#page184">184</a>.</p>
+      <p>Eilithyia (i-lith-i´-yah), <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page237">237</a>.</p>
+      <p>Electra (e-lek´-trah), <a href="#page111">111</a>, <a href="#page306">306</a>.</p>
+      <p>Electryon (e-lek´-tre-on), <a href="#page35">35</a>.</p>
+      <p>Eleusinian Mysteries (el-u-sin´-e-an), <a href="#page56">56</a>, <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page196">196</a>.</p>
+      <p>Eleusis (e-lu´-sis), <a href="#page54">54</a>.</p>
+      <p>Elis (ee´-lis), <a href="#page254">254</a>, <a href="#page283">283</a>.</p>
+      <p>Elysian Fields (e-lizh´-e-an), <a href="#page133">133</a>.</p>
+      <p>Elysium (e-lizh´-e-um), <a href="#page133">133</a>.</p>
+      <p>Enceladus (en-sel´-a-dus), <a href="#page20">20</a>.</p>
+      <p>Endymion (en-dim´-e-on), <a href="#page87">87</a>.</p>
+      <p>Enipeus (e-ni´-puce), <a href="#page106">106</a>.</p>
+      <p>Enyo (e-ni´-o), <a href="#page113">113</a>.</p>
+      <p>Eos (ee´-&#x14F;s), <a href="#page67">67</a>, <a href="#page297">297</a>.</p>
+      <p>Epaphus (ep´-a-fus), <a href="#page36">36</a>, <a href="#page64">64</a>.</p>
+      <p>Epeios (ep-i´-&#x14F;s), <a href="#page301">301</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ephesus, temple of (ef´-e-sus), <a href="#page92">92</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ephialtes (ef-e-&#x101;l´-teez), <a href="#page105">105</a>.</p>
+      <p>Epidaurus (ep-e-daw´-rus), <a href="#page260">260</a>.</p>
+      <p>Epigoni (e-pig´-o-ni), <a href="#page276">276</a>.</p>
+      <p>Epimetheus (ep-e-me´-thuce), <a href="#page25">25</a>.</p>
+      <p>Epopeus (e-po´-puce), <a href="#page32">32</a>.</p>
+      <p>Erato (er´-a-to), <a href="#page159">159</a>.</p>
+      <p>Erebus (er´-e-buss), <a href="#page13">13</a>.</p>
+      <p>Erechtheus (e-rek´-thuce), <a href="#page210">210</a>.</p>
+      <p>Eresichthon (er-e-sik´-thon), <a href="#page57">57</a>.</p>
+      <p>Erginus (er-ji´-nus), <a href="#page237">237</a>.</p>
+      <p>Eridanus, river, the (e-rid´-a-nus), <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href="#page227">227</a>, <a href="#page248">248</a>.</p>
+      <p>Erinnyes (e-rin´-ne-eez), <a href="#page138">138</a>.</p>
+      <p>Eriphyle (er-i-fi´-le), <a href="#page273">273</a>.</p>
+      <p>Eris (ee´-ris), <a href="#page39">39</a>.</p>
+      <p>Eros (ee´-r&#x14F;s), <a href="#page74">74</a>, <a href="#page150">150</a>.</p>
+      <p>Erymantian Boar (er-e-man´-shun), <a href="#page240">240</a>.</p>
+      <p>Erythia (er-e-thi´-ah), <a href="#page246">246</a>.</p>
+      <p>Eteocles (e-tee´-o-cleez), <a href="#page272">272</a>, <a href="#page275">275</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ether (ee´-ther), <a href="#page12">12</a>.</p>
+      <p>Eub&oelig;ans (u-bee´-anz), <a href="#page210">210</a>.</p>
+      <p>Eumæus (u-mee´-us), <a href="#page320">320</a>.</p>
+      <p>Eumenides (u-men´-i-deez), <a href="#page138">138</a>, <a href="#page271">271</a>.</p>
+      <p>Eunomia (u-no´-me-ah), <a href="#page164">164</a>.</p>
+      <p>Euphemus (u-fee´-mus), <a href="#page221">221</a>.</p>
+      <p>Euphrosyne (u-fros´-i-ne), <a href="#page163">163</a>.</p>
+      <p>Europa (u-ro´-pah), <a href="#page34">34</a>.</p>
+      <p>Eurus (u´-rus), <a href="#page171">171</a>.</p>
+      <p>Euryale (u-ri´-a-le), <a href="#page144">144</a>.</p>
+      <p>Eurybia (u-rib´-e-ah), <a href="#page13">13</a>.</p>
+      <p>Euryclea (u-ri-clee´-ah), <a href="#page321">321</a>.</p>
+      <p>Eurydice (u-rid´-i-se), <a href="#page81">81</a>.</p>
+      <p>Eurylochus (u-ril´-o-kus), <a href="#page311">311</a>.</p>
+      <p>Eurynome (u-rin´-o-me), <a href="#page98">98</a>.</p>
+      <p>Eurypylus (u-rip´-i-lus), <a href="#page299">299</a>.</p>
+      <p>Eurystheus (u-riss´-thuce), <a href="#page237">237</a>, <a href="#page280">280</a>.</p>
+      <p>Eurytion (u-rit´-e-on), <a href="#page246">246</a>, <a href="#page266">266</a>.</p>
+      <p>Eurytus (u´-ri-tus), <a href="#page235">235</a>.</p>
+      <p>Euterpe (u-ter´-pe), <a href="#page159">159</a>.</p>
+      <p>Evander (e-van´-der), <a href="#page184">184</a>.</p>
+      <p>Evenus (e-ve´-nus), <a href="#page254">254</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8">F.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Farnese Bull, the (far´-neez), <a href="#page33">33</a>.</p>
+      <p>Fates, <a href="#page139">139</a>.</p>
+      <p>Fauns (fawns), <a href="#page175">175</a>.</p>
+      <p>Faunus (faw´-nus), <a href="#page174">174</a>.</p>
+      <p>Festivals, <a href="#page196">196</a>.</p>
+      <p>Fetiales (fe-she-a´-leez), <a href="#page124">124</a>.</p>
+      <p>Flora, <a href="#page180">180</a>.</p>
+      <p>Floralia (flo-ra´-le-ah), <a href="#page180">180</a>.</p>
+      <p>Fortuna (for-tu´-nah), <a href="#page147">147</a>.</p>
+      <p>Furies, <a href="#page278">278</a>, <a href="#page306">306</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8">G.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Gadria (gad´-re-ah), <a href="#page246">246</a>.</p>
+      <p>Gæa (je´-ah), <a href="#page11">11</a>.</p>
+      <p>Galatea (gal-a-tee´-ah), <a href="#page167">167</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ganymede (gan-i-mee´-de), <a href="#page156">156</a>, <a href="#page246">246</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ganymedes (gan-i-mee´-deez), <a href="#page156">156</a>, <a href="#page246">246</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ge, <a href="#page11">11</a>.</p>
+      <p>Genii (jee´-ne-i), <a href="#page185">185</a>.</p>
+      <p>Geryon (jee´-re-on), <a href="#page246">246</a>.</p>
+      <p>Geryones (je-ri´-o-neez), <a href="#page246">246</a>.</p>
+      <p>Giants, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page199">199</a>, <a href="#page218">218</a>.</p>
+      <p>Gigantomachia (ji-gan´-to-ma´-ke-ah), <a href="#page20">20</a>.</p>
+      <p>Glauce (glaw´-se), <a href="#page231">231</a>.</p>
+      <p>Glaucus (glaw´-cus), <a href="#page109">109</a>, <a href="#page219">219</a>.</p>
+      <p>Golden Age, <a href="#page22">22</a>, <a href="#page185">185</a>.</p>
+      <p>Golden Fleece, <a href="#page215">215</a>, <a href="#page223">223</a>, <a href="#page226">226</a>, <a href="#page230">230</a>.</p>
+      <p>Gordius (gor´-de-us), <a href="#page128">128</a>.</p>
+      <p>Gorgons, <a href="#page144">144</a>, <a href="#page206">206</a>.</p>
+      <p>Graces, <a href="#page163">163</a>.</p>
+<!-- Page 329 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page329"></a>[329]</span>
+      <p>Gradivus (gra-di´-vus), <a href="#page115">115</a>.</p>
+      <p>Grææ (gree´-ee), <a href="#page145">145</a>, <a href="#page206">206</a>.</p>
+      <p>Gratiæ (gra´-she-ee), <a href="#page163">163</a>.</p>
+      <p>Gyges (ji´-jeez), <a href="#page13">13</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8">H.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Hades (ha´-deez), <a href="#page250">250</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hæmon (hee´-mon), <a href="#page276">276</a>.</p>
+      <p>Halcyone (hal-si´-o-ne), <a href="#page110">110</a>.</p>
+      <p>Halirrothius (hal-ir-ro´-the-us), <a href="#page113">113</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hamadryades (ham-a-dry´-a-deez), <a href="#page168">168</a>.</p>
+      <p>Harmonia (har-mo´-ne-ah), <a href="#page204">204</a>, <a href="#page276">276</a>.</p>
+      <p>Harpies (har´-piz), <a href="#page137">137</a>, <a href="#page220">220</a>.</p>
+      <p>Harpinna (har-pin´-nah), <a href="#page233">233</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hebe (hee´-be), <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page156">156</a>, <a href="#page256">256</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hebrus, river, the (hee´-brus), <a href="#page82">82</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hecate (hec´-a-te), <a href="#page85">85</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hecatombs (hec´-a-tomes), <a href="#page193">193</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hecatoncheires (hec´-a-ton-ki´-reez), <a href="#page13">13</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hector, <a href="#page284">284</a>, <a href="#page290">290</a>, <a href="#page293">293</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hecuba (hec´-u-bah), <a href="#page283">283</a>, <a href="#page304">304</a>.</p>
+      <p>Helen, <a href="#page267">267</a>, <a href="#page286">286</a>, <a href="#page304">304</a>.</p>
+      <p>Helenus (hel´-e-nus), <a href="#page299">299</a>.</p>
+      <p>Helicon (hel´-e-con), <a href="#page158">158</a>, <a href="#page162">162</a>.</p>
+      <p>Helios, (hee´-le-&#x14F;s), <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href="#page316">316</a>.</p>
+      <p>Helios-Apollo, <a href="#page70">70</a>.</p>
+      <p>Helle (hel´-le), <a href="#page215">215</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hemera (hee´-me-rah), <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a>.</p>
+      <p>Heosphorus (he-&#x14F;s´-fo-rus), <a href="#page68">68</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hephæstus (he-fes´-tus), <a href="#page97">97</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hera (he´-rah), <a href="#page38">38</a>, <a href="#page214">214</a>.</p>
+      <p>Heracles <a name="NtA_54" href="#Nt_54"><sup>[54]</sup></a> (her´-a-cleez), <a href="#page26">26</a>, <a href="#page218">218</a>, <a href="#page234">234</a>.</p>
+      <p>Heraclidæ <a href="#Nt_54"><sup>[54]</sup></a> (her-a-cli´-dee), <a href="#page280">280</a>.</p>
+      <p>Heræ (he´-ree), <a href="#page41">41</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hercules (her´-cu-leez) <i>See</i> Heracles.</p>
+      <p class="i2">&mdash;Pillars of, <a href="#page246">246</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hermæ (her´-mee), <a href="#page118">118</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hermes (her´-meez), <a href="#page117">117</a>, <a href="#page250">250</a>, <a href="#page312">312</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hermione (her-mi´-o-ne), <a href="#page307">307</a>.</p>
+      <p>Heroes, <a href="#page8">8</a>.</p>
+      <p>Herostratus (he-ros´-tra-tus), <a href="#page93">93</a>.</p>
+      <p>Herse (her´-se), <a href="#page87">87</a>, <a href="#page122">122</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hesiod's Theogony (he´-she-od), <a href="#page24">24</a>, <a href="#page150">150</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hesione (he-si´-o-ne), <a href="#page245">245</a>, <a href="#page253">253</a>, <a href="#page285">285</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hesperia (hes-pee´-re-ah), <a href="#page163">163</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hesperides (hes-per´-i-deez), <a href="#page162">162</a>, <a href="#page247">247</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hesperus (hes´-pe-rus), <a href="#page68">68</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hestia (hes´-te-ah), <a href="#page48">48</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hip´pocamp, <a href="#page229">229</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hippocamps, <a href="#page102">102</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hippocrene (hip-po-cree´-ne), <a href="#page159">159</a>, <a href="#page162">162</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hippodamia (hip´-po-da-mi´-ah), <a href="#page232">232</a>, <a href="#page266">266</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hippolyte (hip-pol´-i-te), <a href="#page264">264</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hippolyte's Girdle, <a href="#page244">244</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hippolytes (hip-pol´-i teez), <a href="#page283">283</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hippolytus (hip-pol´-i-tus), <a href="#page266">266</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hippomedon (hip-pom´-e-don), <a href="#page273">273</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hippomenes (hip-pom´-e-neez), <a href="#page91">91</a>.</p>
+      <p>Horæ (ho´-ree), <a href="#page164">164</a>.</p>
+      <p>Horned Hind, <a href="#page240">240</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hyacinthus (hi-a-sin´-thus), <a href="#page77">77</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hyades (hi´-a-deez), <a href="#page170">170</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hydra, Lernean, the (hi´-drah, ler-nee´-an), <a href="#page239">239</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hygeia (hi-jee´-yah), <a href="#page177">177</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hylas (hi´-las), <a href="#page216">216</a>, <a href="#page219">219</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hyllus (hil´-lus), <a href="#page254">254</a>, <a href="#page281">281</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hymen (hi´-men), or Hymenæus (hi-me-nee´-us), <a href="#page154">154</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hyperion (hi-pee´-re-on), <a href="#page13">13</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hypermnestra (hip-erm-nes´-trah), <a href="#page135">135</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hypnus (hip´-nus), <a href="#page142">142</a>.</p>
+      <p>Hypsipyle (hip-sip´-i-le), <a href="#page274">274</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8">I.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Iambe (i-am´-be), <a href="#page53">53</a>.</p>
+      <p>Iapetus (i-ap´-e-tus), <a href="#page24">24</a>.</p>
+      <p>Iasion (i-a´-zhe-on), <a href="#page137">137</a>.</p>
+      <p>Iberia (i-bee´-re-ah), <a href="#page247">247</a>.</p>
+      <p>Icaria (i-ca´-re-ah), <a href="#page212">212</a>.</p>
+      <p>Icarus (ic´-a-rus), <a href="#page211">211</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ichor (i´-kor), <a href="#page7">7</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ida, Mount, <a href="#page157">157</a>, <a href="#page284">284</a>, <a href="#page300">300</a>.</p>
+      <p>Idas (i´-dass), <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page75">75</a>.</p>
+      <p>Idmon (id´-mon), <a href="#page216">216</a>.</p>
+      <p>Idomeneus (i-dom´-e-nuce), <a href="#page286">286</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ilion (il´-e-on), <a href="#page283">283</a>.</p>
+      <p>Illyria (il-lir´-e-ah), <a href="#page205">205</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ilus (i´-lus), <a href="#page283">283</a>.</p>
+      <p>Inachus (in´-a-cus), <a href="#page36">36</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ino (i´-no), <a href="#page205">205</a>, <a href="#page215">215</a>.</p>
+      <p>Inuus (in´-u-us), <a href="#page174">174</a>.</p>
+      <p>Io (i´-o), <a href="#page36">36</a>.</p>
+      <p>Iobates (i-ob´-a-teez), <a href="#page257">257</a>.</p>
+      <p>Iolaus (i-o-la´-us), <a href="#page239">239</a>, <a href="#page251">251</a>, <a href="#page281">281</a>.</p>
+      <p>Iolcus (i-ol´-cus), <a href="#page213">213</a>, <a href="#page230">230</a>.</p>
+      <p>Iole (i´-o-le), <a href="#page251">251</a>, <a href="#page255">255</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ion (i´-on), <a href="#page210">210</a>.</p>
+      <p>Iphigenia (if´-i-ge-ni´-ah), <a href="#page94">94</a>, <a href="#page289">289</a>, <a href="#page307">307</a>.</p>
+      <p>Iphitus (if´-i-tus), <a href="#page251">251</a>.</p>
+      <p>Iris (i´-ris), <a href="#page155">155</a>, <a href="#page220">220</a>.</p>
+      <p>Iron Age, <a href="#page23">23</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ismene (iss-mee´-ne), <a href="#page271">271</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ister (iss´-ter), <a href="#page226">226</a>.</p>
+      <p>Isthmian Games (isth´-me-an), <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page264">264</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ithaca (ith´-a-cah), <a href="#page310">310</a>, <a href="#page319">319</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ixion (ix-i´-on), <a href="#page135">135</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8">J.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Jani (ja´-ni), <a href="#page178">178</a>.</p>
+      <p>Janus (ja´-nus), <a href="#page18">18</a>, <a href="#page178">178</a>.</p>
+<!-- Page 330 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page330"></a>[330]</span>
+      <p>Jason (ja´-son), <a href="#page213">213</a>.</p>
+      <p>Jocasta (jo-cas´-tah), <a href="#page269">269</a>, <a href="#page270">270</a>.</p>
+      <p>Juno (ju´-no), <a href="#page42">42</a>, <a href="#page185">185</a>.</p>
+      <p>Jupiter (ju´-pe-ter), <a href="#page38">38</a>.</p>
+      <p>Jupiter-Ammon, <a href="#page207">207</a>.</p>
+      <p>Juventas (ju-ven´-t&#x103;ss), <a href="#page156">156</a>, <a href="#page183">183</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8">K.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Keidomos (ki´-do-mos), <a href="#page113">113</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ker (cur), <a href="#page149">149</a>.</p>
+      <p>Keres (kee´-reez), <a href="#page149">149</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8">L.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Labdacus (lab´-da-cus), <a href="#page269">269</a>.</p>
+      <p>Labyrinth (lab´-i-rinth), <a href="#page212">212</a>, <a href="#page262">262</a>.</p>
+      <p>Lacedæmon (las-e-dee´-mon), <a href="#page283">283</a>.</p>
+      <p>Lac´edæmo´nians, <a href="#page189">189</a>.</p>
+      <p>Lachesis (lak´-e-sis), <a href="#page139">139</a>.</p>
+      <p>Lacolia (la-co´-le-ah), <a href="#page250">250</a>.</p>
+      <p>Lacus Nemorensis (la´-cus nem-o-ren´-sis), <a href="#page97">97</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ladon (la´-don), <a href="#page240">240</a>.</p>
+      <p>Laertes (la-er´-teez), <a href="#page314">314</a>, <a href="#page323">323</a>.</p>
+      <p>Læstrygones (les-trig´-o-neez), <a href="#page311">311</a>.</p>
+      <p>Laius (la´-yus), <a href="#page269">269</a>.</p>
+      <p>Lampetus (lam´-pe-tus), <a href="#page67">67</a>.</p>
+      <p>Lampsacus (lamp´-sa-cus), <a href="#page176">176</a>.</p>
+      <p>Laocoon (la-oc´-o-on), <a href="#page301">301</a>.</p>
+      <p>Laodamas (la-od´-a-mass), <a href="#page277">277</a>.</p>
+      <p>Laomedon (la-om´-e-don), <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href="#page245">245</a>, <a href="#page253">253</a>.</p>
+      <p>Lar, <a href="#page186">186</a>.</p>
+      <p>Lares Familiares (la´-reez fa-mil´-e-a´-reez), <a href="#page186">186</a>.</p>
+      <p>Larissa (la-ris´-sah), <a href="#page189">189</a>, <a href="#page209">209</a>.</p>
+      <p>Latmus Mount, <a href="#page87">87</a>.</p>
+      <p>Latona (la-to´-nah), <a href="#page31">31</a>.</p>
+      <p>Laverna (la-ver´-nah), <a href="#page184">184</a>.</p>
+      <p>Leda (lee´-dah), <a href="#page33">33</a>.</p>
+      <p>Lemnos, island of, (lem´-noss), <a href="#page98">98</a>, <a href="#page217">217</a>.</p>
+      <p>Lemuralia (lem-u-ra´-le-ah), <a href="#page186">186</a>.</p>
+      <p>Lemures (lem´-u-reez), <a href="#page186">186</a>.</p>
+      <p>Lerna, <a href="#page239">239</a>.</p>
+      <p>Lernean Hydra. <i>See</i> Hydra.</p>
+      <p>Lesbos (lez´-bos), <a href="#page290">290</a>.</p>
+      <p>Lethe (lee´-the, <i>th</i> as in <i>both</i>), <a href="#page133">133</a>.</p>
+      <p>Leto (lee´-to), <a href="#page31">31</a>.</p>
+      <p>Leucippus (lu-sip´-pus), <a href="#page34">34</a>.</p>
+      <p>Leucothea (lu-co´-the-ah, <i>th</i> as in <i>both</i>), <a href="#page111">111</a>, <a href="#page318">318</a>.</p>
+      <p>Liber (li´-ber), <a href="#page130">130</a>.</p>
+      <p>Liberalia (lib-er-a´-le-ah), <a href="#page130">130</a>.</p>
+      <p>Libya (lib´-yah), <a href="#page207">207</a>, <a href="#page229">229</a>.</p>
+      <p>Limoniades (lim-o-ni´-a-deez), <a href="#page170">170</a>.</p>
+      <p>Linden-nymph, <a href="#page168">168</a>.</p>
+      <p>Linus (li´-nus), <a href="#page235">235</a>.</p>
+      <p>Lion, Nemean (ne´-me-an), <a href="#page238">238</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ludi Maximi (lu´-di max´-i-mi), <a href="#page48">48</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ludovici Villa (lu-do-vee´-chee), <a href="#page116">116</a>.</p>
+      <p>Luna (lu´-nah), <a href="#page86">86</a>, <a href="#page97">97</a>.</p>
+      <p>Lupercus (lu-per´-cus), <a href="#page174">174</a>.</p>
+      <p>Lycaon (li-cay´-on), <a href="#page37">37</a>.</p>
+      <p>Lycomedes (lic-o-mee´-deez), <a href="#page268">268</a>, <a href="#page287">287</a>.</p>
+      <p>Lycurgus (li-cur´-gus), <a href="#page126">126</a>, <a href="#page189">189</a>, <a href="#page274">274</a>.</p>
+      <p>Lycus (li´-cus), <a href="#page32">32</a>.</p>
+      <p>Lynceus (lin´-suce), <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page216">216</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8">M.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Macaria (ma-ca´-re-ah), <a href="#page281">281</a>.</p>
+      <p>Machaon (ma-ca´-on), <a href="#page177">177</a>, <a href="#page300">300</a>.</p>
+      <p>Magna-Mater (may´-ter), <a href="#page19">19</a>.</p>
+      <p>Maia (may´-yah), <a href="#page119">119</a>.</p>
+      <p>Mamers (ma´-merz), <a href="#page114">114</a>.</p>
+      <p>Manes (ma´-neez), <a href="#page185">185</a>.</p>
+      <p>Marathonian Bull (mar-a-tho´-ne-an), <a href="#page262">262</a>.</p>
+      <p>Mares of Diomedes, <a href="#page243">243</a></p>
+      <p>Marpessa (mar-pes´-sah), <a href="#page75">75</a>.</p>
+      <p>Mars (marz), <a href="#page114">114</a>.</p>
+      <p>Marspiter (mars´-pe-ter), <a href="#page114">114</a>.</p>
+      <p>Marsyas (mar´-she-ass), <a href="#page78">78</a>.</p>
+      <p>Mater-Deorum (dee-o´-rum), <a href="#page19">19</a>.</p>
+      <p>Matronalia (ma-tro-na´-le-ah), <a href="#page43">43</a>.</p>
+      <p>Mecone (me-co´-ne), <a href="#page24">24</a>.</p>
+      <p>Medea (me-dee´-ah), <a href="#page223">223</a>, <a href="#page261">261</a>.</p>
+      <p>Medusa (me-du´-sah), <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page144">144</a>, <a href="#page206">206</a>.</p>
+      <p>Megæra (me-jee´-rah), <a href="#page138">138</a>.</p>
+      <p>Megapenthes (meg-a-pen´-theez), <a href="#page209">209</a>.</p>
+      <p>Megara (meg´-a-rah), <a href="#page138">138</a>, <a href="#page237">237</a>, <a href="#page251">251</a>.</p>
+      <p>Melanippe (mel-a-nip´-pe), <a href="#page245">245</a>.</p>
+      <p>Meleager (me-le-a´-jer), <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page216">216</a>.</p>
+      <p>Meliades (me-li´-a-deez), <a href="#page170">170</a>.</p>
+      <p>Melissa (me-lis´-sah), <a href="#page15">15</a>.</p>
+      <p>Melpomene (mel-pom´-e-ne), <a href="#page159">159</a>.</p>
+      <p>Memnon (mem´-non), <a href="#page297">297</a>.</p>
+      <p>Memphis (mem´-fiss), <a href="#page36">36</a>.</p>
+      <p>Menades (men´-a-deez), <a href="#page198">198</a>.</p>
+      <p>Menelaus (men-e-la´-us), <a href="#page294">294</a>, <a href="#page304">304</a>, <a href="#page305">305</a>.</p>
+      <p>Menesthius (me-nes´-the-us), <a href="#page268">268</a>.</p>
+      <p>Men&oelig;ceus (me-nee´-suce), <a href="#page274">274</a>.</p>
+      <p>Men&oelig;tius (me-nee´-she-us), <a href="#page216">216</a>.</p>
+      <p>Mercury (mer´-cu-ry), <a href="#page123">123</a>.</p>
+      <p>Merope (mer´-ope, first <i>e</i> like <i>ei</i> in <i>their</i>), <a href="#page269">269</a>.</p>
+      <p>Messene (mes-see´-ne), <a href="#page283">283</a>.</p>
+      <p>Metaneira (met-a-ni´-rah), <a href="#page53">53</a>.</p>
+      <p>Metis (mee´-tiss), <a href="#page30">30</a>.</p>
+      <p>Metra (mee´-trah), <a href="#page57">57</a>, <a href="#page92">92</a>.</p>
+      <p>Midas (mi´-das), <a href="#page79">79</a>, <a href="#page128">128</a>.</p>
+      <p>Midea (mi-dee´-ah), <a href="#page209">209</a>.</p>
+      <p>Milo (mi´-lo), <a href="#page60">60</a>.</p>
+      <p>Miltiades (mil-ti´-a-deez), <a href="#page268">268</a>.</p>
+      <p>Mimas (mi´-mass), <a href="#page20">20</a>.</p>
+      <p>Minerva (mi-ner´-vah), <a href="#page47">47</a>.</p>
+      <p>Minerval (mi-ner´-val), <a href="#page47">47</a>.</p>
+      <p>Minos (mi´-n&#x14F;s), <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page134">134</a>, <a href="#page212">212</a>, <a href="#page243">243</a>.</p>
+      <p>Minotaur (min´-o-tawr), <a href="#page212">212</a>, <a href="#page262">262</a>.</p>
+      <p>Minyans (min´-yanz), <a href="#page237">237</a>.</p>
+      <p>Mnemosyne (ne-m&#x14F;s´-i-ne), <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page31">31</a>.</p>
+      <p>Moira (moy´-rah), <a href="#page139">139</a>.</p>
+      <p>Moiræ (moy´-ree), <a href="#page297">297</a>, <a href="#page139">139</a>.</p>
+<!-- Page 331 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page331"></a>[331]</span>
+      <p>Moly (mo´-ly), <a href="#page312">312</a>.</p>
+      <p>Momus (mo´-mus), <a href="#page149">149</a>.</p>
+      <p>Moneta Juno (mo-nee´-tah), <a href="#page42">42</a>.</p>
+      <p>Mopsus, <a href="#page216">216</a>.</p>
+      <p>Morpheus (mor´-fuce), <a href="#page143">143</a>.</p>
+      <p>Mors (morz). <i>See</i> Thanatos.</p>
+      <p>Musagetes (mu-saj´-e-teez), <a href="#page71">71</a>.</p>
+      <p>Muses, <a href="#page157">157</a>.</p>
+      <p>Mutunus (mu-tu´-nus), <a href="#page176">176</a>.</p>
+      <p>Mycenæ (mi-see´-ne), <a href="#page209">209</a>, <a href="#page305">305</a>.</p>
+      <p>Myrmidons (mir´-mi-dons), <a href="#page288">288</a>, <a href="#page293">293</a>, <a href="#page295">295</a>.</p>
+      <p>Myrtilus (mir´-ti-lus), <a href="#page233">233</a>.</p>
+      <p>Mysia (mish´-e-ah), <a href="#page219">219</a>.</p>
+      <p>Mysians, <a href="#page289">289</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8">N.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Naiads (na´-yads), or Naiades (na-i´-a-deez), <a href="#page166">166</a>, <a href="#page227">227</a>.</p>
+      <p>Napææ (na-pee´-ee), <a href="#page169">169</a>.</p>
+      <p>Narcissus (nar-sis´-sus), <a href="#page169">169</a>.</p>
+      <p>Nausicaa (naw-sic´-a-ah), <a href="#page317">317</a>.</p>
+      <p>Naxos (nax´-oss), <a href="#page128">128</a>, <a href="#page263">263</a>.</p>
+      <p>Necessitas (ne-ses´-si-tass), <a href="#page148">148</a>.</p>
+      <p>Nectar, <a href="#page15">15</a>.</p>
+      <p>Neleus (nee´-luce), <a href="#page106">106</a>, <a href="#page119">119</a>, <a href="#page216">216</a>.</p>
+      <p>Nemea (nee´-me-ah), <a href="#page274">274</a>.</p>
+      <p>Nemean Lion. <i>See</i> Lion.</p>
+      <p>Nemesis (nem´-e-siss), <a href="#page141">141</a>.</p>
+      <p>Nemoralia (nem-o-ra´-le-ah), <a href="#page97">97</a>.</p>
+      <p>Neoptolemus (ne-op-tol´-e-mus), <a href="#page299">299</a>, <a href="#page304">304</a>.</p>
+      <p>Nephalia (ne-fa´-le-ah), <a href="#page139">139</a>.</p>
+      <p>Nephelæ (nef´-e-lee), <a href="#page12">12</a>.</p>
+      <p>Nephele (nef´-e-le), <a href="#page215">215</a>.</p>
+      <p>Neptunalia (nep-tu-na´-le-ah), <a href="#page107">107</a>.</p>
+      <p>Neptune (nept´-une), <a href="#page14">14</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>.</p>
+      <p>Nereides (ne-ree´-i-deez), <a href="#page108">108</a>, <a href="#page167">167</a>.</p>
+      <p>Nereus (nee´-ruce), <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page108">108</a>.</p>
+      <p>Nessus, <a href="#page254">254</a>.</p>
+      <p>Nestor, <a href="#page286">286</a>, <a href="#page301">301</a>, <a href="#page305">305</a>.</p>
+      <p>Nike (ni´-ke), <a href="#page117">117</a>.</p>
+      <p>Niobe (ni´-o-be), <a href="#page79">79</a>, <a href="#page141">141</a>.</p>
+      <p>Noman, <a href="#page309">309</a>.</p>
+      <p>Notus (no´-tus), <a href="#page171">171</a>.</p>
+      <p>Nox. <i>See</i> Nyx.</p>
+      <p>Nyctimus (nic´-ti-mus), <a href="#page38">38</a>.</p>
+      <p>Nycteus (nic´-tuce), <a href="#page32">32</a>.</p>
+      <p>Nymphs, <a href="#page165">165</a>.</p>
+      <p>Nysa, Mount (ni´-sah), <a href="#page125">125</a>.</p>
+      <p>Nyx (nix), <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8">O.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Oceanides (o-se-an´-i-deez), <a href="#page108">108</a>, <a href="#page166">166</a>.</p>
+      <p>Oceanus (o-see´-a-nus), <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page166">166</a>, <a href="#page314">314</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ocypete (o-sip´-e-te), <a href="#page137">137</a>.</p>
+      <p>Odysseus (o-dis´-suce), <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href="#page287">287</a>, <a href="#page307">307</a>.</p>
+      <p>&OElig;chalia (e-ka´-le-ah), <a href="#page255">255</a>.</p>
+      <p>&OElig;dipus (ed´-i-pus), <a href="#page146">146</a>, <a href="#page269">269</a>.</p>
+      <p>&OElig;neus (ee´-nuce), <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page254">254</a>.</p>
+      <p>&OElig;nomaus (ee-nom´-a-us), <a href="#page232">232</a>.</p>
+      <p>&OElig;none (ee-no´-ne) <a href="#page284">284</a>, <a href="#page300">300</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ogygia (o-jij´-e-ah), <a href="#page317">317</a>.</p>
+      <p>Oileus (o-i´-luce), <a href="#page216">216</a>, <a href="#page221">221</a>.</p>
+      <p>Olympia (o-lim´-pe-ah), <a href="#page29">29</a>, <a href="#page123">123</a>.</p>
+      <p>Olym´pic Games, <a href="#page30">30</a>.</p>
+      <p>Olym´pus, Mount, <a href="#page27">27</a>.</p>
+      <p>Omphale (om´-fa-le), <a href="#page252">252</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ops, <a href="#page19">19</a>.</p>
+      <p>Oracles, <a href="#page194">194</a>.</p>
+      <p>Orchamus (or´-ca-mus), <a href="#page63">63</a>.</p>
+      <p>Orchomenus (or-com´-e-nus), <a href="#page237">237</a>.</p>
+      <p>Orcus (or´-cus), <a href="#page136">136</a>.</p>
+      <p>Oreades (o-ree´-a-deez), <a href="#page169">169</a>.</p>
+      <p>Orithyia (or´-i-thi´-yah), <a href="#page171">171</a>.</p>
+      <p>Orestes (o-res´-teez), <a href="#page95">95</a>, <a href="#page139">139</a>, <a href="#page306">306</a>.</p>
+      <p>Orpheus (or´-fuce), <a href="#page80">80</a>, <a href="#page216">216</a>, <a href="#page228">228</a>.</p>
+      <p>Orthrus (or´-thrus), <a href="#page246">246</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ossa (oss´-sah), <a href="#page106">106</a>.</p>
+      <p>Othrys, Mount, (o´-thris), <a href="#page16">16</a>.</p>
+      <p>Otus (o´-tus), <a href="#page105">105</a>.</p>
+      <p>Oxen of Geryones. <i>See</i> Geryones.</p>
+      <p>Oxylus (ox´-i-lus), <a href="#page283">283</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8">P.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Palæmon (pa-lee´-mon), <a href="#page111">111</a>.</p>
+      <p>Palamedes (pal-a-mee´-deez), <a href="#page287">287</a>, <a href="#page291">291</a>.</p>
+      <p>Palatine (pal´-a-tin), <a href="#page181">181</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pales (pa´-leez), <a href="#page181">181</a>.</p>
+      <p>Palilia (pa-lil´-e-ah), <a href="#page181">181</a>.</p>
+      <p>Palladium (pal-la´-de-um), <a href="#page299">299</a>, <a href="#page301">301</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pallan´tids, <a href="#page262">262</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pallas (pal´-lass), <a href="#page117">117</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pallas-Athene, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href="#page234">234</a>, <a href="#page302">302</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pan, <a href="#page79">79</a>, <a href="#page171">171</a>, <a href="#page198">198</a>.</p>
+      <p>Panacea (pan-a-see´-ah), <a href="#page177">177</a>.</p>
+      <p>Panathenæa (pan´-ath-e-nee´-ah), <a href="#page199">199</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pandareos (pan-da´-re-oss), <a href="#page138">138</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pandora (pan-do´-rah), <a href="#page25">25</a>.</p>
+      <p>Panisci (pa-nis´-si), <a href="#page174">174</a>.</p>
+      <p>Panoptes (pa-nop´-teez), <a href="#page246">246</a>.</p>
+      <p>Parcæ (par´-see). <i>See</i> Moiræ.</p>
+      <p>Paris (par´-ris), <a href="#page39">39</a>, <a href="#page284">284</a>, <a href="#page286">286</a>.</p>
+      <p>Parnassus (par-nas´-sus), <a href="#page158">158</a>.</p>
+      <p>Parthenon (par´-the-non), <a href="#page46">46</a>.</p>
+      <p class="i2">&mdash;Hill, <a href="#page89">89</a>.</p>
+      <p>Parthenopæus (par´-then-o-pee´-us), <a href="#page273">273</a>.</p>
+      <p>Patroclus (p&#x103;-tro´-clus), <a href="#page288">288</a>, <a href="#page293">293</a>, <a href="#page314">314</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pedasus (ped´-a-sus), <a href="#page292">292</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pegasus (peg´-a-sus), <a href="#page145">145</a>, <a href="#page162">162</a>, <a href="#page257">257</a>.</p>
+      <p>Peitho (pi´-tho), <a href="#page134">134</a>.</p>
+      <p>Peleus (pee´-luce), <a href="#page39">39</a>, <a href="#page287">287</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pelias (pee´-le-ass), <a href="#page106">106</a>, <a href="#page213">213</a>, <a href="#page230">230</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pelion, Mount (pee´-le-on), <a href="#page106">106</a>.</p>
+      <p>Peloponnesus (pel´-o-pon-nee´-sus), <a href="#page281">281</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pelops (pee´-lops), <a href="#page135">135</a>, <a href="#page232">232</a>.</p>
+      <p>Penates (pe-na´-teez), <a href="#page187">187</a>.</p>
+<!-- Page 332 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page332"></a>[332]</span>
+      <p>Penelope (pe-nel´-o-pe), <a href="#page287">287</a>, <a href="#page319">319</a>.</p>
+      <p>Peneus (pe-nee´-us), <a href="#page74">74</a>, <a href="#page242">242</a>.</p>
+      <p>Penthesilea (pen´-the-si-lee´-ah), <a href="#page296">296</a></p>
+      <p>Pentheus (pen´-thuce), <a href="#page126">126</a>, <a href="#page205">205</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pephredo (pe-free´-do), <a href="#page145">145</a>.</p>
+      <p>Peplus (pee´-plus), <a href="#page199">199</a>.</p>
+      <p>Periphetes (per-i-fee´-teez), <a href="#page260">260</a>.</p>
+      <p>Perse (per´-se), <a href="#page64">64</a>, <a href="#page312">312</a>.</p>
+      <p>Persephone (per-sef´-o-ne), <a href="#page52">52</a>, <a href="#page197">197</a>, <a href="#page267">267</a>.</p>
+      <p>Perseus (per´-suce), <a href="#page145">145</a>, <a href="#page205">205</a>.</p>
+      <p>Petasus (pet´-a-sus), <a href="#page121">121</a>.</p>
+      <p>Phæaces (fee-a´-seez), <a href="#page228">228</a>, <a href="#page318">318</a>.</p>
+      <p>Phædra (fee´-drah), <a href="#page266">266</a>.</p>
+      <p>Phaëthon (fa´-e-thon), <a href="#page64">64</a>, <a href="#page67">67</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pharos, isle of, (fa´-r&#x14F;s), <a href="#page108">108</a>.</p>
+      <p>Phases, river (fa´-seez), <a href="#page222">222</a>.</p>
+      <p>Phegeus (fee´-juce), <a href="#page278">278</a>.</p>
+      <p>Phidias (fid´-e-ass), <a href="#page28">28</a>.</p>
+      <p>Philemon (fi-lee´-mon), <a href="#page37">37</a>.</p>
+      <p>Philoctetes (fil-oc-tee´-teez), <a href="#page256">256</a>, <a href="#page290">290</a>, <a href="#page299">299</a>.</p>
+      <p>Phineus (fi´-nuce), <a href="#page208">208</a>, <a href="#page220">220</a>.</p>
+      <p>Phlegethon (flej´-e-thon), <a href="#page134">134</a>.</p>
+      <p>Phocis (fo´-siss), <a href="#page306">306</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ph&oelig;be (fee´-be), <a href="#page13">13</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ph&oelig;bus-Apollo (fee´-bus), <a href="#page68">68</a>, <a href="#page298">298</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pholus (fo´-lus), <a href="#page240">240</a>.</p>
+      <p>Phorcys (for´-siss), <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page111">111</a>.</p>
+      <p>Phrygia (frij´-e-ah), <a href="#page18">18</a>.</p>
+      <p>Phryxus (frix´-us), <a href="#page222">222</a>.</p>
+      <p>Phylace (fil´-a-se), <a href="#page290">290</a>.</p>
+      <p>Phyleus (fi´-luce), <a href="#page242">242</a>, <a href="#page254">254</a>.</p>
+      <p>Phylla (fil´-lah), <a href="#page233">233</a>.</p>
+      <p>Picumnus (pi-cum´-nus), <a href="#page182">182</a>.</p>
+      <p>Picus (pi´-cus), <a href="#page182">182</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pieria (pi-ee´-re-ah), <a href="#page119">119</a>, <a href="#page158">158</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pierides (pi-er´-i-deez), <a href="#page158">158</a>, <a href="#page162">162</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pierus (pi´-e-rus), <a href="#page158">158</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pilumnus (pi-lum´-nus), <a href="#page182">182</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pindus, Mount, <a href="#page158">158</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pirithöus (pi-rith´-o-us), <a href="#page216">216</a>, <a href="#page250">250</a>, <a href="#page265">265</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pisa (pi´-sah), <a href="#page232">232</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pittheus (pit´-thuce), <a href="#page259">259</a>.</p>
+      <p>Platea (pla-tee´-ah), <a href="#page40">40</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pleiades (plee´-ya-deez), <a href="#page119">119</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pluto (plu´-to), <a href="#page136">136</a>.</p>
+      <p>Plutus (plu´-tus), <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page137">137</a>, <a href="#page148">148</a>.</p>
+      <p>Podalirius (pod-a-lir´-e-us), <a href="#page177">177</a>.</p>
+      <p>Podarces (po-dar´-seez), <a href="#page253">253</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pollux, <a href="#page33">33</a>, <a href="#page187">187</a>, <a href="#page227">227</a>, <a href="#page268">268</a>.</p>
+      <p>Polybotes (pol-e-bo´-teez), <a href="#page104">104</a>.</p>
+      <p>Polybus (pol´-e-bus), <a href="#page269">269</a>.</p>
+      <p>Polydectes (pol-e-dec´-teez), <a href="#page205">205</a>.</p>
+      <p>Polydeuces (pol-e-du´-seez). <i>See</i> Pollux.</p>
+      <p>Polydorus (pol-e-do´-rus), <a href="#page205">205</a>.</p>
+      <p>Polyhymnia (pol-e-him´-ne-ah), <a href="#page159">159</a>.</p>
+      <p>Polynices (pol-e-ni´-seez), <a href="#page271">271</a>, <a href="#page272">272</a>, <a href="#page275">275</a>.</p>
+      <p>Polyphemus (pol-e-fee´-mus), <a href="#page105">105</a>, <a href="#page219">219</a>, <a href="#page307">307</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pomona (po-mo´-nah), <a href="#page180">180</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pontus, <a href="#page13">13</a>.</p>
+      <p>Porta Lavernalis (lav-er-na´-lis), <a href="#page184">184</a>.</p>
+      <p>Poseidon (po-si´-don), <a href="#page101">101</a>, <a href="#page162">162</a>, <a href="#page266">266</a>.</p>
+      <p>Praxiteles (prax-it´-e-leez), <a href="#page123">123</a>.</p>
+      <p>Priam (pri´-am), <a href="#page254">254</a>, <a href="#page283">283</a>, <a href="#page304">304</a>.</p>
+      <p>Priamus (pri´-a-mus). <i>See</i> Priam.</p>
+      <p>Priapus (pri-a´-pus), <a href="#page175">175</a>.</p>
+      <p>Priests, <a href="#page191">191</a>.</p>
+      <p>Procrustes (pro-crus´-teez), <a href="#page261">261</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pr&oelig;tus (pree´-tus), <a href="#page257">257</a>.</p>
+      <p>Prometheus (pro-mee´-thuce), <a href="#page24">24</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page193">193</a>, <a href="#page222">222</a>.</p>
+      <p>Proserpine (pross´-er-pine), <i>See</i> Persephone.</p>
+      <p>Protesilaus (pro-tess´-i-la´-us), <a href="#page290">290</a>.</p>
+      <p>Proteus (pro´-tuce), <a href="#page108">108</a>.</p>
+      <p>Prytaneum (prit-a-nee´-um), <a href="#page49">49</a>.</p>
+      <p>Psophis (so´-fiss), <a href="#page278">278</a>.</p>
+      <p>Psyche (si´-ke), <a href="#page150">150</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pylades (pil´-a-deez), <a href="#page95">95</a>, <a href="#page306">306</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pylos (pi´-l&#x14F;s), <a href="#page286">286</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pyracmon (pi-rac´-mon), <a href="#page16">16</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pyrrha (pir´-rah), <a href="#page22">22</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pythia (pith´-e-ah) <a href="#page195">195</a>, <a href="#page269">269</a>.</p>
+      <p>Pythian Games, <a href="#page83">83</a>.</p>
+      <p>Python (pi´-thon), <a href="#page31">31</a>, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href="#page195">195</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8">Q.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Quirinus (que-ri´-nus), <a href="#page115">115</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8">R.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Remus (ree´-mus), <a href="#page114">114</a>.</p>
+      <p>Rhadamanthus (rad-a-man´-thus), <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page134">134</a>.</p>
+      <p>Rhamnus (ram´-nus), <a href="#page142">142</a>.</p>
+      <p>Rhamnusia (ram-nu´-zhe-ah), <a href="#page142">142</a>.</p>
+      <p>Rhea (ree´-ah), <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page18">18</a>.</p>
+      <p>Rhoda (ro´-dah), <a href="#page105">105</a>.</p>
+      <p>Rhodes (roads), <a href="#page105">105</a>.</p>
+      <p>Rhodope, Mount (rod´-o-pe), <a href="#page130">130</a>.</p>
+      <p>Rh&oelig;tus (ree´-tus), <a href="#page20">20</a>.</p>
+      <p>Robigus (ro-bi´-gus), <a href="#page180">180</a>.</p>
+      <p>Romulus (rom´-u-lus), <a href="#page114">114</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8">S.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Sacrifices, <a href="#page192">192</a>.</p>
+      <p>Sagaris (sag´-a-ris), <a href="#page19">19</a>.</p>
+      <p>Salamis (sal´-a-mis), <a href="#page285">285</a>.</p>
+      <p>Salii (sa´-le-i), <a href="#page115">115</a>.</p>
+      <p>Samos (sa´-mos), <a href="#page34">34</a>.</p>
+      <p>Saturn (sat´-urn), <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page200">200</a>.</p>
+      <p>Saturnalia (sat-ur-na´-le-ah), <a href="#page200">200</a>.</p>
+      <p>Satyrs (sa´-turz), <a href="#page174">174</a>, <a href="#page198">198</a>.</p>
+      <p>Scamander (sca-man´-der), <a href="#page290">290</a>.</p>
+      <p>Scheria (skee´-re-ah), <a href="#page318">318</a>.</p>
+      <p>Sch&oelig;neus (skee´-nuce), <a href="#page89">89</a>.</p>
+      <p>Scyros, island of, (si´-r&#x14F;s), <a href="#page268">268</a>, <a href="#page287">287</a>.</p>
+      <p>Scylla (sil´-lah), <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href="#page316">316</a>.</p>
+      <p>Scyron (si´-ron), <a href="#page260">260</a>.</p>
+<!-- Page 333 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page333"></a>[333]</span>
+      <p>Seasons, <a href="#page164">164</a>.</p>
+      <p>Selene (se-lee´-ne), <a href="#page86">86</a>.</p>
+      <p>Selene-Artemis, <a href="#page96">96</a>.</p>
+      <p>Selli (sel´-li), <a href="#page29">29</a>.</p>
+      <p>Semele (sem´-e-le), <a href="#page35">35</a>, <a href="#page205">205</a>, <a href="#page215">215</a>.</p>
+      <p>Seriphus (se-ri´-fus), <a href="#page205">205</a>.</p>
+      <p>Servius Tullius (ser´-ve-us tul´-le-us), <a href="#page184">184</a>.</p>
+      <p>Shades, realm of, <a href="#page267">267</a>, <a href="#page314">314</a>.</p>
+      <p>Sibyls (sib´-bles), <a href="#page84">84</a>.</p>
+      <p>Silens (si´-lenz), <a href="#page174">174</a>.</p>
+      <p>Silenus (si-lee´-nus), <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href="#page198">198</a>.</p>
+      <p>Silvanus (sil-va´-nus), <a href="#page115">115</a>, <a href="#page182">182</a>.</p>
+      <p>Silver Age, <a href="#page23">23</a>.</p>
+      <p>Simois (sim´-o-iss), <a href="#page290">290</a>.</p>
+      <p>Sinnis (sin´-nis), <a href="#page260">260</a>.</p>
+      <p>Sinon (si´-non), <a href="#page302">302</a>.</p>
+      <p>Siphylus (sif´-i-lus), <a href="#page80">80</a>.</p>
+      <p>Sirens (si´-renz), <a href="#page112">112</a>, <a href="#page158">158</a>, <a href="#page315">315</a>.</p>
+      <p>Sisyphus (sis´-i-fus), <a href="#page135">135</a>.</p>
+      <p>Sol (soll). <i>See</i> Helios.</p>
+      <p>Solymans (sol´-i-mans), <a href="#page258">258</a>.</p>
+      <p>Somnus (som´-nus). <i>See</i> Hypnus.</p>
+      <p>Soothsayers, <a href="#page195">195</a>.</p>
+      <p>Sparta, <a href="#page285">285</a>.</p>
+      <p>Sphinx (sfinks), <a href="#page146">146</a>.</p>
+      <p>Stables, Augean (aw-jee´-an), <a href="#page242">242</a>.</p>
+      <p>Statues, <a href="#page190">190</a>.</p>
+      <p>Stellio (stel´-le-o), <a href="#page57">57</a>.</p>
+      <p>Steropes (ster´-o peez, the first <i>e</i> like <i>ei</i> in <i>their</i>), <a href="#page16">16</a>.</p>
+      <p>Stheno (sthee´-no), <a href="#page144">144</a>.</p>
+      <p>Strophius (stro´-fe-us), <a href="#page306">306</a>.</p>
+      <p>Stymphalides (stim-fal´-i-deez), <a href="#page221">221</a>, <a href="#page242">242</a>.</p>
+      <p>Styx (sticks), <a href="#page117">117</a>, <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page287">287</a>.</p>
+      <p>Symplegades (sim-pleg´-a-deez), <a href="#page221">221</a>.</p>
+      <p>Syrinx (si´-rinks), <a href="#page172">172</a>.</p>
+      <p>Syrtes (sir´-teez), <a href="#page229">229</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8">T.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Tænarum (ten´-a-rum), <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page250">250</a>.</p>
+      <p>Talaria (ta-la´-re-ah), <a href="#page121">121</a>.</p>
+      <p>Talus (ta´-lus), <a href="#page229">229</a>.</p>
+      <p>Tantalus (tan´-ta-lus), <a href="#page134">134</a>.</p>
+      <p>Tarquinius Superbus (tar-quin´-e-us su-per´-bus), <a href="#page84">84</a>.</p>
+      <p>Tartarus (tar´-ta-rus), <a href="#page14">14</a>, <a href="#page134">134</a>.</p>
+      <p>Taurica Chersonesus (taw´-ri-cah ker-so-nee´-sus), <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page306">306</a>.</p>
+      <p>Tauris (taw´-ris), <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page306">306</a>.</p>
+      <p>Tegea (tee´-je-ah), <a href="#page279">279</a>.</p>
+      <p>Telamon (tel´-a-mon), <a href="#page216">216</a>, <a href="#page253">253</a>, <a href="#page285">285</a>.</p>
+      <p>Telemachus (tel-lem´-a-cus), <a href="#page287">287</a>, <a href="#page320">320</a>.</p>
+      <p>Telephus (tel´-e-fus), <a href="#page289">289</a>.</p>
+      <p>Temenus (tem´-e-nus), <a href="#page282">282</a>.</p>
+      <p>Temples, <a href="#page188">188</a>.</p>
+      <p>Tenedos (ten´-e-dos), <a href="#page290">290</a>, <a href="#page301">301</a>, <a href="#page303">303</a>.</p>
+      <p>Terminus (ter´-mi-nus), <a href="#page182">182</a>.</p>
+      <p>Terpsichore (terp-sic´-o-re), <a href="#page159">159</a>.</p>
+      <p>Terra (ter´-rah, the <i>e</i> like <i>ei</i> in <i>their</i>), <a href="#page11">11</a>.</p>
+      <p>Tethys (tee´-thiss, <i>th</i> as in <i>both</i>), <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page166">166</a>.</p>
+      <p>Teutamias (tu-ta´-me-ass), <a href="#page209">209</a>.</p>
+      <p><a name="NtA_55" href="#Nt_55"><sup>[55]</sup></a>Thalia (tha-li´-ah), <a href="#page159">159</a>, <a href="#page163">163</a>.</p>
+      <p>Thallo (thal´-lo), <a href="#page164">164</a>.</p>
+      <p>Thamyris (tham´-i ris), <a href="#page158">158</a>.</p>
+      <p>Thanatos (than´-a-tos), <a href="#page142">142</a>.</p>
+      <p>Thaumas (thaw´-mass), <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page111">111</a>, <a href="#page137">137</a>.</p>
+      <p>Thebes (theebs), <a href="#page203">203</a>.</p>
+      <p>Theia (thi´-ah), <a href="#page13">13</a>.</p>
+      <p>Themis (thee´-mis), <a href="#page31">31</a>, <a href="#page48">48</a>.</p>
+      <p>Themiscyra (the-mis´-se-rah), <a href="#page245">245</a>.</p>
+      <p>Thermodon (ther-mo´-don), <a href="#page244">244</a>.</p>
+      <p>Thersander (ther-san´-der), <a href="#page276">276</a>.</p>
+      <p>Thersites (ther-si´-teez), <a href="#page297">297</a>.</p>
+      <p>Theseus (thee´-suce), <a href="#page250">250</a>, <a href="#page259">259</a>.</p>
+      <p>Thesmophoria (thes-mo-fo´-re-ah), <a href="#page197">197</a>.</p>
+      <p>Thes´saly, <a href="#page77">77</a>.</p>
+      <p>Thestius (thes´-te-us), <a href="#page33">33</a>.</p>
+      <p>Thetis (thee´-tis), <a href="#page39">39</a>, <a href="#page98">98</a>, <a href="#page110">110</a>, <a href="#page297">297</a>.</p>
+      <p>Thyone (thi-o´-ne), <a href="#page128">128</a>.</p>
+      <p>Tiphys (ti´-fiss), <a href="#page216">216</a>.</p>
+      <p>Tiresias (ti-ree´-she-ass), <a href="#page235">235</a>, <a href="#page271">271</a>, <a href="#page274">274</a>, <a href="#page277">277</a>, <a href="#page313">313</a>.</p>
+      <p>Tiryns (ti´-rinz), <a href="#page209">209</a>, <a href="#page252">252</a>.</p>
+      <p>Tirynth (ti´-rinth), <a href="#page209">209</a>, <a href="#page252">252</a>.</p>
+      <p>Tisiphone (ti-sif´-o-ne), <a href="#page138">138</a>.</p>
+      <p>Titanomachia (ti´-tan-o-ma´-ke-ah), <a href="#page17">17</a>.</p>
+      <p>Titans (ti´-tanz), <a href="#page13">13</a>.</p>
+      <p>Tithonus (ti-tho´-nus), <a href="#page68">68</a>, <a href="#page297">297</a>.</p>
+      <p>Tityus (tit´-e-us), <a href="#page134">134</a>.</p>
+      <p>Trachin (tra´-kin), <a href="#page254">254</a>.</p>
+      <p>Trachis (tra´-kis), <a href="#page254">254</a>.</p>
+      <p>Trinacria (tri-na´-cre-ah), <a href="#page316">316</a>.</p>
+      <p>Triptolemus (trip-tol´-e-mus), <a href="#page53">53</a>.</p>
+      <p>Triton (tri´-ton), <a href="#page109">109</a>.</p>
+      <p>Trivia (triv´-e-ah), <a href="#page97">97</a>.</p>
+      <p>Tr&oelig;zen (tree´-zen), <a href="#page251">251</a></p>
+      <p>Tros (tr&#x14F;ss), <a href="#page157">157</a>, <a href="#page246">246</a>.</p>
+      <p>Troy, <a href="#page283">283</a>.</p>
+      <p class="i2">&mdash; walls of, <a href="#page104">104</a>.</p>
+      <p>Tubal-Cain (too´-bal-cane), <a href="#page101">101</a>.</p>
+      <p>Tyche (ti´-ke), <a href="#page147">147</a>.</p>
+      <p>Tydeus (ti´-duce), <a href="#page272">272</a>.</p>
+      <p>Tyndareus (tin-da´-re-us), <a href="#page285">285</a>.</p>
+      <p>Typh&oelig;us (ti-fo´-yuce), <a href="#page21">21</a>.</p>
+      <p>Typhon (ti´-fon), <a href="#page21">21</a>.</p>
+      <p>Tyro (ti´-ro), <a href="#page106">106</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8">U.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Uffizi Gallery (oof´-fid-ze), <a href="#page80">80</a>.</p>
+      <p>Ulysses (u-lis´-seez), <i>See</i> Odysseus.</p>
+      <p>Urania (u-ra´-ne-ah), <a href="#page159">159</a>.</p>
+      <p>Uranus (u´-ra-nus), <a href="#page11">11</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8">V.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Veneralia (ven-e-ra´-le-ah), <a href="#page61">61</a>.</p>
+<!-- Page 334 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page334"></a>[334]</span>
+      <p>Venus (vee´-nus), <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href="#page183">183</a>.</p>
+      <p class="i1">&mdash; of Milo, <a href="#page60">60</a>.</p>
+      <p>Vertumnus (ver-tum´-nus), <a href="#page181">181</a>.</p>
+      <p>Vesta (ves´-tah), <a href="#page50">50</a>, <a href="#page201">201</a>.</p>
+      <p>Vestalia (ves-ta´-le-ah), <a href="#page59">59</a>, <a href="#page201">201</a>.</p>
+      <p>Via Salavia (vi´-ah sa-la´-ve-ah), <a href="#page184">184</a>.</p>
+      <p>Victo´ria, <a href="#page117">117</a>.</p>
+      <p>Vulcan, <a href="#page100">100</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8">W.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Winds, <a href="#page170">170</a>, <a href="#page298">298</a>.</p>
+      <p>Wooden Horse, <a href="#page301">301</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8">X.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Xuthus (zoo-thus), <a href="#page210">210</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i8">Z.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Zephyrus (zef´-i-rus), <a href="#page151">151</a>, <a href="#page171">171</a>, <a href="#page310">310</a>.</p>
+      <p>Zetes (zee´-teez), <a href="#page171">171</a>.</p>
+      <p>Zethus (zee´-thus), <a href="#page33">33</a>.</p>
+      <p>Zeus (zuce), <a href="#page26">26</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2><span class="sc">A Complete Course in the Study of English.</span></h2>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3><i>Spelling, Language, Grammar, Composition, Literature</i>.</h3>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><span class="sc">Reed's Word Lessons&mdash;A Complete Speller.</span></p>
+      <p class="i2"><span class="sc">Reed's Introductory Language Work.</span></p>
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Reed &amp; Kellogg's Graded Lessons in English.</span></p>
+      <p class="i6"><span class="sc">Reed &amp; Kellogg's Higher Lessons in English.</span></p>
+      <p class="i8"><span class="sc">Reed &amp; Kellogg's One-book Course in English.</span></p>
+      <p class="i10"><span class="sc">Kellogg's Text-Book on Rhetoric.</span></p>
+      <p class="i12"><span class="sc">Kellogg's Text-Book on English Literature.</span></p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>In the preparation of this series the authors have had one object
+  clearly in view&mdash;to so develop the study of the English language as
+  to present a complete, progressive course, from the Spelling-Book to the
+  study of English Literature. The troublesome contradictions which arise
+  in using books arranged by different authors on these subjects, and which
+  require much time for explanation in the schoolroom, will be avoided by
+  the use of the above "Complete Course."</p>
+
+  <p>Teachers are earnestly invited to examine these books.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><span class="sc">Maynard, Merrill, &amp; Co., Publishers.</span></p>
+      <p class="i4">43, 45, and 47 East Tenth Street, New York.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h3>NOTES</h3>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <p><a name="Nt_1" href="#NtA_1">[1]</a> The early Greeks supposed the
+  earth to be a flat circle, in the centre of which was Greece. Oceanus,
+  the ocean stream, encircled it; the Mediterranean being supposed to flow
+  into this river on the one side, and the Euxine, or Black Sea, on the
+  other.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_2" href="#NtA_2">[2]</a> Owing to the vagueness of the
+  various accounts of creation, the origin of the primeval gods is
+  variously accounted for. Thus, for instance, Oceanus, with some, becomes
+  the younger brother of Uranus and Gæa.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_3" href="#NtA_3">[3]</a> The myth of Cronus swallowing his
+  children is evidently intended by the poets to express the melancholy
+  truth that time destroys all things.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_4" href="#NtA_4">[4]</a> Nectar was the drink, and
+  ambrosia the food of the gods.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_5" href="#NtA_5">[5]</a> The Cyclops are generally
+  mentioned as the sons of Uranus and Gæa, but Homer speaks of Polyphemus,
+  the chief of the Cyclops, as the son of Poseidon, and states the Cyclops
+  to be his brothers.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_6" href="#NtA_6">[6]</a> Possibly an image of him placed
+  in readiness.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_7" href="#NtA_7">[7]</a> This age was contemporary with
+  the commencement of the dynasty of Zeus.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_8" href="#NtA_8">[8]</a> Hesiod is said to have lived 850
+  years before the Christian era, consequently about 200 years after King
+  David. He lived in B&oelig;otia, where his tomb is still shown at
+  Orchomenus. This ancient writer left behind him two great poems, one
+  entitled "The Works and Days," in which he gives us some of the earliest
+  Greek legends, and the other, "The Theogony," containing the genealogies
+  of the gods; but, unfortunately, both these poems have been so
+  interpolated by the writers of the Alexandrian school that they have lost
+  their value as reliable sources of information with regard to the early
+  beliefs of the Greek nation.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_9" href="#NtA_9">[9]</a> Epimetheus signifies
+  after-thought, Prometheus fore-thought.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_10" href="#NtA_10">[10]</a> There are various versions of
+  this myth. According to some the jar or vase was full of all "the ills
+  which flesh is heir to."</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_11" href="#NtA_11">[11]</a> From <i>Diaus</i>, the
+  sky.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_12" href="#NtA_12">[12]</a> A sacred shield made for Zeus
+  by Hephæstus, which derived its name from being covered by the skin of
+  the goat Amalthea, the word Ægis signifying goat's-skin.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_13" href="#NtA_13">[13]</a> See Demeter.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_14" href="#NtA_14">[14]</a> This frightful monster had
+  sprung from the slimy and stagnant waters which remained on the surface
+  of the earth after the deluge of Deucalion.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_15" href="#NtA_15">[15]</a> Castor and Pollux were known
+  by the name of the Dioscuri, from <i>dios</i>, gods, and <i>kuroi</i>,
+  youths.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_16" href="#NtA_16">[16]</a> The ancient Greeks attributed
+  much of the subsequent character of an individual to early influences;
+  hence Hera, the future queen and mistress of heaven, is represented as
+  being brought up in a domesticated and orderly household, where home
+  virtues are carefully inculcated.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_17" href="#NtA_17">[17]</a> In the Homeric age peacocks
+  were unknown; it is therefore the later poets who describe Hera
+  surrounded with peacocks, which were brought to Greece from India.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_18" href="#NtA_18">[18]</a> This circumstance has given
+  rise to the erroneous conclusion that Juno presided over the finances of
+  the state, but the word <i>moneta</i> is derived from the Latin
+  <i>monere</i>, which means to warn or admonish.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_19" href="#NtA_19">[19]</a> See Roman Festivals.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_20" href="#NtA_20">[20]</a> The first large ship possessed
+  by the Greeks fit for more than coast navigation.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_21" href="#NtA_21">[21]</a> When Perseus, with the help of
+  Athene, had cut off the head of the Medusa, the two sisters caused a sad
+  dirge-like song to issue from the mouths of the many snakes of which
+  their hair was composed, whereupon Athene, pleased with the sound,
+  imitated the melody on a reed, and thus invented the flute.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_22" href="#NtA_22">[22]</a> For details see Roman
+  Festivals.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_23" href="#NtA_23">[23]</a> See Legend of Troy.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_24" href="#NtA_24">[24]</a> Some, with but little reason,
+  make Demeter the daughter of Uranus and Gæa.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_25" href="#NtA_25">[25]</a> Demeter transformed Ascalaphus
+  into an owl for revealing the secret.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_26" href="#NtA_26">[26]</a> The course which the sun ran
+  was considered by the ancients to be a rising and descending curve <img
+  src="images/0062-1.png" alt="arc" style="height:1ex" /> the centre of
+  which was supposed to be reached by Helios at mid-day.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_27" href="#NtA_27">[27]</a> The river Po.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_28" href="#NtA_28">[28]</a> This great work of antiquity
+  was destroyed by an earthquake fifty-six years after its erection, <span
+  class="scac">B.C.</span> 256. The fragments remained on the ground for
+  many centuries, until Rhodes was conquered by the Turks, and they were
+  eventually sold by one of the generals of Caliph Othman IV. to a merchant
+  of Emesa for £36,000, <span class="scac">A.D.</span> 672.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_29" href="#NtA_29">[29]</a> According to some authorities,
+  Strymon.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_30" href="#NtA_30">[30]</a> This wonderful lyre, which had
+  been given to Apollo by Hermes (Mercury) in exchange for the Caduceus or
+  rod of wealth, is said to have possessed such extraordinary powers, that
+  it caused a stone, upon which it was laid, to become so melodious, that
+  ever afterwards, on being touched, it emitted a musical sound which
+  resembled that produced by the lyre itself.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_31" href="#NtA_31">[31]</a> Aristæus was worshipped as a
+  rural divinity in various parts of Greece, and was supposed to have
+  taught mankind how to catch bees, and to utilize honey and wax.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_32" href="#NtA_32">[32]</a> Astræa was the daughter of the
+  Titans C&oelig;us and Ph&oelig;be. Perses was son of the Titans Crios and
+  Eurybia.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_33" href="#NtA_33">[33]</a> Called also
+  Anaitis-Aphroditis.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_34" href="#NtA_34">[34]</a> This occurred during the night
+  Alexander the Great was born.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_35" href="#NtA_35">[35]</a> Another version with regard to
+  the origin of this defect, is that being born ugly and deformed, his
+  mother Hera, disgusted at his unsightliness, herself threw him violently
+  from her lap, and it was then that his leg was broken, producing the
+  lameness from which he suffered ever after. On this occasion he fell into
+  the sea, and was saved by the sea-nymphs Thetis and Eurynome, who kept
+  him for nine years in a cavern beneath the ocean, where he made for them,
+  in gratitude for their kindness, several beautiful ornaments, and
+  trinkets of rare workmanship.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_36" href="#NtA_36">[36]</a> According to some accounts
+  Chares was the wife of Hephæstus.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_37" href="#NtA_37">[37]</a> The trident resembled the
+  arrow-headed pronged fork, used by the fishermen of the Mediterranean Sea
+  in the eel-fishery.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_38" href="#NtA_38">[38]</a> Scylla is a dangerous rock,
+  much dreaded by mariners, in the Straits of Messina.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_39" href="#NtA_39">[39]</a> The island of Rhodes owes its
+  name to her.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_40" href="#NtA_40">[40]</a> It is worthy of notice that
+  the sons of Poseidon were, for the most part, distinguished by great
+  force and turbulence of character, in keeping with the element over which
+  their father was the presiding deity. They were giants in power, and
+  intractable, fiery, and impatient by nature, spurning all efforts to
+  control them; in all respects, therefore, fitting representatives of
+  their progenitor, the mighty ruler of the sea.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_41" href="#NtA_41">[41]</a> A cubit is the length from the
+  elbow to the extremity of the middle finger, and therefore an indefinite
+  measure, but modern usage takes it as representing a length of seventeen
+  to eighteen inches.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_42" href="#NtA_42">[42]</a> On the Egyptian coast.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_43" href="#NtA_43">[43]</a> See Legend of the
+  Argonauts.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_44" href="#NtA_44">[44]</a> His two sons Deimos and
+  Phobos.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_45" href="#NtA_45">[45]</a> Romulus was deified by the
+  Romans after death, and was worshipped by them under the name of
+  Quirinus, an appellation which he shared in common with his father
+  Mars.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_46" href="#NtA_46">[46]</a> Midas was the son of Cybele
+  and Gordius, the king who tied the celebrated and intricate knot.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_47" href="#NtA_47">[47]</a> The shades of those mortals
+  whose lives had neither been distinguished by virtue nor vice, were
+  condemned to a monotonous, joyless, existence in the Asphodel meadows of
+  Hades.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_48" href="#NtA_48">[48]</a> Echidna was a bloodthirsty
+  monster, half maiden, half serpent.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_49" href="#NtA_49">[49]</a> One of the horns of the goat
+  Amalthea, broken off by Zeus, and supposed to possess the power of
+  filling itself with whatsoever its owner desired.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_50" href="#NtA_50">[50]</a> According to another account,
+  Momus discovered that Aphrodite made a noise when she walked.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_51" href="#NtA_51">[51]</a> The word Psyche signifies
+  "butterfly," the emblem of the soul in ancient art.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_52" href="#NtA_52">[52]</a> Tiresias alone, of all the
+  shades, was in full possession of his mental vigour.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_53" href="#NtA_53">[53]</a> Most of the words ending in
+  eus may also be pronounced thus: <i>Æ´-ge-us</i>, <i>&#x101;´-tre-us</i>,
+  <i>pro-me´-the-us</i>, etc.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_54" href="#NtA_54">[54]</a> The first e like ei in
+  their.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_55" href="#NtA_55">[55]</a> <i>Th</i> at the beginning of
+  a word has its soft sound, as in <i>both</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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+</body>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome, by
+E.M. Berens
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome
+
+Author: E.M. Berens
+
+Release Date: August 23, 2007 [EBook #22381]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MYTHS AND LEGENDS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Alicia Williams, Keith Edkins and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+_A HAND-BOOK OF MYTHOLOGY._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE
+
+MYTHS AND LEGENDS
+
+OF
+
+ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME.
+
+BY
+
+E. M. BERENS.
+
+_ILLUSTRATED FROM ANTIQUE SCULPTURES._
+
+[Illustration]
+
+NEW YORK:
+
+MAYNARD, MERRILL, & CO.,
+
+43, 45 AND 47 EAST TENTH STREET.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{i}
+
+PREFACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The want of an interesting work on Greek and Roman mythology, suitable for
+the requirements of both boys and girls, has long been recognized by the
+principals of our advanced schools. The study of the classics themselves,
+even where the attainments of the pupil have rendered this feasible, has
+not been found altogether successful in giving to the student a clear and
+succinct idea of the religious beliefs of the ancients, and it has been
+suggested that a work which would so deal with the subject as to render it
+at once interesting and instructive would be hailed as a valuable
+introduction to the study of classic authors, and would be found to assist
+materially the labours of both master and pupil.
+
+In endeavouring to supply this want I have sought to place before the
+reader a lifelike picture of the deities of classical times as they were
+conceived and worshipped by the ancients themselves, and thereby to awaken
+in the minds of young students a desire to become more intimately
+acquainted with the noble productions of classical antiquity.
+
+It has been my aim to render the Legends, which form the second portion of
+the work, a picture, as it were, of old Greek life; its customs, its
+superstitions, and its princely hospitalities, for which reason they are
+given at somewhat greater length than is usual in works of the kind.
+
+In a chapter devoted to the purpose some interesting particulars have been
+collected respecting the public worship of the ancient Greeks and Romans
+(more especially of the former), to which is subjoined an account of their
+principal festivals.
+
+I may add that no pains have been spared in order that, without passing
+over details the omission of which would have {ii} marred the completeness
+of the work, not a single passage should be found which could possibly
+offend the most scrupulous delicacy; and also that I have purposely treated
+the subject with that reverence which I consider due to every religious
+system, however erroneous.
+
+It is hardly necessary to dwell upon the importance of the study of
+Mythology: our poems, our novels, and even our daily journals teem with
+classical allusions; nor can a visit to our art galleries and museums be
+fully enjoyed without something more than a mere superficial knowledge of a
+subject which has in all ages inspired painters, sculptors, and poets. It
+therefore only remains for me to express a hope that my little work may
+prove useful, not only to teachers and scholars, but also to a large class
+of general readers, who, in whiling away a leisure hour, may derive some
+pleasure and profit from its perusal.
+
+E. M. BERENS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{iii}
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+  PART I.--MYTHS.
+                                                    Page
+  Introduction,                                       7
+
+  FIRST DYNASTY.
+  ORIGIN OF THE WORLD--
+      URANUS AND GAEA (Coelus and Terra),  11
+
+  SECOND DYNASTY.
+      CRONUS (Saturn),                      14
+      RHEA (Ops),                           18
+      DIVISION OF THE WORLD,                19
+      THEORIES AS TO THE ORIGIN OF MAN,     21
+
+  THIRD DYNASTY.
+  OLYMPIAN DIVINITIES--
+      ZEUS (Jupiter),                       26
+      HERA (Juno),                          38
+      PALLAS-ATHENE (Minerva),              43
+      THEMIS,                               48
+      HESTIA (Vesta),                       48
+      DEMETER (Ceres),                      50
+      APHRODITE (Venus),                    58
+      HELIOS (Sol),                         61
+      EOS (Aurora),                         67
+      PHOEBUS-APOLLO,                     68
+      HECATE,                               85
+      SELENE (Luna),                        86
+      ARTEMIS (Diana),                      87
+      HEPHAESTUS (Vulcan),                   97
+      POSEIDON (Neptune),                  101
+
+  {iv}
+  SEA DIVINITIES--
+      OCEANUS,                             107
+      NEREUS,                              108
+      PROTEUS,                             108
+      TRITON AND THE TRITONS,              109
+      GLAUCUS,                             109
+      THETIS,                              110
+      THAUMAS, PHORCYS, AND CETO,          111
+      LEUCOTHEA,                           111
+      THE SIRENS,                          112
+      ARES (Mars),                         112
+      NIKE (Victoria),                     117
+      HERMES (Mercury),                    117
+      DIONYSUS (Bacchus or Liber),         124
+      AIDES (Pluto),                       130
+      PLUTUS,                              137
+
+  MINOR DIVINITIES--
+      THE HARPIES,                         137
+      ERINYES, EUMENIDES (Furiae, Dirae),    138
+      MOIRAE OR FATES (Parcae),              139
+      NEMESIS,                             141
+
+  NIGHT AND HER CHILDREN--
+      NYX (Nox),                           142
+      THANATOS (Mors), HYPNUS (Somnus),    142
+      MORPHEUS,                            143
+      THE GORGONS,                         144
+      GRAEAE,                                145
+      SPHINX,                              146
+      TYCHE (Fortuna) and ANANKE (Necessitas),     147
+      KER,                                 149
+      ATE,                                 149
+      MOMUS,                               149
+      EROS (Cupid, Amor) and PSYCHE,       150
+      HYMEN,                               154
+      IRIS,                                155
+      HEBE (Juventas),                     156
+      GANYMEDES,                           157
+  {v}
+      THE MUSES,                           157
+      PEGASUS,                             162
+      THE HESPERIDES,                      162
+      CHARITES OR GRACES,                  163
+      HORAE (Seasons),                      164
+      THE NYMPHS,                          165
+      THE WINDS,                           170
+      PAN (Faunus),                        171
+      THE SATYRS,                          174
+      PRIAPUS,                             175
+      ASCLEPIAS (AEsculapius),              176
+
+  ROMAN DIVINITIES--
+      JANUS,                               178
+      FLORA,                               180
+      ROBIGUS,                             180
+      POMONA,                              180
+      VERTUMNUS,                           181
+      PALES,                               181
+      PICUS,                               182
+      PICUMNUS AND PILUMNUS,               182
+      SILVANUS,                            182
+      TERMINUS,                            182
+      CONSUS,                              183
+      LIBITINA,                            183
+      LAVERNA,                             184
+      COMUS,                               184
+      CAMENAE,                              184
+      GENII,                               185
+      MANES,                               185
+      PENATES,                             187
+
+  PUBLIC WORSHIP OF THE ANCIENT GREEKS AND ROMANS--
+      TEMPLES,                             188
+      STATUES,                             190
+      ALTARS,                              191
+      PRIESTS,                             191
+      SACRIFICES,                          192
+      ORACLES,                             194
+      SOOTHSAYERS,                         195
+  {vi}
+      AUGURS,                              196
+      FESTIVALS,                           196
+
+  GREEK FESTIVALS--
+      ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES,                196
+      THESMOPHORIA,                        197
+      DIONYSIA,                            197
+      PANATHENAEA,                          199
+      DAPHNEPHORIA,                        200
+
+  ROMAN FESTIVALS--
+      SATURNALIA,                          200
+      CEREALIA,                            201
+      VESTALIA,                            201
+
+  PART II.--LEGENDS.
+      CADMUS,                              203
+      PERSEUS,                             205
+      ION,                                 210
+      DAEDALUS AND ICARUS,                  211
+      THE ARGONAUTS,                       213
+      PELOPS,                              232
+      HERACLES,                            234
+      BELLEROPHON,                         256
+      THESEUS,                             259
+      OEDIPUS,                           269
+      THE SEVEN AGAINST THEBES,            272
+      THE EPIGONI,                         276
+      ALCMAEON AND THE NECKLACE,            277
+      THE HERACLIDAE,                       280
+      THE SIEGE OF TROY,                   283
+      RETURN OF THE GREEKS FROM TROY,      304
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{7}
+
+MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PART I.--MYTHS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+Before entering upon the many strange beliefs of the ancient Greeks, and
+the extraordinary number of gods they worshipped, we must first consider
+what kind of beings these divinities were.
+
+In appearance, the gods were supposed to resemble mortals, whom, however,
+they far surpassed in beauty, grandeur, and strength; they were also more
+commanding in stature, height being considered by the Greeks an attribute
+of beauty in man or woman. They resembled human beings in their feelings
+and habits, intermarrying and having children, and requiring daily
+nourishment to recruit their strength, and refreshing sleep to restore
+their energies. Their blood, a bright ethereal fluid called Ichor, never
+engendered disease, and, when shed, had the power of producing new life.
+
+The Greeks believed that the mental qualifications of their gods were of a
+much higher order than those of men, but nevertheless, as we shall see,
+they were not considered to be exempt from human passions, and we
+frequently behold them actuated by revenge, deceit, and jealousy. They,
+however, always punish the evil-doer, and visit with dire calamities any
+impious mortal who dares to neglect their worship or despise their rites.
+We often hear of them visiting mankind and partaking of their hospitality,
+and not unfrequently both gods and goddesses {8} become attached to
+mortals, with whom they unite themselves, the offspring of these unions
+being called heroes or demi-gods, who were usually renowned for their great
+strength and courage. But although there were so many points of resemblance
+between gods and men, there remained the one great characteristic
+distinction, viz., that the gods enjoyed immortality. Still, they were not
+invulnerable, and we often hear of them being wounded, and suffering in
+consequence such exquisite torture that they have earnestly prayed to be
+deprived of their privilege of immortality.
+
+The gods knew no limitation of time or space, being able to transport
+themselves to incredible distances with the speed of thought. They
+possessed the power of rendering themselves invisible at will, and could
+assume the forms of men or animals as it suited their convenience. They
+could also transform human beings into trees, stones, animals, &c., either
+as a punishment for their misdeeds, or as a means of protecting the
+individual, thus transformed, from impending danger. Their robes were like
+those worn by mortals, but were perfect in form and much finer in texture.
+Their weapons also resembled those used by mankind; we hear of spears,
+shields, helmets, bows and arrows, &c., being employed by the gods. Each
+deity possessed a beautiful chariot, which, drawn by horses or other
+animals of celestial breed, conveyed them rapidly over land and sea
+according to their pleasure. Most of these divinities lived on the summit
+of Mount Olympus, each possessing his or her individual habitation, and all
+meeting together on festive occasions in the council-chamber of the gods,
+where their banquets were enlivened by the sweet strains of Apollo's lyre,
+whilst the beautiful voices of the Muses poured forth their rich melodies
+to his harmonious accompaniment. Magnificent temples were erected to their
+honour, where they were worshipped with the greatest solemnity; rich gifts
+were presented to them, and animals, and indeed sometimes human beings,
+were sacrificed on their altars.
+
+In the study of Grecian mythology we meet with some {9} curious, and what
+may at first sight appear unaccountable notions. Thus we hear of terrible
+giants hurling rocks, upheaving mountains, and raising earthquakes which
+engulf whole armies; these ideas, however, may be accounted for by the
+awful convulsions of nature, which were in operation in pre-historic times.
+Again, the daily recurring phenomena, which to us, who know them to be the
+result of certain well-ascertained laws of nature, are so familiar as to
+excite no remark, were, to the early Greeks, matter of grave speculation,
+and not unfrequently of alarm. For instance, when they heard the awful roar
+of thunder, and saw vivid flashes of lightning, accompanied by black clouds
+and torrents of rain, they believed that the great god of heaven was angry,
+and they trembled at his wrath. If the calm and tranquil sea became
+suddenly agitated, and the crested billows rose mountains high, dashing
+furiously against the rocks, and threatening destruction to all within
+their reach, the sea-god was supposed to be in a furious rage. When they
+beheld the sky glowing with the hues of coming day they thought that the
+goddess of the dawn, with rosy fingers, was drawing aside the dark veil of
+night, to allow her brother, the sun-god, to enter upon his brilliant
+career. Thus personifying all the powers of nature, this very imaginative
+and highly poetical nation beheld a divinity in every tree that grew, in
+every stream that flowed, in the bright beams of the glorious sun, and the
+clear, cold rays of the silvery moon; for them the whole universe lived and
+breathed, peopled by a thousand forms of grace and beauty.
+
+The most important of these divinities may have been something more than
+the mere creations of an active and poetical imagination. They were
+possibly human beings who had so distinguished themselves in life by their
+preeminence over their fellow-mortals that after death they were deified by
+the people among whom they lived, and the poets touched with their magic
+wand the details of lives, which, in more prosaic times, would simply have
+been recorded as illustrious. {10}
+
+It is highly probable that the reputed actions of these deified beings were
+commemorated by bards, who, travelling from one state to another,
+celebrated their praise in song; it therefore becomes exceedingly
+difficult, nay almost impossible, to separate bare facts from the
+exaggerations which never fail to accompany oral traditions.
+
+In order to exemplify this, let us suppose that Orpheus, the son of Apollo,
+so renowned for his extraordinary musical powers, had existed at the
+present day. We should no doubt have ranked him among the greatest of our
+musicians, and honoured him as such; but the Greeks, with their vivid
+imagination and poetic license, exaggerated his remarkable gifts, and
+attributed to his music supernatural influence over animate and inanimate
+nature. Thus we hear of wild beasts tamed, of mighty rivers arrested in
+their course, and of mountains being moved by the sweet tones of his voice.
+The theory here advanced may possibly prove useful in the future, in
+suggesting to the reader the probable basis of many of the extraordinary
+accounts we meet with in the study of classical mythology.
+
+And now a few words will be necessary concerning the religious beliefs of
+the Romans. When the Greeks first settled in Italy they found in the
+country they colonized a mythology belonging to the Celtic inhabitants,
+which, according to the Greek custom of paying reverence to all gods, known
+or unknown, they readily adopted, selecting and appropriating those
+divinities which had the greatest affinity to their own, and thus they
+formed a religious belief which naturally bore the impress of its ancient
+Greek source. As the primitive Celts, however, were a less civilized people
+than the Greeks, their mythology was of a more barbarous character, and
+this circumstance, combined with the fact that the Romans were not gifted
+with the vivid imagination of their Greek neighbours, leaves its mark on
+the Roman mythology, which is far less fertile in fanciful conceits, and
+deficient in all those fairy-like stories and wonderfully poetic ideas
+which so strongly characterize that of the Greeks.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+{11}
+
+ORIGIN OF THE WORLD.--FIRST DYNASTY.
+
+URANUS AND GAEA. (COELUS AND TERRA.)
+
+The ancient Greeks had several different theories with regard to the origin
+of the world, but the generally accepted notion was that before this world
+came into existence, there was in its place a confused mass of shapeless
+elements called Chaos. These elements becoming at length consolidated (by
+what means does not appear), resolved themselves into two widely different
+substances, the lighter portion of which, soaring on high, formed the sky
+or firmament, and constituted itself into a vast, overarching vault, which
+protected the firm and solid mass beneath.
+
+Thus came into being the two first great primeval deities of the Greeks,
+Uranus and Ge or Gaea.
+
+Uranus, the more refined deity, represented the light and air of heaven,
+possessing the distinguishing qualities of light, heat, purity, and
+omnipresence, whilst Gaea, the firm, flat,[1] life-sustaining earth, was
+worshipped as the great all-nourishing mother. Her many titles refer to her
+more or less in this character, and she appears to have been universally
+revered among the Greeks, there being scarcely a city in Greece which did
+not contain a temple erected in her honour; indeed Gaea was held in such
+veneration that her name was always invoked whenever the gods took a solemn
+oath, made an emphatic declaration, or implored assistance.
+
+Uranus, the heaven, was believed to have united himself in marriage with
+Gaea, the earth; and a moment's reflection will show what a truly poetical,
+and also what a logical idea this was; for, taken in a figurative sense,
+{12} this union actually does exist. The smiles of heaven produce the
+flowers of earth, whereas his long-continued frowns exercise so depressing
+an influence upon his loving partner, that she no longer decks herself in
+bright and festive robes, but responds with ready sympathy to his
+melancholy mood.
+
+The first-born child of Uranus and Gaea was Oceanus,[2] the ocean stream,
+that vast expanse of ever-flowing water which encircled the earth. Here we
+meet with another logical though fanciful conclusion, which a very slight
+knowledge of the workings of nature proves to have been just and true. The
+ocean is formed from the rains which descend from heaven and the streams
+which flow from earth. By making Oceanus therefore the offspring of Uranus
+and Gaea, the ancients, if we take this notion in its literal sense, merely
+assert that the ocean is produced by the combined influence of heaven and
+earth, whilst at the same time their fervid and poetical imagination led
+them to see in this, as in all manifestations of the powers of nature, an
+actual, tangible divinity.
+
+But Uranus, the heaven, the embodiment of light, heat, and the breath of
+life, produced offspring who were of a much less material nature than his
+son Oceanus. These other children of his were supposed to occupy the
+intermediate space which divided him from Gaea. Nearest to Uranus, and just
+beneath him, came Aether (Ether), a bright creation representing that
+highly rarified atmosphere which immortals alone could breathe. Then
+followed Aer (Air), which was in close proximity to Gaea, and represented,
+as its name implies, the grosser atmosphere surrounding the earth which
+mortals could freely breathe, and without which they would perish. Aether
+and Aer were separated from each other by divinities called Nephelae. These
+were their restless and wandering sisters, who existed in the form of
+clouds, ever {13} floating between Aether and Aer. Gaea also produced the
+mountains, and Pontus (the sea). She united herself with the latter, and
+their offspring were the sea-deities Nereus, Thaumas, Phorcys, Ceto, and
+Eurybia.
+
+Co-existent with Uranus and Gaea were two mighty powers who were also the
+offspring of Chaos. These were Erebus (Darkness) and Nyx (Night), who
+formed a striking contrast to the cheerful light of heaven and the bright
+smiles of earth. Erebus reigned in that mysterious world below where no ray
+of sunshine, no gleam of daylight, nor vestige of health-giving terrestrial
+life ever appeared. Nyx, the sister of Erebus, represented Night, and was
+worshipped by the ancients with the greatest solemnity.
+
+Uranus was also supposed to have been united to Nyx, but only in his
+capacity as god of light, he being considered the source and fountain of
+all light, and their children were Eos (Aurora), the Dawn, and Hemera, the
+Daylight. Nyx again, on her side was also doubly united, having been
+married at some indefinite period to Erebus.
+
+In addition to those children of heaven and earth already enumerated,
+Uranus and Gaea produced two distinctly different races of beings called
+Giants and Titans. The Giants personified brute strength alone, but the
+Titans united to their great physical power intellectual qualifications
+variously developed. There were three Giants, Briareus, Cottus, and Gyges,
+who each possessed a hundred hands and fifty heads, and were known
+collectively by the name of the Hecatoncheires, which signified
+hundred-handed. These mighty Giants could shake the universe and produce
+earthquakes; it is therefore evident that they represented those active
+subterranean forces to which allusion has been made in the opening chapter.
+The Titans were twelve in number; their names were: Oceanus, Ceos, Crios,
+Hyperion, Iapetus, Cronus, Theia, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, and
+Tethys.
+
+Now Uranus, the chaste light of heaven, the essence of all that is bright
+and pleasing, held in abhorrence his {14} crude, rough, and turbulent
+offspring, the Giants, and moreover feared that their great power might
+eventually prove hurtful to himself. He therefore hurled them into
+Tartarus, that portion of the lower world which served as the subterranean
+dungeon of the gods. In order to avenge the oppression of her children, the
+Giants, Gaea instigated a conspiracy on the part of the Titans against
+Uranus, which was carried to a successful issue by her son Cronus. He
+wounded his father, and from the blood of the wound which fell upon the
+earth sprang a race of monstrous beings also called Giants. Assisted by his
+brother-Titans, Cronus succeeded in dethroning his father, who, enraged at
+his defeat, cursed his rebellious son, and foretold to him a similar fate.
+Cronus now became invested with supreme power, and assigned to his brothers
+offices of distinction, subordinate only to himself. Subsequently, however,
+when, secure of his position, he no longer needed their assistance, he
+basely repaid their former services with treachery, made war upon his
+brothers and faithful allies, and, assisted by the Giants, completely
+defeated them, sending such as resisted his all-conquering arm down into
+the lowest depths of Tartarus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SECOND DYNASTY.
+
+CRONUS (SATURN).
+
+Cronus was the god of time in its sense of eternal duration. He married
+Rhea, daughter of Uranus and Gaea, a very important divinity, to whom a
+special chapter will be devoted hereafter. Their children were, three sons:
+Aides (Pluto), Poseidon (Neptune), Zeus (Jupiter), and three daughters:
+Hestia (Vesta), Demeter (Ceres), and Hera (Juno). Cronus, having an uneasy
+conscience, was afraid that his children might one day rise up against his
+authority, and thus verify the prediction of his father {15} Uranus. In
+order, therefore, to render the prophecy impossible of fulfilment, Cronus
+swallowed each child as soon as it was born,[3] greatly to the sorrow and
+indignation of his wife Rhea. When it came to Zeus, the sixth and last,
+Rhea resolved to try and save this one child at least, to love and cherish,
+and appealed to her parents, Uranus and Gaea, for counsel and assistance. By
+their advice she wrapped a stone in baby-clothes, and Cronus, in eager
+haste, swallowed it, without noticing the deception. The child thus saved,
+eventually, as we shall see, dethroned his father Cronus, became supreme
+god in his stead, and was universally venerated as the great national god
+of the Greeks.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Anxious to preserve the secret of his existence from Cronus, Rhea sent the
+infant Zeus secretly to Crete, where he was nourished, protected, and
+educated. A sacred goat, called Amalthea, supplied the place of his mother,
+by providing him with milk; nymphs, called Melissae, fed him with honey,
+and eagles and doves brought him nectar and ambrosia.[4] He was kept
+concealed in a cave in the heart of Mount Ida, and the Curetes, or priests
+of Rhea, by beating their shields together, kept up a constant noise at the
+entrance, which drowned the cries of the child and frightened away all
+intruders. Under the watchful care of the Nymphs the infant Zeus throve
+rapidly, developing great physical powers, combined with {16} extraordinary
+wisdom and intelligence. Grown to manhood, he determined to compel his
+father to restore his brothers and sisters to the light of day, and is said
+to have been assisted in this difficult task by the goddess Metis, who
+artfully persuaded Cronus to drink a potion, which caused him to give back
+the children he had swallowed. The stone which had counterfeited Zeus was
+placed at Delphi, where it was long exhibited as a sacred relic.
+
+Cronus was so enraged at being circumvented that war between the father and
+son became inevitable. The rival forces ranged themselves on two separate
+high mountains in Thessaly; Zeus, with his brothers and sisters, took his
+stand on Mount Olympus, where he was joined by Oceanus, and others of the
+Titans, who had forsaken Cronus on account of his oppressions. Cronus and
+his brother-Titans took possession of Mount Othrys, and prepared for
+battle. The struggle was long and fierce, and at length Zeus, finding that
+he was no nearer victory than before, bethought himself of the existence of
+the imprisoned Giants, and knowing that they would be able to render him
+most powerful assistance, he hastened to liberate them. He also called to
+his aid the Cyclops (sons of Poseidon and Amphitrite),[5] who had only one
+eye each in the middle of their foreheads, and were called Brontes
+(Thunder), Steropes (Lightning), and Pyracmon (Fire-anvil). They promptly
+responded to his summons for help, and brought with them tremendous
+thunderbolts which the Hecatoncheires, with their hundred hands, hurled
+down upon the enemy, at the same time raising mighty earthquakes, which
+swallowed up and destroyed all who opposed them. Aided by these new and
+powerful allies, Zeus now made a furious onslaught on his enemies, and so
+tremendous was the encounter that all nature is said to have throbbed in
+accord with this mighty effort of the celestial deities. The sea rose
+mountains high, and its angry billows {17} hissed and foamed; the earth
+shook to its foundations, the heavens sent forth rolling thunder, and flash
+after flash of death-bringing lightning, whilst a blinding mist enveloped
+Cronus and his allies.
+
+And now the fortunes of war began to turn, and victory smiled on Zeus.
+Cronus and his army were completely overthrown, his brothers despatched to
+the gloomy depths of the lower world, and Cronus himself was banished from
+his kingdom and deprived for ever of the supreme power, which now became
+vested in his son Zeus. This war was called the Titanomachia, and is most
+graphically described by the old classic poets.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+With the defeat of Cronus and his banishment from his dominions, his career
+as a ruling Greek divinity entirely ceases. But being, like all the gods,
+immortal, he was supposed to be still in existence, though possessing no
+longer either influence or authority, his place being filled to a certain
+extent by his descendant and successor, Zeus.
+
+Cronus is often represented as an old man leaning on a scythe, with an
+hour-glass in his hand. The hour-glass symbolizes the fast-fleeting moments
+as they succeed each other unceasingly; the scythe is emblematical of time,
+which mows down all before it.
+
+SATURN.
+
+The Romans, according to their custom of identifying their deities with
+those of the Greek gods whose attributes were similar to their own,
+declared Cronus to be identical with their old agricultural divinity
+Saturn. They believed that after his defeat in the {18} Titanomachia and
+his banishment from his dominions by Zeus, he took refuge with Janus, king
+of Italy, who received the exiled deity with great kindness, and even
+shared his throne with him. Their united reign became so thoroughly
+peaceful and happy, and was distinguished by such uninterrupted prosperity,
+that it was called the Golden Age.
+
+Saturn is usually represented bearing a sickle in the one hand and a
+wheat-sheaf in the other.
+
+A temple was erected to him at the foot of the Capitoline Hill, in which
+were deposited the public treasury and the laws of the state.
+
+RHEA (OPS).
+
+Rhea, the wife of Cronus, and mother of Zeus and the other great gods of
+Olympus, personified the earth, and was regarded as the Great Mother and
+unceasing producer of all plant-life. She was also believed to exercise
+unbounded sway over the animal creation, more especially over the lion, the
+noble king of beasts. Rhea is generally represented wearing a crown of
+turrets or towers and seated on a throne, with lions crouching at her feet.
+She is sometimes depicted sitting in a chariot, drawn by lions.
+
+The principal seat of her worship, which was always of a very riotous
+character, was at Crete. At her festivals, which took place at night, the
+wildest music of flutes, cymbals, and drums resounded, whilst joyful shouts
+and cries, accompanied by dancing and loud stamping of feet, filled the
+air.
+
+This divinity was introduced into Crete by its first colonists from
+Phrygia, in Asia Minor, in which country she was worshipped under the name
+of Cybele. The people of Crete adored her as the Great Mother, more
+especially in her signification as the sustainer of the vegetable world.
+Seeing, however, that year by year, as winter appears, all her glory
+vanishes, her flowers fade, and her trees become leafless, they poetically
+expressed this process of nature under the figure of a lost love. She {19}
+was said to have been tenderly attached to a youth of remarkable beauty,
+named Atys, who, to her grief and indignation, proved faithless to her. He
+was about to unite himself to a nymph called Sagaris, when, in the midst of
+the wedding feast, the rage of the incensed goddess suddenly burst forth
+upon all present. A panic seized the assembled guests, and Atys, becoming
+afflicted with temporary madness, fled to the mountains and destroyed
+himself. Cybele, moved with sorrow and regret, instituted a yearly mourning
+for his loss, when her priests, the Corybantes, with their usual noisy
+accompaniments, marched into the mountains to seek the lost youth. Having
+discovered him[6] they gave full vent to their ecstatic delight by
+indulging in the most violent gesticulations, dancing, shouting, and, at
+the same time, wounding and gashing themselves in a frightful manner.
+
+OPS.
+
+In Rome the Greek Rhea was identified with Ops, the goddess of plenty, the
+wife of Saturn, who had a variety of appellations. She was called
+Magna-Mater, Mater-Deorum, Berecynthia-Idea, and also Dindymene. This
+latter title she acquired from three high mountains in Phrygia, whence she
+was brought to Rome as Cybele during the second Punic war, B.C. 205, in
+obedience to an injunction contained in the Sybilline books. She was
+represented as a matron crowned with towers, seated in a chariot drawn by
+lions.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DIVISION OF THE WORLD.
+
+We will now return to Zeus and his brothers, who, having gained a complete
+victory over their enemies, began to consider how the world, which they had
+{20} conquered, should be divided between them. At last it was settled by
+lot that Zeus should reign supreme in Heaven, whilst Aides governed the
+Lower World, and Poseidon had full command over the Sea, but the supremacy
+of Zeus was recognized in all three kingdoms, in heaven, on earth (in which
+of course the sea was included), and under the earth. Zeus held his court
+on the top of Mount Olympus, whose summit was beyond the clouds; the
+dominions of Aides were the gloomy unknown regions below the earth; and
+Poseidon reigned over the sea. It will be seen that the realm of each of
+these gods was enveloped in mystery. Olympus was shrouded in mists, Hades
+was wrapt in gloomy darkness, and the sea was, and indeed still is, a
+source of wonder and deep interest. Hence we see that what to other nations
+were merely strange phenomena, served this poetical and imaginative people
+as a foundation upon which to build the wonderful stories of their
+mythology.
+
+The division of the world being now satisfactorily arranged, it would seem
+that all things ought to have gone on smoothly, but such was not the case.
+Trouble arose in an unlooked-for quarter. The Giants, those hideous
+monsters (some with legs formed of serpents) who had sprung from the earth
+and the blood of Uranus, declared war against the triumphant deities of
+Olympus, and a struggle ensued, which, in consequence of Gaea having made
+these children of hers invincible as long as they kept their feet on the
+ground, was wearisome and protracted. Their mother's precaution, however,
+was rendered unavailing by pieces of rock being hurled upon them, which
+threw them down, and their feet being no longer placed firmly on their
+mother-earth, they were overcome, and this tedious war (which was called
+the Gigantomachia) at last came to an end. Among the most daring of these
+earth-born giants were Enceladus, Rhoetus, and the valiant Mimas, who, with
+youthful fire and energy, hurled against heaven great masses of rock and
+burning oak-trees, and defied the lightnings of Zeus. One of the most
+powerful monsters who opposed Zeus in this {21} war was called Typhon or
+Typhoeus. He was the youngest son of Tartarus and Gaea, and had a hundred
+heads, with eyes which struck terror to the beholders, and awe-inspiring
+voices frightful to hear. This dreadful monster resolved to conquer both
+gods and men, but his plans were at length defeated by Zeus, who, after a
+violent encounter, succeeded in destroying him with a thunderbolt, but not
+before he had so terrified the gods that they had fled for refuge to Egypt,
+where they metamorphosed themselves into different animals and thus
+escaped.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THEORIES AS TO THE ORIGIN OF MAN.
+
+Just as there were several theories concerning the origin of the world, so
+there were various accounts of the creation of man.
+
+The first natural belief of the Greek people was that man had sprung from
+the earth. They saw the tender plants and flowers force their way through
+the ground in the early spring of the year after the frost of winter had
+disappeared, and so they naturally concluded that man must also have issued
+from the earth in a similar manner. Like the wild plants and flowers, he
+was supposed to have had no cultivation, and resembled in his habits the
+untamed beasts of the field, having no habitation except that which nature
+had provided in the holes of the rocks, and in the dense forests whose
+overarching boughs protected him from the inclemency of the weather.
+
+In the course of time these primitive human beings became tamed and
+civilized by the gods and heroes, who taught them to work in metals, to
+build houses, and other useful arts of civilization. But the human race
+became in the course of time so degenerate that the gods resolved to
+destroy all mankind by means of a flood; Deucalion {22} (son of Prometheus)
+and his wife Pyrrha, being, on account of their piety, the only mortals
+saved.
+
+By the command of his father, Deucalion built a ship, in which he and his
+wife took refuge during the deluge, which lasted for nine days. When the
+waters abated the ship rested on Mount Othrys in Thessaly, or according to
+some on Mount Parnassus. Deucalion and his wife now consulted the oracle of
+Themis as to how the human race might be restored. The answer was, that
+they were to cover their heads, and throw the bones of their mother behind
+them. For some time they were perplexed as to the meaning of the oracular
+command, but at length both agreed that by the bones of their mother were
+meant the stones of the earth. They accordingly took up stones from the
+mountain side and cast them over their shoulders. From those thrown by
+Deucalion there sprang up men, and from those thrown by Pyrrha, women.
+
+After the lapse of time the theory of Autochthony (from _autos_, self, and
+_chthon_, earth) was laid aside. When this belief existed there were no
+religious teachers whatever; but in course of time temples were raised in
+honour of the different gods, and priests appointed to offer sacrifices to
+them and conduct their worship. These priests were looked upon as
+authorities in all religious matters, and the doctrine they taught was,
+that man had been created by the gods, and that there had been several
+successive ages of men, which were called the Golden, Silver, Brazen, and
+Iron Ages.
+
+Life in the Golden Age was one unceasing round of ever-recurring pleasures
+unmarred by sorrow or care. The favoured mortals living at this happy time
+led pure and joyous lives, thinking no evil, and doing no wrong. The earth
+brought forth fruits and flowers without toil or labour in plentiful
+luxuriance, and war was unknown. This delightful and god-like existence
+lasted for hundreds of years, and when at length life on earth was ended,
+death laid his hand so gently upon them that they passed painlessly away in
+a happy dream, and continued their existence as ministering spirits in
+Hades, watching over and {23} protecting those they had loved and left
+behind on earth. The men of the Silver Age[7] were a long time growing up,
+and during their childhood, which lasted a hundred years, they suffered
+from ill-health and extreme debility. When they at last became men they
+lived but a short time, for they would not abstain from mutual injury, nor
+pay the service due to the gods, and were therefore banished to Hades.
+There, unlike the beings of the Golden Age, they exercised no beneficent
+supervision over the dear ones left behind, but wandered about as restless
+spirits, always sighing for the lost pleasures they had enjoyed in life.
+
+The men of the Brazen Age were quite a different race of beings, being as
+strong and powerful as those of the Silver Age were weak and enervated.
+Everything which surrounded them was of brass; their arms, their tools,
+their dwellings, and all that they made. Their characters seem to have
+resembled the metal in which they delighted; their minds and hearts were
+hard, obdurate, and cruel. They led a life of strife and contention,
+introduced into the world, which had hitherto known nothing but peace and
+tranquillity, the scourge of war, and were in fact only happy when fighting
+and quarrelling with each other. Hitherto Themis, the goddess of Justice,
+had been living among mankind, but becoming disheartened at their evil
+doings, she abandoned the earth, and winged her flight back to heaven. At
+last the gods became so tired of their evil deeds and continual
+dissensions, that they removed them from the face of the earth, and sent
+them down to Hades to share the fate of their predecessors.
+
+We now come to the men of the Iron Age. The earth, no longer teeming with
+fruitfulness, only yielded her increase after much toil and labour. The
+goddess of Justice having abandoned mankind, no influence remained
+sufficiently powerful to preserve them from every kind of wickedness and
+sin. This condition grew worse as time went on, until at last Zeus in his
+anger let loose the water-courses from above, and drowned every {24}
+individual of this evil race, except Deucalion and Pyrrha.
+
+The theory of Hesiod,[8] the oldest of all the Greek poets, was that the
+Titan Prometheus, the son of Iapetus, had formed man out of clay, and that
+Athene had breathed a soul into him. Full of love for the beings he had
+called into existence, Prometheus determined to elevate their minds and
+improve their condition in every way; he therefore taught them astronomy,
+mathematics, the alphabet, how to cure diseases, and the art of divination.
+He created this race in such great numbers that the gods began to see the
+necessity of instituting certain fixed laws with regard to the sacrifices
+due to them, and the worship to which they considered themselves entitled
+from mankind in return for the protection which they accorded them. An
+assembly was therefore convened at Mecone in order to settle these points.
+It was decided that Prometheus, as the advocate of man, should slay an ox,
+which should be divided into two equal parts, and that the gods should
+select one portion which should henceforth, in all future sacrifices, be
+set apart for them. Prometheus so divided the ox that one part consisted of
+the bones (which formed of course the least valuable portion of the
+animal), artfully concealed by the white fat; whilst the other contained
+all the edible parts, which he covered with the skin, and on the top of all
+he laid the stomach.
+
+Zeus, pretending to be deceived, chose the heap of bones, but he saw
+through the stratagem, and was so angry at the deception practised on him
+by Prometheus that he avenged himself by refusing to mortals the gift of
+fire. {25} Prometheus, however, resolved to brave the anger of the great
+ruler of Olympus, and to obtain from heaven the vital spark so necessary
+for the further progress and comfort of the human race. He accordingly
+contrived to steal some sparks from the chariot of the sun, which he
+conveyed to earth hidden in a hollow tube. Furious at being again
+outwitted, Zeus determined to be revenged first on mankind, and then on
+Prometheus. To punish the former he commanded Hephaestus (Vulcan) to mould a
+beautiful woman out of clay, and determined that through her
+instrumentality trouble and misery should be brought into the world.
+
+The gods were so charmed with the graceful and artistic creation of
+Hephaestus, that they all determined to endow her with some special gift.
+Hermes (Mercury) bestowed on her a smooth persuasive tongue, Aphrodite gave
+her beauty and the art of pleasing; the Graces made her fascinating, and
+Athene (Minerva) gifted her with the possession of feminine
+accomplishments. She was called Pandora, which means all-gifted, having
+received every attribute necessary to make her charming and irresistible.
+Thus beautifully formed and endowed, this exquisite creature, attired by
+the Graces, and crowned with flowers by the Seasons, was conducted to the
+house of Epimetheus[9] by Hermes the messenger of the gods. Now Epimetheus
+had been warned by his brother not to accept any gift whatever from the
+gods; but he was so fascinated by the beautiful being who suddenly appeared
+before him, that he welcomed her to his home, and made her his wife. It was
+not long, however, before he had cause to regret his weakness.
+
+He had in his possession a jar of rare workmanship, containing all the
+blessings reserved by the gods for mankind, which he had been expressly
+forbidden to open. But woman's proverbial curiosity could not withstand so
+great a temptation, and Pandora determined to solve the mystery at any
+cost. Watching her opportunity she raised the lid, and immediately all the
+blessings which {26} the gods had thus reserved for mankind took wing and
+flew away. But all was not lost. Just as Hope (which lay at the bottom) was
+about to escape, Pandora hastily closed the lid of the jar, and thus
+preserved to man that never-failing solace which helps him to bear with
+courage the many ills which assail him.[10]
+
+Having punished mankind, Zeus determined to execute vengeance on
+Prometheus. He accordingly chained him to a rock in Mount Caucasus, and
+sent an eagle every day to gnaw away his liver, which grew again every
+night ready for fresh torments. For thirty years Prometheus endured this
+fearful punishment; but at length Zeus relented, and permitted his son
+Heracles (Hercules) to kill the eagle, and the sufferer was released.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THIRD DYNASTY--OLYMPIAN DIVINITIES.
+
+ZEUS[11] (JUPITER).
+
+Zeus, the great presiding deity of the universe, the ruler of heaven and
+earth, was regarded by the Greeks, first, as the god of all aerial
+phenomena; secondly, as the personification of the laws of nature; thirdly,
+as lord of state-life; and fourthly, as the father of gods and men.
+
+As the god of aerial phenomena he could, by shaking his aegis,[12] produce
+storms, tempests, and intense darkness. At his command the mighty thunder
+rolls, the lightning flashes, and the clouds open and pour forth their
+refreshing streams to fructify the earth.
+
+As the personification of the operations of nature, he represents those
+grand laws of unchanging and harmonious order, by which not only the
+physical but also {27} the moral world is governed. Hence he is the god of
+regulated time as marked by the changing seasons, and by the regular
+succession of day and night, in contradistinction to his father Cronus, who
+represents time absolutely, _i.e._ eternity.
+
+As the lord of state-life, he is the founder of kingly power, the upholder
+of all institutions connected with the state, and the special friend and
+patron of princes, whom he guards and assists with his advice and counsel.
+He protects the assembly of the people, and, in fact, watches over the
+welfare of the whole community.
+
+As the father of the gods, Zeus sees that each deity performs his or her
+individual duty, punishes their misdeeds, settles their disputes, and acts
+towards them on all occasions as their all-knowing counsellor and mighty
+friend.
+
+As the father of men, he takes a paternal interest in the actions and
+well-being of mortals. He watches over them with tender solicitude,
+rewarding truth, charity, and uprightness, but severely punishing perjury,
+cruelty, and want of hospitality. Even the poorest and most forlorn
+wanderer finds in him a powerful advocate, for he, by a wise and merciful
+dispensation, ordains that the mighty ones of the earth should succour
+their distressed and needy brethren.
+
+The Greeks believed that the home of this their mighty and all-powerful
+deity was on the top of Mount Olympus, that high and lofty mountain between
+Thessaly and Macedon, whose summit, wrapt in clouds and mist, was hidden
+from mortal view. It was supposed that this mysterious region, which even a
+bird could not reach, extended beyond the clouds right into Aether, the
+realm of the immortal gods. The poets describe this ethereal atmosphere as
+bright, glistening, and refreshing, exercising a peculiar, gladdening
+influence over the minds and hearts of those privileged beings permitted to
+share its delights. Here youth never ages, and the passing years leave no
+traces on its favoured inhabitants. On the cloud-capped summit of Olympus
+was the palace of {28} Zeus and Hera, of burnished gold, chased silver, and
+gleaming ivory. Lower down were the homes of the other gods, which, though
+less commanding in position and size, were yet similar to that of Zeus in
+design and workmanship, all being the work of the divine artist Hephaestus.
+Below these were other palaces of silver, ebony, ivory, or burnished brass,
+where the Heroes, or Demi-gods, resided.
+
+As the worship of Zeus formed so important a feature in the religion of the
+Greeks, his statues were necessarily both numerous and magnificent. He is
+usually represented as a man of noble and imposing mien, his countenance
+expressing all the lofty majesty of the omnipotent ruler of the universe,
+combined with the gracious, yet serious, benignity of the father and friend
+of mankind. He may be recognized by his rich flowing beard, and the thick
+masses of hair, which rise straight from the high and intellectual forehead
+and fall to his shoulders in clustering locks. The nose is large and finely
+formed, and the slightly-opened lips impart an air of sympathetic
+kindliness which invites confidence. He is always accompanied by an eagle,
+which either surmounts his sceptre, or sits at his feet; he generally bears
+in his uplifted hand a sheaf of thunder-bolts, just ready to be hurled,
+whilst in the other he holds the lightning. The head is frequently
+encircled with a wreath of oak-leaves.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The most celebrated statue of the Olympian Zeus was that by the famous
+Athenian sculptor Phidias, which was forty feet high, and stood in the
+temple of Zeus at Olympia. It was formed of ivory and gold, and was {29}
+such a masterpiece of art, that it was reckoned among the seven wonders of
+the world. It represented the god, seated on a throne, holding in his right
+hand a life-sized image of Nike (the goddess of Victory), and in his left a
+royal sceptre, surmounted by an eagle. It is said that the great sculptor
+had concentrated all the marvellous powers of his genius on this sublime
+conception, and earnestly entreated Zeus to give him a decided proof that
+his labours were approved. An answer to his prayer came through the open
+roof of the temple in the shape of a flash of lightning, which Phidias
+interpreted as a sign that the god of heaven was pleased with his work.
+
+Zeus was first worshipped at Dodona in Epirus, where, at the foot of Mount
+Tomarus, on the woody shore of Lake Joanina, was his famous oracle, the
+most ancient in Greece. Here the voice of the eternal and invisible god was
+supposed to be heard in the rustling leaves of a giant oak, announcing to
+mankind the will of heaven and the destiny of mortals; these revelations
+being interpreted to the people by the priests of Zeus, who were called
+Selli. Recent excavations which have been made at this spot have brought to
+light the ruins of the ancient temple of Zeus, and also, among other
+interesting relics, some plates of lead, on which are engraved inquiries
+which were evidently made by certain individuals who consulted the oracle.
+These little leaden plates speak to us, as it were, in a curiously homely
+manner of a by-gone time in the buried past. One person inquires what god
+he should apply to for health and fortune; another asks for advice
+concerning his child; and a third, evidently a shepherd, promises a gift to
+the oracle should a speculation in sheep turn out successfully. Had these
+little memorials been of gold instead of lead, they would doubtless have
+shared the fate of the numerous treasures which adorned this and other
+temples, in the universal pillage which took place when Greece fell into
+the hands of barbarians.
+
+Though Dodona was the most ancient of his shrines, the great national seat
+of the worship of Zeus was at Olympia in Elis, where there was a
+magnificent temple {30} dedicated to him, containing the famous colossal
+statue by Phidias above described. Crowds of devout worshippers flocked to
+this world-renowned fane from all parts of Greece, not only to pay homage
+to their supreme deity, but also to join in the celebrated games which were
+held there at intervals of four years. The Olympic games were such a
+thoroughly national institution, that even Greeks who had left their native
+country made a point of returning on these occasions, if possible, in order
+to contend with their fellow-countrymen in the various athletic sports
+which took place at these festivals.
+
+It will be seen on reflection that in a country like Greece, which
+contained so many petty states, often at variance with each other, these
+national gatherings must have been most valuable as a means of uniting the
+Greeks in one great bond of brotherhood. On these festive occasions the
+whole nation met together, forgetting for the moment all past differences,
+and uniting in the enjoyment of the same festivities.
+
+It will doubtless have been remarked that in the representations of Zeus he
+is always accompanied by an eagle. This royal bird was sacred to him,
+probably from the fact of its being the only creature capable of gazing at
+the sun without being dazzled, which may have suggested the idea that it
+was able to contemplate the splendour of divine majesty unshrinkingly.
+
+The oak-tree, and also the summits of mountains, were sacred to Zeus. His
+sacrifices consisted of white bulls, cows, and goats.
+
+Zeus had seven immortal wives, whose names were Metis, Themis, Eurynome,
+Demeter, Mnemosyne, Leto, and Hera.
+
+METIS, his first wife, was one of the Oceanides or sea-nymphs. She was the
+personification of prudence and wisdom, a convincing proof of which she
+displayed in her successful administration of the potion which caused
+Cronus to yield up his children. She was endowed with the gift of prophecy,
+and foretold to Zeus that one of their children would gain ascendency over
+{31} him. In order, therefore, to avert the possibility of the prediction
+being fulfilled he swallowed her before any children were born to them.
+Feeling afterwards violent pains in his head, he sent for Hephaestus, and
+ordered him to open it with an axe. His command was obeyed, and out sprang,
+with a loud and martial shout, a beautiful being, clad in armour from head
+to foot. This was Athene (Minerva), goddess of Armed Resistance and Wisdom.
+
+THEMIS was the goddess of Justice, Law, and Order.
+
+EURYNOME was one of the Oceanides, and the mother of the Charites or
+Graces.
+
+DEMETER,[13] the daughter of Cronus and Rhea, was the goddess of
+Agriculture.
+
+MNEMOSYNE, the daughter of Uranus and Gaea, was the goddess of Memory and
+the mother of the nine Muses.
+
+LETO (Latona) was the daughter of Coeus and Phoebe. She was gifted with
+wonderful beauty, and was tenderly loved by Zeus, but her lot was far from
+being a happy one, for Hera, being extremely jealous of her, persecuted her
+with inveterate cruelty, and sent the dreadful serpent Python[14] to
+terrify and torment her wherever she went. But Zeus, who had observed with
+the deepest compassion her weary wanderings and agonized fears, resolved to
+create for her some place of refuge, however humble, where she might feel
+herself safe from the venomous attacks of the serpent. He therefore brought
+her to Delos, a floating island in the AEgean Sea, which he made stationary
+by attaching it with chains of adamant to the bottom of the sea. Here she
+gave birth to her twin-children, Apollo and Artemis (Diana), two of the
+most beautiful of the immortals.
+
+According to some versions of the story of Leto, Zeus transformed her into
+a quail, in order that she might thus elude the vigilance of Hera, and she
+is said to have {32} resumed her true form when she arrived at the island
+of Delos.
+
+HERA, being the principal wife of Zeus and queen of heaven, a detailed
+account will be given of her in a special chapter.
+
+In the union of Zeus with most of his immortal wives we shall find that an
+allegorical meaning is conveyed. His marriage with Metis, who is said to
+have surpassed both gods and men in knowledge, represents supreme power
+allied to wisdom and prudence. His union with Themis typifies the bond
+which exists between divine majesty and justice, law, and order. Eurynome,
+as the mother of the Charites or Graces, supplied the refining and
+harmonizing influences of grace and beauty, whilst the marriage of Zeus
+with Mnemosyne typifies the union of genius with memory.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In addition to the seven immortal wives of Zeus, he was also allied to a
+number of mortal maidens whom he visited under various disguises, as it was
+supposed that if he revealed himself in his true form as king of heaven the
+splendour of his glory would cause instant destruction to mortals. The
+mortal consorts of Zeus have been such a favourite theme with poets,
+painters, and sculptors, that it is necessary to give some account of their
+individual history. Those best known are Antiope, Leda, Europa, Callisto,
+Alcmene, Semele, Io, and Danae.
+
+ANTIOPE, to whom Zeus appeared under the form of a satyr, was the daughter
+of Nicteus, king of Thebes. To escape the anger of her father she fled to
+Sicyon, where king Epopeus, enraptured with her wonderful beauty, made her
+his wife without asking her father's consent. This so enraged Nicteus that
+he declared war against Epopeus, in order to compel him to restore Antiope.
+At his death, which took place before he could succeed in his purpose,
+Nicteus left his kingdom to his brother Lycus, commanding him, at the same
+time, to carry on the war, and execute his vengeance. Lycus invaded Sicyon,
+defeated and killed Epopeus, and brought back {33} Antiope as a prisoner.
+On the way to Thebes she gave birth to her twin-sons, Amphion and Zethus,
+who, by the orders of Lycus, were at once exposed on Mount Cithaeron, and
+would have perished but for the kindness of a shepherd, who took pity on
+them and preserved their lives. Antiope was, for many years, held captive
+by her uncle Lycus, and compelled to suffer the utmost cruelty at the hands
+of his wife Dirce. But one day her bonds were miraculously loosened, and
+she flew for shelter and protection to the humble dwelling of her sons on
+Mount Cithaeron. During the long period of their mother's captivity the
+babes had grown into sturdy youths, and, as they listened angrily to the
+story of her wrongs, they became all impatience to avenge them. Setting off
+at once to Thebes they succeeded in possessing themselves of the town, and
+after slaying the cruel Lycus they bound Dirce by the hair to the horns of
+a wild bull, which dragged her hither and thither until she expired. Her
+mangled body was cast into the fount near Thebes, which still bears her
+name. Amphion became king of Thebes in his uncle's stead. He was a friend
+of the Muses, and devoted to music and poetry. His brother, Zethus, was
+famous for his skill in archery, and was passionately fond of the chase. It
+is said that when Amphion wished to inclose the town of Thebes with walls
+and towers, he had but to play a sweet melody on the lyre, given to him by
+Hermes, and the huge stones began to move, and obediently fitted themselves
+together.
+
+The punishment of Dirce at the hands of Amphion and Zethus forms the
+subject of the world-renowned marble group in the museum at Naples, known
+by the name of the Farnese Bull.
+
+In sculpture Amphion is always represented with a lyre; Zethus with a club.
+
+LEDA, whose affections Zeus won under the form of a swan, was the daughter
+of Thestius, king of AEtolia. Her twin-sons, Castor and (Polydeuces or)
+Pollux,[15] were {34} renowned for their tender attachment to each other.
+They were also famous for their physical accomplishments, Castor being the
+most expert charioteer of his day, and Pollux the first of pugilists. Their
+names appear both among the hunters of the Calydonian boar-hunt and the
+heroes of the Argonautic expedition. The brothers became attached to the
+daughters of Leucippus, prince of the Messenians, who had been betrothed by
+their father to Idas and Lynceus, sons of Aphareus. Having persuaded
+Leucippus to break his promise, the twins carried off the maidens as their
+brides. Idas and Lynceus, naturally furious at this proceeding, challenged
+the Dioscuri to mortal combat, in which Castor perished by the hand of
+Idas, and Lynceus by that of Pollux. Zeus wished to confer the gift of
+immortality upon Pollux, but he refused to accept it unless allowed to
+share it with Castor. Zeus gave the desired permission, and the faithful
+brothers were both allowed to live, but only on alternate days. The
+Dioscuri received divine honours throughout Greece, and were worshipped
+with special reverence at Sparta.
+
+EUROPA was the beautiful daughter of Agenor, king of Phoenicia. She was one
+day gathering flowers with her companions in a meadow near the sea-shore,
+when Zeus, charmed with her great beauty, and wishing to win her love,
+transformed himself into a beautiful white bull, and trotted quietly up to
+the princess, so as not to alarm her. Surprised at the gentleness of the
+animal, and admiring its beauty, as it lay placidly on the grass, she
+caressed it, crowned it with flowers, and, at last, playfully seated
+herself on its back. Hardly had she done so than the disguised god bounded
+away with his lovely burden, and swam across the sea with her to the island
+of Crete.
+
+Europa was the mother of Minos, Aeacus, and Rhadamanthus. Minos, who became
+king of Crete, was celebrated for his justice and moderation, and after
+death he was created one of the judges of the lower world, which office he
+held in conjunction with his brothers. {35}
+
+CALLISTO, the daughter of Lycaon, king of Arcadia, was a huntress in the
+train of Artemis, devoted to the pleasures of the chase, who had made a vow
+never to marry; but Zeus, under the form of the huntress-goddess, succeeded
+in obtaining her affections. Hera, being extremely jealous of her, changed
+her into a bear, and caused Artemis (who failed to recognize her attendant
+under this form) to hunt her in the chase, and put an end to her existence.
+After her death she was placed by Zeus among the stars as a constellation,
+under the name of Arctos, or the bear.
+
+ALCMENE, the daughter of Electryon, king of Mycenae, was betrothed to her
+cousin Amphytrion; but, during his absence on a perilous undertaking, Zeus
+assumed his form, and obtained her affections. Heracles (whose
+world-renowned exploits will be related among the legends) was the son of
+Alcmene and Zeus.
+
+SEMELE, a beautiful princess, the daughter of Cadmus, king of Phoenicia,
+was greatly beloved by Zeus. Like the unfortunate Callisto, she was hated
+by Hera with jealous malignity, and the haughty queen of heaven determined
+to effect her destruction. Disguising herself, therefore, as Beroe,
+Semele's faithful old nurse, she artfully persuaded her to insist upon Zeus
+visiting her, as he appeared to Hera, in all his power and glory, well
+knowing that this would cause her instant death. Semele, suspecting no
+treachery, followed the advice of her supposed nurse; and the next time
+Zeus came to her, she earnestly entreated him to grant the favour she was
+about to ask. Zeus swore by the Styx (which was to the gods an irrevocable
+oath) to accede to her request whatsoever it might be. Semele, therefore,
+secure of gaining her petition, begged of Zeus to appear to her in all the
+glory of his divine power and majesty. As he had sworn to grant whatever
+she asked of him, he was compelled to comply with her wish; he therefore
+revealed himself as the mighty lord of the universe, accompanied by thunder
+and lightning, and she was instantly consumed in the flames. {36}
+
+IO, daughter of Inachus, king of Argos, was a priestess of Hera. She was
+very beautiful, and Zeus, who was much attached to her, transformed her
+into a white cow, in order to defeat the jealous intrigues of Hera, who,
+however, was not to be deceived. Aware of the stratagem, she contrived to
+obtain the animal from Zeus, and placed her under the watchful care of a
+man called Argus-Panoptes, who fastened her to an olive-tree in the grove
+of Hera. He had a hundred eyes, of which, when asleep, he never closed more
+than two at a time; being thus always on the watch, Hera found him
+extremely useful in keeping guard over Io. Hermes, however, by the command
+of Zeus, succeeded in putting all his eyes to sleep with the sound of his
+magic lyre, and then, taking advantage of his helpless condition, slew him.
+The story goes, that in commemoration of the services which Argus had
+rendered her, Hera placed his eyes on the tail of a peacock, as a lasting
+memorial of her gratitude. Ever fertile in resource, Hera now sent a gadfly
+to worry and torment the unfortunate Io incessantly, and she wandered all
+over the world in hopes of escaping from her tormentor. At length she
+reached Egypt, where she found rest and freedom from the persecutions of
+her enemy. On the banks of the Nile she resumed her original form and gave
+birth to a son called Epaphus, who afterwards became king of Egypt, and
+built the famous city of Memphis.
+
+DANAE.--Zeus appeared to Danae under the form of a shower of gold. (Further
+details concerning her will be found in the legend of Perseus.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Greeks supposed that the divine ruler of the Universe occasionally
+assumed a human form, and descended from his celestial abode, in order to
+visit mankind and observe their proceedings, his aim being generally either
+to punish the guilty, or to reward the deserving.
+
+On one occasion Zeus, accompanied by Hermes, made a journey through
+Phrygia, seeking hospitality and shelter wherever they went. But nowhere
+did they receive a {37} kindly welcome till they came to the humble cottage
+of an old man and his wife called Philemon and Baucis, who entertained them
+with the greatest kindness, setting before them what frugal fare their
+humble means permitted, and bidding them welcome with unaffected
+cordiality. Observing in the course of their simple repast that the wine
+bowl was miraculously replenished, the aged couple became convinced of the
+divine nature of their guests. The gods now informed them that on account
+of its wickedness their native place was doomed to destruction, and told
+them to climb the neighbouring hill with them, which overlooked the village
+where they dwelt. What was their dismay on beholding at their feet, in
+place of the spot where they had passed so many happy years together,
+nothing but a watery plain, the only house to be seen being their own
+little cottage, which suddenly changed itself into a temple before their
+eyes. Zeus now asked the worthy pair to name any wish they particularly
+desired and it should be granted. They accordingly begged that they might
+serve the gods in the temple below, and end life together.
+
+Their wish was granted, for, after spending the remainder of their lives in
+the worship of the gods, they both died at the same instant, and were
+transformed by Zeus into trees, remaining for ever side by side.
+
+Upon another occasion Zeus, wishing to ascertain for himself the truth of
+the reports concerning the atrocious wickedness of mankind, made a journey
+through Arcadia. Being recognized by the Arcadians as king of heaven, he
+was received by them with becoming respect and veneration; but Lycaon,
+their king, who had rendered himself infamous by the gross impiety of
+himself and his sons, doubted the divinity of Zeus, ridiculed his people
+for being so easily duped, and, according to his custom of killing all
+strangers who ventured to trust his hospitality, resolved to murder him.
+Before executing this wicked design, however, he decided to put Zeus to the
+test, and having killed a boy for the purpose, placed before him a dish
+containing human flesh. But Zeus was {38} not to be deceived. He beheld the
+revolting dish with horror and loathing, and angrily upsetting the table
+upon which it was placed, turned Lycaon into a wolf, and destroyed all his
+fifty sons by lightning, except Nyctimus, who was saved by the intervention
+of Gaea.
+
+JUPITER.
+
+The Roman Jupiter, who is so frequently confounded with the Greek Zeus, is
+identical with him only as being the head of the Olympic gods, and the
+presiding deity over Life, Light, and Aerial Phenomena. Jupiter is lord of
+life in its widest and most comprehensive signification, having absolute
+power over life and death, in which respect he differed from the Greek
+Zeus, who was to a certain extent controlled by the all-potent sway of the
+Moirae or Fates. Zeus, as we have seen, often condescends to visit mankind,
+either as a mortal, or under various disguises, whereas Jupiter always
+remains essentially the supreme god of heaven, and never appears upon
+earth.
+
+The most celebrated temple of Jupiter was that on the Capitoline Hill in
+the city of Rome, where he was worshipped under the names of
+Jupiter-Optimus-Maximus, Capitolinus, and Tarpeius.
+
+The Romans represented him seated on a throne of ivory, holding in his
+right hand a sheaf of thunderbolts, and in his left a sceptre, whilst an
+eagle stands beside his throne.
+
+HERA (JUNO).
+
+Hera, the eldest daughter of Cronus and Rhea, was born at Samos, or,
+according to some accounts, at Argos, and was reared by the sea-divinities
+Oceanus and Tethys, who were models of conjugal fidelity.[16] She was the
+{39} principal wife of Zeus, and, as queen of heaven, participated in the
+honours paid to him, but her dominion only extended over the air (the lower
+aerial regions). Hera appears to be the sublime embodiment of strict
+matronly virtue, and is on that account the protectress of purity and
+married women. Faultless herself in her fidelity as a wife, she is
+essentially the type of the sanctity of the marriage tie, and holds in
+abhorrence any violation of its obligations. So strongly was she imbued
+with this hatred of any immorality, that, finding herself so often called
+upon to punish the failings of both gods and men in this respect, she
+became jealous, harsh, and vindictive. Her exalted position as the wife of
+the supreme deity, combined with her extreme beauty, caused her to become
+exceedingly vain, and she consequently resented with great severity any
+infringement on her rights as queen of heaven, or any apparent slight on
+her personal appearance.
+
+The following story will signally illustrate how ready she was to resent
+any slight offered to her.
+
+At the marriage of the sea-nymph Thetis with a mortal called Peleus, all
+the gods and goddesses were present, except Eris (the goddess of Discord).
+Indignant at not being invited, she determined to cause dissension in the
+assembly, and for this purpose threw into the midst of the guests a golden
+apple with the inscription on it "For the Fairest." Now, as all the
+goddesses were extremely beautiful, each claimed the apple; but at length,
+the rest having relinquished their pretensions, the number of candidates
+was reduced to three, Hera, Athene, and Aphrodite, who agreed to appeal to
+Paris for a settlement of this delicate question, he being noted for the
+wisdom he had displayed in his judgment upon several occasions. Paris was
+the son of Priam, king of Troy, who, ignorant of his noble birth, was at
+this time feeding his flocks on Mount Ida, in Phrygia. Hermes, as messenger
+of the gods, conducted the three rival beauties to the young shepherd, and
+with breathless anxiety they awaited his decision. Each fair candidate
+endeavoured {40} to secure his favour by the most tempting offers. Hera
+promised him extensive dominions; Athene, martial fame and glory; and
+Aphrodite, the loveliest woman in the world. But whether he really
+considered Aphrodite the fairest of the three, or preferred a beautiful
+wife to fame and power, we cannot tell; all we know is that to her he
+awarded the golden apple, and she became ever after universally
+acknowledged as the goddess of beauty. Hera, having fully expected that
+Paris would give her the preference, was so indignant that she never
+forgave him, and not only persecuted him, but all the family of Priam,
+whose dreadful sufferings and misfortunes during the Trojan war were
+attributed to her influence. In fact, she carried her animosity to such an
+extent that it was often the cause of domestic disagreements between
+herself and Zeus, who espoused the cause of the Trojans.
+
+Among the many stories of these frequent quarrels there is one connected
+with Heracles, the favourite son of Zeus, which is as follows:--Hera having
+raised a storm at sea in order to drive him out of his course, Zeus became
+so angry that he hung her in the clouds by a golden chain, and attached
+heavy anvils to her feet. Her son Hephaestus tried to release his mother
+from her humiliating position, for which Zeus threw him out of heaven, and
+his leg was broken by the fall.
+
+Hera, being deeply offended with Zeus, determined to separate herself from
+him for ever, and she accordingly left him and took up her abode in Euboea.
+Surprised and grieved at this unlooked-for desertion, Zeus resolved to
+leave no means untried to win her back again. In this emergency he
+consulted Cithaeron, king of Platea, who was famed for his great wisdom and
+subtlety. Cithaeron advised him to dress up an image in bridal attire and
+place it in a chariot, announcing that this was Platea, his future wife.
+The artifice succeeded. Hera, incensed at the idea of a rival, flew to meet
+the procession in great anger, and seizing the supposed bride, she
+furiously attacked her and dragged off her nuptial attire. Her delight on
+discovering the deception was so great that a {41} reconciliation took
+place, and, committing the image to the flames, with joyful laughter she
+seated herself in its place and returned to Olympus.
+
+Hera was the mother of Ares (Mars), Hephaestus, Hebe, and Eileithyia. Ares
+was the god of War; Hephaestus, of Fire; Hebe, of Youth; and Eileithyia
+presided over the birth of mortals.
+
+Hera dearly loved Greece, and indeed always watched over and protected
+Greek interests, her beloved and favourite cities being Argos, Samos,
+Sparta, and Mycenae.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Her principal temples were at Argos and Samos. From a remote period she was
+greatly venerated at Olympia, and her temple there, which stood in the
+Altis or sacred grove, was five hundred years older than that of Zeus on
+the same spot. Some interesting excavations which are now going on there
+have brought to light the remains of the ancient edifice, which contains
+among other treasures of antiquity several beautiful statues, the work of
+the famous sculptors of ancient Greece. At first this temple was built of
+wood, then of stone, and the one lately discovered was formed of
+conglomerate of shells.
+
+In the Altis races were run by young maidens in honour of Hera, and the
+fleetest of foot received in token of her victory an olive-wreath and a
+piece of the flesh of the sacrifices. These races, like the Olympic Games,
+were celebrated at intervals of four years, and were called Herae. A
+beautiful robe, woven by sixteen women chosen from the sixteen cities of
+Elis, was always offered to Hera on these {42} occasions, and choral songs
+and sacred dances formed part of the ceremonies.
+
+Hera is usually represented seated on a throne, holding a pomegranate in
+one hand and a sceptre surmounted by a cuckoo in the other. She appears as
+a calm, dignified matron of majestic beauty, robed in a tunic and mantle,
+her forehead is broad and intellectual, her eyes large and fully opened,
+and her arms dazzlingly white and finely moulded.
+
+The finest statue of this divinity was that by Polycletus at Argos.
+
+Her attributes are the diadem, veil, sceptre, and peacock.
+
+The first day of every month a ewe-lamb and sow were sacrificed to Hera.
+The hawk, goose, and more particularly the peacock[17] were sacred to her.
+Flocks of these beautiful birds generally surround her throne and draw her
+chariot, Iris, the Rainbow, being seated behind her.
+
+Her favourite flowers were the dittany, poppy, and lily.
+
+JUNO.
+
+Juno, the Roman divinity supposed to be identical with the Greek Hera,
+differed from her in the most salient points, for whereas Hera invariably
+appears as the haughty, unbending queen of heaven, Juno, on the other hand,
+is revered and beloved as the type of a matron and housewife. She was
+worshipped in Rome under various titles, most of which point to her
+vocation as the protectress of married women. Juno was believed to watch
+over and guard the life of every woman from her birth to her death. The
+principal temples dedicated to her were in Rome, one being erected on the
+Aventine, and the other on the Capitoline Hill. She had also a temple on
+the Arx, in which she was worshipped as Juno Moneta, or the {43} warning
+goddess. Adjacent to this shrine was the public mint.[18] On the 1st of
+March a grand annual festival, called the Matronalia, was celebrated in her
+honour by all the married women of Rome, and this religious institution was
+accompanied with much solemnity.[19]
+
+PALLAS-ATHENE (MINERVA).
+
+Pallas-Athene, goddess of Wisdom and Armed Resistance, was a purely Greek
+divinity; that is to say, no other nation possessed a corresponding
+conception. She was supposed, as already related, to have issued from the
+head of Zeus himself, clad in armour from head to foot. The miraculous
+advent of this maiden goddess is beautifully described by Homer in one of
+his hymns: snow-capped Olympus shook to its foundation; the glad earth
+re-echoed her martial shout; the billowy sea became agitated; and Helios,
+the sun-god, arrested his fiery steeds in their headlong course to welcome
+this wonderful emanation from the godhead. Athene was at once admitted into
+the assembly of the gods, and henceforth took her place as the most
+faithful and sagacious of all her father's counsellors. This brave,
+dauntless maiden, so exactly the essence of all that is noble in the
+character of "the father of gods and men," remained throughout chaste in
+word and deed, and kind at heart, without exhibiting any of those failings
+which somewhat mar the nobler features in the character of Zeus. This
+direct emanation from his own self, justly his favourite child, his better
+and purer counterpart, received from him several important prerogatives.
+She was permitted to hurl the thunderbolts, to prolong the life of man, and
+to bestow the gift of prophecy; in fact Athene was the only divinity whose
+authority was equal to that of Zeus himself, and when he had ceased to
+visit the earth in person {44} she was empowered by him to act as his
+deputy. It was her especial duty to protect the state and all peaceful
+associations of mankind, which she possessed the power of defending when
+occasion required. She encouraged the maintenance of law and order, and
+defended the right on all occasions, for which reason, in the Trojan war
+she espouses the cause of the Greeks and exerts all her influence on their
+behalf. The Areopagus, a court of justice where religious causes and
+murders were tried, was believed to have been instituted by her, and when
+both sides happened to have an equal number of votes she gave the
+casting-vote in favour of the accused. She was the patroness of learning,
+science, and art, more particularly where these contributed directly
+towards the welfare of nations. She presided over all inventions connected
+with agriculture, invented the plough, and taught mankind how to use oxen
+for farming purposes. She also instructed mankind in the use of numbers,
+trumpets, chariots, &c., and presided over the building of the Argo,[20]
+thereby encouraging the useful art of navigation. She also taught the
+Greeks how to build the wooden horse by means of which the destruction of
+Troy was effected.
+
+The safety of cities depended on her care, for which reason her temples
+were generally built on the citadels, and she was supposed to watch over
+the defence of the walls, fortifications, harbours, &c. A divinity who so
+faithfully guarded the best interests of the state, by not only protecting
+it from the attacks of enemies, but also by developing its chief resources
+of wealth and prosperity, was worthily chosen as the presiding deity of the
+state, and in this character as an essentially political goddess she was
+called Athene-Polias.
+
+The fact of Athene having been born clad in armour, which merely signified
+that her virtue and purity were unassailable, has given rise to the
+erroneous supposition that she was the presiding goddess of war; but a
+deeper {45} study of her character in all its bearings proves that, in
+contradistinction to her brother Ares, the god of war, who loved strife for
+its own sake, she only takes up arms to protect the innocent and deserving
+against tyrannical oppression. It is true that in the Iliad we frequently
+see her on the battlefield fighting valiantly, and protecting her favourite
+heroes; but this is always at the command of Zeus, who even supplies her
+with arms for the purpose, as it is supposed that she possessed none of her
+own. A marked feature in the representations of this deity is the aegis,
+that wonderful shield given to her by her father as a further means of
+defence, which, when in danger, she swung so swiftly round and round that
+it kept at a distance all antagonistic influences; hence her name Pallas,
+from _pallo_, I swing. In the centre of this shield, which was covered with
+dragon's scales, bordered with serpents, and which she sometimes wore as a
+breastplate, was the awe-inspiring head of the Medusa, which had the effect
+of turning to stone all beholders.
+
+In addition to the many functions which she exercised in connection with
+the state, Athene presided over the two chief departments of feminine
+industry, spinning and weaving. In the latter art she herself displayed
+unrivalled ability and exquisite taste. She wove her own robe and that of
+Hera, which last she is said to have embroidered very richly; she also gave
+Jason a cloak wrought by herself, when he set forth in quest of the Golden
+Fleece. Being on one occasion challenged to a contest in this
+accomplishment by a mortal maiden named Arachne, whom she had instructed in
+the art of weaving, she accepted the challenge and was completely
+vanquished by her pupil. Angry at her defeat, she struck the unfortunate
+maiden on the forehead with the shuttle which she held in her hand; and
+Arachne, being of a sensitive nature, was so hurt by this indignity that
+she hung herself in despair, and was changed by Athene into a spider. This
+goddess is said to have invented the flute,[21] upon {46} which she played
+with considerable talent, until one day, being laughed at by the assembled
+gods and goddesses for the contortions which her countenance assumed during
+these musical efforts, she hastily ran to a fountain in order to convince
+herself whether she deserved their ridicule. Finding to her intense disgust
+that such was indeed the fact, she threw the flute away, and never raised
+it to her lips again.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Athene is usually represented fully draped; she has a serious and
+thoughtful aspect, as though replete with earnestness and wisdom; the
+beautiful oval contour of her countenance is adorned by the luxuriance of
+her wealth of hair, which is drawn back from the temples and hangs down in
+careless grace; she looks the embodiment of strength, grandeur, and
+majesty; whilst her broad shoulders and small hips give her a slightly
+masculine appearance.
+
+When represented as the war-goddess she appears clad in armour, with a
+helmet on her head, from which waves a large plume; she carries the aegis on
+her arm, and in her hand a golden staff, which possessed the property of
+endowing her chosen favourites with youth and dignity.
+
+Athene was universally worshipped throughout Greece, but was regarded with
+special veneration by the Athenians, she being the guardian deity of
+Athens. Her most celebrated temple was the Parthenon, which stood on the
+{47} Acropolis at Athens, and contained her world-renowned statue by
+Phidias, which ranks second only to that of Zeus by the same great artist.
+This colossal statue was 39 feet high, and was composed of ivory and gold;
+its majestic beauty formed the chief attraction of the temple. It
+represented her standing erect, bearing her spear and shield; in her hand
+she held an image of Nike, and at her feet there lay a serpent.
+
+The tree sacred to her was the olive, which she herself produced in a
+contest with Poseidon. The olive-tree thus called into existence was
+preserved in the temple of Erectheus, on the Acropolis, and is said to have
+possessed such marvellous vitality, that when the Persians burned it after
+sacking the town it immediately burst forth into new shoots.
+
+The principal festival held in honour of this divinity was the Panathenaea.
+
+The owl, cock, and serpent were the animals sacred to her, and her
+sacrifices were rams, bulls, and cows.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MINERVA.
+
+The Minerva of the Romans was identified with the Pallas-Athene of the
+Greeks. Like her she presides over learning and all useful arts, and is the
+patroness of the feminine accomplishments of sewing, spinning, weaving, &c.
+Schools were under her especial care, and schoolboys, therefore, had
+holidays during her festivals (the Greater Quinquatria), when they always
+brought a gift to their master, called the Minerval.
+
+It is worthy of notice that the only three divinities {48} worshipped in
+the Capitol were Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, and in their joint honour the
+Ludi Maximi or great games were held.
+
+THEMIS.
+
+Themis, who has already been alluded to as the wife of Zeus, was the
+daughter of Cronus and Rhea, and personified those divine laws of justice
+and order by means of which the well-being and morality of communities are
+regulated. She presided over the assemblies of the people and the laws of
+hospitality. To her was intrusted the office of convoking the assembly of
+the gods, and she was also mistress of ritual and ceremony. On account of
+her great wisdom Zeus himself frequently sought her counsel and acted upon
+her advice. Themis was a prophetic divinity, and had an oracle near the
+river Cephissus in Boeotia.
+
+She is usually represented as being in the full maturity of womanhood, of
+fair aspect, and wearing a flowing garment, which drapes her noble,
+majestic form; in her right hand she holds the sword of justice, and in her
+left the scales, which indicate the impartiality with which every cause is
+carefully weighed by her, her eyes being bandaged so that the personality
+of the individual should carry no weight with respect to the verdict.
+
+This divinity is sometimes identified with Tyche, sometimes with Ananke.
+
+Themis, like so many other Greek divinities, takes the place of a more
+ancient deity of the same name who was a daughter of Uranus and Gaea. This
+elder Themis inherited from her mother the gift of prophecy, and when she
+became merged into her younger representative she transmitted to her this
+prophetic power.
+
+HESTIA (Vesta).
+
+Hestia was the daughter of Cronus and Rhea. She was the goddess of Fire in
+its first application to the wants of mankind, hence she was essentially
+the presiding deity {49} of the domestic hearth and the guardian spirit of
+man, and it was her pure and benign influence which was supposed to protect
+the sanctity of domestic life.
+
+Now in these early ages the hearth was regarded as the most important and
+most sacred portion of the dwelling, probably because the protection of the
+fire was an important consideration, for if once permitted to become
+extinct, re-ignition was attended with extreme difficulty. In fact, the
+hearth was held so sacred that it constituted the sanctum of the family,
+for which reason it was always erected in the centre of every house. It was
+a few feet in height and was built of stone; the fire was placed on the top
+of it, and served the double purpose of preparing the daily meals, and
+consuming the family sacrifices. Round this domestic hearth or altar were
+gathered the various members of the family, the head of the house occupying
+the place of honour nearest the hearth. Here prayers were said and
+sacrifices offered, and here also every kind and loving feeling was
+fostered, which even extended to the hunted and guilty stranger, who, if he
+once succeeded in touching this sacred altar, was safe from pursuit and
+punishment, and was henceforth placed under the protection of the family.
+Any crime committed within the sacred precincts of the domestic hearth was
+invariably visited by death.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In Grecian cities there was a common hall, called the Prytaneum, in which
+the members of the government had their meals at the expense of the state,
+and here too was the Hestia, or public hearth, with its fire, by means of
+which those meals were prepared. It was customary for emigrants to take
+with them a portion of this sacred fire, which they jealously guarded and
+brought with them to their new home, where it served as a connecting link
+between the young Greek colony and the mother country. Hestia is generally
+represented standing, and in accordance with the dignity and sanctity of
+her character, always appears fully draped. Her countenance is
+distinguished by a serene gravity of expression. {50}
+
+VESTA.
+
+Vesta occupies a distinguished place among the earlier divinities of the
+Romans. Her temple in Rome, containing as it were the hearthstone of the
+nation, stood close beside the palace of Numa Pompilius.
+
+On her altar burned the never-ceasing fire, which was tended by her
+priestesses, the Vestal Virgins.[22]
+
+The temple of Vesta was circular in form, and contained that sacred and
+highly prized treasure the Palladium of Troy.[23]
+
+The great festival in honour of Vesta, called the Vestalia, was celebrated
+on the 9th of June.
+
+DEMETER (Ceres).
+
+Demeter (from _Ge-meter_, earth-mother) was the daughter of Cronus and
+Rhea.[24] She represented that portion of Gaea (the whole solid earth) which
+we call the earth's crust, and which produces all vegetation. As goddess of
+agriculture, field-fruits, plenty, and productiveness, she was the
+sustainer of material life, and was therefore a divinity of great
+importance. When ancient Gaea lost, with Uranus, her position as a ruling
+divinity, she abdicated her sway in favour of her daughter Rhea, who
+henceforth inherited the powers which her mother had previously possessed,
+receiving in her place the honour and worship of mankind. In a very old
+poem Gaea is accordingly described as retiring to a cavern in the bowels
+{51} of the earth, where she sits in the lap of her daughter, slumbering,
+moaning, and nodding for ever and ever.
+
+It is necessary to keep clearly in view the distinctive difference between
+the three great earth-goddesses Gaea, Rhea, and Demeter. Gaea represents the
+earth as a whole, with its mighty subterranean forces; Rhea is that
+productive power which causes vegetation to spring forth, thus sustaining
+men and animals; Demeter, by presiding over agriculture, directs and
+utilizes Rhea's productive powers. But in later times, when Rhea, like
+other ancient divinities, loses her importance as a ruling deity, Demeter
+assumes all her functions and attributes, and then becomes the goddess of
+the life-producing and life-maintaining earth-crust. We must bear in mind
+the fact that man in his primitive state knew neither how to sow nor how to
+till the ground; when, therefore, he had exhausted the pastures which
+surrounded him he was compelled to seek others which were as yet unreaped;
+thus, roaming constantly from one place to another, settled habitations,
+and consequently civilizing influences, were impossible. Demeter, however,
+by introducing a knowledge of agriculture, put an end, at once and for
+ever, to that nomadic life which was now no longer necessary.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The favour of Demeter was believed to bring mankind rich harvests and
+fruitful crops, whereas her displeasure caused blight, drought, and famine.
+The island of Sicily was supposed to be under her especial protection, and
+there she was regarded with particular veneration, the Sicilians naturally
+attributing the wonderful fertility of their country to the partiality of
+the goddess.
+
+Demeter is usually represented as a woman of noble {52} bearing and
+majestic appearance, tall, matronly, and dignified, with beautiful golden
+hair, which falls in rippling curls over her stately shoulders, the yellow
+locks being emblematical of the ripened ears of corn. Sometimes she appears
+seated in a chariot drawn by winged dragons, at others she stands erect,
+her figure drawn up to its full height, and always fully draped; she bears
+a sheaf of wheat-ears in one hand and a lighted torch in the other. The
+wheat-ears are not unfrequently replaced by a bunch of poppies, with which
+her brows are also garlanded, though sometimes she merely wears a simple
+riband in her hair.
+
+Demeter, as the wife of Zeus, became the mother of Persephone (Proserpine),
+to whom she was so tenderly attached that her whole life was bound up in
+her, and she knew no happiness except in her society. One day, however,
+whilst Persephone was gathering flowers in a meadow, attended by the
+ocean-nymphs, she saw to her surprise a beautiful narcissus, from the stem
+of which sprang forth a hundred blossoms. Drawing near to examine this
+lovely flower, whose exquisite scent perfumed the air, she stooped down to
+gather it, suspecting no evil, when a yawning abyss opened at her feet, and
+Aides, the grim ruler of the lower world, appeared from its depths, seated
+in his dazzling chariot drawn by four black horses. Regardless of her tears
+and the shrieks of her female attendants, Aides seized the terrified
+maiden, and bore her away to the gloomy realms over which he reigned in
+melancholy grandeur. Helios, the all-seeing sun-god, and Hecate, a
+mysterious and very ancient divinity, alone heard her cries for aid, but
+were powerless to help her. When Demeter became conscious of her loss her
+grief was intense, and she refused to be comforted. She knew not where to
+seek for her child, but feeling that repose and inaction were impossible,
+she set out on her weary search, taking with her two torches which she
+lighted in the flames of Mount Etna to guide her on her way. For nine long
+days and nights she wandered on, inquiring of every one she met for tidings
+of her child. {53} But all was in vain! Neither gods nor men could give her
+the comfort which her soul so hungered for. At last, on the tenth day, the
+disconsolate mother met Hecate, who informed her that she had heard her
+daughter's cries, but knew not who it was that had borne her away. By
+Hecate's advice Demeter consulted Helios, whose all-seeing eye nothing
+escapes, and from him she learnt that it was Zeus himself who had permitted
+Aides to seize Persephone, and transport her to the lower world in order
+that she might become his wife. Indignant with Zeus for having given his
+sanction to the abduction of his daughter, and filled with the bitterest
+sorrow, she abandoned her home in Olympus, and refused all heavenly food.
+Disguising herself as an old woman, she descended upon earth, and commenced
+a weary pilgrimage among mankind. One evening she arrived at a place called
+Eleusis, in Attica, and sat down to rest herself near a well beneath the
+shade of an olive-tree. The youthful daughters of Celeus, the king of the
+country, came with their pails of brass to draw water from this well, and
+seeing that the tired wayfarer appeared faint and dispirited, they spoke
+kindly to her, asking who she was, and whence she came. Demeter replied
+that she had made her escape from pirates, who had captured her, and added
+that she would feel grateful for a home with any worthy family, whom she
+would be willing to serve in a menial capacity. The princesses, on hearing
+this, begged Demeter to have a moment's patience while they returned home
+and consulted their mother, Metaneira. They soon brought the joyful
+intelligence that she was desirous of securing her services as nurse to her
+infant son Demophoon, or Triptolemus. When Demeter arrived at the house a
+radiant light suddenly illumined her, which circumstance so overawed
+Metaneira that she treated the unknown stranger with the greatest respect,
+and hospitably offered her food and drink. But Demeter, still grief-worn
+and dejected, refused her friendly offers, and held herself apart from the
+social board. At length, however, the maid-servant Iambe succeeded, by
+means {54} of playful jests and merriment, in somewhat dispelling the grief
+of the sorrowing mother, causing her at times to smile in spite of herself,
+and even inducing her to partake of a mixture of barley-meal, mint, and
+water, which was prepared according to the directions of the goddess
+herself. Time passed on, and the young child throve amazingly under the
+care of his kind and judicious nurse, who, however, gave him no food, but
+anointed him daily with ambrosia, and every night laid him secretly in the
+fire in order to render him immortal and exempt from old age. But,
+unfortunately, this benevolent design on the part of Demeter was frustrated
+by Metaneira herself, whose curiosity, one night, impelled her to watch the
+proceedings of the mysterious being who nursed her child. When to her
+horror she beheld her son placed in the flames, she shrieked aloud.
+Demeter, incensed at this untimely interruption, instantly withdrew the
+child, and throwing him on the ground, revealed herself in her true
+character. The bent and aged form had vanished, and in its place there
+stood a bright and beauteous being, whose golden locks streamed over her
+shoulders in richest luxuriance, her whole aspect bespeaking dignity and
+majesty. She told the awe-struck Metaneira that she was the goddess
+Demeter, and had intended to make her son immortal, but that her fatal
+curiosity had rendered this impossible, adding, however, that the child,
+having slept in her arms, and been nursed on her lap, should ever command
+the respect and esteem of mankind. She then desired that a temple and altar
+should be erected to her on a neighbouring hill by the people of Eleusis,
+promising that she herself would direct them how to perform the sacred
+rites and ceremonies, which should be observed in her honour. With these
+words she took her departure never to return.
+
+Obedient to her commands, Celeus called together a meeting of his people,
+and built the temple on the spot which the goddess had indicated. It was
+soon completed, and Demeter took up her abode in it, but her heart was
+still sad for the loss of her daughter, and the whole world felt the
+influence of her grief and dejection. This was {55} indeed a terrible year
+for mankind. Demeter no longer smiled on the earth she was wont to bless,
+and though the husbandman sowed the grain, and the groaning oxen ploughed
+the fields, no harvest rewarded their labour. All was barren, dreary
+desolation. The world was threatened with famine, and the gods with the
+loss of their accustomed honours and sacrifices; it became evident,
+therefore, to Zeus himself that some measures must be adopted to appease
+the anger of the goddess. He accordingly despatched Iris and many of the
+other gods and goddesses to implore Demeter to return to Olympus; but all
+their prayers were fruitless. The incensed goddess swore that until her
+daughter was restored to her she would not allow the grain to spring forth
+from the earth. At length Zeus sent Hermes, his faithful messenger, to the
+lower world with a petition to Aides, urgently entreating him to restore
+Persephone to the arms of her disconsolate mother. When he arrived in the
+gloomy realms of Aides, Hermes found him seated on a throne with the
+beautiful Persephone beside him, sorrowfully bewailing her unhappy fate. On
+learning his errand, Aides consented to resign Persephone, who joyfully
+prepared to follow the messenger of the gods to the abode of life and
+light. Before taking leave of her husband, he presented to her a few seeds
+of pomegranate, which in her excitement she thoughtlessly swallowed, and
+this simple act, as the sequel will show, materially affected her whole
+future life. The meeting between mother and child was one of unmixed
+rapture, and for the moment all the past was forgotten. The loving mother's
+happiness would now have been complete had not Aides asserted his rights.
+These were, that if any immortal had tasted food in his realms they were
+bound to remain there for ever. Of course the ruler of the lower world had
+to prove this assertion. This, however, he found no difficulty in doing, as
+Ascalaphus, the son of Acheron and Orphne, was his witness to the fact.[25]
+Zeus, pitying the disappointment of Demeter at finding {56} her hopes thus
+blighted, succeeded in effecting a compromise by inducing his brother Aides
+to allow Persephone to spend six months of the year with the gods above,
+whilst during the other six she was to be the joyless companion of her grim
+lord below. Accompanied by her daughter, the beautiful Persephone, Demeter
+now resumed her long-abandoned dwelling in Olympus; the sympathetic earth
+responded gaily to her bright smiles, the corn at once sprang forth from
+the ground in fullest plenty, the trees, which late were sered and bare,
+now donned their brightest emerald robes, and the flowers, so long
+imprisoned in the hard, dry soil, filled the whole air with their fragrant
+perfume. Thus ends this charming story, which was a favourite theme with
+all the classic authors.
+
+It is very possible that the poets who first created this graceful myth
+merely intended it as an allegory to illustrate the change of seasons; in
+the course of time, however, a literal meaning became attached to this and
+similar poetical fancies, and thus the people of Greece came to regard as
+an article of religious belief what, in the first instance, was nothing
+more than a poetic simile.
+
+In the temple erected to Demeter at Eleusis, the famous Eleusinian
+Mysteries were instituted by the goddess herself. It is exceedingly
+difficult, as in the case of all secret societies, to discover anything
+with certainty concerning these sacred rites. The most plausible
+supposition is that the doctrines taught by the priests to the favoured few
+whom they initiated, were religious truths which were deemed unfit for the
+uninstructed mind of the multitude. For instance, it is supposed that the
+myth of Demeter and Persephone was explained by the teachers of the
+Mysteries to signify the temporary loss which mother earth sustains every
+year when the icy breath of winter robs her of her flowers and fruits and
+grain.
+
+It is believed that in later times a still deeper meaning was conveyed by
+this beautiful myth, viz., the doctrine of the immortality of the soul. The
+grain, which, as it were, remains dead for a time in the dark earth, only
+{57} to rise one day dressed in a newer and lovelier garb, was supposed to
+symbolize the soul, which, after death, frees itself from corruption, to
+live again under a better and purer form.
+
+When Demeter instituted the Eleusinian Mysteries, Celeus and his family
+were the first to be initiated, Celeus himself being appointed high-priest.
+His son Triptolemus and his daughters, who acted as priestesses, assisted
+him in the duties of his sacred office. The Mysteries were celebrated by
+the Athenians every five years, and were, for a long time, their exclusive
+privilege. They took place by torchlight, and were conducted with the
+greatest solemnity.
+
+In order to spread abroad the blessings which agriculture confers, Demeter
+presented Triptolemus with her chariot drawn by winged dragons, and, giving
+him some grains of corn, desired him to journey through the world, teaching
+mankind the arts of agriculture and husbandry.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Demeter exercised great severity towards those who incurred her
+displeasure. We find examples of this in the stories of Stellio and
+Eresicthon. Stellio was a youth who ridiculed the goddess for the eagerness
+with which she was eating a bowl of porridge, when weary and faint in the
+vain search for her daughter. Resolved that he should never again have an
+opportunity of thus offending, she angrily threw into his face the
+remainder of the food, and changed him into a spotted lizard.
+
+Eresicthon, son of Triopas, had drawn upon himself the anger of Demeter by
+cutting down her sacred groves, for which she punished him with a constant
+and insatiable hunger. He sold all his possessions in order to satisfy his
+cravings, and was forced at last to devour his own limbs. His daughter
+Metra, who was devotedly attached to him, possessed the power of
+transforming herself into a variety of different animals. By this means she
+contrived to support her father, who sold her again and again each time she
+assumed a different form, and thus he dragged on a pitiful existence. {58}
+
+CERES.
+
+The Roman Ceres is actually the Greek Demeter under another name, her
+attributes, worship, festivals, &c., being precisely identical.
+
+The Romans were indebted to Sicily for this divinity, her worship having
+been introduced by the Greek colonists who settled there.
+
+The Cerealia, or festivals in honour of Ceres, commenced on the 12th of
+April, and lasted several days.
+
+APHRODITE (VENUS).
+
+Aphrodite (from _aphros_, sea-foam, and _dite_, issued), the daughter of
+Zeus and a sea-nymph called Dione, was the goddess of Love and Beauty.
+
+Dione, being a sea-nymph, gave birth to her daughter beneath the waves; but
+the child of the heaven-inhabiting Zeus was forced to ascend from the
+ocean-depths and mount to the snow-capped summits of Olympus, in order to
+breathe that ethereal and most refined atmosphere which pertains to the
+celestial gods.
+
+Aphrodite was the mother of Eros (Cupid), the god of Love, also of AEneas,
+the great Trojan hero and the head of that Greek colony which settled in
+Italy, and from which arose the city of Rome. As a mother Aphrodite claims
+our sympathy for the tenderness she exhibits towards her children. Homer
+tells us in his Iliad, how, when AEneas was wounded in battle, she came to
+his assistance, regardless of personal danger, and was herself severely
+wounded in attempting to save his life. {59}
+
+Aphrodite was tenderly attached to a lovely youth, called Adonis, whose
+exquisite beauty has become proverbial. He was a motherless babe, and
+Aphrodite, taking pity on him, placed him in a chest and intrusted him to
+the care of Persephone, who became so fond of the beautiful youth that she
+refused to part with him. Zeus, being appealed to by the rival
+foster-mothers, decided that Adonis should spend four months of every year
+with Persephone, four with Aphrodite, whilst during the remaining four
+months he should be left to his own devices. He became, however, so
+attached to Aphrodite that he voluntarily devoted to her the time at his
+own disposal. Adonis was killed, during the chase, by a wild boar, to the
+great grief of Aphrodite, who bemoaned his loss so persistently that Aides,
+moved with pity, permitted him to pass six months of every year with her,
+whilst the remaining half of the year was spent by him in the lower world.
+
+Aphrodite possessed a magic girdle (the famous _cestus_) which she
+frequently lent to unhappy maidens suffering from the pangs of unrequited
+love, as it was endowed with the power of inspiring affection for the
+wearer, whom it invested with every attribute of grace, beauty, and
+fascination.
+
+Her usual attendants are the Charites or Graces (Euphrosyne, Aglaia, and
+Thalia), who are represented undraped and intertwined in a loving embrace.
+
+In Hesiod's _Theogony_ she is supposed to belong to the more ancient
+divinities, and, whilst those of later date are represented as having
+descended one from another, and all more or less from Zeus, Aphrodite has a
+variously-accounted-for, yet independent origin.
+
+The most poetical version of her birth is that when Uranus was wounded by
+his son Cronus, his blood mingled with the foam of the sea, whereupon the
+bubbling waters at once assumed a rosy tint, and from their depths arose,
+in all the surpassing glory of her loveliness, Aphrodite, goddess of love
+and beauty! Shaking her long, fair tresses, the water-drops rolled down
+into the beautiful {60} sea-shell in which she stood, and became
+transformed into pure glistening pearls. Wafted by the soft and balmy
+breezes, she floated on to Cythera, and was thence transported to the
+island of Cyprus. Lightly she stepped on shore, and under the gentle
+pressure of her delicate foot the dry and rigid sand became transformed
+into a verdant meadow, where every varied shade of colour and every sweet
+odour charmed the senses. The whole island of Cyprus became clothed with
+verdure, and greeted this fairest of all created beings with a glad smile
+of friendly welcome. Here she was received by the Seasons, who decked her
+with garments of immortal fabric, encircling her fair brow with a wreath of
+purest gold, whilst from her ears depended costly rings, and a glittering
+chain embraced her swan-like throat. And now, arrayed in all the panoply of
+her irresistible charms, the nymphs escort her to the dazzling halls of
+Olympus, where she is received with ecstatic enthusiasm by the admiring
+gods and goddesses. The gods all vied with each other in aspiring to the
+honour of her hand, but Hephaestus became the envied possessor of this
+lovely being, who, however, proved as faithless as she was beautiful, and
+caused her husband much unhappiness, owing to the preference she showed at
+various times for some of the other gods and also for mortal men.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The celebrated Venus of Milo, now in the Louvre, is an exquisite statue of
+this divinity. The head is beautifully formed; the rich waves of hair
+descend on her rather low but broad forehead and are caught up gracefully
+in a small knot at the back of the head; the expression of the face is most
+bewitching, and bespeaks the perfect {61} joyousness of a happy nature
+combined with the dignity of a goddess; the drapery falls in careless folds
+from the waist downwards, and her whole attitude is the embodiment of all
+that is graceful and lovely in womanhood. She is of medium height, and the
+form is perfect in its symmetry and faultless proportions.
+
+Aphrodite is also frequently represented in the act of confining her
+dripping locks in a knot, whilst her attendant nymphs envelop her in a
+gauzy veil.
+
+The animals sacred to her were the dove, swan, swallow, and sparrow. Her
+favourite plants were the myrtle, apple-tree, rose, and poppy.
+
+The worship of Aphrodite is supposed to have been introduced into Greece
+from Central Asia. There is no doubt that she was originally identical with
+the famous Astarte, the Ashtoreth of the Bible, against whose idolatrous
+worship and infamous rites the prophets of old hurled forth their sublime
+and powerful anathemas.
+
+VENUS.
+
+The Venus of the Romans was identified with the Aphrodite of the Greeks.
+The worship of this divinity was only established in Rome in comparatively
+later times. Annual festivals, called Veneralia, were held in her honour,
+and the month of April, when flowers and plants spring forth afresh, was
+sacred to her. She was worshipped as Venus Cloacina (or the Purifier), and
+as Venus Myrtea (or the myrtle goddess), an epithet derived from the
+myrtle, the emblem of Love.
+
+HELIOS (SOL).
+
+The worship of Helios was introduced into Greece from Asia. According to
+the earliest conceptions of the Greeks he was not only the sun-god, but
+also the personification of life and all life-giving power, for light is
+well known to be an indispensable condition of all healthy terrestrial
+life. The worship of the sun was originally very widely spread, {62} not
+only among the early Greeks themselves, but also among other primitive
+nations. To us the sun is simply the orb of light, which, high above our
+heads, performs each day the functions assigned to it by a mighty and
+invisible Power; we can, therefore, form but a faint idea of the impression
+which it produced upon the spirit of a people whose intellect was still in
+its infancy, and who believed, with child-like simplicity, that every power
+of nature was a divinity, which, according as its character was baleful or
+beneficent, worked for the destruction or benefit of the human race.
+
+Helios, who was the son of the Titans Hyperion and Theia, is described as
+rising every morning in the east, preceded by his sister Eos (the Dawn),
+who, with her rosy fingers, paints the tips of the mountains, and draws
+aside that misty veil through which her brother is about to appear. When he
+has burst forth in all the glorious light of day, Eos disappears, and
+Helios now drives his flame-darting chariot along the accustomed track.
+This chariot, which is of burnished gold, is drawn by four fire-breathing
+steeds, behind which the young god stands erect with flashing eyes, his
+head surrounded with rays, holding in one hand the reins of those fiery
+coursers which in all hands save his are unmanageable. When towards evening
+he descends the curve[26] in order to cool his burning forehead in the
+waters of the deep sea, he is followed closely by his sister Selene (the
+Moon), who is now prepared to take charge of the world, and illumine with
+her silver crescent the dusky night. Helios meanwhile rests from his
+labours, and, reclining softly on the cool fragrant couch prepared for him
+by the sea-nymphs, recruits himself for another life-giving, joy-inspiring,
+and beauteous day.
+
+It may appear strange that, although the Greeks considered the earth to be
+a flat circle, no explanation is given of the fact that Helios sinks down
+in the far {63} west regularly every evening, and yet reappears as
+regularly every morning in the east. Whether he was supposed to pass
+through Tartarus, and thus regain the opposite extremity through the bowels
+of the earth, or whether they thought he possessed any other means of
+making this transit, there is not a line in either Homer or Hesiod to
+prove. In later times, however, the poets invented the graceful fiction,
+that when Helios had finished his course, and reached the western side of
+the curve, a winged-boat, or cup, which had been made for him by Hephaestus,
+awaited him there, and conveyed him rapidly, with his glorious equipage, to
+the east, where he recommenced his bright and glowing career.
+
+This divinity was invoked as a witness when a solemn oath was taken, as it
+was believed that nothing escaped his all-seeing eye, and it was this fact
+which enabled him to inform Demeter of the fate of her daughter, as already
+related. He was supposed to possess flocks and herds in various localities,
+which may possibly be intended to represent the days and nights of the
+year, or the stars of heaven.
+
+Helios is said to have loved Clytie, a daughter of Oceanus, who ardently
+returned his affection; but in the course of time the fickle sun-god
+transferred his devotion to Leucothea, the daughter of Orchamus, king of
+the eastern countries, which so angered the forsaken Clytie that she
+informed Orchamus of his daughter's attachment, and he punished her by
+inhumanly burying her alive. Helios, overcome with grief, endeavoured, by
+every means in his power, to recall her to life. At last, finding all his
+efforts unavailing, he sprinkled her grave with heavenly nectar, and
+immediately there sprang forth from the spot a shoot of frankincense, which
+spread around its aromatic perfume.
+
+The jealous Clytie gained nothing by her cruel conduct, for the sun-god
+came to her no more. Inconsolable at his loss, she threw herself upon the
+ground, and refused all sustenance. For nine long days she turned her face
+towards the glorious god of day, as he moved along the {64} heavens, till
+at length her limbs became rooted in the ground, and she was transformed
+into a flower, which ever turns towards the sun.
+
+Helios married Perse, daughter of Oceanus, and their children were, Aetes,
+king of Colchis (celebrated in the legend of the Argonauts as the possessor
+of the Golden Fleece), and Circe, the renowned sorceress.
+
+Helios had another son named Phaethon, whose mother was Clymene, one of the
+Oceanides. The youth was very beautiful, and a great favourite with
+Aphrodite, who intrusted him with the care of one of her temples, which
+flattering proof of her regard caused him to become vain and presumptuous.
+His friend Epaphus, son of Zeus and Io, endeavoured to check his youthful
+vanity by pretending to disbelieve his assertion that the sun-god was his
+father. Phaethon, full of resentment, and eager to be able to refute the
+calumny, hastened to his mother Clymene, and besought her to tell him
+whether Helios was really his father. Moved by his entreaties, and at the
+same time angry at the reproach of Epaphus, Clymene pointed to the glorious
+sun, then shining down upon them, and assured her son that in that bright
+orb he beheld the author of his being, adding that if he had still any
+doubt, he might visit the radiant dwelling of the great god of light and
+inquire for himself. Overjoyed at his mother's reassuring words, and
+following the directions she gave him, Phaethon quickly wended his way to
+his father's palace.
+
+As he entered the palace of the sun-god the dazzling rays almost blinded
+him, and prevented him from approaching the throne on which his father was
+seated, surrounded by the Hours, Days, Months, Years, and Seasons. Helios,
+who with his all-seeing eye had watched him from afar, removed his crown of
+glittering rays, and bade him not to be afraid, but to draw near to his
+father. Encouraged by this kind reception, Phaethon entreated him to bestow
+upon him such a proof of his love, that all the world might be convinced
+that he was indeed his son; whereupon Helios desired him to ask any favour
+he pleased, {65} and swore by the Styx that it should be granted. The
+impetuous youth immediately requested permission to drive the chariot of
+the sun for one whole day. His father listened horror-struck to this
+presumptuous demand, and by representing the many dangers which would beset
+his path, endeavoured to dissuade him from so perilous an undertaking; but
+his son, deaf to all advice, pressed his point with such pertinacity, that
+Helios was reluctantly compelled to lead him to the chariot. Phaethon
+paused for a moment to admire the beauty of the glittering equipage, the
+gift of the god of fire, who had formed it of gold, and ornamented it with
+precious stones, which reflected the rays of the sun. And now Helios,
+seeing his sister, the Dawn, opening her doors in the rosy east, ordered
+the Hours to yoke the horses. The goddesses speedily obeyed the command,
+and the father then anointed the face of his son with a sacred balm, to
+enable him to endure the burning flames which issued from the nostrils of
+the steeds, and sorrowfully placing his crown of rays upon his head,
+desired him to ascend the chariot.
+
+The eager youth joyfully took his place and grasped the coveted reins, but
+no sooner did the fiery coursers of the sun feel the inexperienced hand
+which attempted to guide them, than they became restive and unmanageable.
+Wildly they rushed out of their accustomed track, now soaring so high as to
+threaten the heavens with destruction, now descending so low as nearly to
+set the earth on fire. At last the unfortunate charioteer, blinded with the
+glare, and terrified at the awful devastation he had caused, dropped the
+reins from his trembling hands. Mountains and forests were in flames,
+rivers and streams were dried up, and a general conflagration was imminent.
+The scorched earth now called on Zeus for help, who hurled his thunderbolt
+at Phaethon, and with a flash of lightning brought the fiery steeds to a
+standstill. The lifeless body of the youth fell headlong into the river
+Eridanus,[27] where it was received and buried by the {66} nymphs of the
+stream. His sisters mourned so long for him that they were transformed by
+Zeus into poplars, and the tears they shed, falling into the waters, became
+drops of clear, transparent amber. Cycnus, the faithful friend of the
+unhappy Phaethon, felt such overwhelming grief at his terrible fate, that
+he pined and wasted away. The gods, moved with compassion, transformed him
+into a swan, which for ever brooded over the fatal spot where the waters
+had closed over the head of his unfortunate friend.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The chief seat of the worship of Helios was the island of Rhodes, which
+according to the following myth was his especial territory. At the time of
+the Titanomachia, when the gods were dividing the world by lot, Helios
+happened to be absent, and consequently received no share. He, therefore,
+complained to Zeus, who proposed to have a new allotment, but this Helios
+would not allow, saying, that as he pursued his daily journey, his
+penetrating eye had beheld a lovely, fertile island lying beneath the waves
+of the ocean, and that if the immortals would swear to give him the
+undisturbed possession of this spot, he would be content to accept it as
+his share of the universe. The gods took the oath, whereupon the island of
+Rhodes immediately raised itself above the surface of the waters.
+
+The famous Colossus of Rhodes, which was one of the seven wonders of the
+world, was erected in honour of Helios. This wonderful statue was 105 feet
+high, and was formed entirely of brass; it formed the entrance to the
+harbour at Rhodes, and the largest vessel could easily sail between the
+legs, which stood on moles, each side of the harbour. Though so gigantic,
+it was perfectly proportioned in every part. Some idea of {67} its size may
+be gained from the fact that very few people were able to span the thumb of
+this statue with their arms. In the interior of the Colossus was a winding
+staircase leading to the top, from the summit of which, by means of a
+telescope, the coast of Syria, and also the shores of Egypt, are said to
+have been visible.[28]
+
+EOS (AURORA).
+
+Eos, the Dawn, like her brother Helios, whose advent she always announced,
+was also deified by the early Greeks. She too had her own chariot, which
+she drove across the vast horizon both morning and night, before and after
+the sun-god. Hence she is not merely the personification of the rosy morn,
+but also of twilight, for which reason her palace is placed in the west, on
+the island AEaea. The abode of Eos is a magnificent structure, surrounded by
+flowery meads and velvety lawns, where nymphs and other immortal beings,
+wind in and out in the mazy figures of the dance, whilst the music of a
+sweetly-tuned melody accompanies their graceful, gliding movements.
+
+Eos is described by the poets as a beautiful maiden with rosy arms and
+fingers, and large wings, whose plumage is of an ever-changing hue; she
+bears a star on her forehead, and a torch in her hand. Wrapping round her
+the rich folds of her violet-tinged mantle, she leaves her couch before the
+break of day, and herself yokes her two horses, Lampetus and Phaethon, to
+her glorious chariot. She then hastens with active cheerfulness to open the
+gates of heaven, in order to herald the approach of her brother, the god of
+day, whilst the tender plants and flowers, revived by the morning dew, lift
+their heads to welcome her as she passes.
+
+{68}
+
+Eos first married the Titan Astraeus,[29] and their children were Heosphorus
+(Hesperus), the evening star, and the winds. She afterwards became united
+to Tithonus, son of Laomedon, king of Troy, who had won her affection by
+his unrivalled beauty; and Eos, unhappy at the thought of their being ever
+separated by death, obtained for him from Zeus the gift of immortality,
+forgetting, however, to add to it that of eternal youth. The consequence
+was that when, in the course of time, Tithonus grew old and decrepid, and
+lost all the beauty which had won her admiration, Eos became disgusted with
+his infirmities, and at last shut him up in a chamber, where soon little
+else was left of him but his voice, which had now sunk into a weak, feeble
+quaver. According to some of the later poets, he became so weary of his
+cheerless and miserable existence, that he entreated to be allowed to die.
+This was, however, impossible; but Eos, pitying his unhappy condition,
+exerted her divine power, and changed him into a grasshopper, which is, as
+it were, all voice, and whose monotonous, ceaseless chirpings may not
+inaptly be compared to the meaningless babble of extreme old age.
+
+PHOEBUS-APOLLO.
+
+Phoebus-Apollo, the god of Light, Prophecy, Music, Poetry, and the Arts and
+Sciences, is by far the noblest conception within the whole range of Greek
+mythology, and his worship, which not only extended to all the states of
+Greece, but also to Asia Minor and to every Greek colony throughout the
+world, stands out among the most ancient and strongly-marked features of
+Grecian history, and exerted a more decided influence over the Greek
+nation, than that of any other deity, not excepting Zeus himself.
+
+Apollo was the son of Zeus and Leto, and was born beneath the shade of a
+palm tree which grew at the foot {69} of Mount Cynthus, on the barren and
+rocky island of Delos. The poets tell us that the earth smiled when the
+young god first beheld the light of day, and that Delos became so proud and
+exultant at the honour thus conferred upon her, that she covered herself
+with golden flowers; swans surrounded the island, and the Delian nymphs
+celebrated his birth with songs of joy.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The unhappy Leto, driven to Delos by the relentless persecutions of Hera,
+was not long permitted to enjoy her haven of refuge. Being still tormented
+by her enemy, the young mother was once more obliged to fly; she therefore
+resigned the charge of her new-born babe to the goddess Themis, who
+carefully wrapped the helpless infant in swaddling-clothes, and fed him
+with nectar and ambrosia; but he had no sooner partaken of the heavenly
+food than, to the amazement of the goddess, he burst asunder the bands
+which confined his infant limbs, and springing to his feet, appeared before
+her as a full-grown youth of divine strength and beauty. He now demanded a
+lyre and a bow, declaring that henceforth he would announce to mankind the
+will of his father Zeus. "The golden lyre," said he, "shall be my friend,
+the bent bow my delight, and in oracles will I foretell the dark future."
+With these words he ascended to Olympus, where he was received with joyful
+acclamations into the assembly of the celestial gods, who acknowledged him
+as the most beautiful and glorious of all the sons of Zeus.
+
+Phoebus-Apollo was the god of light in a twofold {70} signification: first,
+as representing the great orb of day which illumines the world; and
+secondly, as the heavenly light which animates the soul of man. He
+inherited his function as sun-god from Helios, with whom, in later times,
+he was so completely identified, that the personality of the one became
+gradually merged in that of the other. We, accordingly, find Helios
+frequently confounded with Apollo, myths belonging to the former attributed
+to the latter; and with some tribes--the Ionic, for instance--so complete
+is this identification, that Apollo is called by them Helios-Apollo.
+
+As the divinity whose power is developed in the broad light of day, he
+brings joy and delight to nature, and health and prosperity to man. By the
+influence of his warm and gentle rays he disperses the noxious vapours of
+the night, assists the grain to ripen and the flowers to bloom.
+
+But although, as god of the sun, he is a life-giving and life-preserving
+power, who, by his genial influence, dispels the cold of winter, he is, at
+the same time, the god who, by means of his fiercely darting rays, could
+spread disease and send sudden death to men and animals; and it is to this
+phase of his character that we must look for the explanation of his being
+considered, in conjunction with his twin-sister, Artemis (as moon-goddess),
+a divinity of death. The brother and sister share this function between
+them, he taking man and she woman as her aim, and those especially who died
+in the bloom of youth, or at an advanced age, were believed to have been
+killed by their gentle arrows. But Apollo did not always send an easy
+death. We see in the _Iliad_ how, when angry with the Greeks, the "god of
+the silver bow" strode down from Olympus, with his quiver full of
+death-bringing darts, and sent a raging pestilence into their camp. For
+nine days he let fly his fatal arrows, first on animals and then on men,
+till the air became darkened with the smoke from the funeral pyres.
+
+In his character as god of light, Phoebus-Apollo is the protecting deity of
+shepherds, because it is he who warms {71} the fields and meadows, and
+gives rich pastures to the flocks, thereby gladdening the heart of the
+herdsman.
+
+As the temperate heat of the sun exercises so invigorating an effect on man
+and animals, and promotes the growth of those medicinal herbs and vegetable
+productions necessary for the cure of diseases, Phoebus-Apollo was supposed
+to possess the power of restoring life and health; hence he was regarded as
+the god of healing; but this feature in his character we shall find more
+particularly developed in his son Asclepius (AEsculapius), the veritable god
+of the healing art.
+
+Pursuing our analysis of the various phases in the character of
+Phoebus-Apollo, we find that with the first beams of his genial light, all
+nature awakens to renewed life, and the woods re-echo with the jubilant
+sound of the untaught lays, warbled by thousands of feathered choristers.
+Hence, by a natural inference, he is the god of music, and as, according to
+the belief of the ancients, the inspirations of genius were inseparably
+connected with the glorious light of heaven, he is also the god of poetry,
+and acts as the special patron of the arts and sciences. Apollo is himself
+the heavenly musician among the Olympic gods, whose banquets are gladdened
+by the wondrous strains which he produces from his favourite instrument,
+the seven-stringed lyre. In the cultus of Apollo, music formed a
+distinguishing feature. All sacred dances, and even the sacrifices in his
+honour, were performed to the sound of musical instruments; and it is, in a
+great measure, owing to the influence which the music in his worship
+exercised on the Greek nation, that Apollo came to be regarded as the
+leader of the nine Muses, the legitimate divinities of poetry and song. In
+this character he is called Musagetes, and is always represented robed in a
+long flowing garment; his lyre, to the tones of which he appears to be
+singing, is suspended by a band across the chest; his head is encircled by
+a wreath of laurel, and his long hair, streaming down over his shoulders,
+gives him a somewhat effeminate appearance.
+
+And now we must view the glorious god of light under {72} another, and (as
+far as regards his influence over the Greek nation) a much more important
+aspect; for, in historical times, all the other functions and attributes of
+Apollo sink into comparative insignificance before the great power which he
+exercised as god of prophecy. It is true that all Greek gods were endowed,
+to a certain extent, with the faculty of foretelling future events; but
+Apollo, as sun-god, was the concentration of all prophetic power, as it was
+supposed that nothing escaped his all-seeing eye, which penetrated the most
+hidden recesses, and laid bare the secrets which lay concealed behind the
+dark veil of the future.
+
+We have seen that when Apollo assumed his god-like form, he took his place
+among the immortals; but he had not long enjoyed the rapturous delights of
+Olympus, before he felt within him an ardent desire to fulfil his great
+mission of interpreting to mankind the will of his mighty father. He
+accordingly descended to earth, and travelled through many countries,
+seeking a fitting site upon which to establish an oracle. At length he
+reached the southern side of the rocky heights of Parnassus, beneath which
+lay the harbour of Crissa. Here, under the overhanging cliff, he found a
+secluded spot, where, from the most ancient times, there had existed an
+oracle, in which Gaea herself had revealed the future to man, and which, in
+Deucalion's time, she had resigned to Themis. It was guarded by the huge
+serpent Python, the scourge of the surrounding neighbourhood, and the
+terror alike of men and cattle. The young god, full of confidence in his
+unerring aim, attacked and slew the monster with his arrows, thus freeing
+land and people from their mighty enemy.
+
+The grateful inhabitants, anxious to do honour to their deliverer, flocked
+round Apollo, who proceeded to mark out a plan for a temple, and, with the
+assistance of numbers of eager volunteers, a suitable edifice was soon
+erected. It now became necessary to choose ministers, who would offer up
+sacrifices, interpret his prophecies to the people, and take charge of the
+temple. Looking round, he saw in the far distance a vessel bound from Crete
+to the {73} Peloponnesus, and determined to avail himself of her crew for
+his service. Assuming the shape of an enormous dolphin, he agitated the
+waters to such a degree, that the ship was tossed violently to and fro, to
+the great alarm of the mariners; at the same time he raised a mighty wind,
+which drove the ship into the harbour of Crissa, where she ran aground. The
+terrified sailors dared not set foot on shore; but Apollo, under the form
+of a vigorous youth, stepped down to the vessel, revealed himself in his
+true character, and informed them that it was he who had driven them to
+Crissa, in order that they might become his priests, and serve him in his
+temple. Arrived at the sacred fane, he instructed them how to perform the
+services in his honour, and desired them to worship him under the name of
+Apollo-Delphinios, because he had first appeared to them under the form of
+a dolphin. Thus was established the far-famed oracle of Delphi, the only
+institution of the kind which was not exclusively national, for it was
+consulted by Lydians, Phrygians, Etruscans, Romans, &c., and, in fact, was
+held in the highest repute all over the world. In obedience to its decrees,
+the laws of Lycurgus were introduced, and the earliest Greek colonies
+founded. No cities were built without first consulting the Delphic oracle,
+for it was believed that Apollo took special delight in the founding of
+cities, the first stone of which he laid in person; nor was any enterprise
+ever undertaken, without inquiring at this sacred fane as to its probable
+success.
+
+But that which brought Apollo more closely home to the hearts of the
+people, and raised the whole moral tone of the Greek nation, was the
+belief, gradually developed with the intelligence of the people, that he
+was the god who accepted repentance as an atonement for sin, who pardoned
+the contrite sinner, and who acted as the special protector of those, who,
+like Orestes, had committed a crime, which required long years of
+expiation.
+
+Apollo is represented by the poets as being eternally young; his
+countenance, glowing with joyous life, is the embodiment of immortal
+beauty; his eyes are of a deep {74} blue; his forehead low, but broad and
+intellectual; his hair, which falls over his shoulders in long waving
+locks, is of a golden, or warm chestnut hue. He is crowned with laurel, and
+wears a purple robe; in his hand he bears his silver bow, which is unbent
+when he smiles, but ready for use when he menaces evil-doers.
+
+But Apollo, the eternally beautiful youth, the perfection of all that is
+graceful and refined, rarely seems to have been happy in his love; either
+his advances met with a repulse, or his union with the object of his
+affection was attended with fatal consequences.
+
+His first love was Daphne (daughter of Peneus, the river-god), who was so
+averse to marriage that she entreated her father to allow her to lead a
+life of celibacy, and devote herself to the chase, which she loved to the
+exclusion of all other pursuits. But one day, soon after his victory over
+the Python, Apollo happened to see Eros bending his bow, and proud of his
+own superior strength and skill, he laughed at the efforts of the little
+archer, saying that such a weapon was more suited to the one who had just
+killed the terrible serpent. Eros angrily replied that his arrow should
+pierce the heart of the mocker himself, and flying off to the summit of
+Mount Parnassus, he drew from his quiver two darts of different
+workmanship--one of gold, which had the effect of inspiring love; the other
+of lead, which created aversion. Taking aim at Apollo, he pierced his
+breast with the golden shaft, whilst the leaden one he discharged into the
+bosom of the beautiful Daphne. The son of Leto instantly felt the most
+ardent affection for the nymph, who, on her part, evinced the greatest
+dislike towards her divine lover, and, at his approach, fled from him like
+a hunted deer. He called upon her in the most endearing accents to stay,
+but she still sped on, until at length, becoming faint with fatigue, and
+fearing that she was about to succumb, she called upon the gods to come to
+her aid. Hardly had she uttered her prayer before a heavy torpor seized her
+limbs, and just as Apollo threw out his arms to embrace her, she became
+transformed {75} into a laurel-bush. He sorrowfully crowned his head with
+its leaves, and declared, that in memory of his love, it should henceforth
+remain evergreen, and be held sacred to him.
+
+He next sought the love of Marpessa, the daughter of Evenus; but though her
+father approved his suit, the maiden preferred a youth named Idas, who
+contrived to carry her off in a winged chariot which he had procured from
+Poseidon. Apollo pursued the fugitives, whom he quickly overtook, and
+forcibly seizing the bride, refused to resign her. Zeus then interfered,
+and declared that Marpessa herself must decide which of her lovers should
+claim her as his wife. After due reflection she accepted Idas as her
+husband, judiciously concluding that although the attractions of the divine
+Apollo were superior to those of her lover, it would be wiser to unite
+herself to a mortal, who, growing old with herself, would be less likely to
+forsake her, when advancing years should rob her of her charms.
+
+Cassandra, daughter of Priam, king of Troy, was another object of the love
+of Apollo. She feigned to return his affection, and promised to marry him,
+provided he would confer upon her the gift of prophecy; but having received
+the boon she desired, the treacherous maiden refused to comply with the
+conditions upon which it had been granted. Incensed at her breach of faith,
+Apollo, unable to recall the gift he had bestowed, rendered it useless by
+causing her predictions to fail in obtaining credence. Cassandra became
+famous in history for her prophetic powers, but her prophecies were never
+believed. For instance, she warned her brother Paris that if he brought
+back a wife from Greece he would cause the destruction of his father's
+house and kingdom; she also warned the Trojans not to admit the wooden
+horse within the walls of the city, and foretold to Agamemnon all the
+disasters which afterwards befell him.
+
+Apollo afterwards married Coronis, a nymph of Larissa, and thought himself
+happy in the possession of her faithful love; but once more he was doomed
+to {76} disappointment, for one day his favourite bird, the crow, flew to
+him with the intelligence that his wife had transferred her affections to a
+youth of Haemonia. Apollo, burning with rage, instantly destroyed her with
+one of his death-bringing darts. Too late he repented of his rashness, for
+she had been tenderly beloved by him, and he would fain have recalled her
+to life; but, although he exerted all his healing powers, his efforts were
+in vain. He punished the crow for its garrulity by changing the colour of
+its plumage from pure white to intense black, and forbade it to fly any
+longer among the other birds.
+
+Coronis left an infant son named Asclepius, who afterwards became god of
+medicine. His powers were so extraordinary that he could not only cure the
+sick, but could even restore the dead to life. At last Aides complained to
+Zeus that the number of shades conducted to his dominions was daily
+decreasing, and the great ruler of Olympus, fearing that mankind, thus
+protected against sickness and death, would be able to defy the gods
+themselves, killed Asclepius with one of his thunderbolts. The loss of his
+highly gifted son so exasperated Apollo that, being unable to vent his
+anger on Zeus, he destroyed the Cyclops, who had forged the fatal
+thunderbolts. For this offence, Apollo would have been banished by Zeus to
+Tartarus, but at the earnest intercession of Leto he partially relented,
+and contented himself with depriving him of all power and dignity, and
+imposing on him a temporary servitude in the house of Admetus, king of
+Thessaly. Apollo faithfully served his royal master for nine years in the
+humble capacity of a shepherd, and was treated by him with every kindness
+and consideration. During the period of his service the king sought the
+hand of Alcestis, the beautiful daughter of Pelias, son of Poseidon; but
+her father declared that he would only resign her to the suitor who should
+succeed in yoking a lion and a wild boar to his chariot. By the aid of his
+divine herdsman, Admetus accomplished this difficult task, and gained his
+bride. Nor was this the only favour which the king received from the exiled
+god, for Apollo obtained from {77} the Fates the gift of immortality for
+his benefactor, on condition that when his last hour approached, some
+member of his own family should be willing to die in his stead. When the
+fatal hour arrived, and Admetus felt that he was at the point of death, he
+implored his aged parents to yield to him their few remaining days. But
+"life is sweet" even to old age, and they both refused to make the
+sacrifice demanded of them. Alcestis, however, who had secretly devoted
+herself to death for her husband, was seized with a mortal sickness, which
+kept pace with his rapid recovery. The devoted wife breathed her last in
+the arms of Admetus, and he had just consigned her to the tomb, when
+Heracles chanced to come to the palace. Admetus held the rites of
+hospitality so sacred, that he at first kept silence with regard to his
+great bereavement; but as soon as his friend heard what had occurred, he
+bravely descended into the tomb, and when death came to claim his prey, he
+exerted his marvellous strength, and held him in his arms, until he
+promised to restore the beautiful and heroic queen to the bosom of her
+family.
+
+Whilst pursuing the peaceful life of a shepherd, Apollo formed a strong
+friendship with two youths named Hyacinthus and Cyparissus, but the great
+favour shown to them by the god did not suffice to shield them from
+misfortune. The former was one day throwing the discus with Apollo, when,
+running too eagerly to take up the one thrown by the god, he was struck on
+the head with it and killed on the spot. Apollo was overcome with grief at
+the sad end of his young favourite, but being unable to restore him to
+life, he changed him into the flower called after him the Hyacinth.
+Cyparissus had the misfortune to kill by accident one of Apollo's favourite
+stags, which so preyed on his mind that he gradually pined away, and died
+of a broken heart. He was transformed by the god into a cypress-tree, which
+owes its name to this story.
+
+After these sad occurrences Apollo quitted Thessaly and repaired to
+Phrygia, in Asia Minor, where he met Poseidon, who, like himself, was in
+exile, and condemned {78} to a temporary servitude on earth. The two gods
+now entered the service of Laomedon, king of Troy, Apollo undertaking to
+tend his flocks, and Poseidon to build the walls of the city. But Apollo
+also contributed his assistance in the erection of those wonderful walls,
+and, by the aid of his marvellous musical powers, the labours of his
+fellow-worker, Poseidon, were rendered so light and easy that his otherwise
+arduous task advanced with astonishing celerity; for, as the master-hand of
+the god of music grasped the chords of his lyre,[30] the huge blocks of
+stone moved of their own accord, adjusting themselves with the utmost
+nicety into the places designed for them.
+
+But though Apollo was so renowned in the art of music, there were two
+individuals who had the effrontery to consider themselves equal to him in
+this respect, and, accordingly, each challenged him to compete with them in
+a musical contest. These were Marsyas and Pan. Marsyas was a satyr, who,
+having picked up the flute which Athene had thrown away in disgust,
+discovered, to his great delight and astonishment, that, in consequence of
+its having touched the lips of a goddess, it played of itself in the most
+charming manner. Marsyas, who was a great lover of music, and much beloved
+on this account by all the elf-like denizens of the woods and glens, was so
+intoxicated with joy at this discovery, that he foolishly challenged Apollo
+to compete with him in a musical contest. The challenge being accepted, the
+Muses were chosen umpires, and it was decided that the unsuccessful
+candidate should suffer the punishment of being flayed alive. For a long
+time the merits of both claimants remained so equally balanced, that it was
+impossible to award the palm of victory to either, seeing which, Apollo,
+resolved to conquer, added the sweet tones of his melodious voice to the
+strains of his lyre, {79} and this at once turned the scale in his favour.
+The unhappy Marsyas being defeated, had to undergo the terrible penalty,
+and his untimely fate was universally lamented; indeed the Satyrs and
+Dryads, his companions, wept so incessantly at his fate, that their tears,
+uniting together, formed a river in Phrygia which is still known by the
+name of Marsyas.
+
+The result of the contest with Pan was by no means of so serious a
+character. The god of shepherds having affirmed that he could play more
+skilfully on his flute of seven reeds (the syrinx or Pan's pipe), than
+Apollo on his world-renowned lyre, a contest ensued, in which Apollo was
+pronounced the victor by all the judges appointed to decide between the
+rival candidates. Midas, king of Phrygia, alone demurred at this decision,
+having the bad taste to prefer the uncouth tones of the Pan's pipe to the
+refined melodies of Apollo's lyre. Incensed at the obstinacy and stupidity
+of the Phrygian king, Apollo punished him by giving him the ears of an ass.
+Midas, horrified at being thus disfigured, determined to hide his disgrace
+from his subjects by means of a cap; his barber, however, could not be kept
+in ignorance of the fact, and was therefore bribed with rich gifts never to
+reveal it. Finding, however, that he could not keep the secret any longer,
+he dug a hole in the ground into which he whispered it; then closing up the
+aperture he returned home, feeling greatly relieved at having thus eased
+his mind of its burden. But after all, this very humiliating secret was
+revealed to the world, for some reeds which sprung up from the spot
+murmured incessantly, as they waved to and fro in the wind: "King Midas has
+the ears of an ass."
+
+In the sad and beautiful story of Niobe, daughter of Tantalus, and wife of
+Amphion, king of Thebes, we have another instance of the severe punishments
+meted out by Apollo to those who in any way incurred his displeasure. Niobe
+was the proud mother of seven sons and seven daughters, and exulting in the
+number of her children, she, upon one occasion, ridiculed the worship of
+Leto, {80} because she had but one son and daughter, and desired the
+Thebans, for the future, to give to her the honours and sacrifices which
+they had hitherto offered to the mother of Apollo and Artemis. The
+sacrilegious words had scarcely passed her lips before Apollo called upon
+his sister Artemis to assist him in avenging the insult offered to their
+mother, and soon their invisible arrows sped through the air. Apollo slew
+all the sons, and Artemis had already slain all the daughters save one, the
+youngest and best beloved, whom Niobe clasped in her arms, when the
+agonized mother implored the enraged deities to leave her, at least, one
+out of all her beautiful children; but, even as she prayed, the deadly
+arrow reached the heart of this child also. Meanwhile the unhappy father,
+unable to bear the loss of his children, had destroyed himself, and his
+dead body lay beside the lifeless corpse of his favourite son. Widowed and
+childless, the heart-broken mother sat among her dead, and the gods, in
+pity for her unutterable woe, turned her into a stone, which they
+transferred to Siphylus, her native Phrygian mountain, where it still
+continues to shed tears.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The punishment of Niobe forms the subject of a magnificent marble group,
+which was found at Rome in the year 1553, and is now in the gallery of
+Uffizi, at Florence.
+
+The renowned singer Orpheus was the son of Apollo and Calliope, the muse of
+epic poetry, and, as might be expected with parents so highly gifted, was
+endowed with most distinguished intellectual qualifications. He was a poet,
+a teacher of the religious doctrines known as the Orphic mysteries, and a
+great musician, having inherited from his father an extraordinary genius
+for music. {81} When he sang to the sweet tones of his lyre, he charmed all
+nature, and summoned round him the wild beasts of the forests, who, under
+the influence of his music, became tame and gentle as lambs. The madly
+rushing torrents stopped their rapid course, and the very mountains and
+trees moved from their places at the sound of his entrancing melodies.
+
+Orpheus became united to a lovely nymph named Eurydice, the daughter of the
+sea-god Nereus, whom he fondly loved. She was no less attached to him, and
+their married life was full of joy and happiness. But it was only
+short-lived; for Aristaeus,[31] the half-brother of Orpheus, having fallen
+in love with the beautiful Eurydice, forcibly endeavoured to take her from
+her husband, and as she fled across some fields to elude his pursuit, she
+was bitten in the foot by a venomous snake, which lay concealed in the long
+grass. Eurydice died of the wound, and her sorrowing husband filled the
+groves and valleys with his piteous and unceasing lamentations.
+
+His longing to behold her once more became at last so unconquerable, that
+he determined to brave the horrors of the lower world, in order to entreat
+Aides to restore to him his beloved wife. Armed only with his golden lyre,
+the gift of Apollo, he descended into the gloomy depths of Hades, where his
+heavenly music arrested for a while the torments of the unhappy sufferers.
+The stone of Sisyphus remained motionless; Tantalus forgot his perpetual
+thirst; the wheel of Ixion ceased to revolve; and even the Furies shed
+tears, and withheld for a time their persecutions. Undismayed at the scenes
+of horror and suffering which met his view on every side, he pursued his
+way until he arrived at the palace of Aides. Presenting himself before the
+throne on which sat the stony-hearted king and his consort Persephone,
+Orpheus recounted his woes to the sound of his lyre. Moved to pity by his
+sweet strains, they listened to his {82} melancholy story, and consented to
+release Eurydice on condition that he should not look upon her until they
+reached the upper world. Orpheus gladly promised to comply with this
+injunction, and, followed by Eurydice, ascended the steep and gloomy path
+which led to the realms of life and light. All went well until he was just
+about to pass the extreme limits of Hades, when, forgetting for the moment
+the hard condition, he turned to convince himself that his beloved wife was
+really behind him. The glance was fatal, and destroyed all his hopes of
+happiness; for, as he yearningly stretched out his arms to embrace her, she
+was caught back, and vanished from his sight for ever. The grief of Orpheus
+at this second loss was even more intense than before, and he now avoided
+all human society. In vain did the nymphs, his once chosen companions,
+endeavour to win him back to his accustomed haunts; their power to charm
+was gone, and music was now his sole consolation. He wandered forth alone,
+choosing the wildest and most secluded paths, and the hills and vales
+resounded with his pathetic melodies. At last he happened to cross the path
+of some Thracian women, who were performing the wild rites of Dionysus
+(Bacchus), and in their mad fury at his refusing to join them, they
+furiously attacked him, and tore him in pieces. In pity for his unhappy
+fate, the Muses collected his remains, which they buried at the foot of
+Mount Olympus, and the nightingale warbled a funeral dirge over his grave.
+His head was thrown into the river Hebrus, and as it floated down the
+stream, the lips still continued to murmur the beloved name of Eurydice.
+
+The chief seat of the worship of Apollo was at Delphi, and here was the
+most magnificent of all his temples, the foundation of which reaches far
+beyond all historical knowledge, and which contained immense riches, the
+offerings of kings and private persons, who had received favourable replies
+from the oracle. The Greeks believed Delphi to be the central point of the
+earth, because two eagles sent forth by Zeus, one from the east, the other
+{83} from the west, were said to have arrived there at the same moment.
+
+The Pythian games, celebrated in honour of the victory of Apollo over the
+Python, took place at Delphi every four years. At the first celebration of
+these games, gods, goddesses, and heroes contended for the prizes, which
+were at first of gold or silver, but consisted, in later times, of simple
+laurel wreaths.
+
+On account of its being the place of his birth, the whole island of Delos
+was consecrated to Apollo, where he was worshipped with great solemnity;
+the greatest care was taken to preserve the sanctity of the spot, for which
+reason no one was suffered to be buried there. At the foot of Mount Cynthus
+was a splendid temple of Apollo which possessed an oracle, and was enriched
+with magnificent offerings from all parts of Greece. Even foreign nations
+held this island sacred, for when the Persians passed it on their way to
+attack Greece, they not only sailed by, leaving it uninjured, but sent rich
+presents to the temple. Games, called Delia, instituted by Theseus, were
+celebrated at Delos every four years.
+
+A festival termed the Gymnopedaea was held at Sparta in honour of Apollo, in
+which boys sang the praises of the gods, and of the three hundred
+Lacedaemonians who fell at the battle of Thermopylae.
+
+Wolves and hawks were sacrificed to Apollo, and the birds sacred to him
+were the hawk, raven, and swan.
+
+ROMAN APOLLO.
+
+The worship of Apollo never occupied the all-important position in Rome
+which it held in Greece, nor was it introduced till a comparatively late
+period. There was no sanctuary erected to this divinity until B.C. 430,
+when the Romans, in order to avert a plague, built a temple in his honour;
+but we do not find the worship of Apollo becoming in any way prominent
+until the time of Augustus, who, having called upon this god for aid before
+the famous battle of Actium, ascribed the victory which he {84} gained, to
+his influence, and accordingly erected a temple there, which he enriched
+with a portion of the spoil.
+
+Augustus afterwards built another temple in honour of Apollo, on the
+Palatine Hill, in which at the foot of his statue, were deposited two gilt
+chests, containing the Sibylline oracles. These oracles were collected to
+replace the Sibylline books originally preserved in the temple of Jupiter,
+which were destroyed when that edifice was burned.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The Sibyls were maidens who had received the gift of prophecy, and the
+privilege of living to an incredible age. One of these Sibyls (known as the
+Cumaean) appeared to Tarquinius Superbus, the last king of Rome, offering
+for sale nine books, which she informed him had been written by herself.
+Not knowing who she was, Tarquin refused to buy them, upon which she burned
+three, and returned with six, demanding the same price as before. Being
+again driven away as an impostor, she again retired and burned three more,
+returning with the remaining three, for which she still asked the same
+price as at first. Tarquin, amazed at her inconsistency, now consulted the
+Augurs, who blamed him for not having bought the nine books when they were
+first offered to him, and desired him to secure the remaining three, at
+whatever price they were to be had. He, accordingly, purchased the volumes,
+which were found to contain predictions of great importance to the Romans.
+After the disposal of the books, the Sibyl vanished, and was seen no more.
+
+The most beautiful and renowned of all the statues of Apollo now in
+existence, is that known as the Apollo Belvedere, which was found in 1503
+among the ruins of {85} ancient Antium. It was purchased by Pope Julius
+II., who removed it to the Belvedere of the Vatican, from whence it takes
+its name, and where it has been, for more than three hundred years, the
+admiration of the world. When Rome was taken, and plundered by the French,
+this celebrated statue was transported to Paris, and placed in the museum
+there, but in 1815 it was restored to its former place in the Vatican. The
+attitude of the figure, which is more than seven feet high, is inimitable
+in its freedom, grace, and majesty. The forehead is noble and intellectual,
+and the whole countenance so exquisite in its beauty, that one pauses
+spell-bound to gaze on so perfect a conception. The god has a very youthful
+appearance, as is usual in all his representations, and with the exception
+of a short mantle which falls from his shoulders, is unclothed. He stands
+against the trunk of a tree, up which a serpent is creeping, and his left
+arm is outstretched, as though about to punish.
+
+HECATE.
+
+Hecate would appear to have been originally a moon-goddess worshipped by
+the Thracians. She became confounded, and eventually identified with Selene
+and Persephone, and is one of those divinities of whom the ancients had
+various conflicting accounts.
+
+Hecate was the daughter of Perses and "gold-wreathed" Astraea (the starry
+night[32]), and her sway extended over earth, heaven, and hell, for which
+reason she is represented in works of art as a triple divinity, having
+three female bodies, all young and beautiful, and united together.
+
+In later times, when this divinity becomes identified with Persephone, she
+is supposed to inhabit the lower world as a malignant deity, and
+henceforward it is the gloomy, awe-inspiring side of her character which
+alone {86} develops itself. She now presides over all practices connected
+with witchcraft and enchantments, haunts sepulchres, and the point where
+two roads cross, and lonely spots where murders have been committed. She
+was supposed to be connected with the appearance of ghosts and spectres, to
+possess unlimited influence over the powers of the lower world, and to be
+able to lay to rest unearthly apparitions by her magic spells and
+incantations.
+
+Hecate appears as a gigantic woman, bearing a torch and a sword. Her feet
+and hair are formed of snakes, and her passage is accompanied by voices of
+thunder, weird shrieks and yells, and the deep baying and howling of dogs.
+
+Her favour was propitiated by offerings and sacrifices, principally
+consisting of black lambs. Her festivals were celebrated at night, by
+torchlight, when these animals were offered to her, accompanied by many
+peculiar ceremonies. These ceremonies were carried out with the minutest
+attention to details, as it was believed that the omission of the slightest
+particular would afford to her ministers, the evil spirits of the lower
+world, who hovered round the worshippers, an opportunity for entering among
+them, and exerting their baneful influence. At the end of every month food
+was placed wherever two roads met, in readiness for her and other malignant
+divinities.
+
+In studying the peculiar characteristics which Hecate assumes when she
+usurps the place of Persephone, the rightful mistress of the lower world,
+we are reminded of the various superstitions with regard to spectres,
+witchcraft, &c., which have, even down to our own times, exerted so
+powerful an influence over the minds of the ignorant, and which would
+appear to owe their origin to a remote pagan source.
+
+SELENE (LUNA).
+
+Just as Helios personified the sun, so his sister Selene represented the
+moon, and was supposed to drive her {87} chariot across the sky whilst her
+brother was reposing after the toils of the day.
+
+When the shades of evening began to enfold the earth, the two milk-white
+steeds of Selene rose out of the mysterious depths of Oceanus. Seated in a
+silvery chariot, and accompanied by her daughter Herse, the goddess of the
+dew, appeared the mild and gentle queen of the night, with a crescent on
+her fair brow, a gauzy veil flowing behind, and a lighted torch in her
+hand.
+
+Selene greatly admired a beautiful young shepherd named Endymion, to whom
+Zeus had accorded the privilege of eternal youth, combined with the faculty
+of sleeping whenever he desired, and as long as he wished. Seeing this
+lovely youth fast asleep on Mount Latmus, Selene was so struck with his
+beauty, that she came down every night from heaven to watch over and
+protect him.
+
+ARTEMIS (DIANA).
+
+Artemis was worshipped by the Greeks under various appellations, to each of
+which belonged special characteristics. Thus she is known as the Arcadian,
+Ephesian and Brauronian Artemis, and also as Selene-Artemis, and in order
+fully to comprehend the worship of this divinity, we must consider her
+under each aspect.
+
+ARCADIAN ARTEMIS.
+
+The Arcadian Artemis (the real Artemis of the Greeks) was the daughter of
+Zeus and Leto, and twin-sister of Apollo. She was the goddess of Hunting
+and Chastity, and having obtained from her father permission to lead a life
+of celibacy, she ever remained a maiden-divinity. Artemis is the feminine
+counterpart of her brother, the glorious god of Light, and, like him,
+though she deals out destruction and sudden death to men and animals, she
+is also able to alleviate suffering and cure diseases. Like Apollo also,
+she is skilled in the use of the bow, but in a far more eminent degree, for
+in the character of Artemis, who devoted herself to the chase with
+passionate {88} ardour, this becomes an all-distinguishing feature. Armed
+with her bow and quiver, and attended by her train of huntresses, who were
+nymphs of the woods and springs, she roamed over the mountains in pursuit
+of her favourite exercise, destroying in her course the wild animals of the
+forest. When the chase was ended, Artemis and her maidens loved to assemble
+in a shady grove, or on the banks of a favourite stream, where they joined
+in the merry song, or graceful dance, and made the hills resound with their
+joyous shouts.
+
+As the type of purity and chastity, Artemis was especially venerated by
+young maidens, who, before marrying, sacrificed their hair to her. She was
+also the patroness of those vowed to celibacy, and punished severely any
+infringement of their obligation.
+
+The huntress-goddess is represented as being a head taller than her
+attendant nymphs, and always appears as a youthful and slender maiden. Her
+features are beautiful, but wanting in gentleness of expression; her hair
+is gathered negligently into a knot at the back of her well-shaped head;
+and her figure, though somewhat masculine, is most graceful in its attitude
+and proportions. The short robe she wears, leaves her limbs free for the
+exercise of the chase, her devotion to which is indicated by the quiver
+which is slung over her shoulder, and the bow which she bears in her hand.
+
+There are many famous statues of this divinity; but the most celebrated is
+that known as the Diana of Versailles, now in the Louvre, which forms a not
+unworthy companion to the Apollo-Belvedere of the Vatican. In this statue,
+the goddess appears in the act of rescuing a hunted deer from its pursuers,
+on whom she is turning with angry mien. One hand is laid protectingly on
+the head of the stag, whilst with the other she draws an arrow from the
+quiver which hangs over her shoulder.
+
+Her attributes are the bow, quiver, and spear. The animals sacred to her
+are the hind, dog, bear, and wild boar.
+
+Artemis promptly resented any disregard or neglect of {89} her worship; a
+remarkable instance of this is shown in the story of the Calydonian
+boar-hunt, which is as follows:--
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Oeneus, king of Calydon in AEtolia, had incurred the displeasure of Artemis
+by neglecting to include her in a general sacrifice to the gods which he
+had offered up, out of gratitude for a bountiful harvest. The goddess,
+enraged at this neglect, sent a wild boar of extraordinary size and
+prodigious strength, which destroyed the sprouting grain, laid waste the
+fields, and threatened the inhabitants with famine and death. At this
+juncture, Meleager, the brave son of Oeneus, returned from the Argonautic
+expedition, and finding his country ravaged by this dreadful scourge,
+entreated the assistance of all the celebrated heroes of the age to join
+him in hunting the ferocious monster. Among the most famous of those who
+responded to his call were Jason, Castor and Pollux, Idas and Lynceus,
+Peleus, Telamon, Admetus, Perithous, and Theseus. The brothers of Althea,
+wife of Oeneus, joined the hunters, and Meleager also enlisted into his
+service the fleet-footed huntress Atalanta.
+
+The father of this maiden was Schoeneus, an Arcadian, who, disappointed at
+the birth of a daughter when he had particularly desired a son, had exposed
+her on the Parthenian Hill, where he left her to perish. Here she was
+nursed by a she-bear, and at last found by some hunters, who reared her,
+and gave her the name of Atalanta. As the maiden grew up, she became an
+ardent {90} lover of the chase, and was alike distinguished for her beauty
+and courage. Though often wooed, she led a life of strict celibacy, an
+oracle having predicted that inevitable misfortune awaited her, should she
+give herself in marriage to any of her numerous suitors.
+
+Many of the heroes objected to hunt in company with a maiden; but Meleager,
+who loved Atalanta, overcame their opposition, and the valiant band set out
+on their expedition. Atalanta was the first to wound the boar with her
+spear, but not before two of the heroes had met their death from his fierce
+tusks. After a long and desperate encounter, Meleager succeeded in killing
+the monster, and presented the head and hide to Atalanta, as trophies of
+the victory. The uncles of Meleager, however, forcibly took the hide from
+the maiden, claiming their right to the spoil as next of kin, if Meleager
+resigned it. Artemis, whose anger was still unappeased, caused a violent
+quarrel to arise between uncles and nephew, and, in the struggle which
+ensued, Meleager killed his mother's brothers, and then restored the hide
+to Atalanta. When Althea beheld the dead bodies of the slain heroes, her
+grief and anger knew no bounds. She swore to revenge the death of her
+brothers on her own son, and unfortunately for him, the instrument of
+vengeance lay ready to her hand.
+
+At the birth of Meleager, the Moirae, or Fates, entered the house of
+Oeneus, and pointing to a piece of wood then burning on the hearth,
+declared that as soon as it was consumed the babe would surely die. On
+hearing this, Althea seized the brand, laid it up carefully in a chest, and
+henceforth preserved it as her most precious possession. But now, love for
+her son giving place to the resentment she felt against the murderer of her
+brothers, she threw the fatal brand into the devouring flames. As it
+consumed, the vigour of Meleager wasted away, and when it was reduced to
+ashes, he expired. Repenting too late the terrible effects of her rash
+deed, Althea, in remorse and despair, took away her own life.
+
+The news of the courage and intrepidity displayed by {91} Atalanta in the
+famous boar-hunt, being carried to the ears of her father, caused him to
+acknowledge his long-lost child. Urged by him to choose one of her numerous
+suitors, she consented to do so, but made it a condition that he alone, who
+could outstrip her in the race, should become her husband, whilst those she
+defeated should be put to death by her, with the lance which she bore in
+her hand. Thus many suitors had perished, for the maiden was unequalled for
+swiftness of foot, but at last a beautiful youth, named Hippomenes, who had
+vainly endeavoured to win her love by his assiduous attentions in the
+chase, ventured to enter the fatal lists. Knowing that only by stratagem
+could he hope to be successful, he obtained, by the help of Aphrodite,
+three golden apples from the garden of the Hesperides, which he threw down
+at intervals during his course. Atalanta, secure of victory, stooped to
+pick up the tempting fruit, and, in the meantime, Hippomenes arrived at the
+goal. He became the husband of the lovely Atalanta, but forgot, in his
+newly found happiness, the gratitude which he owed to Aphrodite, and the
+goddess withdrew her favour from the pair. Not long after, the prediction
+which foretold misfortune to Atalanta, in the event of her marriage, was
+verified, for she and her husband, having strayed unsanctioned into a
+sacred grove of Zeus, were both transformed into lions.
+
+The trophies of the ever-memorable boar-hunt had been carried by Atalanta
+into Arcadia, and, for many centuries, the identical hide and enormous
+tusks of the Calydonian boar hung in the temple of Athene at Tegea. The
+tusks were afterwards conveyed to Rome, and shown there among other
+curiosities.
+
+A forcible instance of the manner in which Artemis resented any intrusion
+on her retirement, is seen in the fate which befell the famous hunter
+Actaeon, who happening one day to see Artemis and her attendants bathing,
+imprudently ventured to approach the spot. The goddess, incensed at his
+audacity, sprinkled him with water, and transformed him into a stag,
+whereupon he was torn in pieces and devoured by his own dogs. {92}
+
+EPHESIAN ARTEMIS.
+
+The Ephesian Artemis, known to us as "Diana of the Ephesians," was a very
+ancient Asiatic divinity of Persian origin called Metra,[33] whose worship
+the Greek colonists found already established, when they first settled in
+Asia Minor, and whom they identified with their own Greek Artemis, though
+she really possessed but one single attribute in common with their home
+deity.
+
+Metra was a twofold divinity, and represented, in one phase of her
+character, all-pervading love; in the other she was the light of heaven;
+and as Artemis, in her character as Selene, was the only Greek female
+divinity who represented celestial light, the Greek settlers, according to
+their custom of fusing foreign deities into their own, seized at once upon
+this point of resemblance, and decided that Metra should henceforth be
+regarded as identical with Artemis.
+
+In her character as the love which pervades all nature, and penetrates
+everywhere, they believed her also to be present in the mysterious Realm of
+Shades, where she exercised her benign sway, replacing to a certain extent
+that ancient divinity Hecate, and partly usurping also the place of
+Persephone, as mistress of the lower world. Thus they believed that it was
+she who permitted the spirits of the departed to revisit the earth, in
+order to communicate with those they loved, and to give them timely warning
+of coming evil. In fact, this great, mighty, and omnipresent power of love,
+as embodied in the Ephesian Artemis, was believed by the great thinkers of
+old, to be the ruling spirit of the universe, and it was to her influence,
+that all the mysterious and beneficent workings of nature were ascribed.
+
+There was a magnificent temple erected to this divinity at Ephesus (a city
+of Asia Minor), which was ranked among the seven wonders of the world, and
+was unequalled in beauty and grandeur. The interior of this {93} edifice
+was adorned with statues and paintings, and contained one hundred and
+twenty-seven columns, sixty feet in height, each column having been placed
+there by a different king. The wealth deposited in this temple was
+enormous, and the goddess was here worshipped with particular awe and
+solemnity. In the interior of the edifice stood a statue of her, formed of
+ebony, with lions on her arms and turrets on her head, whilst a number of
+breasts indicated the fruitfulness of the earth and of nature. Ctesiphon
+was the principal architect of this world-renowned structure, which,
+however, was not entirely completed till two hundred and twenty years after
+the foundation-stone was laid. But the labour of centuries was destroyed in
+a single night; for a man called Herostratus, seized with the insane desire
+of making his name famous to all succeeding generations, set fire to it and
+completely destroyed it.[34] So great was the indignation and sorrow of the
+Ephesians at this calamity, that they enacted a law, forbidding the
+incendiary's name to be mentioned, thereby however, defeating their own
+object, for thus the name of Herostratus has been handed down to posterity,
+and will live as long as the memory of the famous temple of Ephesus.
+
+BRAURONIAN ARTEMIS.
+
+In ancient times, the country which we now call the Crimea, was known by
+the name of the Taurica Chersonnesus. It was colonized by Greek settlers,
+who, finding that the Scythian inhabitants had a native divinity somewhat
+resembling their own Artemis, identified her with the huntress-goddess of
+the mother-country. The worship of this Taurian Artemis was attended with
+the most barbarous practices, for, in accordance with a law which she had
+enacted, all strangers, whether male or female, landing, or shipwrecked on
+her shores, were sacrificed upon her altars. It is supposed that this
+decree was {94} issued by the Taurian goddess of Chastity, to protect the
+purity of her followers, by keeping them apart from foreign influences.
+
+The interesting story of Iphigenia, a priestess in the temple of Artemis at
+Tauris, forms the subject of one of Schiller's most beautiful plays. The
+circumstances occurred at the commencement of the Trojan war, and are as
+follows:--The fleet, collected by the Greeks for the siege of Troy, had
+assembled at Aulis, in Boeotia, and was about to set sail, when Agamemnon,
+the commander-in-chief, had the misfortune to kill accidentally a stag
+which was grazing in a grove, sacred to Artemis. The offended goddess sent
+continuous calms that delayed the departure of the fleet, and Calchas, the
+soothsayer, who had accompanied the expedition, declared that nothing less
+than the sacrifice of Agamemnon's favorite daughter, Iphigenia, would
+appease the wrath of the goddess. At these words, the heroic heart of the
+brave leader sank within him, and he declared that rather than consent to
+so fearful an alternative, he would give up his share in the expedition and
+return to Argos. In this dilemma Odysseus and other great generals called a
+council to discuss the matter, and, after much deliberation, it was decided
+that private feeling must yield to the welfare of the state. For a long
+time the unhappy Agamemnon turned a deaf ear to their arguments, but at
+last they succeeded in persuading him that it was his duty to make the
+sacrifice. He, accordingly, despatched a messenger to his wife,
+Clytemnaestra, begging her to send Iphigenia to him, alleging as a pretext
+that the great hero Achilles desired to make her his wife. Rejoicing at the
+brilliant destiny which awaited her beautiful daughter, the fond mother at
+once obeyed the command, and sent her to Aulis. When the maiden arrived at
+her destination, and discovered, to her horror, the dreadful fate which
+awaited her, she threw herself in an agony of grief at her father's feet,
+and with sobs and tears entreated him to have mercy on her, and to spare
+her young life. But alas! her doom was sealed, and her now repentant and
+{95} heart-broken father was powerless to avert it. The unfortunate victim
+was bound to the altar, and already the fatal knife was raised to deal the
+death-blow, when suddenly Iphigenia disappeared from view, and in her place
+on the altar, lay a beautiful deer ready to be sacrificed. It was Artemis
+herself, who, pitying the youth and beauty of her victim, caused her to be
+conveyed in a cloud to Taurica, where she became one of her priestesses,
+and intrusted with the charge of her temple; a dignity, however, which
+necessitated the offering of those human sacrifices presented to Artemis.
+
+Many years passed away, during which time the long and wearisome siege of
+Troy had come to an end, and the brave Agamemnon had returned home to meet
+death at the hands of his wife and Aegisthus. But his daughter, Iphigenia,
+was still an exile from her native country, and continued to perform the
+terrible duties which her office involved. She had long given up all hopes
+of ever being restored to her friends, when one day two Greek strangers
+landed on Taurica's inhospitable shores. These were Orestes and Pylades,
+whose romantic attachment to each other has made their names synonymous for
+devoted self-sacrificing friendship. Orestes was Iphigenia's brother, and
+Pylades her cousin, and their object in undertaking an expedition fraught
+with so much peril, was to obtain the statue of the Taurian Artemis.
+Orestes, having incurred the anger of the Furies for avenging the murder of
+his father Agamemnon, was pursued by them wherever he went, until at last
+he was informed by the oracle of Delphi that, in order to pacify them, he
+must convey the image of the Taurian Artemis from Tauris to Attica. This he
+at once resolved to do, and accompanied by his faithful friend Pylades, who
+insisted on sharing the dangers of the undertaking, he set out for Taurica.
+But the unfortunate youths had hardly stepped on shore before they were
+seized by the natives, who, as usual, conveyed them for sacrifice to the
+temple of Artemis. Iphigenia, discovering that they were Greeks, though
+unaware of their near relationship to herself, thought the {96} opportunity
+a favourable one for sending tidings of her existence to her native
+country, and, accordingly, requested one of the strangers to be the bearer
+of a letter from her to her family. A magnanimous dispute now arose between
+the friends, and each besought the other to accept the precious privilege
+of life and freedom. Pylades, at length overcome by the urgent entreaties
+of Orestes, agreed to be the bearer of the missive, but on looking more
+closely at the superscription, he observed, to his intense surprise, that
+it was addressed to Orestes. Hereupon an explanation followed; the brother
+and sister recognized each other, amid joyful tears and loving embraces,
+and assisted by her friends and kinsmen, Iphigenia escaped with them from a
+country where she had spent so many unhappy days, and witnessed so many
+scenes of horror and anguish.
+
+The fugitives, having contrived to obtain the image of the Taurian Artemis,
+carried it with them to Brauron in Attica. This divinity was henceforth
+known as the Brauronian Artemis, and the rites which had rendered her
+worship so infamous in Taurica were now introduced into Greece, and human
+victims bled freely under the sacrificial knife, both in Athens and Sparta.
+The revolting practice of offering human sacrifices to her, was continued
+until the time of Lycurgus, the great Spartan lawgiver, who put an end to
+it by substituting in its place one, which was hardly less barbarous,
+namely, the scourging of youths, who were whipped on the altars of the
+Brauronian Artemis in the most cruel manner; sometimes indeed they expired
+under the lash, in which case their mothers, far from lamenting their fate,
+are said to have rejoiced, considering this an honourable death for their
+sons.
+
+SELENE-ARTEMIS.
+
+Hitherto we have seen Artemis only in the various phases of her terrestrial
+character; but just as her brother Apollo drew into himself by degrees the
+attributes of that more ancient divinity Helios, the sun-god, so, in like
+manner, she came to be identified in later times {97} with Selene, the
+moon-goddess, in which character she is always represented as wearing on
+her forehead a glittering crescent, whilst a flowing veil, bespangled with
+stars, reaches to her feet, and a long robe completely envelops her.
+
+DIANA.
+
+The Diana of the Romans was identified with the Greek Artemis, with whom
+she shares that peculiar tripartite character, which so strongly marks the
+individuality of the Greek goddess. In heaven she was Luna (the moon), on
+earth Diana (the huntress-goddess), and in the lower world Proserpine; but,
+unlike the Ephesian Artemis, Diana, in her character as Proserpine, carries
+with her into the lower world no element of love or sympathy; she is, on
+the contrary, characterized by practices altogether hostile to man, such as
+the exercise of witchcraft, evil charms, and other antagonistic influences,
+and is, in fact, the Greek Hecate, in her later development.
+
+The statues of Diana were generally erected at a point where three roads
+met, for which reason she is called Trivia (from _tri_, three, and _via_,
+way).
+
+A temple was dedicated to her on the Aventine hill by Servius Tullius, who
+is said to have first introduced the worship of this divinity into Rome.
+
+The Nemoralia, or Grove Festivals, were celebrated in her honour on the
+13th of August, on the Lacus Nemorensis, or forest-buried lake, near
+Aricia. The priest who officiated in her temple on this spot, was always a
+fugitive slave, who had gained his office by murdering his predecessor, and
+hence was constantly armed, in order that he might thus be prepared to
+encounter a new aspirant.
+
+HEPHAESTUS (VULCAN).
+
+Hephaestus, the son of Zeus and Hera, was the god of fire in its beneficial
+aspect, and the presiding deity over all workmanship accomplished by means
+of this useful element. He was universally honoured, not only as the {98}
+god of all mechanical arts, but also as a house and hearth divinity, who
+exercised a beneficial influence on civilized society in general. Unlike
+the other Greek divinities, he was ugly and deformed, being awkward in his
+movements, and limping in his gait. This latter defect originated, as we
+have already seen, in the wrath of his father Zeus, who hurled him down
+from heaven[35] in consequence of his taking the part of Hera, in one of
+the domestic disagreements, which so frequently arose between this royal
+pair. Hephaestus was a whole day falling from Olympus to the earth, where he
+at length alighted on the island of Lemnos. The inhabitants of the country,
+seeing him descending through the air, received him in their arms; but in
+spite of their care, his leg was broken by the fall, and he remained ever
+afterwards lame in one foot. Grateful for the kindness of the Lemnians, he
+henceforth took up his abode in their island, and there built for himself a
+superb palace, and forges for the pursuit of his avocation. He instructed
+the people how to work in metals, and also taught them other valuable and
+useful arts.
+
+It is said that the first work of Hephaestus was a most ingenious throne of
+gold, with secret springs, which he presented to Hera. It was arranged in
+such a manner that, once seated, she found herself unable to move, and
+though all the gods endeavoured to extricate her, their efforts were
+unavailing. Hephaestus thus revenged himself on his mother for the cruelty
+she had always displayed towards him, on account of his want of comeliness
+and grace. Dionysus, the wine god, contrived, however, to intoxicate
+Hephaestus, and then induced him to return to Olympus, where, after having
+released the {99} queen of heaven from her very undignified position, he
+became reconciled to his parents.
+
+He now built for himself a glorious palace on Olympus, of shining gold, and
+made for the other deities those magnificent edifices which they inhabited.
+He was assisted in his various and exquisitely skilful works of art, by two
+female statues of pure gold, formed by his own hand, which possessed the
+power of motion, and always accompanied him wherever he went. With the
+assistance of the Cyclops, he forged for Zeus his wonderful thunderbolts,
+thus investing his mighty father with a new power of terrible import. Zeus
+testified his appreciation of this precious gift, by bestowing upon
+Hephaestus the beautiful Aphrodite in marriage,[36] but this was a
+questionable boon; for the lovely Aphrodite, who was the personification of
+all grace and beauty, felt no affection for her ungainly and unattractive
+spouse, and amused herself by ridiculing his awkward movements and
+unsightly person. On one occasion especially, when Hephaestus good-naturedly
+took upon himself the office of cup-bearer to the gods, his hobbling gait
+and extreme awkwardness created the greatest mirth amongst the celestials,
+in which his disloyal partner was the first to join, with unconcealed
+merriment.
+
+Aphrodite greatly preferred Ares to her husband, and this preference
+naturally gave rise to much jealousy on the part of Hephaestus, and caused
+them great unhappiness.
+
+Hephaestus appears to have been an indispensable member of the Olympic
+Assembly, where he plays the part of smith, armourer, chariot-builder, &c.
+As already mentioned, he constructed the palaces where the gods resided,
+fashioned the golden shoes with which they trod the air or water, built for
+them their wonderful chariots, and shod with brass the horses of celestial
+breed, which conveyed these glittering equipages over land and sea. He also
+made the tripods which moved of themselves in and out of the celestial
+halls, formed for Zeus the {100} far-famed aegis, and erected the
+magnificent palace of the sun. He also created the brazen-footed bulls of
+Aetes, which breathed flames from their nostrils, sent forth clouds of
+smoke, and filled the air with their roaring.
+
+Among his most renowned works of art for the use of mortals were: the
+armour of Achilles and AEneas, the beautiful necklace of Harmonia, and the
+crown of Ariadne; but his masterpiece was Pandora, of whom a detailed
+account has already been given.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+There was a temple on Mount Etna erected in his honour, which none but the
+pure and virtuous were permitted to enter. The entrance to this temple was
+guarded by dogs, which possessed the extraordinary faculty of being able to
+discriminate between the righteous and the unrighteous, fawning upon and
+caressing the good, whilst they rushed upon all evil-doers and drove them
+away.
+
+Hephaestus is usually represented as a powerful, brawny, and very muscular
+man of middle height and mature age; his strong uplifted arm is raised in
+the act of striking the anvil with a hammer, which he holds in one hand,
+whilst with the other he is turning a thunderbolt, which an eagle beside
+him is waiting to carry to Zeus. The principal seat of his worship was the
+island of Lemnos, where he was regarded with peculiar veneration.
+
+VULCAN.
+
+The Roman Vulcan was merely an importation from Greece, which never at any
+time took firm root in Rome, nor entered largely into the actual life and
+sympathies of the nation, his worship being unattended by the devotional
+feeling and enthusiasm which characterized the religious rites of the other
+deities. He still, however, retained in Rome his {101} Greek attributes as
+god of fire, and unrivalled master of the art of working in metals, and was
+ranked among the twelve great gods of Olympus, whose gilded statues were
+arranged consecutively along the Forum. His Roman name, Vulcan, would seem
+to indicate a connection with the first great metal-working artificer of
+Biblical history, Tubal-Cain.
+
+POSEIDON (NEPTUNE).
+
+Poseidon was the son of Kronos and Rhea, and the brother of Zeus. He was
+god of the sea, more particularly of the Mediterranean, and, like the
+element over which he presided, was of a variable disposition, now
+violently agitated, and now calm and placid, for which reason he is
+sometimes represented by the poets as quiet and composed, and at others as
+disturbed and angry.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In the earliest ages of Greek mythology, he merely symbolized the watery
+element; but in later times, as navigation and intercourse with other
+nations engendered greater traffic by sea, Poseidon gained in importance,
+and came to be regarded as a distinct divinity, holding indisputable
+dominion over the sea, and over all sea-divinities, who acknowledged him as
+their sovereign ruler. He possessed the power of causing at will, mighty
+and destructive tempests, in which the billows rise mountains high, the
+wind becomes a hurricane, land and sea being enveloped in thick mists,
+whilst destruction assails the unfortunate mariners exposed to their fury.
+On the other hand, his alone was the power of stilling the angry {102}
+waves, of soothing the troubled waters, and granting safe voyages to
+mariners. For this reason, Poseidon was always invoked and propitiated by a
+libation before a voyage was undertaken, and sacrifices and thanksgivings
+were gratefully offered to him after a safe and prosperous journey by sea.
+
+The symbol of his power was the fisherman's fork or trident,[37] by means
+of which he produced earthquakes, raised up islands from the bottom of the
+sea, and caused wells to spring forth out of the earth.
+
+Poseidon was essentially the presiding deity over fishermen, and was on
+that account, more particularly worshipped and revered in countries
+bordering on the sea-coast, where fish naturally formed a staple commodity
+of trade. He was supposed to vent his displeasure by sending disastrous
+inundations, which completely destroyed whole countries, and were usually
+accompanied by terrible marine monsters, who swallowed up and devoured
+those whom the floods had spared. It is probable that these sea-monsters
+are the poetical figures which represent the demons of hunger and famine,
+necessarily accompanying a general inundation.
+
+Poseidon is generally represented as resembling his brother Zeus in
+features, height, and general aspect; but we miss in the countenance of the
+sea-god the kindness and benignity which so pleasingly distinguish his
+mighty brother. The eyes are bright and piercing, and the contour of the
+face somewhat sharper in its outline than that of Zeus, thus corresponding,
+as it were, with his more angry and violent nature. His hair waves in dark,
+disorderly masses over his shoulders; his chest is broad, and his frame
+powerful and stalwart; he wears a short, curling beard, and a band round
+his head. He usually appears standing erect in a graceful shell-chariot,
+drawn by hippocamps, or sea-horses, with golden manes and brazen hoofs, who
+bound over the dancing waves with such wonderful swiftness, that the
+chariot scarcely touches {103} the water. The monsters of the deep,
+acknowledging their mighty lord, gambol playfully around him, whilst the
+sea joyfully smooths a path for the passage of its all-powerful ruler.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+He inhabited a beautiful palace at the bottom of the sea at AEgea in Euboea,
+and also possessed a royal residence on Mount Olympus, which, however, he
+only visited when his presence was required at the council of the gods.
+
+His wonderful palace beneath the waters was of vast extent; in its lofty
+and capacious halls thousands of his followers could assemble. The exterior
+of the building was of bright gold, which the continual wash of the waters
+preserved untarnished; in the interior, lofty and graceful columns
+supported the gleaming dome. Everywhere fountains of glistening, silvery
+water played; everywhere groves and arbours of feathery-leaved sea-plants
+appeared, whilst rocks of pure crystal glistened with all the varied
+colours of the rainbow. Some of the paths were strewn with white sparkling
+sand, interspersed with jewels, pearls, and amber. This delightful abode
+was surrounded on all sides by wide fields, where there were whole groves
+of dark purple coralline, and tufts of beautiful scarlet-leaved plants, and
+sea-anemones of every tint. Here grew bright, pinky sea-weeds, mosses of
+all hues and shades, and tall grasses, which, growing upwards, formed
+emerald caves and grottoes such as the Nereides love, whilst fish of
+various kinds playfully darted in and out, in the full enjoyment of their
+native element. Nor was illumination wanting in this fairy-like region,
+which at night was lit up by the glow-worms of the deep.
+
+But although Poseidon ruled with absolute power over the ocean and its
+inhabitants, he nevertheless bowed submissively to the will of the great
+ruler of Olympus, and appeared at all times desirous of conciliating him.
+We {104} find him coming to his aid when emergency demanded, and frequently
+rendering him valuable assistance against his opponents. At the time when
+Zeus was harassed by the attacks of the Giants, he proved himself a most
+powerful ally, engaging in single combat with a hideous giant named
+Polybotes, whom he followed over the sea, and at last succeeded in
+destroying, by hurling upon him the island of Cos.
+
+These amicable relations between the brothers were, however, sometimes
+interrupted. Thus, for instance, upon one occasion Poseidon joined Hera and
+Athene in a secret conspiracy to seize upon the ruler of heaven, place him
+in fetters, and deprive him of the sovereign power. The conspiracy being
+discovered, Hera, as the chief instigator of this sacrilegious attempt on
+the divine person of Zeus, was severely chastised, and even beaten, by her
+enraged spouse, as a punishment for her rebellion and treachery, whilst
+Poseidon was condemned, for the space of a whole year, to forego his
+dominion over the sea, and it was at this time that, in conjunction with
+Apollo, he built for Laomedon the walls of Troy.
+
+Poseidon married a sea-nymph named Amphitrite, whom he wooed under the form
+of a dolphin. She afterwards became jealous of a beautiful maiden called
+Scylla, who was beloved by Poseidon, and in order to revenge herself she
+threw some herbs into a well where Scylla was bathing, which had the effect
+of metamorphosing her into a monster of terrible aspect, having twelve
+feet, six heads with six long necks, and a voice which resembled the bark
+of a dog. This awful monster is said to have inhabited a cave at a very
+great height in the famous rock which still bears her name,[38] and was
+supposed to swoop down from her rocky eminence upon every ship that passed,
+and with each of her six heads to secure a victim.
+
+Amphitrite is often represented assisting Poseidon in attaching the
+sea-horses to his chariot.
+
+{105}
+
+The Cyclops, who have been already alluded to in the history of Cronus,
+were the sons of Poseidon and Amphitrite. They were a wild race of gigantic
+growth, similar in their nature to the earth-born Giants, and had only one
+eye each in the middle of their foreheads. They led a lawless life,
+possessing neither social manners nor fear of the gods, and were the
+workmen of Hephaestus, whose workshop was supposed to be in the heart of the
+volcanic mountain AEtna.
+
+Here we have another striking instance of the manner in which the Greeks
+personified the powers of nature, which they saw in active operation around
+them. They beheld with awe, mingled with astonishment, the fire, stones,
+and ashes which poured forth from the summit of this and other volcanic
+mountains, and, with their vivacity of imagination, found a solution of the
+mystery in the supposition, that the god of Fire must be busy at work with
+his men in the depths of the earth, and that the mighty flames which they
+beheld, issued in this manner from his subterranean forge.
+
+The chief representative of the Cyclops was the man-eating monster
+Polyphemus, described by Homer as having been blinded and outwitted at last
+by Odysseus. This monster fell in love with a beautiful nymph called
+Galatea; but, as may be supposed, his addresses were not acceptable to the
+fair maiden, who rejected them in favour of a youth named Acis, upon which
+Polyphemus, with his usual barbarity, destroyed the life of his rival by
+throwing upon him a gigantic rock. The blood of the murdered Acis, gushing
+out of the rock, formed a stream which still bears his name.
+
+Triton, Rhoda,[39] and Benthesicyme were also children of Poseidon and
+Amphitrite.
+
+The sea-god was the father of two giant sons called Otus and Ephialtes.[40]
+When only nine years old they {106} were said to be twenty-seven cubits[41]
+in height and nine in breadth. These youthful giants were as rebellious as
+they were powerful, even presuming to threaten the gods themselves with
+hostilities. During the war of the Gigantomachia, they endeavoured to scale
+heaven by piling mighty mountains one upon another. Already had they
+succeeded in placing Mount Ossa on Olympus and Pelion on Ossa, when this
+impious project was frustrated by Apollo, who destroyed them with his
+arrows. It was supposed that had not their lives been thus cut off before
+reaching maturity, their sacrilegious designs would have been carried into
+effect.
+
+Pelias and Neleus were also sons of Poseidon. Their mother Tyro was
+attached to the river-god Enipeus, whose form Poseidon assumed, and thus
+won her love. Pelias became afterwards famous in the story of the
+Argonauts, and Neleus was the father of Nestor, who was distinguished in
+the Trojan War.
+
+The Greeks believed that it was to Poseidon they were indebted for the
+existence of the horse, which he is said to have produced in the following
+manner: Athene and Poseidon both claiming the right to name Cecropia (the
+ancient name of Athens), a violent dispute arose, which was finally settled
+by an assembly of the Olympian gods, who decided that whichever of the
+contending parties presented mankind with the most useful gift, should
+obtain the privilege of naming the city. Upon this Poseidon struck the
+ground with his trident, and the horse sprang forth in all his untamed
+strength and graceful beauty. From the spot which Athene touched with her
+wand, issued the olive-tree, whereupon the gods unanimously awarded to her
+the victory, declaring her gift to be the emblem of peace and plenty,
+whilst that of Poseidon was thought to be the symbol of war and {107}
+bloodshed. Athene accordingly called the city Athens, after herself, and it
+has ever since retained this name.
+
+Poseidon tamed the horse for the use of mankind, and was believed to have
+taught men the art of managing horses by the bridle. The Isthmian games (so
+named because they were held on the Isthmus of Corinth), in which horse and
+chariot races were a distinguishing feature, were instituted in honour of
+Poseidon.
+
+He was more especially worshipped in the Peloponnesus, though universally
+revered throughout Greece and in the south of Italy. His sacrifices were
+generally black and white bulls, also wild boars and rams. His usual
+attributes are the trident, horse, and dolphin.
+
+In some parts of Greece this divinity was identified with the sea-god
+Nereus, for which reason the Nereides, or daughters of Nereus, are
+represented as accompanying him.
+
+NEPTUNE.
+
+The Romans worshipped Poseidon under the name of Neptune, and invested him
+with all the attributes which belong to the Greek divinity.
+
+The Roman commanders never undertook any naval expedition without
+propitiating Neptune by a sacrifice.
+
+His temple at Rome was in the Campus Martius, and the festivals
+commemorated in his honour were called Neptunalia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SEA DIVINITIES.
+
+OCEANUS.
+
+Oceanus was the son of Uranus and Gaea. He was the personification of the
+ever-flowing stream, which, according to the primitive notions of the early
+Greeks, encircled the world, and from which sprang all the rivers and
+streams that watered the earth. He was married to Tethys, one of the
+Titans, and was the father of a {108} numerous progeny called the
+Oceanides, who are said to have been three thousand in number. He alone, of
+all the Titans, refrained from taking part against Zeus in the
+Titanomachia, and was, on that account, the only one of the primeval
+divinities permitted to retain his dominion under the new dynasty.
+
+NEREUS.
+
+Nereus appears to have been the personification of the sea in its calm and
+placid moods, and was, after Poseidon, the most important of the
+sea-deities. He is represented as a kind and benevolent old man, possessing
+the gift of prophecy, and presiding more particularly over the AEgean Sea,
+of which he was considered to be the protecting spirit. There he dwelt with
+his wife Doris and their fifty blooming daughters, the Nereides, beneath
+the waves in a beautiful grotto-palace, and was ever ready to assist
+distressed mariners in the hour of danger.
+
+PROTEUS.
+
+Proteus, more familiarly known as "The Old Man of the Sea," was a son of
+Poseidon, and gifted with prophetic power. But he had an invincible
+objection to being consulted in his capacity as seer, and those who wished
+him to foretell events, watched for the hour of noon, when he was in the
+habit of coming up to the island of Pharos,[42] with Poseidon's flock of
+seals, which he tended at the bottom of the sea. Surrounded by these
+creatures of the deep, he used to slumber beneath the grateful shade of the
+rocks. This was the favourable moment to seize the prophet, who, in order
+to avoid importunities, would change himself into an infinite variety of
+forms. But patience gained the day; for if he were only held long enough,
+he became wearied at last, and, resuming his true form, gave the
+information desired, after which he dived down again to the bottom of the
+sea, accompanied by the animals he tended.
+
+{109}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TRITON and the TRITONS.
+
+Triton was the only son of Poseidon and Amphitrite, but he possessed little
+influence, being altogether a minor divinity. He is usually represented as
+preceding his father and acting as his trumpeter, using a conch-shell for
+this purpose. He lived with his parents in their beautiful golden palace
+beneath the sea at AEgea, and his favourite pastime was to ride over the
+billows on horses or sea-monsters. Triton is always represented as half
+man, half fish, the body below the waist terminating in the tail of a
+dolphin. We frequently find mention of Tritons who are either the offspring
+or kindred of Triton.
+
+GLAUCUS.
+
+Glaucus is said to have become a sea-divinity in the following manner.
+While angling one day, he observed that the fish he caught and threw on the
+bank, at once nibbled at the grass and then leaped back into the water. His
+curiosity was naturally excited, and he proceeded to gratify it by taking
+up a few blades and tasting them. No sooner was this done than, obeying an
+irresistible impulse, he precipitated himself into the deep, and became a
+sea-god.
+
+Like most sea-divinities he was gifted with prophetic power, and each year
+visited all the islands and coasts with a train of marine monsters,
+foretelling all kinds of evil. Hence fishermen dreaded his approach, and
+endeavoured, by prayer and fasting, to avert the misfortunes which he
+prophesied. He is often represented floating on the billows, his body
+covered with mussels, sea-weed, and shells, wearing a full beard and long
+flowing hair, and bitterly bewailing his immortality.
+
+{110}
+
+THETIS.
+
+The silver-footed, fair-haired Thetis, who plays an important part in the
+mythology of Greece, was the daughter of Nereus, or, as some assert, of
+Poseidon. Her grace and beauty were so remarkable that Zeus and Poseidon
+both sought an alliance with her; but, as it had been foretold that a son
+of hers would gain supremacy over his father, they relinquished their
+intentions, and she became the wife of Peleus, son of AEacus. Like Proteus,
+Thetis possessed the power of transforming herself into a variety of
+different shapes, and when wooed by Peleus she exerted this power in order
+to elude him. But, knowing that persistence would eventually succeed, he
+held her fast until she assumed her true form. Their nuptials were
+celebrated with the utmost pomp and magnificence, and were honoured by the
+presence of all the gods and goddesses, with the exception of Eris. How the
+goddess of discord resented her exclusion from the marriage festivities has
+already been shown.
+
+Thetis ever retained great influence over the mighty lord of heaven, which,
+as we shall see hereafter, she used in favour of her renowned son,
+Achilles, in the Trojan War.
+
+When Halcyone plunged into the sea in despair after the shipwreck and death
+of her husband King Ceyx, Thetis transformed both husband and wife into the
+birds called kingfishers (halcyones), which, with the tender affection
+which characterized the unfortunate couple, always fly in pairs. The idea
+of the ancients was that these birds brought forth their young in nests,
+which float on the surface of the sea in calm weather, before and after the
+shortest day, when Thetis was said to keep the waters smooth and tranquil
+for their especial benefit; hence the term "halcyon-days," which signifies
+a period of rest and untroubled felicity.
+
+{111}
+
+THAUMAS, PHORCYS, and CETO.
+
+The early Greeks, with their extraordinary power of personifying all and
+every attribute of Nature, gave a distinct personality to those mighty
+wonders of the deep, which, in all ages, have afforded matter of
+speculation to educated and uneducated alike. Among these personifications
+we find Thaumas, Phorcys, and their sister Ceto, who were the offspring of
+Pontus.
+
+Thaumas (whose name signifies Wonder) typifies that peculiar, translucent
+condition of the surface of the sea when it reflects, mirror-like, various
+images, and appears to hold in its transparent embrace the flaming stars
+and illuminated cities, which are so frequently reflected on its glassy
+bosom.
+
+Thaumas married the lovely Electra (whose name signifies the sparkling
+light produced by electricity), daughter of Oceanus. Her amber-coloured
+hair was of such rare beauty that none of her fair-haired sisters could
+compare with her, and when she wept, her tears, being too precious to be
+lost, formed drops of shining amber.
+
+Phorcys and Ceto personified more especially the hidden perils and terrors
+of the ocean. They were the parents of the Gorgons, the Graea, and the
+Dragon which guarded the golden apples of the Hesperides.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+LEUCOTHEA.
+
+Leucothea was originally a mortal named Ino, daughter of Cadmus, king of
+Thebes. She married Athamas, king of Orchomenus, who, incensed at her
+unnatural conduct to her step-children,[43] pursued her and her son to the
+sea-shore, when, seeing no hope of escape, she flung herself with her child
+into the deep. They were kindly received by the Nereides, and became
+sea-divinities under the name of Leucothea and Palaemon.
+
+{112}
+
+THE SIRENS.
+
+The Sirens would appear to have been personifications of those numerous
+rocks and unseen dangers, which abound on the S.W. coast of Italy. They
+were sea-nymphs, with the upper part of the body that of a maiden and the
+lower that of a sea-bird, having wings attached to their shoulders, and
+were endowed with such wonderful voices, that their sweet songs are said to
+have lured mariners to destruction.
+
+ARES (MARS).
+
+Ares, the son of Zeus and Hera, was the god of war, who gloried in strife
+for its own sake; he loved the tumult and havoc of the battlefield, and
+delighted in slaughter and extermination; in fact he presents no benevolent
+aspect which could possibly react favourably upon human life.
+
+Epic poets, in particular, represent the god of battles as a wild
+ungovernable warrior, who passes through the armies like a whirlwind,
+hurling to the ground the brave and cowardly alike; destroying chariots and
+helmets, and triumphing over the terrible desolation which he produces.
+
+In all the myths concerning Ares, his sister Athene ever appears in
+opposition to him, endeavouring by every means in her power to defeat his
+bloodthirsty designs. Thus she assists the divine hero Diomedes at the
+siege of Troy, to overcome Ares in battle, and so well does he profit by
+her timely aid, that he succeeds in wounding the sanguinary war-god, who
+makes his exit from the field, roaring like ten thousand bulls.
+
+{113}
+
+Ares appears to have been an object of aversion to all the gods of Olympus,
+Aphrodite alone excepted. As the son of Hera, he had inherited from his
+mother the strongest feelings of independence and contradiction, and as he
+took delight in upsetting that peaceful course of state-life which it was
+pre-eminently the care of Zeus to establish, he was naturally disliked and
+even hated by him.
+
+When wounded by Diomedes, as above related, he complains to his father, but
+receives no sympathy from the otherwise kindly and beneficent ruler of
+Olympus, who thus angrily addresses him: "Do not trouble me with thy
+complaints, thou who art of all the gods of Olympus most hateful to me, for
+thou delightest in nought save war and strife. The very spirit of thy
+mother lives in thee, and wert thou not my son, long ago wouldst thou have
+lain deeper down in the bowels of the earth than the son of Uranus."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Ares, upon one occasion, incurred the anger of Poseidon by slaying his son
+Halirrhothios, who had insulted Alcippe, the daughter of the war-god. For
+this deed, Poseidon summoned Ares to appear before the tribunal of the
+Olympic gods, which was held upon a hill in Athens. Ares was acquitted, and
+this event is supposed to have given rise to the name Areopagus (or Hill of
+Ares), which afterwards became so famous as a court of justice. In the
+Gigantomachia, Ares was defeated by the Aloidae, the two giant-sons of
+Poseidon, who put him in chains, and kept him in prison for thirteen
+months.
+
+Ares is represented as a man of youthful appearance; his tall muscular form
+combines great strength with wonderful agility. In his right hand he bears
+a sword or a mighty lance, while on the left arm he carries his round
+shield (see next page). His demoniacal surroundings are Terror and
+Fear;[44] Enyo, the goddess of the war-cry; Keidomos, the demon of the
+noise of battles; and Eris (Contention), his twin-sister and companion, who
+always {114} precedes his chariot when he rushes to the fight, the latter
+being evidently a simile of the poets to express the fact that war follows
+contention.
+
+Eris is represented as a woman of florid complexion, with dishevelled hair,
+and her whole appearance angry and menacing. In one hand she brandishes a
+poniard and a hissing adder, whilst in the other she carries a burning
+torch. Her dress is torn and disorderly, and her hair intertwined with
+venomous snakes. This divinity was never invoked by mortals, except when
+they desired her assistance for the accomplishment of evil purposes.
+
+MARS.
+
+The Roman divinity most closely resembling the Greek Ares, and identified
+with him, was called Mars, Mamers, and Marspiter or Father Mars.
+
+The earliest Italian tribes, who were mostly engaged in the pursuit of
+husbandry, regarded this deity more especially as the god of spring, who
+vanquished the powers of winter, and encouraged the peaceful arts of
+agriculture. But with the Romans, who were an essentially warlike nation,
+Mars gradually loses his peaceful character, and, as god of war, attains,
+after Jupiter, the highest position among the Olympic gods. The Romans
+looked upon him as their special protector, and declared him to have been
+the father of Romulus and Remus, the founders of their city. But although
+he was especially {115} worshipped in Rome as god of war, he still
+continued to preside over agriculture, and was also the protecting deity
+who watched over the welfare of the state.
+
+As the god who strode with warlike step to the battlefield, he was called
+Gradivus (from _gradus_, a step), it being popularly believed by the Romans
+that he himself marched before them to battle, and acted as their invisible
+protector. As the presiding deity over agriculture, he was styled Sylvanus,
+whilst in his character as guardian of the state, he bore the name of
+Quirinus.[45]
+
+The priests of Mars were twelve in number, and were called Salii, or the
+dancers, from the fact that sacred dances, in full armour, formed an
+important item in their peculiar ceremonial. This religious order, the
+members of which were always chosen from the noblest families in Rome, was
+first instituted by Numa Pompilius, who intrusted to their special charge
+the Anciliae, or sacred shields. It is said that one morning, when Numa was
+imploring the protection of Jupiter for the newly-founded city of Rome, the
+god of heaven, as though in answer to his prayer, sent down an oblong
+brazen shield, and, as it fell at the feet of the king, a voice was heard
+announcing that on its preservation depended the future safety and
+prosperity of Rome. In order, therefore, to lessen the chances of this
+sacred treasure being abstracted, Numa caused eleven more to be made
+exactly like it, which were then given into the care of the Salii.
+
+The assistance and protection of the god of war was always solemnly invoked
+before the departure of a Roman army for the field of battle, and any
+reverses of fortune were invariably ascribed to his anger, which was
+accordingly propitiated by means of extraordinary sin-offerings and
+prayers.
+
+In Rome a field, called the Campus Martius, was dedicated to Mars. It was a
+large, open space, in which armies were collected and reviewed, general
+assemblies of {116} the people held, and the young nobility trained to
+martial exercises.
+
+The most celebrated and magnificent of the numerous temples built by the
+Romans in honour of this deity was the one erected by Augustus in the
+Forum, to commemorate the overthrow of the murderers of Caesar.
+
+Of all existing statues of Mars the most renowned is that in the Villa
+Ludovisi at Rome, in which he is represented as a powerful, muscular man in
+the full vigour of youth. The attitude is that of thoughtful repose, but
+the short, curly hair, dilated nostrils, and strongly marked features leave
+no doubt as to the force and turbulence of his character. At his feet, the
+sculptor has placed the little god of love, who looks up all undaunted at
+the mighty war-god, as though mischievously conscious that this unusually
+quiet mood is attributable to his influence.
+
+Religious festivals in honour of Mars were generally held in the month of
+March; but he had also a festival on the Ides of October, when
+chariot-races took place, after which, the right-hand horse of the team
+which had drawn the victorious chariot, was sacrificed to him. In ancient
+times, human sacrifices, more especially prisoners of war, were offered to
+him; but, at a later period, this cruel practice was discontinued.
+
+The attributes of this divinity are the helmet, shield, and spear. The
+animals consecrated to him were the wolf, horse, vulture, and woodpecker.
+
+Intimately associated with Mars in his character as god of war, was a
+goddess called BELLONA, who was evidently the female divinity of battle
+with one or other of the primitive nations of Italy (most probably the
+Sabines), and is usually seen accompanying Mars, whose war-chariot she
+guides. Bellona appears on the battle-field, inspired with mad rage,
+cruelty, and the love of extermination. She is in full armour, her hair is
+dishevelled, and she bears a scourge in one hand, and a lance in the other.
+
+A temple was erected to her on the Campus Martius. Before the entrance to
+this edifice stood a pillar, over which a spear was thrown when war was
+publicly declared. {117}
+
+NIKE (VICTORIA).
+
+Nike, the goddess of victory, was the daughter of the Titan Pallas, and of
+Styx, the presiding nymph of the river of that name in the lower world.
+
+In her statues, Nike somewhat resembles Athene, but may easily be
+recognized by her large, graceful wings and flowing drapery, which is
+negligently fastened on the right shoulder, and only partially conceals her
+lovely form. In her left hand, she holds aloft a crown of laurel, and in
+the right, a palm-branch. In ancient sculpture, Nike is usually represented
+in connection with colossal statues of Zeus or Pallas-Athene, in which case
+she is life-sized, and stands on a ball, held in the open palm of the deity
+she accompanies. Sometimes she is represented engaged in inscribing the
+victory of a conqueror on his shield, her right foot being slightly raised
+and placed on a ball.
+
+A celebrated temple was erected to this divinity on the Acropolis at
+Athens, which is still to be seen, and is in excellent preservation.
+
+VICTORIA.
+
+Under the name of Victoria, Nike was highly honoured by the Romans, with
+whom love of conquest was an all-absorbing characteristic. There were
+several sanctuaries in Rome dedicated to her, the principal of which was on
+the Capitol, where it was the custom of generals, after success had
+attended their arms, to erect statues of the goddess in commemoration of
+their victories. The most magnificent of these statues, was that raised by
+Augustus after the battle of Actium. A festival was celebrated in honour of
+Nike on the 12th of April.
+
+HERMES (MERCURY).
+
+Hermes was the swift-footed messenger, and trusted ambassador of all the
+gods, and conductor of shades to Hades. He presided over the rearing and
+education of {118} the young, and encouraged gymnastic exercises and
+athletic pursuits, for which reason, all gymnasiums and wrestling schools
+throughout Greece were adorned with his statues. He is said to have
+invented the alphabet, and to have taught the art of interpreting foreign
+languages, and his versatility, sagacity, and cunning were so
+extraordinary, that Zeus invariably chose him as his attendant, when,
+disguised as a mortal, he journeyed on earth.
+
+Hermes was worshipped as god of eloquence, most probably from the fact
+that, in his office as ambassador, this faculty was indispensable to the
+successful issue of the negotiations with which he was intrusted. He was
+regarded as the god who granted increase and prosperity to flocks and
+herds, and, on this account, was worshipped with special veneration by
+herdsmen.
+
+In ancient times, trade was conducted chiefly by means of the exchange of
+cattle. Hermes, therefore, as god of herdsmen, came to be regarded as the
+protector of merchants, and, as ready wit and adroitness are valuable
+qualities both in buying and selling, he was also looked upon as the patron
+of artifice and cunning. Indeed, so deeply was this notion rooted in the
+minds of the Greek people, that he was popularly believed to be also god of
+thieves, and of all persons who live by their wits.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+As the patron of commerce, Hermes was naturally supposed to be the promoter
+of intercourse among nations; hence, he is essentially the god of
+travellers, over whose safety he presided, and he severely punished those
+who refused assistance to the lost or weary wayfarer. He was also guardian
+of streets and roads, and his statues, called Hermae (which were pillars of
+stone surmounted by a head of Hermes), were placed at cross-roads, and
+frequently in streets and public squares.
+
+Being the god of all undertakings in which gain was a feature, he was
+worshipped as the giver of wealth and {119} good luck, and any unexpected
+stroke of fortune was attributed to his influence. He also presided over
+the game of dice, in which he is said to have been instructed by Apollo.
+
+Hermes was the son of Zeus and Maia, the eldest and most beautiful of the
+seven Pleiades (daughters of Atlas), and was born in a cave of Mount
+Cyllene in Arcadia. As a mere babe, he exhibited an extraordinary faculty
+for cunning and dissimulation; in fact, he was a thief from his cradle,
+for, not many hours after his birth, we find him creeping stealthily out of
+the cave in which he was born, in order to steal some oxen belonging to his
+brother Apollo, who was at this time feeding the flocks of Admetus. But he
+had not proceeded very far on his expedition before he found a tortoise,
+which he killed, and, stretching seven strings across the empty shell,
+invented a lyre, upon which he at once began to play with exquisite skill.
+When he had sufficiently amused himself with the instrument, he placed it
+in his cradle, and then resumed his journey to Pieria, where the cattle of
+Admetus were grazing. Arriving at sunset at his destination, he succeeded
+in separating fifty oxen from his brother's herd, which he now drove before
+him, taking the precaution to cover his feet with sandals made of twigs of
+myrtle, in order to escape detection. But the little rogue was not
+unobserved, for the theft had been witnessed by an old shepherd named
+Battus, who was tending the flocks of Neleus, king of Pylos (father of
+Nestor). Hermes, frightened at being discovered, bribed him with the finest
+cow in the herd not to betray him, and Battus promised to keep the secret.
+But Hermes, astute as he was dishonest, determined to test the shepherd's
+integrity. Feigning to go away, he assumed the form of Admetus, and then
+returning to the spot offered the old man two of his best oxen if he would
+disclose the author of the theft. The ruse succeeded, for the avaricious
+shepherd, unable to resist the tempting bait, gave the desired information,
+upon which Hermes, exerting his divine power, changed him into a lump of
+touchstone, as a {120} punishment for his treachery and avarice. Hermes now
+killed two of the oxen, which he sacrificed to himself and the other gods,
+concealing the remainder in the cave. He then carefully extinguished the
+fire, and, after throwing his twig shoes into the river Alpheus, returned
+to Cyllene.
+
+Apollo, by means of his all-seeing power, soon discovered who it was that
+had robbed him, and hastening to Cyllene, demanded restitution of his
+property. On his complaining to Maia of her son's conduct, she pointed to
+the innocent babe then lying, apparently fast asleep, in his cradle,
+whereupon, Apollo angrily aroused the pretended sleeper, and charged him
+with the theft; but the child stoutly denied all knowledge of it, and so
+cleverly did he play his part, that he even inquired in the most naive
+manner what sort of animals cows were. Apollo threatened to throw him into
+Tartarus if he would not confess the truth, but all to no purpose. At last,
+he seized the babe in his arms, and brought him into the presence of his
+august father, who was seated in the council chamber of the gods. Zeus
+listened to the charge made by Apollo, and then sternly desired Hermes to
+say where he had hidden the cattle. The child, who was still in
+swaddling-clothes, looked up bravely into his father's face and said, "Now,
+do I look capable of driving away a herd of cattle; I, who was only born
+yesterday, and whose feet are much too soft and tender to tread in rough
+places? Until this moment, I lay in sweet sleep on my mother's bosom, and
+have never even crossed the threshold of our dwelling. You know well that I
+am not guilty; but, if you wish, I will affirm it by the most solemn
+oaths." As the child stood before him, looking the picture of innocence,
+Zeus could not refrain from smiling at his cleverness and cunning, but,
+being perfectly aware of his guilt, he commanded him to conduct Apollo to
+the cave where he had concealed the herd, and Hermes, seeing that further
+subterfuge was useless, unhesitatingly obeyed. But when the divine shepherd
+was about to drive his cattle back into Pieria, Hermes, as though by
+chance, touched the chords of his {121} lyre. Hitherto Apollo had heard
+nothing but the music of his own three-stringed lyre and the syrinx, or
+Pan's pipe, and, as he listened entranced to the delightful strains of this
+new instrument, his longing to possess it became so great, that he gladly
+offered the oxen in exchange, promising at the same time, to give Hermes
+full dominion over flocks and herds, as well as over horses, and all the
+wild animals of the woods and forests. The offer was accepted, and, a
+reconciliation being thus effected between the brothers, Hermes became
+henceforth god of herdsmen, whilst Apollo devoted himself enthusiastically
+to the art of music.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+They now proceeded together to Olympus, where Apollo introduced Hermes as
+his chosen friend and companion, and, having made him swear by the Styx,
+that he would never steal his lyre or bow, nor invade his sanctuary at
+Delphi, he presented him with the Caduceus, or golden wand. This wand was
+surmounted by wings, and on presenting it to Hermes, Apollo informed him
+that it possessed the faculty of uniting in love, all beings divided by
+hate. Wishing to prove the truth of this assertion, Hermes threw it down
+between two snakes which were fighting, whereupon the angry combatants
+clasped each other in a loving embrace, and curling round the staff,
+remained ever after permanently attached to it. The wand itself typified
+power; the serpents, wisdom; and the wings, despatch--all qualities
+characteristic of a trustworthy ambassador.
+
+The young god was now presented by his father with a winged silver cap
+(Petasus), and also with silver wings for his feet (Talaria), and was
+forthwith appointed herald of the gods, and conductor of shades to Hades,
+which office had hitherto been filled by Aides.
+
+As messenger of the gods, we find him employed on all occasions requiring
+special skill, tact, or despatch. Thus he conducts Hera, Athene, and
+Aphrodite to Paris, leads Priam to Achilles to demand the body of Hector,
+{122} binds Prometheus to Mount Caucasus, secures Ixion to the eternally
+revolving wheel, destroys Argus, the hundred-eyed guardian of Io, &c. &c.
+
+As conductor of shades, Hermes was always invoked by the dying to grant
+them a safe and speedy passage across the Styx. He also possessed the power
+of bringing back departed spirits to the upper world, and was, therefore,
+the mediator between the living and the dead.
+
+The poets relate many amusing stories of the youthful tricks played by this
+mischief-loving god upon the other immortals. For instance, he had the
+audacity to extract the Medusa's head from the shield of Athene, which he
+playfully attached to the back of Hephaestus; he also stole the girdle of
+Aphrodite; deprived Artemis of her arrows, and Ares of his spear, but these
+acts were always performed with such graceful dexterity, combined with such
+perfect good humour, that even the gods and goddesses he thus provoked,
+were fain to pardon him, and he became a universal favourite with them all.
+
+It is said that Hermes was one day flying over Athens, when, looking down
+into the city, he beheld a number of maidens returning in solemn procession
+from the temple of Pallas-Athene. Foremost among them was Herse, the
+beautiful daughter of king Cecrops, and Hermes was so struck with her
+exceeding loveliness that he determined to seek an interview with her. He
+accordingly presented himself at the royal palace, and begged her sister
+Agraulos to favour his suit; but, being of an avaricious turn of mind, she
+refused to do so without the payment of an enormous sum of money. It did
+not take the messenger of the gods long to obtain the means of fulfilling
+this condition, and he soon returned with a well-filled purse. But
+meanwhile Athene, to punish the cupidity of Agraulos, had caused the demon
+of envy to take possession of her, and the consequence was, that, being
+unable to contemplate the happiness of her sister, she sat down before the
+door, and resolutely refused to allow Hermes to enter. He tried every
+persuasion and blandishment in his power, but she still remained obstinate.
+At last, his patience {123} being exhausted, he changed her into a mass of
+black stone, and, the obstacle to his wishes being removed, he succeeded in
+persuading Herse to become his wife.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In his statues, Hermes is represented as a beardless youth, with broad
+chest and graceful but muscular limbs; the face is handsome and
+intelligent, and a genial smile of kindly benevolence plays round the
+delicately chiselled lips.
+
+As messenger of the gods he wears the Petasus and Talaria, and bears in his
+hand the Caduceus or herald's staff.
+
+As god of eloquence, he is often represented with chains of gold hanging
+from his lips, whilst, as the patron of merchants, he bears a purse in his
+hand.
+
+The wonderful excavations in Olympia, to which allusion has already been
+made, have brought to light an exquisite marble group of Hermes and the
+infant Bacchus, by Praxiteles. In this great work of art, Hermes is
+represented as a young and handsome man, who is looking down kindly and
+affectionately at the child resting on his arm, but unfortunately nothing
+remains of the infant save the right hand, which is laid lovingly on the
+shoulder of his protector.
+
+The sacrifices to Hermes consisted of incense, honey, cakes, pigs, and
+especially lambs and young goats. As god of eloquence, the tongues of
+animals were sacrificed to him.
+
+MERCURY.
+
+Mercury was the Roman god of commerce and gain. We find mention of a temple
+having been erected to him {124} near the Circus Maximus as early as B.C.
+495; and he had also a temple and a sacred fount near the Porta Capena.
+Magic powers were ascribed to the latter, and on the festival of Mercury,
+which took place on the 25th of May, it was the custom for merchants to
+sprinkle themselves and their merchandise with this holy water, in order to
+insure large profits from their wares.
+
+The Fetiales (Roman priests whose duty it was to act as guardians of the
+public faith) refused to recognize the identity of Mercury with Hermes, and
+ordered him to be represented with a sacred branch as the emblem of peace,
+instead of the Caduceus. In later times, however, he was completely
+identified with the Greek Hermes.
+
+DIONYSUS (BACCHUS).
+
+Dionysus, also called Bacchus (from _bacca_, berry), was the god of wine,
+and the personification of the blessings of Nature in general.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The worship of this divinity, which is supposed to have been introduced
+into Greece from Asia (in all probability from India), first took root in
+Thrace, whence it gradually spread into other parts of Greece.
+
+Dionysus was the son of Zeus and Semele, and was snatched by Zeus from the
+devouring flames in which his mother perished, when he appeared to her in
+all the splendour of his divine glory. The motherless child was intrusted
+to the charge of Hermes, who conveyed him to Semele's sister, Ino. But
+Hera, still implacable in her vengeance, visited Athamas, the husband of
+Ino, with madness, {125} and the child's life being no longer safe, he was
+transferred to the fostering care of the nymphs of Mount Nysa. An aged
+satyr named Silenus, the son of Pan, took upon himself the office of
+guardian and preceptor to the young god, who, in his turn, became much
+attached to his kind tutor; hence we see Silenus always figuring as one of
+the chief personages in the various expeditions of the wine-god.
+
+Dionysus passed an innocent and uneventful childhood, roaming through the
+woods and forests, surrounded by nymphs, satyrs, and shepherds. During one
+of these rambles, he found a fruit growing wild, of a most refreshing and
+cooling nature. This was the vine, from which he subsequently learnt to
+extract a juice which formed a most exhilarating beverage. After his
+companions had partaken freely of it, they felt their whole being pervaded
+by an unwonted sense of pleasurable excitement, and gave full vent to their
+overflowing exuberance, by shouting, singing, and dancing. Their numbers
+were soon swelled by a crowd, eager to taste a beverage productive of such
+extraordinary results, and anxious to join in the worship of a divinity to
+whom they were indebted for this new enjoyment. Dionysus, on his part,
+seeing how agreeably his discovery had affected his immediate followers,
+resolved to extend the boon to mankind in general. He saw that wine, used
+in moderation, would enable man to enjoy a happier, and more sociable
+existence, and that, under its invigorating influence, the sorrowful might,
+for a while, forget their grief and the sick their pain. He accordingly
+gathered round him his zealous followers, and they set forth on their
+travels, planting the vine and teaching its cultivation wherever they went.
+
+We now behold Dionysus at the head of a large army composed of men, women,
+fauns, and satyrs, all bearing in their hands the Thyrsus (a staff entwined
+with vine-branches surmounted by a fir-cone), and clashing together cymbals
+and other musical instruments. Seated in a chariot drawn by panthers, and
+accompanied by thousands of enthusiastic followers, Dionysus made a
+triumphal {126} progress through Syria, Egypt, Arabia, India, &c.,
+conquering all before him, founding cities, and establishing on every side
+a more civilized and sociable mode of life among the inhabitants of the
+various countries through which he passed.
+
+When Dionysus returned to Greece from his Eastern expedition, he
+encountered great opposition from Lycurgus, king of Thrace, and Pentheus,
+king of Thebes. The former, highly disapproving of the wild revels which
+attended the worship of the wine-god, drove away his attendants, the nymphs
+of Nysa, from that sacred mountain, and so effectually intimidated
+Dionysus, that he precipitated himself into the sea, where he was received
+into the arms of the ocean-nymph, Thetis. But the impious king bitterly
+expiated his sacrilegious conduct. He was punished with the loss of his
+reason, and, during one of his mad paroxysms, killed his own son Dryas,
+whom he mistook for a vine.
+
+Pentheus, king of Thebes, seeing his subjects so completely infatuated by
+the riotous worship of this new divinity, and fearing the demoralizing
+effects of the unseemly nocturnal orgies held in honour of the wine-god,
+strictly prohibited his people from taking any part in the wild
+Bacchanalian revels. Anxious to save him from the consequences of his
+impiety, Dionysus appeared to him under the form of a youth in the king's
+train, and earnestly warned him to desist from his denunciations. But the
+well-meant admonition failed in its purpose, for Pentheus only became more
+incensed at this interference, and, commanding Dionysus to be cast into
+prison, caused the most cruel preparations to be made for his immediate
+execution. But the god soon freed himself from his ignoble confinement, for
+scarcely had his jailers departed, ere the prison-doors opened of
+themselves, and, bursting asunder his iron chains, he escaped to rejoin his
+devoted followers.
+
+Meanwhile, the mother of the king and her sisters, inspired with
+Bacchanalian fury, had repaired to Mount Cithaeron, in order to join the
+worshippers of the {127} wine-god in those dreadful orgies which were
+solemnized exclusively by women, and at which no man was allowed to be
+present. Enraged at finding his commands thus openly disregarded by the
+members of his own family, Pentheus resolved to witness for himself the
+excesses of which he had heard such terrible reports, and for this purpose,
+concealed himself behind a tree on Mount Cithaeron; but his hiding-place
+being discovered, he was dragged out by the half-maddened crew of
+Bacchantes and, horrible to relate, he was torn in pieces by his own mother
+Agave and her two sisters.
+
+An incident which occurred to Dionysus on one of his travels has been a
+favourite subject with the classic poets. One day, as some Tyrrhenian
+pirates approached the shores of Greece, they beheld Dionysus, in the form
+of a beautiful youth, attired in radiant garments. Thinking to secure a
+rich prize, they seized him, bound him, and conveyed him on board their
+vessel, resolved to carry him with them to Asia and there sell him as a
+slave. But the fetters dropped from his limbs, and the pilot, who was the
+first to perceive the miracle, called upon his companions to restore the
+youth carefully to the spot whence they had taken him, assuring them that
+he was a god, and that adverse winds and storms would, in all probability,
+result from their impious conduct. But, refusing to part with their
+prisoner, they set sail for the open sea. Suddenly, to the alarm of all on
+board, the ship stood still, masts and sails were covered with clustering
+vines and wreaths of ivy-leaves, streams of fragrant wine inundated the
+vessel, and heavenly strains of music were heard around. The terrified
+crew, too late repentant, crowded round the pilot for protection, and
+entreated him to steer for the shore. But the hour of retribution had
+arrived. Dionysus assumed the form of a lion, whilst beside him appeared a
+bear, which, with a terrific roar, rushed upon the captain and tore him in
+pieces; the sailors, in an agony of terror, leaped overboard, and were
+changed into dolphins. The discreet and pious steersman was alone permitted
+to escape the fate of his companions, {128} and to him Dionysus, who had
+resumed his true form, addressed words of kind and affectionate
+encouragement, and announced his name and dignity. They now set sail, and
+Dionysus desired the pilot to land him at the island of Naxos, where he
+found the lovely Ariadne, daughter of Minos, king of Crete. She had been
+abandoned by Theseus on this lonely spot, and, when Dionysus now beheld
+her, was lying fast asleep on a rock, worn out with sorrow and weeping.
+Wrapt in admiration, the god stood gazing at the beautiful vision before
+him, and when she at length unclosed her eyes, he revealed himself to her,
+and, in gentle tones, sought to banish her grief. Grateful for his kind
+sympathy, coming as it did at a moment when she had deemed herself forsaken
+and friendless, she gradually regained her former serenity, and, yielding
+to his entreaties, consented to become his wife.
+
+Dionysus, having established his worship in various parts of the world,
+descended to the realm of shades in search of his ill-fated mother, whom he
+conducted to Olympus, where, under the name of Thyone, she was admitted
+into the assembly of the immortal gods.
+
+Among the most noted worshippers of Dionysus was Midas,[46] the wealthy
+king of Phrygia, the same who, as already related, gave judgment against
+Apollo. Upon one occasion Silenus, the preceptor and friend of Dionysus,
+being in an intoxicated condition, strayed into the rose-gardens of this
+monarch, where he was found by some of the king's attendants, who bound him
+with roses and conducted him to the presence of their royal master. Midas
+treated the aged satyr with the greatest consideration, and, after
+entertaining him hospitably for ten days, led him back to Dionysus, who was
+so grateful for the kind attention shown to his old friend, that he offered
+to grant Midas any favour he chose to demand; whereupon the avaricious
+monarch, not content with his boundless wealth, and still thirsting for
+more, desired that everything he touched might turn to gold. The request
+was {129} complied with in so literal a sense, that the now wretched Midas
+bitterly repented his folly and cupidity, for, when the pangs of hunger
+assailed him, and he essayed to appease his cravings, the food became gold
+ere he could swallow it; as he raised the cup of wine to his parched lips,
+the sparkling draught was changed into the metal he had so coveted, and
+when at length, wearied and faint, he stretched his aching frame on his
+hitherto luxurious couch, this also was transformed into the substance
+which had now become the curse of his existence. The despairing king at
+last implored the god to take back the fatal gift, and Dionysus, pitying
+his unhappy plight, desired him to bathe in the river Pactolus, a small
+stream in Lydia, in order to lose the power which had become the bane of
+his life. Midas joyfully obeying the injunction, was at once freed from the
+consequences of his avaricious demand, and from this time forth the sands
+of the river Pactolus have ever contained grains of gold.
+
+Representations of Dionysus are of two kinds. According to the earliest
+conceptions, he appears as a grave and dignified man in the prime of life;
+his countenance is earnest, thoughtful, and benevolent; he wears a full
+beard, and is draped from head to foot in the garb of an Eastern monarch.
+But the sculptors of a later period represent him as a youth of singular
+beauty, though of somewhat effeminate appearance; the expression of the
+countenance is gentle and winning; the limbs are supple and gracefully
+moulded; and the hair, which is adorned by a wreath of vine or ivy leaves,
+falls over the shoulders in long curls. In one hand he bears the Thyrsus,
+and in the other a drinking-cup with two handles, these being his
+distinguishing attributes. He is often represented riding on a panther, or
+seated in a chariot drawn by lions, tigers, panthers, or lynxes.
+
+Being the god of wine, which is calculated to promote sociability, he
+rarely appears alone, but is usually accompanied by Bacchantes, satyrs, and
+mountain-nymphs.
+
+The finest modern representation of Ariadne is that by Danneker, at
+Frankfort-on-the-Maine. In this statue she {130} appears riding on a
+panther; the beautiful upturned face inclines slightly over the left
+shoulder; the features are regular and finely cut, and a wreath of
+ivy-leaves encircles the well-shaped head. With her right hand she
+gracefully clasps the folds of drapery which fall away negligently from her
+rounded form, whilst the other rests lightly and caressingly on the head of
+the animal.
+
+Dionysus was regarded as the patron of the drama, and at the state festival
+of the Dionysia, which was celebrated with great pomp in the city of
+Athens, dramatic entertainments took place in his honour, for which all the
+renowned Greek dramatists of antiquity composed their immortal tragedies
+and comedies.
+
+He was also a prophetic divinity, and possessed oracles, the principal of
+which was that on Mount Rhodope in Thrace.
+
+The tiger, lynx, panther, dolphin, serpent, and ass were sacred to this
+god. His favourite plants were the vine, ivy, laurel, and asphodel. His
+sacrifices consisted of goats, probably on account of their being
+destructive to vineyards.
+
+BACCHUS OR LIBER.
+
+The Romans had a divinity called Liber who presided over vegetation, and
+was, on this account, identified with the Greek Dionysus, and worshipped
+under the name of Bacchus.
+
+The festival of Liber, called the Liberalia, was celebrated on the 17th of
+March.
+
+AIDES (PLUTO).
+
+Aides, Aidoneus, or Hades, was the son of Cronus and Rhea, and the youngest
+brother of Zeus and Poseidon. He was the ruler of that subterranean region
+called Erebus, which was inhabited by the shades or spirits of the dead,
+and also by those dethroned and exiled deities who had been vanquished by
+Zeus and his allies. Aides, the grim and gloomy monarch of this lower
+world, was the {131} successor of Erebus, that ancient primeval divinity
+after whom these realms were called.
+
+The early Greeks regarded Aides in the light of their greatest foe, and
+Homer tells us that he was "of all the gods the most detested," being in
+their eyes the grim robber who stole from them their nearest and dearest,
+and eventually deprived each of them of their share in terrestrial
+existence. His name was so feared that it was never mentioned by mortals,
+who, when they invoked him, struck the earth with their hands, and in
+sacrificing to him turned away their faces.
+
+The belief of the people with regard to a future state was, in the Homeric
+age, a sad and cheerless one. It was supposed that when a mortal ceased to
+exist, his spirit tenanted the shadowy outline of the human form it had
+quitted. These shadows, or shades as they were called, were driven by Aides
+into his dominions, where they passed their time, some in brooding over the
+vicissitudes of fortune which they had experienced on earth, others in
+regretting the lost pleasures they had enjoyed in life, but all in a
+condition of semi-consciousness, from which the intellect could only be
+roused to full activity by drinking of the blood of the sacrifices offered
+to their shades by living friends, which, for a time, endowed them with
+their former mental vigour. The only beings supposed to enjoy any happiness
+in a future state were the heroes, whose acts of daring and deeds of
+prowess had, during their life, reflected honour on the land of their
+birth; and even these, according to Homer, pined after their career of
+earthly activity. He tells us that when Odysseus visited the lower world at
+the command of Circe, and held communion with the shades of the heroes of
+the Trojan war, Achilles assured him that he would rather be the poorest
+day-labourer on earth than reign supreme over the realm of shades.
+
+The early Greek poets offer but scanty allusions to Erebus. Homer appears
+purposely to envelop these realms in vagueness and mystery, in order,
+probably, to heighten the sensation of awe inseparably connected with {132}
+the lower world. In the Odyssey he describes the entrance to Erebus as
+being beyond the furthermost edge of Oceanus, in the far west, where dwelt
+the Cimmerians, enveloped in eternal mists and darkness.
+
+In later times, however, in consequence of extended intercourse with
+foreign nations, new ideas became gradually introduced, and we find
+Egyptian theories with regard to a future state taking root in Greece,
+which become eventually the religious belief of the whole nation. It is now
+that the poets and philosophers, and more especially the teachers of the
+Eleusinian Mysteries, begin to inculcate the doctrine of the future reward
+and punishment of good and bad deeds. Aides, who had hitherto been regarded
+as the dread enemy of mankind, who delights in his grim office, and keeps
+the shades imprisoned in his dominions after withdrawing them from the joys
+of existence, now receives them with hospitality and friendship, and Hermes
+replaces him as conductor of shades to Hades. Under this new aspect Aides
+usurps the functions of a totally different divinity called Plutus (the god
+of riches), and is henceforth regarded as the giver of wealth to mankind,
+in the shape of those precious metals which lie concealed in the bowels of
+the earth.
+
+The later poets mention various entrances to Erebus, which were for the
+most part caves and fissures. There was one in the mountain of Taenarum,
+another in Thesprotia, and a third, the most celebrated of all, in Italy,
+near the pestiferous Lake Avernus, over which it is said no bird could fly,
+so noxious were its exhalations.
+
+In the dominions of Aides there were four great rivers, three of which had
+to be crossed by all the shades. These three were Acheron (sorrow), Cocytus
+(lamentation), and Styx (intense darkness), the sacred stream which flowed
+nine times round these realms.
+
+The shades were ferried over the Styx by the grim, unshaven old boatman
+Charon, who, however, only took those whose bodies had received funereal
+rites on earth, and who had brought with them his indispensable toll, which
+was a small coin or obolus, usually placed under the {133} tongue of a dead
+person for this purpose. If these conditions had not been fulfilled, the
+unhappy shades were left behind to wander up and down the banks for a
+hundred years as restless spirits.
+
+On the opposite bank of the Styx was the tribunal of Minos, the supreme
+judge, before whom all shades had to appear, and who, after hearing full
+confession of their actions whilst on earth, pronounced the sentence of
+happiness or misery to which their deeds had entitled them. This tribunal
+was guarded by the terrible triple-headed dog Cerberus, who, with his three
+necks bristling with snakes, lay at full length on the ground;--a
+formidable sentinel, who permitted all shades to enter, but none to return.
+
+The happy spirits, destined to enjoy the delights of Elysium, passed out on
+the right, and proceeded to the golden palace where Aides and Persephone
+held their royal court, from whom they received a kindly greeting, ere they
+set out for the Elysian Fields which lay beyond.[47] This blissful region
+was replete with all that could charm the senses or please the imagination;
+the air was balmy and fragrant, rippling brooks flowed peacefully through
+the smiling meadows, which glowed with the varied hues of a thousand
+flowers, whilst the groves resounded with the joyous songs of birds. The
+occupations and amusements of the happy shades were of the same nature as
+those which they had delighted in whilst on earth. Here the warrior found
+his horses, chariots, and arms, the musician his lyre, and the hunter his
+quiver and bow.
+
+In a secluded vale of Elysium there flowed a gentle, silent stream, called
+Lethe (oblivion), whose waters had the effect of dispelling care, and
+producing utter forgetfulness of former events. According to the
+Pythagorean doctrine of the transmigration of souls, it was supposed that
+after the shades had inhabited Elysium for a thousand years they were
+destined to animate other bodies on {134} earth, and before leaving Elysium
+they drank of the river Lethe, in order that they might enter upon their
+new career without any remembrance of the past.
+
+The guilty souls, after leaving the presence of Minos, were conducted to
+the great judgment-hall of Hades, whose massive walls of solid adamant were
+surrounded by the river Phlegethon, the waves of which rolled flames of
+fire, and lit up, with their lurid glare, these awful realms. In the
+interior sat the dread judge Rhadamanthus, who declared to each comer the
+precise torments which awaited him in Tartarus. The wretched sinners were
+then seized by the Furies, who scourged them with their whips, and dragged
+them along to the great gate, which closed the opening to Tartarus, into
+whose awful depths they were hurled, to suffer endless torture.
+
+Tartarus was a vast and gloomy expanse, as far below Hades as the earth is
+distant from the skies. There the Titans, fallen from their high estate,
+dragged out a dreary and monotonous existence; there also were Otus and
+Ephialtes, those giant sons of Poseidon, who, with impious hands, had
+attempted to scale Olympus and dethrone its mighty ruler. Principal among
+the sufferers in this abode of gloom were Tityus, Tantalus, Sisyphus,
+Ixion, and the Danaides.
+
+TITYUS, one of the earth-born giants, had insulted Hera on her way to
+Peitho, for which offence Zeus flung him into Tartarus, where he suffered
+dreadful torture, inflicted by two vultures, which perpetually gnawed his
+liver.
+
+TANTALUS was a wise and wealthy king of Lydia, with whom the gods
+themselves condescended to associate; he was even permitted to sit at table
+with Zeus, who delighted in his conversation, and listened with interest to
+the wisdom of his observations. Tantalus, however, elated at these
+distinguished marks of divine favour, presumed upon his position, and used
+unbecoming language to Zeus himself; he also stole nectar and ambrosia from
+the table of the gods, with which he regaled his friends; but his greatest
+crime consisted in killing his own son, {135} Pelops, and serving him up at
+one of the banquets to the gods, in order to test their omniscience. For
+these heinous offences he was condemned by Zeus to eternal punishment in
+Tartarus, where, tortured with an ever-burning thirst, he was plunged up to
+the chin in water, which, as he stooped to drink, always receded from his
+parched lips. Tall trees, with spreading branches laden with delicious
+fruits, hung temptingly over his head; but no sooner did he raise himself
+to grasp them, than a wind arose, and carried them beyond his reach.
+
+SISYPHUS was a great tyrant who, according to some accounts, barbarously
+murdered all travellers who came into his dominions, by hurling upon them
+enormous pieces of rock. In punishment for his crimes he was condemned to
+roll incessantly a huge block of stone up a steep hill, which, as soon as
+it reached the summit, always rolled back again to the plain below.
+
+IXION was a king of Thessaly to whom Zeus accorded the privilege of joining
+the festive banquets of the gods; but, taking advantage of his exalted
+position, he presumed to aspire to the favour of Hera, which so greatly
+incensed Zeus, that he struck him with his thunderbolts, and commanded
+Hermes to throw him into Tartarus, and bind him to an ever-revolving wheel.
+
+The DANAIDES were the fifty daughters of Danaus, king of Argos, who had
+married their fifty cousins, the sons of AEgyptus. By the command of their
+father, who had been warned by an oracle that his son-in-law would cause
+his death, they all killed their husbands in one night, Hypermnestra alone
+excepted. Their punishment in the lower world was to fill with water a
+vessel full of holes,--a never-ending and useless task.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Aides is usually represented as a man of mature years and stern majestic
+mien, bearing a striking resemblance to his brother Zeus; but the gloomy
+and inexorable expression of the face contrasts forcibly with that peculiar
+benignity which so characterizes the countenance of the mighty ruler of
+heaven. He is seated on a throne of ebony, with his queen, the grave and
+sad Persephone, {136} beside him, and wears a full beard, and long flowing
+black hair, which hangs straight down over his forehead; in his hand he
+either bears a two-pronged fork or the keys of the lower world, and at his
+feet sits Cerberus. He is sometimes seen in a chariot of gold, drawn by
+four black horses, and wearing on his head a helmet made for him by the
+Cyclops, which rendered the wearer invisible. This helmet he frequently
+lent to mortals and immortals.
+
+Aides, who was universally worshipped throughout Greece, had temples
+erected to his honour in Elis, Olympia, and also at Athens.
+
+His sacrifices, which took place at night, consisted of black sheep, and
+the blood, instead of being sprinkled on the altars or received in vessels,
+as at other sacrifices, was permitted to run down into a trench, dug for
+this purpose. The officiating priests wore black robes, and were crowned
+with cypress.
+
+The narcissus, maiden-hair, and cypress were sacred to this divinity.
+
+PLUTO.
+
+Before the introduction into Rome of the religion and literature of Greece,
+the Romans had no belief in a realm of future happiness or misery,
+corresponding to the Greek Hades; hence they had no god of the lower world
+identical with Aides. They supposed that there was, in the centre of the
+earth, a vast, gloomy, and impenetrably dark cavity called Orcus, which
+formed a place of eternal rest for the dead. But with the introduction of
+Greek mythology, the Roman Orcus became the Greek Hades, and {137} all the
+Greek notions with regard to a future state now obtained with the Romans,
+who worshipped Aides under the name of Pluto, his other appellations being
+Dis (from _dives_, rich) and Orcus from the dominions over which he ruled.
+In Rome there were no temples erected to this divinity.
+
+PLUTUS.
+
+Plutus, the son of Demeter and a mortal called Iasion, was the god of
+wealth, and is represented as being lame when he makes his appearance, and
+winged when he takes his departure. He was supposed to be both blind and
+foolish, because he bestows his gifts without discrimination, and
+frequently upon the most unworthy objects.
+
+Plutus was believed to have his abode in the bowels of the earth, which was
+probably the reason why, in later times, Aides became confounded with this
+divinity.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MINOR DIVINITIES.
+
+THE HARPIES.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The Harpies, who, like the Furies, were employed by the gods as instruments
+for the punishment of the guilty, were three female divinities, daughters
+of Thaumas and Electra, called Aello, Ocypete, and Celaeno.
+
+They were represented with the head of a fair-haired maiden and the body of
+a vulture, and were perpetually devoured by the pangs of insatiable hunger,
+which caused them to torment their victims by robbing them of their food;
+this they either devoured with great {138} gluttony, or defiled in such a
+manner as to render it unfit to be eaten.
+
+Their wonderfully rapid flight far surpassed that of birds, or even of the
+winds themselves. If any mortal suddenly and unaccountably disappeared, the
+Harpies were believed to have carried him off. Thus they were supposed to
+have borne away the daughters of King Pandareos to act as servants to the
+Erinyes.
+
+The Harpies would appear to be personifications of sudden tempests, which,
+with ruthless violence, sweep over whole districts, carrying off or
+injuring all before them.
+
+ERINYES, EUMENIDES (FURIAE, DIRAE).
+
+The Erinyes or Furies were female divinities who personified the torturing
+pangs of an evil conscience, and the remorse which inevitably follows
+wrong-doing.
+
+Their names were Alecto, Megaera, and Tisiphone, and their origin was
+variously accounted for. According to Hesiod, they sprang from the blood of
+Uranus, when wounded by Cronus, and were hence supposed to be the
+embodiment of all the terrible imprecations, which the defeated deity
+called down upon the head of his rebellious son. According to other
+accounts they were the daughters of Night.
+
+Their place of abode was the lower world, where they were employed by Aides
+and Persephone to chastise and torment those shades who, during their
+earthly career, had committed crimes, and had not been reconciled to the
+gods before descending to Hades.
+
+But their sphere of action was not confined to the realm of shades, for
+they appeared upon earth as the avenging deities who relentlessly pursued
+and punished murderers, perjurers, those who had failed in duty to their
+parents, in hospitality to strangers, or in the respect due to old age.
+Nothing escaped the piercing glance of these terrible divinities, from whom
+flight was unavailing, for no corner of the earth was so remote as {139} to
+be beyond their reach, nor did any mortal dare to offer to their victims an
+asylum from their persecutions.
+
+The Furies are frequently represented with wings; their bodies are black,
+blood drips from their eyes, and snakes twine in their hair. In their hands
+they bear either a dagger, scourge, torch, or serpent.
+
+When they pursued Orestes they constantly held up a mirror to his horrified
+gaze, in which he beheld the face of his murdered mother.
+
+These divinities were also called Eumenides, which signifies the
+"well-meaning" or "soothed goddesses;" This appellation was given to them
+because they were so feared and dreaded that people dared not call them by
+their proper title, and hoped by this means to propitiate their wrath.
+
+In later times the Furies came to be regarded as salutary agencies, who, by
+severely punishing sin, upheld the cause of morality and social order, and
+thus contributed to the welfare of mankind. They now lose their
+awe-inspiring aspect, and are represented, more especially in Athens, as
+earnest maidens, dressed, like Artemis, in short tunics suitable for the
+chase, but still retaining, in their hands, the wand of office in the form
+of a snake.
+
+Their sacrifices consisted of black sheep and a libation composed of a
+mixture of honey and water, called Nephalia. A celebrated temple was
+erected to the Eumenides at Athens, near the Areopagus.
+
+MOIRAE OR FATES (PARCAE).
+
+The ancients believed that the duration of human existence and the
+destinies of mortals were regulated by three sister-goddesses, called
+Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, who were the daughters of Zeus and Themis.
+
+The power which they wielded over the fate of man was significantly
+indicated under the figure of a thread, which they spun out for the life of
+each human being from his birth to the grave. This occupation they divided
+between them. Clotho wound the flax round the distaff, {140} ready for her
+sister Lachesis, who span out the thread of life, which Atropos, with her
+scissors, relentlessly snapt asunder, when the career of an individual was
+about to terminate.
+
+Homer speaks of one Moira only, the daughter of Night, who represents the
+moral force by which the universe is governed, and to whom both mortals and
+immortals were forced to submit, Zeus himself being powerless to avert her
+decrees; but in later times this conception of one inexorable,
+all-conquering fate became amplified by the poets into that above
+described, and the Moirae are henceforth the special presiding deities over
+the life and death of mortals.
+
+The Moirae are represented by the poets as stern, inexorable female
+divinities, aged, hideous, and also lame, which is evidently meant to
+indicate the slow and halting march of destiny, which they controlled.
+Painters and sculptors, on the other hand, depicted them as beautiful
+maidens of a grave but kindly aspect.
+
+There is a charming representation of Lachesis, which depicts her in all
+the grace of youth and beauty. She is sitting spinning, and at her feet lie
+two masks, one comic, the other tragic, as though to convey the idea, that,
+to a divinity of fate, the brightest and saddest scenes of earthly
+existence are alike indifferent, and that she quietly and steadily pursues
+her occupation, regardless of human weal or woe.
+
+When represented at the feet of Aides in the lower world they are clad in
+dark robes; but when they appear in Olympus they wear bright garments,
+bespangled with stars, and are seated on radiant thrones, with crowns on
+their heads.
+
+It was considered the function of the Moirae to indicate to the Furies the
+precise torture which the wicked should undergo for their crimes.
+
+They were regarded as prophetic divinities, and had sanctuaries in many
+parts of Greece.
+
+The Moirae are mentioned as assisting the Charites to conduct Persephone to
+the upper world at her periodical {141} reunion with her mother Demeter.
+They also appear in company with Eileithyia, goddess of birth.
+
+NEMESIS.
+
+Nemesis, the daughter of Nyx, represents that power which adjusts the
+balance of human affairs, by awarding to each individual the fate which his
+actions deserve. She rewards, humble, unacknowledged merit, punishes crime,
+deprives the worthless of undeserved good fortune, humiliates the proud and
+overbearing, and visits all evil on the wrong-doer; thus maintaining that
+proper balance of things, which the Greeks recognized as a necessary
+condition of all civilized life. But though Nemesis, in her original
+character, was the distributor of rewards as well as punishments, the world
+was so full of sin, that she found but little occupation in her first
+capacity, and hence became finally regarded as the avenging goddess only.
+
+We have seen a striking instance of the manner in which this divinity
+punishes the proud and arrogant in the history of Niobe. Apollo and Artemis
+were merely the instruments for avenging the insult offered to their
+mother; but it was Nemesis who prompted the deed, and presided over its
+execution.
+
+Homer makes no mention of Nemesis; it is therefore evident that she was a
+conception of later times, when higher views of morality had obtained among
+the Greek nation.
+
+Nemesis is represented as a beautiful woman of thoughtful and benign aspect
+and regal bearing; a diadem crowns her majestic brow, and she bears in her
+hand a rudder, balance, and cubit;--fitting emblems of the manner in which
+she guides, weighs, and measures all human events. She is also sometimes
+seen with a wheel, to symbolize the rapidity with which she executes
+justice. As the avenger of evil she appears winged, bearing in her hand
+either a scourge or a sword, and seated in a chariot drawn by griffins.
+{142}
+
+Nemesis is frequently called Adrastia, and also Rhamnusia, from Rhamnus in
+Attica, the chief seat of her worship, which contained a celebrated statue
+of the goddess.
+
+Nemesis was worshipped by the Romans, (who invoked her on the Capitol), as
+a divinity who possessed the power of averting the pernicious consequences
+of envy.
+
+NIGHT AND HER CHILDREN.
+DEATH, SLEEP, AND DREAMS.
+
+NYX (NOX).
+
+Nyx, the daughter of Chaos, being the personification of Night, was,
+according to the poetic ideas of the Greeks, considered to be the mother of
+everything mysterious and inexplicable, such as death, sleep, dreams, &c.
+She became united to Erebus, and their children were Aether and Hemera (Air
+and Daylight), evidently a simile of the poets, to indicate that darkness
+always precedes light.
+
+Nyx inhabited a palace in the dark regions of the lower world, and is
+represented as a beautiful woman, seated in a chariot, drawn by two black
+horses. She is clothed in dark robes, wears a long veil, and is accompanied
+by the stars, which follow in her train.
+
+THANATOS (MORS) AND HYPNUS (SOMNUS).
+
+Thanatos (Death) and his twin-brother Hypnus (Sleep) were the children of
+Nyx.
+
+Their dwelling was in the realm of shades, and when they appear among
+mortals, Thanatos is feared and hated as the enemy of mankind, whose hard
+heart knows no pity, whilst his brother Hypnus is universally loved and
+welcomed as their kindest and most beneficent friend.
+
+But though the ancients regarded Thanatos as a gloomy and mournful
+divinity, they did not represent him with any exterior repulsiveness. On
+the contrary, he appears as a beautiful youth, who holds in his hand an
+inverted {143} torch, emblematical of the light of life being extinguished,
+whilst his disengaged arm is thrown lovingly round the shoulder of his
+brother Hypnus.
+
+Hypnus is sometimes depicted standing erect with closed eyes; at others he
+is in a recumbent position beside his brother Thanatos, and usually bears a
+poppy-stalk in his hand.
+
+A most interesting description of the abode of Hypnus is given by Ovid in
+his Metamorphoses. He tells us how the god of Sleep dwelt in a
+mountain-cave near the realm of the Cimmerians, which the sun never pierced
+with his rays. No sound disturbed the stillness, no song of birds, not a
+branch moved, and no human voice broke the profound silence which reigned
+everywhere. From the lowermost rocks of the cave issued the river Lethe,
+and one might almost have supposed that its course was arrested, were it
+not for the low, monotonous hum of the water, which invited slumber. The
+entrance was partially hidden by numberless white and red poppies, which
+Mother Night had gathered and planted there, and from the juice of which
+she extracts drowsiness, which she scatters in liquid drops all over the
+earth, as soon as the sun-god has sunk to rest. In the centre of the cave
+stands a couch of blackest ebony, with a bed of down, over which is laid a
+coverlet of sable hue. Here the god himself reposes, surrounded by
+innumerable forms. These are idle dreams, more numerous than the sands of
+the sea. Chief among them is Morpheus, that changeful god, who may assume
+any shape or form he pleases. Nor can the god of Sleep resist his own
+power; for though he may rouse himself for a while, he soon succumbs to the
+drowsy influences which surround him.
+
+MORPHEUS.
+
+Morpheus, the son of Hypnus, was the god of Dreams.
+
+He is always represented winged, and appears sometimes as a youth,
+sometimes as an old man. In his hand he bears a cluster of poppies, and as
+he steps with {144} noiseless footsteps over the earth, he gently scatters
+the seeds of this sleep-producing plant over the eyes of weary mortals.
+
+Homer describes the House of Dreams as having two gates: one, whence issue
+all deceptive and flattering visions, being formed of ivory; the other,
+through which proceed those dreams which are fulfilled, of horn.
+
+THE GORGONS.
+
+The Gorgons, Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, were the three daughters of
+Phorcys and Ceto, and were the personification of those benumbing, and, as
+it were, petrifying sensations, which result from sudden and extreme fear.
+
+They were frightful winged monsters, whose bodies were covered with scales;
+hissing, wriggling snakes clustered round their heads instead of hair;
+their hands were of brass; their teeth resembled the tusks of a wild boar;
+and their whole aspect was so appalling, that they are said to have turned
+into stone all who beheld them.
+
+These terrible sisters were supposed to dwell in that remote and mysterious
+region in the far West, beyond the sacred stream of Oceanus.
+
+The Gorgons were the servants of Aides, who made use of them to terrify and
+overawe those shades, doomed to be kept in a constant state of unrest as a
+punishment for their misdeeds, whilst the Furies, on their part, scourged
+them with their whips and tortured them incessantly.
+
+The most celebrated of the three sisters was Medusa, who alone was mortal.
+She was originally a golden-haired and very beautiful maiden, who, as a
+priestess of Athene, was devoted to a life of celibacy; but, being wooed by
+Poseidon, whom she loved in return, she forgot her vows, and became united
+to him in marriage. For this offence she was punished by the goddess in a
+most terrible manner. Each wavy lock of the beautiful hair which had so
+charmed her husband, was changed into a {145} venomous snake; her once
+gentle, love-inspiring eyes now became blood-shot, furious orbs, which
+excited fear and disgust in the mind of the beholder; whilst her former
+roseate hue and milk-white skin assumed a loathsome greenish tinge. Seeing
+herself thus transformed into so repulsive an object, Medusa fled from her
+home, never to return. Wandering about, abhorred, dreaded, and shunned by
+all the world, she now developed into a character, worthy of her outward
+appearance. In her despair she fled to Africa, where, as she passed
+restlessly from place to place, infant snakes dropped from her hair, and
+thus, according to the belief of the ancients, that country became the
+hotbed of these venomous reptiles. With the curse of Athene upon her, she
+turned into stone whomsoever she gazed upon, till at last, after a life of
+nameless misery, deliverance came to her in the shape of death, at the
+hands of Perseus.
+
+It is well to observe that when the Gorgons are spoken of in the singular,
+it is Medusa who is alluded to.
+
+Medusa was the mother of Pegasus and Chrysaor, father of the three-headed,
+winged giant Geryones, who was slain by Heracles.
+
+GRAEAE.
+
+The Graeae, who acted as servants to their sisters the Gorgons, were also
+three in number; their names were Pephredo, Enyo, and Dino.
+
+In their original conception they were merely personifications of kindly
+and venerable old age, possessing all its benevolent attributes without its
+natural infirmities. They were old and gray from their birth, and so they
+ever remained. In later times, however, they came to be regarded as
+misshapen females, decrepid, and hideously ugly, having only one eye, one
+tooth, and one gray wig between them, which they lent to each other, when
+one of them wished to appear before the world.
+
+When Perseus entered upon his expedition to slay the Medusa, he repaired to
+the abode of the Graeae, in the far {146} west, to inquire the way to the
+Gorgons, and on their refusing to give any information, he deprived them of
+their one eye, tooth, and wig, and did not restore them until he received
+the necessary directions.
+
+SPHINX.
+
+The Sphinx was an ancient Egyptian divinity, who personified wisdom, and
+the fertility of nature. She is represented as a lion-couchant, with the
+head and bust of a woman, and wears a peculiar sort of hood, which
+completely envelops her head, and falls down on either side of the face.
+
+Transplanted into Greece, this sublime and mysterious Egyptian deity
+degenerates into an insignificant, and yet malignant power, and though she
+also deals in mysteries, they are, as we shall see, of a totally different
+character, and altogether inimical to human life.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The Sphinx is represented, according to Greek genealogy, as the offspring
+of Typhon and Echidna.[48] Hera, being upon one occasion displeased with
+the Thebans, sent them this awful monster, as a punishment for their
+offences. Taking her seat on a rocky eminence near the city of Thebes,
+commanding a pass which the Thebans were compelled to traverse in their
+usual way of business, she propounded to all comers a riddle, and if they
+failed to solve it, she tore them in pieces.
+
+During the reign of King Creon, so many people had fallen a sacrifice to
+this monster, that he determined to use every effort to rid the country of
+so terrible a scourge. On consulting the oracle of Delphi, he was informed
+that the only way to destroy the Sphinx was to solve one of her riddles,
+when she would immediately precipitate herself from the rock on which she
+was seated.
+
+Creon, accordingly, made a public declaration to the effect, that whoever
+could give the true interpretation of a riddle propounded by the monster,
+should obtain the crown, and the hand of his sister Jocaste. Oedipus
+offered {147} himself as a candidate, and proceeding to the spot where she
+kept guard, received from her the following riddle for solution: "What
+creature goes in the morning on four legs, at noon on two, and in the
+evening on three?" Oedipus replied, that it must be man, who during his
+infancy creeps on all fours, in his prime walks erect on two legs, and when
+old age has enfeebled his powers, calls a staff to his assistance, and thus
+has, as it were, three legs.
+
+The Sphinx no sooner heard this reply, which was the correct solution of
+her riddle, than she flung herself over the precipice, and perished in the
+abyss below.
+
+The Greek Sphinx may be recognized by having wings and by being of smaller
+dimensions than the Egyptian Sphinx.
+
+TYCHE (FORTUNA) AND ANANKE (NECESSITAS).
+
+TYCHE (FORTUNA).
+
+Tyche personified that peculiar combination of circumstances which we call
+luck or fortune, and was considered to be the source of all unexpected
+events in human life, whether good or evil. If a person succeeded in all he
+undertook without possessing any special merit of his own, Tyche was
+supposed to have smiled on his birth. If, on the other hand, undeserved
+ill-luck followed him through life, and all his efforts resulted in
+failure, it was ascribed to her adverse influence.
+
+This goddess of Fortune is variously represented. Sometimes she is depicted
+bearing in her hand two rudders, with one of which she steers the bark of
+the fortunate, and with the other that of the unfortunate among mortals. In
+later times she appears blindfolded, and stands on a ball or wheel,
+indicative of the fickleness and ever-revolving {148} changes of fortune.
+She frequently bears the sceptre and cornucopia[49] or horn of plenty, and
+is usually winged. In her temple at Thebes, she is represented holding the
+infant Plutus in her arms, to symbolize her power over riches and
+prosperity.
+
+Tyche was worshipped in various parts of Greece, but more particularly by
+the Athenians, who believed in her special predilection for their city.
+
+FORTUNA.
+
+Tyche was worshipped in Rome under the name of Fortuna, and held a position
+of much greater importance among the Romans than the Greeks.
+
+In later times Fortuna is never represented either winged or standing on a
+ball; she merely bears the cornucopia. It is evident, therefore, that she
+had come to be regarded as the goddess of good luck only, who brings
+blessings to man, and not, as with the Greeks, as the personification of
+the fluctuations of fortune.
+
+In addition to Fortuna, the Romans worshipped Felicitas as the giver of
+positive good fortune.
+
+ANANKE (NECESSITAS).
+
+As Ananke, Tyche assumes quite another character, and becomes the
+embodiment of those immutable laws of nature, by which certain causes
+produce certain inevitable results.
+
+In a statue of this divinity at Athens she was represented with hands of
+bronze, and surrounded with nails and hammers. The hands of bronze probably
+indicated the irresistible power of the inevitable, and the hammer and
+chains the fetters which she forged for man.
+
+Ananke was worshipped in Rome under the name of Necessitas.
+
+{149}
+
+KER.
+
+In addition to the Moirae, who presided over the life of mortals, there was
+another divinity, called Ker, appointed for each human being at the moment
+of his birth. The Ker belonging to an individual was believed to develop
+with his growth, either for good or evil; and when the ultimate fate of a
+mortal was about to be decided, his Ker was weighed in the balance, and,
+according to the preponderance of its worth or worthlessness, life or death
+was awarded to the human being in question. It becomes evident, therefore,
+that according to the belief of the early Greeks, each individual had it in
+his power, to a certain extent, to shorten or prolong his own existence.
+
+The Keres, who are frequently mentioned by Homer, were the goddesses who
+delighted in the slaughter of the battle-field.
+
+ATE.
+
+Ate, the daughter of Zeus and Eris, was a divinity who delighted in evil.
+
+Having instigated Hera to deprive Heracles of his birthright, her father
+seized her by the hair of her head, and hurled her from Olympus, forbidding
+her, under the most solemn imprecations, ever to return. Henceforth she
+wandered among mankind, sowing dissension, working mischief, and luring men
+to all actions inimical to their welfare and happiness. Hence, when a
+reconciliation took place between friends who had quarrelled, Ate was
+blamed as the original cause of disagreement.
+
+MOMUS.
+
+Momus, the son of Nyx, was the god of raillery and ridicule, who delighted
+to criticise, with bitter sarcasm, the actions of gods and men, and
+contrived to discover in all things some defect or blemish. Thus when
+Prometheus created the first man, Momus considered his work incomplete
+because there was no aperture in the breast through which his inmost
+thoughts might be read. He {150} also found fault with a house built by
+Athene because, being unprovided with the means of locomotion, it could
+never be removed from an unhealthy locality. Aphrodite alone defied his
+criticism, for, to his great chagrin, he could find no fault with her
+perfect form.[50]
+
+In what manner the ancients represented this god is unknown. In modern art
+he is depicted like a king's jester, with a fool's cap and bells.
+
+EROS (CUPID, AMOR) AND PSYCHE.
+
+According to Hesiod's Theogony, Eros, the divine spirit of Love, sprang
+forth from Chaos, while all was still in confusion, and by his beneficent
+power reduced to order and harmony the shapeless, conflicting elements,
+which, under his influence, began to assume distinct forms. This ancient
+Eros is represented as a full-grown and very beautiful youth, crowned with
+flowers, and leaning on a shepherd's crook.
+
+In the course of time, this beautiful conception gradually faded away, and
+though occasional mention still continues to be made of the Eros of Chaos,
+he is replaced by the son of Aphrodite, the popular, mischief-loving little
+god of Love, so familiar to us all.
+
+In one of the myths concerning Eros, Aphrodite is described as complaining
+to Themis, that her son, though so beautiful, did not appear to increase in
+stature; whereupon Themis suggested that his small proportions were
+probably attributable to the fact of his being always alone, and advised
+his mother to let him have a companion. Aphrodite accordingly gave him, as
+a playfellow, his younger brother Anteros (requited love), and soon had the
+gratification of seeing the little Eros begin to grow and thrive; but,
+curious to relate, this desirable result only continued as long as the
+brothers remained together, for the moment they were separated, Eros shrank
+once more to his original size.
+
+{151}
+
+By degrees the conception of Eros became multiplied and we hear of little
+love-gods (Amors), who appear under the most charming and diversified
+forms. These love-gods, who afforded to artists inexhaustible subjects for
+the exercise of their imagination, are represented as being engaged in
+various occupations, such as hunting, fishing, rowing, driving chariots,
+and even busying themselves in mechanical labour.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Perhaps no myth is more charming and interesting than that of Eros and
+Psyche, which is as follows:--Psyche, the youngest of three princesses, was
+so transcendently beautiful that Aphrodite herself became jealous of her,
+and no mortal dared to aspire to the honour of her hand. As her sisters,
+who were by no means equal to her in attractions, were married, and Psyche
+still remained unwedded, her father consulted the oracle of Delphi, and, in
+obedience to the divine response, caused her to be dressed as though for
+the grave, and conducted to the edge of a yawning precipice. No sooner was
+she alone than she felt herself lifted up, and wafted away by the gentle
+west wind Zephyrus, who transported her to a verdant meadow, in the midst
+of which stood a stately palace, surrounded by groves and fountains.
+
+Here dwelt Eros, the god of Love, in whose arms Zephyrus deposited his
+lovely burden. Eros, himself unseen, wooed her in the softest accents of
+affection; but warned her, as she valued his love, not to endeavour to
+behold his form. For some time Psyche was obedient to the injunction of her
+immortal spouse, and made no effort to gratify her natural curiosity; but,
+unfortunately, in the midst of her happiness she was seized with an
+unconquerable longing for the society of her {152} sisters, and, in
+accordance with her desire, they were conducted by Zephyrus to her
+fairy-like abode. Filled with envy at the sight of her felicity, they
+poisoned her mind against her husband, and telling her that her unseen
+lover was a frightful monster, they gave her a sharp dagger, which they
+persuaded her to use for the purpose of delivering herself from his power.
+
+After the departure of her sisters, Psyche resolved to take the first
+opportunity of following their malicious counsel. She accordingly rose in
+the dead of night, and taking a lamp in one hand and a dagger in the other,
+stealthily approached the couch where Eros was reposing, when, instead of
+the frightful monster she had expected to see, the beauteous form of the
+god of Love greeted her view. Overcome with surprise and admiration, Psyche
+stooped down to gaze more closely on his lovely features, when, from the
+lamp which she held in her trembling hand, there fell a drop of burning oil
+upon the shoulder of the sleeping god, who instantly awoke, and seeing
+Psyche standing over him with the instrument of death in her hand,
+sorrowfully reproached her for her treacherous designs, and, spreading out
+his wings, flew away.
+
+In despair at having lost her lover, the unhappy Psyche endeavoured to put
+an end to her existence by throwing herself into the nearest river; but
+instead of closing over her, the waters bore her gently to the opposite
+bank, where Pan (the god of shepherds) received her, and consoled her with
+the hope of becoming eventually reconciled to her husband.
+
+Meanwhile her wicked sisters, in expectation of meeting with the same good
+fortune which had befallen Psyche, placed themselves on the edge of the
+rock, but were both precipitated into the chasm below.
+
+Psyche herself, filled with a restless yearning for her lost love, wandered
+all over the world in search of him. At length she appealed to Aphrodite to
+take compassion on her; but the goddess of Beauty, still jealous of her
+charms, imposed upon her the hardest tasks, the accomplishment of which
+often appeared impossible. In these {153} she was always assisted by
+invisible, beneficent beings, sent to her by Eros, who still loved her, and
+continued to watch over her welfare.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Psyche had to undergo a long and severe penance before she became worthy to
+regain the happiness, which she had so foolishly trifled away. At last
+Aphrodite commanded her to descend into the under world, and obtain from
+Persephone a box containing all the charms of beauty. Psyche's courage now
+failed her, for she concluded that death must of necessity precede her
+entrance into the realm of shades. About to abandon herself to despair, she
+heard a voice which warned her of every danger to be avoided on her
+perilous journey, and instructed her with regard to certain precautions to
+be observed. These were as follows:--not to omit to provide herself with
+the ferryman's toll for Charon, and the cake to pacify Cerberus, also to
+refrain from taking any part in the banquets of Aides and Persephone, and,
+above all things, to bring the box of beauty charms unopened to Aphrodite.
+In conclusion, the voice assured her, that compliance with the above
+conditions would insure for her a safe return to the realms of light. But,
+alas, Psyche, who had implicitly followed all injunctions, could not
+withstand the temptation of the last condition; and, hardly had she quitted
+the lower world, when, unable to resist the curiosity which devoured her,
+she raised the lid of the box with eager expectation. But, instead of the
+wondrous charms of beauty which she expected to behold, there issued from
+the casket a dense black vapour, which had the effect of throwing her into
+a death-like sleep, out of which Eros, who had long hovered round her
+unseen, at length awoke her with the point of one of his golden arrows. He
+gently reproached her with this second proof of her curiosity and folly,
+and then, having persuaded Aphrodite to be reconciled to his beloved, he
+induced Zeus to admit her among the immortal gods.
+
+Their reunion was celebrated amidst the rejoicings of all the Olympian
+deities. The Graces shed perfume on {154} their path, the Hours sprinkled
+roses over the sky, Apollo added the music of his lyre, and the Muses
+united their voices in a glad chorus of delight.
+
+This myth would appear to be an allegory, which signifies that the soul,
+before it can be reunited to its original divine essence, must be purified
+by the chastening sorrows and sufferings of its earthly career.[51]
+
+Eros is represented as a lovely boy, with rounded limbs, and a merry,
+roguish expression. He has golden wings, and a quiver slung over his
+shoulder, which contained his magical and unerring arrows; in one hand he
+bears his golden bow, and in the other a torch.
+
+He is also frequently depicted riding on a lion, dolphin, or eagle, or
+seated in a chariot drawn by stags or wild boars, undoubtedly emblematical
+of the power of love as the subduer of all nature, even of the wild
+animals.
+
+In Rome, Eros was worshipped under the name of Amor or Cupid.
+
+HYMEN.
+
+Hymen or Hymenaeus, the son of Apollo and the muse Urania, was the god who
+presided over marriage and nuptial solemnities, and was hence invoked at
+all marriage festivities.
+
+There is a myth concerning this divinity, which tells us that Hymen was a
+beautiful youth of very poor parents, who fell in love with a wealthy
+maiden, so far above him in rank, that he dared not cherish the hope of
+ever becoming united to her. Still he missed no opportunity of seeing her,
+and, upon one occasion, disguised himself as {155} a girl, and joined a
+troop of maidens, who, in company with his beloved, were proceeding from
+Athens to Eleusis, in order to attend a festival of Demeter. On their way
+thither they were surprised by pirates, who carried them off to a desert
+island, where the ruffians, after drinking deeply, fell into a heavy sleep.
+Hymen, seizing the opportunity, slew them all, and then set sail for
+Athens, where he found the parents of the maidens in the greatest distress
+at their unaccountable disappearance. He comforted them with the assurance
+that their children should be restored to them, provided they would promise
+to give him in marriage the maiden he loved. The condition being gladly
+complied with, he at once returned to the island, and brought back the
+maidens in safety to Athens, whereupon he became united to the object of
+his love; and their union proved so remarkably happy, that henceforth the
+name of Hymen became synonymous with conjugal felicity.
+
+IRIS (THE RAINBOW).
+
+Iris, the daughter of Thaumas and Electra, personified the rainbow, and was
+the special attendant and messenger of the queen of heaven, whose commands
+she executed with singular tact, intelligence, and swiftness.
+
+Most primitive nations have regarded the rainbow as a bridge of
+communication between heaven and earth, and this is doubtless the reason
+why Iris, who represented that beautiful phenomenon of nature, should have
+been invested by the Greeks with the office of communicating between gods
+and men.
+
+Iris is usually represented seated behind the chariot of Hera, ready to do
+the bidding of her royal mistress. She appears under the form of a slender
+maiden of great beauty, robed in an airy fabric of variegated hues,
+resembling mother-of-pearl; her sandals are bright as burnished silver, she
+has golden wings, and wherever she appears, a radiance of light, and a
+sweet odour, as of delicate spring flowers, pervades the air. {156}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+HEBE (JUVENTAS).
+
+Hebe was the personification of eternal youth under its most attractive and
+joyous aspect.
+
+She was the daughter of Zeus and Hera, and though of such distinguished
+rank, is nevertheless represented as cup-bearer to the gods; a forcible
+exemplification of the old patriarchal custom, in accordance with which the
+daughters of the house, even when of the highest lineage, personally
+assisted in serving the guests.
+
+Hebe is represented as a comely, modest maiden, small, of a beautifully
+rounded contour, with nut-brown tresses and sparkling eyes. She is often
+depicted pouring out nectar from an upraised vessel, or bearing in her hand
+a shallow dish, supposed to contain ambrosia, the ever youth-renewing food
+of the immortals.
+
+In consequence of an act of awkwardness, which caused her to slip while
+serving the gods, Hebe was deprived of her office, which was henceforth
+delegated to Ganymedes, son of Tros.
+
+Hebe afterwards became the bride of Heracles, when, after his apotheosis,
+he was received among the immortals.
+
+JUVENTAS.
+
+Juventas was the Roman divinity identified with Hebe, whose attributes,
+however, were regarded by the Romans as applying more particularly to the
+imperishable vigour and immortal glory of the state.
+
+In Rome, several temples were erected in honour of this goddess. {157}
+
+GANYMEDES.
+
+Ganymedes, the youngest son of Tros, king of Troy, was one day drawing
+water from a well on Mount Ida, when he was observed by Zeus, who, struck
+with his wonderful beauty, sent his eagle to transport him to Olympus,
+where he was endowed with immortality, and appointed cup-bearer to the
+gods.
+
+Ganymedes is represented as a youth of exquisite beauty, with short golden
+locks, delicately chiselled features, beaming blue eyes, and pouting lips.
+
+THE MUSES.
+
+Of all the Olympic deities, none occupy a more distinguished position than
+the Muses, the nine beautiful daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne.
+
+In their original signification, they presided merely over music, song, and
+dance; but with the progress of civilization the arts and sciences claimed
+their special presiding divinities, and we see these graceful creations, in
+later times, sharing among them various functions, such as poetry,
+astronomy, &c.
+
+The Muses were honoured alike by mortals and immortals. In Olympus, where
+Apollo acted as their leader, no banquet or festivity was considered
+complete without their joy-inspiring presence, and on earth no social
+gathering was celebrated without libations being poured out to them; nor
+was any task involving intellectual effort ever undertaken, without
+earnestly supplicating their assistance. They endowed their chosen
+favourites with knowledge, wisdom, and understanding; they bestowed upon
+the orator the gift of eloquence, inspired the poet with his noblest
+thoughts, and the musician with his sweetest harmonies.
+
+Like so many of the Greek divinities, however, the refined conception of
+the Muses is somewhat marred by the acerbity with which they punished any
+effort on the part {158} of mortals to rival them in their divine powers.
+An instance of this is seen in the case of Thamyris, a Thracian bard, who
+presumed to invite them to a trial of skill in music. Having vanquished
+him, they not only afflicted him with blindness, but deprived him also of
+the power of song.
+
+Another example of the manner in which the gods punished presumption and
+vanity is seen in the story of the daughters of King Pierus. Proud of the
+perfection to which they had brought their skill in music, they presumed to
+challenge the Muses themselves in the art over which they specially
+presided. The contest took place on Mount Helicon, and it is said that when
+the mortal maidens commenced their song, the sky became dark and misty,
+whereas when the Muses raised their heavenly voices, all nature seemed to
+rejoice, and Mount Helicon itself moved with exultation. The Pierides were
+signally defeated, and were transformed by the Muses into singing birds, as
+a punishment for having dared to challenge comparison with the immortals.
+
+Undeterred by the above example, the Sirens also entered into a similar
+contest. The songs of the Muses were loyal and true, whilst those of the
+Sirens were the false and deceptive strains with which so many unfortunate
+mariners had been lured to their death. The Sirens were defeated by the
+Muses, and as a mark of humiliation, were deprived of the feathers with
+which their bodies were adorned.
+
+The oldest seat of the worship of the Muses was Pieria in Thrace, where
+they were supposed to have first seen the light of day. Pieria is a
+district on one of the sloping declivities of Mount Olympus, whence a
+number of rivulets, as they flow towards the plains beneath, produce those
+sweet, soothing sounds, which may possibly have suggested this spot as a
+fitting home for the presiding divinities of song.
+
+They dwelt on the summits of Mounts Helicon, Parnassus, and Pindus, and
+loved to haunt the springs and fountains which gushed forth amidst these
+rocky {159} heights, all of which were sacred to them and to poetic
+inspiration. Aganippe and Hippocrene on Mount Helicon, and the Castalian
+spring on Mount Parnassus, were sacred to the Muses. The latter flowed
+between two lofty rocks above the city of Delphi, and in ancient times its
+waters were introduced into a square stone basin, where they were retained
+for the use of the Pythia and the priests of Apollo.
+
+[Illustration: CALLIOPE.]
+
+The libations to these divinities consisted of water, milk, and honey, but
+never of wine.
+
+Their names and functions are as follows:--
+
+CALLIOPE, the most honoured of the Muses, presided over heroic song and
+epic poetry, and is represented with a pencil in her hand, and a slate upon
+her knee.
+
+CLIO, the muse of History, holds in her hand a roll of parchment, and wears
+a wreath of laurel.
+
+MELPOMENE, the muse of Tragedy, bears a tragic mask.
+
+THALIA, the muse of Comedy, carries in her right hand a shepherd's crook,
+and has a comic mask beside her.
+
+POLYHYMNIA, the muse of Sacred Hymns, is crowned with a wreath of laurel.
+She is always represented in a thoughtful attitude, and entirely enveloped
+in rich folds of drapery.
+
+TERPSICHORE, the muse of Dance and Roundelay, is represented in the act of
+playing on a seven-stringed lyre.
+
+URANIA, the muse of Astronomy, stands erect, and bears in her left hand a
+celestial globe.
+
+EUTERPE, the muse of Harmony, is represented bearing a musical instrument,
+usually a flute.
+
+ERATO, the muse of Love and hymeneal songs, wears a wreath of laurel, and
+is striking the chords of a lyre. {160}
+
+[Illustration: CLIO.]
+
+[Illustration: TERPSICHORE.]
+
+[Illustration: EUTERPE.]
+
+[Illustration: ERATO.]
+
+With regard to the origin of the Muses, it is said that they were created
+by Zeus in answer to a request on the part of the victorious deities, after
+the war with the {161} Titans, that some special divinities should be
+called into existence, in order to commemorate in song the glorious deeds
+of the Olympian gods.
+
+[Illustration: URANIA.]
+
+[Illustration: MELPOMENE.]
+
+[Illustration: THALIA.]
+
+[Illustration: POLYHYMNIA.]
+
+{162}
+
+PEGASUS.
+
+Pegasus was a beautiful winged horse who sprang from the body of Medusa
+when she was slain by the hero Perseus, the son of Zeus and Danae.
+Spreading out his wings he immediately flew to the top of Mount Olympus,
+where he was received with delight and admiration by all the immortals. A
+place in his palace was assigned to him by Zeus, who employed him to carry
+his thunder and lightning. Pegasus permitted none but the gods to mount
+him, except in the case of Bellerophon, whom, at the command of Athene, he
+carried aloft, in order that he might slay the Chimaera with his arrows.
+
+The later poets represent Pegasus as being at the service of the Muses, and
+for this reason he is more celebrated in modern times than in antiquity. He
+would appear to represent that poetical inspiration, which tends to develop
+man's higher nature, and causes the mind to soar heavenwards. The only
+mention by the ancients of Pegasus in connection with the Muses, is the
+story of his having produced with his hoofs, the famous fountain
+Hippocrene.
+
+It is said that during their contest with the Pierides, the Muses played
+and sang on the summit of Mount Helicon with such extraordinary power and
+sweetness, that heaven and earth stood still to listen, whilst the mountain
+raised itself in joyous ecstasy towards the abode of the celestial gods.
+Poseidon, seeing his special function thus interfered with, sent Pegasus to
+check the boldness of the mountain, in daring to move without his
+permission. When Pegasus reached the summit, he stamped the ground with his
+hoofs, and out gushed the waters of Hippocrene, afterwards so renowned as
+the sacred fount, whence the Muses quaffed their richest draughts of
+inspiration.
+
+THE HESPERIDES.
+
+The Hesperides, the daughters of Atlas, dwelt in an island in the far west,
+whence they derived their name. {163}
+
+They were appointed by Hera to act as guardians to a tree bearing golden
+apples, which had been presented to her by Gaea on the occasion of her
+marriage with Zeus.
+
+It is said that the Hesperides, being unable to withstand the temptation of
+tasting the golden fruit confided to their care, were deprived of their
+office, which was henceforth delegated to the terrible dragon Ladon, who
+now became the ever-watchful sentinel of these precious treasures.
+
+The names of the Hesperides were Aegle, Arethusa, and Hesperia.
+
+CHARITES (GRATIAE) GRACES.
+
+All those gentler attributes which beautify and refine human existence were
+personified by the Greeks under the form of three lovely sisters,
+Euphrosyne, Aglaia, and Thalia, the daughters of Zeus and Eurynome (or,
+according to later writers, of Dionysus and Aphrodite).
+
+They are represented as beautiful, slender maidens in the full bloom of
+youth, with hands and arms lovingly intertwined, and are either undraped,
+or wear a fleecy, transparent garment of an ethereal fabric.
+
+They portray every gentle emotion of the heart, which vents itself in
+friendship and benevolence, and were believed to preside over those
+qualities which constitute grace, modesty, unconscious beauty, gentleness,
+kindliness, innocent joy, purity of mind and body, and eternal youth.
+
+They not only possessed the most perfect beauty themselves, but also
+conferred this gift upon others. All the enjoyments of life were enhanced
+by their presence, and were deemed incomplete without them; and wherever
+joy or pleasure, grace and gaiety reigned, there they were supposed to be
+present.
+
+Temples and altars were everywhere erected in their honour, and people of
+all ages and of every rank in life entreated their favour. Incense was
+burnt daily upon their altars, and at every banquet they were invoked,
+{164} and a libation poured out to them, as they not only heightened all
+enjoyment, but also by their refining influence moderated the exciting
+effects of wine.
+
+Music, eloquence, poetry, and art, though the direct work of the Muses,
+received at the hands of the Graces an additional touch of refinement and
+beauty; for which reason they are always regarded as the friends of the
+Muses, with whom they lived on Mount Olympus.
+
+Their special function was to act, in conjunction with the Seasons, as
+attendants upon Aphrodite, whom they adorned with wreaths of flowers, and
+she emerges from their hands like the Queen of Spring, perfumed with the
+odour of roses and violets, and all sweet-scented blossoms.
+
+The Graces are frequently seen in attendance on other divinities; thus they
+carry music for Apollo, myrtles for Aphrodite, &c., and frequently
+accompany the Muses, Eros, or Dionysus.
+
+HORAE (SEASONS).
+
+Closely allied to the Graces were the Horae, or Seasons, who were also
+represented as three beautiful maidens, daughters of Zeus and Themis. Their
+names were Eunomia, Dice, and Irene.
+
+It may appear strange that these divinities, presiding over the seasons,
+should be but three in number, but this is quite in accordance with the
+notions of the ancient Greeks, who only recognized spring, summer, and
+autumn as seasons; nature being supposed to be wrapt in death or slumber,
+during that cheerless and unproductive portion of the year which we call
+winter. In some parts of Greece there were but two Horae, Thallo, goddess of
+the bloom, and Carpo, of the corn and fruit-bearing season.
+
+The Horae are always regarded as friendly towards mankind, and totally
+devoid of guile or subtlety; they are represented as joyous, but gentle
+maidens, crowned with flowers, and holding each other by the hand in a
+round dance. When they are depicted separately as personifications of the
+different seasons, the Hora {165} representing spring appears laden with
+flowers, that of summer bears a sheaf of corn, whilst the personification
+of autumn has her hands filled with clusters of grapes and other fruits.
+They also appear in company with the Graces in the train of Aphrodite, and
+are seen with Apollo and the Muses.
+
+They are inseparably connected with all that is good and beautiful in
+nature, and as the regular alternation of the seasons, like all her other
+operations, demands the most perfect order and regularity, the Horae, being
+the daughters of Themis, came to be regarded as the representatives of
+order, and the just administration of human affairs in civilized
+communities. Each of these graceful maidens took upon herself a separate
+function: Eunomia presided more especially over state life, Dice guarded
+the interests of individuals, whilst Irene, the gayest and brightest of the
+three sisters, was the light-hearted companion of Dionysus.
+
+The Horae were also the deities of the fast-fleeting hours, and thus
+presided over the smaller, as well as the larger divisions of time. In this
+capacity they assist every morning in yoking the celestial horses to the
+glorious chariot of the sun, which they again help to unyoke when he sinks
+to rest.
+
+In their original conception they were personifications of the clouds, and
+are described as opening and closing the gates of heaven, and causing
+fruits and flowers to spring forth, when they pour down upon them their
+refreshing and life-giving streams.
+
+THE NYMPHS.
+
+The graceful beings called the Nymphs were the presiding deities of the
+woods, grottoes, streams, meadows, &c.
+
+These divinities were supposed to be beautiful maidens of fairy-like form,
+and robed in more or less shadowy garments. They were held in the greatest
+veneration, though, being minor divinities, they had no temples {166}
+dedicated to them, but were worshipped in caves or grottoes, with libations
+of milk, honey, oil, &c.
+
+They may be divided into three distinct classes, viz., water, mountain, and
+tree or wood nymphs.
+
+WATER NYMPHS.
+
+OCEANIDES, NEREIDES, AND NAIADES.
+
+The worship of water-deities is common to most primitive nations. The
+streams, springs, and fountains of a country bear the same relation to it
+which the blood, coursing through the numberless arteries of a human being,
+bears to the body; both represent the living, moving, life-awakening
+element, without which existence would be impossible. Hence we find among
+most nations a deep feeling of attachment to the streams and waters of
+their native land, the remembrance of which, when absent in foreign climes,
+is always treasured with peculiar fondness. Thus among the early Greeks,
+each tribe came to regard the rivers and springs of its individual state as
+beneficent powers, which brought blessing and prosperity to the country. It
+is probable also that the charm which ever accompanies the sound of running
+water exercised its power over their imagination. They heard with delight
+the gentle whisper of the fountain, lulling the senses with its low,
+rippling tones; the soft purling of the brook as it rushes over the
+pebbles, or the mighty voice of the waterfall as it dashes on in its
+headlong course; and the beings which they pictured to themselves as
+presiding over all these charming sights and sounds of nature,
+corresponded, in their graceful appearance, with the scenes with which they
+were associated.
+
+OCEANIDES.
+
+The OCEANIDES, or Ocean Nymphs, were the daughters of Oceanus and Tethys,
+and, like most sea divinities, were endowed with the gift of prophecy.
+
+They are personifications of those delicate vapour-like {167} exhalations,
+which, in warm climates, are emitted from the surface of the sea, more
+especially at sunset, and are impelled forwards by the evening breeze. They
+are accordingly represented as misty, shadowy beings, with graceful swaying
+forms, and robed in pale blue, gauze-like fabrics.
+
+THE NEREIDES.
+
+The NEREIDES were the daughters of Nereus and Doris, and were nymphs of the
+Mediterranean Sea.
+
+They are similar in appearance to the Oceanides, but their beauty is of a
+less shadowy order, and is more like that of mortals. They wear a flowing,
+pale green robe; their liquid eyes resemble, in their clear depths, the
+lucid waters of the sea they inhabit; their hair floats carelessly over
+their shoulders, and assumes the greenish tint of the water itself, which,
+far from deteriorating from their beauty, greatly adds to its effect. The
+Nereides either accompany the chariot of the mighty ruler of the sea, or
+follow in his train.
+
+We are told by the poets that the lonely mariner watches the Nereides with
+silent awe and wondering delight, as they rise from their grotto-palaces in
+the deep, and dance, in joyful groups, over the sleeping waves. Some, with
+arms entwined, follow with their movements the melodies which seem to hover
+over the sea, whilst others scatter liquid gems around, these being
+emblematical of the phosphorescent light, so frequently observed at night
+by the traveller in southern waters.
+
+The best known of the Nereides were Thetis, the wife of Peleus, Amphitrite,
+the spouse of Poseidon, and Galatea, the beloved of Acis.
+
+THE NAIADES.
+
+The NAIADES were the nymphs of fresh-water springs, lakes, brooks, rivers,
+&c.
+
+As the trees, plants, and flowers owed their nourishment to their genial,
+fostering care, these divinities were {168} regarded by the Greeks as
+special benefactors to mankind. Like all the nymphs, they possessed the
+gift of prophecy, for which reason many of the springs and fountains over
+which they presided were believed to inspire mortals who drank of their
+waters with the power of foretelling future events. The Naiades are
+intimately connected in idea with those flowers which are called after them
+Nymphae, or water-lilies, whose broad, green leaves and yellow cups float
+upon the surface of the water, as though proudly conscious of their own
+grace and beauty.
+
+We often hear of the Naiades forming alliances with mortals, and also of
+their being wooed by the sylvan deities of the woods and dales.
+
+DRYADES, OR TREE NYMPHS.
+
+The tree nymphs partook of the distinguishing characteristics of the
+particular tree to whose life they were wedded, and were known collectively
+by the name of the Dryades.
+
+The HAMADRYADES, or oak nymphs, represent in their peculiar individuality
+the quiet, self-reliant power which appears to belong essentially to the
+grand and lordly king of the forest.
+
+The BIRCH NYMPH is a melancholy maiden with floating hair, resembling the
+branches of the pale and fragile-looking tree which she inhabits.
+
+The BEECH NYMPH is strong and sturdy, full of life and joyousness, and
+appears to give promise of faithful love and undisturbed repose, whilst her
+rosy cheeks, deep brown eyes, and graceful form bespeak health, vigour, and
+vitality.
+
+The nymph of the LINDEN TREE is represented as a little coy maiden, whose
+short silver-gray dress reaches a little below the knee, and displays to
+advantage her delicately formed limbs. The sweet face, which is partly
+averted, reveals a pair of large blue eyes, which appear to look at you
+with wondering surprise and shy mistrust; {169} her pale, golden hair is
+bound by the faintest streak of rose-coloured ribbon.
+
+The tree nymph, being wedded to the life of the tree she inhabited, ceased
+to exist when it was either felled, or so injured as to wither away and
+die.
+
+NYMPHS OF THE VALLEYS AND MOUNTAINS.
+
+NAPAEAE AND OREADES.
+
+The Napaeae were the kind and gentle nymphs of the valleys and glens who
+appear in the train of Artemis. They are represented as lovely maidens with
+short tunics, which, reaching only to the knee, do not impede their swift
+and graceful movements in the exercise of the chase. Their pale brown
+tresses are fastened in a knot at the back of the head, whence a few stray
+curls escape over their shoulders. The Napaeae are shy as the fawns, and
+quite as frolicsome.
+
+The OREADES, or mountain nymphs, who are the principal and constant
+companions of Artemis, are tall, graceful maidens, attired as huntresses.
+They are ardent followers of the chase, and spare neither the gentle deer
+nor the timid hare, nor indeed any animal they meet with in their rapid
+course. Wherever their wild hunt goes the shy Napaeae are represented as
+hiding behind the leaves, whilst their favourites, the fawns, kneel
+tremblingly beside them, looking up beseechingly for protection from the
+wild huntresses; and even the bold Satyrs dart away at their approach, and
+seek safety in flight.
+
+There is a myth connected with one of these mountain nymphs, the
+unfortunate Echo. She became enamoured of a beautiful youth named
+Narcissus, son of the river-god Cephissus, who, however, failed to return
+her love, which so grieved her that she gradually pined away, becoming a
+mere shadow of her former self, till, at length, nothing remained of her
+except her voice, which henceforth gave back, with unerring fidelity, every
+sound that was uttered in the hills and dales. Narcissus himself {170} also
+met with an unhappy fate, for Aphrodite punished him by causing him to fall
+in love with his own image, which he beheld in a neighbouring fountain,
+whereupon, consumed with unrequited love, he wasted away, and was changed
+into the flower which bears his name.
+
+The LIMONIADES, or meadow nymphs, resemble the Naiades, and are usually
+represented dancing hand in hand in a circle.
+
+The HYADES, who in appearance are somewhat similar to the Oceanides, are
+cloudy divinities, and, from the fact of their being invariably accompanied
+by rain, are represented as incessantly weeping.
+
+The MELIADES were the nymphs who presided over fruit-trees.
+
+Before concluding this subject, attention should be drawn to the fact that,
+in more modern times, this beautiful idea of animating all nature in detail
+reappears under the various local traditions extant in different countries.
+Thus do the Oceanides and Nereides live again in the mermaids, whose
+existence is still believed in by mariners, whilst the flower and meadow
+nymphs assume the shape of those tiny elves and fairies, who were formerly
+believed to hold their midnight revels in every wood and on every common;
+indeed, even at the present day, the Irish peasantry, especially in the
+west, firmly believe in the existence of the fairies, or "good people," as
+they are called.
+
+THE WINDS.
+
+According to the oldest accounts, AEolus was a king of the AEolian Islands,
+to whom Zeus gave the command of the winds, which he kept shut up in a deep
+cave, and which he freed at his pleasure, or at the command of the gods.
+
+In later times the above belief underwent a change, and the winds came to
+be regarded as distinct divinities, whose aspect accorded with the
+respective winds with which they were identified. They were depicted as
+{171} winged youths in full vigour in the act of flying through the air.
+
+The principal winds were: Boreas (the north wind), Eurus (the east wind),
+Zephyrus (the west wind), and Notus (the south wind), who were said to be
+the children of Eos and Astraeus.
+
+There are no myths of interest connected with these divinities. Zephyrus
+was united to Chloris (Flora), the goddess of flowers. Of Boreas it is
+related that while flying over the river Ilissus, he beheld on the banks
+Oreithyia, the charming daughter of Erechtheus, king of Athens, whom he
+carried off to his native Thrace, and there made her his bride. Boreas and
+Oreithyia were the parents of Zetes and Calais, afterwards famous in the
+expedition of the Argonauts.
+
+There was an altar erected at Athens in honour of Boreas, in commemoration
+of his having destroyed the Persian fleet sent to attack the Greeks.
+
+On the Acropolis at Athens there was a celebrated octagonal temple, built
+by Pericles, which was dedicated to the winds, and on its sides were their
+various representations. The ruins of this temple are still to be seen.
+
+PAN (FAUNUS).
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Pan was the god of fertility, and the special patron of shepherds and
+huntsmen; he presided over all rural occupations, was chief of the Satyrs,
+and head of all rural divinities.
+
+According to the common belief, he was the son of Hermes and a wood nymph,
+and came into the world with horns sprouting from his forehead, a goat's
+beard and a crooked nose, pointed ears, and the tail and feet of a goat,
+and presented altogether so repulsive {172} an appearance that, at the
+sight of him, his mother fled in dismay.
+
+Hermes, however, took up his curious little offspring, wrapt him in a hare
+skin, and carried him in his arms to Olympus. The grotesque form and merry
+antics of the little stranger made him a great favourite with all the
+immortals, especially Dionysus; and they bestowed upon him the name of Pan
+(all), because he had delighted them _all_.
+
+His favourite haunts were grottoes, and his delight was to wander in
+uncontrolled freedom over rocks and mountains, following his various
+pursuits, ever cheerful, and usually very noisy. He was a great lover of
+music, singing, dancing, and all pursuits which enhance the pleasures of
+life; and hence, in spite of his repulsive appearance, we see him
+surrounded with nymphs of the forests and dales, who love to dance round
+him to the cheerful music of his pipe, the syrinx. The myth concerning the
+origin of Pan's pipe is as follows:--Pan became enamoured of a beautiful
+nymph, called Syrinx, who, appalled at his terrible appearance, fled from
+the pertinacious attentions of her unwelcome suitor. He pursued her to the
+banks of the river Ladon, when, seeing his near approach, and feeling
+escape impossible, she called on the gods for assistance, who, in answer to
+her prayer, transformed her into a reed, just as Pan was about to seize
+her. Whilst the love-sick Pan was sighing and lamenting his unfortunate
+fate, the winds gently swayed the reeds, and produced a murmuring sound as
+of one complaining. Charmed with the soothing tones, he endeavoured to
+reproduce them himself, and after cutting seven of the reeds of unequal
+length, he joined them together, and succeeded in producing the pipe, which
+he called the syrinx, in memory of his lost love.
+
+Pan was regarded by shepherds as their most valiant protector, who defended
+their flocks from the attacks of wolves. The shepherds of these early
+times, having no penfolds, were in the habit of gathering together their
+flocks in mountain caves, to protect them against the {173} inclemency of
+the weather, and also to secure them at night against the attacks of wild
+animals; these caves, therefore, which were very numerous in the mountain
+districts of Arcadia, Boeotia, &c., were all consecrated to Pan.
+
+As it is customary in all tropical climates to repose during the heat of
+the day, Pan is represented as greatly enjoying his afternoon sleep in the
+cool shelter of a tree or cave, and also as being highly displeased at any
+sound which disturbed his slumbers, for which reason the shepherds were
+always particularly careful to keep unbroken silence during these hours,
+whilst they themselves indulged in a quiet siesta.
+
+Pan was equally beloved by huntsmen, being himself a great lover of the
+woods, which afforded to his cheerful and active disposition full scope,
+and in which he loved to range at will. He was regarded as the patron of
+the chase, and the rural sportsmen, returning from an unsuccessful day's
+sport, beat, in token of their displeasure, the wooden image of Pan, which
+always occupied a prominent place in their dwellings.
+
+All sudden and unaccountable sounds which startle travellers in lonely
+spots, were attributed to Pan, who possessed a frightful and most
+discordant voice; hence the term _pan_ic terror, to indicate sudden fear.
+The Athenians ascribed their victory at Marathon to the alarm which he
+created among the Persians by his terrible voice.
+
+Pan was gifted with the power of prophecy, which he is said to have
+imparted to Apollo, and he possessed a well-known and very ancient oracle
+in Arcadia, in which state he was more especially worshipped.
+
+The artists of later times have somewhat toned down the original very
+unattractive conception of Pan, as above described, and merely represent
+him as a young man, hardened by the exposure to all weathers which a rural
+life involves, and bearing in his hand the shepherd's crook and
+syrinx--these being his usual attributes--whilst small horns project from
+his forehead. He is either undraped, or wears merely the light cloak called
+the chlamys.
+
+The usual offerings to Pan were milk and honey in {174} shepherds' bowls.
+Cows, lambs, and rams were also sacrificed to him.
+
+After the introduction of Pan into the worship of Dionysus, we hear of a
+number of little Pans (Panisci), who are sometimes confounded with the
+Satyrs.
+
+FAUNUS.
+
+The Romans had an old Italian divinity called Faunus, who, as the god of
+shepherds, was identified with the Greek Pan, and represented in a similar
+manner.
+
+Faunus is frequently called Inuus or the fertilizer, and Lupercus or the
+one who wards off wolves. Like Pan, he possessed the gift of prophecy, and
+was the presiding spirit of the woods and fields; he also shared with his
+Greek prototype the faculty of alarming travellers in solitary places. Bad
+dreams and evil apparitions were attributed to Faunus, and he was believed
+to enter houses stealthily at night for this purpose.
+
+Fauna was the wife of Faunus, and participated in his functions.
+
+THE SATYRS.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The Satyrs were a race of woodland spirits, who evidently personified the
+free, wild, and untrammelled life of the forest. Their appearance was both
+grotesque and repulsive; they had flat broad noses, pointed ears, and
+little horns sprouting from their foreheads, a rough shaggy skin, and small
+goat's tails. They led a life of pleasure and self-indulgence, followed the
+chase, revelled in every description of wild music and dancing, were
+terrible wine-bibbers, and addicted to the deep slumbers which follow heavy
+potations. They were no less dreaded by mortals than by the gentle woodland
+nymphs, who always avoided their coarse rough sports.
+
+The Satyrs were conspicuous figures in the train of Dionysus, and, as we
+have seen, Silenus their chief was tutor to the wine god. The older Satyrs
+were called Silens, and are represented in antique sculpture, as more
+nearly approaching the human form.
+
+{175}
+
+In addition to the ordinary Satyrs, artists delighted in depicting little
+Satyrs, young imps, frolicking about the woods in a marvellous variety of
+droll attitudes. These little fellows greatly resemble their friends and
+companions, the Panisci.
+
+In rural districts it was customary for the shepherds and peasants who
+attended the festivals of Dionysus, to dress themselves in the skins of
+goats and other animals, and, under this disguise, they permitted
+themselves all kinds of playful tricks and excesses, to which circumstance
+the conception of the Satyrs is by some authorities attributed.
+
+In Rome the old Italian wood-divinities, the FAUNS, who had goats' feet and
+all other characteristics of the Satyrs greatly exaggerated, were
+identified with them.
+
+PRIAPUS.
+
+Priapus, the son of Dionysus and Aphrodite, was regarded as the god of
+fruitfulness, the protector of flocks, sheep, goats, bees, the fruit of the
+vine, and all garden produce.
+
+His statues, which were set up in gardens and vineyards, acted not only as
+objects of worship, but also as scarecrows, the appearance of this god
+being especially repulsive and unsightly. These statues were formed of wood
+or stone, and from the hips downwards were merely rude columns. They
+represent him as having a red and very ugly face; he bears in his hand a
+pruning knife, and his head is crowned with a wreath of vine and laurel. He
+usually carries fruit in his garments or a cornucopia in his hand, always,
+however, retaining his singularly revolting aspect. It is said that Hera,
+wishing {176} to punish Aphrodite, sent her this misshapen and unsightly
+son, and that when he was born, his mother was so horrified at the sight of
+him, that she ordered him to be exposed on the mountains, where he was
+found by some shepherds, who, taking pity on him, saved his life.
+
+This divinity was chiefly worshipped at Lampsacus, his birthplace. Asses
+were sacrificed to him, and he received the first-fruits of the fields and
+gardens, with a libation of milk and honey.
+
+The worship of Priapus was introduced into Rome at the same time as that of
+Aphrodite, and was identified with a native Italian divinity named Mutunus.
+
+ASCLEPIAS (AESCULAPIUS).
+
+Asclepias, the god of the healing art, was the son of Apollo and the nymph
+Coronis. He was educated by the noble Centaur Chiron, who instructed him in
+all knowledge, but more especially in that of the properties of herbs.
+Asclepias searched out the hidden powers of plants, and discovered cures
+for the various diseases which afflict the human body. He brought his art
+to such perfection, that he not only succeeded in warding off death, but
+also restored the dead to life. It was popularly believed that he was
+materially assisted in his wonderful cures by the blood of the Medusa,
+given to him by Pallas-Athene.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is well to observe that the shrines of this divinity, which were usually
+built in healthy places, on hills outside the town, or near wells which
+were believed to have healing powers, offered at the same time means of
+cure for the sick and suffering, thus combining religious with sanitary
+influences. It was the custom for the sufferer to sleep in the temple,
+when, if he had been earnest in his devotions, Asclepias appeared to him in
+a dream, and revealed the means to be employed for the cure of his malady.
+On the walls of these temples were hung tablets, inscribed by the different
+pilgrims with the particulars of their maladies, the remedies practised,
+and the cures {177} worked by the god:--a custom undoubtedly productive of
+most beneficial results.
+
+Groves, temples, and altars were dedicated to Asclepias in many parts of
+Greece, but Epidaurus, the chief seat of his worship,--where, indeed, it is
+said to have originated,--contained his principal temple, which served at
+the same time as a hospital.
+
+The statue of Asclepias in the temple at Epidaurus was formed of ivory and
+gold, and represented him as an old man with a full beard, leaning on a
+staff round which a serpent is climbing. The serpent was the distinguishing
+symbol of this divinity, partly because these reptiles were greatly used by
+the ancients in the cure of diseases, and partly also because all the
+prudence and wisdom of the serpent were deemed indispensable to the
+judicious physician.
+
+His usual attributes are a staff, a bowl, a bunch of herbs, a pineapple, a
+dog, and a serpent.
+
+His children inherited, for the most part, the distinguished talents of
+their father. Two of his sons, Machaon and Podalirius, accompanied
+Agamemnon to the Trojan war, in which expedition they became renowned, not
+only as military heroes, but also as skilful physicians.
+
+Their sisters, HYGEIA (health), and PANACEA (all-healing), had temples
+dedicated to them, and received divine honours. The function of Hygeia was
+to maintain the health of the community, which great blessing was supposed
+to be brought by her as a direct and beneficent gift from the gods.
+
+AESCULAPIUS.
+
+The worship of AEsculapius was introduced into Rome from Epidaurus, whence
+the statue of the god of healing {178} was brought at the time of a great
+pestilence. Grateful for their deliverance from this plague, the Romans
+erected a temple in his honour, on an island near the mouth of the Tiber.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ROMAN DIVINITIES.
+
+JANUS.
+
+From the earliest ages Janus was regarded by the Romans with the utmost
+affection and veneration, as a divinity who ranked only second to Jupiter
+himself, and through whom all prayers and petitions were transmitted to the
+other gods.
+
+He was believed to preside over the beginnings of all things, hence it was
+he who inaugurated the years, months, and seasons, and in course of time
+came to be considered as specially protecting the beginnings of all human
+enterprises. The great importance which the Romans attached to an
+auspicious commencement, as contributing to the ultimate success of an
+enterprise, accounts for the high estimation in which Janus was held as the
+god of beginnings.
+
+This divinity would appear to have been the ancient sun-god of the Italian
+tribes, in which capacity he opens and closes the gates of heaven every
+morning and evening. Hence he was regarded as the door-keeper of heaven,
+and also as the presiding deity over all gates, entrances, &c., on earth.
+
+The fact of his being the god of city gates, which were called Jani after
+him, is ascribed, however, to the following myth:--After the abduction of
+their women by the Romans, the Sabines, in revenge, invaded the Roman
+state, and were already about to enter the gates of the city, when suddenly
+a hot sulphur spring, which was believed to have been sent by Janus for
+their special preservation, gushed forth from the earth, and arrested the
+progress of the enemy.
+
+{179}
+
+In his character as guardian of gates and doors, he was also regarded as a
+protecting deity of the home, for which reason little shrines were erected
+to him over the doors of houses, which contained an image of the god,
+having two faces.
+
+Janus possessed no temples in the ordinary acceptation of the word, but all
+the gates of cities were dedicated to him. Close to the Forum of Rome stood
+the so-called temple of Janus, which, however, was merely an arched
+passage, closed by massive gates. This temple was open only in time of war,
+as it was supposed that the god had then taken his departure with the Roman
+army, over whose welfare he personally presided. It is worthy of notice, as
+an evidence of the many wars in which the Romans were engaged, that the
+gates of this sanctuary were only closed three times during 700 years.
+
+As the god who ushers in the new year, the first month was called after
+him, and on the 1st of January his most important festival was celebrated,
+on which occasion all entrances of public and private buildings were
+decorated with laurel branches and garlands of flowers.
+
+His sacrifices, consisting of cakes, wine, and barley, were offered to him
+at the beginning of every month; and before sacrificing to the other gods
+his name was always invoked, and a libation poured out to him.
+
+Janus is usually represented with two faces; in his special function as
+door-keeper of heaven he stands erect, bearing a key in one hand, and a rod
+or sceptre in the other.
+
+It is supposed that Janus was the most ancient king of Italy, who, during
+his life, governed his subjects with such wisdom and moderation that, in
+gratitude for the benefits conferred upon them, his people deified him
+after death and placed him in the foremost rank among their divinities. We
+have already seen in the history of Cronus that Saturn, who was identified
+with the Greek Cronus (god of time), was the friend and colleague of Janus.
+Anxious to prove his gratitude to his benefactor, Cronus endowed him with
+the knowledge of past and future {180} events, which enabled him to adopt
+the wisest measures for the welfare of his subjects, and it is on this
+account that Janus is represented with two faces looking in opposite
+directions, the one to the past, the other to the future.
+
+FLORA.
+
+Flora was the goddess of flowers, and was regarded as a beneficent power,
+who watched over and protected the early blossoms.
+
+She was held in the highest estimation by the Romans, and a festival,
+called the Floralia, was celebrated in her honour from the 28th of April to
+the 1st of May. This festival was a season of universal merriment, in which
+flowers were used profusely in adorning houses, streets, &c., and were worn
+by young girls in their hair.
+
+Flora, who typified the season of Spring, is generally represented as a
+lovely maiden, garlanded with flowers.
+
+ROBIGUS.
+
+In opposition to Flora we find an antagonistic divinity, called Robigus, a
+worker of evil, who delighted in the destruction of the tender herbs by
+mildew, and whose wrath could only be averted by prayers and sacrifices,
+when he was invoked under the title of Averuncus, or the Avertor.
+
+The festival of Robigus (the Robigalia) was celebrated on the 25th of
+April.
+
+POMONA.
+
+Pomona was the goddess of orchards and fruit-trees, who, according to Ovid,
+cares not for woods or streams, but loves her gardens and the boughs that
+bear the thriving fruit.
+
+Pomona, who typifies Autumn, is represented as a lovely maiden, laden with
+branches of fruit-trees.
+
+{181}
+
+VERTUMNUS.
+
+Vertumnus was the god of garden and field produce. He personifies the
+change of seasons, and that process of transformation in nature by means of
+which the leaf-buds become developed into blossoms, and the blossoms into
+fruit.
+
+The change of seasons is symbolized in a myth which represents Vertumnus as
+metamorphosing himself into a variety of different forms in order to gain
+the affection of Pomona, who so loved her vocation that she abjured all
+thoughts of marriage. He first appears to her as a ploughman, typifying
+Spring; then as a reaper, to represent Summer; afterwards as a
+vine-gatherer, to indicate Autumn; and finally as a gray-haired old woman,
+symbolical of the snows of Winter; but it was not until he assumed his true
+form, that of a beautiful youth, that he succeeded in his suit.
+
+Vertumnus is generally represented crowned with wheat-sheaves, and bearing
+in his hand a cornucopia.
+
+PALES.
+
+Pales, a very ancient Italian divinity, is represented sometimes as a male,
+sometimes as a female power.
+
+As a male divinity he is more particularly the god of shepherds and flocks.
+
+As a female deity, Pales presides over husbandry and the fruitfulness of
+herds. Her festivals, the Palilia, were celebrated on the 21st of April,
+the day on which the city of Rome was founded. During this festival it was
+customary for shepherds to ignite a mass of straw, through which they
+rushed with their flocks, believing that this ordeal would purify them from
+sin.
+
+The name Palatine, which originally signified a pastoral colony, is derived
+from this divinity. Her offerings were cakes and milk.
+
+{182}
+
+PICUS.
+
+Picus, the son of Saturn and father of Faunus, was a woodland divinity,
+gifted with prophetic powers.
+
+An ancient myth relates that Picus was a beautiful youth, united to a nymph
+called Canens. The sorceress Circe, infatuated by his beauty, endeavoured
+to secure his love, but he rejected her advances, and she, in revenge,
+changed him into a woodpecker, under which form he still retained his
+powers of prophecy.
+
+Picus is represented as a youth, with a woodpecker perched upon his head,
+which bird became henceforth regarded as possessed of the power of
+prophecy.
+
+PICUMNUS AND PILUMNUS.
+
+Picumnus and Pilumnus were two household divinities of the Romans, who were
+the special presiding deities of new-born infants.
+
+SILVANUS.
+
+Silvanus was a woodland divinity, who, like Faunus, greatly resembled the
+Greek Pan. He was the presiding deity of plantations and forests, and
+specially protected the boundaries of fields.
+
+Silvanus is represented as a hale old man, carrying a cypress-tree, for,
+according to Roman mythology, the transformation of the youth Cyparissus
+into the tree which bears his name was attributed to him.
+
+His sacrifices consisted of milk, meat, wine, grapes, wheat-ears, and pigs.
+
+TERMINUS.
+
+Terminus was the god who presided over all boundaries and landmarks.
+
+He was originally represented by a simple block of stone, which in later
+times became surmounted by a {183} head of this divinity. Numa Pompilius,
+the great benefactor of his people, anxious to inculcate respect for the
+rights of property, specially enjoined the erection of these blocks of
+stone, as a durable monument to mark the line dividing one property from
+another. He also caused altars to be raised to Terminus, and instituted his
+festival (the Terminalia), which was celebrated on the 23rd of February.
+
+Upon one occasion, when Tarquin wished to remove the altars of several
+deities, in order to build a new temple, it is said that Terminus and
+Juventas alone objected to being displaced. This obstinate refusal on their
+part was interpreted as a good omen, signifying that the city of Rome would
+never lose her boundaries, and would remain ever young and vigorous.
+
+CONSUS.
+
+Consus was the god of secret counsel.
+
+The Romans believed that when an idea developed itself spontaneously within
+the mind of an individual, it was Consus who had prompted the suggestion.
+This applied, however, more particularly to plans which resulted
+satisfactorily.
+
+An altar was erected to this divinity on the Circus Maximus, which was kept
+always covered, except during his festival, the Consualia, which was
+celebrated on the 18th of August.
+
+LIBITINA.
+
+Libitina was the goddess who presided over funerals. This divinity was
+identified with Venus, possibly because the ancients considered that the
+power of love extended even to the realms of death.
+
+Her temple in Rome, which was erected by Servius Tullius, contained all the
+requisites for funerals, and these could either be bought or hired there. A
+register of all deaths which occurred in the city of Rome was kept in {184}
+this temple, and in order to ascertain the rate of mortality, a piece of
+money was paid by command of Servius Tullius, on the demise of each person.
+
+LAVERNA.
+
+Laverna was the presiding goddess of thieves, and of all artifice and
+fraud. There was an altar erected to her near the Porta Lavernalis, which
+was called after her, and she possessed a sacred grove on the Via Salavia.
+
+COMUS.
+
+Comus was the presiding genius of banquets, festive scenes, revelry, and
+all joyous pleasures and reckless gaiety.
+
+He is represented as a young man crowned with flowers, his face heated and
+flushed with wine, leaning against a post in a half-sleepy and drunken
+attitude, with a torch falling from his hand.
+
+THE CAMENAE.
+
+The Camenae were prophetic nymphs held in high veneration by the ancient
+Italians. They were four in number, the best known of whom are Carmenta and
+Egeria.
+
+Carmenta was celebrated as being the mother of Evander, who led an Arcadian
+colony into Italy, and founded a town on the river Tiber, which became
+afterwards incorporated with the city of Rome. Evander is said to have been
+the first who introduced Greek art and civilization into Italy, and also
+the worship of Greek divinities.
+
+A temple was erected to Carmenta on the Capitoline Hill, and a festival,
+called the Carmentalia, was celebrated in her honour on the 11th of
+January.
+
+Egeria is said to have initiated Numa Pompilius in the forms of religious
+worship, which he introduced among his people. She was regarded as the
+giver of {185} life, and was therefore invoked by women before the birth of
+their children.
+
+The Camenae are frequently identified by Roman writers with the Muses.
+
+GENII.
+
+A comforting and assuring belief existed among the Romans, that each
+individual was accompanied through life, from the hour of his birth to that
+of his death, by a protecting spirit, called his genius, who prompted him
+to good and noble deeds, and acted towards him as a guardian angel,
+comforting him in sorrow, and guiding him throughout his earthly career.
+
+In the course of time a second genius was believed to exist, of an evil
+nature, who, as the instigator of all wrong-doing, was ever at war with the
+beneficent genius; and on the issue of the conflict between these
+antagonistic influences, depended the fate of the individual. The genii
+were depicted as winged beings, greatly resembling our modern
+representations of guardian angels.
+
+Every state, town, or city, (as well as every man), possessed its special
+genius. The sacrifices to the genii consisted of wine, cakes, and incense,
+which were offered to them on birthdays.
+
+The genius which guided a woman was called, after the queen of heaven,
+Juno.
+
+Among the Greeks, beings called Daemons were regarded as exercising similar
+functions to those of the Roman genii. They were believed to be the spirits
+of the righteous race which existed in the Golden Age, who watched over
+mankind, carrying their prayers to the gods, and the gifts of the gods to
+them.
+
+MANES.
+
+LEMURES (LARVAE) AND LARES.
+
+The Manes were the spirits of the departed, and were of two kinds, viz.,
+Lemures (or Larvae) and Lares. {186}
+
+The Lemures were those Manes who haunted their former abodes on earth as
+evil spirits, appearing at night under awful forms and hideous shapes,
+greatly to the alarm of their friends and relatives. They were so feared
+that a festival, called the Lemuralia, was celebrated in order to
+propitiate them.
+
+It appears extremely probable that the superstitions with regard to ghosts,
+haunted houses, &c., which exist even at the present day, owe their origin
+to this very ancient pagan source.
+
+The Lares Familiares were a much more pleasing conception. They were the
+spirits of the ancestors of each family, who exercised after death a
+protecting power over the well-being and prosperity of the family to which
+they had in life belonged. The place of honour beside the hearth was
+occupied by the statue of the Lar of the house, who was supposed to have
+been the founder of the family. This statue was the object of profound
+veneration, and was honoured on all occasions by every member of the
+family; a portion of each meal was laid before it, and it was believed to
+take an active part in all family affairs and domestic events, whether of a
+sad or joyful nature. Before starting on any expedition the master of the
+house saluted the statue of the Lar, and, on his return, a solemn
+thanksgiving was offered to this, the presiding deity of his hearth and
+home, in grateful acknowledgment of his protection; whereupon the statue
+was crowned with garlands of flowers, these being the favourite offerings
+to the Lares on all occasions of especial family rejoicing.
+
+The first act of a bride on entering her new abode was to do homage to the
+Lar, in the belief that he would exercise over her a protecting influence
+and shield her from evil.
+
+In addition to those above enumerated there were also public Lares, who
+were guardians of the state, highroads, country, and sea. Their temples
+were always open for any pious worshipper to enter, and on their altars
+public sacrifices were offered for the welfare of the state or city. {187}
+
+PENATES.
+
+The Penates were deities selected by each family, and frequently by its
+individual members, as a special protector. Various causes led to this
+selection. If, for instance, a child were born on the festival of Vesta, it
+was thought that that deity would henceforward act as its special guardian.
+If a youth possessed great business talents he adopted Mercury as his
+tutelary deity; should he, on the other hand, develop a passion for music,
+Apollo was selected as his patron god, and so forth. These became regarded
+as the special divinities of the household, small images of them adorned
+the surroundings of the hearth, and honours similar to those paid to the
+Lares were accorded to them.
+
+Just as there were public Lares so there were public Penates, which were
+worshipped by the Roman people under the form of two youthful warriors,
+who, in later times, were regarded as identical with Castor and Pollux.
+They are generally represented on horseback, with conical caps on their
+heads, and bearing long spears in their hands.
+
+{188}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PUBLIC WORSHIP OF THE ANCIENT GREEKS AND ROMANS.
+
+TEMPLES.
+
+In very remote times the Greeks had no shrines or sanctuaries devoted to
+public worship, but performed their devotions beneath the vast and
+boundless canopy of heaven, in the great temple of nature itself. Believing
+that their divinities throned above the clouds, pious worshippers naturally
+sought the highest available points, in order to place themselves in the
+closest communion possible with their gods; hence the summits of high
+mountains were selected for devotional purposes, and the more exalted the
+rank and importance of the divinity invoked, the more elevated was the site
+selected for his or her worship. But the inconvenience attending this mode
+of worship gradually suggested the idea of erecting edifices which would
+afford means of shelter from the inclemency of the weather.
+
+These structures were, in the first instance, of the most simple form, and
+without decoration; but when, with the progress of civilization, the Greeks
+became a {189} wealthy and powerful people, temples were built and adorned
+with the greatest splendour and magnificence, talent, labour, and wealth
+being lavished unsparingly on their erection and decoration; indeed so
+massively were they constructed, that some of them have, to a certain
+extent, withstood the ravages of time. The city of Athens especially
+contains numerous remains of these buildings of antiquity. On the Acropolis
+we may still behold, among other monuments of ancient art, the temple of
+Athene-Polias, and that of Theseus, the latter of which is the most entire
+ancient edifice in the world. In the island of Delos, also, are to be seen
+the ruins of the temples of Apollo and Artemis, both of which are in a
+wonderful state of preservation. These ruins are most valuable, being
+sufficiently complete to enable us to study, by their aid, the plan and
+character of the original structure.
+
+Among the Lacedaemonians, however, we find no vestiges of these stately
+temples, for they were specially enjoined by a law of Lycurgus to serve the
+gods with as little outlay as possible. When the great lawgiver was asked
+the reason of this injunction, he replied that the Lacedaemonians, being a
+poor nation, might otherwise abstain altogether from the observance of
+their religious duties, and wisely added that magnificent edifices and
+costly sacrifices were not so pleasing to the gods, as the true piety and
+unfeigned devotion of their worshippers.
+
+The most ancient temples known to us served a double purpose: they were not
+only consecrated to the service of the gods, but were at the same time
+venerable monuments in honour of the dead. Thus, for instance, the temple
+of Pallas-Athene, in the tower of the city of Larissa, served as the
+sepulchre of Acrisius, and the Acropolis at Athens received the ashes of
+Cecrops, founder of the city.
+
+A temple was frequently dedicated to two or more gods, and was always built
+after the manner considered most acceptable to the particular divinities to
+whom it was consecrated; for just as trees, birds, and animals of {190}
+every description were held to be sacred to certain deities, so almost
+every god had a form of building peculiar to himself, which was deemed more
+acceptable to him than any other. Thus the Doric style of architecture was
+sacred to Zeus, Ares, and Heracles; the Ionic to Apollo, Artemis, and
+Dionysus; and the Corinthian to Hestia.
+
+In the porch of the temple stood a vessel of stone or brass, containing
+holy water (which had been consecrated by putting into it a burning torch,
+taken from the altar), with which all those admitted to take part in the
+sacrifices were besprinkled. In the inmost recess of the sanctuary was the
+most holy place, into which none but the priests were suffered to enter.
+
+Temples in the country were usually surrounded with groves of trees. The
+solitude of these shady retreats naturally tended to inspire the worshipper
+with awe and reverence, added to which the delightful shade and coolness
+afforded by tall leafy trees is peculiarly grateful in hot countries.
+Indeed so general did this custom of building temples in groves become,
+that all places devoted to sacred purposes, even where no trees existed,
+were called groves. That this practice must be of very remote antiquity is
+proved by the Biblical injunction, having for its object the separation of
+the Jews from all idolatrous practices: "Thou shalt not plant thee a grove
+of trees near unto the altar of the Lord thy God."
+
+STATUES.
+
+The Greeks worshipped their gods without any visible representations of
+them until the time of Cecrops. The most ancient of these representations
+consisted of square blocks of stone, upon which the name of the deity
+intended to be represented was engraved. The first attempts at sculpture
+were rude stocks, with a head at one end and a shapeless trunk at the
+other, tapering slightly down to the feet, which, however, were not
+divided, the limbs being in no way defined. But the artists of later times
+devoted all their genius to the {191} successful production of the highest
+ideals of their gods, some of which are preserved to this day, and are
+regarded as examples of purest art.
+
+On a pedestal in the centre of the edifice stood the statue of the divinity
+to whom the temple was dedicated, surrounded by images of other gods, all
+of which were fenced off by rails.
+
+ALTARS.
+
+The altar in a Greek temple, which stood in the centre of the building and
+in front of the statue of the presiding deity, was generally of a circular
+form, and constructed of stone. It was customary to engrave upon it the
+name or distinguishing symbol of the divinity to whom it was dedicated; and
+it was held so sacred that if any malefactor fled to it his life was safe
+from his pursuers, and it was considered one of the greatest acts of
+sacrilege to force him from this asylum.
+
+The most ancient altars were adorned with horns, which in former times were
+emblems of power and dignity, as wealth, and consequently importance,
+consisted among most primitive nations in flocks and herds.
+
+In addition to those erected in places of public worship, altars were
+frequently raised in groves, on highways, or in the market-places of
+cities.
+
+The gods of the lower world had no altars whatever, ditches or trenches
+being dug for the reception of the blood of the sacrifices offered to them.
+
+PRIESTS.
+
+In ancient times the priests were recognized as a special social caste, and
+were distinguished not only by their sacerdotal vestments, but also by
+their piety, wisdom, and blameless life. They were the chosen mediators
+between gods and men, and offered prayers and sacrifices in the name of the
+people, whom they also instructed as to what vows, gifts, and offerings
+would be most acceptable to the gods.
+
+{192}
+
+Every deity had a different order of priests consecrated to his worship,
+and in every place a high-priest was appointed, whose duty it was to
+superintend the rest of his order, and also to carry out the more sacred
+rites and religious observances.
+
+Priests and priestesses were permitted to marry, but not a second time;
+some, however, voluntarily adopted a life of celibacy.
+
+SACRIFICES.
+
+There is no doubt that a feeling of gratitude to the gods for their
+protecting care, and the abundance with which they were believed to bless
+mankind, has induced men of all nations and in all countries to feel a
+desire to sacrifice to their divinities some portion of the gifts so
+generously lavished upon them.
+
+Among the Greeks, sacrifices were of various kinds. They consisted of
+_free-will offerings_, _propitiatory offerings_, &c.
+
+_Free-will offerings_ were grateful acknowledgments for benefits received,
+and usually consisted of the first-fruits of the field, or the finest of
+the flocks and herds, which were required to be without spot or blemish.
+
+_Propitiatory offerings_ were brought with the object of appeasing the
+anger of the gods.
+
+In addition to those above enumerated, sacrifices were made, either with a
+view of obtaining success in an enterprise about to be undertaken, or in
+fulfilment of a vow, or at the command of an oracle.
+
+Every sacrifice was accompanied by salt and also by a libation, which
+usually consisted of wine, the cup being always filled to the brim,
+indicating that the offering was made without stint. When sacrificing to
+the infernal gods the cup containing the libation was filled with blood.
+
+The animals offered to the Olympian divinities were white, whilst those to
+the gods of the lower world were black. When a man offered a special
+sacrifice for himself or his family it partook of the nature of his {193}
+occupation; thus a shepherd brought a sheep, a vine-grower his grapes, and
+so forth. But in the case of public sacrifices, the supposed individuality
+of the deity was always consulted. For instance, to Demeter a sow was
+offered, because that animal is apt to root up the seed-corn; to Dionysus a
+goat, on account of its being destructive to vineyards, &c.
+
+The value of offerings depended greatly upon the position of the
+individual; it being regarded as a contempt of the gods for a rich man to
+bring a sordid offering, whilst from a poor man the smallest oblation was
+considered acceptable.
+
+Hecatombs consisted of a hundred animals, and were offered by entire
+communities, or by wealthy individuals who either desired, or had obtained
+some special favour from the gods.
+
+When a sacrifice was to be offered, a fire was kindled on the altar, into
+which wine and frankincense were poured, in order to increase the flame. In
+very ancient times, the victim was laid upon the altar and burned whole;
+but after the time of Prometheus portions only of the shoulders, thighs,
+entrails, &c., were sacrificed, the remainder becoming the perquisites of
+the priests.
+
+The officiating priests wore a crown composed of the leaves of the tree
+sacred to the deity they invoked. Thus when sacrificing to Apollo the
+crowns were of laurel; when to Heracles, of poplar. This practice of
+wearing crowns was, at a later period, adopted by the general public at
+banquets and other festivities.
+
+On occasions of special solemnity the horns of the victim were overlaid
+with gold, and the altars decked with flowers and sacred herbs.
+
+The mode of conducting the sacrifices was as follows:--All things being
+prepared, a salt cake, the sacrificial knife, and the crowns, were placed
+in a small basket, and carried to the sanctuary by a young maiden,
+whereupon the victim was conducted into the temple, frequently to the
+accompaniment of music. If a small animal, it was driven loose to the
+altar; if a large one, it was led by a {194} long trailing rope, in order
+to indicate that it was not an unwilling sacrifice.
+
+When all were assembled, the priest, after walking in solemn state round
+the altar, besprinkled it with a mixture of meal and holy water, after
+which he also besprinkled the assembled worshippers, and exhorted them to
+join with him in prayer. The service being ended, the priest first tasted
+the libation, and after causing the congregation to do the like, poured the
+remainder between the horns of the victim, after which frankincense was
+strewn upon the altar, and a portion of the meal and water poured upon the
+animal, which was then killed. If by any chance the victim escaped the
+stroke, or became in any way restless, it was regarded as an evil omen; if,
+on the contrary, it expired without a struggle, it was considered
+auspicious.
+
+At the sacrifices to the aerial divinities music was added, whilst dances
+were performed round the altar, and sacred hymns sung. These hymns were
+generally composed in honour of the gods, and contained an account of their
+famous actions, their clemency and beneficence, and the gifts conferred by
+them on mankind. In conclusion, the gods were invoked for a continuance of
+their favour, and when the service was ended a feast was held.
+
+ORACLES.
+
+The desire to penetrate the dark veil of futurity, and thereby to avert, if
+possible, threatened danger, has animated mankind in all ages of the world.
+Prophetic knowledge was sought by the Greeks at the mouth of oracles, whose
+predictions were interpreted to the people by priests, specially appointed
+for the purpose.
+
+The most famous of these institutions was the oracle of Apollo at Delphi,
+which was held in general repute all over the world. People flocked from
+far and near to consult this wonderful mouth-piece of the gods, one month
+in the year being specially set apart for the purpose.
+
+{195}
+
+The priestess who delivered the oracles was called the Pythia, after the
+serpent Python, which was killed by Apollo. Having first bathed in the
+waters of the Castalian spring, she was conducted into the temple by the
+priests, and was seated on a sort of three-legged stool or table, called a
+tripod, which was placed over the mouth of a cave whence issued sulphurous
+vapours. Here she gradually became affected in a remarkable manner, and
+fell into an ecstatic condition, in which she uttered wild and
+extraordinary phrases, which were held to be the utterance of Apollo
+himself; these the priests interpreted to the people, but in most cases in
+so ambiguous a manner that the fulfilment of the prediction could not
+easily be disputed. During the ceremony, clouds of incense filled the
+temple, and hid the priestess from the view of the uninitiated, and at its
+conclusion she was reconducted, in a fainting condition, to her cell.
+
+The following is a striking instance of the ambiguity of oracular
+predictions:--Croesus, the rich king of Lydia, before going to war with
+Cyrus, king of Persia, consulted an oracle as to the probable success of
+the expedition. The reply he received was, that if he crossed a certain
+river he would destroy a great empire. Interpreting the response as being
+favourable to his design, Croesus crossed the river, and encountered the
+Persian king, by whom he was entirely defeated; and his own empire being
+destroyed, the prediction of the oracle was said to have been fulfilled.
+
+SOOTHSAYERS (AUGURS).
+
+In addition to the manifestation of the will of the gods by means of
+oracles, the Greeks also believed that certain men, called soothsayers,
+were gifted with the power of foretelling future events from dreams, from
+observing the flight of birds, the entrails of sacrificed animals, and even
+the direction of the flames and smoke from the altar, &c. {196}
+
+AUGURS.
+
+The Roman soothsayers were called augurs, and played an important part in
+the history of the Romans, as no enterprise was ever undertaken without
+first consulting them with regard to its ultimate success.
+
+FESTIVALS.
+
+Festivals were instituted as seasons of rest, rejoicing, and thanksgiving,
+and also as anniversaries to commemorate events of national importance. The
+most ancient festivals were those held after the ingathering of the harvest
+or vintage, and were celebrated with rejoicings and merry-makings, which
+lasted many days, during which time the first-fruits of the fields were
+offered to the gods, accompanied by prayers and thanksgiving.
+
+The festivals held in cities in honour of special divinities, or in
+commemoration of particular events, were conducted with an elaborate
+ceremonial. Gorgeous processions, games, chariot races, &c., were
+conspicuous features on these occasions, and dramatic performances,
+representing particular episodes in the lives of the gods and heroes,
+frequently took place.
+
+We subjoin a few of the most interesting of the Greek and Roman festivals.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GREEK FESTIVALS.
+
+ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES.
+
+One of the most ancient and important among the festivals observed by the
+Greeks was that of the Eleusinian Mysteries, which was celebrated in honour
+of Demeter and Persephone. The name was derived from Eleusis, a town in
+Attica, where the Mysteries were first introduced by the goddess herself.
+They were divided into the {197} Greater and Lesser Mysteries, and,
+according to the general account, were held every five years. The Greater,
+which were celebrated in honour of Demeter, and lasted nine days, were held
+in autumn; the Lesser, dedicated to Persephone (who at these festivals was
+affectionately called Cora, or the maiden), were held in spring.
+
+It is supposed that the secrets taught to the initiated by the priests--the
+expounders of the Mysteries--were moral meanings, elucidated from the myths
+concerning Demeter and Persephone; but the most important belief inculcated
+was the doctrine of the immortality of the soul. That the lessons taught
+were of the highest moral character is universally admitted. "The souls of
+those who participated in them were filled with the sweetest hopes both as
+to this and the future world;" and it was a common saying among the
+Athenians: "In the Mysteries no one is sad."
+
+The initiation into these solemn rites (which was originally the exclusive
+privilege of the Athenians) was accompanied with awe-inspiring ceremonies;
+and secrecy was so strictly enjoined that its violation was punished by
+death. At the conclusion of the initiation great rejoicings took place,
+chariot-races, wrestling matches, &c., were held, and solemn sacrifices
+offered.
+
+The initiation into the Lesser Mysteries served as a preparation for the
+Greater.
+
+THESMOPHORIA.
+
+The Thesmophoria was another festival held in honour of Demeter, in her
+character as presiding over marriage and social institutions resulting from
+the spread of agriculture.
+
+This festival was celebrated exclusively by women.
+
+DIONYSIA.
+
+A joyous spring festival was held in honour of Dionysus, in the month of
+March, and lasted several days.
+
+{198}
+
+This festival, which was called the Greater Dionysia, was celebrated with
+particular splendour at Athens, when strangers flocked from all parts of
+the world to take part in the ceremonies. The city was gaily decorated, the
+houses were garlanded with ivy-leaves, crowds perambulated the streets,
+everything wore its holiday garb, and wine was freely indulged in.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In the processions which took place during these festivities, the statue of
+Dionysus was carried, and men and women, crowned with ivy and bearing the
+thyrsus, were dressed in every description of grotesque costume, and played
+on drums, pipes, flutes, cymbals, &c. Some representing Silenus rode on
+asses, others wearing fawn-skins appeared as Pan or the Satyrs, and the
+whole multitude sang paeans in honour of the wine-god. Public shows, games,
+and sports took place, and the entire city was full of revelry.
+
+What lent additional interest to these festivals was the custom of
+introducing new comedies and tragedies to the public, representations of
+which were given, and prizes awarded to those which elicited the greatest
+admiration.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The Lesser Dionysia were vintage festivals, celebrated in rural districts
+in the month of November, and were characterized by drinking, feasting, and
+joviality of all kinds.
+
+In connection with some of the festivals in honour of Dionysus were certain
+mystic observances, into which only women, called Menades or Bacchantes,
+were initiated. Clad in fawn-skins, they assembled by night on the mountain
+sides, {199} some carrying blazing torches, others thyrsi, and all animated
+with religious enthusiasm and frenzy. They shouted, clapped their hands,
+danced wildly, and worked themselves up to such a pitch of excitement and
+fury that in their mad frenzy they tore in pieces the animal brought as a
+sacrifice to Dionysus.
+
+Under the name of Bacchanalia, these mystic rites were introduced into
+Rome, where men also were allowed to participate in them; but they were
+attended with such frightful excesses that the state authorities at length
+interfered and prohibited them.
+
+PANATHENAEA.
+
+The Panathenaea was a famous festival celebrated in Athens in honour of
+Athene-Polias, the guardian of the state. There were two festivals of this
+name, the Lesser and the Greater Panathenaea. The former was held annually,
+and the latter, which lasted several days, was celebrated every fourth
+year.
+
+For the Greater Panathenaea a garment, embroidered with gold, called the
+Peplus, was specially woven by Athenian maidens, on which was represented
+the victory gained by Athene over the Giants. This garment was suspended to
+the mast of a ship which stood outside the city; and during the festival,
+which was characterized by a grand procession, the ship (with the Peplus on
+its mast) was impelled forward by means of invisible machinery, and formed
+the most conspicuous feature of the pageant. The whole population, bearing
+olive branches in their hands, took part in the procession; and amidst
+music and rejoicings this imposing pageant wended its way to the temple of
+Athene-Polias, where the Peplus was deposited on the statue of the goddess.
+
+At this festival, Homer's poems were declaimed aloud, and poets also
+introduced their own works to the public. Musical contests, foot and horse
+races, and wrestling matches were held, and dances were performed by boys
+in armour.
+
+{200}
+
+Men who had deserved well of their country were presented at the festival
+with a crown of gold, and the name of the person so distinguished was
+announced publicly by a herald.
+
+The victors in the races and athletic games received, as a prize, a vase of
+oil, supposed to have been extracted from the fruit of the sacred
+olive-tree of Athene.
+
+DAPHNEPHORIA.
+
+The Daphnephoria was celebrated at Thebes in honour of Apollo every ninth
+year.
+
+The distinguishing feature of this festival was a procession to the temple
+of Apollo, in which a young priest (the Daphnephorus) of noble descent,
+splendidly attired and wearing a crown of gold, was preceded by a youth,
+carrying an emblematical representation of the sun, moon, stars, and days
+of the year, and followed by beautiful maidens bearing laurel branches, and
+singing hymns in honour of the god.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ROMAN FESTIVALS.
+
+SATURNALIA.
+
+The Saturnalia, a national festival held in December in honour of Saturn,
+was celebrated after the ingathering of the harvest, and lasted several
+days.
+
+It was a time of universal rejoicing, cessation from labour, and
+merry-making. School children had holidays, friends sent presents to each
+other, the law-courts were closed, and no business was transacted.
+
+Crowds of people from the surrounding country flocked to Rome for this
+festival attired in every variety of masquerade dress; practical jokes were
+given and received with the utmost good humour, shouts of exultation filled
+{201} the air, all classes abandoned themselves to enjoyment, and
+unrestrained hilarity reigned supreme. Social distinctions were for a time
+suspended, or even reversed; and so heartily was the spirit of this
+festival entered into, that masters waited upon their slaves at banquets
+which they provided for them; the slaves being dressed upon these occasions
+in the garments of their masters.
+
+There appears little doubt that the modern Carnival is a survival of the
+ancient Saturnalia.
+
+CEREALIA.
+
+This festival was celebrated in honour of Ceres. It was solemnized
+exclusively by women, who, dressed in white garments, wandered about with
+torches in their hands, to represent the search of the goddess for her
+daughter Proserpine.
+
+During this festival, games were celebrated in the Circus Maximus, to which
+none were admitted unless clothed in white.
+
+VESTALIA.
+
+The Vestalia was a festival held in honour of Vesta on the 9th of June, and
+was celebrated exclusively by women, who walked barefooted in procession to
+the temple of the goddess.
+
+The priestesses of Vesta, called Vestales or Vestal Virgins, played a
+conspicuous part in these festivals. They were six in number, and were
+chosen--between the ages of six and ten--from the noblest families in Rome.
+Their term of office was thirty years. During the first ten years, they
+were initiated in their religious duties, during the second ten they
+performed them, and during the third they instructed novices. Their chief
+duty was to watch and feed the ever-burning flame on the altar of Vesta,
+the extinction of which was regarded as a national calamity of ominous
+import.
+
+{202}
+
+Great honours and privileges were accorded to them; the best seats were
+reserved for their use at all public spectacles, and even the consuls and
+praetors made way for them to pass. If they met a criminal on his way to
+execution they had the power to pardon him, provided it could be proved
+that the meeting was accidental.
+
+The Vestales were vowed to chastity, a violation of which was visited by
+the frightful punishment of being buried alive.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{203}
+
+PART II.--LEGENDS.
+
+CADMUS.
+
+The following is the legendary account of the founding of Thebes:--
+
+After the abduction of his daughter Europa by Zeus, Agenor, king of
+Phoenicia, unable to reconcile himself to her loss, despatched his son
+Cadmus in search of her, desiring him not to return without his sister.
+
+For many years Cadmus pursued his search through various countries, but
+without success. Not daring to return home without her, he consulted the
+oracle of Apollo at Delphi; and the reply was that he must desist from his
+task, and take upon himself a new duty, _i.e._ that of founding a city, the
+site of which would be indicated to him by a heifer which had never borne
+the yoke, and which would lie down on the spot whereon the city was to be
+built.
+
+Scarcely had Cadmus left the sacred fane, when he observed a heifer who
+bore no marks of servitude on her neck, walking slowly in front of him. He
+followed the animal for a considerable distance, until at length, on the
+site where Thebes afterwards stood, she looked towards heaven and, gently
+lowing, lay down in the long grass. Grateful for this mark of divine
+favour, Cadmus resolved to offer up the animal as a sacrifice, and
+accordingly sent his followers to fetch water for the libation from a
+neighbouring spring. This spring, which was sacred to Ares, was situated in
+a wood, and guarded by a fierce dragon, who, at the approach of the
+retainers of Cadmus, suddenly pounced upon them and killed them.
+
+After waiting some time for the return of his servants {204} Cadmus grew
+impatient, and hastily arming himself with his lance and spear, set out to
+seek them. On reaching the spot, the mangled remains of his unfortunate
+followers met his view, and near them he beheld the frightful monster,
+dripping with the blood of his victims. Seizing a huge rock, the hero
+hurled it with all his might upon the dragon; but protected by his tough
+black skin and steely scales as by a coat of mail, he remained unhurt.
+Cadmus now tried his lance, and with more success, for it pierced the side
+of the beast, who, furious with pain, sprang at his adversary, when Cadmus,
+leaping aside, succeeded in fixing the point of his spear within his jaws,
+which final stroke put an end to the encounter.
+
+While Cadmus stood surveying his vanquished foe Pallas-Athene appeared to
+him, and commanded him to sow the teeth of the dead dragon in the ground.
+He obeyed; and out of the furrows there arose a band of armed men, who at
+once commenced to fight with each other, until all except five were killed.
+These last surviving warriors made peace with each other, and it was with
+their assistance that Cadmus now built the famous city of Thebes. In later
+times the noblest Theban families proudly claimed their descent from these
+mighty earth-born warriors.
+
+Ares was furious with rage when he discovered that Cadmus had slain his
+dragon, and would have killed him had not Zeus interfered, and induced him
+to mitigate his punishment to that of servitude for the term of eight
+years. At the end of that time the god of war became reconciled to Cadmus,
+and, in token of his forgiveness, bestowed upon him the hand of his
+daughter Harmonia in marriage. Their nuptials were almost as celebrated as
+those of Peleus and Thetis. All the gods honoured them with their presence,
+and offered rich gifts and congratulations. Cadmus himself presented his
+lovely bride with a splendid necklace fashioned by Hephaestus, which,
+however, after the death of Harmonia, always proved fatal to its possessor.
+
+The children of Cadmus and Harmonia were one son, {205} Polydorus, and four
+daughters, Autonoe, Ino, Semele, and Agave.
+
+For many years the founder of Thebes reigned happily, but at length a
+conspiracy was formed against him, and he was deprived of his throne by his
+grandson Pentheus. Accompanied by his faithful wife Harmonia, he retired
+into Illyria, and after death they were both changed by Zeus into serpents,
+and transferred to Elysium.
+
+PERSEUS.
+
+Perseus, one of the most renowned of the legendary heroes of antiquity, was
+the son of Zeus and Danae, daughter of Acrisius, king of Argos.
+
+An oracle having foretold to Acrisius that a son of Danae would be the
+cause of his death, he imprisoned her in a tower of brass in order to keep
+her secluded from the world. Zeus, however, descended through the roof of
+the tower in the form of a shower of gold, and the lovely Danae became his
+bride.
+
+For four years Acrisius remained in ignorance of this union, but one
+evening as he chanced to pass by the brazen chamber, he heard the cry of a
+young child proceeding from within, which led to the discovery of his
+daughter's marriage with Zeus. Enraged at finding all his precautions
+unavailing, Acrisius commanded the mother and child to be placed in a chest
+and thrown into the sea.
+
+But it was not the will of Zeus that they should perish. He directed
+Poseidon to calm the troubled waters, and caused the chest to float safely
+to the island of Seriphus. Dictys, brother of Polydectes, king of the
+island, was fishing on the sea-shore when he saw the chest stranded on the
+beach; and pitying the helpless condition of its unhappy occupants, he
+conducted them to the palace of the king, where they were treated with the
+greatest kindness.
+
+Polydectes eventually became united to Danae, and {206} bestowed upon
+Perseus an education befitting a hero. When he saw his stepson develop into
+a noble and manly youth he endeavoured to instil into his mind a desire to
+signalize himself by the achievement of some great and heroic deed, and
+after mature deliberation it was decided that the slaying of the Gorgon,
+Medusa, would bring him the greatest renown.
+
+For the successful accomplishment of his object it was necessary for him to
+be provided with a pair of winged sandals, a magic wallet, and the helmet
+of Aides, which rendered the wearer invisible, all of which were in the
+keeping of the Nymphs, the place of whose abode was known only to the Graeae.
+Perseus started on his expedition, and, guided by Hermes and Pallas-Athene,
+arrived, after a long journey, in the far-off region, on the borders of
+Oceanus, where dwelt the Graeae, daughters of Phorcys and Ceto. He at once
+applied to them for the necessary information, and on their refusing to
+grant it he deprived them of their single eye and tooth, which he only
+restored to them when they gave him full directions with regard to his
+route. He then proceeded to the abode of the Nymphs, from whom he obtained
+the objects indispensable for his purpose.
+
+Equipped with the magic helmet and wallet, and armed with a sickle, the
+gift of Hermes, he attached to his feet the winged sandals, and flew to the
+abode of the Gorgons, whom he found fast asleep. Now as Perseus had been
+warned by his celestial guides that whoever looked upon these weird sisters
+would be transformed into stone, he stood with averted face before the
+sleepers, and caught on his bright metal shield their triple image. Then,
+guided by Pallas-Athene, he cut off the head of the Medusa, which he placed
+in his wallet. No sooner had he done so than from the headless trunk there
+sprang forth the winged steed Pegasus, and Chrysaor, the father of the
+winged giant Geryon. He now hastened to elude the pursuit of the two
+surviving sisters, who, aroused from their slumbers, eagerly rushed to
+avenge the death of their sister.
+
+{207}
+
+His invisible helmet and winged sandals here stood him in good stead; for
+the former concealed him from the view of the Gorgons, whilst the latter
+bore him swiftly over land and sea, far beyond the reach of pursuit. In
+passing over the burning plains of Libya the drops of blood from the head
+of the Medusa oozed through the wallet, and falling on the hot sands below
+produced a brood of many-coloured snakes, which spread all over the
+country.
+
+Perseus continued his flight until he reached the kingdom of Atlas, of whom
+he begged rest and shelter. But as this king possessed a valuable orchard,
+in which every tree bore golden fruit, he was fearful lest the slayer of
+the Medusa might destroy the dragon which guarded it, and then rob him of
+his treasures. He therefore refused to grant the hospitality which the hero
+demanded, whereupon Perseus, exasperated at the churlish repulse, produced
+from his wallet the head of the Medusa, and holding it towards the king,
+transformed him into a stony mountain. Beard and hair erected themselves
+into forests; shoulders, hands, and limbs became huge rocks, and the head
+grew up into a craggy peak which reached into the clouds.
+
+Perseus then resumed his travels. His winged sandals bore him over deserts
+and mountains, until he arrived at AEthiopia, the kingdom of King Cepheus.
+Here he found the country inundated with disastrous floods, towns and
+villages destroyed, and everywhere signs of desolation and ruin. On a
+projecting cliff close to the shore he beheld a lovely maiden chained to a
+rock. This was Andromeda, the king's daughter. Her mother Cassiopea, having
+boasted that her beauty surpassed that of the Nereides, the angry
+sea-nymphs appealed to Poseidon to avenge their wrongs, whereupon the
+sea-god devastated the country with a terrible inundation, which brought
+with it a huge monster who devoured all that came in his way.
+
+In their distress the unfortunate AEthiopians applied to the oracle of
+Jupiter-Ammon, in the Libyan desert, {208} and obtained the response, that
+only by the sacrifice of the king's daughter to the monster could the
+country and people be saved.
+
+Cepheus, who was tenderly attached to his child, at first refused to listen
+to this dreadful proposal; but overcome at length by the prayers and
+solicitations of his unhappy subjects, the heart-broken father gave up his
+child for the welfare of his country. Andromeda was accordingly chained to
+a rock on the sea-shore to serve as a prey to the monster, whilst her
+unhappy parents bewailed her sad fate on the beach below.
+
+On being informed of the meaning of this tragic scene, Perseus proposed to
+Cepheus to slay the dragon, on condition that the lovely victim should
+become his bride. Overjoyed at the prospect of Andromeda's release, the
+king gladly acceded to the stipulation, and Perseus hastened to the rock,
+to breathe words of hope and comfort to the trembling maiden. Then assuming
+once more the helmet of Aides, he mounted into the air, and awaited the
+approach of the monster.
+
+Presently the sea opened, and the shark's head of the gigantic beast of the
+deep raised itself above the waves. Lashing his tail furiously from side to
+side, he leaped forward to seize his victim; but the gallant hero, watching
+his opportunity, suddenly darted down, and producing the head of the Medusa
+from his wallet, held it before the eyes of the dragon, whose hideous body
+became gradually transformed into a huge black rock, which remained for
+ever a silent witness of the miraculous deliverance of Andromeda. Perseus
+then led the maiden to her now happy parents, who, anxious to evince their
+gratitude to her deliverer ordered immediate preparations to be made for
+the nuptial feast. But the young hero was not to bear away his lovely bride
+uncontested; for in the midst of the banquet, Phineus, the king's brother,
+to whom Andromeda had previously been betrothed, returned to claim his
+bride. Followed by a band of armed warriors he forced his way into the
+hall, and a desperate encounter took place between the rivals, {209} which
+might have terminated fatally for Perseus, had he not suddenly bethought
+himself of the Medusa's head. Calling to his friends to avert their faces,
+he drew it from his wallet, and held it before Phineus and his formidable
+body-guard, whereupon they all stiffened into stone.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Perseus now took leave of the AEthiopian king, and, accompanied by his
+beautiful bride, returned to Seriphus, where a joyful meeting took place
+between Danae and her son. He then sent a messenger to his grandfather,
+informing him that he intended returning to Argos; but Acrisius, fearing
+the fulfilment of the oracular prediction, fled for protection to his
+friend Teutemias, king of Larissa. Anxious to induce the aged monarch to
+return to Argos, Perseus followed him thither. But here a strange fatality
+occurred. Whilst taking part in some funereal games, celebrated in honour
+of the king's father, Perseus, by an unfortunate throw of the discus,
+accidentally struck his grandfather, and thereby was the innocent cause of
+his death.
+
+After celebrating the funereal rites of Acrisius with due solemnity,
+Perseus returned to Argos; but feeling loath to occupy the throne of one
+whose death he had caused, he exchanged kingdoms with Megapenthes, king of
+Tiryns, and in course of time founded the cities of Mycenae and Midea.
+
+The head of the Medusa he presented to his divine patroness, Pallas-Athene,
+who placed it in the centre of her shield.
+
+Many great heroes were descended from Perseus and Andromeda, foremost among
+whom was Heracles, whose mother, Alcmene, was their granddaughter.
+
+Heroic honours were paid to Perseus, not only {210} throughout Argos, but
+also at Athens and in the island of Seriphus.
+
+ION.
+
+Ion was the son of Creusa (the beauteous daughter of Erechtheus, king of
+Athens) and the sun-god Phoebus-Apollo, to whom she was united without the
+knowledge of her father.
+
+Fearing the anger of Erechtheus, Creusa placed her new-born babe in a
+little wicker basket, and hanging some golden charms round his neck,
+invoked for him the protection of the gods, and concealed him in a lonely
+cave. Apollo, pitying his deserted child, sent Hermes to convey him to
+Delphi, where he deposited his charge on the steps of the temple. Next
+morning the Delphic priestess discovered the infant, and was so charmed by
+his engaging appearance that she adopted him as her own son. The young
+child was carefully tended and reared by his kind foster-mother, and was
+brought up in the service of the temple, where he was intrusted with some
+of the minor duties of the holy edifice.
+
+And now to return to Creusa. During a war with the Euboeans, in which the
+latter were signally defeated, Xuthus, son of AEolus, greatly distinguished
+himself on the side of the Athenians, and as a reward for his valuable
+services, the hand of Creusa, the king's daughter, was bestowed upon him in
+marriage. Their union, however, was not blest with children, and as this
+was a source of great grief to both of them, they repaired to Delphi in
+order to consult the oracle. The response was, that Xuthus should regard
+the first person who met him on leaving the sanctuary as his son. Now it
+happened that Ion, the young guardian of the temple, was the first to greet
+his view, and when Xuthus beheld the beautiful youth, he gladly welcomed
+him as his son, declaring that the gods had sent him to be a blessing and
+comfort to his old age. Creusa, however, who concluded that the youth was
+the offspring of a secret marriage on the part of her husband, was filled
+with suspicion and jealousy; {211} when an old servant, observing her
+grief, begged her to be comforted, assuring her that the cause of her
+distress should be speedily removed.
+
+When, upon the occasion of the public adoption of his son, Xuthus gave a
+grand banquet, the old servant of Creusa contrived to mix a strong poison
+in the wine of the unsuspecting Ion. But the youth--according to the pious
+custom of the ancients, of offering a libation to the gods before partaking
+of any repast--poured upon the ground a portion of the wine before putting
+it to his lips, when suddenly, as if by a miracle, a dove flew into the
+banquet-hall, and sipped of the wine of the libation; whereupon the poor
+little creature began to quiver in every limb, and in a few moments
+expired.
+
+Ion's suspicions at once fell upon the obsequious servant of Creusa, who
+with such officious attention had filled his cup. He violently seized the
+old man, and accused him of his murderous intentions. Unprepared for this
+sudden attack he admitted his guilt, but pointed to the wife of Xuthus as
+the instigator of the crime. Ion was about to avenge himself upon Creusa,
+when, by means of the divine intervention of Apollo, his foster-mother, the
+Delphic priestess appeared on the scene, and explained the true
+relationship which existed between Creusa and Ion. In order to set all
+doubts at rest, she produced the charms which she had found round the neck
+of the infant, and also the wicker basket in which he had been conveyed to
+Delphi.
+
+Mother and son now became reconciled to each other, and Creusa revealed to
+Ion the secret of his divine origin. The priestess of Delphi foretold that
+he would become the father of a great nation, called after him the Ionians,
+and also that Xuthus and Creusa would have a son called Dorus, who would be
+the progenitor of the Dorian people, both of which predictions were in due
+time verified.
+
+DAEDALUS and ICARUS.
+
+Daedalus, a descendant of Erechtheus, was an Athenian architect, sculptor,
+and mechanician. He was the first {212} to introduce the art of sculpture
+in its higher development, for before his time statues were merely rude
+representations, having the limbs altogether undefined.
+
+But great as was his genius, still greater was his vanity, and he could
+brook no rival. Now his nephew and pupil, Talus, exhibited great talent,
+having invented both the saw and the compass, and Daedalus, fearing lest he
+might overshadow his own fame, secretly killed him by throwing him down
+from the citadel of Pallas-Athene. The murder being discovered, Daedalus was
+summoned before the court of the Areopagus and condemned to death; but he
+made his escape to the island of Crete, where he was received by king Minos
+in a manner worthy of his great reputation.
+
+Daedalus constructed for the king the world-renowned labyrinth, which was an
+immense building, full of intricate passages, intersecting each other in
+such a manner, that even Daedalus himself is said, upon one occasion, to
+have nearly lost his way in it; and it was in this building the king placed
+the Minotaur, a monster with the head and shoulders of a bull and the body
+of a man.
+
+In the course of time the great artist became weary of his long exile, more
+especially as the king, under the guise of friendship, kept him almost a
+prisoner. He therefore resolved to make his escape, and for this purpose
+ingeniously contrived wings for himself and his young son Icarus, whom he
+diligently trained how to use them. Having awaited a favourable
+opportunity, father and son commenced their flight, and were well on their
+way when Icarus, pleased with the novel sensation, forgot altogether his
+father's oft-repeated injunction not to approach too near the sun. The
+consequence was that the wax, by means of which his wings were attached,
+melted, and he fell into the sea and was drowned. The body of the
+unfortunate Icarus was washed up by the tide, and was buried by the
+bereaved father on an island which he called after his son, Icaria.
+
+After this sad event, Daedalus winged his flight to the island of Sicily,
+where he met with a kind welcome from {213} king Cocalus, for whom he
+constructed several important public works. But no sooner did Minos receive
+the intelligence that his great architect had found an asylum with Cocalus
+than he sailed over to Sicily with a large army, and sent messengers to the
+Sicilian king demanding the surrender of his guest. Cocalus feigned
+compliance and invited Minos to his palace, where he was treacherously put
+to death in a warm bath. The body of their king was brought to Agrigent by
+the Cretans, where it was buried with great pomp, and over his tomb a
+temple to Aphrodite was erected.
+
+Daedalus passed the remainder of his life tranquilly in the island of
+Sicily, where he occupied himself in the construction of various beautiful
+works of art.
+
+THE ARGONAUTS.
+
+Aeson, king of Iolcus, was forced to fly from his dominions, which had been
+usurped by his younger brother, Pelias, and with difficulty succeeded in
+saving the life of his young son, Jason, who was at that time only ten
+years of age. He intrusted him to the care of the Centaur Chiron, by whom
+he was carefully trained in company with other noble youths, who, like
+himself, afterwards signalized themselves by their bravery and heroic
+exploits. For ten years Jason remained in the cave of the Centaur, by whom
+he was instructed in all useful and warlike arts. But as he approached
+manhood he became filled with an unconquerable desire to regain his
+paternal inheritance. He therefore took leave of his kind friend and
+preceptor, and set out for Iolcus to demand from his uncle Pelias the
+kingdom which he had so unjustly usurped.
+
+In the course of his journey he came to a broad and foaming river, on the
+banks of which he perceived an old woman, who implored him to help her
+across. At first he hesitated, knowing that even alone he would find some
+difficulty in stemming the fierce torrent; but, {214} pitying her forlorn
+condition, he raised her in his arms, and succeeded, with a great effort,
+in reaching the opposite shore. But as soon as her feet had touched the
+earth she became transformed into a beautiful woman, who, looking kindly at
+the bewildered youth, informed him that she was the goddess Hera, and that
+she would henceforth guide and protect him throughout his career. She then
+disappeared, and, full of hope and courage at this divine manifestation,
+Jason pursued his journey. He now perceived that in crossing the river he
+had lost one of his sandals, but as it could not be recovered he was
+obliged to proceed without it.
+
+On his arrival at Iolcus he found his uncle in the market-place, offering
+up a public sacrifice to Poseidon. When the king had concluded his
+offering, his eye fell upon the distinguished stranger, whose manly beauty
+and heroic bearing had already attracted the attention of his people.
+Observing that one foot was unshod, he was reminded of an oracular
+prediction which foretold to him the loss of his kingdom by a man wearing
+only one sandal. He, however, disguised his fears, conversed kindly with
+the youth, and drew from him his name and errand. Then pretending to be
+highly pleased with his nephew, Pelias entertained him sumptuously for five
+days, during which time all was festivity and rejoicing. On the sixth,
+Jason appeared before his uncle, and with manly firmness demanded from him
+the throne and kingdom which were his by right. Pelias, dissembling his
+true feelings, smilingly consented to grant his request, provided that, in
+return, Jason would undertake an expedition for him, which his advanced age
+prevented him from accomplishing himself. He informed his nephew that the
+shade of Phryxus had appeared to him in his dreams, and entreated him to
+bring back from Colchis his mortal remains and the Golden Fleece; and added
+that if Jason succeeded in obtaining for him these sacred relics, throne,
+kingdom, and sceptre should be his.
+
+{215}
+
+STORY OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE.
+
+Athamas, king of Boeotia, had married Nephele, a cloud-nymph, and their
+children were Helle and Phryxus. The restless and wandering nature of
+Nephele, however, soon wearied her husband, who, being a mortal, had little
+sympathy with his ethereal consort; so he divorced her, and married the
+beautiful but wicked Ino (sister of Semele), who hated her step-children,
+and even planned their destruction. But the watchful Nephele contrived to
+circumvent her cruel designs, and succeeded in getting the children out of
+the palace. She then placed them both on the back of a winged ram, with a
+fleece of pure gold, which had been given to her by Hermes; and on this
+wonderful animal brother and sister rode through the air over land and sea;
+but on the way Helle, becoming seized with giddiness, fell into the sea
+(called after her the Hellespont) and was drowned.
+
+Phryxus arrived safely at Colchis, where he was hospitably received by king
+Aetes, who gave him one of his daughters in marriage. In gratitude to Zeus
+for the protection accorded him during his flight, Phryxus sacrificed to
+him the golden ram, whilst the fleece he presented to Aetes, who nailed it
+up in the Grove of Ares, and dedicated it to the god of War. An oracle
+having declared that the life of Aetes depended on the safe-keeping of the
+fleece, he carefully guarded the entrance to the grove by placing before it
+an immense dragon, which never slept.
+
+BUILDING AND LAUNCH OF THE ARGO.--We will now return to Jason, who eagerly
+undertook the perilous expedition proposed to him by his uncle, who, well
+aware of the dangers attending such an enterprise, hoped by this means to
+rid himself for ever of the unwelcome intruder.
+
+Jason accordingly began to arrange his plans without delay, and invited the
+young heroes whose friendship he {216} had formed whilst under the care of
+Chiron, to join him in the perilous expedition. None refused the
+invitation, all feeling honoured at being allowed the privilege of taking
+part in so noble and heroic an undertaking.
+
+Jason now applied to Argos, one of the cleverest ship-builders of his time,
+who, under the guidance of Pallas-Athene, built for him a splendid
+fifty-oared galley, which was called the Argo, after the builder. In the
+upper deck of the vessel the goddess had imbedded a board from the speaking
+oak of the oracle of Zeus at Dodona, which ever retained its powers of
+prophecy. The exterior of the ship was ornamented with magnificent
+carvings, and the whole vessel was so strongly built that it defied the
+power of the winds and waves, and was, nevertheless, so light that the
+heroes, when necessary, were able to carry it on their shoulders. When the
+vessel was completed, the Argonauts (so called after their ship) assembled,
+and their places were distributed by lot.
+
+Jason was appointed commander-in-chief of the expedition, Tiphys acted as
+steersman, Lynceus as pilot. In the bow of the vessel sat the renowned hero
+Heracles; in the stern, Peleus (father of Achilles) and Telamon (the father
+of Ajax the Great). In the inner space were Castor and Pollux, Neleus (the
+father of Nestor), Admetus (the husband of Alcestes), Meleager (the slayer
+of the Calydonian boar), Orpheus (the renowned singer), Menoctius (the
+father of Patroclus), Theseus (afterwards king of Athens) and his friend
+Pirithoeus (the son of Ixion), Hylas (the adopted son of Heracles), Euphemus
+(the son of Poseidon), Oileus (father of Ajax the Lesser), Zetes and Calais
+(the winged sons of Boreas), Idmon the Seer (the son of Apollo), Mopsus
+(the Thessalian prophet), &c. &c.
+
+Before their departure Jason offered a solemn sacrifice to Poseidon and all
+the other sea-deities; he also invoked the protection of Zeus and the
+Fates, and then, Mopsus having taken the auguries, and found them
+auspicious, the heroes stepped on board. And now a favourable breeze having
+sprung up, they take their allotted places, {217} the anchor is weighed,
+and the ship glides like a bird out of the harbour into the waters of the
+great sea.
+
+ARRIVAL AT LEMNOS.--The Argo, with her brave crew of fifty heroes, was soon
+out of sight, and the sea-breeze only wafted to the shore a faint echo of
+the sweet strains of Orpheus.
+
+For a time all went smoothly, but the vessel was soon driven, by stress of
+weather, to take refuge in a harbour in the island of Lemnos. This island
+was inhabited by women only, who, the year before, in a fit of mad
+jealousy, had killed all the male population of the island, with the
+exception of the father of their queen, Hypsipyle. As the protection of
+their island now devolved upon themselves they were always on the look-out
+for danger. When, therefore, they sighted the Argo from afar they armed
+themselves and rushed to the shore, determined to repel any invasion of
+their territory.
+
+On arriving in port the Argonauts, astonished at beholding an armed crowd
+of women, despatched a herald in one of their boats, bearing the staff of
+peace and friendship. Hypsipyle, the queen, proposed that food and presents
+should be sent to the strangers, in order to prevent their landing; but her
+old nurse, who stood beside her, suggested that this would be a good
+opportunity to provide themselves with noble husbands, who would act as
+their defenders, and thus put an end to their constant fears. Hypsipyle
+listened attentively to the advice of her nurse, and after some
+consultation, decided to invite the strangers into the city. Robed in his
+purple mantle, the gift of Pallas-Athene, Jason, accompanied by some of his
+companions, stepped on shore, where he was met by a deputation consisting
+of the most beautiful of the Lemnian women, and, as commander of the
+expedition, was invited into the palace of the queen.
+
+When he appeared before Hypsipyle, she was so struck with his godlike and
+heroic presence that she presented him with her father's sceptre, and
+invited him to seat himself on the throne beside her. Jason thereupon {218}
+took up his residence in the royal castle, whilst his companions scattered
+themselves through the town, spending their time in feasting and pleasure.
+Heracles, with a few chosen comrades, alone remained on board.
+
+From day to day their departure was delayed, and the Argonauts, in their
+new life of dissipation, had almost forgotten the object of the expedition,
+when Heracles suddenly appeared amongst them, and at last recalled them to
+a sense of their duty.
+
+GIANTS AND DOLIONES.--The Argonauts now pursued their voyage, till contrary
+winds drove them towards an island, inhabited by the Doliones, whose king
+Cyzicus received them with great kindness and hospitality. The Doliones
+were descendants of Poseidon, who protected them against the frequent
+attacks of their fierce and formidable neighbours, the earth-born
+Giants--monsters with six arms.
+
+Whilst his companions were attending a banquet given by king Cyzicus,
+Heracles, who, as usual, had remained behind to guard the ship, observed
+that these Giants were busy blocking up the harbour with huge rocks. He at
+once realized the danger, and, attacking them with his arrows, succeeded in
+considerably thinning their numbers; then, assisted by the heroes, who at
+length came to his aid, he effectually destroyed the remainder.
+
+The Argo now steered out of the harbour and set sail; but in consequence of
+a severe storm which arose at night, was driven back once more to the
+shores of the kindly Doliones. Unfortunately, however, owing to the
+darkness of the night, the inhabitants failed to recognize their former
+guests, and, mistaking them for enemies, commenced to attack them. Those
+who had so recently parted as friends were now engaged in mortal combat,
+and in the battle which ensued, Jason himself pierced to the heart his
+friend king Cyzicus; whereupon the Doliones, being deprived of their
+leader, fled to their city and closed the gates. When morning dawned, and
+both sides perceived their error, they were filled with {219} the deepest
+sorrow and remorse; and for three days the heroes remained with the
+Doliones, celebrating the funereal rites of the slain, with every
+demonstration of mourning and solemnity.
+
+HERACLES LEFT BEHIND.--The Argonauts once more set sail, and after a stormy
+voyage arrived at Mysia, where they were hospitably received by the
+inhabitants, who spread before them plentiful banquets and sumptuously
+regaled them.
+
+While his friends were feasting, Heracles, who had declined to join them,
+went into the forest to seek a fir-tree which he required for an oar, and
+was missed by his adopted son Hylas, who set out to seek him. When the
+youth arrived at a spring, in the most secluded part of the forest, the
+nymph of the fountain was so struck by his beauty that she drew him down
+beneath the waters, and he was seen no more. Polyphemus, one of the heroes,
+who happened to be also in the forest, heard his cry for help, and on
+meeting Heracles informed him of the circumstance. They at once set out in
+search of the missing youth, no traces of whom were to be found, and whilst
+they were engaged looking for him, the Argo set sail and left them behind.
+
+The ship had proceeded some distance before the absence of Heracles was
+observed. Some of the heroes were in favour of returning for him, others
+wished to proceed on their journey, when, in the midst of the dispute, the
+sea-god Glaucus arose from the waves, and informed them that it was the
+will of Zeus that Heracles, having another mission to perform, should
+remain behind. The Argonauts continued their voyage without their
+companions; Heracles returned to Argos, whilst Polyphemus remained with the
+Mysians, where he founded a city and became its king.
+
+CONTEST WITH AMYCUS.--Next morning the Argo touched at the country of the
+Bebrycians, whose king Amycus was a famous pugilist, and permitted no
+strangers to leave his shores without matching their {220} strength with
+his. When the heroes, therefore, demanded permission to land, they were
+informed that they could only do so provided that one of their number
+should engage in a boxing-match with the king. Pollux, who was the best
+pugilist in Greece, was selected as their champion, and a contest took
+place, which, after a tremendous struggle, proved fatal to Amycus, who had
+hitherto been victorious in all similar encounters.
+
+PHINEUS AND THE HARPIES.--They now proceeded towards Bithynia, where
+reigned the blind old prophet-king Phineus, son of Agenor. Phineus had been
+punished by the gods with premature old age and blindness for having abused
+the gift of prophecy. He was also tormented by the Harpies, who swooped
+down upon his food, which they either devoured or so defiled as to render
+it unfit to be eaten. This poor old man, trembling with the weakness of
+age, and faint with hunger, appeared before the Argonauts, and implored
+their assistance against his fiendish tormentors, whereupon Zetes and
+Calais, the winged sons of Boreas, recognizing in him the husband of their
+sister Cleopatra, affectionately embraced him, and promised to rescue him
+from his painful position.
+
+The heroes prepared a banquet on the sea-shore, to which they invited
+Phineus; but no sooner had he taken his place, than the Harpies appeared
+and devoured all the viands. Zetes and Calais now rose up into the air,
+drove the Harpies away, and were pursuing them with drawn swords, when
+Iris, the swift-footed messenger of the gods, appeared, and desired them to
+desist from their work of vengeance, promising that Phineus should be no
+longer molested.
+
+Freed at length from his tormentors the old man sat down and enjoyed a
+plentiful repast with his kind friends the Argonauts, who now informed him
+of the object of their voyage. In gratitude for his deliverance Phineus
+gave them much useful information concerning their journey, and not only
+warned them of the manifold {221} dangers awaiting them, but also
+instructed them how they might be overcome.
+
+PASSAGE OF THE SYMPLEGADES.--After a fortnight's sojourn in Bithynia the
+Argonauts once more set sail, but had not proceeded far on their course,
+when they heard a fearful and tremendous crash. This was caused by the
+meeting of two great rocky islands, called the Symplegades, which floated
+about in the sea, and constantly met and separated.
+
+Before leaving Bithynia, the blind old seer, Phineus, had informed them
+that they would be compelled to pass between these terrible rocks, and he
+instructed them how to do so with safety. As they now approached the scene
+of danger they remembered his advice, and acted upon it. Typhus, the
+steersman, stood at the helm, whilst Euphemus held in his hand a dove ready
+to be let loose; for Phineus had told them that if the dove ventured to fly
+through, they might safely follow. Euphemus now despatched the bird, which
+passed swiftly through the islands, yet not without losing some of the
+feathers of her tail, so speedily did they reunite. Seizing the moment when
+the rocks once more separated, the Argonauts worked at their oars with all
+their might, and achieved the perilous passage in safety.
+
+After the miraculous passage of the Argo, the Symplegades became
+permanently united, and attached to the bottom of the sea.
+
+THE STYMPHALIDES.--The Argo pursued her course along the southern coast of
+the Pontus, and arrived at the island of Aretias, which was inhabited by
+birds, who, as they flew through the air, discharged from their wings
+feathers sharp as arrows.
+
+As the ship was gliding along, Oileus was wounded by one of these birds,
+whereupon the Argonauts held a council, and by the advice of Amphidamas, an
+experienced hero, all put on their helmets, and held up their glittering
+shields, uttering, at the same time, such fearful cries that {222} the
+birds flew away in terror, and the Argonauts were enabled to land with
+safety on the island.
+
+Here they found four shipwrecked youths, who proved to be the sons of
+Phryxus, and were greeted by Jason as his cousins. On ascertaining the
+object of the expedition they volunteered to accompany the Argo, and to
+show the heroes the way to Colchis. They also informed them that the Golden
+Fleece was guarded by a fearful dragon, that king Aetes was extremely
+cruel, and, as the son of Apollo, was possessed of superhuman strength.
+
+ARRIVAL AT COLCHIS.--Taking with them the four new-comers they journeyed
+on, and soon came in sight of the snow-capped peaks of the Caucasus, when,
+towards evening, the loud flapping of wings was heard overhead. It was the
+giant eagle of Prometheus on his way to torture the noble and
+long-suffering Titan, whose fearful groans soon afterwards fell upon their
+ears. That night they reached their journey's end, and anchored in the
+smooth waters of the river Phases. On the left bank of this river they
+beheld Ceuta, the capital of Colchis; and on their right a wide field, and
+the sacred grove of Ares, where the Golden Fleece, suspended from a
+magnificent oak-tree, was glittering in the sun. Jason now filled a golden
+cup with wine, and offered a libation to mother-earth, the gods of the
+country, and the shades of those of the heroes who had died on the voyage.
+
+Next morning a council was held, in which it was decided, that before
+resorting to forcible measures kind and conciliatory overtures should first
+be made to king Aetes in order to induce him to resign the Golden Fleece.
+It was arranged that Jason, with a few chosen companions, should proceed to
+the royal castle, leaving the remainder of the crew to guard the Argo.
+Accompanied, therefore, by Telamon and Augeas, and the four sons of
+Phryxus, he set out for the palace.
+
+When they arrived in sight of the castle they were struck by the vastness
+and massiveness of the building, at the entrance to which sparkling
+fountains played in {223} the midst of luxuriant and park-like gardens.
+Here the king's daughters, Chalciope and Medea, who were walking in the
+grounds of the palace, met them. The former, to her great joy, recognized
+in the youths who accompanied the hero her own long-lost sons, whom she had
+mourned as dead, whilst the young and lovely Medea was struck with the
+noble and manly form of Jason.
+
+The news of the return of the sons of Phryxus soon spread through the
+palace, and brought Aetes himself to the scene, whereupon the strangers
+were presented to him, and were invited to a banquet which the king ordered
+to be prepared in their honour. All the most beautiful ladies of the court
+were present at this entertainment; but in the eyes of Jason none could
+compare with the king's daughter, the young and lovely Medea.
+
+When the banquet was ended, Jason related to the king his various
+adventures, and also the object of his expedition, with the circumstances
+which had led to his undertaking it. Aetes listened, in silent indignation,
+to this recital, and then burst out into a torrent of invectives against
+the Argonauts and his grand-children, declaring that the Fleece was his
+rightful property, and that on no consideration would he consent to
+relinquish it. Jason, however, with mild and persuasive words, contrived so
+far to conciliate him, that he was induced to promise that if the heroes
+could succeed in demonstrating their divine origin by the performance of
+some task requiring superhuman power, the Fleece should be theirs.
+
+The task proposed by Aetes to Jason was that he should yoke the two
+brazen-footed, fire-breathing oxen of the king (which had been made for him
+by Hephaestus) to his ponderous iron plough. Having done this he must till
+with them the stony field of Ares, and then sow in the furrows the
+poisonous teeth of a dragon, from which armed men would arise. These he
+must destroy to a man, or he himself would perish at their hands.
+
+When Jason heard what was expected of him, his heart for a moment sank
+within him; but he determined, nevertheless, not to flinch from his task,
+but to trust to the {224} assistance of the gods, and to his own courage
+and energy.
+
+JASON PLOUGHS THE FIELD OF ARES.--Accompanied by his two friends, Telamon
+and Augeas, and also by Argus, the son of Chalciope, Jason returned to the
+vessel for the purpose of holding a consultation as to the best means of
+accomplishing these perilous feats.
+
+Argus explained to Jason all the difficulties of the superhuman task which
+lay before him, and pronounced it as his opinion that the only means by
+which success was possible was to enlist the assistance of the Princess
+Medea, who was a priestess of Hecate, and a great enchantress. His
+suggestion meeting with approval, he returned to the palace, and by the aid
+of his mother an interview was arranged between Jason and Medea, which took
+place, at an early hour next morning, in the temple of Hecate.
+
+A confession of mutual attachment took place, and Medea, trembling for her
+lover's safety, presented him with a magic salve, which possessed the
+property of rendering any person anointed with it invulnerable for the
+space of one day against fire and steel, and invincible against any
+adversary however powerful. With this salve she instructed him to anoint
+his spear and shield on the day of his great undertaking. She further added
+that when, after having ploughed the field and sown the teeth, armed men
+should arise from the furrows, he must on no account lose heart, but
+remember to throw among them a huge rock, over the possession of which they
+would fight among themselves, and their attention being thus diverted he
+would find it an easy task to destroy them. Overwhelmed with gratitude,
+Jason thanked her, in the most earnest manner, for her wise counsel and
+timely aid; at the same time he offered her his hand, and promised her he
+would not return to Greece without taking her with him as his wife.
+
+Next morning Aetes, in all the pomp of state, surrounded by his family and
+the members of his court, {225} repaired to a spot whence a full view of
+the approaching spectacle could be obtained. Soon Jason appeared in the
+field of Ares, looking as noble and majestic as the god of war himself. In
+a distant part of the field the brazen yokes and the massive plough met his
+view, but as yet the dread animals themselves were nowhere to be seen. He
+was about to go in quest of them, when they suddenly rushed out from a
+subterranean cave, breathing flames of fire, and enveloped in a thick
+smoke.
+
+The friends of Jason trembled; but the undaunted hero, relying on the magic
+powers with which he was imbued by Medea, seized the oxen, one after the
+other, by the horns, and forced them to the yoke. Near the plough was a
+helmet full of dragon's teeth, which he sowed as he ploughed the field,
+whilst with sharp pricks from his lance he compelled the monstrous
+creatures to draw the plough over the stony ground, which was thus speedily
+tilled.
+
+While Jason was engaged sowing the dragon's teeth in the deep furrows of
+the field, he kept a cautious look-out lest the germinating giant brood
+might grow too quickly for him, and as soon as the four acres of land had
+been tilled he unyoked the oxen, and succeeded in frightening them so
+effectually with his weapons, that they rushed back in terror to their
+subterranean stables. Meanwhile armed men had sprung up out of the furrows,
+and the whole field now bristled with lances; but Jason, remembering the
+instructions of Medea, seized an immense rock and hurled it into the midst
+of these earth-born warriors, who immediately began to attack each other.
+Jason then rushed furiously upon them, and after a terrible struggle not
+one of the giants remained alive.
+
+Furious at seeing his murderous schemes thus defeated, Aetes not only
+perfidiously refused to give Jason the Fleece which he had so bravely
+earned, but, in his anger, determined to destroy all the Argonauts, and to
+burn their vessel.
+
+JASON SECURES THE GOLDEN FLEECE.--Becoming aware of the treacherous designs
+of her father, Medea at {226} once took measures to baffle them. In the
+darkness of night she went on board the Argo, and warned the heroes of
+their approaching danger. She then advised Jason to accompany her without
+loss of time to the sacred grove, in order to possess himself of the
+long-coveted treasure. They set out together, and Medea, followed by Jason,
+led the way, and advanced boldly into the grove. The tall oak-tree was soon
+discovered, from the topmost boughs of which hung the beautiful Golden
+Fleece. At the foot of this tree, keeping his ever-wakeful watch, lay the
+dreadful, sleepless dragon, who at sight of them bounded forward, opening
+his huge jaws.
+
+Medea now called into play her magic powers, and quietly approaching the
+monster, threw over him a few drops of a potion, which soon took effect,
+and sent him into a deep sleep; whereupon Jason, seizing the opportunity,
+climbed the tree and secured the Fleece. Their perilous task being now
+accomplished, Jason and Medea quitted the grove, and hastened on board the
+Argo, which immediately put to sea.
+
+MURDER OF ABSYRTUS.--Meanwhile Aetes, having discovered the loss of his
+daughter and the Golden Fleece, despatched a large fleet, under the command
+of his son Absyrtus, in pursuit of the fugitives. After some days' sail
+they arrived at an island at the mouth of the river Ister, where they found
+the Argo at anchor, and surrounded her with their numerous ships. They then
+despatched a herald on board of her, demanding the surrender of Medea and
+the Fleece.
+
+Medea now consulted Jason, and, with his consent, carried out the following
+stratagem. She sent a message to her brother Absyrtus, to the effect that
+she had been carried off against her will, and promised that if he would
+meet her, in the darkness of night, in the temple of Artemis, she would
+assist him in regaining possession of the Golden Fleece. Relying on the
+good faith of his sister, Absyrtus fell into the snare, and duly appeared
+at the appointed trysting-place; and whilst Medea kept her {227} brother
+engaged in conversation, Jason rushed forward and slew him. Then, according
+to a preconcerted signal, he held aloft a lighted torch, whereupon the
+Argonauts attacked the Colchians, put them to flight, and entirely defeated
+them.
+
+The Argonauts now returned to their ship, when the prophetic board from the
+Dodonean oak thus addressed them: "The cruel murder of Absyrtus was
+witnessed by the Erinyes, and you will not escape the wrath of Zeus until
+the goddess Circe has purified you from your crime. Let Castor and Pollux
+pray to the gods that you may be enabled to find the abode of the
+sorceress." In obedience to the voice, the twin-brothers invoked divine
+assistance, and the heroes set out in search of the isle of Circe.
+
+THEY ARRIVE AT THE ISLAND OF CIRCE.--The good ship Argo sped on her way,
+and, after passing safely through the foaming waters of the river Eridanus,
+at length arrived in the harbour of the island of Circe, where she cast
+anchor.
+
+Commanding his companions to remain on board, Jason landed with Medea, and
+conducted her to the palace of the sorceress. The goddess of charms and
+magic arts received them kindly, and invited them to be seated; but instead
+of doing so they assumed a supplicating attitude, and humbly besought her
+protection. They then informed her of the dreadful crime which they had
+committed, and implored her to purify them from it. This Circe promised to
+do. She forthwith commanded her attendant Naiads to kindle the fire on the
+altar, and to prepare everything necessary for the performance of the
+mystic rites, after which a dog was sacrificed, and the sacred cakes were
+burned. Having thus duly purified the criminals, she severely reprimanded
+them for the horrible murder of which they had been guilty; whereupon
+Medea, with veiled head, and weeping bitterly, was reconducted by Jason to
+the Argo.
+
+FURTHER ADVENTURES OF THE ARGONAUTS.--Having left the island of Circe they
+were wafted by gentle {228} zephyrs towards the abode of the Sirens, whose
+enticing strains soon fell upon their ears. The Argonauts, powerfully
+affected by the melody, were making ready to land, when Orpheus perceived
+the danger, and, to the accompaniment of his magic lyre, commenced one of
+his enchanting songs, which so completely absorbed his listeners that they
+passed the island in safety; but not before Butes, one of their number,
+lured by the seductive music of the Sirens, had sprung from the vessel into
+the waves below. Aphrodite, however, in pity for his youth, landed him
+gently on the island of Libibaon before the Sirens could reach him, and
+there he remained for many years.
+
+And now the Argonauts approached new dangers, for on one side of them
+seethed and foamed the whirlpool of Charybdis, whilst on the other towered
+the mighty rock whence the monster Scylla swooped down upon unfortunate
+mariners; but here the goddess Hera came to their assistance, and sent to
+them the sea-nymph Thetis, who guided them safely through these dangerous
+straits.
+
+The Argo next arrived at the island of the Phaeaces, where they were
+hospitably entertained by King Alcinous and his queen Arete. But the
+banquet prepared for them by their kind host was unexpectedly interrupted
+by the appearance of a large army of Colchians, sent by Aetes to demand the
+restoration of his daughter.
+
+Medea threw herself at the feet of the queen, and implored her to save her
+from the anger of her father, and Arete, in her kindness of heart, promised
+her her protection. Next morning, in an assembly of the people at which the
+Colchians were invited to be present, the latter were informed that as
+Medea was the lawful wife of Jason they could not consent to deliver her
+up; whereupon the Colchians, seeing that the resolution of the king was not
+to be shaken, and fearing to face the anger of Aetes should they return to
+Colchis without her, sought permission of Alcinous to settle in his
+kingdom, which request was accorded them.
+
+{229}
+
+After these events the Argonauts once more set sail, and steered for
+Iolcus; but, in the course of a terrible and fearful night, a mighty storm
+arose, and in the morning they found themselves stranded on the treacherous
+quicksands of Syrtes, on the shores of Libya. Here all was a waste and
+barren desert, untenanted by any living creature, save the venomous snakes
+which had sprung from the blood of the Medusa when borne by Perseus over
+these arid plains.
+
+They had already passed several days in this abode of desolation, beneath
+the rays of the scorching sun, and had abandoned themselves to the deepest
+despair, when the Libyan queen, who was a prophetess of divine origin,
+appeared to Jason, and informed him that a sea-horse would be sent by the
+gods to act as his guide.
+
+Scarcely had she departed when a gigantic hippocamp was seen in the
+distance, making its way towards the Argo. Jason now related to his
+companions the particulars of his interview with the Libyan prophetess, and
+after some deliberation it was decided to carry the Argo on their
+shoulders, and to follow wherever the sea-horse should lead them. They then
+commenced a long and weary journey through the desert, and at last, after
+twelve days of severe toil and terrible suffering, the welcome sight of the
+sea greeted their view. In gratitude for having been saved from their
+manifold dangers they offered up sacrifices to the gods, and launched their
+ship once more into the deep waters of the ocean.
+
+ARRIVAL AT CRETE.--With heartfelt joy and gladness they proceeded on their
+homeward voyage, and after some days arrived at the island of Crete, where
+they purposed to furnish themselves with fresh provisions and water. Their
+landing, however, was opposed by a terrible giant who guarded the island
+against all intruders. This giant, whose name was Talus, was the last of
+the Brazen race, and being formed of brass, was invulnerable, except in his
+right ankle, where there was a sinew of flesh and a vein of blood. As he
+saw the Argo {230} nearing the coast, he hurled huge rocks at her, which
+would inevitably have sunk the vessel had not the crew beat a hasty
+retreat. Although sadly in want of food and water, the Argonauts had
+decided to proceed on their journey rather than face so powerful an
+opponent, when Medea came forward and assured them that if they would trust
+to her she would destroy the giant.
+
+Enveloped in the folds of a rich purple mantle, she stepped on deck, and
+after invoking the aid of the Fates, uttered a magic incantation, which had
+the effect of throwing Talus into a deep sleep. He stretched himself at
+full length upon the ground, and in doing so grazed his vulnerable ankle
+against the point of a sharp rock, whereupon a mighty stream of blood
+gushed forth from the wound. Awakened by the pain, he tried to rise, but in
+vain, and with a mighty groan of anguish the giant fell dead, and his
+enormous body rolled heavily over into the deep. The heroes being now able
+to land, provisioned their vessel, after which they resumed their homeward
+voyage.
+
+ARRIVAL AT IOLCUS.--After a terrible night of storm and darkness they
+passed the island of AEgina, and at length reached in safety the port of
+Iolcus, where the recital of their numerous adventures and hair-breadth
+escapes was listened to with wondering admiration by their
+fellow-countrymen.
+
+The Argo was consecrated to Poseidon, and was carefully preserved for many
+generations till no vestige of it remained, when it was placed in the
+heavens as a brilliant constellation.
+
+On his arrival at Iolcus, Jason conducted his beautiful bride to the palace
+of his uncle Pelias, taking with him the Golden Fleece, for the sake of
+which this perilous expedition had been undertaken. But the old king, who
+had never expected that Jason would return alive, basely refused to fulfil
+his part of the compact, and declined to abdicate the throne.
+
+{231}
+
+Indignant at the wrongs of her husband, Medea avenged them in a most
+shocking manner. She made friends with the daughters of the king, and
+feigned great interest in all their concerns. Having gained their
+confidence, she informed them, that among her numerous magic arts, she
+possessed the power of restoring to the aged all the vigour and strength of
+youth, and in order to give them a convincing proof of the truth of her
+assertion, she cut up an old ram, which she boiled in a cauldron,
+whereupon, after uttering various mystic incantations, there came forth
+from the vessel a beautiful young lamb. She then assured them, that in a
+similar manner they could restore to their old father his former youthful
+frame and vigour. The fond and credulous daughters of Pelias lent an all
+too willing ear to the wicked sorceress, and thus the old king perished at
+the hands of his innocent children.
+
+DEATH OF JASON.--Medea and Jason now fled to Corinth, where at length they
+found, for a time, peace and tranquillity, their happiness being completed
+by the birth of three children.
+
+As time passed on, however, and Medea began to lose the beauty which had
+won the love of her husband, he grew weary of her, and became attracted by
+the youthful charms of Glauce, the beautiful daughter of Creon, king of
+Corinth. Jason had obtained her father's consent to their union, and the
+wedding-day was already fixed, before he disclosed to Medea the treachery
+which he meditated against her. He used all his persuasive powers in order
+to induce her to consent to his union with Glauce, assuring her that his
+affection had in no way diminished, but that for the sake of the advantages
+which would thereby accrue to their children, he had decided on forming
+this alliance with the royal house. Though justly enraged at his deceitful
+conduct, Medea dissembled her wrath, and, feigning to be satisfied with
+this explanation, sent, as a wedding-gift to her rival, a magnificent robe
+of cloth-of-gold. This robe was imbued with a deadly {232} poison which
+penetrated to the flesh and bone of the wearer, and burned them as though
+with a consuming fire. Pleased with the beauty and costliness of the
+garment, the unsuspecting Glauce lost no time in donning it; but no sooner
+had she done so than the fell poison began to take effect. In vain she
+tried to tear the robe away; it defied all efforts to be removed, and after
+horrible and protracted sufferings, she expired.
+
+Maddened at the loss of her husband's love Medea next put to death her
+three sons, and when Jason, thirsting for revenge, left the chamber of his
+dead bride, and flew to his own house in search of Medea, the ghastly
+spectacle of his murdered children met his view. He rushed frantically to
+seek the murderess, but nowhere could she be found. At length, hearing a
+sound above his head, he looked up, and beheld Medea gliding through the
+air in a golden chariot drawn by dragons.
+
+In a fit of despair Jason threw himself on his own sword, and perished on
+the threshold of his desolate and deserted home.
+
+PELOPS.
+
+Pelops, the son of the cruel Tantalus, was a pious and virtuous prince.
+After his father was banished into Tartarus, a war ensued between Pelops
+and the king of Troy, in which the former was vanquished and forced to fly
+from his dominions in Phrygia. He emigrated into Greece, where, at the
+court of Oenomaus, king of Elis, he beheld Hippodamia, the king's daughter,
+whose beauty won his heart. But an oracle having foretold to Oenomaus that
+he would die on the day of his daughter's marriage, he threw every obstacle
+in the way of her suitors, and declared that he would only give her to him
+who succeeded in vanquishing him in a chariot race, but that all
+unsuccessful competitors should suffer death at his hands.
+
+The conditions of the contest were as follows:--The race was to be run from
+a given point at Pisa to the altar of Poseidon at Corinth; the suitor was
+allowed to start {233} on his course whilst Oenomaus performed his
+sacrifice to Zeus, and only on its completion did the king mount his
+chariot, guided by the skilful Myrtilus, and drawn by his two famous
+horses, Phylla and Harpinna, who surpassed in swiftness the winds
+themselves. In this manner many a gallant young prince had perished; for
+although a considerable start was given to all competitors, still Oenomaus,
+with his swift team, always overtook them before they reached the goal, and
+killed them with his spear. But the love of Pelops for Hippodamia overcame
+all fears, and, undeterred by the terrible fate of his predecessors, he
+announced himself to Oenomaus as a suitor for the hand of his daughter.
+
+On the eve of the race, Pelops repaired to the sea-shore and earnestly
+implored Poseidon to assist him in his perilous undertaking. The sea-god
+heard his prayer, and sent him out of the deep a chariot drawn by two
+winged horses.
+
+When Pelops appeared on the course, the king at once recognized the horses
+of Poseidon; but, nothing daunted, he relied on his own supernatural team,
+and the contest was allowed to proceed.
+
+Whilst the king was offering his sacrifice to Zeus Pelops set out on the
+race, and had nearly reached the goal, when, turning round, he beheld
+Oenomaus, spear in hand, who, with his magic steeds, had nearly overtaken
+him. But in this emergency Poseidon came to the aid of the son of Tantalus.
+He caused the wheels of the royal chariot to fly off, whereupon the king
+was thrown out violently, and killed on the spot, just as Pelops arrived at
+the altar of Poseidon.
+
+As the hero was about to return to Pisa to claim his bride, he beheld, in
+the distance, flames issuing from the royal castle, which at that instant
+had been struck by lightning. With his winged horses he flew to rescue his
+lovely bride, and succeeded in extricating her uninjured from the burning
+building. They soon afterwards became united, and Pelops reigned in Pisa
+for many years in great splendour.
+
+{234}
+
+HERACLES (HERCULES).
+
+Heracles, the most renowned hero of antiquity, was the son of Zeus and
+Alcmene, and the great grandson of Perseus.
+
+At the time of his birth Alcmene was living at Thebes with her husband
+Amphitryon, and thus the infant Heracles was born in the palace of his
+stepfather.
+
+Aware of the animosity with which Hera persecuted all those who rivalled
+her in the affections of Zeus, Alcmene, fearful lest this hatred should be
+visited on her innocent child, intrusted him, soon after his birth, to the
+care of a faithful servant, with instructions to expose him in a certain
+field, and there leave him, feeling assured that the divine offspring of
+Zeus would not long remain without the protection of the gods.
+
+Soon after the child had been thus abandoned, Hera and Pallas-Athene
+happened to pass by the field, and were attracted by its cries. Athene
+pityingly took up the infant in her arms, and prevailed upon the queen of
+heaven to put it to her breast; but no sooner had she done so, than the
+child, causing her pain, she angrily threw him to the ground, and left the
+spot. Athene, moved with compassion, carried him to Alcmene, and entreated
+her kind offices on behalf of the poor little foundling. Alcmene at once
+recognized her child, and joyfully accepted the charge.
+
+Soon afterwards Hera, to her extreme annoyance, discovered whom she had
+nursed, and became filled with jealous rage. She now sent two venomous
+snakes into the chamber of Alcmene, which crept, unperceived by the nurses,
+to the cradle of the sleeping child. He awoke with a cry, and grasping a
+snake in each hand, strangled them both. Alcmene and her attendants, whom
+the cry of the child had awakened, rushed to the cradle, where, to their
+astonishment and terror, they beheld the two reptiles dead in the hands of
+the infant Heracles. Amphitryon was also attracted to the chamber by the
+{235} commotion, and when he beheld this astounding proof of supernatural
+strength, he declared that the child must have been sent to him as a
+special gift from Zeus. He accordingly consulted the famous seer Tiresias,
+who now informed him of the divine origin of his stepson, and
+prognosticated for him a great and distinguished future.
+
+When Amphitryon heard the noble destiny which awaited the child intrusted
+to his care, he resolved to educate him in a manner worthy of his future
+career. At a suitable age he himself taught him how to guide a chariot;
+Eurytus, how to handle the bow; Autolycus, dexterity in wrestling and
+boxing; and Castor, the art of armed warfare; whilst Linus, the son of
+Apollo, instructed him in music and letters.
+
+Heracles was an apt pupil; but undue harshness was intolerable to his high
+spirit, and old Linus, who was not the gentlest of teachers, one day
+corrected him with blows, whereupon the boy angrily took up his lyre, and,
+with one stroke of his powerful arm, killed his tutor on the spot.
+
+Apprehensive lest the ungovernable temper of the youth might again involve
+him in similar acts of violence, Amphitryon sent him into the country,
+where he placed him under the charge of one of his most trusted herdsmen.
+Here, as he grew up to manhood, his extraordinary stature and strength
+became the wonder and admiration of all beholders. His aim, whether with
+spear, lance, or bow, was unerring, and at the age of eighteen he was
+considered to be the strongest as well as the most beautiful youth in all
+Greece.
+
+THE CHOICE OF HERACLES.--Heracles felt that the time had now arrived when
+it became necessary to decide for himself how to make use of the
+extraordinary powers with which he had been endowed by the gods; and in
+order to meditate in solitude on this all-important subject, he repaired to
+a lonely and secluded spot in the heart of the forest.
+
+Here two females of great beauty appeared to him. {236} One was Vice, the
+other Virtue. The former was full of artificial wiles and fascinating arts,
+her face painted and her dress gaudy and attractive; whilst the latter was
+of noble bearing and modest mien, her robes of spotless purity.
+
+Vice stepped forward and thus addressed him: "If you will walk in my paths,
+and make me your friend, your life shall be one round of pleasure and
+enjoyment. You shall taste of every delight which can be procured on earth;
+the choicest viands, the most delicious wines, the most luxuriant of
+couches shall be ever at your disposal; and all this without any exertion
+on your part, either physical or mental."
+
+Virtue now spoke in her turn: "If you will follow me and be my friend, I
+promise you the reward of a good conscience, and the love and respect of
+your fellowmen. I cannot undertake to smooth your path with roses, or to
+give you a life of idleness and pleasure; for you must know that the gods
+grant no good and desirable thing that is not earned by labour; and as you
+sow, so must you reap."
+
+Heracles listened patiently and attentively to both speakers, and then,
+after mature deliberation, decided to follow in the paths of virtue, and
+henceforth to honour the gods, and to devote his life to the service of his
+country.
+
+Full of these noble resolves he sought once more his rural home, where he
+was informed that on Mount Cithaeron, at the foot of which the herds of
+Amphitryon were grazing, a ferocious lion had fixed his lair, and was
+committing such frightful ravages among the flocks and herds that he had
+become the scourge and terror of the whole neighbourhood. Heracles at once
+armed himself and ascended the mountain, where he soon caught sight of the
+lion, and rushing at him with his sword succeeded in killing him. The hide
+of the animal he wore ever afterwards over his shoulders, and the head
+served him as a helmet.
+
+As he was returning from this, his first exploit, he met {237} the heralds
+of Erginus, king of the Minyans, who were proceeding to Thebes to demand
+their annual tribute of 100 oxen. Indignant at this humiliation of his
+native city, Heracles mutilated the heralds, and sent them back, with ropes
+round their necks, to their royal master.
+
+Erginus was so incensed at the ill-treatment of his messengers that he
+collected an army and appeared before the gates of Thebes, demanding the
+surrender of Heracles. Creon, who was at this time king of Thebes, fearing
+the consequences of a refusal, was about to yield, when the hero, with the
+assistance of Amphitryon and a band of brave youths, advanced against the
+Minyans.
+
+Heracles took possession of a narrow defile through which the enemy were
+compelled to pass, and as they entered the pass the Thebans fell upon them,
+killed their king Erginus, and completely routed them. In this engagement
+Amphitryon, the kind friend and foster-father of Heracles, lost his life.
+The hero now advanced upon Orchomenus, the capital of the Minyans, where he
+burned the royal castle and sacked the town.
+
+After this signal victory all Greece rang with the fame of the young hero,
+and Creon, in gratitude for his great services, bestowed upon him his
+daughter Megara in marriage. The Olympian gods testified their appreciation
+of his valour by sending him presents; Hermes gave him a sword,
+Phoebus-Apollo a bundle of arrows, Hephaestus a golden quiver, and Athene a
+coat of leather.
+
+HERACLES AND EURYSTHEUS.--And now it will be necessary to retrace our
+steps. Just before the birth of Heracles, Zeus, in an assembly of the gods,
+exultingly declared that the child who should be born on that day to the
+house of Perseus should rule over all his race. When Hera heard her lord's
+boastful announcement she knew well that it was for the child of the hated
+Alcmene that this brilliant destiny was designed; and in order to rob the
+son of her rival of his rights, she called to her aid the goddess
+Eilithyia, who retarded the birth of {238} Heracles, and caused his cousin
+Eurystheus (another grandson of Perseus) to precede him into the world. And
+thus, as the word of the mighty Zeus was irrevocable, Heracles became the
+subject and servant of his cousin Eurystheus.
+
+When, after his splendid victory over Erginus, the fame of Heracles spread
+throughout Greece, Eurystheus (who had become king of Mycenae), jealous of
+the reputation of the young hero, asserted his rights, and commanded him to
+undertake for him various difficult tasks. But the proud spirit of the hero
+rebelled against this humiliation, and he was about to refuse compliance,
+when Zeus appeared to him and desired him not to rebel against the Fates.
+Heracles now repaired to Delphi in order to consult the oracle, and
+received the answer that after performing ten tasks for his cousin
+Eurystheus his servitude would be at an end.
+
+Soon afterwards Heracles fell into a state of the deepest melancholy, and
+through the influence of his inveterate enemy, the goddess Hera, this
+despondency developed into raving madness, in which condition he killed his
+own children. When he at length regained his reason he was so horrified and
+grieved at what he had done, that he shut himself up in his chamber and
+avoided all intercourse with men. But in his loneliness and seclusion the
+conviction that work would be the best means of procuring oblivion of the
+past decided him to enter, without delay, upon the tasks appointed him by
+Eurystheus.
+
+1. THE NEMEAN LION.--His first task was to bring to Eurystheus the skin of
+the much-dreaded Nemean lion, which ravaged the territory between Cleone
+and Nemea, and whose hide was invulnerable against any mortal weapon.
+
+Heracles proceeded to the forest of Nemea, where, having discovered the
+lion's lair, he attempted to pierce him with his arrows; but finding these
+of no avail he felled him to the ground with his club, and before the
+animal had time to recover from the terrible blow, {239} Heracles seized
+him by the neck and, with a mighty effort, succeeded in strangling him. He
+then made himself a coat of mail of the skin, and a new helmet of the head
+of the animal. Thus attired, he so alarmed Eurystheus by appearing suddenly
+before him, that the king concealed himself in his palace, and henceforth
+forbade Heracles to enter his presence, but commanded him to receive his
+behests, for the future, through his messenger Copreus.
+
+2. THE HYDRA.--His second task was to slay the Hydra, a monster serpent
+(the offspring of Typhon and Echidna), bristling with nine heads, one of
+which was immortal. This monster infested the neighbourhood of Lerna, where
+she committed great depredations among the herds.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Heracles, accompanied by his nephew Iolaus, set out in a chariot for the
+marsh of Lerna, in the slimy waters of which he found her. He commenced the
+attack by assailing her with his fierce arrows, in order to force her to
+leave her lair, from which she at length emerged, and sought refuge in a
+wood on a neighbouring hill. Heracles now rushed forward and endeavoured to
+crush her heads by means of well-directed blows from his tremendous club;
+but no sooner was one head destroyed than it was immediately replaced by
+two others. He next seized the monster in his powerful grasp; but at this
+juncture a giant crab came to the assistance of the Hydra and commenced
+biting the feet of her assailant. Heracles destroyed this new adversary
+with his club, and now called upon his nephew to come to his aid. At his
+command Iolaus set fire to the neighbouring trees, {240} and, with a
+burning branch, seared the necks of the monster as Heracles cut them off,
+thus effectually preventing the growth of more. Heracles next struck off
+the immortal head, which he buried by the road-side, and placed over it a
+heavy stone. Into the poisonous blood of the monster he then dipped his
+arrows, which ever afterwards rendered wounds inflicted by them incurable.
+
+3. THE HORNED HIND.--The third labour of Heracles was to bring the horned
+hind Cerunitis alive to Mycenae. This animal, which was sacred to Artemis,
+had golden antlers and hoofs of brass.
+
+Not wishing to wound the hind Heracles patiently pursued her through many
+countries for a whole year, and overtook her at last on the banks of the
+river Ladon; but even there he was compelled, in order to secure her, to
+wound her with one of his arrows, after which he lifted her on his
+shoulders and carried her through Arcadia. On his way he met Artemis with
+her brother Phoebus-Apollo, when the goddess angrily reproved him for
+wounding her favourite hind; but Heracles succeeded in appeasing her
+displeasure, whereupon she permitted him to take the animal alive to
+Mycenae.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+4. THE ERYMANTIAN BOAR.--The fourth task imposed upon Heracles by
+Eurystheus was to bring alive to Mycenae the Erymantian boar, which had laid
+waste the region of Erymantia, and was the scourge of the surrounding
+neighbourhood.
+
+On his way thither he craved food and shelter of a Centaur named Pholus,
+who received him with generous hospitality, setting before him a good and
+plentiful repast. When Heracles expressed his surprise that at such a
+well-furnished board {241} wine should be wanting, his host explained that
+the wine-cellar was the common property of all the Centaurs, and that it
+was against the rules for a cask to be broached, except all were present to
+partake of it. By dint of persuasion, however, Heracles prevailed on his
+kind host to make an exception in his favour; but the powerful, luscious
+odour of the good old wine soon spread over the mountains, and brought
+large numbers of Centaurs to the spot, all armed with huge rocks and
+fir-trees. Heracles drove them back with fire-brands, and then, following
+up his victory, pursued them with his arrows as far as Malea, where they
+took refuge in the cave of the kind old Centaur Chiron. Unfortunately,
+however, as Heracles was shooting at them with his poisoned darts, one of
+these pierced the knee of Chiron. When Heracles discovered that it was the
+friend of his early days that he had wounded, he was overcome with sorrow
+and regret. He at once extracted the arrow, and anointed the wound with a
+salve, the virtue of which had been taught him by Chiron himself. But all
+his efforts were unavailing. The wound, imbued with the deadly poison of
+the Hydra, was incurable, and so great was the agony of Chiron that, at the
+intercession of Heracles, death was sent him by the gods; for otherwise,
+being immortal, he would have been doomed to endless suffering.
+
+Pholus, who had so kindly entertained Heracles, also perished by means of
+one of these arrows, which he had extracted from the body of a dead
+Centaur. While he was quietly examining it, astonished that so small and
+insignificant an object should be productive of such serious results, the
+arrow fell upon his foot and fatally wounded him. Full of grief at this
+untoward event, Heracles buried him with due honours, and then set out to
+chase the boar.
+
+With loud shouts and terrible cries he first drove him out of the thickets
+into the deep snow-drifts which covered the summit of the mountain, and
+then, having at length wearied him with his incessant pursuit, he captured
+the exhausted animal, bound him with a rope, and brought him alive to
+Mycenae.
+
+{242}
+
+5. CLEANSING THE STABLES OF AUGEAS.--After slaying the Erymantian boar
+Eurystheus commanded Heracles to cleanse in one day the stables of Augeas.
+
+Augeas was a king of Elis who was very rich in herds. Three thousand of his
+cattle he kept near the royal palace in an inclosure where the refuse had
+accumulated for many years. When Heracles presented himself before the
+king, and offered to cleanse his stables in one day, provided he should
+receive in return a tenth part of the herds, Augeas, thinking the feat
+impossible, accepted his offer in the presence of his son Phyleus.
+
+Near the palace were the two rivers Peneus and Alpheus, the streams of
+which Heracles conducted into the stables by means of a trench which he dug
+for this purpose, and as the waters rushed through the shed, they swept
+away with them the whole mass of accumulated filth.
+
+But when Augeas heard that this was one of the labours imposed by
+Eurystheus, he refused the promised guerdon. Heracles brought the matter
+before a court, and called Phyleus as a witness to the justice of his
+claim, whereupon Augeas, without waiting for the delivery of the verdict,
+angrily banished Heracles and his son from his dominions.
+
+6. THE STYMPHALIDES.--The sixth task was to chase away the Stymphalides,
+which were immense birds of prey who, as we have seen (in the legend of the
+Argonauts), shot from their wings feathers sharp as arrows. The home of
+these birds was on the shore of the lake Stymphalis, in Arcadia (after
+which they were called), where they caused great destruction among men and
+cattle.
+
+On approaching the lake, Heracles observed great numbers of them; and,
+while hesitating how to commence the attack, he suddenly felt a hand on his
+shoulder. Looking round he beheld the majestic form of Pallas-Athene, who
+held in her hand a gigantic pair of brazen clappers made by Hephaestus, with
+which she {243} presented him; whereupon he ascended to the summit of a
+neighbouring hill, and commenced to rattle them violently. The shrill noise
+of these instruments was so intolerable to the birds that they rose into
+the air in terror, upon which he aimed at them with his arrows, destroying
+them in great numbers, whilst such as escaped his darts flew away, never to
+return.
+
+7. THE CRETAN BULL.--The seventh labour of Heracles was to capture the
+Cretan bull.
+
+Minos, king of Crete, having vowed to sacrifice to Poseidon any animal
+which should first appear out of the sea, the god caused a magnificent bull
+to emerge from the waves in order to test the sincerity of the Cretan king,
+who, in making this vow, had alleged that he possessed no animal, among his
+own herds, worthy the acceptance of the mighty sea-god. Charmed with the
+splendid animal sent by Poseidon, and eager to possess it, Minos placed it
+among his herds, and substituted as a sacrifice one of his own bulls.
+Hereupon Poseidon, in order to punish the cupidity of Minos, caused the
+animal to become mad, and commit such great havoc in the island as to
+endanger the safety of the inhabitants. When Heracles, therefore, arrived
+in Crete for the purpose of capturing the bull, Minos, far from opposing
+his design, gladly gave him permission to do so.
+
+The hero not only succeeded in securing the animal, but tamed him so
+effectually that he rode on his back right across the sea as far as the
+Peloponnesus. He now delivered him up to Eurystheus, who at once set him at
+liberty, after which he became as ferocious and wild as before, roamed all
+over Greece into Arcadia, and was eventually killed by Theseus on the
+plains of Marathon.
+
+8. THE MARES OF DIOMEDES.--The eighth labour of Heracles was to bring to
+Eurystheus the mares of Diomedes, a son of Ares, and king of the
+Bistonians, a warlike Thracian tribe. This king possessed a breed of wild
+horses of tremendous size and strength, whose food consisted of human
+flesh, and all strangers who had the {244} misfortune to enter the country
+were made prisoners and flung before the horses, who devoured them.
+
+When Heracles arrived he first captured the cruel Diomedes himself, and
+then threw him before his own mares, who, after devouring their master,
+became perfectly tame and tractable. They were then led by Heracles to the
+sea-shore, when the Bistonians, enraged at the loss of their king, rushed
+after the hero and attacked him. He now gave the animals in charge of his
+friend Abderus, and made such a furious onslaught on his assailants that
+they turned and fled.
+
+But on his return from this encounter he found, to his great grief, that
+the mares had torn his friend in pieces and devoured him. After celebrating
+due funereal rites to the unfortunate Abderus, Heracles built a city in his
+honour, which he named after him. He then returned to Tiryns, where he
+delivered up the mares to Eurystheus, who set them loose on Mount Olympus,
+where they became the prey of wild beasts.
+
+It was after the performance of this task that Heracles joined the
+Argonauts in their expedition to gain possession of the Golden Fleece, and
+was left behind at Chios, as already narrated. During his wanderings he
+undertook his ninth labour, which was to bring to Eurystheus the girdle of
+Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons.
+
+9. THE GIRDLE OF HIPPOLYTE.--The Amazons, who dwelt on the shores of the
+Black Sea, near the river Thermodon, were a nation of warlike women,
+renowned for their strength, courage, and great skill in horsemanship.
+Their queen, Hippolyte, had received from her father, Ares, a beautiful
+girdle, which she always wore as a sign of her royal power and authority,
+and it was this girdle which Heracles was required to place in the hands of
+Eurystheus, who designed it as a gift for his daughter Admete.
+
+Foreseeing that this would be a task of no ordinary difficulty the hero
+called to his aid a select band of brave companions, with whom he embarked
+for the Amazonian {245} town Themiscyra. Here they were met by queen
+Hippolyte, who was so impressed by the extraordinary stature and noble
+bearing of Heracles that, on learning his errand, she at once consented to
+present him with the coveted girdle. But Hera, his implacable enemy,
+assuming the form of an Amazon, spread the report in the town that a
+stranger was about to carry off their queen. The Amazons at once flew to
+arms and mounted their horses, whereupon a battle ensued, in which many of
+their bravest warriors were killed or wounded. Among the latter was their
+most skilful leader, Melanippe, whom Heracles afterwards restored to
+Hippolyte, receiving the girdle in exchange.
+
+On his voyage home the hero stopped at Troy, where a new adventure awaited
+him.
+
+During the time that Apollo and Poseidon were condemned by Zeus to a
+temporary servitude on earth, they built for king Laomedon the famous walls
+of Troy, afterwards so renowned in history; but when their work was
+completed the king treacherously refused to give them the reward due to
+them. The incensed deities now combined to punish the offender. Apollo sent
+a pestilence which decimated the people, and Poseidon a flood, which bore
+with it a marine monster, who swallowed in his huge jaws all that came
+within his reach.
+
+In his distress Laomedon consulted an oracle, and was informed that only by
+the sacrifice of his own daughter Hesione could the anger of the gods be
+appeased. Yielding at length to the urgent appeals of his people he
+consented to make the sacrifice, and on the arrival of Heracles the maiden
+was already chained to a rock in readiness to be devoured by the monster.
+
+When Laomedon beheld the renowned hero, whose marvellous feats of strength
+and courage had become the wonder and admiration of all mankind, he
+earnestly implored him to save his daughter from her impending fate, and to
+rid the country of the monster, holding out to him as a reward the horses
+which Zeus had presented to {246} his grandfather Tros in compensation for
+robbing him of his son Ganymede.
+
+Heracles unhesitatingly accepted the offer, and when the monster appeared,
+opening his terrible jaws to receive his prey, the hero, sword in hand,
+attacked and slew him. But the perfidious monarch once more broke faith,
+and Heracles, vowing future vengeance, departed for Mycenae, where he
+presented the girdle to Eurystheus.
+
+10. THE OXEN OF GERYONES.--The tenth labour of Heracles was the capture of
+the magnificent oxen belonging to the giant Geryon or Geryones, who dwelt
+on the island of Erythia in the bay of Gadria (Cadiz). This giant, who was
+the son of Chrysaor, had three bodies with three heads, six hands, and six
+feet. He possessed a herd of splendid cattle, which were famous for their
+size, beauty, and rich red colour. They were guarded by another giant named
+Eurytion, and a two-headed dog called Orthrus, the offspring of Typhon and
+Echidna.
+
+In choosing for him a task so replete with danger, Eurystheus was in hopes
+that he might rid himself for ever of his hated cousin. But the indomitable
+courage of the hero rose with the prospect of this difficult and dangerous
+undertaking.
+
+After a long and wearisome journey he at last arrived at the western coast
+of Africa, where, as a monument of his perilous expedition, he erected the
+famous "Pillars of Hercules," one of which he placed on each side of the
+Straits of Gibraltar. Here he found the intense heat so insufferable that
+he angrily raised his bow towards heaven, and threatened to shoot the
+sun-god. But Helios, far from being incensed at his audacity, was so struck
+with admiration at his daring that he lent to him the golden boat with
+which he accomplished his nocturnal transit from West to East, and thus
+Heracles crossed over safely to the island of Erythia.
+
+No sooner had he landed than Eurytion, accompanied by his savage dog
+Orthrus, fiercely attacked him; but Heracles, with a superhuman effort,
+slew the dog and {247} then his master. Hereupon he collected the herd, and
+was proceeding to the sea-shore when Geryones himself met him, and a
+desperate encounter took place, in which the giant perished.
+
+Heracles then drove the cattle into the sea, and seizing one of the oxen by
+the horns, swam with them over to the opposite coast of Iberia (Spain).
+Then driving his magnificent prize before him through Gaul, Italy, Illyria,
+and Thrace, he at length arrived, after many perilous adventures and
+hair-breadth escapes, at Mycenae, where he delivered them up to Eurystheus,
+who sacrificed them to Hera.
+
+Heracles had now executed his ten tasks, which had been accomplished in the
+space of eight years; but Eurystheus refused to include the slaying of the
+Hydra and the cleansing of the stables of Augeas among the number, alleging
+as a reason that the one had been performed by the assistance of Iolaus,
+and that the other had been executed for hire. He therefore insisted on
+Heracles substituting two more labours in their place.
+
+11. THE APPLES OF THE HESPERIDES.--The eleventh task imposed by Eurystheus
+was to bring him the golden apples of the Hesperides, which grew on a tree
+presented by Gaea to Hera, on the occasion of her marriage with Zeus. This
+sacred tree was guarded by four maidens, daughters of Night, called the
+Hesperides, who were assisted in their task by a terrible hundred-headed
+dragon. This dragon never slept, and out of its hundred throats came a
+constant hissing sound, which effectually warned off all intruders. But
+what rendered the undertaking still more difficult was the complete
+ignorance of the hero as to the locality of the garden, and he was forced,
+in consequence, to make many fruitless journeys and to undergo many trials
+before he could find it.
+
+He first travelled through Thessaly and arrived at the river Echedorus,
+where he met the giant Cycnus, the son of Ares and Pyrene, who challenged
+him to single combat. In this encounter Heracles completely vanquished
+{248} his opponent, who was killed in the contest; but now a mightier
+adversary appeared on the scene, for the war-god himself came to avenge his
+son. A terrible struggle ensued, which had lasted some time, when Zeus
+interfered between the brothers, and put an end to the strife by hurling a
+thunderbolt between them. Heracles proceeded on his journey, and reached
+the banks of the river Eridanus, where dwelt the Nymphs, daughters of Zeus
+and Themis. On seeking advice from them as to his route, they directed him
+to the old sea-god Nereus, who alone knew the way to the Garden of the
+Hesperides. Heracles found him asleep, and seizing the opportunity, held
+him so firmly in his powerful grasp that he could not possibly escape, so
+that notwithstanding his various metamorphoses he was at last compelled to
+give the information required. The hero then crossed over to Libya, where
+he engaged in a wrestling-match with king Anteos, son of Poseidon and Gaea,
+which terminated fatally for his antagonist.
+
+From thence he proceeded to Egypt, where reigned Busiris, another son of
+Poseidon, who (acting on the advice given by an oracle during a time of
+great scarcity) sacrificed all strangers to Zeus. When Heracles arrived he
+was seized and dragged to the altar; but the powerful demi-god burst
+asunder his bonds, and then slew Busiris and his son.
+
+Resuming his journey he now wandered on through Arabia until he arrived at
+Mount Caucasus, where Prometheus groaned in unceasing agony. It was at this
+time that Heracles (as already related) shot the eagle which had so long
+tortured the noble and devoted friend of mankind. Full of gratitude for his
+deliverance, Prometheus instructed him how to find his way to that remote
+region in the far West where Atlas supported the heavens on his shoulders,
+near which lay the Garden of the Hesperides. He also warned Heracles not to
+attempt to secure the precious fruit himself, but to assume for a time the
+duties of Atlas, and to despatch him for the apples. {249}
+
+On arriving at his destination Heracles followed the advice of Prometheus.
+Atlas, who willingly entered into the arrangement, contrived to put the
+dragon to sleep, and then, having cunningly outwitted the Hesperides,
+carried off three of the golden apples, which he now brought to Heracles.
+But when the latter was prepared to relinquish his burden, Atlas, having
+once tasted the delights of freedom, declined to resume his post, and
+announced his intention of being himself the bearer of the apples to
+Eurystheus, leaving Heracles to fill his place. To this proposal the hero
+feigned assent, merely begging that Atlas would be kind enough to support
+the heavens for a few moments whilst he contrived a pad for his head. Atlas
+good-naturedly threw down the apples and once more resumed his load, upon
+which Heracles bade him adieu, and departed.
+
+When Heracles conveyed the golden apples to Eurystheus the latter presented
+them to the hero, whereupon Heracles placed the sacred fruit on the altar
+of Pallas-Athene, who restored them to the garden of the Hesperides.
+
+12. CERBERUS.--The twelfth and last labour which Eurystheus imposed on
+Heracles was to bring up Cerberus from the lower world, believing that all
+his heroic powers would be unavailing in the Realm of Shades, and that in
+this, his last and most perilous undertaking, the hero must at length
+succumb and perish.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Cerberus was a monster dog with three heads, out of whose awful jaws
+dripped poison; the hair of his head and back was formed of venomous
+snakes, and his body terminated in the tail of a dragon.
+
+After being initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries, and {250} obtaining
+from the priests certain information necessary for the accomplishment of
+his task, Heracles set out for Taenarum in Lacolia, where there was an
+opening which led to the under-world. Conducted by Hermes, he commenced his
+descent into the awful gulf, where myriads of shades soon began to appear,
+all of whom fled in terror at his approach, Meleager and Medusa alone
+excepted. About to strike the latter with his sword, Hermes interfered and
+stayed his hand, reminding him that she was but a shadow, and that
+consequently no weapon could avail against her.
+
+Arrived before the gates of Hades he found Theseus and Pirithoeus, who had
+been fixed to an enchanted rock by Aides for their presumption in
+endeavouring to carry off Persephone. When they saw Heracles they implored
+him to set them free. The hero succeeded in delivering Theseus, but when he
+endeavoured to liberate Pirithoeus, the earth shook so violently beneath him
+that he was compelled to relinquish his task.
+
+Proceeding further Heracles recognized Ascalaphus, who, as we have seen in
+the history of Demeter, had revealed the fact that Persephone had swallowed
+the seeds of a pomegranate offered to her by her husband, which bound her
+to Aides for ever. Ascalaphus was groaning beneath a huge rock which
+Demeter in her anger had hurled upon him, and which Heracles now removed,
+releasing the sufferer.
+
+Before the gates of his palace stood Aides the mighty ruler of the lower
+world, and barred his entrance; but Heracles, aiming at him with one of his
+unerring darts, shot him in the shoulder, so that for the first time the
+god experienced the agony of mortal suffering. Heracles then demanded of
+him permission to take Cerberus to the upper-world, and to this Aides
+consented on condition that he should secure him unarmed. Protected by his
+breastplate and lion's skin Heracles went in search of the monster, whom he
+found at the mouth of the river Acheron. Undismayed by the hideous barking
+which proceeded from his three heads, he seized the {251} throat with one
+hand and the legs with the other, and although the dragon which served him
+as a tail bit him severely, he did not relinquish his grasp. In this manner
+he conducted him to the upper-world, through an opening near Troezen in
+Argolia.
+
+When Eurystheus beheld Cerberus he stood aghast, and despairing of ever
+getting rid of his hated rival, he returned the hell-hound to the hero, who
+restored him to Aides, and with this last task the subjection of Heracles
+to Eurystheus terminated.
+
+MURDER OF IPHITUS.--Free at last Heracles now returned to Thebes; and it
+being impossible for him to live happily with Megara in consequence of his
+having murdered her children he, with her own consent, gave her in marriage
+to his nephew Iolaus. Heracles himself sought the hand of Iole, daughter of
+Eurytus, king of Oechalia, who had instructed him when a boy in the use of
+the bow. Hearing that this king had promised to give his daughter to him
+who could surpass himself and his three sons in shooting with the bow,
+Heracles lost no time in presenting himself as a competitor. He soon proved
+that he was no unworthy pupil of Eurytus, for he signally defeated all his
+opponents. But although the king treated him with marked respect and honour
+he refused, nevertheless, to give him the hand of his daughter, fearing for
+her a similar fate to that which had befallen Megara. Iphitus, the eldest
+son of Eurytus, alone espoused the cause of Heracles, and essayed to induce
+his father to give his consent to the marriage; but all to no purpose, and
+at length, stung to the quick at his rejection, the hero angrily took his
+departure.
+
+Soon afterwards the oxen of the king were stolen by the notorious thief
+Autolycus, and Heracles was suspected by Eurytus of having committed the
+theft. But Iphitus loyally defended his absent friend, and proposed to seek
+out Heracles, and with his assistance to go in search of the missing
+cattle. {252}
+
+The hero warmly welcomed his staunch young friend, and entered cordially
+into his plan. They at once set out on their expedition; but their search
+proved altogether unsuccessful. When they approached the city of Tiryns
+they mounted a tower in hopes of discovering the missing herd in the
+surrounding country; but as they stood on the topmost summit of the
+building, Heracles became suddenly seized with one of his former attacks of
+madness, and mistaking his friend Iphitus for an enemy, hurled him down
+into the plain below, and he was killed on the spot.
+
+Heracles now set forth on a weary pilgrimage, begging in vain that some one
+would purify him from the murder of Iphitus. It was during these wanderings
+that he arrived at the palace of his friend Admetus, whose beautiful and
+heroic wife (Alcestes) he restored to her husband after a terrible struggle
+with Death, as already related.
+
+Soon after this event Heracles was struck with a fearful disease, and
+betook himself to the temple of Delphi, hoping to obtain from the oracle
+the means of relief. The priestess, however, refused him a response on the
+ground of his having murdered Iphitus, whereupon the angry hero seized upon
+the tripod, which he carried off, declaring that he would construct an
+oracle for himself. Apollo, who witnessed the sacrilege, came down to
+defend his sanctuary, and a violent struggle ensued. Zeus once more
+interfered, and, flashing his lightnings between his two favourite sons,
+ended the combat. The Pythia now vouchsafed an answer to the prayer of the
+hero, and commanded him, in expiation of his crime, to allow himself to be
+sold by Hermes for three years as a slave, the purchase-money to be given
+to Eurytus in compensation for the loss of his son.
+
+HERACLES BECOMES THE SLAVE OF OMPHALE.--Heracles bowed in submission to the
+divine will, and was conducted by Hermes to Omphale, queen of Lydia. The
+three talents which she paid for him were given {253} to Eurytus, who,
+however, declined to accept the money, which was handed over to the
+children of Iphitus.
+
+Heracles now regained his former vigour. He rid the territory of Omphale of
+the robbers which infested it and performed for her various other services
+requiring strength and courage. It was about this time that he took part in
+the Calydonian boar-hunt, details of which have already been given.
+
+When Omphale learned that her slave was none other than the renowned
+Heracles himself she at once gave him his liberty, and offered him her hand
+and kingdom. In her palace Heracles abandoned himself to all the enervating
+luxuries of an oriental life, and so completely was the great hero
+enthralled by the fascination which his mistress exercised over him, that
+whilst she playfully donned his lion's skin and helmet, he, attired in
+female garments, sat at her feet spinning wool, and beguiling the time by
+the relation of his past adventures.
+
+But when at length, his term of bondage having expired, he became master of
+his own actions, the manly and energetic spirit of the hero reasserted
+itself, and tearing himself away from the palace of the Maeonian queen, he
+determined to carry out the revenge he had so long meditated against the
+treacherous Laomedon and the faithless Augeas.
+
+HERACLES EXECUTES VENGEANCE ON LAOMEDON AND AUGEAS.--Gathering round him
+some of his old brave companions-in-arms, Heracles collected a fleet of
+vessels and set sail for Troy, where he landed, took the city by storm, and
+killed Laomedon, who thus met at length the retribution he had so richly
+deserved.
+
+To Telamon, one of his bravest followers, he gave Hesione, the daughter of
+the king, in marriage. When Heracles gave her permission to release one of
+the prisoners of war she chose her own brother Podarces, whereupon she was
+informed that as he was already a prisoner of war she would be compelled to
+ransom him. {254} On hearing this Hesione took off her golden diadem, which
+she joyfully handed to the hero. Owing to this circumstance Podarces
+henceforth bore the name of Priamus (or Priam), which signifies the
+"ransomed one."
+
+Heracles now marched against Augeas to execute his vengeance on him also
+for his perfidious conduct. He stormed the city of Elis and put to death
+Augeas and his sons, sparing only his brave advocate and staunch defender
+Phyleus, on whom he bestowed the vacant throne of his father.
+
+HERACLES AND DEIANEIRA.--Heracles now proceeded to Calydon, where he wooed
+the beautiful Deianeira, daughter of Oeneus, king of AEtolia; but he
+encountered a formidable rival in Achelous, the river-god, and it was
+agreed that their claims should be decided by single combat. Trusting to
+his power of assuming various forms at will, Achelous felt confident of
+success; but this availed him nothing, for having at last transformed
+himself into a bull, his mighty adversary broke off one of his horns, and
+compelled him to acknowledge himself defeated.
+
+After passing three happy years with Deianeira an unfortunate accident
+occurred, which for a time marred their felicity. Heracles was one day
+present at a banquet given by Oeneus, when, by a sudden swing of his hand,
+he had the misfortune to strike on the head a youth of noble birth, who,
+according to the custom of the ancients, was serving the guests at table,
+and so violent was the blow that it caused his death. The father of the
+unfortunate youth, who had witnessed the occurrence, saw that it was the
+result of accident, and therefore absolved the hero from blame. But
+Heracles resolved to act according to the law of the land, banished himself
+from the country, and bidding farewell to his father-in-law, set out for
+Trachin to visit his friend King Ceyx, taking with him his wife Deianeira,
+and his young son Hyllus.
+
+In the course of their journey they arrived at the river Evenus, over which
+the Centaur Nessus was in the habit {255} of carrying travellers for hire.
+Heracles, with his little son in his arms, forded the stream unaided,
+intrusting his wife to the care of the Centaur, who, charmed with the
+beauty of his fair burden, attempted to carry her off. But her cries were
+heard by her husband, who without hesitation shot Nessus through the heart
+with one of his poisoned arrows. Now the dying Centaur was thirsting for
+revenge. He called Deianeira to his side, and directed her to secure some
+of the blood which flowed from his wound, assuring her that if, when in
+danger of losing her husband's affection, she used it in the manner
+indicated by him, it would act as a charm, and prevent her from being
+supplanted by a rival. Heracles and Deianeira now pursued their journey,
+and after several adventures at length arrived at their destination.
+
+DEATH OF HERACLES.--The last expedition undertaken by the great hero was
+against Eurytus, king of Oechalia, to revenge himself upon this king and
+his sons for having refused to bestow upon him the hand of Iole, after
+having fairly won the maiden. Having collected a large army Heracles set
+out for Euboea in order to besiege Oechalia, its capital. Success crowned
+his arms. He stormed the citadel, slew the king and his three sons, reduced
+the town to ashes, and carried away captive the young and beautiful Iole.
+
+Returning from his victorious expedition, Heracles halted at Cenoeus in
+order to offer a sacrifice to Zeus, and sent to Deianeira to Trachin for a
+sacrificial robe. Deianeira having been informed that the fair Iole was in
+the train of Heracles was fearful lest her youthful charms might supplant
+her in the affection of her husband, and calling to mind the advice of the
+dying Centaur, she determined to test the efficacy of the love-charm which
+he had given to her. Taking out the phial which she had carefully
+preserved, she imbued the robe with a portion of the liquid which it
+contained, and then sent it to Heracles.
+
+The victorious hero clothed himself with the garment, {256} and was about
+to perform the sacrifice, when the hot flames rising from the altar heated
+the poison with which it was imbued, and soon every fibre of his body was
+penetrated by the deadly venom. The unfortunate hero, suffering the most
+fearful tortures, endeavoured to tear off the robe, but it adhered so
+closely to the skin that all his efforts to remove it only increased his
+agonies.
+
+In this pitiable condition he was conveyed to Trachin, where Deianeira, on
+beholding the terrible suffering of which she was the innocent cause, was
+overcome with grief and remorse, and hanged herself in despair. The dying
+hero called his son Hyllus to his side, and desired him to make Iole his
+wife, and then ordering his followers to erect a funeral pyre, he mounted
+it and implored the by-standers to set fire to it, and thus in mercy to
+terminate his insufferable torments. But no one had the courage to obey
+him, until at last his friend and companion Philoctetes, yielding to his
+piteous appeal, lighted the pile, and received in return the bow and arrows
+of the hero.
+
+Soon flames on flames ascended, and amidst vivid flashes of lightning,
+accompanied by awful peals of thunder, Pallas-Athene descended in a cloud,
+and bore her favourite hero in a chariot to Olympus.
+
+Heracles became admitted among the immortals; and Hera, in token of her
+reconciliation, bestowed upon him the hand of her beautiful daughter Hebe,
+the goddess of eternal youth.
+
+BELLEROPHON.
+
+Bellerophon, or Bellerophontes, was the son of Glaucus, king of Corinth,
+and grandson of Sisyphus. In consequence of an unpremeditated murder
+Bellerophon fled to Tiryns, where he was kindly received by King Proetus,
+who purified him from his crime. Antea, the wife of Proetus, was so charmed
+with the comely youth that she fell in love with him; but Bellerophon did
+not return her affection, and she, in revenge, slandered him to the king by
+a gross misrepresentation of the facts. {257}
+
+The first impulse of Proetus, when informed of the conduct of Bellerophon,
+was to kill him; but the youth, with his gentle and winning manners, had so
+endeared himself to his host that he felt it impossible to take his life
+with his own hands. He therefore sent him to his father-in-law, Iobates,
+king of Lycia, with a kind of letter or tablet which contained mysterious
+signs, indicating his desire that the bearer of the missive should be put
+to death. But the gods watched over the true and loyal youth, and inclined
+the heart of Iobates, who was an amiable prince, towards his guest. Judging
+by his appearance that he was of noble birth, he entertained him, according
+to the hospitable custom of the Greeks, in the most princely manner for
+nine days, and not until the morning of the tenth did he inquire his name
+and errand.
+
+Bellerophon now presented to him the letter intrusted to him by Proetus.
+Iobates, who had become greatly attached to the youth, was horror-struck at
+its contents. Nevertheless he concluded that Proetus must have good reasons
+for his conduct, and that probably Bellerophon had committed a crime which
+deserved death. But as he could not make up his mind to murder the guest he
+had grown to esteem, he decided to despatch him upon dangerous enterprises,
+in which he would in all probability lose his life.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+He first sent him to kill the Chimaera, a monster which was at this time
+devastating the country. The fore part of its body was that of a lion, the
+centre of a goat, and the hind part of a dragon; whilst out of its jaws
+issued flames of fire.
+
+Before starting on this difficult task Bellerophon invoked the protection
+of the gods, and in answer to his prayer they despatched to his aid the
+immortal-winged horse Pegasus, the offspring of Poseidon and Medusa. But
+the divine animal would not suffer himself to be {258} caught, and at last,
+worn out with his fruitless exertions, Bellerophon fell into a deep sleep
+beside the sacred spring Pirene. Here Pallas-Athene appeared to him in a
+dream, and presented him with a magic bridle for the purpose of capturing
+the divine steed. On awaking Bellerophon instinctively put out his hand to
+grasp it, when, to his amazement, there lay beside him the bridle of his
+dream, whilst Pegasus was quietly drinking at the fountain close by.
+Seizing him by the mane Bellerophon threw the bridle over his head, and
+succeeded in mounting him without further difficulty; then rising with him
+into the air he slew the Chimaera with his arrows.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Iobates next sent him on an expedition against the Solymans, a fierce
+neighbouring tribe with whom he was at enmity. Bellerophon succeeded in
+vanquishing them, and was then despatched against the much-dreaded Amazons;
+but greatly to the astonishment of Iobates the hero again returned
+victorious.
+
+Finally, Iobates placed a number of the bravest Lycians in ambush for the
+purpose of destroying him, but not one returned alive, for Bellerophon
+bravely defended himself and slew them all. Convinced at length that
+Bellerophon, far from deserving death, was the special favourite of the
+gods, who had evidently protected him throughout his perilous exploits, the
+king now ceased his persecutions.
+
+Iobates admitted him to a share in the government, and gave him his
+daughter in marriage. But Bellerophon having attained the summit of earthly
+prosperity became intoxicated with pride and vanity, and incurred the
+displeasure of the gods by endeavouring to mount to heaven on his winged
+horse, for the purpose of gratifying his idle curiosity. Zeus punished him
+for his impiety by sending {259} a gadfly to sting the horse, who became so
+restive that he threw his rider, who was precipitated to the earth. Filled
+with remorse at having offended the gods Bellerophon fell a prey to the
+deepest melancholy, and wandered about for the remainder of his life in the
+loneliest and most desolate places.
+
+After death he was honoured in Corinth as a hero, and an altar was erected
+to him in the grove of Poseidon.
+
+THESEUS.
+
+Aegeus, king of Athens, being twice married, and having no children, was so
+desirous of an heir to his throne that he made a pilgrimage to Delphi in
+order to consult the oracle. But the response being ambiguous, he repaired
+to Troezen to consult his wise friend Pittheus, who reigned over that city,
+by whose advice he contracted a secret marriage with his friend's daughter
+Aethra.
+
+After passing some time with his bride, Aegeus prepared to take his
+departure for his own dominions; but before doing so he led Aethra to the
+sea-shore, where, after depositing his sword and sandals under a huge rock,
+he thus addressed her: "Should the gods bless our union with a son, do not
+reveal to him the name and rank of his father until he is old enough to
+possess the strength requisite for moving this stone. Then send him to my
+palace at Athens bearing these tokens of his identity."
+
+A son was born to Aethra, whom she called Theseus, and who was carefully
+trained and educated by his grandfather Pittheus. When he had developed
+into a strong and manly youth his mother conducted him to the spot where
+the rock had been placed by Aegeus, and at her command he rolled away the
+stone, and took possession of the sword and sandals which had lain there
+for sixteen years, and which she now desired him to convey to his father
+Aegeus, king of Athens.
+
+His mother and grandfather were anxious that the youth should travel by the
+safe sea route, the road between Troezen and Athens being at this time
+infested {260} with robbers of great ferocity and enormous strength. But
+feeling within himself the spirit of a hero, Theseus resolved to emulate
+the deeds of Heracles, with whose fame all Greece resounded, and therefore
+chose the more dangerous journey by land, as calculated to afford him an
+opportunity of distinguishing himself by feats of valour.
+
+His first adventure occurred at Epidaurus, where he met Periphetes, a son
+of Hephaestus, who was armed with an iron club, with which he killed all
+travellers. Having received from his grandfather a full description of this
+savage, Theseus at once recognized him, and rushing upon him with his
+sword, succeeded after a desperate encounter in killing him. He
+appropriated the club as a trophy of his victory, and proceeded on his
+journey without hinderance until he arrived at the Isthmus of Corinth.
+
+Here the people warned him to beware of Sinnis the robber, who forced all
+travellers to bend with him one of the branches of a tall pine-tree. Having
+dragged it to the ground, the cruel Sinnis suddenly released his hold,
+whereupon the bough rebounding high up into the air, the unfortunate victim
+was dashed to the ground and killed. When Theseus beheld Sinnis advancing
+towards him he steadily awaited his approach; then seizing his powerful
+club, he killed the inhuman wretch with one blow.
+
+Passing through the woody district of Crommyon Theseus next slew a wild and
+dangerous sow which had long ravaged the country.
+
+He then continued his journey and approached the borders of Megara, where,
+on a narrow path overhanging the sea, dwelt the wicked Scyron, another
+terror to travellers. It was his custom to compel all strangers who passed
+his abode to wash his feet, during which operation he kicked them over the
+rock into the sea. Theseus boldly attacked the giant, overcame him, and
+then flung his body over the cliff where so many of his victims had
+perished.
+
+Theseus now journeyed on to Eleusis, where he found {261} another adversary
+in the person of King Cercyon, who forced all comers to wrestle with him,
+and killed those whom he vanquished; but Theseus overcame the mighty
+wrestler and slew him.
+
+Near Eleusis, on the banks of the river Cephissus, Theseus met with a new
+adventure. Here lived the giant Damastes, called Procrustes or the
+Stretcher, who had two iron beds, one being long and the other short, into
+which he forced all strangers; In the short one he placed the tall men,
+whose limbs he cut to the size of the bed, whilst to the short ones he
+assigned the large bed, stretching them out to fit it; and thus he left his
+victims to expire in the most cruel torments. Theseus freed the country
+from this inhuman monster by serving him as he had done his unfortunate
+victims.
+
+The hero now continued his journey, and at length reached Athens without
+meeting with any further adventures. When he arrived at his destination he
+found his father a helpless tool in the hands of the sorceress Medea, whom
+he had married after her departure from Corinth. Knowing, by means of her
+supernatural powers, that Theseus was the king's son, and fearing that her
+influence might be weakened by his presence, she poisoned the mind of the
+old king against the stranger, whom she represented as being a spy. It was
+accordingly arranged that Theseus should be invited to a banquet, and a
+strong poison mixed with his wine.
+
+Now Theseus had resolved to reveal himself at this feast to the father whom
+he yearned to embrace. Before tasting the wine he put his plan into
+execution, and drew out his sword so that the eyes of the king might rest
+upon it. When Aegeus beheld once more the well-known weapon which he had so
+often wielded, he knew that it was his son who stood before him. He warmly
+embraced him, presented him as his heir to his courtiers and subjects, and
+then, no longer able to endure the sight of Medea, he banished her for ever
+from his dominions.
+
+When Theseus was acknowledged as the rightful heir to the throne he was
+opposed by the fifty sons of Pallas, {262} the king's brother, who had
+confidently expected that on the demise of the old king the government of
+the country would devolve upon them. They therefore resolved to put Theseus
+to death; but their plans becoming known to him, he surprised them as they
+lay in ambush awaiting his approach, and destroyed them all.
+
+Fearing, however, lest the Athenians might entertain a prejudice against
+him on account of his extermination of their fellow-citizens, the
+Pallantids, Theseus resolved to perform some signal service for the state,
+which should gain for him the hearts of the people. He accordingly decided
+to rid the country of the famous bull of Marathon, which had become a
+terror to the cultivators of the land. He captured the animal and brought
+him in chains to Athens, where, after publicly exhibiting him to the
+astonished multitude, he solemnly sacrificed him to Apollo.
+
+The next enterprise undertaken by Theseus far surpassed all his other feats
+of heroic daring, and secured to him the universal admiration and gratitude
+of his fellow-citizens. This was the slaying of the Minotaur, which put an
+end for ever to the shameful tribute of seven youths and seven maidens
+which was exacted from the Athenians every nine years.
+
+The origin of this barbarous tribute was as follows: Androgeos, the
+youthful son of Minos, king of Crete, having been treacherously murdered by
+the Athenians, his father, anxious to avenge the death of his son, declared
+war against their king Aegeus, and conquered Athens and the villages in its
+vicinity. The conqueror henceforth compelled the Athenians to send to him
+every nine years a tribute of seven youths and seven maidens of the noblest
+families of the land, who became the prey of the Minotaur, a monster,
+half-man, half-bull, whose lair was in the wonderful labyrinth, constructed
+by Daedalus for the Cretan king.
+
+When Theseus informed his father of his heroic determination, he was
+overwhelmed with grief, and endeavoured, by every means in his power, to
+shake his son's resolution, but, confident of success, Theseus assured his
+{263} father that he would slay the Minotaur and return home victorious.
+
+It was customary for the vessel bearing its unhappy freight of human
+victims to use on this voyage black sails only; but Theseus promised his
+father that, should he return in safety, he would hoist white ones in their
+place.
+
+Before leaving Athens Theseus, by the advice of an oracle, chose Aphrodite
+as his guardian and protectress, and accordingly offered up a sacrifice to
+her. When he arrived in the presence of king Minos, the goddess of Love
+inspired Ariadne, the beautiful daughter of the king, with an ardent
+attachment for the noble young hero. During a secret interview, in which a
+mutual confession of affection took place, Ariadne furnished him with a
+sharp sword and a clue of thread, the end of which she desired him to
+fasten at the entrance to the labyrinth and to continue to unwind it till
+he reached the lair of the Minotaur. Full of hope as to the successful
+issue of his undertaking, Theseus took leave of the kind maiden, after
+expressing his gratitude for her timely aid.
+
+At the head of his companions he was now conducted by Minos to the entrance
+of the labyrinth. Strictly adhering to the injunctions of the fair Ariadne
+he succeeded in finding the Minotaur, whom, after a fierce and violent
+struggle, he defeated and killed; then carefully feeling his way, by means
+of the clue of thread, he led his companions safely out of the labyrinth.
+They then fled to their ship, taking with them the lovely maiden to whose
+affection for their deliverer they owed their safety.
+
+Arrived at the island of Naxos, Theseus had a dream, in which Dionysus, the
+wine-god, appeared to him, and informed him that the Fates had decreed that
+Ariadne should be his bride, at the same time menacing the hero with all
+kinds of misfortunes should he refuse to resign her. Now Theseus, having
+been taught from his youth to reverence the gods, feared to disobey the
+wishes of Dionysus. He accordingly took a sad farewell of the {264}
+beautiful maiden who so tenderly loved him, and left her on the lonely
+island, where she was found and wooed by the wine-god.
+
+Theseus and his companions felt keenly the loss of their benefactress, and
+in their grief at parting with her, forgot that the ship still bore the
+black sails with which she had left the Attic coast. As she neared the port
+of Athens, Aegeus, who was anxiously awaiting the return of his son on the
+beach, caught sight of the vessel with its black sails, and concluding that
+his gallant son had perished, threw himself in despair into the sea.
+
+With the unanimous approval of the Athenians, Theseus now ascended the
+vacant throne, and soon proved himself to be not only a valiant hero but
+also a wise prince and prudent legislator. Athens was at this time but a
+small city surrounded by a number of villages, each of which possessed its
+own separate form of government; but by means of kind and conciliatory
+measures Theseus induced the heads of these different communities to resign
+their sovereignty, and to intrust the administration of public affairs to a
+court which should sit constantly at Athens, and exercise jurisdiction over
+all the inhabitants of Attica. The result of these judicious measures was,
+that the Athenians became a united and powerful people, and that numbers of
+strangers and foreigners flocked to Athens, which became a flourishing
+maritime port and a commercial centre of great importance.
+
+Theseus renewed the Isthmian Games, and also instituted numerous festivals,
+the principal of which was the Panathenaea, held in honour of Athene-Polias.
+
+It is related that Theseus upon one occasion arrived during a voyage at the
+Amazonian coast. Anxious to ascertain the object of his visit, the Amazons
+sent Hippolyte, one of their number, with presents to the stranger; but no
+sooner did the fair herald set foot on board his vessel than Theseus set
+sail and carried her off to Athens, where he made her his queen. Enraged at
+this indignity the Amazons determined to be revenged. Some time afterwards,
+when the whole affair would {265} appear to have been forgotten, they
+seized the opportunity when the city of Athens was in a defenceless
+condition and landed an army in Attica. So sudden was their attack that
+they had penetrated into the very heart of the city before the Athenians
+could organize their forces; but Theseus expeditiously collected his troops
+and commenced such a furious onslaught upon the invaders that, after a
+desperate encounter, they were driven from the city. Peace was then
+concluded, whereupon the Amazons evacuated the country. During this
+engagement Hippolyte, forgetful of her origin, fought valiantly by the side
+of her husband against her own kinsfolk, and perished on the field of
+battle.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It was soon after this sad event that Theseus joined the world-renowned
+Calydonian Boar-hunt, in which he took a leading part. He also formed one
+of the brave band who shared in the perils of the Argonautic expedition.
+
+The remarkable friendship which existed between Theseus and Pirithoeus
+originated under such peculiar circumstances that it is worthy of mention.
+
+Hearing upon one occasion that his herds, pasturing in the plains of
+Marathon, had been carried off by Pirithoeus, Theseus collected together an
+armed force and sallied forth to punish the plunderer. But, when the two
+heroes met face to face, both were seized with an impulse of sympathetic
+admiration for each other. Pirithoeus, holding out his hand in token of
+peace, exclaimed, "What satisfaction shall I render thee, oh Theseus? Be
+thou thyself the judge." Theseus seized the proffered hand and replied, "I
+ask nought save thy {266} friendship;" whereupon the heroes embraced each
+other and swore eternal fidelity.
+
+When, soon afterwards, Pirithoeus became united to Hippodamia, a Thessalian
+princess, he invited Theseus to the wedding-feast, which was also attended,
+among other guests, by a large number of Centaurs, who were friends of
+Pirithoeus. Towards the end of the banquet Eurytion, a young Centaur, heated
+and flushed with wine, seized the lovely bride and sought by force to carry
+her off. The other Centaurs, following his example, each endeavoured to
+capture a maiden. Pirithoeus and his followers, aided by Theseus, who
+rendered most valuable assistance, attacked the Centaurs, and after a
+violent hand-to-hand struggle in which many perished, forced them to
+relinquish their prey.
+
+After the death of Hippolyte Theseus sought the hand of Phaedra, the sister
+of his former bride Ariadne, to whom he became united. For some years they
+lived happily together, and their union was blessed by the birth of two
+sons. During this time Hippolytus, the son of the Amazonian queen, had been
+absent from home, having been placed under the care of the king's uncles in
+order to be educated. When, having grown to manhood, he now returned to his
+father's palace, his young stepmother, Phaedra, fell violently in love with
+him; but Hippolytus failed to return her affection, and treated her with
+contempt and indifference. Filled with rage and despair at his coldness
+Phaedra put an end to her existence; and when she was discovered by her
+husband she held in her hand a letter, accusing Hippolytus of being the
+cause of her death, and of having conspired against the honour of the king.
+
+Now Poseidon had upon one occasion promised to grant Theseus whatever
+request he should demand; he therefore called upon the sea-god to destroy
+Hippolytus, whom he cursed in the most solemn manner. The father's awful
+malediction fell but too soon upon his innocent son; for, as the latter was
+driving his chariot along the sea-shore, between Troezen and Athens, a
+{267} monster, sent by Poseidon, rose out of the deep, and so frightened
+the horses that they became altogether unmanageable. As they rushed on in
+their mad career the chariot was dashed to pieces, and the unfortunate
+youth, whose feet had become entangled in the reins, was dragged along
+until life was nearly extinct.
+
+In this condition he was found by the unhappy Theseus, who, having
+ascertained the true facts of the case from an old servant of Phaedra, had
+hastened to prevent the catastrophe. But he arrived too late, and was only
+able to soothe the last moments of his dying son by acknowledging the sad
+mistake which he had committed, and declaring his firm belief in his honour
+and innocence.
+
+After these events Theseus was persuaded by his friend Pirithoeus, who had
+also about this time lost his young wife, Hippodamia, to join him in a
+journey through Greece, with the object of carrying off by force the most
+beautiful maidens whom they should chance to meet.
+
+Arrived at Sparta they beheld, in the temple of Artemis, Helen, the
+daughter of Zeus and Leda, who was engaged in performing sacred dances in
+honour of the goddess. Although the maiden was only nine years old the fame
+of her beauty, which was destined to play so important a part in the
+history of Greece, had already spread far and wide. Theseus and Pirithoeus
+forcibly abducted her, and then having cast lots for her, she fell to
+Theseus, who placed her under the charge of his mother AEthra.
+
+Pirithoeus now requested Theseus to assist him in his ambitious scheme of
+descending to the lower world and carrying off Persephone, the queen of
+Hades. Though fully alive to the perils of the undertaking Theseus would
+not forsake his friend, and together they sought the gloomy realm of
+Shades. But Aides had been forewarned of their approach, and scarcely had
+the two friends set foot within his dominions when, by his orders, they
+were seized, bound with chains, and secured to an enchanted rock at the
+entrance of Hades. Here the two {268} friends languished for many years,
+until Heracles passed by in his search for Cerberus, when he released
+Theseus; but in obedience to an injunction of the gods, left Pirithoeus to
+endure for ever the punishment of his too daring ambition.
+
+While Theseus was imprisoned in the under world Castor and Pollux, the
+brothers of Helen, invaded Athens, and demanded the restoration of their
+young sister. Seeing his country threatened with the horrors of warfare, an
+Athenian citizen named Academus, who knew of Helen's place of concealment,
+repaired to the camp of the Dioscuri, and informed them where they would
+find her. AEthra at once resigned her charge, whereupon the brothers took
+leave of Athens, and, accompanied by Helen, returned to their native
+country.
+
+But the prolonged absence of Theseus gave rise to other troubles of a more
+serious character. Thinking the opportunity favourable for a revolt, a
+faction, headed by Menesthius, a descendant of Erechtheus, arrogated to
+themselves supreme power, and seized the reins of government.
+
+Returned to Athens, Theseus at once took active measures to quell the
+insubordination which existed on all sides. He expelled Menesthius from
+office, rigorously punished the ringleaders of the revolt, and placed
+himself once more upon the throne. But his hold upon the people was gone.
+His former services were all forgotten, and, finding at length that
+dissensions and revolts were rife, he voluntarily abdicated the throne, and
+retired to his estates in the island of Scyros. Here Lycomedes, king of the
+island, feigned to receive him with the utmost friendship; but being, as it
+is supposed, in league with Menesthius, he led the old king to the summit
+of a high rock, under pretence of showing him his estates, and
+treacherously killed him by pushing him over the cliff.
+
+Many centuries after his death, by the command of the oracle of Delphi,
+Cimon, the father of Miltiades, at the conclusion of the Persian war,
+brought the remains of Theseus, the great benefactor of Athens, to that
+city, {269} and in his honour a temple was erected, which exists to the
+present day, and serves as a museum of art.
+
+OEDIPUS.
+
+Laius, king of Thebes, the son of Labdacus, and a direct descendant of
+Cadmus, was married to Jocaste, the daughter of a noble Theban. An oracle
+having foretold that he would perish by the hand of his own son, he
+determined to destroy the infant to whom Jocaste had just given birth. With
+the consent of his wife, whose affection for her husband overcame her love
+for her child, he pierced the feet of the babe, bound them together, and
+handed the infant over to a servant, with instructions to expose him on
+Mount Cithaeron to perish. But instead of obeying this cruel command, the
+servant intrusted him to a shepherd who was tending the flocks of Polybus,
+king of Corinth, and then returned to Laius and Jocaste, and informed them
+that their orders had been obeyed. The parents were satisfied with the
+intelligence, and quieted their conscience by the reflection that they had
+thus prevented their son from committing the crime of parricide.
+
+Meanwhile the shepherd of king Polybus had unbound the feet of the infant,
+and in consequence of their being much swollen he called him Oedipus, or
+Swollen-foot. He then carried him to the king, his master, who, pitying the
+poor little waif, enlisted for him the kind offices of his wife, Merope.
+Oedipus was adopted by the king and queen as their own son, and grew up in
+the belief that they were his parents, until one day a Corinthian noble
+taunted him at a banquet with not being the son of the king. Stung at this
+reproach the youth appealed to Merope, but receiving an equivocal, though
+kindly answer, he repaired to Delphi to consult the oracle. The Pythia
+vouchsafed no reply to his inquiry, but informed him, to his horror, that
+he was fated to kill his father and to marry his own mother.
+
+Filled with dismay, for he was tenderly attached to Polybus and Merope,
+Oedipus determined not to return {270} to Corinth, and took instead the
+road leading to Boeotia. On his way a chariot passed him, in which sat an
+old man with two servants, who rudely pushed the pedestrian out of the
+path. In the scuffle which ensued Oedipus struck the old man with his heavy
+stick, and he fell back dead on the seat of the chariot. Struck with dismay
+at the unpremeditated murder which he had committed, the youth fled, and
+left the spot without learning that the old man whom he had killed was his
+father, Laius, king of Thebes.
+
+Not long after this occurrence the Sphinx (full details of whom have
+already been given) was sent by the goddess Hera as a punishment to the
+Thebans. Stationed on a rocky height just outside the city, she propounded
+to the passers by riddles which she had been taught by the Muses, and
+whoever failed to solve them was torn in pieces and devoured by the
+monster, and in this manner great numbers of the inhabitants of Thebes had
+perished.
+
+Now on the death of the old king Laius, Creon, the brother of the widowed
+queen, had seized the reins of government and mounted the vacant throne;
+and when at length his own son fell a victim to the Sphinx, he resolved at
+all costs to rid the country of this fearful scourge. He accordingly issued
+a proclamation, that the kingdom and the hand of his sister Jocaste should
+be awarded to him who should succeed in solving one of the riddles of the
+Sphinx, it having been foretold by an oracle that only then would the
+country be freed from the monster.
+
+Just as this proclamation was being made in the streets of Thebes Oedipus,
+with his pilgrim's staff in his hand, entered the city. Tempted by the
+prospect of so magnificent a reward he repaired to the rock, and boldly
+requested the Sphinx to propound to him one of her riddles. She proposed to
+him one which she deemed impossible of solution, but Oedipus at once solved
+it; whereupon the Sphinx, full of rage and despair, precipitated herself
+into the abyss and perished. Oedipus {271} received the promised reward. He
+became king of Thebes and the husband of Jocaste, the widow of his father,
+king Laius.
+
+For many years Oedipus enjoyed the greatest happiness and tranquillity.
+Four children were born to him--two sons, Eteocles and Polynices, and two
+daughters, Antigone and Ismene. But at last the gods afflicted the country
+with a grievous pestilence, which made terrible havoc among the people. In
+their distress they entreated the help of the king, who was regarded by his
+subjects as a special favourite of the gods. Oedipus consulted an oracle,
+and the response was that the pestilence would continue to rage until the
+land was purified of the blood of king Laius, whose murderer was living
+unpunished at Thebes.
+
+The king now invoked the most solemn imprecations on the head of the
+murderer, and offered a reward for any information concerning him. He then
+sent for the blind old seer Tiresias, and implored him, by means of his
+prophetic powers, to reveal to him the author of the crime. Tiresias at
+first hesitated, but yielding to the earnest solicitations of the king, the
+old prophet thus addressed him: "Thou thyself art the murderer of the old
+king Laius, who was thy father; and thou art wedded to his widow, thine own
+mother." In order to convince Oedipus of the truth of his words, he brought
+forward the old servant who had exposed him as a babe on Mount Cithaeron,
+and the shepherd who had conveyed him to king Polybus. Horrified at this
+awful revelation Oedipus, in a fit of despair, deprived himself of sight,
+and the unfortunate Jocaste, unable to survive her disgrace, hanged
+herself.
+
+Accompanied by his faithful and devoted daughter Antigone, Oedipus quitted
+Thebes and became a miserable and homeless outcast, begging his bread from
+place to place. At length, after a long and painful pilgrimage, he found a
+place of refuge in the grove of the Eumenides (at Colonus, near Athens),
+where his last moments were soothed and tended by the care and devotion of
+the faithful Antigone.
+
+{272}
+
+THE SEVEN AGAINST THEBES.
+
+After the voluntary abdication of Oedipus, his two sons, Eteocles and
+Polynices, took possession of the crown and reigned over the city of
+Thebes. But Eteocles, being an ambitious prince, soon seized the reins of
+government himself, and expelled his brother from the throne.
+
+Polynices now repaired to Argos, where he arrived in the dead of night.
+Outside the gates of the royal palace he encountered Tydeus, the son of
+Oeneus, king of Calydon. Having accidentally killed a relative in the
+chase, Tydeus was also a fugitive; but being mistaken by Polynices in the
+darkness for an enemy, a quarrel ensued, which might have ended fatally,
+had not king Adrastus, aroused by the clamour, appeared on the scene and
+parted the combatants.
+
+By the light of the torches borne by his attendants Adrastus observed, to
+his surprise, that on the shield of Polynices a lion was depicted, and on
+that of Tydeus a boar. The former bore this insignia in honour of the
+renowned hero Heracles, the latter in memory of the famous Calydonian
+boar-hunt. This circumstance reminded the king of an extraordinary oracular
+prediction concerning his two beautiful daughters, Argia and Deipyle, which
+was to the effect that he would give them in marriage to a lion and a boar.
+Hailing with delight what he regarded as an auspicious solution of the
+mysterious prophecy, he invited the strangers into his palace; and when he
+heard their history, and had convinced himself that they were of noble
+birth, he bestowed upon Polynices his beautiful daughter Argia, and upon
+Tydeus the fair Deipyle, promising at the same time that he would assist
+both his sons-in-law to regain their rightful patrimony.
+
+The first care of Adrastus was to aid Polynices in regaining possession of
+his lawful share in the government of Thebes. He accordingly invited the
+most powerful chiefs in his kingdom to join in the expedition, {273} all of
+whom readily obeyed the call with the exception of the king's
+brother-in-law, Amphiaraus, the seer. As he foresaw a disastrous
+termination to the enterprise, and knew that not one of the heroes, save
+Adrastus himself, would return alive, he earnestly dissuaded the king from
+carrying out his project, and declined to take any part in the undertaking.
+But Adrastus, seconded by Polynices and Tydeus, was obstinately bent on the
+achievement of his purpose, and Amphiaraus, in order to escape from their
+importunities, concealed himself in a hiding-place known only to his wife
+Eriphyle.
+
+Now on the occasion of the marriage of Amphiaraus it had been agreed, that
+if he ever differed in opinion with the king, his wife should decide the
+question. As the presence of Amphiaraus was indispensable to the success of
+the undertaking, and, moreover, as Adrastus would not enter upon it without
+"the eye of the army," as he called his brother-in-law, Polynices, bent on
+securing his services, determined to bribe Eriphyle to use her influence
+with her husband and to decide the question in accordance with his wishes.
+He bethought himself of the beautiful necklace of Harmonia, wife of Cadmus,
+which he had brought with him in his flight from Thebes. Without loss of
+time he presented himself before the wife of Amphiaraus, and held up to her
+admiring gaze the glittering bauble, promising that if she revealed the
+hiding-place of her husband and induced him to join the expedition, the
+necklace should be hers. Eriphyle, unable to withstand the tempting bait,
+accepted the bribe, and thus Amphiaraus was compelled to join the army. But
+before leaving his home he extorted a solemn promise from his son Alcmaeon
+that, should he perish on the field of battle, he would avenge his death on
+his mother, the perfidious Eriphyle.
+
+Seven leaders were now chosen, each at the head of a separate detachment of
+troops. These were Adrastus the king, his two brothers Hippomedon and
+Parthenopaeus, Capaneus his nephew, Polynices and Tydeus, and Amphiaraus.
+
+{274}
+
+When the army was collected they set out for Nemea, which was at this time
+governed by king Lycurgus. Here the Argives, being short of water, halted
+on the outskirts of a forest in order to search for a spring, when they saw
+a majestic and beautiful woman seated on the trunk of a tree, nursing an
+infant. They concluded from her noble and queenly appearance that she must
+be a goddess, but were informed by her that she was Hypsipile, queen of the
+Lemnians, who had been carried away captive by pirates, and sold as a slave
+to king Lycurgus, and that she was now acting as nurse to his infant son.
+When the warriors told her that they were in search of water, she laid the
+child down in the grass, and led them to a secret spring in the forest,
+with which she alone was acquainted. But on their return they found, to
+their grief, that the unfortunate babe had been killed during their
+absence, by a serpent. They slew the reptile, and then collecting the
+remains of the infant, they buried them with funereal honours and proceeded
+on their way.
+
+The warlike host now appeared before the walls of Thebes, and each leader
+placed himself before one of the seven gates of the city in readiness for
+the attack. Eteocles, in conjunction with Creon, had made due preparations
+to repel the invaders, and had stationed troops, under the command of
+trusty leaders, to guard each of the gates. Then, according to the practice
+of the ancients of consulting soothsayers before entering upon any
+undertaking, the blind old seer Tiresias was sent for, who, after carefully
+taking the auguries from the flight of birds, declared that all efforts to
+defend the city would prove unavailing, unless the youngest descendant of
+the house of Cadmus would offer himself as a voluntary sacrifice for the
+good of the state.
+
+When Creon heard the words of the seer his first thought was of his
+favourite son Menoeceus, the youngest scion of the royal house, who was
+present at the interview. He therefore earnestly implored him to leave the
+city, and to repair for safety to Delphi. But the gallant youth heroically
+resolved to sacrifice his life for the {275} benefit of his country, and
+after taking leave of his old father, mounted the city walls, and plunging
+a dagger into his heart, perished in the sight of the contending hosts.
+
+Adrastus now gave his troops the word of command to storm the city, and
+they rushed forward to the attack with great valour. The battle raged long
+and furiously, and after heavy losses on both sides the Argives were routed
+and put to flight.
+
+After the lapse of some days they reorganized their forces, and again
+appeared before the gates of Thebes, when Eteocles, grieved to think that
+there should be such a terrible loss of life on his account, sent a herald
+into the opposite camp, with a proposition that the fate of the campaign
+should be decided by single combat between himself and his brother
+Polynices. The challenge was readily accepted, and in the duel which took
+place outside the city walls, in the sight of the rival forces, Eteocles
+and Polynices were both fatally wounded and expired on the field of battle.
+
+Both sides now claimed the day, and the result was that hostilities
+recommenced, and soon the battle raged with greater fury than ever. But
+victory at last declared itself for the Thebans. In their flight the
+Argives lost all their leaders, Adrastus excepted, who owed his safety to
+the fleetness of his horse Arion.
+
+By the death of the brothers, Creon became once more king of Thebes, and in
+order to show his abhorrence of the conduct of Polynices in fighting
+against his country, he strictly forbade any one to bury either his remains
+or those of his allies. But the faithful Antigone, who had returned to
+Thebes on the death of her father, could not endure that the body of her
+brother should remain unburied. She therefore bravely disregarded the
+orders of the king, and endeavoured to give sepulture to the remains of
+Polynices.
+
+When Creon discovered that his commands had been set at defiance, he
+inhumanly condemned the devoted maiden to be entombed alive in a
+subterranean vault. {276} But retribution was at hand. His son, Haemon, who
+was betrothed to Antigone, having contrived to effect an entrance into the
+vault, was horrified to find that Antigone had hanged herself by her veil.
+Feeling that life without her would be intolerable, he threw himself in
+despair on his own sword, and after solemnly invoking the malediction of
+the gods on the head of his father, expired beside the dead body of his
+betrothed.
+
+Hardly had the news of the tragic fate of his son reached the king, before
+another messenger appeared, bearing the tidings that his wife Eurydice, on
+hearing of the death of Haemon, had put an end to her existence, and thus
+the king found himself in his old age both widowed and childless.
+
+Nor did he succeed in the execution of his vindictive designs; for
+Adrastus, who, after his flight from Thebes, had taken refuge at Athens,
+induced Theseus to lead an army against the Thebans, to compel them to
+restore the dead bodies of the Argive warriors to their friends, in order
+that they might perform due funereal rites in honour of the slain. This
+undertaking was successfully accomplished, and the remains of the fallen
+heroes were interred with due honours.
+
+THE EPIGONI.
+
+Ten years after these events the sons of the slain heroes, who were called
+Epigoni, or descendants, resolved to avenge the death of their fathers, and
+with this object entered upon a new expedition against the city of Thebes.
+
+By the advice of the Delphic oracle the command was intrusted to Alcmaeon,
+the son of Amphiaraus; but remembering the injunction of his father he
+hesitated to accept this post before executing vengeance on his mother
+Eriphyle. Thersander, however, the son of Polynices, adopting similar
+tactics to those of his father, bribed Eriphyle with the beautiful veil of
+Harmonia, bequeathed to him by Polynices, to induce her son {277} Alcmaeon
+and his brother Amphilochus to join in this second war against Thebes.
+
+Now the mother of Alcmaeon was gifted with that rare fascination which
+renders its possessor irresistible to all who may chance to come within its
+influence; nor was her own son able to withstand her blandishments.
+Yielding therefore to her wily representations he accepted the command of
+the troops, and at the head of a large and powerful army advanced upon
+Thebes.
+
+Before the gates of the city Alcmaeon encountered the Thebans under the
+command of Laodamas, the son of Eteocles. A fierce battle ensued, in which
+the Theban leader, after performing prodigies of valour, perished by the
+hand of Alcmaeon.
+
+After losing their chief and the flower of their army, the Thebans
+retreated behind the city walls, and the enemy now pressed them hard on
+every side. In their distress they appealed to the blind old seer Tiresias,
+who was over a hundred years old. With trembling lips and in broken
+accents, he informed them that they could only save their lives by
+abandoning their native city with their wives and families. Upon this they
+despatched ambassadors into the enemy's camp; and whilst these were
+protracting negotiations during the night, the Thebans, with their wives
+and children, evacuated the city. Next morning the Argives entered Thebes
+and plundered it, placing Thersander, the son of Polynices (who was a
+descendant of Cadmus), on the throne which his father had so vainly
+contested.
+
+ALCMAEON AND THE NECKLACE.
+
+When Alcmaeon returned from his expedition against the Thebans he determined
+to fulfil the last injunction of his father Amphiaraus, who had desired him
+to be revenged on his mother Eriphyle for her perfidy in accepting a bribe
+to betray him. This resolution was further strengthened by the discovery
+that his unprincipled mother had urged him also to join the expedition
+{278} in return for the much-coveted veil of Harmonia. He therefore put her
+to death; and taking with him the ill-fated necklace and veil, abandoned
+for ever the home of his fathers.
+
+But the gods, who could not suffer so unnatural a crime to go unpunished,
+afflicted him with madness, and sent one of the Furies to pursue him
+unceasingly. In this unhappy condition he wandered about from place to
+place, until at last having reached Psophis in Arcadia, Phegeus, king of
+the country, not only purified him of his crime, but also bestowed upon him
+the hand of his daughter Arsinoe, to whom Alcmaeon presented the necklace
+and veil, which had already been the cause of so much unhappiness.
+
+Though now released from his mental affliction, the curse which hung over
+him was not entirely removed, and on his account the country of his
+adoption was visited with a severe drought. On consulting the oracle of
+Delphi he was informed that any land which offered him shelter would be
+cursed by the gods, and that the malediction would continue to follow him
+till he came to a country which was not in existence at the time he had
+murdered his mother. Bereft of hope, and resolved no longer to cast the
+shadow of his dark fate over those he loved, Alcmaeon took a tender leave of
+his wife and little son, and became once more an outcast and wanderer.
+
+Arrived after a long and painful pilgrimage at the river Achelous, he
+discovered, to his unspeakable joy, a beautiful and fertile island, which
+had but lately emerged from beneath the water. Here he took up his abode;
+and in this haven of rest he was at length freed from his sufferings, and
+finally purified of his crime by the river-god Achelous. But in his
+new-found home where prosperity smiled upon him, Alcmaeon soon forgot the
+loving wife and child he had left behind, and wooed Calirrhoe, the
+beautiful daughter of the river-god, who became united to him in marriage.
+
+For many years Alcmaeon and Calirrhoe lived happily together, and two sons
+were born to them. But {279} unfortunately for the peace of her husband,
+the daughter of Achelous had heard of the celebrated necklace and veil of
+Harmonia, and became seized with a violent desire to become the possessor
+of these precious treasures.
+
+Now the necklace and veil were in the safe-keeping of Arsinoe; but as
+Alcmaeon had carefully concealed the fact of his former marriage from his
+young wife, he informed her, when no longer able to combat her
+importunities, that he had concealed them in a cave in his native country,
+and promised to hasten thither and procure them for her. He accordingly
+took leave of Calirrhoe and his children, and proceeded to Psophis, where
+he presented himself before his deserted wife and her father, king Phegeus.
+To them he excused his absence by the fact of his having suffered from a
+fresh attack of madness, and added that an oracle had foretold to him that
+his malady would only be cured when he had deposited the necklace and veil
+of Harmonia in the temple of Apollo at Delphi. Arsinoe, deceived by his
+artful representations, unhesitatingly restored to him his bridal gifts,
+whereupon Alcmaeon set out on his homeward journey, well satisfied with the
+successful issue of his expedition.
+
+But the fatal necklace and veil were doomed to bring ruin and disaster to
+all who possessed them. During his sojourn at the court of king Phegeus,
+one of the servants who had accompanied Alcmaeon betrayed the secret of his
+union with the daughter of the river-god; and when the king informed his
+sons of his treacherous conduct, they determined to avenge the wrongs of
+their sister Arsinoe. They accordingly concealed themselves at a point of
+the road which Alcmaeon was compelled to pass, and as he neared the spot
+they suddenly emerged from their place of ambush, fell upon him and
+despatched him.
+
+When Arsinoe, who still loved her faithless husband, heard of the murder,
+she bitterly reproached her brothers for the crime which they had
+perpetrated, at which they were so incensed, that they placed her in a
+chest, and conveyed her to Agapenor, son of Ancaeus, at Tegea. {280} Here
+they accused her of the murder of which they themselves were guilty, and
+she suffered a painful death.
+
+Calirrhoe, on learning the sad fate of Alcmaeon, implored Zeus that her
+infant sons might grow at once to manhood, and avenge the death of their
+father. The ruler of Olympus heard the petition of the bereaved wife, and,
+in answer to her prayer, the children of yesterday became transformed into
+bearded men, full of strength and courage, and thirsting for revenge.
+
+Hastening to Tegea, they there encountered the sons of Phegeus, who were
+about to repair to Delphi, in order to deposit the necklace and veil in the
+sanctuary of Apollo; and before the brothers had time to defend themselves,
+the stalwart sons of Calirrhoe rushed upon them and slew them. They then
+proceeded to Psophis, where they killed king Phegeus and his wife, after
+which they returned to their mother with the necklace and veil, which, by
+the command of her father Achelous, were deposited as sacred offerings in
+the temple of Apollo at Delphi.
+
+THE HERACLIDAE.
+
+After the apotheosis of Heracles, his children were so cruelly persecuted
+by Eurystheus, that they fled for protection to king Ceyx at Trachin,
+accompanied by the aged Iolaus, the nephew and life-long friend of their
+father, who constituted himself their guide and protector. But on
+Eurystheus demanding the surrender of the fugitives, the Heraclidae, knowing
+that the small force at the disposal of king Ceyx would be altogether
+inadequate to protect them against the powerful king of Argos, abandoned
+his territory, and sought refuge at Athens, where they were hospitably
+received by king Demophoon, the son of the great hero Theseus. He warmly
+espoused their cause, and determined to protect them at all costs against
+Eurystheus, who had despatched a numerous force in pursuit of them.
+
+When the Athenians had made all necessary preparations to repel the
+invaders, an oracle announced that the {281} sacrifice of a maiden of noble
+birth was necessary to ensure to them victory; whereupon Macaria, the
+beautiful daughter of Heracles and Deianira, magnanimously offered herself
+as a sacrifice, and, surrounded by the noblest matrons and maidens of
+Athens, voluntarily devoted herself to death.
+
+While these events were transpiring in Athens, Hyllus, the eldest son of
+Heracles and Deianira, had advanced with a large army to the assistance of
+his brothers, and having sent a messenger to the king announcing his
+arrival, Demophoon, with his army, joined his forces.
+
+In the thick of the battle which ensued, Iolaus, following a sudden
+impulse, borrowed the chariot of Hyllus, and earnestly entreated Zeus and
+Hebe to restore to him, for this one day only, the vigour and strength of
+his youth. His prayer was heard. A thick cloud descended from heaven and
+enveloped the chariot, and when it disappeared, Iolaus, in the full
+plenitude of manly vigour, stood revealed before the astonished gaze of the
+combatants. He then led on his valiant band of warriors, and soon the enemy
+was in headlong flight; and Eurystheus, who was taken prisoner, was put to
+death by the command of king Demophoon.
+
+After gratefully acknowledging the timely aid of the Athenians, Hyllus,
+accompanied by the faithful Iolaus and his brothers, took leave of king
+Demophoon, and proceeded to invade the Peloponnesus, which they regarded as
+their lawful patrimony; for, according to the will of Zeus, it should have
+been the rightful possession of their father, the great hero Heracles, had
+not Hera maliciously defeated his plans by causing his cousin Eurystheus to
+precede him into the world.
+
+For the space of twelve months the Heraclidae contrived to maintain
+themselves in the Peloponnesus; but at the expiration of that time a
+pestilence broke out, which spread over the entire peninsula, and compelled
+the Heraclidae to evacuate the country and return to Attica, where for a
+time they settled.
+
+After the lapse of three years Hyllus resolved on {282} making another
+effort to obtain his paternal inheritance. Before setting out on the
+expedition, however, he consulted the oracle of Delphi, and the response
+was, that he must wait for the third fruit before the enterprise would
+prove successful. Interpreting this ambiguous reply to signify the third
+summer, Hyllus controlled his impatience for three years, when, having
+collected a powerful army, he once more entered the Peloponnesus.
+
+At the isthmus of Corinth he was opposed by Atreus, the son of Pelops, who
+at the death of Eurystheus had inherited the kingdom. In order to save
+bloodshed, Hyllus offered to decide his claims by single combat, the
+conditions being, that if he were victorious, he and his brothers should
+obtain undisputed possession of their rights; but if defeated, the
+Heraclidae were to desist for fifty years from attempting to press their
+claim.
+
+The challenge was accepted by Echemon, king of Tegea, and Hyllus lost his
+life in the encounter, whereupon the sons of Heracles, in virtue of their
+agreement, abandoned the Peloponnesus and retired to Marathon.
+
+Hyllus was succeeded by his son Cleodaeus, who, at the expiration of the
+appointed time, collected a large army and invaded the Peloponnesus; but he
+was not more successful than his father had been, and perished there with
+all his forces.
+
+Twenty years later his son Aristomachus consulted an oracle, which promised
+him victory if he went by way of the defile. The Heraclidae once more set
+out, but were again defeated, and Aristomachus shared the fate of his
+father and grandfather, and fell on the field of battle.
+
+When, at the expiration of thirty years, the sons of Aristomachus, Temenus,
+Cresphontes, and Aristodemus again consulted the oracle, the answer was
+still the same; but this time the following explanation accompanied the
+response: the third fruit signified the third generation, to which they
+themselves belonged, and not the third fruit of the earth; and by the
+defile was indicated, not the isthmus of Corinth, but the straits on the
+right of the isthmus.
+
+{283}
+
+Temenus lost no time in collecting an army and building ships of war; but
+just as all was ready and the fleet about to sail, Aristodemus, the
+youngest of the brothers, was struck by lightning. To add to their
+misfortunes, Hippolytes, a descendant of Heracles, who had joined in the
+expedition, killed a soothsayer whom he mistook for a spy, and the gods, in
+their displeasure, sent violent tempests, by means of which the entire
+fleet was destroyed, whilst famine and pestilence decimated the ranks of
+the army.
+
+The oracle, on being again consulted, advised that Hippolytes, being the
+offender, should be banished from the country for ten years, and that the
+command of the troops should be delegated to a man having three eyes. A
+search was at once instituted by the Heraclidae for a man answering to this
+description, who was found at length in the person of Oxylus, a descendant
+of the AEtolian race of kings. In obedience to the command of the oracle,
+Hippolytes was banished, an army and fleet once more equipped, and Oxylus
+elected commander-in-chief.
+
+And now success at length crowned the efforts of the long-suffering
+descendants of the great hero. They obtained possession of the
+Peloponnesus, which was divided among them by lot. Argos fell to Temenus,
+Lacedaemon to Aristodemus, and Messene to Cresphontes. In gratitude for the
+services of their able leader, Oxylus, the kingdom of Elis, was conferred
+upon him by the Heraclidae.
+
+THE SIEGE OF TROY.
+
+Troy or Ilion was the capital of a kingdom in Asia Minor, situated near the
+Hellespont, and founded by Ilus, son of Tros. At the time of the famous
+Trojan war this city was under the government of Priam, a direct descendant
+of Ilus. Priam was married to Hecuba, daughter of Dymas, king of Thrace;
+and among the most celebrated of their children were the renowned and {284}
+valiant Hector, the prophetess Cassandra, and Paris, the cause of the
+Trojan war.
+
+Before the birth of her second son Paris, Hecuba dreamt that she had given
+birth to a flaming brand, which was interpreted by AEsacus the seer (a son
+of Priam by a former marriage) to signify that she would bear a son who
+would cause the destruction of the city of Troy. Anxious to prevent the
+fulfilment of the prophecy, Hecuba caused her new-born babe to be exposed
+on Mount Ida to perish; but being found by some kind-hearted shepherds, the
+child was reared by them, and grew up unconscious of his noble birth.
+
+As the boy approached manhood he became remarkable, not only for his
+wonderful beauty of form and feature, but also for his strength and
+courage, which he exercised in defending the flocks from the attacks of
+robbers and wild beasts; hence he was called Alexander, or helper of men.
+It was about this time that he settled the famous dispute concerning the
+golden apple, thrown by the goddess of Discord into the assembly of the
+gods. As we have already seen, he gave his decision in favour of Aphrodite;
+thus creating for himself two implacable enemies, for Hera and Athene never
+forgave the slight.
+
+Paris became united to a beautiful nymph named Oenone, with whom he lived
+happily in the seclusion and tranquillity of a pastoral life; but to her
+deep grief this peaceful existence was not fated to be of long duration.
+
+Hearing that some funereal games were about to be held in Troy in honour of
+a departed relative of the king, Paris resolved to visit the capital and
+take part in them himself. There he so greatly distinguished himself in a
+contest with his unknown brothers, Hector and Deiphobus, that the proud
+young princes, enraged that an obscure shepherd should snatch from them the
+prize of victory, were about to create a disturbance, when Cassandra, who
+had been a spectator of the proceedings, stepped forward, and announced to
+them that the humble peasant who had so signally defeated them was their
+own {285} brother Paris. He was then conducted to the presence of his
+parents, who joyfully acknowledged him as their child; and amidst the
+festivities and rejoicings in honour of their new-found son the ominous
+prediction of the past was forgotten.
+
+As a proof of his confidence, the king now intrusted Paris with a somewhat
+delicate mission. As we have already seen in the Legend of Heracles, that
+great hero conquered Troy, and after killing king Laomedon, carried away
+captive his beautiful daughter Hesione, whom he bestowed in marriage on his
+friend Telamon. But although she became princess of Salamis, and lived
+happily with her husband, her brother Priam never ceased to regret her
+loss, and the indignity which had been passed upon his house; and it was
+now proposed that Paris should be equipped with a numerous fleet, and
+proceed to Greece in order to demand the restoration of the king's sister.
+
+Before setting out on this expedition, Paris was warned by Cassandra
+against bringing home a wife from Greece, and she predicted that if he
+disregarded her injunction he would bring inevitable ruin upon the city of
+Troy, and destruction to the house of Priam.
+
+Under the command of Paris the fleet set sail, and arrived safely in
+Greece. Here the young Trojan prince first beheld Helen, the daughter of
+Zeus and Leda, and sister of the Dioscuri, who was the wife of Menelaus,
+king of Sparta, and the loveliest woman of her time. The most renowned
+heroes in Greece had sought the honour of her hand; but her stepfather,
+Tyndareus, king of Sparta, fearing that if he bestowed her in marriage on
+one of her numerous lovers he would make enemies of the rest, made it a
+stipulation that all suitors should solemnly swear to assist and defend the
+successful candidate, with all the means at their command, in any feud
+which might hereafter arise in connection with the marriage. He at length
+conferred the hand of Helen upon Menelaus, a warlike prince, devoted to
+martial exercises and the pleasures of the chase, to whom he resigned his
+throne and kingdom.
+
+{286}
+
+When Paris arrived at Sparta, and sought hospitality at the royal palace,
+he was kindly received by king Menelaus. At the banquet given in his
+honour, he charmed both host and hostess by his graceful manner and varied
+accomplishments, and specially ingratiated himself with the fair Helen, to
+whom he presented some rare and chaste trinkets of Asiatic manufacture.
+
+Whilst Paris was still a guest at the court of the king of Sparta, the
+latter received an invitation from his friend Idomeneus, king of Crete, to
+join him in a hunting expedition; and Menelaus, being of an unsuspicious
+and easy temperament, accepted the invitation, leaving to Helen the duty of
+entertaining the distinguished stranger. Captivated by her surpassing
+loveliness, the Trojan prince forgot every sense of honour and duty, and
+resolved to rob his absent host of his beautiful wife. He accordingly
+collected his followers, and with their assistance stormed the royal
+castle, possessed himself of the rich treasures which it contained, and
+succeeded in carrying off its beautiful, and not altogether unwilling
+mistress.
+
+They at once set sail, but were driven by stress of weather to the island
+of Crania, where they cast anchor; and it was not until some years had
+elapsed, during which time home and country were forgotten, that Paris and
+Helen proceeded to Troy.
+
+PREPARATIONS FOR THE WAR.--When Menelaus heard of the violation of his
+hearth and home he proceeded to Pylos, accompanied by his brother
+Agamemnon, in order to consult the wise old king Nestor, who was renowned
+for his great experience and state-craft. On hearing the facts of the case
+Nestor expressed it as his opinion that only by means of the combined
+efforts of all the states of Greece could Menelaus hope to regain Helen in
+defiance of so powerful a kingdom as that of Troy.
+
+Menelaus and Agamemnon now raised the war-cry, which was unanimously
+responded to from one end of Greece to the other. Many of those who
+volunteered {287} their services were former suitors of the fair Helen, and
+were therefore bound by their oath to support the cause of Menelaus; others
+joined from pure love of adventure, but one and all were deeply impressed
+with the disgrace which would attach to their country should such a crime
+be suffered to go unpunished. Thus a powerful army was collected in which
+few names of note were missing.
+
+Only in the case of two great heroes, Odysseus (Ulysses) and Achilles, did
+Menelaus experience any difficulty.
+
+Odysseus, famed for his wisdom and great astuteness, was at this time
+living happily in Ithaca with his fair young wife Penelope and his little
+son Telemachus, and was loath to leave his happy home for a perilous
+foreign expedition of uncertain duration. When therefore his services were
+solicited he feigned madness; but the shrewd Palamedes, a distinguished
+hero in the suite of Menelaus, detected and exposed the ruse, and thus
+Odysseus was forced to join in the war. But he never forgave the
+interference of Palamedes, and, as we shall see, eventually revenged
+himself upon him in a most cruel manner.
+
+Achilles was the son of Peleus and the sea-goddess Thetis, who is said to
+have dipped her son, when a babe, in the river Styx, and thereby rendered
+him invulnerable, except in the right heel, by which she held him. When the
+boy was nine years old it was foretold to Thetis that he would either enjoy
+a long life of inglorious ease and inactivity, or that after a brief career
+of victory he would die the death of a hero. Naturally desirous of
+prolonging the life of her son, the fond mother devoutly hoped that the
+former fate might be allotted to him. With this view she conveyed him to
+the island of Scyros, in the AEgean Sea, where, disguised as a girl, he was
+brought up among the daughters of Lycomedes, king of the country.
+
+Now that the presence of Achilles was required, owing to an oracular
+prediction that Troy could not be taken without him, Menelaus consulted
+Calchas the soothsayer, who revealed to him the place of his concealment.
+Odysseus was accordingly despatched to Scyros, where, by {288} means of a
+clever device, he soon discovered which among the maidens was the object of
+his search. Disguising himself as a merchant, Odysseus obtained an
+introduction to the royal palace, where he offered to the king's daughters
+various trinkets for sale. The girls, with one exception, all examined his
+wares with unfeigned interest. Observing this circumstance Odysseus
+shrewdly concluded that the one who held aloof must be none other than the
+young Achilles himself. But in order further to test the correctness of his
+deduction, he now exhibited a beautiful set of warlike accoutrements,
+whilst, at a given signal, stirring strains of martial music were heard
+outside; whereupon Achilles, fired with warlike ardour, seized the weapons,
+and thus revealed his identity. He now joined the cause of the Greeks,
+accompanied at the request of his father by his kinsman Patroclus, and
+contributed to the expedition a large force of Thessalian troops, or
+Myrmidons, as they were called, and also fifty ships.
+
+For ten long years Agamemnon and the other chiefs devoted all their energy
+and means in preparing for the expedition against Troy. But during these
+warlike preparations an attempt at a peaceful solution of the difficulty
+was not neglected. An embassy consisting of Menelaus, Odysseus, &c., was
+despatched to king Priam demanding the surrender of Helen; but though the
+embassy was received with the utmost pomp and ceremony, the demand was
+nevertheless rejected; upon which the ambassadors returned to Greece, and
+the order was given for the fleet to assemble at Aulis, in Boeotia.
+
+Never before in the annals of Greece had so large an army been collected. A
+hundred thousand warriors were assembled at Aulis, and in its bay floated
+over a thousand ships, ready to convey them to the Trojan coast. The
+command of this mighty host was intrusted to Agamemnon, king of Argos, the
+most powerful of all the Greek princes.
+
+Before the fleet set sail solemn sacrifices were offered to the gods on the
+sea-shore, when suddenly a serpent was seen to ascend a plane-tree, in
+which was a sparrow's {289} nest containing nine young ones. The reptile
+first devoured the young birds and then their mother, after which it was
+turned by Zeus into stone. Calchas the soothsayer, on being consulted,
+interpreted the miracle to signify that the war with Troy would last for
+nine years, and that only in the tenth would the city be taken.
+
+DEPARTURE OF THE GREEK FLEET.--The fleet then set sail; but mistaking the
+Mysian coast for that of Troy, they landed troops and commenced to ravage
+the country. Telephus, king of the Mysians, who was a son of the great hero
+Heracles, opposed them with a large army, and succeeded in driving them
+back to their ships, but was himself wounded in the engagement by the spear
+of Achilles. Patroclus, who fought valiantly by the side of his kinsman,
+was also wounded in this battle; but Achilles, who was a pupil of Chiron,
+carefully bound up the wound, which he succeeded in healing; and from this
+incident dates the celebrated friendship which ever after existed between
+the two heroes, who even in death remained united.
+
+The Greeks now returned to Aulis. Meanwhile, the wound of Telephus proving
+incurable, he consulted an oracle, and the response was, that he alone who
+had inflicted the wound possessed the power of curing it. Telephus
+accordingly proceeded to the Greek camp, where he was healed by Achilles,
+and, at the solicitation of Odysseus, consented to act as guide in the
+voyage to Troy.
+
+Just as the expedition was about to start for the second time, Agamemnon
+had the misfortune to kill a hind sacred to Artemis, who, in her anger,
+sent continuous calms, which prevented the fleet from setting sail. Calchas
+on being consulted announced that the sacrifice of Iphigenia, the daughter
+of Agamemnon, would alone appease the incensed goddess. How Agamemnon at
+length overcame his feelings as a father, and how Iphigenia was saved by
+Artemis herself, has been already related in a previous chapter.
+
+A fair wind having at length sprung up, the fleet {290} once more set sail.
+They first stopped at the island of Tenedos, where the famous archer
+Philoctetes--who possessed the bow and arrows of Heracles, given to him by
+the dying hero--was bitten in the foot by a venomous snake. So unbearable
+was the odour emitted by the wound, that, at the suggestion of Odysseus,
+Philoctetes was conveyed to the island of Lesbos, where, to his great
+chagrin, he was abandoned to his fate, and the fleet proceeded on their
+journey to Troy.
+
+COMMENCEMENT OF HOSTILITIES.--Having received early intelligence of the
+impending invasion of their country, the Trojans sought the assistance of
+the neighbouring states, who all gallantly responded to their call for
+help, and thus ample preparations were made to receive the enemy. King
+Priam being himself too advanced in years for active service, the command
+of the army devolved upon his eldest son, the brave and valiant Hector.
+
+At the approach of the Greek fleet the Trojans appeared on the coast in
+order to prevent their landing. But great hesitation prevailed among the
+troops as to who should be the first to set foot on the enemy's soil, it
+having been predicted that whoever did so would fall a sacrifice to the
+Fates. Protesilaus of Phylace, however, nobly disregarding the ominous
+prediction, leaped on shore, and fell by the hand of Hector.
+
+The Greeks then succeeded in effecting a landing, and in the engagement
+which ensued the Trojans were signally defeated, and driven to seek safety
+behind the walls of their city. With Achilles at their head the Greeks now
+made a desperate attempt to take the city by storm, but were repulsed with
+terrible losses. After this defeat the invaders, foreseeing a long and
+wearisome campaign, drew up their ships on land, erected tents, huts, &c.,
+and formed an intrenched camp on the coast.
+
+Between the Greek camp and the city of Troy was a plain watered by the
+rivers Scamander and Simois, and it was on this plain, afterwards so
+renowned in history, {291} that the ever memorable battles between the
+Greeks and Trojans were fought.
+
+The impossibility of taking the city by storm was now recognized by the
+leaders of the Greek forces. The Trojans, on their side, being less
+numerous than the enemy, dared not venture on a great battle in the open
+field; hence the war dragged on for many weary years without any decisive
+engagement taking place.
+
+It was about this time that Odysseus carried out his long meditated revenge
+against Palamedes. Palamedes was one of the wisest, most energetic, and
+most upright of all the Greek heroes, and it was in consequence of his
+unflagging zeal and wonderful eloquence that most of the chiefs had been
+induced to join the expedition. But the very qualities which endeared him
+to the hearts of his countrymen rendered him hateful in the eyes of his
+implacable enemy, Odysseus, who never forgave his having detected his
+scheme to avoid joining the army.
+
+In order to effect the ruin of Palamedes, Odysseus concealed in his tent a
+vast sum of money. He next wrote a letter, purporting to be from king Priam
+to Palamedes, in which the former thanked the Greek hero effusively for the
+valuable information received from him, referring at the same time to a
+large sum of money which he had sent to him as a reward. This letter, which
+was found upon the person of a Phrygian prisoner, was read aloud in a
+council of the Greek princes. Palamedes was arraigned before the chiefs of
+the army and accused of betraying his country to the enemy, whereupon a
+search was instituted, and a large sum of money being found in his tent, he
+was pronounced guilty and sentenced to be stoned to death. Though fully
+aware of the base treachery practised against him, Palamedes offered not a
+word in self-defence, knowing but too well that, in the face of such
+damning evidence, the attempt to prove his innocence would be vain.
+
+DEFECTION OF ACHILLES.--During the first year of the campaign the Greeks
+ravaged the surrounding country, {292} and pillaged the neighbouring
+villages. Upon one of these foraging expeditions the city of Pedasus was
+sacked, and Agamemnon, as commander-in-chief, received as his share of the
+spoil the beautiful Chryseis, daughter of Chryses, the priest of Apollo;
+whilst to Achilles was allotted another captive, the fair Briseis. The
+following day Chryses, anxious to ransom his daughter, repaired to the
+Greek camp; but Agamemnon refused to accede to his proposal, and with rude
+and insulting words drove the old man away. Full of grief at the loss of
+his child Chryses called upon Apollo for vengeance on her captor. His
+prayer was heard, and the god sent a dreadful pestilence which raged for
+ten days in the camp of the Greeks. Achilles at length called together a
+council, and inquired of Calchas the soothsayer how to arrest this terrible
+visitation of the gods. The seer replied that Apollo, incensed at the
+insult offered to his priest, had sent the plague, and that only by the
+surrender of Chryseis could his anger be appeased.
+
+On hearing this Agamemnon agreed to resign the maiden; but being already
+embittered against Calchas for his prediction with regard to his own
+daughter Iphigenia, he now heaped insults upon the soothsayer and accused
+him of plotting against his interests. Achilles espoused the cause of
+Calchas, and a violent dispute arose, in which the son of Thetis would have
+killed his chief but for the timely interference of Pallas-Athene, who
+suddenly appeared beside him, unseen by the rest, and recalled him to a
+sense of the duty he owed to his commander. Agamemnon revenged himself on
+Achilles by depriving him of his beautiful captive, the fair Briseis, who
+had become so attached to her kind and noble captor that she wept bitterly
+on being removed from his charge. Achilles, now fairly disgusted with the
+ungenerous conduct of his chief, withdrew himself to his tent, and
+obstinately declined to take further part in the war.
+
+Heart-sore and dejected he repaired to the sea-shore, and there invoked the
+presence of his divine mother. In answer to his prayer Thetis emerged from
+beneath {293} the waves, and comforted her gallant son with the assurance
+that she would entreat the mighty Zeus to avenge his wrongs by giving
+victory to the Trojans, so that the Greeks might learn to realize the great
+loss which they had sustained by his withdrawal from the army. The Trojans
+being informed by one of their spies of the defection of Achilles, became
+emboldened by the absence of this brave and intrepid leader, whom they
+feared above all the other Greek heroes; they accordingly sallied forth,
+and made a bold and eminently successful attack upon the Greeks, who,
+although they most bravely and obstinately defended their position, were
+completely routed, and driven back to their intrenchments, Agamemnon and
+most of the other Greek leaders being wounded in the engagement.
+
+Encouraged by this marked and signal success the Trojans now commenced to
+besiege the Greeks in their own camp. At this juncture Agamemnon, seeing
+the danger which threatened the army, sunk for the moment all personal
+grievances, and despatched an embassy to Achilles consisting of many noble
+and distinguished chiefs, urgently entreating him to come to the assistance
+of his countrymen in this their hour of peril; promising that not only
+should the fair Briseis be restored to him, but also that the hand of his
+own daughter should be bestowed on him in marriage, with seven towns as her
+dowry. But the obstinate determination of the proud hero was not to be
+moved; and though he listened courteously to the arguments and
+representations of the messengers of Agamemnon, his resolution to take no
+further part in the war remained unshaken.
+
+In one of the engagements which took place soon afterwards, the Trojans,
+under the command of Hector, penetrated into the heart of the Greek camp,
+and had already commenced to burn their ships, when Patroclus, seeing the
+distress of his countrymen, earnestly besought Achilles to send him to the
+rescue at the head of the Myrmidons. The better nature of the hero
+prevailed, and he not only intrusted to his friend the command of {294} his
+brave band of warriors, but lent him also his own suit of armour.
+
+Patroclus having mounted the war-chariot of the hero, Achilles lifted on
+high a golden goblet and poured out a libation of wine to the gods,
+accompanied by an earnest petition for victory, and the safe return of his
+beloved comrade. As a parting injunction he warned Patroclus against
+advancing too far into the territory of the enemy, and entreated him to be
+content with rescuing the galleys.
+
+At the head of the Myrmidons Patroclus now made a desperate attack upon the
+enemy, who, thinking that the invincible Achilles was himself in command of
+his battalions, became disheartened, and were put to flight. Patroclus
+followed up his victory and pursued the Trojans as far as the walls of
+their city, altogether forgetting in the excitement of battle the
+injunction of his friend Achilles. But his temerity cost the young hero his
+life, for he now encountered the mighty Hector himself, and fell by his
+hands. Hector stripped the armour from his dead foe, and would have dragged
+the body into the city had not Menelaus and Ajax the Greater rushed
+forward, and after a long and fierce struggle succeeded in rescuing it from
+desecration.
+
+DEATH OF HECTOR.--And now came the mournful task of informing Achilles of
+the fate of his friend. He wept bitterly over the dead body of his comrade,
+and solemnly vowed that the funereal rites should not be solemnized in his
+honour until he had slain Hector with his own hands, and captured twelve
+Trojans to be immolated on his funeral pyre. All other considerations
+vanished before the burning desire to avenge the death of his friend; and
+Achilles, now thoroughly aroused from his apathy, became reconciled to
+Agamemnon, and rejoined the Greek army. At the request of the goddess
+Thetis, Hephaestus forged for him a new suit of armour, which far surpassed
+in magnificence that of all the other heroes.
+
+Thus gloriously arrayed he was soon seen striding {295} along, calling the
+Greeks to arms. He now led the troops against the enemy, who were defeated
+and put to flight until, near the gates of the city, Achilles and Hector
+encountered each other. But here, for the first time throughout his whole
+career, the courage of the Trojan hero deserted him. At the near approach
+of his redoubtable antagonist he turned and fled for his life. Achilles
+pursued him; and thrice round the walls of the city was the terrible race
+run, in sight of the old king and queen, who had mounted the walls to watch
+the battle. Hector endeavoured, during each course, to reach the city
+gates, so that his comrades might open them to admit him or cover him with
+their missiles; but his adversary, seeing his design, forced him into the
+open plain, at the same time calling to his friends to hurl no spear upon
+his foe, but to leave to him the vengeance he had so long panted for. At
+length, wearied with the hot pursuit, Hector made a stand and challenged
+his foe to single combat. A desperate encounter took place, in which Hector
+succumbed to his powerful adversary at the Scaean gate; and with his last
+dying breath the Trojan hero foretold to his conqueror that he himself
+would soon perish on the same spot.
+
+The infuriated victor bound the lifeless corse of his fallen foe to his
+chariot, and dragged it three times round the city walls and thence to the
+Greek camp. Overwhelmed with horror at this terrible scene the aged parents
+of Hector uttered such heart-rending cries of anguish that they reached the
+ears of Andromache, his faithful wife, who, rushing to the walls, beheld
+the dead body of her husband, bound to the conqueror's car.
+
+Achilles now solemnized the funereal rites in honour of his friend
+Patroclus. The dead body of the hero was borne to the funeral pile by the
+Myrmidons in full panoply. His dogs and horses were then slain to accompany
+him, in case he should need them in the realm of shades; after which
+Achilles, in fulfilment of his savage vow, slaughtered twelve brave Trojan
+captives, who were {296} laid on the funeral pyre, which was now lighted.
+When all was consumed the bones of Patroclus were carefully collected and
+inclosed in a golden urn. Then followed the funereal games, which consisted
+of chariot-races, fighting with the cestus (a sort of boxing-glove),
+wrestling matches, foot-races, and single combats with shield and spear, in
+all of which the most distinguished heroes took part, and contended for the
+prizes.
+
+PENTHESILEA.--After the death of Hector, their great hope and bulwark, the
+Trojans did not venture beyond the walls of their city. But soon their
+hopes were revived by the appearance of a powerful army of Amazons under
+the command of their queen Penthesilea, a daughter of Ares, whose great
+ambition was to measure swords with the renowned Achilles himself, and to
+avenge the death of the valiant Hector.
+
+Hostilities now recommenced in the open plain. Penthesilea led the Trojan
+host; the Greeks on their side being under the command of Achilles and
+Ajax. Whilst the latter succeeded in putting the enemy to flight, Achilles
+was challenged by Penthesilea to single combat. With heroic courage she
+went forth to the fight; but even the strongest men failed before the power
+of the great Achilles, and though a daughter of Ares, Penthesilea was but a
+woman. With generous chivalry the hero endeavoured to spare the brave and
+beautiful maiden-warrior, and only when his own life was in imminent danger
+did he make a serious effort to vanquish his enemy, when Penthesilea shared
+the fate of all who ventured to oppose the spear of Achilles, and fell by
+his hand.
+
+Feeling herself fatally wounded, she remembered the desecration of the dead
+body of Hector, and earnestly entreated the forbearance of the hero. But
+the petition was hardly necessary, for Achilles, full of compassion for his
+brave but unfortunate adversary, lifted her gently from the ground, and she
+expired in his arms.
+
+On beholding the dead body of their leader in the {297} possession of
+Achilles, the Amazons and Trojans prepared for a fresh attack in order to
+wrest it from his hands; but observing their purpose, Achilles stepped
+forward and loudly called upon them to halt. Then in a few well-chosen
+words he praised the great valour and intrepidity of the fallen queen, and
+expressed his willingness to resign the body at once.
+
+The chivalrous conduct of Achilles was fully appreciated by both Greeks and
+Trojans. Thersites alone, a base and cowardly wretch, attributed unworthy
+motives to the gracious proceedings of the hero; and, not content with
+these insinuations, he savagely pierced with his lance the dead body of the
+Amazonian queen; whereupon Achilles, with one blow of his powerful arm,
+felled him to the ground, and killed him on the spot.
+
+The well-merited death of Thersites excited no commiseration, but his
+kinsman Diomedes came forward and claimed compensation for the murder of
+his relative; and as Agamemnon, who, as commander-in-chief, might easily
+have settled the difficulty, refrained from interfering, the proud nature
+of Achilles resented the implied condemnation of his conduct, and he once
+more abandoned the Greek army and took ship for Lesbos. Odysseus, however,
+followed him to the island, and, with his usual tact, succeeded in inducing
+the hero to return to the camp.
+
+DEATH OF ACHILLES.--A new ally of the Trojans now appeared on the field in
+the person of Memnon, the AEthiopian, a son of Eos and Tithonus, who brought
+with him a powerful reinforcement of negroes. Memnon was the first opponent
+who had yet encountered Achilles on an equal footing; for like the great
+hero himself he was the son of a goddess, and possessed also, like
+Achilles, a suit of armour made for him by Hephaestus.
+
+Before the heroes encountered each other in single combat, the two
+goddesses, Thetis and Eos, hastened to Olympus to intercede with its mighty
+ruler for the life of their sons. Resolved even in this instance not to act
+in opposition to the Moirae, Zeus seized the golden scales {298} in which he
+weighed the lot of mortals, and placed in it the respective fates of the
+two heroes, whereupon that of Memnon weighed down the balance, thus
+portending his death.
+
+Eos abandoned Olympus in despair. Arrived on the battlefield she beheld the
+lifeless body of her son, who, after a long and brave defence, had at
+length succumbed to the all-conquering arm of Achilles. At her command her
+children, the Winds, flew down to the plain, and seizing the body of the
+slain hero conveyed it through the air safe from the desecration of the
+enemy.
+
+The triumph of Achilles was not of long duration. Intoxicated with success
+he attempted, at the head of the Greek army, to storm the city of Troy,
+when Paris, by the aid of Phoebus-Apollo, aimed a well-directed dart at the
+hero, which pierced his vulnerable heel, and he fell to the ground fatally
+wounded before the Scaean gate. But though face to face with death, the
+intrepid hero, raising himself from the ground, still performed prodigies
+of valour, and not until his tottering limbs refused their office was the
+enemy aware that the wound was mortal.
+
+By the combined efforts of Ajax and Odysseus the body of Achilles was
+wrested from the enemy after a long and terrible fight, and conveyed to the
+Greek camp. Weeping bitterly over the untimely fate of her gallant son,
+Thetis came to embrace him for the last time, and mingled her regrets and
+lamentations with those of the whole Greek army. The funeral pyre was then
+lighted, and the voices of the Muses were heard chanting his funeral dirge.
+When, according to the custom of the ancients, the body had been burned on
+the pyre, the bones of the hero were collected, inclosed in a golden urn,
+and deposited beside the remains of his beloved friend Patroclus.
+
+In the funereal games celebrated in honour of the fallen hero, the property
+of her son was offered by Thetis as the prize of victory. But it was
+unanimously agreed that the beautiful suit of armour made by Hephaestus
+should be awarded to him who had contributed the most to the {299} rescue
+of the body from the hands of the enemy. Popular opinion unanimously
+decided in favour of Odysseus, which verdict was confirmed by the Trojan
+prisoners who were present at the engagement. Unable to endure the slight,
+the unfortunate Ajax lost his reason, and in this condition put an end to
+his existence.
+
+FINAL MEASURES.--Thus were the Greeks deprived at one and the same time of
+their bravest and most powerful leader, and of him also who approached the
+nearest to this distinction. For a time operations were at a standstill,
+until Odysseus at length, contrived by means of a cleverly-arranged ambush
+to capture Helenus, the son of Priam. Like his sister Cassandra, Helenus
+possessed the gift of prophecy, and the unfortunate youth was now coerced
+by Odysseus into using this gift against the welfare of his native city.
+
+The Greeks learned from the Trojan prince that three conditions were
+indispensable to the conquest of Troy:--In the first place the son of
+Achilles must fight in their ranks; secondly, the arrows of Heracles must
+be used against the enemy; and thirdly, they must obtain possession of the
+wooden image of Pallas-Athene, the famous Palladium of Troy.
+
+The first condition was easily fulfilled. Ever ready to serve the interests
+of the community, Odysseus repaired to the island of Scyros, where he found
+Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles. Having succeeded in arousing the ambition
+of the fiery youth, he generously resigned to him the magnificent armour of
+his father, and then conveyed him to the Greek camp, where he immediately
+distinguished himself in single combat with Eurypylus, the son of Telephus,
+who had come to the aid of the Trojans.
+
+To procure the poison-dipped arrows of Heracles was a matter of greater
+difficulty. They were still in the possession of the much-aggrieved
+Philoctetes, who had remained in the island of Lemnos, his wound still
+unhealed, suffering the most abject misery. But the {300} judicious zeal of
+the indefatigable and ever-active Odysseus, who was accompanied in this
+undertaking by Diomedes, at length gained the day, and he induced
+Philoctetes to accompany him to the camp, where the skilful leech Machaon,
+the son of Asclepias, healed him of his wound.
+
+Philoctetes became reconciled to Agamemnon, and in an engagement which took
+place soon after, he mortally wounded Paris, the son of Priam. But though
+pierced by the fatal arrow of the demi-god, death did not immediately
+ensue; and Paris, calling to mind the prediction of an oracle, that his
+deserted wife Oenone could alone cure him if wounded, caused himself to be
+transported to her abode on Mount Ida, where he implored her by the memory
+of their past love to save his life. But mindful only of her wrongs, Oenone
+crushed out of her heart every womanly feeling of pity and compassion, and
+sternly bade him depart. Soon, however, all her former affection for her
+husband awoke within her. With frantic haste she followed him; but on her
+arrival in the city she found the dead body of Paris already laid on the
+lighted funeral pile, and, in her remorse and despair, Oenone threw herself
+on the lifeless form of her husband and perished in the flames.
+
+The Trojans were now shut up within their walls and closely besieged; but
+the third and most difficult condition being still unfulfilled, all efforts
+to take the city were unavailing. In this emergency the wise and devoted
+Odysseus came once more to the aid of his comrades. Having disfigured
+himself with self-inflicted wounds, he assumed the disguise of a wretched
+old mendicant, and then crept stealthily into the city in order to discover
+where the Palladium was preserved. He succeeded in his object, and was
+recognized by no one save the fair Helen, who after the death of Paris had
+been given in marriage to his brother Deiphobus. But since death had robbed
+her of her lover, the heart of the Greek princess had turned yearningly
+towards her native country and her husband Menelaus, and Odysseus now found
+in her a most unlooked-for ally. On his return to the camp {301} Odysseus
+called to his aid the valiant Diomedes, and with his assistance the
+perilous task of abstracting the Palladium from its sacred precincts was,
+after some difficulty, effected.
+
+The conditions of conquest being now fulfilled, a council was called to
+decide on final proceedings. Epeios, a Greek sculptor, who had accompanied
+the expedition, was desired to construct a colossal wooden horse large
+enough to contain a number of able and distinguished heroes. On its
+completion a band of warriors concealed themselves within, whereupon the
+Greek army broke up their camp, and then set fire to it, as though, wearied
+of the long and tedious ten years' siege, they had abandoned the enterprise
+as hopeless.
+
+Accompanied by Agamemnon and the sage Nestor, the fleet set sail for the
+island of Tenedos, where they cast anchor, anxiously awaiting the torch
+signal to hasten back to the Trojan coast.
+
+DESTRUCTION OF TROY.--When the Trojans saw the enemy depart, and the Greek
+camp in flames, they believed themselves safe at last, and streamed in
+great numbers out of the town in order to view the site where the Greeks
+had so long encamped. Here they found the gigantic wooden horse, which they
+examined with wondering curiosity, various opinions being expressed with
+regard to its utility. Some supposed it to be an engine of war, and were in
+favour of destroying it, others regarded it as a sacred idol, and proposed
+that it should be brought into the city. Two circumstances which now
+occurred induced the Trojans to incline towards the latter opinion.
+
+Chief among those who suspected a treacherous design in this huge
+contrivance was Laocoon, a priest of Apollo, who, in company with his two
+young sons, had issued from the city with the Trojans in order to offer a
+sacrifice to the gods. With all the eloquence at his command he urged his
+countrymen not to place confidence in any gift of the Greeks, and even went
+so far as to pierce the {302} side of the horse with a spear which he took
+from a warrior beside him, whereupon the arms of the heroes were heard to
+rattle. The hearts of the brave men concealed inside the horse quailed
+within them, and they had already given themselves up for lost, when
+Pallas-Athene, who ever watched over the cause of the Greeks, now came to
+their aid, and a miracle occurred in order to blind and deceive the devoted
+Trojans;--for the fall of Troy was decreed by the gods.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Whilst Laocoon with his two sons stood prepared to perform the sacrifice,
+two enormous serpents suddenly rose out of the sea, and made direct for the
+altar. They entwined themselves first round the tender limbs of the
+helpless youths, and then encircled their father who rushed to their
+assistance, and thus all three were destroyed in sight of the horrified
+multitude. The Trojans naturally interpreted the fate of Laocoon and his
+sons to be a punishment sent by Zeus for his sacrilege against the wooden
+horse, and were now fully convinced that it must be consecrated to the
+gods.
+
+The crafty Odysseus had left behind his trusty friend Sinon with full
+instructions as to his course of action. Assuming the role assigned to him,
+he now approached king Priam with fettered hands and piteous entreaties,
+alleging that the Greeks, in obedience to the command of an oracle, had
+attempted to immolate him as a sacrifice; but that he had contrived to
+escape from their hands, and now sought protection from the king.
+
+The kind-hearted monarch, believing his story, released {303} his bonds,
+assured him of his favour, and then begged him to explain the true meaning
+of the wooden horse. Sinon willingly complied. He informed the king that
+Pallas-Athene, who had hitherto been the hope and stay of the Greeks
+throughout the war, was so deeply offended at the removal of her sacred
+image, the Palladium, from her temple in Troy, that she had withdrawn her
+protection from the Greeks, and refused all further aid till it was
+restored to its rightful place. Hence the Greeks had returned home in order
+to seek fresh instructions from an oracle. But before leaving, Calchas the
+seer had advised their building this gigantic wooden horse as a tribute to
+the offended goddess, hoping thereby to appease her just anger. He further
+explained that it had been constructed of such colossal proportions in
+order to prevent its being brought into the city, so that the favour of
+Pallas-Athene might not be transferred to the Trojans.
+
+Hardly had the crafty Sinon ceased speaking when the Trojans, with one
+accord, urged that the wooden horse should be brought into their city
+without delay. The gates being too low to admit its entrance, a breach was
+made in the walls, and the horse was conveyed in triumph into the very
+heart of Troy; whereupon the Trojans, overjoyed at what they deemed the
+successful issue of the campaign, abandoned themselves to feasting and
+rioting.
+
+Amidst the universal rejoicing the unhappy Cassandra, foreseeing the result
+of the admission of the wooden horse into the city, was seen rushing
+through the streets with wild gestures and dishevelled hair, warning her
+people against the dangers which awaited them. But her eloquent words fell
+on deaf ears; for it was ever the fate of the unfortunate prophetess that
+her predictions should find no credence.
+
+When, after the day's excitement, the Trojans had retired to rest, and all
+was hushed and silent, Sinon, in the dead of night, released the heroes
+from their voluntary imprisonment. The signal was then given to the Greek
+fleet lying off Tenedos, and the whole army in unbroken silence once more
+landed on the Trojan coast. {304}
+
+To enter the city was now an easy matter, and a fearful slaughter ensued.
+Aroused from their slumbers, the Trojans, under the command of their
+bravest leaders, made a gallant defence, but were easily overcome. All
+their most valiant heroes fell in the fight, and soon the whole city was
+wrapt in flames.
+
+Priam fell by the hand of Neoptolemus, who killed him as he lay prostrate
+before the altar of Zeus, praying for divine assistance in this awful hour
+of peril. The unfortunate Andromache with her young son Astyanax had taken
+refuge on the summit of a tower, where she was discovered by the victors,
+who, fearing lest the son of Hector might one day rise against them to
+avenge the death of his father, tore him from her arms and hurled him over
+the battlements.
+
+AEneas alone, the son of Aphrodite, the beloved of gods and men, escaped the
+universal carnage with his son and his old father Anchises, whom he carried
+on his shoulders out of the city. He first sought refuge on Mount Ida, and
+afterwards fled to Italy, where he became the ancestral hero of the Roman
+people.
+
+Menelaus now sought Helen in the royal palace, who, being immortal, still
+retained all her former beauty and fascination. A reconciliation took
+place, and she accompanied her husband on his homeward voyage. Andromache,
+the widow of the brave Hector, was given in marriage to Neoptolemus,
+Cassandra fell to the share of Agamemnon, and Hecuba, the gray-haired and
+widowed queen, was made prisoner by Odysseus.
+
+The boundless treasures of the wealthy Trojan king fell into the hands of
+the Greek heroes, who, after having levelled the city of Troy to the
+ground, prepared for their homeward voyage.
+
+RETURN OF THE GREEKS FROM TROY.
+
+During the sacking of the city of Troy the Greeks, in the hour of victory,
+committed many acts of desecration and cruelty, which called down upon them
+the wrath of the {305} gods, for which reason their homeward voyage was
+beset with manifold dangers and disasters, and many perished before they
+reached their native land.
+
+Nestor, Diomedes, Philoctetes, and Neoptolemus were among those who arrived
+safely in Greece after a prosperous voyage. The vessel which carried
+Menelaus and Helen was driven by violent tempests to the coast of Egypt,
+and only after many years of weary wanderings and vicissitudes did they
+succeed in reaching their home at Sparta.
+
+Ajax the Lesser having offended Pallas-Athene by desecrating her temple on
+the night of the destruction of Troy, was shipwrecked off Cape Caphareus.
+He succeeded, however, in clinging to a rock, and his life might have been
+spared but for his impious boast that he needed not the help of the gods.
+No sooner had he uttered the sacrilegious words than Poseidon, enraged at
+his audacity, split with his trident the rock to which the hero was
+clinging, and the unfortunate Ajax was overwhelmed by the waves.
+
+FATE OF AGAMEMNON.--The homeward voyage of Agamemnon was tolerably
+uneventful and prosperous; but on his arrival at Mycenae misfortune and ruin
+awaited him.
+
+His wife Clytemnestra, in revenge for the sacrifice of her beloved daughter
+Iphigenia, had formed a secret alliance during his absence with AEgisthus,
+the son of Thyestes, and on the return of Agamemnon they both conspired to
+compass his destruction. Clytemnestra feigned the greatest joy on beholding
+her husband, and in spite of the urgent warnings of Cassandra, who was now
+a captive in his train, he received her protestations of affection with the
+most trusting confidence. In her well-assumed anxiety for the comfort of
+the weary traveller, she prepared a warm bath for his refreshment, and at a
+given signal from the treacherous queen, AEgisthus, who was concealed in an
+adjoining chamber, rushed upon the defenceless hero and slew him. {306}
+
+During the massacre of the retainers of Agamemnon which followed, his
+daughter Electra, with great presence of mind, contrived to save her young
+brother Orestes. He fled for refuge to his uncle Strophius, king of Phocis,
+who educated him with his own son Pylades, and an ardent friendship sprung
+up between the youths, which, from its constancy and disinterestedness, has
+become proverbial.
+
+As Orestes grew up to manhood, his one great all-absorbing desire was to
+avenge the death of his father. Accompanied by his faithful friend Pylades,
+he repaired in disguise to Mycenae, where AEgisthus and Clytemnestra reigned
+conjointly over the kingdom of Argos. In order to disarm suspicion he had
+taken the precaution to despatch a messenger to Clytemnestra, purporting to
+be sent by king Strophius, to announce to her the untimely death of her son
+Orestes through an accident during a chariot-race at Delphi.
+
+Arrived at Mycenae, he found his sister Electra so overwhelmed with grief at
+the news of her brother's death that to her he revealed his identity. When
+he heard from her lips how cruelly she had been treated by her mother, and
+how joyfully the news of his demise had been received, his long pent-up
+passion completely overpowered him, and rushing into the presence of the
+king and queen, he first pierced Clytemnestra to the heart, and afterwards
+her guilty partner.
+
+But the crime of murdering his own mother was not long unavenged by the
+gods. Hardly was the fatal act committed when the Furies appeared and
+unceasingly pursued the unfortunate Orestes wherever he went. In this
+wretched plight he sought refuge in the temple of Delphi, where he
+earnestly besought Apollo to release him from his cruel tormentors. The god
+commanded him, in expiation of his crime, to repair to Taurica-Chersonnesus
+and convey the statue of Artemis from thence to the kingdom of Attica, an
+expedition fraught with extreme peril. We have already seen in a former
+chapter how Orestes escaped the fate which befell all strangers {307} who
+landed on the Taurian coast, and how, with the aid of his sister Iphigenia,
+the priestess of the temple, he succeeded in conveying the statue of the
+goddess to his native country.
+
+But the Furies did not so easily relinquish their prey, and only by means
+of the interposition of the just and powerful goddess Pallas-Athene was
+Orestes finally liberated from their persecution. His peace of mind being
+at length restored, Orestes assumed the government of the kingdom of Argos,
+and became united to the beautiful Hermione, daughter of Helen and
+Menelaus. On his faithful friend Pylades he bestowed the hand of his
+beloved sister, the good and faithful Electra.
+
+HOMEWARD VOYAGE OF ODYSSEUS.--With his twelve ships laden with enormous
+treasures, captured during the sacking of Troy, Odysseus set sail with a
+light heart for his rocky island home of Ithaca. At length the happy hour
+had arrived which for ten long years the hero had so anxiously awaited, and
+he little dreamt that ten more must elapse before he would be permitted by
+the Fates to clasp to his heart his beloved wife and child.
+
+During his homeward voyage his little fleet was driven by stress of weather
+to a land whose inhabitants subsisted entirely on a curious plant called
+the lotus, which was sweet as honey to the taste, but had the effect of
+causing utter oblivion of home and country, and of creating an irresistible
+longing to remain for ever in the land of the lotus-eaters. Odysseus and
+his companions were hospitably received by the inhabitants, who regaled
+them freely with their peculiar and very delicious food; after partaking of
+which, however, the comrades of the hero refused to leave the country, and
+it was only by sheer force that he at length succeeded in bringing them
+back to their ships.
+
+POLYPHEMUS.--Continuing their journey, they next arrived at the country of
+the Cyclops, a race of giants remarkable for having only one eye, which was
+placed in the centre of their foreheads. Here Odysseus, whose love of
+adventure overcame more prudent considerations, {308} left his fleet safely
+anchored in the bay of a neighbouring island, and with twelve chosen
+companions set out to explore the country.
+
+Near the shore they found a vast cave, into which they boldly entered. In
+the interior they saw to their surprise huge piles of cheese and great
+pails of milk ranged round the walls. After partaking freely of these
+provisions his companions endeavoured to persuade Odysseus to return to the
+ship; but the hero being curious to make the acquaintance of the owner of
+this extraordinary abode, ordered them to remain and await his pleasure.
+
+Towards evening a fierce giant made his appearance, bearing an enormous
+load of wood upon his shoulders, and driving before him a large flock of
+sheep. This was Polyphemus, the son of Poseidon, the owner of the cave.
+After all his sheep had entered, the giant rolled before the entrance to
+the cave an enormous rock, which the combined strength of a hundred men
+would have been powerless to move.
+
+Having kindled a fire of great logs of pine-wood he was about to prepare
+his supper when the flames revealed to him, in a corner of the cavern, its
+new occupants, who now came forward and informed him that they were
+shipwrecked mariners, and claimed his hospitality in the name of Zeus. But
+the fierce monster railed at the great ruler of Olympus--for the lawless
+Cyclops knew no fear of the gods--and hardly vouchsafed a reply to the
+demand of the hero. To the consternation of Odysseus the giant seized two
+of his companions, and, after dashing them to the ground, consumed their
+remains, washing down the ghastly meal with huge draughts of milk. He then
+stretched his gigantic limbs on the ground, and soon fell fast asleep
+beside the fire.
+
+Thinking the opportunity a favourable one to rid himself and his companions
+of their terrible enemy, Odysseus drew his sword, and, creeping stealthily
+forward, was about to slay the giant when he suddenly remembered that the
+aperture of the cave was effectually closed by the immense rock, which
+rendered egress impossible. He {309} therefore wisely determined to wait
+until the following day, and set his wits to work in the meantime to devise
+a scheme by which he and his companions might make their escape.
+
+When, early next morning, the giant awoke, two more unfortunate companions
+of the hero were seized by him and devoured; after which Polyphemus
+leisurely drove out his flock, taking care to secure the entrance of the
+cave as before.
+
+Next evening the giant devoured two more of his victims, and when he had
+finished his revolting meal Odysseus stepped forward and presented him with
+a large measure of wine which he had brought with him from his ship in a
+goat's skin. Delighted with the delicious beverage the giant inquired the
+name of the donor. Odysseus replied that his name was Noman, whereupon
+Polyphemus, graciously announced that he would evince his gratitude by
+eating him the last.
+
+The monster, thoroughly overcome with the powerful old liquor, soon fell
+into a heavy sleep, and Odysseus lost no time in putting his plans into
+execution. He had cut during the day a large piece of the giant's own
+olive-staff, which he now heated in the fire, and, aided by his companions,
+thrust it into the eye-ball of Polyphemus, and in this manner effectually
+blinded him.
+
+The giant made the cave resound with his howls of pain and rage. His cries
+being heard by his brother Cyclops, who lived in caves not far distant from
+his own, they soon came trooping over the hills from all sides, and
+assailed the door of the cave with inquiries concerning the cause of his
+cries and groans. But as his only reply was, "Noman has injured me," they
+concluded that he had been playing them a trick, and therefore abandoned
+him to his fate.
+
+The blinded giant now groped vainly round his cave in hopes of laying hands
+on some of his tormentors; but wearied at length of these fruitless
+exertions he rolled away the rock which closed the aperture, thinking that
+his victims would rush out with the sheep, when it would {310} be an easy
+matter to capture them. But in the meantime Odysseus had not been idle, and
+the subtlety of the hero was now brought into play, and proved more than a
+match for the giant's strength. The sheep were very large, and Odysseus,
+with bands of willow taken from the bed of Polyphemus, had cleverly linked
+them together three abreast, and under each centre one had secured one of
+his comrades. After providing for the safety of his companions, Odysseus
+himself selected the finest ram of the flock, and, by clinging to the wool
+of the animal, made his escape. As the sheep passed out of the cave the
+giant felt carefully among them for his victims, but not finding them on
+the backs of the animals he let them pass, and thus they all escaped.
+
+They now hastened on board their vessel, and Odysseus, thinking himself at
+a safe distance, shouted out his real name and mockingly defied the giant;
+whereupon Polyphemus seized a huge rock, and, following the direction of
+the voice, hurled it towards the ship, which narrowly escaped destruction.
+He then called upon his father Poseidon to avenge him, entreating him to
+curse Odysseus with a long and tedious voyage, to destroy all his ships and
+all his companions, and to make his return as late, as unhappy, and as
+desolate as possible.
+
+FURTHER ADVENTURES.--After sailing about over unknown seas for some time
+the hero and his followers cast anchor at the island of AEolus, king of the
+Winds, who welcomed them cordially, and sumptuously entertained them for a
+whole month.
+
+When they took their leave he gave Odysseus the skin of an ox, into which
+he had placed all the contrary winds in order to insure to them a safe and
+speedy voyage, and then, having cautioned him on no account to open it,
+caused the gentle Zephyrus to blow so that he might waft them to the shores
+of Greece.
+
+On the evening of the tenth day after their departure they arrived in sight
+of the watch-fires of Ithaca. But here, unfortunately, Odysseus, being
+completely wearied {311} out, fell asleep, and his comrades, thinking AEolus
+had given him a treasure in the bag which he so sedulously guarded, seized
+this opportunity of opening it, whereupon all the adverse winds rushed out,
+and drove them back to the AEolian island. This time, however, AEolus did not
+welcome them as before, but dismissed them with bitter reproaches and
+upbraidings for their disregard of his injunctions.
+
+After a six days' voyage they at length sighted land. Observing what
+appeared to be the smoke from a large town, Odysseus despatched a herald,
+accompanied by two of his comrades, in order to procure provisions. When
+they arrived in the city they discovered to their consternation that they
+had set foot in the land of the Laestrygones, a race of fierce and gigantic
+cannibals, governed by their king Antiphates. The unfortunate herald was
+seized and killed by the king; but his two companions, who took to flight,
+succeeded in reaching their ship in safety, and urgently entreated their
+chief to put to sea without delay.
+
+But Antiphates and his fellow-giants pursued the fugitives to the
+sea-shore, where they now appeared in large numbers. They seized huge
+rocks, which they hurled upon the fleet, sinking eleven of the ships with
+all hands, on board; the vessel under the immediate command of Odysseus
+being the only one which escaped destruction. In this ship, with his few
+remaining followers, Odysseus now set sail, but was driven by adverse winds
+to an island called AEaea.
+
+CIRCE.--The hero and his companions were in sore need of provisions, but,
+warned by previous disasters, Odysseus resolved that only a certain number
+of the ship's crew should be despatched to reconnoitre the country; and on
+lots being drawn by Odysseus and Eurylochus, it fell to the share of the
+latter to fill the office of conductor to the little band selected for this
+purpose.
+
+They soon came to a magnificent marble palace, which was situated in a
+charming and fertile valley. Here {312} dwelt a beautiful enchantress
+called Circe, daughter of the sun-god and the sea-nymph Perse. The entrance
+to her abode was guarded by wolves and lions, who, however, to the great
+surprise of the strangers, were tame and harmless as lambs. These were, in
+fact, human beings who, by the wicked arts of the sorceress, had been thus
+transformed. From within they heard the enchanting voice of the goddess,
+who was singing a sweet melody as she sat at her work, weaving a web such
+as immortals alone could produce. She graciously invited them to enter, and
+all save the prudent and cautious Eurylochus accepted the invitation.
+
+As they trod the wide and spacious halls of tesselated marble objects of
+wealth and beauty met their view on all sides. The soft and luxuriant
+couches on which she bade them be seated were studded with silver, and the
+banquet which she provided for their refreshment was served in vessels of
+pure gold. But while her unsuspecting guests were abandoning themselves to
+the pleasures of the table the wicked enchantress was secretly working
+their ruin; for the wine-cup which was presented to them was drugged with a
+potent draught, after partaking of which the sorceress touched them with
+her magic wand, and they were immediately transformed into swine, still,
+however, retaining their human senses.
+
+When Odysseus heard from Eurylochus of the terrible fate which had befallen
+his companions he set out, regardless of personal danger, resolved to make
+an effort to rescue them. On his way to the palace of the sorceress he met
+a fair youth bearing a wand of gold, who revealed himself to him as Hermes,
+the divine messenger of the gods. He gently reproached the hero for his
+temerity in venturing to enter the abode of Circe unprovided with an
+antidote against her spells, and presented him with a peculiar herb called
+Moly, assuring him that it would inevitably counteract the baneful arts of
+the fell enchantress. Hermes warned Odysseus that Circe would offer him a
+draught of drugged wine with the intention of transforming him as she had
+done his companions. He bade him drink the wine, the effect of {313} which
+would be completely nullified by the herb which he had given him, and then
+rush boldly at the sorceress as though he would take her life, whereupon
+her power over him would cease, she would recognize her master, and grant
+him whatever he might desire.
+
+Circe received the hero with all the grace and fascination at her command,
+and presented him with a draught of wine in a golden goblet. This he
+readily accepted, trusting to the efficacy of the antidote. Then, in
+obedience to the injunction of Hermes, he drew his sword from its scabbard
+and rushed upon the sorceress as though he would slay her.
+
+When Circe found that her fell purpose was for the first time frustrated,
+and that a mortal had dared to attack her, she knew that it must be the
+great Odysseus who stood before her, whose visit to her abode had been
+foretold to her by Hermes. At his solicitation she restored to his
+companions their human form, promising at the same time that henceforth the
+hero and his comrades should be free from her enchantments.
+
+But all warnings and past experience were forgotten by Odysseus when Circe
+commenced to exercise upon him her fascinations and blandishments. At her
+request his companions took up their abode in the island, and he himself
+became the guest and slave of the enchantress for a whole year; and it was
+only at the earnest admonition of his friends that he was at length induced
+to free himself from her toils.
+
+Circe had become so attached to the gallant hero that it cost her a great
+effort to part with him, but having vowed not to exercise her magic spells
+against him she was powerless to detain him further. The goddess now warned
+him that his future would be beset with many dangers, and commanded him to
+consult the blind old seer Tiresias,[52] in the realm of Hades, concerning
+his future destiny. She then loaded his ship with provisions for the
+voyage, and reluctantly bade him farewell.
+
+{314}
+
+THE REALM OF SHADES.--Though somewhat appalled at the prospect of seeking
+the weird and gloomy realms inhabited by the spirits of the dead, Odysseus
+nevertheless obeyed the command of the goddess, who gave him full
+directions with regard to his course, and also certain injunctions which it
+was important that he should carry out with strict attention to detail.
+
+He accordingly set sail with his companions for the dark and gloomy land of
+the Cimmerians, which lay at the furthermost end of the world, beyond the
+great stream Oceanus. Favoured by gentle breezes they soon reached their
+destination in the far west. On arriving at the spot indicated by Circe,
+where the turbid waters of the rivers Acheron and Cocytus mingled at the
+entrance to the lower world, Odysseus landed, unattended by his companions.
+
+Having dug a trench to receive the blood of the sacrifices he now offered a
+black ram and ewe to the powers of darkness, whereupon crowds of shades
+rose up from the yawning gulf, clustering round him, eager to quaff the
+blood of the sacrifice, which would restore to them for a time their mental
+vigour. But mindful of the injunction of Circe, Odysseus brandished his
+sword, and suffered none to approach until Tiresias had appeared. The great
+prophet now came slowly forward leaning on his golden staff, and after
+drinking of the sacrifice proceeded to impart to Odysseus the hidden
+secrets of his future fate. Tiresias also warned him of the numerous perils
+which would assail him, not only during his homeward voyage but also on his
+return to Ithaca, and then instructed him how to avoid them.
+
+Meanwhile numbers of other shades had quaffed the sense-awakening draught
+of the sacrifice, among whom Odysseus recognized to his dismay his
+tenderly-loved mother Anticlea. From her he learned that she had died of
+grief at her son's protracted absence, and that his aged father Laertes was
+wearing his life away in vain and anxious longings for his return. He also
+conversed with the ill-fated Agamemnon, Patroclus, and Achilles. The latter
+{315} bemoaned his shadowy and unreal existence, and plaintively assured
+his former companion-in-arms that rather would he be the poorest
+day-labourer on earth than reign supreme as king over the realm of shades.
+Ajax alone, who still brooded over his wrongs, held aloof, refusing to
+converse with Odysseus, and sullenly retired when the hero addressed him.
+
+But at last so many shades came swarming round him that the courage of
+Odysseus failed him, and he fled in terror back to his ship. Having
+rejoined his companions they once more put to sea, and proceeded on their
+homeward voyage.
+
+THE SIRENS.--After some days' sail their course led them past the island of
+the Sirens.
+
+Now Circe had warned Odysseus on no account to listen to the seductive
+melodies of these treacherous nymphs; for that all who gave ear to their
+enticing strains felt an unconquerable desire to leap overboard and join
+them, when they either perished at their hands, or were engulfed by the
+waves.
+
+In order that his crew should not hear the song of the Sirens, Odysseus had
+filled their ears with melted wax; but the hero himself so dearly loved
+adventure that he could not resist the temptation of braving this new
+danger. By his own desire, therefore, he was lashed to the mast, and his
+comrades had strict orders on no account to release him until they were out
+of sight of the island, no matter how he might implore them to set him
+free.
+
+As they neared the fatal shore they beheld the Sirens seated side by side
+on the verdant slopes of their island; and as their sweet and alluring
+strains fell upon his ear the hero became so powerfully affected by them,
+that, forgetful of all danger, he entreated his comrades to release him;
+but the sailors, obedient to their orders, refused to unbind him until the
+enchanted island had disappeared from view. The danger past, the hero
+gratefully acknowledged the firmness of his followers, which had been the
+means of saving his life. {316}
+
+THE ISLAND OF HELIOS.--They now approached the terrible dangers of Scylla
+and Charybdis, between which Circe had desired them to pass. As Odysseus
+steered the vessel beneath the great rock, Scylla swooped down and seized
+six of his crew from the deck, and the cries of her wretched victims long
+rang in his ears. At length they reached the island of Trinacria (Sicily),
+whereon the sun-god pastured his flocks and herds, and Odysseus, calling to
+mind the warning of Tiresias to avoid this sacred island, would fain have
+steered the vessel past and left the country unexplored. But his crew
+became mutinous, and insisted on landing. Odysseus was therefore obliged to
+yield, but before allowing them to set foot on shore he made them take an
+oath not to touch the sacred herds of Helios, and to be ready to sail again
+on the following morning.
+
+It happened, unfortunately, however, that stress of weather compelled them
+to remain a whole month at Trinacria, and the store of wine and food given
+to them by Circe at parting being completely exhausted, they were obliged
+to subsist on what fish and birds the island afforded. Frequently there was
+not sufficient to satisfy their hunger, and one evening when Odysseus, worn
+out with anxiety and fatigue, had fallen asleep, Eurylochus persuaded the
+hungry men to break their vows and kill some of the sacred oxen.
+
+Dreadful was the anger of Helios, who caused the hides of the slaughtered
+animals to creep and the joints on the spits to bellow like living cattle,
+and threatened that unless Zeus punished the impious crew he would withdraw
+his light from the heavens and shine only in Hades. Anxious to appease the
+enraged deity Zeus assured him that his cause should be avenged. When,
+therefore, after feasting for seven days Odysseus and his companions again
+set sail, the ruler of Olympus caused a terrible storm to overtake them,
+during which the ship was struck with lightning and went to pieces. All the
+crew were drowned except Odysseus, who, clinging to a mast, floated about
+in the open sea for nine days, when, after once more {317} escaping being
+sucked in by the whirlpool of Charybdis, he was cast ashore on the island
+of Ogygia.
+
+CALYPSO.--Ogygia was an island covered with dense forests, where, in the
+midst of a grove of cypress and poplar, stood the charming grotto-palace of
+the nymph Calypso, daughter of the Titan Atlas. The entrance to the grotto
+was entwined with a leafy trellis-work of vine-branches, from which
+depended clusters of purple and golden grapes; the plashing of fountains
+gave a delicious sense of coolness to the air, which was filled with the
+songs of birds, and the ground was carpeted with violets and mosses.
+
+Calypso cordially welcomed the forlorn and shipwrecked hero, and hospitably
+ministered to his wants. In the course of time she became so greatly
+attached to him that she offered him immortality and eternal youth if he
+would consent to remain with her for ever. But the heart of Odysseus turned
+yearningly towards his beloved wife Penelope and his young son. He
+therefore refused the boon, and earnestly entreated the gods to permit him
+to revisit his home. But the curse of Poseidon still followed the
+unfortunate hero, and for seven long years he was detained on the island by
+Calypso, sorely against his will.
+
+At length Pallas-Athene interceded with her mighty father on his behalf,
+and Zeus, yielding to her request, forthwith despatched the fleet-footed
+Hermes to Calypso, commanding her to permit Odysseus to depart and to
+provide him with the means of transport.
+
+The goddess, though loath to part with her guest, dared not disobey the
+commands of the mighty Zeus. She therefore instructed the hero how to
+construct a raft, for which she herself wove the sails. Odysseus now bade
+her farewell, and alone and unaided embarked on the frail little craft for
+his native land.
+
+NAUSICAA.--For seventeen days Odysseus contrived to pilot the raft
+skilfully through all the perils of the deep, directing his course
+according to the directions {318} of Calypso, and guided by the stars of
+heaven. On the eighteenth day he joyfully hailed the distant outline of the
+Phaeacian coast, and began to look forward hopefully to temporary rest and
+shelter. But Poseidon, still enraged with the hero who had blinded and
+insulted his son, caused an awful tempest to arise, during which the raft
+was swamped by the waves, and Odysseus only saved himself by clinging for
+bare life to a portion of the wreck.
+
+For two days and nights he floated about, drifted hither and thither by the
+angry billows, till at last, after many a narrow escape of his life, the
+sea-goddess Leucothea came to his aid, and he was cast ashore on the coast
+of Scheria, the island of the luxurious Phaeaces. Worn out with the
+hardships and dangers he had passed through he crept into a thicket for
+security, and, lying down on a bed of dried leaves, soon fell fast asleep.
+
+It chanced that Nausicaa, the beautiful daughter of king Alcinous and his
+queen Arete, had come down to the shore, accompanied by her maidens, to
+wash the linen which was destined to form part of her marriage portion.
+When they had finished their task they bathed and sat down to a repast,
+after which they amused themselves with singing and playing at ball.
+
+Their joyous shouts at last awoke Odysseus, who, rising from his hiding
+place, suddenly found himself in the midst of the happy group. Alarmed at
+his wild aspect the attendants of Nausicaa fled in terror; but the
+princess, pitying the forlorn condition of the stranger, addressed him with
+kind and sympathetic words. After hearing from him the account of his
+shipwreck and the terrible hardships he had undergone, Nausicaa called back
+her attendants, reproached them for their want of courtesy, and bade them
+supply the wanderer with food, drink, and suitable raiment. Odysseus then
+left the maidens to resume their games, whilst he bathed and clothed
+himself with the garments with which they had furnished him. Athene now
+appeared to the hero and endowed him with a commanding and magnificent
+stature, and with more than mortal beauty. When he reappeared, the young
+{319} princess was struck with admiration, and requested the hero to visit
+the palace of her father. She then desired her attendants to yoke the mules
+to the wagons and prepare to return home.
+
+Odysseus was cordially received by the king and queen, who entertained him
+with magnificent hospitality, and in return for their kindness the hero
+related to them the history of his long and eventful voyage, and the many
+extraordinary adventures and miraculous escapes which had befallen him
+since his departure from the coast of Ilion.
+
+When he at last took leave of his royal entertainers Alcinous loaded him
+with rich gifts, and ordered him to be conveyed in one of his own ships to
+Ithaca.
+
+ARRIVAL AT ITHACA.--The voyage was a short and prosperous one. By the
+direction of king Alcinous rich furs had been laid on deck for the comfort
+of his guest, on which the hero, leaving the guidance of the ship to the
+Phaeacian sailors, soon fell into a deep sleep. When next morning the vessel
+arrived in the harbour of Ithaca the sailors, concluding that so unusually
+profound a slumber must be sent by the gods, conveyed him on shore without
+disturbing him, where they gently placed him beneath the cool shade of an
+olive-tree.
+
+When Odysseus awoke he knew not where he was, for his ever-watchful
+protectress Pallas-Athene had enveloped him in a thick cloud in order to
+conceal him from view. She now appeared to him in the disguise of a
+shepherd, and informed him that he was in his native land; that his father
+Laertes, bent with sorrow and old age, had withdrawn from the court; that
+his son Telemachus had grown to manhood, and was gone to seek for tidings
+of his father; and that his wife Penelope was harassed by the importunities
+of numerous suitors, who had taken possession of his home and devoured his
+substance. In order to gain time Penelope had promised to marry one of her
+lovers as soon as she had finished weaving a robe for the aged Laertes; but
+by secretly undoing at night {320} what she had done in the day she
+effectually retarded the completion of the work, and thus deferred her
+final reply. Just as Odysseus had set foot in Ithaca the angry suitors had
+discovered her stratagem, and had become in consequence more clamorous than
+ever. When the hero heard that this was indeed his native land, which,
+after an absence of twenty years, the gods had at length permitted him to
+behold once more, he threw himself on the ground, and kissed it in an
+ecstacy of joy.
+
+The goddess, who had meanwhile revealed her identity to Odysseus, now
+assisted him to conceal in a neighbouring cave the valuable gifts of the
+Phaeacian king. Then seating herself beside him she consulted with him as to
+the best means of ridding his palace of its shameless occupants.
+
+In order to prevent his being recognized she caused him to assume the form
+of an aged mendicant. His limbs became decrepid, his brown locks vanished,
+his eyes grew dim and bleared, and the regal robes given to him by king
+Alcinous were replaced by a tattered garb of dingy hue, which hung loosely
+round his shrunken form. Athene then desired him to seek shelter in the hut
+of Eumaeus his own swine-herd.
+
+Eumaeus received the old beggar hospitably, kindly ministered to his wants,
+and even confided to him his distress at the long continued absence of his
+beloved old master, and his regrets at being compelled by the unruly
+invaders of his house, to slaughter for their use all the finest and
+fattest of the herd.
+
+It chanced that the following morning Telemachus returned from his long and
+fruitless search for his father, and going first to the hut of Eumaeus,
+heard from him the story of the seeming beggar whom he promised to
+befriend. Athene now urged Odysseus to make himself known to his son; and
+at her touch his beggar's rags disappeared, and he stood before Telemachus
+arrayed in royal robes and in the full strength and vigour of manhood. So
+imposing was the appearance of the hero that at first the young prince
+thought he must be a god; but when {321} he was convinced that it was
+indeed his beloved father, whose prolonged absence had caused him so much
+grief, he fell upon his neck and embraced him with every expression of
+dutiful affection.
+
+Odysseus charged Telemachus to keep his return a secret, and concerted with
+him a plan whereby they might rid themselves of the detested suitors. In
+order to carry it into effect Telemachus was to induce his mother to
+promise her hand to the one who could conquer in shooting with the famous
+bow of Odysseus, which the hero had left behind when he went to Troy,
+deeming it too precious a treasure to be taken with him. Odysseus now
+resumed his beggar's dress and appearance and accompanied his son to the
+palace, before the door of which lay his faithful dog Argo, who, though
+worn and feeble with age and neglect, instantly recognized his master. In
+his delight the poor animal made a last effort to welcome him; but his
+strength was exhausted, and he expired at his feet.
+
+When Odysseus entered his ancestral halls he was mocked and reviled by the
+riotous suitors, and Antinous, the most shameless of them all, ridiculed
+his abject appearance, and insolently bade him depart; but Penelope hearing
+of their cruel conduct, was touched with compassion, and desired her
+maidens to bring the poor mendicant into her presence. She spoke kindly to
+him, inquiring who he was and whence he came. He told her that he was the
+brother of the king of Crete, in whose palace he had seen Odysseus, who was
+about starting for Ithaca, and had declared his intention of arriving there
+before the year was out. The queen, overjoyed at the happy tidings, ordered
+her maidens to prepare a bed for the stranger, and to treat him as an
+honoured guest. She then desired the old nurse Euryclea to provide him with
+suitable raiment and to attend to all his wants.
+
+As the old servant was bathing his feet her eyes fell upon a scar which
+Odysseus had received in his youth from the tusks of a wild boar; and
+instantly recognizing the beloved master whom she had nursed as a babe, she
+{322} would have cried aloud in her joy, but the hero placing his hand upon
+her mouth, implored her not to betray him.
+
+The next day was a festival of Apollo, and the suitors in honour of the
+occasion feasted with more than their accustomed revelry. After the banquet
+was over Penelope, taking down the great bow of Odysseus from its place,
+entered the hall and declared that whosoever of her lovers could bend it
+and send an arrow through twelve rings (a feat which she had often seen
+Odysseus perform) should be chosen by her as her husband.
+
+All the suitors tried their skill, but in vain; not one possessed the
+strength required to draw the bow. Odysseus now stepped forward and asked
+permission to be allowed to try, but the haughty nobles mocked at his
+audacity, and would not have permitted it had not Telemachus interfered.
+The pretended beggar took up the bow, and with the greatest ease sent an
+arrow whizzing through the rings; then turning to Antinous, who was just
+raising a goblet of wine to his lips, he pierced him to the heart. At this
+the suitors sprang to their feet and looked round for their arms; but in
+obedience to the instructions of Odysseus Telemachus had previously removed
+them. He and his father now attacked the riotous revellers, and after a
+desperate encounter not one of the whole crew remained alive.
+
+The joyful intelligence of the return of Odysseus being conveyed to
+Penelope she descended to the hall, but refused to recognize, in the aged
+beggar, her gallant husband; whereupon he retired to the bath, from which
+he emerged in all the vigour and beauty with which Athene had endowed him
+at the court of Alcinous. But Penelope, still incredulous, determined to
+put him to a sure test. She therefore commanded in his hearing that his own
+bed should be brought from his chamber. Now the foot of this bed had been
+fashioned by Odysseus himself out of the stem of an olive-tree which was
+still rooted in the ground, and round it he had built the walls of the
+chamber. Knowing therefore that the bed could not be moved, he exclaimed
+that the errand was useless, for that no {323} mortal could stir it from
+its place. Then Penelope knew that it must be Odysseus himself who stood
+before her, and a most touching and affectionate meeting took place between
+the long-separated husband and wife.
+
+The following day the hero set out to seek his old father Laertes, whom he
+found on one of his estates in the country engaged in digging up a young
+olive-tree. The poor old man, who was dressed in the humble garb of a
+labourer, bore the traces of deep grief on his furrowed countenance, and so
+shocked was his son at the change in his appearance that for a moment he
+turned aside to conceal his tears.
+
+When Odysseus revealed himself to his father as the son whom he had so long
+mourned as lost, the joy of the poor old man was almost greater than he
+could bear. With loving care Odysseus led him into the house, where at
+length, for the first time since the departure of his son, Laertes once
+more resumed his regal robes, and piously thanked the gods for this great
+and unlooked-for happiness.
+
+But not yet was the hero permitted to enjoy his well-earned repose, for the
+friends and relatives of the suitors now rose in rebellion against him and
+pursued him to the abode of his father. The struggle, however, was but a
+short one. After a brief contest negotiations of a peaceful nature were
+entered into between Odysseus and his subjects. Recognizing the justice of
+his cause, they became reconciled to their chief, who for many years
+continued to reign over them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{325}
+
+PRONOUNCING INDEX.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[_Note._--The system of pronunciation here followed is the English system,
+because it is the one at present most used among English-speaking peoples.
+In it the letters have substantially their English sound. Upon the
+continent of Europe the pronunciation of Latin and Greek is in like manner
+made to correspond in each nation to the pronunciation of its own language,
+and thus there is much diversity among the continental systems, though they
+resemble each other more closely than they do the English. In England and
+America also the continental methods of pronunciation have been extensively
+used. Thus AEneas may be pronounced A-na'-ahss; Aides ah-ee'-daze. Since the
+true, the ancient, pronunciation has been lost, and, as many contend,
+cannot be even substantially recovered, it is a matter of individual
+preference what system shall be followed.]
+
+          A.
+
+  Abderus (ab-dee'-rus), 244.
+  Absyrtus (ab-sir'-tus), 226.
+  Academus (ak-[)a]-dee'-mus), 268.
+  Achelous (ak-e-lo'-us), 254, 278.
+  Acheron (ak'-e-ron), 132, 250.
+  Achilles ([)a]-kil'-leez), 131, 291, 287, 297.
+  Acis ([=a]'-sis), 105, 167.
+  Acrisius ([)a]-crish'-e-us), 189, 205, 209.
+  Acropolis ([)a]-crop'-o-lis), 189.
+  Actaeon (ak-tee'-on), 91.
+  Admete (ad-mee'-te), 244.
+  Admetus (ad-mee'-tus), 76, 119, 216.
+  Adonis ([)a]-don'-iss), 59.
+  Adrastia (ad-ras-ti'-ah), 142.
+  Adrastus ([)a]-dras'-tus), 272.
+  AEacus (ee'-[)a]-cus), 34.
+  AEaea (ee-ee'-ah), island of, 67.
+  AEgean Sea (ee-gee'-an), 287.
+  [53]AEgeus (ee'-juce), 259, 262, 264.
+  AEgina (ee-ji'-nah), island of, 230.
+  AEgis (ee'-jiss), 26.
+  AEgisthus (ee-jiss'-thus, _th_ as in _both_), 305.
+  AEgle (egg'-le), 163.
+  AEgyptus (ee-jip'-tus), 135.
+  Aello ([)a]-el'-lo), 137.
+  AEneas (ee-nee'-ass), 304.
+  AEolus (ee'-o-lus), 170, 210.
+  Aer ([=a]'-er), 12.
+  AEsacus (es'-a-cus), 284.
+  AEsculapius (es-cu-la'-pe-us), 177.
+  AEson (ee'-son), 213.
+  AEetes (ee-ee'-teez), 215, 222.
+  AEther (ee'-ther), 12.
+  AEthiopia (e-thi-o'-pe-ah), 207.
+  AEthra (ee'-thrah), 259, 267, 288.
+  AEtna, Mount (et'-nah), 100.
+  Agamemnon (ag-[)a]-mem'-non), 94, 286, 305.
+  Agave ([)a]-ga'-ve), 127, 205.
+  Agenor ([)a]-jee'-nor), 203.
+  Ages, 22.
+  Aglaia (ag-lay'-yah), 163.
+  Agraulos ([)a]-graw'-l[)o]s), 122.
+  Agrigent (ag'-ri-jent), 213.
+  Aides (a-i'-deez), 52, 130, 250.
+    --helmet of 206, 208.
+  Aidoneus (a-i-do'-nuce), 130.
+  Air, 12.
+  Ajax ([=a]'-jax) the Greater, 298.
+    --the Lesser, 305.
+  Alcestis (al-ses'-tiss), 76.
+  Alcinous (al-sin'-o-us), 228, 318.
+  Alcippe (al-sip'-pe), 113
+  Alcmaeon (alk-mee'-on), 273, 277.
+  Alcmene (alk-mee'-ne), 35, 234.
+  Alecto (a-leck'-to), 138.
+  Alexander (al-ex-an'-der), 284.
+  Aloidae (al-o-i'-de), 113.
+  Alpheus (al'-fuce), 242.
+  Altars, 191.
+  Althea (al-thee'-ah, _th_ as in _both_), 90.
+  Altis (al'-tis) the, 41.
+  Amalthea (am-al-thee'-ah), 15.
+  Amazons (am'-a-zons), 244, 258, 264.
+  Ambrosia (am-bro'-zhah), 15.
+  {326}
+  Amor ([=a]'-mor), 150.
+  Amphiaraus (am'-fe-a-ray'-us), 273.
+  Amphidamas (am-fid'-a-mass), 221.
+  Amphilochus (am-fil'-o-cus), 277.
+  Amphion (am-fi'-on), 33.
+  Amphitrite (am-fe-tri'-te), 104, 167.
+  Amphitrion (am-fit'-re-on), 35, 234.
+  Amycus (am'-i-cus), 219.
+  Anaitis-Aphroditis (an-a-i'-tis-af-ro-di'-tis), 92.
+  Ananke (an-ang'-ke), 147.
+  Anciliae (an-sil'-e-e), 115.
+  Androgeos (an-dro'-je-oss), 262.
+  Andromache (an-drom'-a-ke), 295, 304.
+  Andromeda (an-drom'-e-dah), 207.
+  Antea (an-tee'-ah), 256.
+  Anteos (an-tee'-[)o]s), 248.
+  Anteros (an'-te-ross), 150.
+  Antigone (an-tig'-o-ne), 271, 275.
+  Antinous (an-tin'-o-us), 321.
+  Antiope (an-ti'-o-pe), 32.
+  Antiphates (an-tif'-a-teez), 311.
+  Aphareus (af'-a-ruce), 34.
+  Aphrodite (af-ro-di'-te), 58, 99, 152.
+  Apollo ([)a]-pol'-lo), 68.
+    --(Roman), 83.
+  Apple of Discord, 39.
+  Arachne (a-rak'-ne), 45.
+  Arcadia (ar-ca'-de-ah), 240.
+  Arctos (ark'-t[)o]s), 35.
+  Areopagus (a-re-op'-a-gus), 44, 113, 212.
+  Ares ([=a]'-reez), 99, 112.
+    --grove of, 215.
+    --field of, 223, 225.
+  Arete (a-ree'-te _or_ ar'-e-te), 228, 318.
+  Arethusa (ar-e-thu'-sah), 163.
+  Aretias ([)a]-ree'-she-ass), 221.
+  Argia (ar-ji'-ah), 272.
+  Argives (ar-jives), 274.
+  Argo, 215, 230, 321.
+  Argonauts (ar'-go-nawts), 213.
+  Argos (ar'-g[)o]s), 209, 216, 283.
+  Argus, 224.
+  Argus-Panoptes (pan-op'-teez), 36.
+  Ariadne (a-re-ad'-ne), 128, 263.
+  Aricia (a-rish'-e-ah), 97.
+  Arion (a-ri'-on), 275.
+  Aristaeus (ar-iss-tee'-us), 81.
+  Aristodemus (a-ris'-to-de'-mus), 282.
+  Aristomachus (ar-is-tom'-a-cus), 282.
+  Arsinoe (ar-sin'-o-e), 278.
+  Artemis (ar'-te-miss), 87.
+  Ascalaphus (ass-cal'-a-fuss), 55, 250.
+  Asclepius (ass-clee'-pe-us), 71, 76, 176.
+  Ashtoreth (ash'-to-reth), 61.
+  Asphodel meadows (ass-fo-del), 133.
+  Astarte (ass-tar'-te), 61.
+  Astraea (ass-tree'-ah), 85.
+  Astraeus (ass-tree'-us), 68.
+  Astyanax (ass-ti'-a-nax), 304.
+  Atalanta (at-a-lan'-tah), 89.
+  Ate ([=a]'-te), 149.
+  Athamas (ath'-a-mass), 111, 215.
+  Athene (a-thee'-ne, _th_ as in _both_), 43.
+  Athene-Polias (po'-le-ass), 44, 189, 199, 264.
+  Athens, 264.
+  Atlas, 207, 248.
+  Atreus, ([)a]'-truce), 282.
+  Atropos (at'-ro-p[)o]s), 139.
+  Atys ([=a]'-tiss), 19.
+  Augeas (aw'-je-ass), 242, 254.
+  Augurs, 196.
+  Aulis (aw'-lis), 97.
+  Aurora (aw-ro'-rah), 13, 67.
+  Autochthony (aw-tok'-tho-ny), 22.
+  Autolycus (aw-tol'-i-cus), 235, 251.
+  Autonoe, (aw-ton'-o-e), 205.
+  Avernus (a-ver'-nus), 132.
+  Avertor ([=a]-ver'-tor), 180.
+  Averuncus (av-e-run'-cus), 180.
+
+          B.
+
+  Bacchanalia (bac-ca-na'-le-ah), 199.
+  Bacchantes (bac-can'-teez), 198.
+  Bacchus (bac'-cus), 130.
+  Battus (bat'-tus), 119.
+  Baucis (baw'-sis), 37.
+  Bebricians (be-brish'-e-anz), 219.
+  Beech-nymph, 168.
+  Bellerophon (bel-ler'-o-fon), 256.
+  Bellerophontes (bel-ler'-o-fon'-teez), 256.
+  Bellona (bel-lo'-nah), 116.
+  Belvedere (bel'-vi-deer), 85.
+  Benthesicyme, (ben-the-siss'-i-me), 105.
+  Berecynthia-Idea (ber'-e-sin'-the-ah-i-dee'-ah), 19.
+  Beroe (ber'-o-e, first _e_ like ei in _their_), 35.
+  Birch-nymph, 168.
+  Bistonians (bis-to'-ne-anz), 243.
+  Bithynia (bi-thin'-e-ah), 220.
+  Boreas (bo'-re-ass), 171.
+  Brauron (braw'-ron), 96.
+  Brazen Age, 23.
+  Briareus (bri'-a-ruce), 13.
+  Briseis (bri-see'-iss), 292.
+  Brontes (bron'-teez), 16.
+  Busiris (bu-si'-ris), 248.
+  Butes (bu'-teez), 228.
+
+          C.
+
+  Cadmus, 203.
+  Caduceus (ca-du'-she-us), 121.
+  Calais (cal'-a-iss), 171, 220.
+  Calchas (cal'-kas), 94, 287, 289, 292.
+  Calirrhoe (cal-lir'-ro-e), 278.
+  Calliope (cal-li'-o-pe), 80, 159.
+  Callisto (cal-lis'-to), 35.
+  {327}
+  Calydonian Boar-hunt, 89.
+  Calypso (ca-lip'-so), 317.
+  Camenae (ca-mee'-nee), 184.
+  Campus Martius (mar'-she-us), 115.
+  Canens (ca'-nenz), 182.
+  Capaneus (cap'-a-nuce), 273.
+  Caphareus, Cape (ca-fa'-ruce), 305.
+  Carmenta (car-men'-tah), 184.
+  Carmentalia (car-men-ta'-le-ah), 184.
+  Carnival, 201.
+  Carpo, 164.
+  Cassandra (cas-san'-drah), 284, 303, 305.
+  Cassiopea (cas'-se-o-pee'-ah), 207.
+  Castalian Spring, 159, 195.
+  Castor, 33, 187, 268.
+  Caucasus (caw'-c[)a]-sus), Mount, 222.
+  Cecrops (see'-crops), 189.
+  Celaeno (se-lee'-no), 137.
+  Celeus (see'-le-us), 53.
+  Celts, 10.
+  Cenaeus (se-nee'-us), 255.
+  Centaurs (sen'-tawrs), 266.
+  Ceos (see'-[)o]s), 13.
+  Cepheus (see'-fuce), 207.
+  Cephissus (se-fiss'-us), 169.
+  Cerberus (ser'-be-rus), 133, 153, 249.
+  Cercyon (ser'-se-on), 261.
+  Cerealia (se-re-a'-le-ah), 201.
+  Ceres (see'-reez), 58, 201.
+  Cerunitis (ser-u-ni'-tis), 240.
+  Cestus (ses'-tus), 59.
+  Ceto (see'-to), 111.
+  Ceuta (su'-tah), 222.
+  Ceyx (see'-ix), 110, 254, 280.
+  Chalciope (cal-si'-o-pe), 223.
+  Chaos (ka'-oss), 11.
+  Chares (ca'-reez), 99.
+  Charites (car'-i-teez), 163.
+  Charon (ca'-ron), 132, 153.
+  Charybdis (ca-rib'-dis), 228, 316.
+  Chimaera (ki-mee'-rah), 257, 162.
+  Chiron (ki'-ron), 289.
+  Chloris (clo'-ris), 171.
+  Chrysaor (cris-[=a]'-or), 145.
+  Chryseis (cri-see'-iss), 292.
+  Chryses (cri'-seez), 292.
+  Cimmerians (sim-me'-ri-anz), 132, 314.
+  Cimon (si'-mon), 268.
+  Circe (sir'-se), 64, 182, 227, 311.
+  Cithaeron (si-thee'-ron, _th_ as in _both_), 40.
+    --Mount, 236.
+  Cleodaeus (cle-o-dee'-us), 282.
+  Cleopatra (cle-o-pat'-rah), 220.
+  Clio (cli'-o), 159.
+  Cloacina (clo-a-si'-nah), 61.
+  Clotho (clo'-tho), 139.
+  Clymene (clim'-e-ne), 64.
+  Clytaemnestra (clit-em-nes'-trah), 94, 305, 306.
+  Clytie (cli'-ti-e), 63.
+  Cocalus (coc'-a-lus), 213.
+  Cocytus (co-si'-tus), 132, 314.
+  Coelus (see'-lus), 11.
+  Colchis (col'-kis), 215, 222.
+  Colonus (co-lo'-nus), 271.
+  Colossus of Rhodes (co-l[)o]s'-sus), 66.
+  Comus (co'-mus), 184.
+  Consualia (con-su-a'-le-ah), 183.
+  Consus (con'-sus), 183.
+  Copreus (co'-pruce), 239.
+  Cora, 197.
+  Cornucopia (cor-noo-co'-pe-ah), 148.
+  Coronis (co-ro'-nis), 75.
+  Corybantes (cor-i-ban'-teez), 19.
+  Cos, island of (coss), 104.
+  Cottos (cot'-t[)o]s), 13.
+  Crania, island of (cra-ni'-ah), 286.
+  Creon (cree'-on), 237, 275.
+  Cresphontes (cres-fon'-teez), 282.
+  Cretan Bull, 243.
+  Crete (creet), 229.
+  Creusa (cre-yu'-sah), 210.
+  Crios (cri'-[)o]s), 13.
+  Croesus (cree'-sus), 195.
+  Crommyon (crom'-me-on), 260.
+  Cronus (cro'-nus), 14, 179.
+  Ctesiphon (tes'-i-fon), 93.
+  Cumaean Sibyl, the (cu-mee'-an), 84.
+  Cupid (cu'-pid), 150.
+  Curetes (cu-ree'-teez), 15.
+  Cybele (sib'-i-le), 18, 128.
+  Cyclops (si'-clops), 105, 307.
+  Cycnus (sik'-nus), 66, 247.
+  Cyllene, Mount (sil-lee'-ne), 119.
+  Cyparissus (sip-a-ris'-sus), 77, 182.
+  Cyprus, island of (si'-prus), 60.
+  Cyrus (si'-rus), 195.
+  Cythera (sith-ee'-rah), 60.
+  Cyzicus (siz'-i-cus), 218.
+
+          D.
+
+  Daedalus (ded'-a-lus), 211.
+  Daemons (de'-mons), 185.
+  Damastes (da-mas'-teez), 261.
+  Danae (dan'-a-e), 205, 209.
+  Danaides (dan-a'-[)i]-deez), 135.
+  Danaus (dan'-a-us), 135.
+  Danneker (dan'-ek-ker), 129.
+  Daphne (daf'-ne), 74.
+  Daphnephoria (daf-ne-fo'-re-ah), 200.
+  Daphnephorus (daf-nef'-o-rus), 200.
+  Deianeira (de-i'-a-ni'-rah), 254.
+  Deiphobus (de-if'-o-bus), 300.
+  Deipyle (de-ip'-i-le), 272.
+  Delia (dee'-le-ah), 83.
+  Delos, island of (dee'-l[)o]s), 69, 83.
+  Delphi (del'-fi), 82.
+  Delphic Oracle, 194.
+  Demeter (de-mee'-ter), 50, 197.
+  Demi-gods, 8.
+  Demophoon (de-mof'-o-on), 53, 280.
+  Deucalion (du-ca'-le-on), 21.
+  Diana (di-an'-nah), 87.
+    --of Versailles, 88.
+  {328}
+  Dice (di'-se), 164.
+  Dictys (dic'-tiss), 205.
+  Dindymene (din-di-mee'-ne), 19.
+  Dino (di'-no), 145.
+  Diomedes (di-o-mee'-deez), 112, 243, 297, 305.
+  Dione (di-o'-ne), 58.
+  Dionysia (di-o-nish'-e-ah), 180, 197.
+  Dionysus (di-o-ni'-sus), 124, 193, 198, 263.
+  Dioscuri (di-[)o]s-cu'-ri), 33.
+  Dirae (di'-ree), 138.
+  Dirce (dir'-se), 33.
+  Dis (diss), 137.
+  Discord, goddess of, 284.
+  Dodona (do-do'-nah), 29, 216.
+  Doliones (do-li'-o-neez), 218.
+  Dorians (do'-re-anz), 211.
+  Doris (do'-ris), 108.
+  Dorus (do'-rus), 211.
+  Dryades (dri'-a-deez), 168.
+  Dryas (dri'-ass), 126.
+  Dymas (di'-mass), 283.
+
+          E.
+
+  Echedorus (ek-e-do'-rus), 247.
+  Echemon (ek-kee'-mon), 282.
+  Echidna, (ek-kid'-nah), 146.
+  Echo (ek'-o), 169.
+  Egeria (e-gee'-re-ah), 184.
+  Eilithyia (i-lith-i'-yah), 41, 237.
+  Electra (e-lek'-trah), 111, 306.
+  Electryon (e-lek'-tre-on), 35.
+  Eleusinian Mysteries (el-u-sin'-e-an), 56, 132, 196.
+  Eleusis (e-lu'-sis), 54.
+  Elis (ee'-lis), 254, 283.
+  Elysian Fields (e-lizh'-e-an), 133.
+  Elysium (e-lizh'-e-um), 133.
+  Enceladus (en-sel'-a-dus), 20.
+  Endymion (en-dim'-e-on), 87.
+  Enipeus (e-ni'-puce), 106.
+  Enyo (e-ni'-o), 113.
+  Eos (ee'-[)o]s), 67, 297.
+  Epaphus (ep'-a-fus), 36, 64.
+  Epeios (ep-i'-[)o]s), 301.
+  Ephesus, temple of (ef'-e-sus), 92.
+  Ephialtes (ef-e-[=a]l'-teez), 105.
+  Epidaurus (ep-e-daw'-rus), 260.
+  Epigoni (e-pig'-o-ni), 276.
+  Epimetheus (ep-e-me'-thuce), 25.
+  Epopeus (e-po'-puce), 32.
+  Erato (er'-a-to), 159.
+  Erebus (er'-e-buss), 13.
+  Erechtheus (e-rek'-thuce), 210.
+  Eresichthon (er-e-sik'-thon), 57.
+  Erginus (er-ji'-nus), 237.
+  Eridanus, river, the (e-rid'-a-nus), 65, 227, 248.
+  Erinnyes (e-rin'-ne-eez), 138.
+  Eriphyle (er-i-fi'-le), 273.
+  Eris (ee'-ris), 39.
+  Eros (ee'-r[)o]s), 74, 150.
+  Erymantian Boar (er-e-man'-shun), 240.
+  Erythia (er-e-thi'-ah), 246.
+  Eteocles (e-tee'-o-cleez), 272, 275.
+  Ether (ee'-ther), 12.
+  Euboeans (u-bee'-anz), 210.
+  Eumaeus (u-mee'-us), 320.
+  Eumenides (u-men'-i-deez), 138, 271.
+  Eunomia (u-no'-me-ah), 164.
+  Euphemus (u-fee'-mus), 221.
+  Euphrosyne (u-fros'-i-ne), 163.
+  Europa (u-ro'-pah), 34.
+  Eurus (u'-rus), 171.
+  Euryale (u-ri'-a-le), 144.
+  Eurybia (u-rib'-e-ah), 13.
+  Euryclea (u-ri-clee'-ah), 321.
+  Eurydice (u-rid'-i-se), 81.
+  Eurylochus (u-ril'-o-kus), 311.
+  Eurynome (u-rin'-o-me), 98.
+  Eurypylus (u-rip'-i-lus), 299.
+  Eurystheus (u-riss'-thuce), 237, 280.
+  Eurytion (u-rit'-e-on), 246, 266.
+  Eurytus (u'-ri-tus), 235.
+  Euterpe (u-ter'-pe), 159.
+  Evander (e-van'-der), 184.
+  Evenus (e-ve'-nus), 254.
+
+          F.
+
+  Farnese Bull, the (far'-neez), 33.
+  Fates, 139.
+  Fauns (fawns), 175.
+  Faunus (faw'-nus), 174.
+  Festivals, 196.
+  Fetiales (fe-she-a'-leez), 124.
+  Flora, 180.
+  Floralia (flo-ra'-le-ah), 180.
+  Fortuna (for-tu'-nah), 147.
+  Furies, 278, 306.
+
+          G.
+
+  Gadria (gad'-re-ah), 246.
+  Gaea (je'-ah), 11.
+  Galatea (gal-a-tee'-ah), 167.
+  Ganymede (gan-i-mee'-de), 156, 246.
+  Ganymedes (gan-i-mee'-deez), 156, 246.
+  Ge, 11.
+  Genii (jee'-ne-i), 185.
+  Geryon (jee'-re-on), 246.
+  Geryones (je-ri'-o-neez), 246.
+  Giants, 13, 199, 218.
+  Gigantomachia (ji-gan'-to-ma'-ke-ah), 20.
+  Glauce (glaw'-se), 231.
+  Glaucus (glaw'-cus), 109, 219.
+  Golden Age, 22, 185.
+  Golden Fleece, 215, 223, 226, 230.
+  Gordius (gor'-de-us), 128.
+  Gorgons, 144, 206.
+  Graces, 163.
+  {329}
+  Gradivus (gra-di'-vus), 115.
+  Graeae (gree'-ee), 145, 206.
+  Gratiae (gra'-she-ee), 163.
+  Gyges (ji'-jeez), 13.
+
+          H.
+
+  Hades (ha'-deez), 250.
+  Haemon (hee'-mon), 276.
+  Halcyone (hal-si'-o-ne), 110.
+  Halirrothius (hal-ir-ro'-the-us), 113.
+  Hamadryades (ham-a-dry'-a-deez), 168.
+  Harmonia (har-mo'-ne-ah), 204, 276.
+  Harpies (har'-piz), 137, 220.
+  Harpinna (har-pin'-nah), 233.
+  Hebe (hee'-be), 41, 156, 256.
+  Hebrus, river, the (hee'-brus), 82.
+  Hecate (hec'-a-te), 85.
+  Hecatombs (hec'-a-tomes), 193.
+  Hecatoncheires (hec'-a-ton-ki'-reez), 13.
+  Hector, 284, 290, 293.
+  Hecuba (hec'-u-bah), 283, 304.
+  Helen, 267, 286, 304.
+  Helenus (hel'-e-nus), 299.
+  Helicon (hel'-e-con), 158, 162.
+  Helios, (hee'-le-[)o]s), 61, 316.
+  Helios-Apollo, 70.
+  Helle (hel'-le), 215.
+  Hemera (hee'-me-rah), 13, 142.
+  Heosphorus (he-[)o]s'-fo-rus), 68.
+  Hephaestus (he-fes'-tus), 97.
+  Hera (he'-rah), 38, 214.
+  Heracles [54] (her'-a-cleez), 26, 218, 234.
+  Heraclidae [54] (her-a-cli'-dee), 280.
+  Herae (he'-ree), 41.
+  Hercules (her'-cu-leez) _See_ Heracles.
+    --Pillars of, 246.
+  Hermae (her'-mee), 118.
+  Hermes (her'-meez), 117, 250, 312.
+  Hermione (her-mi'-o-ne), 307.
+  Heroes, 8.
+  Herostratus (he-ros'-tra-tus), 93.
+  Herse (her'-se), 87, 122.
+  Hesiod's Theogony (he'-she-od), 24, 150.
+  Hesione (he-si'-o-ne), 245, 253, 285.
+  Hesperia (hes-pee'-re-ah), 163.
+  Hesperides (hes-per'-i-deez), 162, 247.
+  Hesperus (hes'-pe-rus), 68.
+  Hestia (hes'-te-ah), 48.
+  Hip'pocamp, 229.
+  Hippocamps, 102.
+  Hippocrene (hip-po-cree'-ne), 159, 162.
+  Hippodamia (hip'-po-da-mi'-ah), 232, 266.
+  Hippolyte (hip-pol'-i-te), 264.
+  Hippolyte's Girdle, 244.
+  Hippolytes (hip-pol'-i teez), 283.
+  Hippolytus (hip-pol'-i-tus), 266.
+  Hippomedon (hip-pom'-e-don), 273.
+  Hippomenes (hip-pom'-e-neez), 91.
+  Horae (ho'-ree), 164.
+  Horned Hind, 240.
+  Hyacinthus (hi-a-sin'-thus), 77.
+  Hyades (hi'-a-deez), 170.
+  Hydra, Lernean, the (hi'-drah, ler-nee'-an), 239.
+  Hygeia (hi-jee'-yah), 177.
+  Hylas (hi'-las), 216, 219.
+  Hyllus (hil'-lus), 254, 281.
+  Hymen (hi'-men), or Hymenaeus (hi-me-nee'-us), 154.
+  Hyperion (hi-pee'-re-on), 13.
+  Hypermnestra (hip-erm-nes'-trah), 135.
+  Hypnus (hip'-nus), 142.
+  Hypsipyle (hip-sip'-i-le), 274.
+
+          I.
+
+  Iambe (i-am'-be), 53.
+  Iapetus (i-ap'-e-tus), 24.
+  Iasion (i-a'-zhe-on), 137.
+  Iberia (i-bee'-re-ah), 247.
+  Icaria (i-ca'-re-ah), 212.
+  Icarus (ic'-a-rus), 211.
+  Ichor (i'-kor), 7.
+  Ida, Mount, 157, 284, 300.
+  Idas (i'-dass), 34, 75.
+  Idmon (id'-mon), 216.
+  Idomeneus (i-dom'-e-nuce), 286.
+  Ilion (il'-e-on), 283.
+  Illyria (il-lir'-e-ah), 205.
+  Ilus (i'-lus), 283.
+  Inachus (in'-a-cus), 36.
+  Ino (i'-no), 205, 215.
+  Inuus (in'-u-us), 174.
+  Io (i'-o), 36.
+  Iobates (i-ob'-a-teez), 257.
+  Iolaus (i-o-la'-us), 239, 251, 281.
+  Iolcus (i-ol'-cus), 213, 230.
+  Iole (i'-o-le), 251, 255.
+  Ion (i'-on), 210.
+  Iphigenia (if'-i-ge-ni'-ah), 94, 289, 307.
+  Iphitus (if'-i-tus), 251.
+  Iris (i'-ris), 155, 220.
+  Iron Age, 23.
+  Ismene (iss-mee'-ne), 271.
+  Ister (iss'-ter), 226.
+  Isthmian Games (isth'-me-an), 107, 264.
+  Ithaca (ith'-a-cah), 310, 319.
+  Ixion (ix-i'-on), 135.
+
+          J.
+
+  Jani (ja'-ni), 178.
+  Janus (ja'-nus), 18, 178.
+  {330}
+  Jason (ja'-son), 213.
+  Jocasta (jo-cas'-tah), 269, 270.
+  Juno (ju'-no), 42, 185.
+  Jupiter (ju'-pe-ter), 38.
+  Jupiter-Ammon, 207.
+  Juventas (ju-ven'-t[)a]ss), 156, 183.
+
+          K.
+
+  Keidomos (ki'-do-mos), 113.
+  Ker (cur), 149.
+  Keres (kee'-reez), 149.
+
+          L.
+
+  Labdacus (lab'-da-cus), 269.
+  Labyrinth (lab'-i-rinth), 212, 262.
+  Lacedaemon (las-e-dee'-mon), 283.
+  Lac'edaemo'nians, 189.
+  Lachesis (lak'-e-sis), 139.
+  Lacolia (la-co'-le-ah), 250.
+  Lacus Nemorensis (la'-cus nem-o-ren'-sis), 97.
+  Ladon (la'-don), 240.
+  Laertes (la-er'-teez), 314, 323.
+  Laestrygones (les-trig'-o-neez), 311.
+  Laius (la'-yus), 269.
+  Lampetus (lam'-pe-tus), 67.
+  Lampsacus (lamp'-sa-cus), 176.
+  Laocoon (la-oc'-o-on), 301.
+  Laodamas (la-od'-a-mass), 277.
+  Laomedon (la-om'-e-don), 104, 245, 253.
+  Lar, 186.
+  Lares Familiares (la'-reez fa-mil'-e-a'-reez), 186.
+  Larissa (la-ris'-sah), 189, 209.
+  Latmus Mount, 87.
+  Latona (la-to'-nah), 31.
+  Laverna (la-ver'-nah), 184.
+  Leda (lee'-dah), 33.
+  Lemnos, island of, (lem'-noss), 98, 217.
+  Lemuralia (lem-u-ra'-le-ah), 186.
+  Lemures (lem'-u-reez), 186.
+  Lerna, 239.
+  Lernean Hydra. _See_ Hydra.
+  Lesbos (lez'-bos), 290.
+  Lethe (lee'-the, _th_ as in _both_), 133.
+  Leto (lee'-to), 31.
+  Leucippus (lu-sip'-pus), 34.
+  Leucothea (lu-co'-the-ah, _th_ as in _both_), 111, 318.
+  Liber (li'-ber), 130.
+  Liberalia (lib-er-a'-le-ah), 130.
+  Libya (lib'-yah), 207, 229.
+  Limoniades (lim-o-ni'-a-deez), 170.
+  Linden-nymph, 168.
+  Linus (li'-nus), 235.
+  Lion, Nemean (ne'-me-an), 238.
+  Ludi Maximi (lu'-di max'-i-mi), 48.
+  Ludovici Villa (lu-do-vee'-chee), 116.
+  Luna (lu'-nah), 86, 97.
+  Lupercus (lu-per'-cus), 174.
+  Lycaon (li-cay'-on), 37.
+  Lycomedes (lic-o-mee'-deez), 268, 287.
+  Lycurgus (li-cur'-gus), 126, 189, 274.
+  Lycus (li'-cus), 32.
+  Lynceus (lin'-suce), 34, 216.
+
+          M.
+
+  Macaria (ma-ca'-re-ah), 281.
+  Machaon (ma-ca'-on), 177, 300.
+  Magna-Mater (may'-ter), 19.
+  Maia (may'-yah), 119.
+  Mamers (ma'-merz), 114.
+  Manes (ma'-neez), 185.
+  Marathonian Bull (mar-a-tho'-ne-an), 262.
+  Mares of Diomedes, 243
+  Marpessa (mar-pes'-sah), 75.
+  Mars (marz), 114.
+  Marspiter (mars'-pe-ter), 114.
+  Marsyas (mar'-she-ass), 78.
+  Mater-Deorum (dee-o'-rum), 19.
+  Matronalia (ma-tro-na'-le-ah), 43.
+  Mecone (me-co'-ne), 24.
+  Medea (me-dee'-ah), 223, 261.
+  Medusa (me-du'-sah), 45, 144, 206.
+  Megaera (me-jee'-rah), 138.
+  Megapenthes (meg-a-pen'-theez), 209.
+  Megara (meg'-a-rah), 138, 237, 251.
+  Melanippe (mel-a-nip'-pe), 245.
+  Meleager (me-le-a'-jer), 89, 216.
+  Meliades (me-li'-a-deez), 170.
+  Melissa (me-lis'-sah), 15.
+  Melpomene (mel-pom'-e-ne), 159.
+  Memnon (mem'-non), 297.
+  Memphis (mem'-fiss), 36.
+  Menades (men'-a-deez), 198.
+  Menelaus (men-e-la'-us), 294, 304, 305.
+  Menesthius (me-nes'-the-us), 268.
+  Menoeceus (me-nee'-suce), 274.
+  Menoetius (me-nee'-she-us), 216.
+  Mercury (mer'-cu-ry), 123.
+  Merope (mer'-ope, first _e_ like _ei_ in _their_), 269.
+  Messene (mes-see'-ne), 283.
+  Metaneira (met-a-ni'-rah), 53.
+  Metis (mee'-tiss), 30.
+  Metra (mee'-trah), 57, 92.
+  Midas (mi'-das), 79, 128.
+  Midea (mi-dee'-ah), 209.
+  Milo (mi'-lo), 60.
+  Miltiades (mil-ti'-a-deez), 268.
+  Mimas (mi'-mass), 20.
+  Minerva (mi-ner'-vah), 47.
+  Minerval (mi-ner'-val), 47.
+  Minos (mi'-n[)o]s), 34, 134, 212, 243.
+  Minotaur (min'-o-tawr), 212, 262.
+  Minyans (min'-yanz), 237.
+  Mnemosyne (ne-m[)o]s'-i-ne), 13, 31.
+  Moira (moy'-rah), 139.
+  Moirae (moy'-ree), 297, 139.
+  {331}
+  Moly (mo'-ly), 312.
+  Momus (mo'-mus), 149.
+  Moneta Juno (mo-nee'-tah), 42.
+  Mopsus, 216.
+  Morpheus (mor'-fuce), 143.
+  Mors (morz). _See_ Thanatos.
+  Musagetes (mu-saj'-e-teez), 71.
+  Muses, 157.
+  Mutunus (mu-tu'-nus), 176.
+  Mycenae (mi-see'-ne), 209, 305.
+  Myrmidons (mir'-mi-dons), 288, 293, 295.
+  Myrtilus (mir'-ti-lus), 233.
+  Mysia (mish'-e-ah), 219.
+  Mysians, 289.
+
+          N.
+
+  Naiads (na'-yads), or Naiades (na-i'-a-deez), 166, 227.
+  Napaeae (na-pee'-ee), 169.
+  Narcissus (nar-sis'-sus), 169.
+  Nausicaa (naw-sic'-a-ah), 317.
+  Naxos (nax'-oss), 128, 263.
+  Necessitas (ne-ses'-si-tass), 148.
+  Nectar, 15.
+  Neleus (nee'-luce), 106, 119, 216.
+  Nemea (nee'-me-ah), 274.
+  Nemean Lion. _See_ Lion.
+  Nemesis (nem'-e-siss), 141.
+  Nemoralia (nem-o-ra'-le-ah), 97.
+  Neoptolemus (ne-op-tol'-e-mus), 299, 304.
+  Nephalia (ne-fa'-le-ah), 139.
+  Nephelae (nef'-e-lee), 12.
+  Nephele (nef'-e-le), 215.
+  Neptunalia (nep-tu-na'-le-ah), 107.
+  Neptune (nept'-une), 14, 107.
+  Nereides (ne-ree'-i-deez), 108, 167.
+  Nereus (nee'-ruce), 13, 108.
+  Nessus, 254.
+  Nestor, 286, 301, 305.
+  Nike (ni'-ke), 117.
+  Niobe (ni'-o-be), 79, 141.
+  Noman, 309.
+  Notus (no'-tus), 171.
+  Nox. _See_ Nyx.
+  Nyctimus (nic'-ti-mus), 38.
+  Nycteus (nic'-tuce), 32.
+  Nymphs, 165.
+  Nysa, Mount (ni'-sah), 125.
+  Nyx (nix), 13, 142.
+
+          O.
+
+  Oceanides (o-se-an'-i-deez), 108, 166.
+  Oceanus (o-see'-a-nus), 12, 107, 166, 314.
+  Ocypete (o-sip'-e-te), 137.
+  Odysseus (o-dis'-suce), 131, 287, 307.
+  Oechalia (e-ka'-le-ah), 255.
+  Oedipus (ed'-i-pus), 146, 269.
+  Oeneus (ee'-nuce), 89, 254.
+  Oenomaus (ee-nom'-a-us), 232.
+  Oenone (ee-no'-ne) 284, 300.
+  Ogygia (o-jij'-e-ah), 317.
+  Oileus (o-i'-luce), 216, 221.
+  Olympia (o-lim'-pe-ah), 29, 123.
+  Olym'pic Games, 30.
+  Olym'pus, Mount, 27.
+  Omphale (om'-fa-le), 252.
+  Ops, 19.
+  Oracles, 194.
+  Orchamus (or'-ca-mus), 63.
+  Orchomenus (or-com'-e-nus), 237.
+  Orcus (or'-cus), 136.
+  Oreades (o-ree'-a-deez), 169.
+  Orithyia (or'-i-thi'-yah), 171.
+  Orestes (o-res'-teez), 95, 139, 306.
+  Orpheus (or'-fuce), 80, 216, 228.
+  Orthrus (or'-thrus), 246.
+  Ossa (oss'-sah), 106.
+  Othrys, Mount, (o'-thris), 16.
+  Otus (o'-tus), 105.
+  Oxen of Geryones. _See_ Geryones.
+  Oxylus (ox'-i-lus), 283.
+
+          P.
+
+  Palaemon (pa-lee'-mon), 111.
+  Palamedes (pal-a-mee'-deez), 287, 291.
+  Palatine (pal'-a-tin), 181.
+  Pales (pa'-leez), 181.
+  Palilia (pa-lil'-e-ah), 181.
+  Palladium (pal-la'-de-um), 299, 301.
+  Pallan'tids, 262.
+  Pallas (pal'-lass), 117.
+  Pallas-Athene, 43, 234, 302.
+  Pan, 79, 171, 198.
+  Panacea (pan-a-see'-ah), 177.
+  Panathenaea (pan'-ath-e-nee'-ah), 199.
+  Pandareos (pan-da'-re-oss), 138.
+  Pandora (pan-do'-rah), 25.
+  Panisci (pa-nis'-si), 174.
+  Panoptes (pa-nop'-teez), 246.
+  Parcae (par'-see). _See_ Moirae.
+  Paris (par'-ris), 39, 284, 286.
+  Parnassus (par-nas'-sus), 158.
+  Parthenon (par'-the-non), 46.
+    --Hill, 89.
+  Parthenopaeus (par'-then-o-pee'-us), 273.
+  Patroclus (p[)a]-tro'-clus), 288, 293, 314.
+  Pedasus (ped'-a-sus), 292.
+  Pegasus (peg'-a-sus), 145, 162, 257.
+  Peitho (pi'-tho), 134.
+  Peleus (pee'-luce), 39, 287.
+  Pelias (pee'-le-ass), 106, 213, 230.
+  Pelion, Mount (pee'-le-on), 106.
+  Peloponnesus (pel'-o-pon-nee'-sus), 281.
+  Pelops (pee'-lops), 135, 232.
+  Penates (pe-na'-teez), 187.
+  {332}
+  Penelope (pe-nel'-o-pe), 287, 319.
+  Peneus (pe-nee'-us), 74, 242.
+  Penthesilea (pen'-the-si-lee'-ah), 296
+  Pentheus (pen'-thuce), 126, 205.
+  Pephredo (pe-free'-do), 145.
+  Peplus (pee'-plus), 199.
+  Periphetes (per-i-fee'-teez), 260.
+  Perse (per'-se), 64, 312.
+  Persephone (per-sef'-o-ne), 52, 197, 267.
+  Perseus (per'-suce), 145, 205.
+  Petasus (pet'-a-sus), 121.
+  Phaeaces (fee-a'-seez), 228, 318.
+  Phaedra (fee'-drah), 266.
+  Phaethon (fa'-e-thon), 64, 67.
+  Pharos, isle of, (fa'-r[)o]s), 108.
+  Phases, river (fa'-seez), 222.
+  Phegeus (fee'-juce), 278.
+  Phidias (fid'-e-ass), 28.
+  Philemon (fi-lee'-mon), 37.
+  Philoctetes (fil-oc-tee'-teez), 256, 290, 299.
+  Phineus (fi'-nuce), 208, 220.
+  Phlegethon (flej'-e-thon), 134.
+  Phocis (fo'-siss), 306.
+  Phoebe (fee'-be), 13.
+  Phoebus-Apollo (fee'-bus), 68, 298.
+  Pholus (fo'-lus), 240.
+  Phorcys (for'-siss), 13, 111.
+  Phrygia (frij'-e-ah), 18.
+  Phryxus (frix'-us), 222.
+  Phylace (fil'-a-se), 290.
+  Phyleus (fi'-luce), 242, 254.
+  Phylla (fil'-lah), 233.
+  Picumnus (pi-cum'-nus), 182.
+  Picus (pi'-cus), 182.
+  Pieria (pi-ee'-re-ah), 119, 158.
+  Pierides (pi-er'-i-deez), 158, 162.
+  Pierus (pi'-e-rus), 158.
+  Pilumnus (pi-lum'-nus), 182.
+  Pindus, Mount, 158.
+  Pirithoeus (pi-rith'-o-us), 216, 250, 265.
+  Pisa (pi'-sah), 232.
+  Pittheus (pit'-thuce), 259.
+  Platea (pla-tee'-ah), 40.
+  Pleiades (plee'-ya-deez), 119.
+  Pluto (plu'-to), 136.
+  Plutus (plu'-tus), 132, 137, 148.
+  Podalirius (pod-a-lir'-e-us), 177.
+  Podarces (po-dar'-seez), 253.
+  Pollux, 33, 187, 227, 268.
+  Polybotes (pol-e-bo'-teez), 104.
+  Polybus (pol'-e-bus), 269.
+  Polydectes (pol-e-dec'-teez), 205.
+  Polydeuces (pol-e-du'-seez). _See_ Pollux.
+  Polydorus (pol-e-do'-rus), 205.
+  Polyhymnia (pol-e-him'-ne-ah), 159.
+  Polynices (pol-e-ni'-seez), 271, 272, 275.
+  Polyphemus (pol-e-fee'-mus), 105, 219, 307.
+  Pomona (po-mo'-nah), 180.
+  Pontus, 13.
+  Porta Lavernalis (lav-er-na'-lis), 184.
+  Poseidon (po-si'-don), 101, 162, 266.
+  Praxiteles (prax-it'-e-leez), 123.
+  Priam (pri'-am), 254, 283, 304.
+  Priamus (pri'-a-mus). _See_ Priam.
+  Priapus (pri-a'-pus), 175.
+  Priests, 191.
+  Procrustes (pro-crus'-teez), 261.
+  Proetus (pree'-tus), 257.
+  Prometheus (pro-mee'-thuce), 24, 149, 193, 222.
+  Proserpine (pross'-er-pine), _See_ Persephone.
+  Protesilaus (pro-tess'-i-la'-us), 290.
+  Proteus (pro'-tuce), 108.
+  Prytaneum (prit-a-nee'-um), 49.
+  Psophis (so'-fiss), 278.
+  Psyche (si'-ke), 150.
+  Pylades (pil'-a-deez), 95, 306.
+  Pylos (pi'-l[)o]s), 286.
+  Pyracmon (pi-rac'-mon), 16.
+  Pyrrha (pir'-rah), 22.
+  Pythia (pith'-e-ah) 195, 269.
+  Pythian Games, 83.
+  Python (pi'-thon), 31, 72, 195.
+
+          Q.
+
+  Quirinus (que-ri'-nus), 115.
+
+          R.
+
+  Remus (ree'-mus), 114.
+  Rhadamanthus (rad-a-man'-thus), 34, 134.
+  Rhamnus (ram'-nus), 142.
+  Rhamnusia (ram-nu'-zhe-ah), 142.
+  Rhea (ree'-ah), 13, 18.
+  Rhoda (ro'-dah), 105.
+  Rhodes (roads), 105.
+  Rhodope, Mount (rod'-o-pe), 130.
+  Rhoetus (ree'-tus), 20.
+  Robigus (ro-bi'-gus), 180.
+  Romulus (rom'-u-lus), 114.
+
+          S.
+
+  Sacrifices, 192.
+  Sagaris (sag'-a-ris), 19.
+  Salamis (sal'-a-mis), 285.
+  Salii (sa'-le-i), 115.
+  Samos (sa'-mos), 34.
+  Saturn (sat'-urn), 17, 200.
+  Saturnalia (sat-ur-na'-le-ah), 200.
+  Satyrs (sa'-turz), 174, 198.
+  Scamander (sca-man'-der), 290.
+  Scheria (skee'-re-ah), 318.
+  Schoeneus (skee'-nuce), 89.
+  Scyros, island of, (si'-r[)o]s), 268, 287.
+  Scylla (sil'-lah), 104, 316.
+  Scyron (si'-ron), 260.
+  {333}
+  Seasons, 164.
+  Selene (se-lee'-ne), 86.
+  Selene-Artemis, 96.
+  Selli (sel'-li), 29.
+  Semele (sem'-e-le), 35, 205, 215.
+  Seriphus (se-ri'-fus), 205.
+  Servius Tullius (ser'-ve-us tul'-le-us), 184.
+  Shades, realm of, 267, 314.
+  Sibyls (sib'-bles), 84.
+  Silens (si'-lenz), 174.
+  Silenus (si-lee'-nus), 125, 198.
+  Silvanus (sil-va'-nus), 115, 182.
+  Silver Age, 23.
+  Simois (sim'-o-iss), 290.
+  Sinnis (sin'-nis), 260.
+  Sinon (si'-non), 302.
+  Siphylus (sif'-i-lus), 80.
+  Sirens (si'-renz), 112, 158, 315.
+  Sisyphus (sis'-i-fus), 135.
+  Sol (soll). _See_ Helios.
+  Solymans (sol'-i-mans), 258.
+  Somnus (som'-nus). _See_ Hypnus.
+  Soothsayers, 195.
+  Sparta, 285.
+  Sphinx (sfinks), 146.
+  Stables, Augean (aw-jee'-an), 242.
+  Statues, 190.
+  Stellio (stel'-le-o), 57.
+  Steropes (ster'-o peez, the first _e_ like _ei_ in _their_), 16.
+  Stheno (sthee'-no), 144.
+  Strophius (stro'-fe-us), 306.
+  Stymphalides (stim-fal'-i-deez), 221, 242.
+  Styx (sticks), 117, 132, 287.
+  Symplegades (sim-pleg'-a-deez), 221.
+  Syrinx (si'-rinks), 172.
+  Syrtes (sir'-teez), 229.
+
+          T.
+
+  Taenarum (ten'-a-rum), 132, 250.
+  Talaria (ta-la'-re-ah), 121.
+  Talus (ta'-lus), 229.
+  Tantalus (tan'-ta-lus), 134.
+  Tarquinius Superbus (tar-quin'-e-us su-per'-bus), 84.
+  Tartarus (tar'-ta-rus), 14, 134.
+  Taurica Chersonesus (taw'-ri-cah ker-so-nee'-sus), 93, 306.
+  Tauris (taw'-ris), 93, 306.
+  Tegea (tee'-je-ah), 279.
+  Telamon (tel'-a-mon), 216, 253, 285.
+  Telemachus (tel-lem'-a-cus), 287, 320.
+  Telephus (tel'-e-fus), 289.
+  Temenus (tem'-e-nus), 282.
+  Temples, 188.
+  Tenedos (ten'-e-dos), 290, 301, 303.
+  Terminus (ter'-mi-nus), 182.
+  Terpsichore (terp-sic'-o-re), 159.
+  Terra (ter'-rah, the _e_ like _ei_ in _their_), 11.
+  Tethys (tee'-thiss, _th_ as in _both_), 107, 166.
+  Teutamias (tu-ta'-me-ass), 209.
+  [55]Thalia (tha-li'-ah), 159, 163.
+  Thallo (thal'-lo), 164.
+  Thamyris (tham'-i ris), 158.
+  Thanatos (than'-a-tos), 142.
+  Thaumas (thaw'-mass), 13, 111, 137.
+  Thebes (theebs), 203.
+  Theia (thi'-ah), 13.
+  Themis (thee'-mis), 31, 48.
+  Themiscyra (the-mis'-se-rah), 245.
+  Thermodon (ther-mo'-don), 244.
+  Thersander (ther-san'-der), 276.
+  Thersites (ther-si'-teez), 297.
+  Theseus (thee'-suce), 250, 259.
+  Thesmophoria (thes-mo-fo'-re-ah), 197.
+  Thes'saly, 77.
+  Thestius (thes'-te-us), 33.
+  Thetis (thee'-tis), 39, 98, 110, 297.
+  Thyone (thi-o'-ne), 128.
+  Tiphys (ti'-fiss), 216.
+  Tiresias (ti-ree'-she-ass), 235, 271, 274, 277, 313.
+  Tiryns (ti'-rinz), 209, 252.
+  Tirynth (ti'-rinth), 209, 252.
+  Tisiphone (ti-sif'-o-ne), 138.
+  Titanomachia (ti'-tan-o-ma'-ke-ah), 17.
+  Titans (ti'-tanz), 13.
+  Tithonus (ti-tho'-nus), 68, 297.
+  Tityus (tit'-e-us), 134.
+  Trachin (tra'-kin), 254.
+  Trachis (tra'-kis), 254.
+  Trinacria (tri-na'-cre-ah), 316.
+  Triptolemus (trip-tol'-e-mus), 53.
+  Triton (tri'-ton), 109.
+  Trivia (triv'-e-ah), 97.
+  Troezen (tree'-zen), 251
+  Tros (tr[)o]ss), 157, 246.
+  Troy, 283.
+    -- walls of, 104.
+  Tubal-Cain (too'-bal-cane), 101.
+  Tyche (ti'-ke), 147.
+  Tydeus (ti'-duce), 272.
+  Tyndareus (tin-da'-re-us), 285.
+  Typhoeus (ti-fo'-yuce), 21.
+  Typhon (ti'-fon), 21.
+  Tyro (ti'-ro), 106.
+
+          U.
+
+  Uffizi Gallery (oof'-fid-ze), 80.
+  Ulysses (u-lis'-seez), _See_ Odysseus.
+  Urania (u-ra'-ne-ah), 159.
+  Uranus (u'-ra-nus), 11.
+
+          V.
+
+  Veneralia (ven-e-ra'-le-ah), 61.
+  {334}
+  Venus (vee'-nus), 61, 183.
+   -- of Milo, 60.
+  Vertumnus (ver-tum'-nus), 181.
+  Vesta (ves'-tah), 50, 201.
+  Vestalia (ves-ta'-le-ah), 59, 201.
+  Via Salavia (vi'-ah sa-la'-ve-ah), 184.
+  Victo'ria, 117.
+  Vulcan, 100.
+
+          W.
+
+  Winds, 170, 298.
+  Wooden Horse, 301.
+
+          X.
+
+  Xuthus (zoo-thus), 210.
+
+          Z.
+
+  Zephyrus (zef'-i-rus), 151, 171, 310.
+  Zetes (zee'-teez), 171.
+  Zethus (zee'-thus), 33.
+  Zeus (zuce), 26.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
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+A COMPLETE COURSE IN THE STUDY OF ENGLISH.
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+_Spelling, Language, Grammar, Composition, Literature_.
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+            KELLOGG'S TEXT-BOOK ON RHETORIC.
+              KELLOGG'S TEXT-BOOK ON ENGLISH LITERATURE.
+
+In the preparation of this series the authors have had one object clearly
+in view--to so develop the study of the English language as to present a
+complete, progressive course, from the Spelling-Book to the study of
+English Literature. The troublesome contradictions which arise in using
+books arranged by different authors on these subjects, and which require
+much time for explanation in the schoolroom, will be avoided by the use of
+the above "Complete Course."
+
+Teachers are earnestly invited to examine these books.
+
+  MAYNARD, MERRILL, & CO., PUBLISHERS.
+      43, 45, and 47 East Tenth Street, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOTES
+
+[1] The early Greeks supposed the earth to be a flat circle, in the centre
+of which was Greece. Oceanus, the ocean stream, encircled it; the
+Mediterranean being supposed to flow into this river on the one side, and
+the Euxine, or Black Sea, on the other.
+
+[2] Owing to the vagueness of the various accounts of creation, the origin
+of the primeval gods is variously accounted for. Thus, for instance,
+Oceanus, with some, becomes the younger brother of Uranus and Gaea.
+
+[3] The myth of Cronus swallowing his children is evidently intended by the
+poets to express the melancholy truth that time destroys all things.
+
+[4] Nectar was the drink, and ambrosia the food of the gods.
+
+[5] The Cyclops are generally mentioned as the sons of Uranus and Gaea, but
+Homer speaks of Polyphemus, the chief of the Cyclops, as the son of
+Poseidon, and states the Cyclops to be his brothers.
+
+[6] Possibly an image of him placed in readiness.
+
+[7] This age was contemporary with the commencement of the dynasty of Zeus.
+
+[8] Hesiod is said to have lived 850 years before the Christian era,
+consequently about 200 years after King David. He lived in Boeotia, where
+his tomb is still shown at Orchomenus. This ancient writer left behind him
+two great poems, one entitled "The Works and Days," in which he gives us
+some of the earliest Greek legends, and the other, "The Theogony,"
+containing the genealogies of the gods; but, unfortunately, both these
+poems have been so interpolated by the writers of the Alexandrian school
+that they have lost their value as reliable sources of information with
+regard to the early beliefs of the Greek nation.
+
+[9] Epimetheus signifies after-thought, Prometheus fore-thought.
+
+[10] There are various versions of this myth. According to some the jar or
+vase was full of all "the ills which flesh is heir to."
+
+[11] From _Diaus_, the sky.
+
+[12] A sacred shield made for Zeus by Hephaestus, which derived its name
+from being covered by the skin of the goat Amalthea, the word AEgis
+signifying goat's-skin.
+
+[13] See Demeter.
+
+[14] This frightful monster had sprung from the slimy and stagnant waters
+which remained on the surface of the earth after the deluge of Deucalion.
+
+[15] Castor and Pollux were known by the name of the Dioscuri, from _dios_,
+gods, and _kuroi_, youths.
+
+[16] The ancient Greeks attributed much of the subsequent character of an
+individual to early influences; hence Hera, the future queen and mistress
+of heaven, is represented as being brought up in a domesticated and orderly
+household, where home virtues are carefully inculcated.
+
+[17] In the Homeric age peacocks were unknown; it is therefore the later
+poets who describe Hera surrounded with peacocks, which were brought to
+Greece from India.
+
+[18] This circumstance has given rise to the erroneous conclusion that Juno
+presided over the finances of the state, but the word _moneta_ is derived
+from the Latin _monere_, which means to warn or admonish.
+
+[19] See Roman Festivals.
+
+[20] The first large ship possessed by the Greeks fit for more than coast
+navigation.
+
+[21] When Perseus, with the help of Athene, had cut off the head of the
+Medusa, the two sisters caused a sad dirge-like song to issue from the
+mouths of the many snakes of which their hair was composed, whereupon
+Athene, pleased with the sound, imitated the melody on a reed, and thus
+invented the flute.
+
+[22] For details see Roman Festivals.
+
+[23] See Legend of Troy.
+
+[24] Some, with but little reason, make Demeter the daughter of Uranus and
+Gaea.
+
+[25] Demeter transformed Ascalaphus into an owl for revealing the secret.
+
+[26] The course which the sun ran was considered by the ancients to be a
+rising and descending curve [drawing of an arc], the centre of which was
+supposed to be reached by Helios at mid-day.
+
+[27] The river Po.
+
+[28] This great work of antiquity was destroyed by an earthquake fifty-six
+years after its erection, B.C. 256. The fragments remained on the ground
+for many centuries, until Rhodes was conquered by the Turks, and they were
+eventually sold by one of the generals of Caliph Othman IV. to a merchant
+of Emesa for L36,000, A.D. 672.
+
+[29] According to some authorities, Strymon.
+
+[30] This wonderful lyre, which had been given to Apollo by Hermes
+(Mercury) in exchange for the Caduceus or rod of wealth, is said to have
+possessed such extraordinary powers, that it caused a stone, upon which it
+was laid, to become so melodious, that ever afterwards, on being touched,
+it emitted a musical sound which resembled that produced by the lyre
+itself.
+
+[31] Aristaeus was worshipped as a rural divinity in various parts of
+Greece, and was supposed to have taught mankind how to catch bees, and to
+utilize honey and wax.
+
+[32] Astraea was the daughter of the Titans Coeus and Phoebe. Perses was son
+of the Titans Crios and Eurybia.
+
+[33] Called also Anaitis-Aphroditis.
+
+[34] This occurred during the night Alexander the Great was born.
+
+[35] Another version with regard to the origin of this defect, is that
+being born ugly and deformed, his mother Hera, disgusted at his
+unsightliness, herself threw him violently from her lap, and it was then
+that his leg was broken, producing the lameness from which he suffered ever
+after. On this occasion he fell into the sea, and was saved by the
+sea-nymphs Thetis and Eurynome, who kept him for nine years in a cavern
+beneath the ocean, where he made for them, in gratitude for their kindness,
+several beautiful ornaments, and trinkets of rare workmanship.
+
+[36] According to some accounts Chares was the wife of Hephaestus.
+
+[37] The trident resembled the arrow-headed pronged fork, used by the
+fishermen of the Mediterranean Sea in the eel-fishery.
+
+[38] Scylla is a dangerous rock, much dreaded by mariners, in the Straits
+of Messina.
+
+[39] The island of Rhodes owes its name to her.
+
+[40] It is worthy of notice that the sons of Poseidon were, for the most
+part, distinguished by great force and turbulence of character, in keeping
+with the element over which their father was the presiding deity. They were
+giants in power, and intractable, fiery, and impatient by nature, spurning
+all efforts to control them; in all respects, therefore, fitting
+representatives of their progenitor, the mighty ruler of the sea.
+
+[41] A cubit is the length from the elbow to the extremity of the middle
+finger, and therefore an indefinite measure, but modern usage takes it as
+representing a length of seventeen to eighteen inches.
+
+[42] On the Egyptian coast.
+
+[43] See Legend of the Argonauts.
+
+[44] His two sons Deimos and Phobos.
+
+[45] Romulus was deified by the Romans after death, and was worshipped by
+them under the name of Quirinus, an appellation which he shared in common
+with his father Mars.
+
+[46] Midas was the son of Cybele and Gordius, the king who tied the
+celebrated and intricate knot.
+
+[47] The shades of those mortals whose lives had neither been distinguished
+by virtue nor vice, were condemned to a monotonous, joyless, existence in
+the Asphodel meadows of Hades.
+
+[48] Echidna was a bloodthirsty monster, half maiden, half serpent.
+
+[49] One of the horns of the goat Amalthea, broken off by Zeus, and
+supposed to possess the power of filling itself with whatsoever its owner
+desired.
+
+[50] According to another account, Momus discovered that Aphrodite made a
+noise when she walked.
+
+[51] The word Psyche signifies "butterfly," the emblem of the soul in
+ancient art.
+
+[52] Tiresias alone, of all the shades, was in full possession of his
+mental vigour.
+
+[53] Most of the words ending in eus may also be pronounced thus:
+_AE'-ge-us_, _[=a]'-tre-us_, _pro-me'-the-us_, etc.
+
+[54] The first e like ei in their.
+
+[55] _Th_ at the beginning of a word has its soft sound, as in _both_.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece
+and Rome, by E.M. Berens
+
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