initial commit of ebook 21778HEADmain

127 files changed, 21681 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/21778-8.txt b/21778-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb1d8f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7180 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Donahoe's Magazine, Volume 15, No. 1,
+January 1886, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Donahoe's Magazine, Volume 15, No. 1, January 1886
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: June 8, 2007 [EBook #21778]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DONAHOE'S, VOL. 15, NO. 1 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Josephine Paolucci
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+DONAHOE'S MAGAZINE
+
+_A Monthly Journal_
+
+CONTAINING
+
+TALES, BIOGRAPHY, EPISODES IN IRISH AND AMERICAN HISTORY, POETRY,
+MISCELLANY, ETC.
+
+_AN EXTREMELY INTERESTING VOLUME._
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+VOL. XV.
+
+JANUARY, 1886, TO JULY, 1886.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BOSTON:
+
+THOMAS B. NOONAN & COMPANY.
+
+1886.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's note: Minor typos have been corrected and footnotes have
+been moved to the end of the chapters. This issue only contains January,
+1886.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Contents.
+
+
+A.
+
+An Affecting Incident at Sea,                                     32.
+Alone,                                                            42.
+A Midnight Mass,                                                  42.
+Abolishing Barmaids,                                              80.
+A Valiant Soldier of the Cross,                                  132.
+A Child of Mary,                                                 144.
+A Christmas Carol,                                               165.
+A Silly Threat,                                                  173.
+A Chapter of Irish History,                                      223.
+About Critics,                                                   256.
+A Thought for Easter,                                            460.
+
+
+B.
+
+Bay State Faugh-a-Ballaghs,                                 229, 347.
+Blaine on Britain,                                               438.
+Before the Battle,                                               550.
+
+
+C.
+
+Crown and Crescent,                                               79.
+Christianity in China,                                            81.
+Capital and Labor--Strikes,                                      232.
+Columbus and Ireland,                                            368.
+Chanson,                                                         406.
+Canossa at Last,                                                 522.
+Chinese Labor,                                                   505.
+
+
+D.
+
+Dead Man's Island: The story of an Irish Country Town,       33, 145.
+Drunkenness in Old Times,                                        351.
+Deaths of the Apostles,                                          460.
+Decrees of the Third Plenary Council,                            529.
+Death of Rev. Father Ryan,                                       570.
+
+
+E.
+
+Encyclical Letter of Our Most Holy Lord Leo XIII,
+    by Divine Providence, Pope,                                    1.
+Encyclical Proclaiming the Jubilee,                              259.
+England and her Enemies,                                         264.
+Echoes from the Pines,                                           310.
+Emmet's Rebellion,                                               335.
+Emmet's Love,                                                    435.
+Early Irish Settlers in Virginia,                                523.
+Etoile du Soir,                                                  501.
+
+
+F.
+
+Four Thousand Years,                                              80.
+Faro's Daughters,                                                 82.
+Frau Hütt: A Legend of Tyrol,                                    308.
+Farewell, my Home,                                               345.
+Father Matt,                                                     497.
+
+
+G.
+
+Gladstone at Emmet's Grave,                                       61.
+Gerald Griffin,                                              62, 139.
+George Washington,                                               142.
+Give Charity while you Live,                                     333.
+Gladstone,                                                       536.
+
+
+H.
+
+His Eminence John Cardinal McCloskey, with Portrait,              18.
+Harvard College and the Catholic Theory of Education,             31.
+Honor to the Germans,                                             57.
+Historical Notes of Tallaght,                                    405.
+Hancock and the Irish Brigade,                                   411.
+Heroism,                                                         542.
+Home Rule,                                                       565.
+
+
+I.
+
+Interest Savings Banks,                                          228.
+Ireland: A Retrospect,                                           266.
+Ingratitude of France in the Irish Struggle,                     277.
+Instances of Divine Vengeance,                                   445.
+Ireland our Mother Land,                                         447.
+
+
+J.
+
+Juvenile Department,                     83, 179, 270, 373, 469, 552.
+John Scotus Erigena,                                             306.
+John C. Schayer,                                                 568.
+
+
+K.
+
+Knights of Labor,                                                433.
+
+
+L.
+
+Low-necked Dresses,                                              367.
+Leo the Great,                                                   466.
+
+
+M.
+
+Mary E. Blake,                                                   139.
+Musings from Foreign Poets,                                      312.
+Much-a-Wanted,                                                   339.
+Mixed Marriages,                                                 344.
+Miss Mulholland's Poems,                                         369.
+Major-General John Newton,                                       401.
+May Ditty,                                                       465.
+"My Victim:" A Tale,                                             506.
+
+
+N.
+
+Notes on Current Topics,                 97, 193, 289, 385, 481, 573.
+Notices of Recent Publications,    105, 205, 301, 381, 397, 487, 585.
+
+
+O.
+
+Order of the Buried Alive,                                        30.
+Obituary,                               107, 207, 302, 398, 496, 586.
+Our Neighbors,                                                   168.
+Our Gaelic Tongue,                                               222.
+O'Connell and Parnell,                                           278.
+Our New Cardinal,                                                359.
+Orders of Knighthood,                                            366.
+Our Saviour's Personal Appearance,                               414.
+
+
+P.
+
+Private Judgment a Failure,                                       72.
+Priests and People Mourning,                                      74.
+Personal,                                    104, 300, 396, 493, 584.
+Parnell's Strength,                                              172.
+Pen Sketches of Irish Litterateurs,                              209.
+Pneumonia,                                                       462.
+
+
+R.
+
+Rev. Father Fulton, S. J.,                                        71.
+Rapidity of Time's Flight,                                       178.
+Reminiscences of the Battle of Kilmallock,                       503.
+Rev. Father Scully's Gymnasium,                                  537.
+Rabies (Hydrophobia),                                            543.
+
+
+S.
+
+Sing, Sing for Christmas,                                         32.
+Southern Sketches,                           125, 215, 113, 440, 516.
+Senator John J. Hayes,                                           235.
+Saints and Serpents,                                             237.
+Seeing the Old Year Out,                                         370.
+Sir Thomas Grattan Esmond, Bart.,                                415.
+St. Rose,                                                        434.
+Shamrocks,                                                       440.
+Sorrowing Mother,                                                515.
+Science and Politics,                                            502.
+
+
+T.
+
+The Pope and the Mikado,                                          29.
+The Hero of Lepanto,                                              44.
+The Church and Progress,                                          49.
+Tracadie and the Trappists,                                       59.
+The Humorist,                                           96, 210, 306.
+The Columbian Army of Derry,                                     113.
+The Penitent on the Cross,                                       120.
+The Celt on America,                                             121.
+The Late Father Tom Burke,                                       166.
+The Old Year's Army of Martyrs,                                  170.
+The Pope on Christian Education,                                 174.
+Te Deum,                                                         176.
+The Poems of Rosa Mulholland,                                    248.
+The Celts of South America,                                      258.
+The Welcome of the Divine Guest,                                 305.
+The Ursuline Convent of Tenos,                                   316.
+The Church and Modern Progress,                                  328.
+The Annunciation,                                                339.
+The Ten-Commandment Theory,                                      346.
+The Paschal Candle,                                              352.
+The Irish as Conspirators,                                       362.
+The National Catholic University,                                407.
+Thot's of Ireland,                                               423.
+The Middogue,                                                    424.
+The Passion,                                                     430.
+The Holy Mass,                                                   446.
+The Instruments of the Passion,                                  464.
+The New Era,                                                     465.
+Terrence V. Powderly,                                            561.
+The Keegan Challenge Fund,                                       564.
+The Providence Cathedral,                                        546.
+Three Decisions,                                                 551.
+
+
+U.
+
+Useful Knowledge,                                       95, 209, 305.
+
+
+V.
+
+Vindication,                                                      58.
+
+
+W.
+
+What English Catholics are Contending For,                       276.
+William J. Onahan,                                               467.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: HIS EMINENCE JOHN CARDINAL MCCLOSKEY.
+
+See page 18.]
+
+
+
+
+DONAHOE'S MAGAZINE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Vol. XV.
+
+BOSTON, JANUARY, 1886.
+
+No. 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"THE future of the Irish race in this country, will depend largely upon
+their capability of assuming an independent attitude in American
+politics."--RIGHT REV. DOCTOR IRELAND, _St. Paul, Minn._
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Coat of Arms]
+
+Encyclical Letter
+
+OF OUR MOST HOLY LORD LEO XIII., BY DIVINE PROVIDENCE POPE,
+
+CONCERNING THE CHRISTIAN CONSTITUTION OF STATES.
+
+TO ALL THE PATRIARCHS, PRIMATES, ARCHBISHOPS AND BISHOPS OF THE CATHOLIC
+WORLD, IN THE GRACE AND COMMUNION OF THE APOSTOLIC SEE,
+
+LEO PP XIII.
+
+
+_Venerable Brethren, Health and Apostolic Benediction._
+
+The work of a merciful God, the Church looks essentially, and from the
+very nature of her being, to the salvation of souls and the winning for
+them of happiness in heaven, nevertheless, she also secures even in this
+world, advantages so many and so great that she could not do more, even
+if she had been founded primarily and specially to secure prosperity in
+this life which is worked out upon earth. In truth, wherever the Church
+has set her foot she has at once changed the aspect of affairs, colored
+the manners of the people as with new virtues and a refinement unknown
+before--as many people as have accepted this have been distinguished for
+their gentleness, their justice, and the glory of their deeds. But the
+accusation is an old one, and not of recent date, that the Church is
+incompatible with the welfare of the commonwealth, and incapable of
+contributing to those things, whether useful or ornamental, which,
+naturally and of its own will, every rightly-constituted State eagerly
+strives for. We know that on this ground, in the very beginnings of the
+Church, the Christians, from the same perversity of view, were
+persecuted and constantly held up to hatred and contempt, so that they
+were styled the enemies of the Empire. And at that time it was generally
+popular to attribute to Christianity the responsibility for the evils
+beneath which the State was beaten down, when in reality, God, the
+avenger of crimes, was requiring a just punishment from the guilty. The
+wickedness of this calumny, not without cause, fired the genius and
+sharpened the pen of Augustine, who, especially in his _Civitate Dei_,
+set forth so clearly the efficacy of Christian wisdom, and the way in
+which it is bound up with well-being of States, that he seems not only
+to have pleaded the cause of the Christians of his own time, but to have
+triumphantly refuted these false charges for all time. But this unhappy
+inclination to complaints and false accusations was not laid to rest,
+and many have thought well to seek a system of civil life elsewhere than
+in the doctrines which the Church approves. And now in these latter
+times a new law, as they call it, has begun to prevail, which they
+describe as the outcome of a world now fully developed, and born of a
+growing liberty. But although many hazardous schemes have been
+propounded by many, it is clear that never has any better method been
+found for establishing and ruling the State than that which is the
+natural result of the teaching of the Gospel. We deem it, therefore, of
+the greatest moment, and especially suitable to our Apostolic function,
+to compare with Christian doctrine the new opinions concerning the
+State, by which method we trust that, truth being thus presented, the
+causes of error and doubt will be removed, so that each may easily see
+by those supreme commandments for living, what things he ought to
+follow, and whom he ought to obey.
+
+It is not a very difficult matter to set forth what form and appearance
+the State should have if Christian philosophy governed the commonwealth.
+By nature it is implanted in man that he should live in civil society,
+for since he cannot attain in solitude the necessary means of civilized
+life, it is a Divine provision that he comes into existence adapted for
+taking part in the union and assembling of men, both in the Family and
+in the State, which alone can supply adequate facilities for _the
+perfecting of life_. But since no society can hold together unless some
+person is over all, impelling individuals by efficient and similar
+motives to pursue the common advantage, it is brought about that
+authority whereby it may be ruled is indispensable to a civilized
+community, which authority, as well as society, can have no other source
+than nature, and consequently God Himself. And thence it follows that by
+its very nature there can be no public power except from God alone. For
+God alone is the most true and supreme Lord of the world, Whom
+necessarily all things, whatever they be, must be subservient to and
+obey, so that whoever possess the right of governing, can receive that
+from no other source than from that supreme chief of all, God. "_There
+is no power except from God._" (Rom. xiii. 1.) But the right of ruling
+is not necessarily conjoined with any special form of commonwealth, but
+may rightly assume this or that form, provided that it promotes utility
+and the common good. But whatever be the kind of commonwealth, rulers
+ought to keep in view God, the Supreme Governor of the world, and to set
+Him before themselves as an example and a law in the administration of
+the State. For as God, in things which are and which are seen, has
+produced secondary causes, wherein the Divine nature and course of
+action can be perceived, and which conduce to that end to which the
+universal course of the world is directed, so in civil society He has
+willed that there should be a government which should be carried on by
+men who should reflect towards mankind an image as it were of Divine
+power and Divine providence. The rule of the government, therefore,
+should be just and not that of a master but rather that of a father,
+because the power of God over men is most just and allied with a
+father's goodness. Moreover, it is to be carried on with a view to the
+advantage of the citizens, because they who are over others are over
+them for this cause alone, that they may see to the interests of the
+State. And in no way is it to be allowed that the civil authority should
+be subservient merely to the advantage of one or of a few, since it was
+established for the common good of all. But if they who are over the
+State should lapse into unjust rule; if they should err through
+arrogance or pride; if their measures should be injurious to the people,
+let them know that hereafter an account must be rendered to God, and
+that so much the stricter in proportion as they are intrusted with more
+sacred functions, or have obtained a higher grade of dignity, "_The
+mighty shall be mightily tormented._" (Wisd. vi. 7.)
+
+Thus truly the majesty of rule will be attended with an honorable and
+willing regard on the part of the citizens; for when once they have been
+brought to conclude that they who rule are strong only with the
+authority given by God, they will feel that those duties are due and
+just, that they should be obedient to their rulers, and pay to them
+respect and fidelity, with somewhat of the same affection as that of
+children to their parents. "_Let every soul be subject to higher
+powers._" (Rom. xiii. 1.)
+
+Indeed, to contemn lawful authority, in whatever person it is vested, is
+as unlawful as it is to resist the Divine will; and whoever resists
+that, rushes voluntarily to his destruction. "_He who resists the power,
+resists the ordinance of God; and they who resist, purchase to
+themselves damnation._" (Rom. xiii. 2.) Wherefore to cast away
+obedience, and by popular violence to incite the country to sedition, is
+treason, not only against man, but against God.
+
+It is clear that a State constituted on this basis is altogether bound
+to satisfy, by the public profession of religion, the very many and
+great duties which bring it into relation with God. Nature and reason
+which commands every man individually to serve God holily and
+religiously, because we belong to Him and coming from Him must return to
+Him, binds by the same law the civil community. For men living together
+in society are no less under the power of God than are individuals; and
+society owes as much gratitude as individuals do to God, Who is its
+author, its preserver, and the beneficent source of the innumerable
+blessings which it has received. And therefore as it is not lawful for
+anybody to neglect his duties towards God, and as it is the first duty
+to embrace in mind and in conduct religion--not such as each may choose,
+but such as God commands--in the same manner States cannot, without a
+crime, act as though God did not exist, or cast off the care of religion
+as alien to them or useless or out of several kinds of religion adopt
+indifferently which they please; but they are absolutely bound, in the
+worship of the Deity to adopt that use and manner in which God Himself
+has shown that He wills to be adored. Therefore among rulers the name of
+God must be holy, and it must be reckoned among the first of their
+duties to favor religion, protect it, and cover it with the authority of
+the laws, and not to institute or decree anything which is incompatible
+with its security. They owe this also to the citizens over whom they
+rule. For all of us men are born and brought up for a certain supreme
+and final good in heaven, beyond this frail and short life, and to this
+end all efforts are to be referred. And because upon it depends the full
+and perfect happiness of men, therefore, to attain this end which has
+been mentioned, is of as much interest as is conceivable to every
+individual man. It is necessary then that a civil society, born for the
+common advantage, in the guardianship of the prosperity of the
+commonwealth, should so advance the interests of the citizens that in
+holding up and acquiring that highest and inconvertible good which they
+spontaneously seek, it should not only never import anything
+disadvantageous, but should give all the opportunities in its power. The
+chief of these is that attention should be paid to a holy and inviolate
+preservation of religion, by the duties of which man is united to God.
+
+Now which the true religion is may be easily discovered by any one who
+will view the matter with a careful and unbiassed judgment; for there
+are proofs of great number and splendor, as for example, the truth of
+prophecy, the abundance of miracles, the extremely rapid spread of the
+faith, even in the midst of its enemies and in spite of the greatest
+hindrances, the testimony of the martyrs, and the like, from which it is
+evident that that is the only true religion which Jesus Christ
+instituted Himself and then entrusted to His Church to defend and to
+spread.
+
+For the only begotten Son of God set up a society on earth which is
+called the Church, and to it He transferred that most glorious and
+divine office, which He had received from His Father, to be perpetuated
+forever. "_As the Father hath sent Me, even so I send you._" (John xx.
+21.) "_Behold I am with you all days even to the consummation of the
+world._" (Matt. xxviii. 20.) Therefore as Jesus Christ came into the
+world, "_that men might have life and have it more abundantly_" (John x.
+10), so also the Church has for its aim and end the eternal salvation of
+souls; and for this cause it is so constituted as to embrace the whole
+human race without any limit or circumscription either of time or place.
+"_Preach ye the Gospel to every creature._" (Mark xvi. 15.) Over this
+immense multitude of men God Himself has set rulers with power to
+govern them; and He has willed that one should be head of them all, and
+the chief and unerring teacher of truth, and to him He has given the
+keys of the kingdom of heaven. "_To thee will I give the keys of the
+kingdom of heaven._" (Matt. xvi. 19.) "_Feed My lambs, feed My sheep._"
+(John xxi. 16, 17.) "_I have prayed for thee that thy faith may not
+fail._" (Luke xxii. 32.) This society, though it be composed of men just
+as civil society is, yet because of the end that it has in view, and the
+means by which it tends to it, is supernatural and spiritual; and,
+therefore, is distinguished from civil society and differs from it;
+and--a fact of the highest moment--is a society perfect in its kind and
+in its rights, possessing in and by itself, by the will and beneficence
+of its Founder, all the appliances that are necessary for its
+preservation and action. Just as the end, at which the Church aims, is
+by far the noblest of ends, so its power is the most exalted of all
+powers, and cannot be held to be either inferior to the civil power or
+in any way subject to it. In truth Jesus Christ gave His Apostles
+unfettered commissions over all sacred things, with the power of
+establishing laws properly so-called, and the double right of judging
+and punishing which follows from it: "_All power has been given to Me in
+heaven and on earth; going, therefore, teach all nations;... teaching
+them to keep whatsoever I have commanded you._" (Matt. xxviii. 18, 19,
+20.) And in another place He says: "_If he will not hear, tell it to the
+Church_" (Matt. xviii. 17); and again: "_Ready to punish all
+disobedience_" (2 Cor. x. 6); and once more: "_I shall act with more
+severity, according to the powers which our Lord has given me unto
+edification and not unto destruction._" (2 Cor. xiii. 10.)
+
+So then it is not the State but the Church that ought to be men's guide
+to heaven; and it is to her that God has assigned the office of watching
+and legislating for all that concerns religion, of teaching all nations;
+of extending, as far as may be, the borders of Christianity; and, in a
+word, of administering its affairs without let or hindrance, according
+to her own judgment. Now this authority, which pertains absolutely to
+the Church herself, and is part of her manifest rights, and which has
+long been opposed by a philosophy subservient to princes, she has never
+ceased to claim for herself and to exercise publicly: the Apostles
+themselves being the first of all to maintain it, when, being forbidden
+by the readers of the Synagogue to preach the Gospel, they boldly
+answered, "_We must obey God rather than men._" (Acts v. 29.) This same
+authority the holy Fathers of the Church have been careful to maintain
+by weighty reasonings as occasions have arisen; and the Roman Pontiffs
+have never ceased to defend it with inflexible constancy. Nay, more,
+princes and civil governors themselves have approved it in theory and in
+fact; for in the making of compacts, in the transaction of business, in
+sending and receiving embassies, and in the interchange of other
+offices, it has been their custom to act with the Church as with a
+supreme and legitimate power. And we may be sure that it is not without
+the singular providence of God that this power of the Church was
+defended by the Civil Power as the best defence of its own liberty.
+
+God, then, has divided the charge of the human race between two powers,
+_viz._, the ecclesiastical and the civil, the one being set over divine,
+and the other over human things. Each is the greatest in its own kind:
+each has certain limits within which it is restricted, and those limits
+defined by the nature and proximate cause of each; so that there is, as
+we may say, a world marked off as a field for the proper action of each.
+But forasmuch as each has dominion over the same subjects, since it
+might come to pass that one and the same thing, though in different
+ways, still one and the same, might pertain to the right and the
+tribunal of both, therefore God, Who foreseeth all things, and Who has
+established both powers, must needs have arranged the course of each in
+right relation to one another, and in due order. "_For the powers that
+are ordained by God._" (Rom. xiii. 1.) And if this were not so, causes
+of rivalries and dangerous disputes would be constantly arising; and man
+would often have to stop in anxiety and doubt, like a traveller with two
+roads before him, not knowing what he ought to do, with two powers
+commanding contrary things, whose authority however, he cannot refuse
+without neglect of duty. But it would be most repugnant, so to think, of
+the wisdom and goodness of God, Who, even in physical things, though
+they are of a far lower order, has yet so attempered and combined
+together the forces and causes of nature in an orderly manner and with a
+sort of wonderful harmony, that none of them is a hindrance to the rest,
+and all of them most fitly and aptly combine for the great end of the
+universe. So, then, there must needs be a certain orderly connection
+between these two powers, which may not unfairly be compared to the
+union with which soul and body are united in man. What the nature of
+that union is, and what its extent, cannot otherwise be determined than,
+as we have said, by having regard to the nature of each power, and by
+taking account of the relative excellence and nobility of their ends;
+for one of them has for its proximate and chief aim the care of the
+goods of this world, the other the attainment of the goods of heaven
+that are eternal. Whatsoever, therefore, in human affairs is in any
+manner sacred; whatsoever pertains to the salvation of souls or the
+worship of God, whether it be so in its own nature, or on the other
+hand, is held to be so for the sake of the end to which it is referred,
+all this is in the power and subject to the free disposition of the
+Church: but all other things which are embraced in the civil and
+political order, are rightly subject to the civil authority, since Jesus
+Christ has commanded that what is Cĉsar's is to be paid to Cĉsar, and
+what is God's to God. Sometimes, however, circumstances arise when
+another method of concord is available for peace and liberty; we mean
+when princes and the Roman Pontiff come to an understanding concerning
+any particular matter. In such circumstances the Church gives singular
+proof of her maternal good-will, and is accustomed to exhibit the
+highest possible degree of generosity and indulgence.
+
+Such, then, as we have indicated in brief, is the Christian order of
+civil society; no rash or merely fanciful fiction, but deduced from
+principles of the highest truth and moment, which are confirmed by the
+natural reason itself.
+
+Now such a constitution of the State contains nothing that can be
+thought either unworthy of the majesty of princes or unbecoming; and so
+far is it from lessening its imperial rights, that it rather adds
+stability and grandeur to them. For, if it be more deeply considered,
+such a constitution has a great perfection which all others lack, and
+from it various excellent fruits would accrue, if each party would only
+keep its own place, and discharge with integrity that office and work to
+which it was appointed. For in truth in this constitution of the State,
+which we have above described, divine and human affairs are properly
+divided; the rights of citizens are completely defended by divine,
+natural, and human law; and the limitations of the several offices are
+at once wisely laid down, and the keeping of them most opportunely
+secured. All men know that in their doubtful and laborious journey to
+the ever-lasting city they have at hand guides to teach them how to set
+forth, helpers to show them how to reach their journey's end, whom they
+may safely follow; and at the same time they know that they have others
+whose business it is to take care of their security and their fortunes,
+to obtain for them, or to secure to them, all those other goods which
+are essential to the life of a community. Domestic society obtains that
+firmness and solidity which it requires in the sanctity of marriage, one
+and indissoluble; the rights and duties of husband and wife are ordered
+with wise justice and equity; the due honor is secured to the woman; the
+authority of the man is conformed to the example of the authority of
+God; the authority of the father is tempered as becomes the dignity of
+the wife and offspring, and the best possible provision is made for the
+guardianship, the true good, and the education of the children.
+
+In the domain of political and civil affairs the laws aim at the common
+good, and are not guided by the deceptive wishes and judgments of the
+multitude, but by truth and justice. The authority of the rulers puts on
+a certain garb of sanctity greater than what pertains to man, and it is
+restrained from declining from justice, and passing over just limits in
+the exercise of power. The obedience of citizens has honor and dignity
+as companions, because it is not the servitude of men to men, but
+obedience to the will of God exercising His sovereignty by means of men.
+And this being recognised and admitted, it is understood that it is a
+matter of justice that the dignity of rulers should be respected, that
+the public authority should be constantly and faithfully obeyed, that no
+act of sedition should be committed, and that the civil order of the
+State should be kept intact. In the same way mutual charity and kindness
+and liberality are seen to be virtues. The man who is at once a citizen
+and a Christian is no longer the victim of contending parties and
+incompatible obligations; and, finally, those very abundant good things
+with which the Christian religion of its own accord fills up even the
+mortal life of men, are acquired for the community and civil society, so
+that it appears to be said with the fullest truth: "The state of the
+commonwealth depends on the religion with which God is worshipped, and
+between the one and the other there is a close relation and connection."
+(_Sacr. Imp. ad Cyrillum Alexandr, et Episcopus metrop. ef Labbeum
+Collect Conc._, T. iii.) Admirably, as he is accustomed, did Augustine
+in many places dilate on the power of those good things, but especially
+when he addresses the Catholic Church in these words: "Thou treatest
+boys as boys, youths with strength, old men calmly, according as is not
+only the age of the body, but also of the mind of each. Women thou
+subjectest to their husbands in chaste and faithful obedience, not for
+the satisfaction of lust, but for the propagation of offspring, and
+participation in the affairs of the family. Thou settest husbands over
+their spouses, not that they may trifle with the weaker sex, but in
+accordance with the laws of true affection. Thou subjectest sons to
+their parents in a kind of free servitude, and settest parents over
+their sons in a benignant rule.... Thou joinest together, not merely in
+society, but in a kind of fraternity, citizens with citizens, peoples
+with peoples, and in fact the whole race of men by a remembrance of
+their parentage. Thou teachest kings to look for the interests of their
+peoples. Thou admonishest peoples to submit themselves to their kings.
+With all care thou teachest to whom honor is due, to whom affection, to
+whom reverence, to whom fear, to whom consolation, to whom admonition,
+to whom exhortation, to whom discipline, to whom reproach, to whom
+punishment, showing how all of these are not suitable to all, but yet to
+all affection is due, and wrong to none." (_De Moribus Eccl. Cath._,
+cap. xxx., n. 63.) And in another place, speaking in blame of certain
+political pseudo-philosophers, he observes: "They who say that the
+doctrine of Christ is hurtful to the State, should produce an army of
+soldiers such as the doctrine of Christ has commanded them to be, such
+governors of provinces, such husbands, such wives, such parents, such
+sons, such masters, such slaves, such kings, such judges, and such
+payers and collectors of taxes due, such as the Christian doctrine would
+have them. And then let them dare to say that such a state of things is
+hurtful to the State. Nay, rather they could not hesitate to confess
+that it is a great salvation to the State if there is due obedience to
+this doctrine." (_Epist._ cxxxviii., al. 5, _ad Marcellinum_, cap. ii.,
+15.)
+
+There was once a time when the philosophy of the Gospel governed States;
+then it was that that power and divine virtue of Christian wisdom had
+penetrated into the laws, institutions and manners of peoples--indeed
+into all the ranks and relations of the State; when the religion
+instituted by Jesus Christ, firmly established in that degree of dignity
+which was befitting, flourished everywhere, in the favor of rulers and
+under the due protection of magistrates; when the priesthood and the
+government were united by concord and a friendly interchange of offices.
+And the State composed in that fashion produced, in the opinion of all,
+more excellent fruits, the memory of which still flourishes, and will
+flourish, attested by innumerable monuments which can neither be
+destroyed nor obscured by any art of the adversary. If Christian Europe
+subdued barbarous peoples, and transferred them from a savage to a
+civilized state, from superstition to the truth; if she victoriously
+repelled the invasions of the Mohammedans; if civilization retained the
+chief power, and accustomed herself to afford others a leader and
+mistress in everything that adorns humanity; if she has granted to the
+peoples true and manifold liberty; if she has most wisely established
+many institutions for the solace of wretchedness, beyond controversy is
+it very greatly due to religion under whose auspices such great
+undertakings were commenced, and with whose aid they were perfected.
+Truly the same excellent state of things would have continued, if the
+agreement of the two powers had continued, and greater things might
+rightfully have been expected, if there had been obedience to the
+authority, the sway, the counsels of the Church, characterized by
+greater faithfulness and perseverance, for that is to be regarded as a
+perpetual law which Ivo of Chartres wrote to Pope Paschal II.: "When the
+kingdom and the priesthood are agreed between themselves, the world is
+well ruled, the Church flourishes and bears fruit. But when they are at
+variance, not only does what is little not increase, but even what is
+great falls into miserable decay." (_Ep._ ccxxxviiii.)
+
+But that dreadful and deplorable zeal for revolution which was aroused
+in the sixteenth century, after the Christian religion had been thrown
+into confusion, by a certain natural course proceeded to philosophy, and
+from philosophy pervaded all ranks of the community. As it were, from
+this spring came those more recent propositions of unbridled liberty
+which obviously were first thought out and then openly proclaimed in the
+terrible disturbances in the present century; and thence came the
+principles and foundations of the new law, which was unknown before, and
+is out of harmony, not only with Christian, but, in more than one
+respect, with natural law. Of those principles the chief is that one
+which proclaims that all men, as by birth and nature they are alike, so
+in very deed in their actions of life are they equal and each is so
+master of himself that in no way does he come under the authority of
+another; that it is for him freely to think on whatever subject he
+likes, to act as he pleases; that no one else has a right of ruling over
+others. In a society founded upon these principles, government is only
+the will of the people, which as it is under the power of itself alone,
+so is alone its own proper sovereign. Moreover, it chooses to whom it
+may entrust itself, but in such a way that it transfers, not so much the
+right, as the function of the government which is to be exercised in its
+name. God is passed over in silence, as if either there were no God, or
+as if He cared nothing for human society, or as if men, whether as
+individuals or in society, owed nothing to God, or as if there could be
+any government of which the whole cause and power and authority did not
+reside in God Himself. In which way, as is seen, a State is nothing else
+but a multitude, as the mistress and governor of itself. And since the
+people is said to contain in itself the fountain of all rights and of
+all power, it will follow that the State deems itself bound by no kind
+of duty towards God; that no religion should be publicly professed; nor
+ought there to be any inquiry which of many is alone true; nor ought one
+to be preferred to the rest; nor ought one to be specially favored, but
+to each alike equal rights ought to be assigned, with the sole end that
+the social order incurs no injury from them. It is a part of this theory
+that all questions concerning religion are to be referred to private
+judgment; that to every one it is allowed to follow which he prefers, or
+none at all, if he approves of none. Hence these consequences naturally
+arise; the judgment of each conscience is without regard to law;
+opinions as free as possible are expressed concerning worshipping or not
+worshipping God; and there is unbounded license of thinking and
+publishing.
+
+These foundations of the State being admitted, which at the time are in
+such general favor, it easily appears into how unfavorable a position
+the Church is driven. For when the conduct of affairs is in accordance
+with the doctrines of this kind, to the Catholic name is assigned an
+equal position with, or even an inferior position to that of alien
+societies in the State; no regard is paid to ecclesiastical laws; and
+the Church, which, by the command and mandate of Jesus Christ, ought to
+teach all nations, finds itself forbidden in any way to interfere in the
+instruction of the people. Concerning those things which are of mixed
+jurisdiction, the rulers of the civil power lay down the law at their
+own pleasure, and in this manner haughtily set aside the most sacred
+laws of the Church. Wherefore they bring under their own jurisdiction
+the marriages of Christians, deciding even concerning the marriage bond,
+concerning the unity, and the stability of marriage. They take
+possession of the goods of the clergy because they deny that the Church
+can hold property. Finally, they so act with regard to the Church that
+both the nature and the rights of a perfect society being removed, they
+clearly hold it to be like the other associations which the State
+contains, and on that account, if she possesses any legitimate means of
+acting, she is said to possess that by the concession and gift of the
+rulers of the State. But if in any State the Church retains her own
+right, with the approval of the civil laws, and any agreement is
+publicly made between the two powers, in the beginning they cry out that
+the interests of the Church must be severed from those of the State, and
+they do this with the intent that it may be possible to act against
+their pledged faith with impunity, and to have the final decision over
+everything, all obstacles having been removed. But when the Church
+cannot bear that patiently, nor indeed is able to desert its greatest
+and most sacred duties, and, above all, requires that faith be wholly
+and entirely observed with it, contests often arise between the sacred
+and the civil power, of which the result is commonly that the one who is
+the weaker yields to the stronger in human resources. So it is the
+custom and the wish in this state of public affairs, which is now
+affected by many, either to expel the Church altogether, or to keep it
+bound and restricted as to its rule. Public acts in a great measure are
+framed with this design. Laws, the administration of States, the
+teaching of youth unaccompanied by religion, the spoliation and
+destruction of religious orders, the overturning of the civil
+principality of the Roman Pontiffs, all have regard to this end; to
+emasculate Christian institutes, to narrow the liberty of the Catholic
+Church, and to diminish her other rights.
+
+Natural reason itself convinces us that such opinions about the ruling
+of a State are very widely removed from the truth. Nature herself bears
+witness that all power of whatever kind ultimately emanates from God,
+that greatest and most august fountain. Popular rule, however, which
+without any regard to God is said to be naturally in the multitude,
+though it may excellently avail to supply the fires of many
+blandishments and excitements of many forms of covetousness, yet rests
+on no probable reason, nor can have sufficient strength to ensure public
+security and the quiet permanence of order. Verily things under the
+auspices of these doctrines have come to such a pass that many sanction
+this as a law in civil jurisprudence, to wit, that sedition may rightly
+be raised. For the idea prevails that princes are really nothing but
+delegates to express the popular will; and so necessarily all things
+become alike, are changeable at the popular nod, and a certain fear of
+public disturbance is forever hanging over our heads.
+
+But to think with regard to religion, that there is no difference
+between unlike and contrary forms, clearly will have this issue--an
+unwillingness to test any one form in theory and practice. And this, if
+indeed it differs from atheism in name, is in fact the same thing. Men
+who really believe in the existence of God, if they are to be consistent
+and not ridiculous, will, of necessity, understand that the different
+methods of divine worship involving dissimilarity and conflict, even on
+the most important points, cannot be all equally probable, equally good,
+and equally accepted by God. And thus that faculty of thinking whatever
+you like and expressing whatever you like to think in writing, without
+any thought of moderation, is not of its own nature, indeed, a good in
+which human society may rightly rejoice, but, on the contrary, a fount
+and origin of many ills.
+
+Liberty, in so far as it is a virtue perfecting man, should be occupied
+with that which is true and that which is good; but the foundation of
+that which is true and that which is good cannot be changed at the
+pleasure of man, but remains ever the same, nor indeed is it less
+unchangeable than nature herself. If the mind assent to false opinions,
+if the will choose for itself evil, and apply itself thereto, neither
+attains its perfection, but both fall from their natural dignity, and
+both lapse by degrees into corruption. Whatever things, therefore, are
+contrary to virtue and truth, these things it is not right to place in
+the light before the eyes of men, far less to defend by the favor and
+tutelage of the laws. A well-spent life is the only path to that heaven
+whither we all direct our steps; and on this account the State departs
+from the law and custom of nature if it allows the license of opinions
+and of deeds to run riot to such a degree as to lead minds astray with
+impunity from the truth, and hearts from the practice of virtue.
+
+But to exclude the Church which God Himself has constituted from the
+business of life, from the laws, from the teaching of youth, from
+domestic society, is a great and pernicious error. A well-regulated
+State cannot be when religion is taken away; more than needs be,
+perhaps, is now known of what sort of a thing is in itself, and whither
+tends that philosophy of life and morals which men call _civil_. The
+Church of Christ is the true teacher of virtue and guardian of morals;
+it is that which keeps principles in safety, from which duties are
+derived, and by proposing most efficacious reasons for an honest life,
+it bids us not only fly from wicked deeds, but rule the motions of the
+mind which are contrary to reason when it is not intended to reduce them
+to action. But to wish the Church in the discharge of its offices to be
+subject to the civil power is a great rashness, a great injustice. If
+this were done order would be disturbed, since things natural would thus
+be put before those which are above nature; the multitude of the good
+whose common life, if there be nothing to hinder it, the Church would
+make complete, either disappears or at all events is considerably
+diminished, and besides, a way is opened to enmities and conflicts--how
+great the evil which they bring upon each order of government the event
+has too frequently shown.
+
+Such doctrines are not approved by human reason, and are of the greatest
+gravity as regards civil discipline, the Roman Pontiffs our
+predecessors--well understanding what the apostolic office required of
+them--by no means suffered to go forth without condemnation. Thus
+Gregory XVI., by Encyclical Letter, beginning _Mirare vos_, of August
+15, 1832, inveighed with weighty words against those doctrines which
+were already being preached, namely, that in divine worship no choice
+should be made; and that it was right for individuals to judge of
+religion according to their personal preferences, that each man's
+conscience was to himself his sole sufficient guide, and that it was
+lawful to promulgate whatsoever each man might think, and so make a
+revolution in the State. Concerning the reasons for the separation of
+Church and State, the same Pontiff speaks thus: "Nor can we hope happier
+results either for religion or the government, from the wishes of those
+who are eagerly desirous that the Church should be separated from the
+State, and the mutual good understanding of the sovereign secular power
+and the sacerdotal authority be broken up. It is evident that these
+lovers of most shameless liberty dread that concord which has always
+been fortunate and wholesome, both for sacred and civil interests." To
+the like effect Pius IX., as opportunity offered, noted many false
+opinions which had begun to be of great strength, and afterward ordered
+them to be collected together in order that in so great a conflux of
+errors Catholics might have something which, without stumbling, they
+might follow.
+
+From these decisions of the Popes it is clearly to be understood that
+the origin of public power is to be sought from God Himself and not from
+the multitude; that the free play for sedition is repugnant to reason;
+that it is a crime for private individuals and a crime for States to
+observe nowhere the duties of religion or to treat in the same way
+different kinds of religion; that the uncontrolled right of thinking and
+publicly proclaiming one's thoughts is not inherent in the rights of
+citizens, nor in any sense to be placed among those things which are
+worthy of favor or patronage. Similarly it ought to be understood that
+the Church is a society, no less than the State itself, perfect in kind
+and right, and that those who exercise sovereignty ought not to act so
+as to compel the Church to become subservient or inferior to themselves,
+or suffer her to be less free to transact her own affairs or detract
+aught from the other rights which have been conferred upon her by Jesus
+Christ. But in matters however in complex jurisdiction, it is in the
+highest degree in accordance with nature and also with the counsels of
+God--not that one power should secede from the other, still less come
+into conflict, but that that harmony and concord should be preserved
+which is most akin to the foundations of both societies.
+
+These, then, are the things taught by the Catholic Church concerning the
+constitution and government of the State. Concerning these sayings and
+decrees, if a man will only judge dispassionately, no form of Government
+is, _per se_, condemned as long as it has nothing repugnant to Catholic
+doctrine, and is able, if wisely and justly managed, to preserve the
+State in the best condition. Nor is it, _per se_, to be condemned
+whether the people have a greater or less share in the government; for
+at certain times and with the guarantee of certain laws, such
+participation may appertain, not only to the usefulness, but even to the
+duty of the citizens. Moreover, there is no just cause that any one
+should condemn the Church as being too restricted in gentleness, or
+inimical to that liberty which is natural and legitimate. In truth the
+Church judges it not lawful that the various kinds of Divine worship
+should have the same right as the true religion, still it does not
+therefore condemn those governors of States, who, for the sake of
+acquiring some great good, or preventing some great ill, patiently bear
+with manners and customs so that each kind of religion has its place in
+the State. Indeed the Church is wont diligently to take heed that no one
+be compelled against his will to embrace the Catholic Faith, for as
+Augustine wisely observes: "_Credere non potest homo nisi volens._"
+(_Tract._ xxvi., _in Joan._, n. 2.)
+
+For a similar reason the Church cannot approve of that liberty which
+generates a contempt of the most sacred laws of God, and puts away the
+obedience due to legitimate power. For this is license rather than
+liberty, and is most correctly called by Augustine, "_libertas
+perditionis_" (_Ep._ cv., _ad Donatistas._ ii., n. 9); by the Apostle
+Peter, "_a cloak for malice_" (1 Peter ii. 16), indeed, since it is
+contrary to reason, it is a true servitude, for "_Whosoever committeth
+sin is the servant of sin._" (John viii. 34.) On the other hand, that
+liberty is natural and to be sought, which, if it be considered in
+relation to the individual, suffers not men to be the slaves of errors
+and evil desires, the worst of masters; if, in relation to the State, it
+presides wisely over the citizens, serves the faculty of augmenting
+public advantages, and defends the public interest from alien rule, this
+blameless liberty worthy of man the Church approves, above all, and has
+never ceased striving and contending to keep firm and whole among the
+people. In very truth, whatever things in the State chiefly avail for
+the common safety; whatever have been usefully instituted against the
+license of princes, consulting all the interests of the people; whatever
+forbid the governing authority to invade into municipal or domestic
+affairs; whatever avail to preserve the dignity and the character of man
+in preserving the equality of rights in individual citizens, of all
+these things the monuments of former ages witness the Catholic Church to
+have always been either the author, the promoter, or the guardian.
+
+Ever, therefore, consistent with herself, if on the one hand she rejects
+immoderate liberty, which both in the case of individuals and peoples
+results in license or in servitude; on the other she willingly and with
+pleasure embraces those happier circumstances which the age brings; if
+they truly contain the prosperity of this life, which is as it were a
+stage in the journey to that other which is to endure everlastingly.
+Therefore what they say that the Church is jealous of, the more modern
+political systems repudiate in a mass, and whatever the disposition of
+these times has brought forth, is an inane and contemptible calumny. The
+madness of opinion it indeed repudiates; it reproves the wicked plans of
+sedition, and especially that habit of mind in which the beginnings of a
+voluntary departing from God are visible; but since every true thing
+must necessarily proceed from God, whatever of truth is by search
+attained, the Church acknowledges as a certain token of the Divine mind.
+And since there is in the world nothing which can take away belief in
+the doctrines divinely handed down and many things which confirm this,
+and since every finding of truth may impel man to the knowledge or
+praise of God Himself, therefore whatever may happen to extend the range
+of knowledge, the Church will always willingly and joyfully accept; and
+she will, as is her wont in the case of other departments of knowledge,
+studiously encourage and promote those also which are concerned with the
+investigation of nature. In which studies, if the mind finds anything
+new, the Church is not in opposition; she fights not against the search
+after more things for the grace and convenience of life--nay, a very foe
+to inertness and sloth, she earnestly wishes that the talents of men
+should, by being cultivated and exercised, bear still richer fruits; she
+affords incitements to every sort of art and craft, and by her own
+virtue directing by her own perfection all the pursuits of those things
+to virtue and salvation, she strives to prevent man from turning aside
+his intelligence and industry from God and heavenly things.
+
+But these things, although full of reasonableness and foresight, are not
+so well approved of at this time, when States not only refuse to refer
+to the laws of Christian knowledge, but are seen even to wish to depart
+each day farther from them. Nevertheless, because truth brought to light
+is wont of its own accord to spread widely, and by degrees to pervade
+the minds of men, we, therefore, moved by the consciousness of the
+greatest, the most holy, that is the Apostolic obligation, which we owe
+to all the nations, those things which are true, freely, as we ought, we
+do speak, not that we have no perception of the spirit of the times, or
+that we think the honest and useful improvements of our age are to be
+repudiated, but because we would wish the highways of public affairs to
+be safer from attacks, and their foundations more stable, and that
+without detriment to the true freedom of the peoples; for amongst men
+the mother and best guardian of liberty is truth: "_The truth shall make
+you free._" (John viii. 32).
+
+Therefore at so critical a juncture of events, Catholic men, if, as it
+behooves them, they will listen to us, will easily see what are their
+own and each other's duties in matters of _opinion_ as well as of
+_action_. And in the formation of opinion, whatsoever things the Roman
+Pontiffs have handed down, or shall hereafter hand down, each and every
+one is it necessary to hold in firm judgment well understood, and as
+often as occasion demands openly to declare. Now, especially concerning
+those things which are called recently-acquired _liberties_, is it
+proper to stand by the judgment of the Apostolic See, and for each one
+to hold what she herself holds.
+
+Take care lest some one be deceived by the honest outward appearance of
+these things; and think of the beginnings from which they are sprung;
+and by what desires they are sustained and fed in divers places. It is
+now sufficiently known by experience of what things they are the causes
+in the State; how indiscriminately they bring forth fruit, of which good
+men and wise rightly do repent. If there should be in any place a State,
+either actual or hypothetical, that wantonly and tyrannically wages war
+upon the Christian name, and it have conferred upon it that character of
+which we have spoken, it is possible that this may be considered more
+tolerable; yet the principles upon which it rests are absolutely such
+that, of themselves they ought to be approved by no man.
+
+Now action may be taken in private and domestic affairs, or in affairs
+public. In private life, indeed, the first duty is to conform one's life
+and manners to the precepts of the Gospel, and not to refuse, if
+Christian virtue demands, something more difficult to bear than usual.
+Individuals, also, are bound to love the Church as their common mother;
+to keep her laws obediently; to give her the service of due honor, and
+to wish her rights respected, and to endeavor that she be fostered and
+beloved with like piety by those over whom they may exercise authority.
+It is also of great importance to the public welfare diligently and
+wisely to give attention to the duties of citizenship; in this regard,
+most particularly, with that concern which is righteous amongst
+Christians, to take pains and pass effective measures so that public
+provision be made for the instruction of youth in religion and true
+morality, for upon these things depends very much the welfare of every
+State. Besides, in general, it is useful and honorable to stretch the
+attention of Catholic men beyond this narrower field, and to embrace
+every branch of public administration. Generally, we say, because these
+our precepts reach unto all nations. But it may happen in some
+particular place, for the most urgent and just reasons, that it is by no
+means expedient to engage in public affairs, or to take an active part
+in political functions. But generally, as we have said, to wish to take
+no part in public affairs would be in that degree vicious, in which it
+brought to the common weal neither care, nor work; and on this account
+the more so, because Catholic men are bound by the admonitions of the
+doctrine which they profess, to do what has to be done with integrity
+and with faith. If, on the contrary, they were idle, those whose
+opinions do not, in truth, give any great hope of safety, would easily
+get possession of the reins of government. This, also, would be attended
+with danger to the Christian name, because they would become most
+powerful who are badly disposed towards the Church; and those least
+powerful who are well disposed. Wherefore, it is evident there is just
+cause for Catholics to undertake the conduct of public affairs; for they
+do not assume these responsibilities in order to approve of what is not
+lawful in the methods of government at this time; but in order that they
+may turn these very methods, as far as may be, to the unmixed and true
+public good, holding this purpose in their minds, to infuse into all the
+veins of the commonwealth the wisdom and virtue of the Catholic
+religion--the most healthy sap and blood, as it were. It was scarcely
+done otherwise in the first ages of the Church. For the manners and
+desires of the heathen were divergent as widely as possible from the
+manners and desires of the Gospel; for the Christians had to separate
+themselves incorrupt in the midst of superstition, and always true to
+themselves, most cheerfully to enter every walk in life which was open
+to them. Models of fidelity to their princes, obedient, where lawful, to
+the sovereign power, they established a wonderful splendor of holiness
+everywhere; they sought the advantage of their neighbor, and to all
+others to the wisdom of Christ; bravely prepared to retire from public
+life, and even to die if they could not retain honors, nor the
+magistracy, nor the supreme command with unsullied virtue. For which
+reason Christian customs soon found their way, not only into private
+houses, but into the camps, into the senate, even into the imperial
+palace. "We are of yesterday and we fill your everything, cities,
+islands, castles, municipalities, councils, the very camps, the rank and
+file of the army, the officerships, the palace, the senate, the forum,"
+(_Tertullian Apol._, n. 37), so that the Christian faith, when it was
+unlawful publicly to profess the Gospel, was not like a child crying in
+his cradle, but grown up and already sufficiently firm, was manifest in
+a great part of the State.
+
+Now, indeed, in these days it is as well to renew these examples of our
+forefathers. For Catholics indeed, as many as are worthy of the name,
+before all things it is necessary to be, and to be willing to be,
+regarded as most loving sons of the Church; whatsoever is inconsistent
+with this good report, without hesitation to reject; to use popular
+institutions as far as honestly can be to the advantage of truth and
+justice; to labor, that liberty of action shall not transgress the
+bounds ordained by the law of nature and of God; so to work that the
+whole of public life shall be transformed into that, as we have called
+it, a Christian image and likeness. The means to seek these ends can
+scarcely be laid down upon one uniform plan, since they must suit places
+and times very different from each other. Nevertheless, in the first
+place, let concord of wills be preserved, and a likeness of things to be
+done sought for. And each will be attained the best, if all shall
+consider the admonitions of the Apostolic See, a law of conduct, and
+shall obey the Bishops whom "_the Spirit of God has placed to rule the
+Church of God_." (Acts xx. 28). The defence of the Catholic name, indeed
+of necessity demands that in the profession of doctrines which are
+handed down by the Church the opinion of all shall be one, and the most
+perfect constancy, and from this point of view take care that no one
+connives in any degree at false opinions, or resists with greater
+gentleness than truth will allow. Concerning those things which are
+matters of opinion, it will be lawful, with moderation and with a desire
+of investigating the truth, without injurious suspicions and mutual
+incriminations. For which purpose, lest the agreement of minds be broken
+by temerity of accusation, let all understand: that the integrity of the
+Catholic profession can by no means be reconciled with opinions
+approaching towards _naturalism_ or _rationalism_, of which the sum
+total is to uproot Christian institutions altogether, and to establish
+the supremacy of man, Almighty God being pushed to one side. Likewise,
+it is unlawful to follow one line of duty in private and another in
+public, so that the authority of the Church shall be observed in
+private, and spurned in public. For this would be to join together
+things honest and disgraceful, and to make a man fight a battle with
+himself, when, on the contrary, he ought always to be consistent with
+himself, and never, in any the least thing or manner of living, decline
+from Christian virtue. But, if inquiry is made about principles, merely
+political, concerning the best form of government, of civil regulations
+of one kind or another, concerning these things, of course, there is
+room for disagreement without harm. Those whose piety, therefore, is
+known on other accounts, and whose minds are ready to accept the decrees
+of the Apostolic See, justice will not allow accounted evil because they
+differ on these subjects; and much greater is the injury if they are
+charged with the crime of having violated the Catholic faith, or are
+suspected, a thing we deplore done, not once only. And let all hold this
+precept absolutely, who are wont to commit their thoughts to writing,
+especially the editors of newspapers. In this contention about the
+highest things, nothing is to be left to intestine conflicts, or the
+greed of parties, but let all, uniting together, seek the common object
+of all, to preserve religion and the State.
+
+If, therefore, there have been dissensions, it is right to obliterate
+them in a certain voluntary forgetfulness; if there has been anything
+rash, anything injurious, to whomsoever this fault belongs let
+compensation be made by mutual charity, and especially in obedience to
+the Apostolic See. In this way Catholics will obtain two things most
+excellent; one that they will make themselves helps to the Church in
+preserving and propagating Christian knowledge; the other that they will
+benefit civil society; of which the safety is gravely compromised by
+reason of evil doctrines and inordinate desires.
+
+These things, therefore, Venerable Brethren, concerning the Christian
+constitution of States and the duties of individual citizens, we have
+dwelt upon; we shall transmit them to all the nations of the Catholic
+world.
+
+But it behooves us to implore, with most earnest prayers, the heavenly
+protection, and to beg of Almighty God these things which we desire and
+strive after for His glory and the salvation of the human race, whose
+alone it is to illumine the minds and to quicken the wills of men and
+Himself to lead on to the wished for end. As a pledge of the Divine
+favors, and in witness of our paternal benevolence to you, Venerable
+Brethren, to the Clergy, and to all the people committed to your faith
+and vigilance, we lovingly bestow in the Lord the Apostolic Benediction.
+
+Given in Rome, at St. Peter's, on the first day of November, in the year
+of Our Lord MDCCCLXXXV., of Our Pontificate the Eighth.
+
+    LEO PP. XIII.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+VENERABLE BEDE records: "It was customary for the English of all ranks
+to retire for study and devotion to Ireland, where they were hospitably
+received, and supplied gratuitously with food, books and instruction."
+
+
+
+
+His Eminence John Cardinal McCloskey.
+
+ARCHBISHOP OF NEW YORK, CARDINAL PRIEST OF THE TITLE OF SANCTA MARIA
+SUPRA MINERVAM.
+
+
+The waning days of the year 1885 witnessed the peaceful decline, and the
+happy Christian death, of one of the most remarkable men of the Irish
+race in this country. His glorious obsequies in the magnificent
+Cathedral which he completed and dedicated, produced a deep impression
+on all classes, nor was there ever witnessed a greater and more
+unanimous concord than pervaded the tributes of respect from the press
+and pulpit of the land to this prince of the Catholic Church.
+
+In a modest dwelling on Fort Greene, Brooklyn, fronting the road that
+led to Newtown Turnpike, John McCloskey was born on the 10th of March,
+1810, while deep snow covered the fields far and wide, and ice choked
+the rapid current of the East River. His father, George McCloskey, had
+emigrated to this country from the county Derry, some years before, with
+his wife, and by industry, thrift and uprightness was increasing the
+little store of means which he had brought to the New World. The boy was
+not endowed with a rugged frame, and few could promise either mother or
+child length of days. Yet she lived to behold him a bishop.
+
+Brooklyn was then but a suburb of the little city of New York; it did
+not number five thousand inhabitants, and the scanty flock of Catholics
+had neither priest nor shrine. The child of George McCloskey, was taken
+to St. Peter's Church, New York, to be baptized, by the venerable Jesuit
+Father Anthony Kohlmann. As he grew up he crossed the East River on
+Sundays with his parents to attend that same church, then the only one
+in New York; it has just celebrated the centenary of its organization,
+as a congregation, and the life of the great Cardinal, which faded away
+just before that event, covers three quarters of its century.
+
+George McCloskey was one of the few energetic Catholics, who, about
+1820, started the movement which led to the erection of St. James on Jay
+Street, and gave Brooklyn its first Catholic Church and future
+Cathedral. Meanwhile, his son carefully trained at home, was sent to
+school at an early age; gentle and delicate, he had neither strength nor
+inclination for the rough sports of his schoolmates; but was always
+cheerful and popular, studying hard and winning a high grade in his
+classes. Till the church in Brooklyn was built, the boy and his mother
+made their way each Sunday to the riverside to cross by the only
+conveyance of those days, in order to occupy the pew which the
+large-hearted George McCloskey had purchased in St. Peter's, for in
+those days pews were sold and a yearly ground rent paid. When St.
+Patrick's was opened, an appeal was made to the liberal to take pews in
+that church also, and again the generous George McCloskey responded to
+the call, purchasing a pew there also.
+
+This whole-souled Irish-Catholic built great hopes on the talents of his
+son, and intended to send him to Georgetown College, of which Father
+Benedict Fenwick, long connected with St. Peter's, had become president.
+But in the providence of God he was not to see him enter any college;
+while still in the prime of life, he was seized with illness, which
+carried him to the grave in 1820. Mrs. McCloskey was left with means
+which enabled her to carry out the plans of her husband; but as Father
+Fenwick had left Georgetown, she acted on the advice of friends, and
+sent her son to the College of Mount St. Mary's, which had been founded
+near Emmittsburg, by the Rev. John Du Bois, a French priest, who,
+escaping the horrors of the Revolution in his own country, and the
+sanguinary tribunals of his old schoolmate, Robespierre, had crossed the
+Atlantic to be a missionary in America.
+
+Mount St. Mary's College, when young McCloskey entered it after the
+summer of 1821, consisted of two rows of log buildings; "but such as
+have often been in this country, the first home of men and institutions
+destined to greatness and renown." Humble as it was externally, however,
+the college was no longer an experiment; it had proved its efficiency as
+an institution of learning. Young McCloskey entered on his studies with
+his wonted zeal and energy, and learned not only the classics of ancient
+and modern times, but the great lesson of self-control. Blessed with a
+wonderfully retentive memory, a logical mind that proceeded slowly, not
+by impulse, his progress was solid and rapid; his progress in virtue was
+no less so; every natural tendency to harsh and bitter judgment, or
+word, was by the principles of religion and faith checked and brought
+under control. If, in after life, he was regarded universally as mild
+and gentle, the credit must be given to his religious training, which
+enabled him to achieve the conquest.
+
+A fine stone college was rising, and with his fellow-students he looked
+forward with sanguine hope to the rapidly approaching day, when the
+collegians of Mount St. Mary's were to tread halls worthy of their _Alma
+Mater_, their faculty and themselves. Its progress was watched with deep
+interest, when, in the summer of 1824, the students were roused one
+Sunday night by the cry of fire. An incendiary hand had applied the
+torch to the new edifice. No appliances were at hand for checking the
+progress of the flames; professors, seminarians, and collegians labored
+unremittingly to save their humble log structures destined to be for
+some time more the scene of their studious hours.
+
+McCloskey joined in the address of sympathy which the pupils of Mount
+St. Mary's tendered to their venerated president. He beheld the energy
+and faith of that eminent man in the zeal with which he began the work
+anew, and completed the building again before the close of another year.
+Thus the talented young Catholic boy from New York State learned not
+only the lore found in books, but the great lessons of patience,
+self-control, correspondence to the will of God. Before he closed his
+college course, he saw Dr. Du Bois, called away from the institution he
+had founded to assume, by command of the successor of St. Peter, the
+administration of the diocese of New York. The good work continued under
+Rev. Michael De Burgo Egan as President, and John McCloskey was
+graduated, in 1828, with high honors. At that time Mount St. Mary's had
+in the seminary twenty-five or thirty aspirants to the priesthood, and
+in the college nearly one hundred students. The early graduates of the
+Mount are the best proof of the thorough literary course followed there,
+as well as the thorough knowledge and love of the faith inculcated.
+
+Young McCloskey returned to the home of his mother in Westchester
+County, N. Y., and looked forward to his future career in life. As often
+happens, a family bias, or wish, rather than the judgment of the young
+man himself, induces the first step. John McCloskey was to become a
+lawyer. We are told that he began the study of Coke and Blackstone, of
+the principles of law and the practice of the courts, in the office of
+Joseph W. Smith, Esq., of New York. But the active mind was at work
+solving a great problem. A fellow-student at college, his senior in
+years, brilliant, poetic, zealous, had resolved to devote his life and
+talents to the ministry, and had more than once portrayed to young
+McCloskey the heroism of the priestly life of self-devotion and
+sacrifice. The words of Charles C. Pise and his example had produced an
+impression greater than was apparent. McCloskey meditated, prayed and
+sought the guidance of a wise director. Gradually the conviction became
+deep and firm that God called him to the ecclesiastical state. He closed
+the books of human law, renounced the prospects of worldly success, and
+resolved to prepare by study and seclusion, by prayer and self-mastery,
+for the awful dignity of the priesthood.
+
+The next year he returned to Emmittsburg to enter the seminary as a
+candidate for holy orders from the diocese of New York. He was welcomed
+as one whose solid learning, brilliant eloquence, deep and tender piety,
+studious habits and zeal made it certain that he must as a priest render
+essential service to the Church in this country. As a seminarian, and,
+in conjunction with that character, as professor, he confirmed the high
+opinion formed of him, and at an early day Bishop Du Bois fixed upon him
+as one to fill important positions in his diocese.
+
+From the moment that he took possession of his See the Rt. Rev. Dr. Du
+Bois had labored to give New York an institution like that which he had
+brought to so successful a condition in Maryland, reckoning as nought
+the advance of years and the heavy duties of the episcopate. It was not
+till the spring of 1832, that he was able to purchase a farm at Nyack,
+in Rockland County, as the site for his seminary and college. To preside
+over it, he had already selected his seminarian, John McCloskey, whom he
+summoned from Emmittsburg. The visitation of the cholera, however,
+prevented the progress of the undertaking, although the school was
+opened. The corner-stone was laid on the 29th of May, 1833, and the
+erection of the main building was carried on till the second story was
+completed, when the bishop appealed to his flock to aid him by their
+contributions.
+
+On the 24th of January the old Cathedral in New York witnessed the
+solemn ceremony of an ordination, and the Rev. John McCloskey was raised
+to the dignity of the priesthood. The young priest was stationed at
+Nyack; but his eloquent voice was heard and appreciated in the churches
+of New York City. The first sermon which the young priest preached after
+his ordination is an index of the piety and devotion which guided him
+through life. It was on devotion to the Blessed Virgin, and was
+delivered in the church reared in New York in honor of the Mother of
+God.
+
+In the summer of 1834, the little chapel at Nyack, adjoining the rising
+college, was ready for dedication; but before the institution could be
+opened, the virulent declamations of a Brownell had inflamed the minds
+of the ignorant peasantry in that neighborhood with religious hatred,
+and the college was denounced as an evil to be prevented. The torch of
+the incendiary soon laid the edifice in ashes.
+
+The project of a seminary and college was thus indefinitely deferred,
+although Bishop Du Bois, with characteristic determination, resolved to
+rebuild the blackened ruins and raise the college anew. So confident was
+he of success, that he would not appoint Rev. Mr. McCloskey to any
+parochial charge, reserving him to preside over the diocesan institution
+on which he had set his heart. In order to fit himself for the position,
+the young priest begged his bishop to permit him to proceed to Rome in
+order to follow for two years the thorough course of theological studies
+in the Gregorian University, thus profitably employing the time that
+would necessarily be required to fit the institution for the reception
+of pupils.
+
+As Bishop Du Bois saw the wisdom of the suggestion, he consented, and
+early in 1835 Rev. John McCloskey reached the Eternal City, and enrolled
+himself among the distinguished pupils like Grazrosi, Perrone, Palma,
+Finucci, who were then attending the lectures of Perrone, Manera, and
+their associate professors. One who knew Rome well, and knew the late
+Cardinal well, wrote: "What advantage the young American priest drew
+from them has ever since been seen in the remarkable breadth and
+correctness and lucidity of his decisions in theological matters,
+whether coming before him in his episcopal duties, or brought up for
+discussion in the episcopal councils which he has attended. His words,
+calm and well considered, have ever been listened to with attention, and
+generally decided the question. But, beyond the mere book learning, so
+to speak, of ecclesiastical education, he gained a knowledge of the
+ecclesiastical world, nowhere else attainable than in Rome. Brought in
+contact with the students of the English College, under Dr. (afterwards
+Cardinal) Wiseman, of the Irish College under Dr. (afterwards Cardinal)
+Cullen, of the Propaganda under Monsignor (afterwards Cardinal) Count de
+Reisach, of the Roman Seminary, and of other colleges, he came to know
+many brilliant young students of various nationalities, alike in faith
+and in fervent piety, yet dissimilar in the peculiar traits of their
+respective races. He formed friendship with many who have since made
+their mark in their own countries. The young American priest, so
+polished and gentlemanly in his address, so modest and retiring, and yet
+so full of varied learning, so keen of observation, and so ready, when
+drawn out, with unexpected and plain, common-sense, home thrusts, was
+fully appreciated among kindred minds of the clergy of Rome, and of
+other countries visiting Rome. Though avoiding society as far as he
+could, and something of a recluse, he was welcome in more than one noble
+Roman palace. But it was especially in the English-speaking circle of
+Catholic visitors each winter to Rome, that he was prized. Cardinal
+Weld, ever an upholder of Americans, anticipated great things yet to be
+done by this young priest, and loved to present him to the Cliffords,
+the Shrewsburys, and other noble English-speaking Catholics, as a living
+refutation of the accounts of Americans and American manners, just given
+to the English world by Mrs. Trollope."
+
+Among this English-speaking colony in Rome he found abundant occasion
+for the exercise of his ministry, such was the confidence inspired by
+his piety and learning. Among those placed under his direction was Mrs.
+Connolly, an American convert, who, in time, founded in England a
+teaching community of high order, the Sisters of the Holy Child Jesus,
+which has now many houses in England and the United States.
+
+At the expiration of the time assigned for his studious sojourn in Rome,
+Rev. Mr. McCloskey left the Eternal City, well fitted, indeed, to assume
+the directorship of the seminary. He travelled with observant eye
+through Northern Italy, Austria, Germany and France, then crossed to the
+British Isles, visiting England and Scotland. His tour enabled him to
+meet old friends and to win new ones; as well as to learn practically
+the condition of the church in all parts of Europe.
+
+When he returned to New York in 1838 he found that Bishop Du Bois had,
+overcome by difficulties and trials, finally abandoned his projected
+seminary; and now desired to assign him to parochial work. With the
+well-trained priest to hear was to obey. Yet the position of the bishop
+was one of difficulty. An uncatholic national feeling had been aroused
+some years before in New York, assuming under Bishop Connolly all
+obsequiousness to that prelate and zeal for his honor; under Bishop Du
+Bois its whole power was wielded against him; and as few of the leaders
+in the movement were practical Catholics, appeals to their religious
+sense fell unheeded.
+
+The parish offered to Rev. Mr. McCloskey presented difficulties of its
+own. The last pastor, his old friend and brother-collegian, Rev. Charles
+C. Pise, had indiscreetly aroused a deep and bitter feeling against
+himself, and the hostile party in the congregation was led by a man of
+learning and real attachment to his religion, though of little
+self-control. For the Rev. Mr. McCloskey to assume the pastorship of St.
+Joseph's required no little courage. He was as obnoxious on some grounds
+as his predecessor, being like him American by birth, trained at
+Emmittsburg under Bishop Du Bois. In this conjuncture the Rev. John
+McCloskey displayed what must be recognized as the striking virtue of
+his character, the highest degree of Christian prudence, and with it and
+through it, courage, firmness and self-control. He repaired to the post
+assigned to him by his bishop, and entered upon the discharge of his
+duties. The Trustees ignored his appointment utterly, made no
+appropriation for his salary, took no steps to furnish his house, so
+that he had not even a table to write upon. "But," as His Grace
+Archbishop Corrigan well says, "the young priest was equal to the
+emergency. He discharged his duties as sweetly, as if there never had
+been a suspicion of dissatisfaction; he prepared his sermons as
+carefully, as if the best audience New York could afford were there to
+listen." His parish extended up to the line of Harlem; but he complained
+neither of his treatment, nor of the labor of the day and the heat; and
+men ready and anxious to complain, found that they had to do with a
+priest who gave them not a tittle to bear before the people as a
+grievance to complain about. The clouds vanished so completely that the
+people forgot there had ever been any. In a few years one of those who
+had received him with the greatest distrust, had grown to appreciate him
+so highly as to address him as a priest "whose unaffected piety as a
+Christian Divine, splendid talents as an effective preacher, extensive
+acquirements as an elegant scholar, and dignified, yet amiable, manners
+as an accomplished gentleman, have long been the admiration, the
+ornament and the model of his devoted flock."
+
+The project for which Bishop Du Bois had summoned his young seminarian
+from the Mount was at last carried out in 1841 by the vigorous head and
+hand of Bishop Hughes. The diocese of New York had its Seminary and
+College at Fordham. It was a remarkable tribute to the merit and ability
+of the Rev. John McCloskey, that Bishop Hughes, though the diocese had
+been joined by many able and learned priests, still turned to him to
+fill the post for which Bishop Du Bois had selected him when but a
+seminarian. Yet he was now a parish priest, and the tie between him and
+his flock had grown so close that both feared that it might be sundered.
+
+He undertook the organization of the Seminary and College, retaining his
+pastoral charge to the consolation of his flock. The result justified
+the selection. His power of organization, his knowledge of the wants of
+the times, of the duties of teacher and pupil, were thorough. The
+institution was soon in successful operation, and the seminarians were
+edified by the piety, regularity and unalterable calmness of the
+Superior, who was always with them at their morning meditation, and
+always with them at exercises of devotion, his perfect order and system
+preventing all confusion, foreseeing and providing for all.
+
+After placing the new institutions on a firm basis, he resigned the
+presidency to other hands, and resumed his duties at St. Joseph, to the
+delight of his flock. It was, however, really because Bishop Hughes
+already determined to solicit his elevation to the episcopate, that he
+might enjoy his aid as coadjutor in directing the affairs of the
+diocese, which were becoming beyond the power of one man to discharge.
+In the Fifth Provincial Council, of Baltimore, held in May, 1843, Bishop
+Hughes laid his wishes before the assembled Fathers, and the appointment
+of Rev. John McCloskey, as coadjutor of New York, was formally solicited
+from the Sovereign Pontiff by the Metropolitan of Baltimore and his
+suffragans. At Rome there was no hesitation in confirming the choice of
+a clergyman whose merit was so well known, and on the 30th of September,
+Cardinal Fransoni wrote announcing that the Rev. John McCloskey had been
+elected by the Holy Father for the See of Axiere, and made coadjutor to
+the Bishop of New York.
+
+The consecration took place in old St. Patrick's Cathedral on the 10th
+of March, 1844, and the scene was the grandest ever till then witnessed
+in New York, The Rt. Rev. John Hughes, Bishop of New York, assisted by
+Bishop Fenwick, of New York, once administrator of the diocese, and
+Bishop Whelan, of Wheeling, consecrated three bishops, the Rt. Rev.
+Andrew Byrne, Bishop of Little Rock, the Rt. Rev. William Quarter,
+Bishop of Chicago, and the Rt. Rev. John McCloskey, Bishop of Axiere,
+and coadjutor of New York.
+
+From the pulpit of the Cathedral, the venerable Dr. Power, addressing
+the newly consecrated coadjutor, said: "One of you I have known from his
+boyhood. I have seen the youthful bud of genius unfold itself; and I
+have seen it also in full expansion; and I thank God I have been spared
+to behold it now blessing the house of the Lord. Rt. Rev. Dr. McCloskey!
+it must be gratifying to you to know, that if the choice of a coadjutor
+of this diocese had been given to your fellow-laborers in the vineyard,
+it would certainly have fallen upon you."
+
+It was surely no ordinary merit, that won the Rev. John McCloskey such
+universal esteem. To have been chosen for the same responsible post by
+men so different in mind and feelings as Bishops Du Bois and Hughes, to
+be at once the choice of Bishop Hughes and a body of priests among whom
+great divisions had existed, and great differences of nationality,
+education and inclination prevailed, was something wonderful and
+unparalleled.
+
+His elevation to the episcopate did not withdraw Bishop McCloskey from
+the church of his affection, that dedicated to the Spouse of Mary. Here
+his throne was erected, and the congregation rejoiced in the honor and
+dignity conferred upon him, and through him on their church. He then
+began the discharge of the episcopal duties devolved upon him by the Rt.
+Rev. Bishop of the See. The earliest was the dedication of the Church of
+the Most Holy Redeemer in New York City. From that we can mark his
+course confirming in all parts of the diocese, dedicating churches, and
+ordaining to the priesthood, two of the six first ordained by him on the
+feast of the Assumption of Our Lady in 1844, still surviving hoary with
+long years of priestly labor, Rev. Sylvester Malone and Rev. George
+McCloskey. But the weightier and important duties connected with the
+administration are unrecorded. The most Rev. Archbishop of Baltimore in
+his funeral sermon on Cardinal McCloskey said truly: "The life of the
+Cardinal has never been written and never can be. And this is true of
+every Catholic prelate. He can never have his Boswell. The biographer
+may relate his public and official acts. He may recount the churches he
+erected, the schools he opened, the institutions of charity and religion
+which he established; the priests he ordained, the sermons he preached,
+the sacraments he administered, the laborious visitations he made, but
+he can know nothing of the private and inner life which is 'hidden with
+Christ in God.' That is manifest to God's recording angel only. The
+biographer knows nothing of the bishop's secret and confidential
+relations with his clergy and people, and even with many who are alien
+to his faith. He is the daily depository of their cares and anxieties,
+of their troubles and afflictions, of their trials and temptations. They
+come to him for counsel in doubt, for spiritual and even temporal
+assistance. Were a bishop's real life in its outward and inward fulness
+published, it would be more interesting than a novel."
+
+Even with the aid of so untiring a coadjutor as Dr. McCloskey, Bishop
+Hughes found the diocese too large to be administered with the care that
+all portions required. When the Sixth Provincial Council convened at
+Baltimore, in May, 1846, which he attended with his coadjutor, he urged
+a division of his diocese, the necessity of which Bishop McCloskey could
+attest. New Sees were proposed at Albany and Buffalo. Pius IX., yielding
+to the request of the Fathers of the Council of Baltimore, erected the
+dioceses of Albany and Buffalo. Bishop McCloskey was translated from the
+See of Axiere to that of Albany, and the diocese committed to his care
+comprised the portion of New York State north of the forty-second
+degree, and lying east of Cayuga, Tompkins and Tioga counties.
+
+He took possession of his diocese early in the summer, making St. Mary's
+his pro-cathedral, till the erection of his cathedral, of which he laid
+the corner-stone soon after his arrival. A visitation of his diocese
+followed, and then began the work of developing the Catholic interests
+in the portion of the State. His diocese contained forty-four churches,
+and about as many clergymen, with but few institutions of education or
+charity. Its progress was steady, solid and effectual. He added new
+priests, well chosen and trained, introduced the Fathers of the Society
+of Jesus, the Oblates of Mary Immaculate, the Christian Brothers, the
+Ladies of the Sacred Heart. His Cathedral was completed and was
+recognized as one of the greatest ornaments of the city; but all
+extravagance was avoided and discouraged. Churches were reared suited to
+the means of the flock, and the tepid, careless and indifferent were
+recalled to their Christian duties, till the diocese assumed a new
+spirit. None but those who lived there, and witnessed the progress, can
+form a conception of what Bishop McCloskey accomplished while he gave
+the best period of his life to the diocese of Albany.
+
+More than a hundred churches, and nearly a hundred priests, with
+schools, academies, hospitals, asylums, were the fruits of the Catholic
+life aroused by his zeal.
+
+As Bishop of Albany he took part in the Seventh Provincial Council of
+Baltimore in 1849; the first Plenary Council, in 1852; and the first of
+New York, 1854. In all these his prudence and wisdom deeply impressed
+his associates, as many of them have testified. In his diocese his
+relations to his clergy in his Synod, and in occasional directions,
+showed a gentle consideration for others, which overcame all obstacles.
+
+On the death of Archbishop Hughes, to whom he had long since been named
+successor, the voice of the bishops of the Province, as well as the
+desire of the clergy and people of the diocese, solicited from the Holy
+See the promotion of Bishop McCloskey, and the successor of St. Peter
+soon pronounced the definitive word. He returned to New York just as the
+terrible civil war came to a close; and the paralyzed country could look
+to its future. Under his impulse the new Cathedral was completed and
+dedicated with a pomp never yet witnessed in the Western World. The
+State of New York for some years had suffered from a want of churches;
+but amid a war draining the wealth and blood of the country, it would
+have been rash to attempt to erect them when all value were fictitious.
+Now, under the impulse of the quiet and retiring Archbishop, old
+churches were enlarged; new parishes were formed and endowed with
+churches; schools increased in number and efficacy. While increasing the
+number of his parochial clergy both in numbers and in the thorough
+education he so highly esteemed, Archbishop McCloskey gave the religious
+orders every encouragement, and introduced others. Communities of
+religious women, for various forms of charity, also found a hearty
+support from him. In the administration of the diocese, and the
+direction of these communities, he displayed his wonted wisdom in
+selecting as his Vicar General, the Rev. William Quinn, whose ability of
+a remarkable order had already been tested.
+
+Archbishop McCloskey took part in the Second Plenary Council of
+Baltimore, in 1866, whose acts are such a code of doctrine and
+discipline. "Of it he was a burning and a shining light," said
+Archbishop Gibbons. "He was conspicuous alike for his eloquence in the
+pulpit, and for his wisdom in the council chamber. I well remember the
+discourse he delivered at the opening session. The clear, silvery tones
+of his voice, the grace of his gestures and manner, the persuasive
+eloquence and charm of his words are indelibly imprinted on my memory
+and imagination. Just before ascending the pulpit, a telegram was handed
+to him, announcing the destruction by fire of his Cathedral. He did not
+betray the slightest emotion, notwithstanding the sudden and calamitous
+news. Next morning I expressed to him my surprise at his imperturbable
+manner. "The damage," he replied, "is done, and I cannot undo it. We
+must calmly submit to the will of Providence.""
+
+The decrees of the Plenary Council, with those of the Council of New
+York, were promulgated by him in a Synod held by him at New York, in
+September, 1868.
+
+The next year he was summoned to attend a General Council at Rome, the
+first held in the church since the Synod of Trent. The Council of the
+Vatican had been equalled by but few in the number of bishops, by none
+in the universality of the representation. Before modern science had
+facilitated modes of travel and communication, the area including those
+who attended was comparatively limited. To the Vatican Council, however,
+they came not from all parts of Europe only, but from Palestine, India
+and China; from the Moslem States of Africa; the European colonies; the
+negro kingdoms of the interior; America sent her bishops from Canada and
+the United States; the Spanish republics, Australia and the islands of
+the Pacific even had their bishops seated beside those of the most
+ancient Sees. Here Archbishop McCloskey was a conspicuous figure,
+respected for learning, experience, the firmness with which he held the
+opinion he mildly but conclusively advanced. In the committee on
+discipline his wisdom excited the highest admiration of the presiding
+cardinal.
+
+When the impious seizure of Rome made the sovereign Pontiff a prisoner
+in the Vatican, the proceedings of the council were deferred to better
+days, which the Church still prayfully awaits. Archbishop McCloskey
+returned to his diocese; but the malaria of the Campagna had affected
+his health, never rugged, and shattered some years previously by a
+railroad accident, on a journey required by his high office. But he
+resumed his accustomed duties, inspiring good works, or guiding and
+supporting them like the Catholic Protectory, the Catholic Union of New
+York, and its branch since developed to such wide-reaching influence,
+the Xavier Union.
+
+The impression which he had produced at Rome, from his early visit as a
+young priest to his dignified course in age as a Father of the Council
+of the Vatican, led to a new and singular honor, in which the whole
+country shared his honor. In the consistory held March 15, 1875, Pope
+Pius IX. created Archbishop McCloskey a Cardinal Priest of the Holy
+Roman Church, his title being that of Sancta Maria supra Minervam, the
+very church from which Rt. Rev. Dr. Concanen was taken to preside over
+the diocese of New York as its first bishop. The insignia of the high
+dignity soon reached the city borne by a member of the Pope's noble
+guard and a Papal Ablegate. The berretta was formerly presented to him
+in St. Patrick's Cathedral, April 22, 1875. According to usage he soon
+after visited Rome and took possession of the church from which he
+derived his title. He was summoned to the conclave held on the death of
+Pope Pius IX., but arrived only after the election of Pope Leo XIII., to
+whom he paid homage, receiving from his hands the Cardinal's hat, the
+last ceremonial connected with his appointment.
+
+After his return he resumed his usual duties, but they soon required the
+aid of a younger prelate, though all his suffragans were ever ready to
+relieve their venerated Metropolitan by officiating for him. He finally
+solicited the appointment of the young but tried Bishop of Newark as his
+coadjutor, and Bishop Michael Augustine Corrigan was promoted to the
+titular See of Petra, October 1, 1880. Gradually his health declined and
+for a time he was dangerously ill; but retirement to Mount St.
+Vincent's, where in the castellated mansion erected by Forrest, he had
+the devoted care of the Sisters of Charity, and visits to Newport seemed
+to revive for a time his waning strength. His mind remained clear, and
+he continued to direct the affairs of his diocese, convening a
+Provincial Council, the acts of which were transmitted to Rome. "The
+Cardinal's fidelity to duty clung to him to the end. He continued to
+plead for his flock at God's altar, as long as he had power to stand.
+Even when the effort to say Mass would so fatigue him that he could do
+nothing else that morning, he continued, at least, on feast days, to
+offer the Holy Sacrifice. He said his last Mass on the Feast of the
+Ascension, 1884." At the Plenary Council in Baltimore, at the close of
+that year, the diocese was represented by his coadjutor.
+
+From the time of his last Mass he was unable to read or write; unable to
+move a single step without assistance. In this condition he lingered,
+sinking by a slow and gradual decline, but preserving his serenity and
+the full possession of his mental faculties. "None of those around him,"
+says Archbishop Corrigan, "ever heard the first syllable of complaint.
+It was again his service of the Lord, such as our Lord ordained it. To
+those who sympathized with him in his helplessness, the sweet answer
+would be made: 'It is God's will. Thy will, O Lord, be done on earth as
+it is in heaven.' Fulfilling God's will, he passed away, calmly and in
+peace, as the whole course of his life had been, and without a struggle;
+'the last words he was able to utter, being the Hail Mary.'"
+
+The death of our first American Cardinal, October 10th, 1885, called
+forth from the press, and from the clergy of other denominations, a
+uniform expression of deep and touching respect. He had won many moral
+victories without fighting battles; his victories left no rancor.
+Everywhere at Catholic altars Masses were offered for the repose of his
+soul, and when the tidings crossed the Atlantic, the solemn services at
+Paris and Rome attested the sense of his merit, and of the Church's
+loss.
+
+His funeral in New York was most imposing. Around the grand Cathedral,
+as around a fretted rock of marble, surged the waves of people, like a
+sea. The vast interior was filled, and beneath the groined roof he had
+reared, lay, in his pontifical vestments,--the hat, insignia of his
+highest dignity, at his feet,--the mild and gentle and patient Cardinal
+McCloskey, his life's work well and nobly ended.
+
+The solemn Mass, the deep tones of the organ, the Gregorian notes of the
+choirs moved all to pray for the soul of one whose life had been given
+to the service of God. The Archbishop of Baltimore, the Most Rev. James
+Gibbons, pronounced the funeral discourse, and then the body was laid
+beside those of his predecessors in the crypt beneath.
+
+A month later, and again the _Dies Irĉ_ resounded through that noble
+monument of his love for religion. The Month's Mind, that touching
+tribute which our Church pays her departed, called forth from the Most
+Rev. Michael A. Corrigan, who knew him so well and so intimately, words
+full of touching reminiscences.
+
+Bishop Lynch, of Charleston, S. C., who knew him so intimately, thus
+described him a few years ago before the hand of disease had changed
+him. "In personal appearance the Cardinal is about five feet ten inches
+in height, straight, and thin in person and apparently frail, though his
+chest is full, and the tones of his voice when preaching are clear and
+far reaching. His features are regular and finely chiselled. The brow is
+lofty, the nose thin and straight, the eyes keen, quick and penetrating;
+the thin lips, even in repose, seeming to preserve the memory of a
+smile; the whole expression of the countenance, one of serious thought
+and placid repose. Yet you feel or see indications of activity ready to
+manifest itself through the brows, the eyes or the lips. In fact his
+temperament is decidedly nervous; and if you observe the natural
+promptness and decision of his movements, you might almost think him
+quick and naturally impetuous. There could be no greater mistake; or, if
+he is such by natural disposition, this is one of the points where his
+seminary training has taught him to control and master himself. The
+forte of his character is his unchanging equanimity. And yet there must
+have been in him a wondrous amount of nervous energy to enable him to
+survive very serious injuries to his frame in early life, and to endure
+the severe physical labors of an American bishop for thirty years....
+Piety, learning, experience, zeal--every bishop should have these as a
+matter of course. He has more. In address, gentle, frank and winning, he
+at once puts you at ease, and makes you feel you are speaking to a
+father or a friend in whom you may unreservedly confide. Soft and
+delicate in manners as a lady, none could ever presume in his presence
+to say a word or do an act tinged with rudeness, still less indelicacy.
+Kind and patient with all who come to him, he is especially considerate
+with his clergy. To them he is just in his decisions, wise in his
+counsels and exhortations, ever anxious to aid them in their
+difficulties. Tender and lenient as a mother to those who wish to do
+right, and to correct evil, he is inflexible when a principle is at
+stake, and can be stern when the offender is obdurate. Notoriety and
+display are supremely distasteful to him. He would have his work done,
+and thoroughly done, and his own name or his part in it never mentioned.
+He studiously avoids coming before the public, save in his
+ecclesiastical functions, or where a sense of duty drives him to it. He
+prefers to work quietly and industriously in the sphere of his duties.
+Here, he is unflagging, so ordering matters that work never accumulates
+on his hands through his own neglect."
+
+
+
+
+The Pope and the Mikado.
+
+
+The following is the text of the letter addressed by His Holiness to the
+Mikado of Japan:--
+
+_To the Illustrious and Most Mighty Emperor of All Japan, LEO PP. XIII.,
+greeting._
+
+August Emperor:
+
+Though separated from each other by a vast intervening expanse of space,
+we are none the less fully aware here of your pre-eminent, anxious care
+in promoting all that is for the good of Japan. In truth, the measures
+Your Imperial Majesty has taken for the increase of civilization, and
+especially for the moral culture of your people, call for the praise and
+approval of all who desire the welfare of nations and that interchange
+of benefits which are the natural fruit of a more refined culture,--the
+more so that, with greater moral polish, the minds of men are more
+fitted to imbibe wisdom and to embrace the light of truth. For these
+reasons we beg of you that you will graciously be pleased to accept this
+visible expression of our good-will with the same sincerity with which
+it is tendered.
+
+The very reason, indeed, which has moved us to despatch this letter to
+Your Majesty, has been our wish of publicly expressing the pleasure of
+our heart. For the favors which have been vouchsafed to every missionary
+and Christian, we are truly beholden to you. By their own testimony we
+have been made acquainted with your grace and goodness to both priests
+and laymen. Nothing truly, in your power, could be more praiseworthy as
+a matter of justice or more beneficent to the common weal, inasmuch as
+you will find the Catholic religion a powerful auxiliary in maintaining
+the stability of your Empire.
+
+For all dominion is founded on justice, and of justice there is not a
+principle which is not laid down in the precepts of Christianity. And
+thus, all they who bear the name of Christian, are above all
+enjoined,--not through fear of punishments, but by the voice of
+religion,--to reverence the kingly sway, to obey the laws, and not to
+seek for ought in public affairs save that which is peaceful and
+upright. We most earnestly beseech you, therefore, to grant the utmost
+freedom in your power to all Christians, and to deign, as heretofore, to
+protect their institutions with your patronage and favor. We, on our
+part, shall suppliantly beseech God, the author of all good, that he may
+grant your beneficial undertakings their wished-for outcome, and may
+bestow upon Your Majesty, and the whole realm of Japan, blessings and
+favors increasing day by day.
+
+Given in Rome, at St. Peter's, on the twelfth day of May, 1885, in the
+eighth year of Our Pontificate.
+
+
+
+
+Order of the Buried Alive.
+
+
+The order of the Buried Alive in Rome, the Convent of the Sepolte Vivo,
+is a remnant of the Middle Ages in the life of to-day. _The London
+Queen's_ correspondent had the privilege of an entrance within, one
+after another, of the five iron doors, and talking with the Mother
+Superior through the thick swathing of a woollen veil, but ordinary
+communication with the convent is carried on through the "barrel," which
+fills an opening in the wall. Over the barrel is written: "Who will live
+contented within these walls, let her leave at the gate every earthly
+care." You knock at the barrel, which turns slowly around till it shows
+a section like that of an orange from which one of the quarters has been
+cut.
+
+You speak to the invisible sister, who asks your will; and she answers
+you in good Italian and cultivated intonation. You hear the voice quite
+distinctly, but as if it was far, far away. She is really separated from
+you by a slender slice of wood, but she is absolutely invisible. Not the
+smallest ray of light, nor the smallest chink is visible between you and
+her. Sound travels through the barrel, but sight is absolutely excluded.
+These nuns live on charity, keeping two Lents in the year--one from
+November to Christmas, the other the ordinary Lent of Catholic
+Christendom. Living, therefore, on charity, they may eat whatever is
+given to them, saving always "flesh meat" during the fasting time.
+
+If you take them a cake or a loaf of bread, a roll of chocolate bonbons,
+a basket of eggs, it is all good for them. They must be absolutely
+without food for twenty-four hours before they may ask help from the
+outside world; and when they have looked starvation in the face, then
+they may ring a bell, which means: "Help us! we are famishing!" Perhaps
+you take them nothing eatable, but you place on the edge of the cut
+orange, by which you sit, some money, demanding in return their
+"cartolini," or little papers.
+
+The barrel turns slowly round, then back again, and you find on the
+ledge, where you had laid your lire, a paper of "cartolini." These are
+very small, thin, light-printed slips, neatly folded in tiny packets,
+three to each packet, which, if you swallow in faith, will cure you of
+all disease. After your talk is ended, the barrel turns around once more
+and presents its face as of an immovable and impenetrable-looking
+barrier. One of the pretty traditions of Rome is, that each sister has
+her day, when she throws a flower over the convent wall as a sign to her
+watching friends that she is still alive. When she has been gathered to
+the majority, the flower is not thrown, and the veil has fallen forever.
+
+
+
+
+Harvard College and the Catholic Theory of Education.
+
+
+Slowly, but with unmistakable certainty, the logic of the Catholic
+teaching regarding true education is forcing itself upon non-Catholic
+minds. Day by day some prominent Protestant comes boldly to the front
+and declares his belief that education must be based upon religion. One
+of the latest accessions to this correct theory is President Eliot, of
+Harvard College, who declared at a recent meeting of Boston
+schoolteachers that,--
+
+     "The great problem is that of combining religions with secular
+     education. This was no problem sixty or seventy years ago, for
+     then our people were homogeneous. Now, the population is
+     heterogeneous. Religious teaching can best be combined with
+     secular teaching and followed in countries of heterogeneous
+     population, like Germany, Austria, France and Belgium, where
+     the government pays for the instruction, and the religious
+     teachers belonging to different denominations are admitted to
+     the public schools at fixed times. That is the only way out of
+     the difficulty.... I see, growing up on every side, parochial
+     schools--that is, Catholic schools--which take large numbers of
+     children out of the public schools of the city. That is a great
+     misfortune, and the remedy is to admit religious instructors to
+     teach these children in the public schools. This is what is
+     done in Europe. And all those who are strongly interested in
+     the successful maintenance of our public school system will
+     urge the adoption of the method I have described for religious
+     education."
+
+These are strong words, and coming from such a source cannot fail to
+have their legitimate result. The fearlessness and sincerity of
+President Eliot in thus stating his position on this most important
+subject merits the appreciation of every American, Catholic or
+Protestant.
+
+We add in connection with the above, the remarks of the _Christian
+Advocate_, a Protestant paper published at San Francisco, Cal.:--
+
+     "The course which the Roman Catholic Hierarchy, in this
+     country, are taking in regard to the education of children is,
+     from their standpoint, worthy of praise. They see that in order
+     to keep their children under the rule of the Church, they must
+     keep them from the public schools, where they think Protestant
+     influence predominates. Therefore they are providing for them
+     in their parochial schools and academies at an extra expense
+     that does credit to their zeal and devotion. Their plans are
+     broad, deep and far-reaching, and they are a unit in the
+     prosecution of them. They are loyal to their convictions,
+     making everything subservient to the interests of their
+     religion. Understanding, as they do, the importance of moulding
+     character in the formative period, they look diligently after
+     the religious culture of their children. In all this they are
+     deserving of commendation, and Protestants may receive valuable
+     hints from them of tenacity of grip and self-denying devotion
+     to their faith."
+
+
+
+
+An Affecting Incident at Sea.
+
+
+Seldom have passengers by our great Atlantic steamers witnessed so
+solemn and impressive a scene as that at which it fell to the lot of the
+passengers in the outward voyage of the Inman liner, "City of Chester,"
+to assist. It appears that one of the passengers was a Mr. John Enright,
+a native of Kerry, who, having amassed a fortune in America, had gone to
+Ireland to take out with him to his home in St. Louis three young nieces
+who had recently become orphans. During the passage Mr. Enright died
+from an affection of the heart; and the three little orphans were left
+once more without a protector. Fortunately there were amongst the
+passengers the Rev. Father Tobin, of the Cathedral, St. Louis; the Rev.
+Father Henry, of the Church of St. Laurence O'Toole, St. Louis; and the
+Rev. Father Clarkson, of New York. Father Henry was the Celebrant of the
+Mass of Requiem; and Colonel Mapleson and his London Opera Company, who
+were also on board, volunteered their services for the choir. They
+chanted, with devotional effect, the _De Profundis_ and the _Miserere_;
+and Madame Marie Roze sang, "Oh, rest in the Lord," from "Elijah." The
+bell of the ship was then tolled; and a procession was formed, headed by
+Captain Condron, of the "City of Chester." The coffin, which was
+enveloped in the American flag, was borne to the side of the ship, from
+which it was gently lowered into the sea. The passengers paid every
+attention to the orphans during the remainder of the voyage, at the
+termination of which they were forwarded to the residence of their late
+uncle in St. Louis.
+
+
+
+
+Sing, Sing for Christmas.
+
+
+    Sing, sing for Christmas! Welcome happy day!
+      For Christ is born our Saviour, to take our sins away;
+    Sing, sing a joyful song, loud and clear to-day,
+      To praise our Lord and Saviour, who in the manger lay.
+
+    Sing, sing for Christmas! Echo, earth! and cry
+      Of worship, honor, glory, and praise to God on high;
+    Sing, sing the joyful song; let it never cease;
+      Of glory in the highest, on earth good-will to man.
+
+
+
+
+Dead Man's Island.
+
+THE STORY OF AN IRISH COUNTRY TOWN.
+
+T. P. O'CONNOR, M. P.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+THE DOOMED NATION.
+
+A passion of anger and despair swept over Ireland when it was at last
+announced that Crowe had sold the pass. For some days the people were in
+the same dazed and helpless condition of mind that followed the potato
+blight of '46. In that terrible year one of the strange and most
+universally observed phenomena was that the people looked, for days
+after the advent of the blight that brought the certainty of hunger and
+death, silent and motionless and apathetic. And so it was now, when
+there came a blight, less quickly, but as surely, destructive of
+national life and hope. There was a dread presentiment that this was a
+blow from which the nation was not destined to recover for many a long
+day, and though they could not reason about it, the people had the
+instinctive feeling that the rule of the landlord was now fixed more
+tightly than ever, and that emancipation was postponed to a day beyond
+that of the present generation.
+
+The landlords appreciated the situation with the same instinctive
+readiness and perception. At once the pause which had come in the work
+of eviction was broken, the plague raged immediately with a fierceness
+that seemed to have gained more hellish energy and more devilish cruelty
+from its temporary abatement. The roads were thick with troops of people
+rushing wildly from their homes and fleeing from their native country as
+from a land cursed alike by God and by man. Mat Blake, passing along
+from Dublin to Ballybay, was almost driven to insanity by the sights he
+saw at the different sections along the way.
+
+Every station was besieged by vast crowds of the emigrants and their
+friends. There are few sights so touching as the sight of the parting of
+Irish families at a railway station. The ties of family are closer and
+more affectionate than anybody can appreciate who has not lived the life
+of an Irish home. The children grow up in a dependence on their parents
+that may well seem slavery to other peoples. The grown son is still the
+"boy" years after he has attained manhood's years, the daughter remains
+a little girl, whom her mother has the right to chide and direct and
+control in every action. Such ties beget helplessness as well as
+affection, and the Irish peasant still regards many things as worse than
+death, which, by peoples of less ardent religious faith, are regarded
+more philosophically.
+
+When Mat looked at the simple faces of those poor girls, at the
+bewildered look in the countenances of the young men, and thought of
+how ignorant and helpless these people were, he could understand the
+almost insane anguish of their parents as they saw them embark on an
+ocean so dark and tempestuous and remote as the crowded cities of
+America, and Mat could penetrate down into the minds of his people and
+see with the lightning flash of sympathy the dread spectre that tortured
+the minds, filled the eyes, and darkened the brows of the Irish parents.
+
+Station after station, it was always the same sight. The parting
+relatives were locked in each other's arms; they wept and cried aloud,
+and swayed in their grief.
+
+"Cheer up, father; God is good."
+
+"Ah, Paddie, my darlint, I'll never see ye agin."
+
+"Oh mother, dear, don't fret."
+
+"May God and His Blessed Mother in heaven protect my poor girl."
+
+Then more kisses through the carriage windows.
+
+The guards and porters frantically called upon the people to stand back;
+they clung on, careless of danger to life and limb; and as the black,
+hideous, relentless monster shot away they rushed along the line; they
+passed into the fields, and waved handkerchiefs, and shouted the names
+of the parting child or sister or brother; until at last the distance
+swallowed up the train and its occupants, and then they returned to
+homes from which forever afterwards the light had passed away.
+
+Such were the scenes which Mat saw, and when he got to Ballybay station
+there was that look on his face which to any keen observer would have
+revealed much in the Irish character and afforded the key to many
+startling episodes in Irish history. It was a look at once of infinite
+rage and infinite despair; it spoke of wrong--hated, gigantic, at once
+intolerable and insurmountable. One sees a similar impress in the faces
+of Irishmen in Massachusetts, though the climate of America has reduced
+the large, loose frame to the thin build of the new country, and has
+bleached the ruddy complexion of Ireland to a sickly white or an ugly
+yellow; it is the look one can detect in the faces of the men who dream
+of death in the midst of slain foes and wrecked palaces; it blazes in
+the eyes of Healy, as with sacrilegious hand he smites the venerable
+front of the mother of Parliaments.
+
+Mat had come to Ireland for the Easter recess; he had drawn out of the
+savings bank a few pounds of the money he had placed there for the
+furnishing of the house which he destined for Mary and Betty Cunningham.
+He longed to have a share in punishing the perjured traitor who had
+betrayed the country. The sights he had seen along the route satisfied
+him as to the temper of the people, and he entered Ballybay secure in
+the hope that if the traitor had been raised by the town to the
+opportunity of deceiving the people, he would be cast into the dust by
+the same hand.
+
+He had not been long in the town when he found that he had wholly
+misconceived its spirit. The one feeling that seemed to dominate all
+others, was that the acceptance by Crowe of office meant another
+election; and another election meant another shower of gold.
+
+In his father's house he found assembled his father and mother, and Tom
+Flaherty and Mary. They were discussing the election, of course, and
+this was how they discussed it.
+
+"I always thought Crowe was a smart fellow," said Fleming. "There's one
+thing certain; he'll have plenty of money now, and as I have always
+said, 'I'm a Protestant,'" and then Mat repeated his characteristic
+saying.
+
+"Do you mean to say," said Mat, with a face fierce with rage and
+surprise, "that you'd vote again for Crowe, after his treason?"
+
+"And why shouldn't he vote for him?" asked Mat's mother, in a voice
+almost as fierce as his own. "Isn't he a Government man, and doesn't
+every one know that the people who can do anything for themselves or
+anybody else in Ireland are Government men?"
+
+Mat, fond as he was of his mother, felt almost as if he could have
+killed her at that moment; he could not speak for a few minutes for
+rage. At last he almost shrieked, "If there was any decency in Ballybay
+Crowe would never leave the town alive."
+
+"Ah! the crachure!" said Tom Flaherty.
+
+"Ah! the crachure! Why shouldn't he look out for himself; shure, isn't
+that what we're all trying to do? God bless us."
+
+Mary glanced uneasily at Mat, but he refused to look at her; she seemed
+for a moment spoiled in his eyes by her kinship with this polluted and
+degraded creature. His father gave him a wistful glance, but said
+nothing. Whenever there was a tempest between his wife and his son he
+remained silent.
+
+And so this was how Ballybay regarded the great betrayal! Mat felt
+inclined to throw himself into the Shannon, and have done with life as
+quickly as he was losing hope and faith.
+
+He took a look once more at the bare and squalid streets and gloomy
+people; and then at the frowning castle and the passing regiment of the
+English garrison; and he despaired of his country.
+
+But he had come to help in the fight against Crowe; and after the
+involuntary tribute of this brief interval of despondency, he at once
+set to work. After many disappointments he found a few men who shared
+his views of the situation, and a committee was formed to go out and ask
+Captain Ponsonby to stand once more; for though Mat hated the politics
+of Ponsonby, he thought any stick was good enough to beat the foul
+traitor with. Captain Ponsonby consented, and so the contest was
+started. The _Nation_ newspaper sent down several of its staff; the old
+Tenant Right Party held meetings, asked that Ballybay should do its
+duty, and save the whole country from the awful calamity of triumphant
+treason. Everything was thus arranged for a struggle with Crowe that
+would test all his powers, backed though he was by the money and the
+influence of the Government.
+
+Mat's speeches, the articles in the newspapers, and the vigorous efforts
+of the few honest men in the town, had at last roused Ballybay until it
+began to share some of the profound horror and indignation which the
+action of Crowe had provoked throughout the country generally. There was
+but one more thing necessary, and the defeat of Crowe was certain; if
+the bishop joined in the opposition, there was no possibility of his
+winning.
+
+All Ireland waited in painful tension to see what the verdict of the
+bishop would be. Mat heard it before anybody else, for a young curate
+who lived in the College House with the bishop, and was a fierce
+Nationalist, gave Mat a daily bulletin; the bishop resolved to support
+the Solicitor-General.
+
+At first nobody would believe the tale; but the next day it was put
+beyond all doubt, and Mat was almost suffocated by his own wrath as he
+saw the "Seraph," with his divine face, arm in arm with the perjured
+ruffian that had brought sorrow to so many thousands of homes.
+
+Mat fought on, but it was no longer with any strong hope of winning. His
+face grew darker every day, and the lines became drawn about his eyes,
+for there was another struggle going on in his mind at this moment, as
+well as the political contest in which he was engaged.
+
+The reader may remember the monitor of the school in which Mat was a
+pupil when the eviction of the widow Cunningham took place. The monitor
+was now the teacher of the National School, and Mat and he had begun to
+have many colloquies.
+
+Michael Reed was regarded as a very sardonic and disagreeable person by
+most of the people of Ballybay. His hatchet face seemed appropriate to a
+man who never seemed to agree with the opinion of anybody else, who
+sneered, it was thought, all round, who laughed when other people wept,
+and who derided the moments of exultant hope. He had always been among
+those who hated and distrusted Crowe, and Mat, who was intolerant
+himself, rather avoided him, while he still had faith in the traitor.
+But the wreck of all his illusions sent him repentant to Reed, and they
+had many conversations, in which Mat found himself listening willingly
+and after a while even greedily, to ideas that a short time before he
+would have been himself the first to denounce as folly and madness.
+
+The idea of Reed was that the only way to work out the freedom of
+Ireland was by force of arms. Mat at first was inclined to laugh at the
+idea; but an impressionable and vehement nature such as his was ill
+calculated to cope for a lengthened time with a nature precise, cold,
+and stubborn like that of Reed. Strength of will and tenacity of opinion
+make their way against better judgment, especially if there can be no
+doubt of the sincerity of the man of such a temper, and the rigid eye,
+the proud air, and the whole attitude of Reed spoke, and spoke truly, of
+a life of absolute purity, and of a fanaticism of Spartan endurance.
+
+There was one consequence of the acceptance of the ideas of Reed, and
+from this, with all his devotion and rage and sorrow for the pitiable
+condition of his country, Mat still shrank. A revolutionary could not
+marry or be engaged to marry; for what man had the right to tie to his
+dark and uncertain fate the life of a woman--perhaps of children?
+
+The defeat of Crowe would once more restore faith to the people in
+constitutional resources, and would save them from the cynicism and
+apathy which might require a revolutionary movement to rouse them once
+more to hope and action. And thus in fighting against Crowe, Mat now
+felt as if he were fighting not merely for his country, but for his own
+dear life.
+
+Then if Crowe were defeated, Mat could return to his work in London, and
+resume his efforts in carrying out the sacred purpose of raising his
+father and mother from poverty; for of marriage he could not think
+unless he were in a position to help his father and mother more than he
+had done hitherto. If he ever dared to think of marriage otherwise,
+there came before him the gaunt image of his mother pointing to her
+faded and ragged workbox with its awful pawn-tickets and bank bills.
+
+It was while he was in the midst of this fierce and agonizing struggle
+that Mat was called hurriedly one day to the house of Mary, by the news
+that Mrs. Flaherty had been taken very ill, and was supposed to be
+dying.
+
+Mat came to the house, endeared to him by so many memories and hopes,
+trembling, and with a cold feeling about his heart. Why was it that he
+started back with a pang when he saw Cosgrave in the house before him?
+Why at that moment did there rush again over his whole soul that awful
+image which swept over him before? Why in imagination did he stand at
+night on a wild heath, shivering and alone?
+
+"What brought Cosgrave here?" he asked of Mary sharply.
+
+"Oh!" said Mary, "he came to tell us that he had been made a J. P."
+
+"So he has attained his pitiful ambition," said Mat sharply. "It's
+through sneaks like him that scoundrels like Crowe are able to betray
+the country."
+
+"Oh, never mind the low creature," said Mary, with a look of infinite
+contempt, that Mat was surprised to find very soothing.
+
+He went up stairs. A look at the face of Mrs. Flaherty showed him at
+once that the alarm was not a false one--she was evidently dying.
+
+There was the old look of patient affection in her tender face, and
+there was another look, too, which Mat could not misunderstand. It was a
+look of wistful appeal, half-uttered question, of a fond but tremulous
+hope.
+
+And it added to the misery of that dark hour that Mat could say nothing,
+and that he had to let that true and deeply-loved soul pass out of life
+with its greatest fear unsatisfied, and its brightest hope unassured.
+For Mat could not utter a decisive word.
+
+Between him and the speech there stood two shadows, potent, dark, and
+resistless--his mother pointing to her workbox, and Reed pointing to a
+revolver.
+
+Mary stood beside the bed tearless.
+
+"Doesn't Mary bear up well?" said Mat in surprise to her blubbering
+father.
+
+"Mary doesn't cry," said her father; "she frets," and in these words Mat
+thought the whole character of the girl was summed up.
+
+Mrs. Flaherty died on Thursday; the polling was on the following day.
+Mat was still under the impression of the dark and painful scene when
+the new excitement came. He hoped against hope to the last, went about
+the town like one insane, and spoke in his passion of country even to
+O'Flynn, the pawn-broker, and of honor to Mat Fleming, and then waited
+at the closing hour to hear the result. The result was:--
+
+    Crowe         125
+    Ponsonby      112
+
+Mat turned pale, and almost fell, his head swam, his heart seemed for a
+moment to have stopped. He would not yet acknowledge it in so many
+words; but the sentence still kept ringing in his ears, "Thy doom is
+sealed, thy doom is sealed."
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+THE STORY OF BETTY CUNNINGHAM.
+
+The disaster which swept over all Ireland through the final success of
+the treachery of Crowe raged soon after in Ballybay. The town had been
+reduced by successive misfortunes to a condition so abject that one
+calamity was sufficient to completely submerge the greater portion of
+its inhabitants. Mr. Anthony Cosgrave, J. P., signalized the event by
+driving out the few tenants who still remained on the properties he had
+bought. He turned all his land into pasture, for this was the prosperous
+era of the graziers, and cattle were rapidly transformed into gold.
+Other landlords pursued similar courses, and within a couple of years,
+ten thousand people had been swept from the neighborhood around.
+
+The calamity reached down to the very lowest stratum, and touched depths
+so profound as the fortunes of the widow Cunningham and her daughter
+Betty.
+
+It had now become habitual for the widow and her daughter to remain for
+a couple of days with barely any food. One night they were sitting
+opposite each other on the bare floor of the railway arch in which they
+had for several years found refuge, staring at each other with the
+blank, wild gaze of hunger. There was a terrible pang at the heart of
+the mother on this night of nights. Throughout all her long years of
+struggle two great thoughts still remained burning in her soul, and in
+spite of poverty and hunger that soul still remained afire. One was
+vengeance on Cosgrave for the long train of woes through which she
+herself had passed, and the other was the protection of her child.
+
+With that profound reverence for female honor which is still one of the
+best characteristics of the Irish poor, she had seen the growth of her
+beautiful daughter with a love mixed with terror, and guarded her child
+as the tigress watches by her lair. Her own life had long since ceased
+to be dear to her. She walked for hours through the streets, she pleaded
+for custom, she smiled under insult, she bore rain and hail and snow, in
+hope of the fulfilment of this great passionate purpose--to keep her
+daughter pure.
+
+The misery of the last six months had been aggravated by the dread,
+growing in intensity with every hour, that all this endurance would be
+in vain, that behind the wolf of hunger there stalked the more cruel
+wolf of lust, and that her daughter was doomed. On this subject not a
+word passed between the two women, for the delicacy of feeling which
+marks even the humblest grade of Irish life sealed their lips; but the
+dread was always there in the mother's heart, pursuing her as a
+nightmare through the long watches of the darkness, and haunting her
+every moment as wearily she carried her basket through the streets in
+the day.
+
+"Buy a few apples, yer honor, for God's sake," she often said to a
+passer-by, in a tone that might have struck one as menacing, or at least
+as entirely disproportionate to the urgency of the appeal; but in every
+such prayer for pence the mother felt that she was crying for her child,
+and her child's soul, and her accents came from the very anguish of her
+mother's heart.
+
+On this night--it was about a month after the election of Crowe--the two
+sat together, buried in their own sad thoughts. They were suddenly
+aroused by the floor becoming inundated, and at once knew what to
+expect. The Shannon periodically rose above its banks outside Ballybay,
+and then its waters overspread the "Big Meadows," and the railway arch
+underneath which the widow and her daughter had taken refuge was, as
+will be remembered, close to these Meadows.
+
+They rose and rushed from the spot. They were now absolutely homeless,
+without even a place on which to lay their heads. They went further on
+to another railway arch, and at last slept. When the mother awoke in the
+morning she was alone.
+
+At this period a Ballybay landlord, afterwards destined to figure
+largely in the social life of Ireland, had just come of age. Thomas
+McNaghten was perhaps the handsomest Irishman of his day; tall,
+broad-shouldered, muscular. He had a physique as splendid as that of the
+race of peasants from whom his father sprang; while from the gentler
+race of his mother he derived features of exquisite delicacy and the
+complexion of a lily-like pink and white. He afterwards ran a career of
+mad dissipation that made his name a by-word even among the reckless and
+debauched class to which he belonged, and died a paralytic before he was
+forty. But at the period of our story, he was still in the full strength
+and the first flush of manhood. He had cast his eyes on Betty
+Cunningham, and had held out to her bribes that seemed to unfold to the
+girl visions of untold wealth. The innate purity of the maiden had
+hitherto been proof against the direct influences of poverty and
+wretchedness and the advances of her tempter. But at last the combined
+intensities of hunger and despair became his allies.
+
+Three weeks after her desertion of her mother Betty Cunningham was drunk
+in one of the public-houses, which were frequented by the soldiers
+quartered in Ballybay. The fatal progress of the Irish girl who has
+fallen is more rapid than in any other country. Society, always cruel to
+its hapless victims and its outcasts, in Ireland is fanatically and
+barbarously savage. Betty was driven out from every house! People
+shuddered as she passed. She lay under hedges, her bed was often in the
+snow. To Ballybay she was as much an object of loathing and of horror as
+though she were some wild beast that men might lawfully destroy.
+
+The girl herself had no compensation for all this dread outlawry. The
+Traviatas of other lands are painted for us in gilded saloons, with
+costly wines in golden goblets, and noble lovers sighing for their
+smiles. But Betty, outcast, hungry, and houseless, had not one second's
+enjoyment of life. The faith in which she had been trained still held
+its grip upon her, and neither vice nor drink nor human cruelty could
+relax its grasp. She was a sinner against Heaven's most sacred law; and
+after brief life came death, and after death eternal torment. Pursued by
+this ever-present spectre she drank and drank, and awoke more wretched
+than ever, and then she drank again.
+
+She would sometimes seek refuge from her burning shame and from her
+tortured soul in fierce revolt. She rolled in mad delirium through the
+streets, yelled the blasphemies in the shuddering ears of Ballybay,
+fought the police who came to arrest her, developed, in short, into a
+raging demon. Her face became bloated, her expression horrible to
+witness. One day, as she passed through the streets in one of these
+frenzies, she met Mat Blake. She shivered in every limb, and a pang, as
+from the thrust of a dagger, passed through her heart. But she attempted
+all the more to steel her nerves, and to harden her face. She raised her
+eyes and glared, but the eyes fell, and she slunk away.
+
+And thus it was that Mat saw, for the first time since his return to
+Ballybay, the gentle, timid, lovely girl who had once willingly stood
+between him and death.
+
+A few minutes afterwards, Betty's mother appeared. Her features bore the
+traces of the deepest grief that had yet assailed her. All pride had
+gone from that once imperious face; she was a stooped, shame-faced, old
+woman. As Mat looked at her there rushed before his memory the many
+momentous hours of his life with which that face was bound up, his days
+of childhood in her prosperous home, his association with her daughter,
+and the glad hours during the first election of Crowe, when life was
+still full of glorious hope, and she had dashed the glad vision with the
+first breath of suspicion and anticipated evil.
+
+They looked at each other silently for a moment, and then she shook her
+head, and with a look of infinite grief in her eyes, said to him--
+
+"Ah, Master Mat, it was the hunger did it; it was the hunger did it."
+
+By a trick of memory Mat recollected that these were the words he had
+heard on that day, long ago, when Betty had rescued Mary and himself
+from the enraged bull.
+
+One thing Mat had noticed as Betty Cunningham had passed; it was that
+amid the wreck of her beauty one feature still remained as strangely
+witching as ever. The soft eyes had not lost their delicacy of hue, nor
+had the evil passions of her soul deprived them of their gentle look.
+Those who mentioned her, and she was not an uncommon topic among the men
+of the town, still spoke of Betty's beautiful eyes.
+
+At last there came a temporary change in her fate. A branch of the Mary
+Magdalene Asylum was established in Ballybay for the rescue of fallen
+women, and she was one of the first to enter. But her temper, spoiled by
+excesses and disappointment, fretted under the restraint. She quarrelled
+with the nuns, and one night she fled. Then the revival in all its
+fierce vigilance of the old spectre of eternal punishment made her more
+infuriate than ever. She drank more deeply, cursed more fiercely, was
+oftener in the police-cell, and Ballybay loathed her more than ever.
+
+One morning--it was a Christmas morning--Mat was walking with his father
+in the "Big Meadows." Snow had fallen heavily the night before; and as
+they passed a bush, they saw the impress of a woman's form; it was
+evident that an unhappy being had there spent her Christmas Eve.
+
+"My God!" said Mat, "a woman has slept there."
+
+Mat's father was the kindest and most humane being in all the world, but
+"Serve the wretch right!" was his comment.
+
+Her story wound up in a tragic climax. One night she made more violent
+resistance than ever to the attempts of the police to arrest her, and
+when she was at last captured, she was torn and bleeding. They put her
+into a cell by herself; she could be heard pacing up and down with the
+infuriate step of a caged tiger. The policeman on duty afterwards told
+how he had heard her muttering to herself, and that he thought he caught
+the words, "These eyes! These eyes! They have undone me! They have
+undone me!" Soon afterwards he heard a wild, unearthly shriek that froze
+his blood. He rushed into the cell, and there, horrible, bleeding....
+But I dare not describe the sight.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Betty Cunningham was taken once more into the Mary Magdalene Asylum. Her
+voice was trained, and after some years she sang in the choir. A strong
+hush always came over the chapel when her voice was heard. People still
+told in whispers the terrible story of the blind lay sister; and Mat,
+sitting in the chapel years afterwards, was carried over the whole
+history of her career and his own and that of Ballybay generally as he
+listened to her rich contralto singing second to the rest. He had always
+thought that there was something wondrously pathetic, at least in sacred
+music, in the voice that sings seconds, and the impression was confirmed
+as he listened to the blind girl's accompaniment to the other voices;
+low when they were loud, sad when they were triumphant, following
+painfully their quicker steps with that ever plaintive protest and soft
+wail--fit image of life, where our highest joys are dogged by sorrow's
+quick and inevitable step.
+
+Conclusion next month.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHARITY's mantle is often made of gauze.
+
+
+
+
+Alone.
+
+    "CANST thou watch one hour with me?"
+    How long since fell these words from Thee?
+    Before Thy blood-wept vigil in dark Gethsemane,
+    How many since to Thee have bent the knee?
+    And yet too few, for here, O Lord! art Thou;
+    Deserted? No! for angels crowding to Thee bring
+    Sweet, holy homage to their God, their King.
+    While--as Thy chosen ones forgetful slumbered--
+    Thy people passeth on the road unnumbered,
+    With never a thought of Thee, O God, beside.
+    'Tis well, O Lord! 'tis well for human kind,
+    Thy love is ever wondrous, great and wide,
+    Thy heart with golden mercies ever glowing,
+    Thy reaping not always Thy people's sowing.
+
+                                     DESMOND.
+
+
+
+
+A Midnight Mass.
+
+From the French of Abel d'Avrecourt, by Th. Xr. K.
+
+
+In the height of the Reign of Terror, my grandmother, then a young girl,
+was living in the Faubourg Saint-Germain. There was a void around her
+and her mother; their friends, their relatives, the head of the family
+himself, had left France. Mansions were left desolate or else were
+invaded by new owners. They themselves had abandoned their rich
+dwellings for a plain lodging-house, where they lived waiting for better
+times, carefully hiding their names, which might have compromised them
+in those days. The churches, diverted from their purpose, were used as
+shops or manufactories. All outward practice of religion had ceased.
+
+Nevertheless back of a sabot-maker's shop in the Rue Saint-Dominique, an
+old priest who had taken up his father's humble trade, used to gather
+some of the faithful together for prayer; but precaution had to be
+observed, for the hunt was close, and the humble temple was exactly next
+door to the dwelling of one of the members of the revolutionary
+government, who was an implacable enemy of religion.
+
+It was then a cold December night; midnight Mass was being celebrated in
+honor of the festival of Christmas. The shop was carefully closed, while
+the incense was smoking in the little room back of it. A huge chest of
+drawers on which a clean, white cloth had been spread, served as altar.
+The priestly ornaments had been taken from their hiding-place, and the
+little assembly, composed of women and a few men, was in pious
+recollection, when a knock at the door, like that of the faithful,
+attracted attention.
+
+One of the worshippers opened the door; a man hesitatingly entered. The
+face was one to which all were unaccustomed in that place. To some,
+alas! it was a face too well known; it was that of the man who had in
+the public councils shown himself so bitter against gatherings of the
+faithful, and whose presence, for that reason, was more than ever to be
+dreaded at such a moment.
+
+Nevertheless the majesty of the sacrifice was not disturbed, but fear
+had seized on all the attendants; did not each of them have reason to
+fear for himself, for his family, and for the good old pastor, in even
+greater danger than his flock?
+
+With severe, but calm, cold air, the member of the convention remained
+standing until the end of Mass and communion, and the farther the
+ceremony progressed, the more agitated were all hearts in the
+expectation of an event which could not but too well be foreseen.
+
+When all was over, in fact, when the lights were hardly extinguished,
+the congregation cautiously slipped out one by one; then the stranger
+approached the priest who had recognized him, but who remained stoically
+calm. "Citizen priest," he said, "I have something to say to thee."
+
+"Speak, my brother; how can I be of service to you?"
+
+"It's a favor I must ask of thee, and I feel how ridiculous I am. The
+red is coming up into my face and I daren't say any more."
+
+"My bearing and my ministry nevertheless are not of the kind to disturb
+you, and if any feeling of piety leads you to me--"
+
+"Eh? That's exactly what it isn't. I don't know anything about religion;
+I don't want to know anything about it; I belong to those who have
+helped to destroy yours; but, for my misfortune, I have a daughter--"
+
+"I don't see any misfortune in that," the priest interrupted.
+
+"Wait, citizen, thou shalt see. We people, men of principles, we are the
+victims of our children; inflexible towards all in the maintenance of
+the ideas which we have formed for ourselves, we hesitate and we became
+children before the prayers and the tears of our children. I have then a
+daughter whom I have reared to be an honest woman and a true citizeness.
+I thought I had formed her to my image, and here I was grossly deceived.
+
+"A solemn moment is approaching for her. With the new year, she marries
+a good young fellow, whom I myself selected for her husband. Everything
+was going right; the two children loved each other,--at least I thought
+so,--and everything was ready for the ceremony at the commune, when,
+this evening, my daughter threw herself at my feet, begging me to
+postpone her marriage.
+
+"Surprised at first, I lifted her to her feet.
+
+"'What! you don't love your intended?' I asked her.
+
+"'Yes, father,' she replied, 'but I don't want to get married yet.'
+
+"Pressed with questions on this strange caprice, she finally confessed
+her girlish idea. She wanted to wait, hoping that a day would come when
+she could get married, and have her union blessed in the church. My
+first burst of anger having passed, I cannot tell you all the fine
+reasons she gave me to obtain from me a thing so contrary to my rule of
+conduct. The marriage of her dead mother had been performed in the
+church; her memory required that pious action; she would not think
+herself married if it was not at the foot of the altar; she would prefer
+to remain single the rest of her days.
+
+"She said so much, mingling her entreaties and tears with it all, that
+she vanquished me. She even showed me the retreat which a few days ago I
+would not have discovered with impunity to you all. I have come to seek
+thee out, and now I ask thee: Thou hast before thee thy persecutor: wilt
+thou bless according to thy rite, the marriage of his daughter?"
+
+The worthy priest replied:--
+
+"My ministry knows neither rancor nor exclusion; I am glad, besides, for
+what you ask of me; only one thing grieves me, and that is that the
+father should be hostile to his daughter's design."
+
+"Thou mistakest: I understand all sentiments. That of a girl who wants
+to be married as her mother was, seems to me to be deserving of respect,
+and just now, I saw, there is something touching which I cannot explain
+in your ceremonies, and it has made me better understand her thought."
+
+A few days later the same back shop contained a few intimate and
+conciliating friends who were attending a wedding. We need not say that
+from that day, whether through change of principles or through
+gratitude, the member of the revolutionary government was secretly the
+protector of the little church which could live on in peace, unknown to
+its persecutors.
+
+
+
+
+The Hero of Lepanto.
+
+
+PART II.
+
+"Every nation," it has been said, "makes most account of its own, and
+cares little for the heroes of other nations. Don John of Austria, as
+defender of Christendom, was the hero of all nations." He was the hero
+of "the battle of Lepanto which," as Alison remarks, "arrested forever
+the danger of Mahometan invasion in the south of Europe." As De Bonald
+adds, it was from that battle, that the decline of the Turkish power
+dates. "It cost the Turks more than the mere loss of ships and of men;
+they lost that moral force which is the mainstay of conquering nations."
+
+It is not necessary in this sketch of the life of Don John, to enter
+into any details about the tedious negotiations which preceded the
+coalition of the naval forces of Spain, Venice, and the Pope. Suffice it
+to say, that repulsed from Malta by the heroism of the Knights of St.
+John, the Turks next turned their naval armaments against Cyprus, then
+held by the Venetians. Menaced in one of her most valuable possessions,
+the Republic of Venice, too long the half-hearted foe of the Turks,
+turned in her distress, for help to the Vatican and to the Escorial. St.
+Pius V. sat in the See of Peter. He turned no deaf ear to an appeal that
+seemed likely to bring about what the Roman Pontiffs had long desired--a
+new crusade against the Turks. Philip the Second, ever wary, ever
+dilatory, more able than the Pope to assist Venice, was less ready to do
+so. Spain would willingly have done what she could to destroy the
+Turkish power, but her monarch was not sorry to humble Venice, even to
+the profit of the infidel. So diplomatic delays and underhand intrigues
+delayed the relief of Cyprus, and the standard of the Sultan soon was
+hoisted over the walls of Famagusta--to remain there until replaced in
+our times--thanks to the wisdom of a great statesman--by the "meteor
+flag of England."
+
+The terror caused by the fall of Cyprus, brought about after many
+negotiations, a league between the Republic, the Papacy, and the Spanish
+monarchy. A mighty naval armament was to be gathered together, and its
+commander was to be Don John of Austria. His success in subduing the
+Moriscoes naturally designated him, in spite of his extreme youth, for
+this high command. His operations, indeed, had been so far chiefly on
+land, but in the sixteenth century, a man might one day command a
+squadron of cavalry and on the next, a squadron of galleys. General and
+admiral were convertible terms. There was, indeed, some division of
+labor. Sailors navigated and soldiers fought the ship. And, as there is
+more resemblance between the row-galleys of Don John's epoch and the
+steam driven vessels of our times than there is between these and the
+ships which Nelson and Collingwood led to victory, perhaps we shall
+return to the old state of things and again send our soldiers to sea!
+
+To return, however, to our hero, who has meanwhile subdued the Moriscoes
+and returned to Madrid before setting out to take command of the great
+fleet at Messina. One, however, there was who did not return with the
+Prince to Madrid, one who was no longer to be his "guide, philosopher,
+and friend." The faithful Quijada had been struck by a musket-ball in a
+fight at Seron, in which Don John himself, in rallying his troops, had a
+narrow escape. After a week of suffering, the brave knight expired in
+the arms of his foster-son, February 24, 1570. "We may piously trust,"
+says the chronicler,[A] "that the soul of Don Luis rose up to heaven
+with the sweet incense which burned on the altars of St. Jerome at
+Caniles; for he spent his life, and finally lost it, in fighting like a
+valiant soldier of the faith."
+
+Before relating the episodes of the great victory of Lepanto, it will
+not be inopportune to glance at one of the great evils, that of slavery,
+which the Turkish power entailed on so many thousands of Christians.
+Nowadays, thousands of travellers pass freely, to and fro, from the
+Straits of Gibraltar to the Suez Canal, and from one part of the
+Mediterranean to another. Our markets are supplied with fruits and
+vegetables from Algiers. Our Sovereign has no fears, except as to
+sanitary arrangements, when she sojourns on the northern shores of the
+Mediterranean. A cruise in an unarmed yacht on its waters is the
+pleasantest of pastimes. It is, therefore, hard for us to conceive what
+three centuries, nay, even three generations since, were the fears of
+those who dwelt along the coast of Southern France, of Spain, and of
+Italy, or, who, as pilgrims, merchants, or sailors navigated the blue
+waters of the inland sea. Every year, even after the battle of Lepanto,
+and still more before it, the corsairs of the northern coasts of Africa
+scoured the Mediterranean and carried into captivity hundreds of
+Christians, of all ages, nations, and of both sexes, from vessels they
+encountered or from villages along the shores of France, Italy, or
+Spain. Hence it is, that to this day, those shores are studded with the
+ruins of castles and forts, erected as defences against those corsairs.
+So great was, however, their boldness that even as late as the
+seventeenth century, Algerian pirates ventured as far as "the chops of
+the Channel."
+
+When we read the annals of those religious orders devoted to the
+redemption of captives, we can more fully realize the terrible extent to
+which the Christian slave trade was carried by the infidels. As
+Englishmen, we do well to cherish the memory of Wilberforce. As
+Catholics we should not forget the religious men who risked all,
+slavery, disease, and death, to rescue Christians from the chains of
+slavery. Let us recall to mind a few facts about them. One single house
+of the Trinitarians, that of Toledo, during the first four centuries of
+its existence, ransomed one hundred and twenty-four thousand Christian
+slaves. The Order of Mercy, during a similar period, procured freedom
+for nearly five hundred thousand slaves. As to the number of slaves in
+captivity at one time, it may be mentioned that Charles the Fifth
+released thirty thousand by his expedition against Tunis, and about half
+as many were set free by the battle of Lepanto. It was estimated that in
+the Regency of Algiers, there was an average of thirty thousand slaves
+detained there. As late as 1767, in Algiers itself, there were two
+thousand Christians in chains. Of such slaves many were women, many mere
+boys and girls. And as late as 1816, Lord Exmouth, after the bombardment
+of Algiers, set many Christian slaves free. It is, as we said, hard to
+realize that in times almost within the memory of living men, Christians
+toiled in chains for the infidel, in the way some may have seen depicted
+by pictures in the Louvre. Similar pictures are kept in the old church
+of St. Giles, at Bruges, where a confraternity existed for the
+redemption of captives. This association is still represented in the
+parochial processions, by a group of children. Some are dressed as
+white-robed Trinitarians, leading those they have redeemed from slavery.
+Others are gorgeously attired as Turkish slave owners; others represent
+Turkish guards, leading Christian slaves, coarsely garbed and bound with
+chains. Happily Lepanto made such sights as these the processions of
+Bruges commemorate, of less frequent occurrence, until at length they
+have been relegated to pageantry, and the once powerful Turk is simply
+suffered to linger on European soil, because the jealousies of Christian
+nations will not allow of his expulsion.
+
+Salamis, Actium, Lepanto and Trafalgar are the four greatest naval
+battles of history and of these Lepanto was perhaps the greatest.
+Salamis turned back the invasion of the East; Actium created the Roman
+empire; Trafalgar was the first heavy blow dealt against a despotism
+that threatened to strangle Europe. Lepanto, however, saved Europe from
+a worse fate--the domination of the Turk. The name of this great victory
+is derived from the picturesque town, with its mediĉval defences still
+left, of Naupaktos which the modern Greek designates as Epokte, and the
+Italian as Lepanto. The engagement, however, was in reality fought at
+the entrance of the Gulf of Patras, ten leagues westward from the town.
+
+The facts of the fight of the seventh of October--a Sunday--of the year
+1571, are so well-known, that we need merely recall to the memory of our
+readers the leading features of the contest. Spain, Venice, Genoa,
+Malta, and the Papal States were represented there, but "the meteor flag
+of England" was not unfurled in sight of the Turkish, nor were the
+fleurs-de-lys to be seen on the standards that gaily floated from the
+mast-heads of the great Christian armada. England, alas! was in the
+clutches of a wretched woman, and France was on the eve of a St.
+Bartholomew's Massacre, and for all that France and England cared, at
+that time, Europe might have become Mahommedan.
+
+Don John led the centre of the long line--three miles in length--of
+galleys, while on his right, Doria the great Genoese admiral, from whose
+masts waved the cross of St. George; and on the left, the brave
+Barbarigo, the Venetian, his flank protected by the coast commanded.
+Against the wind, the sun shooting its bright rays against the ships,
+the Turkish fleet, in half-moon formation, two hundred and fifty great
+galleys and many smaller craft, carrying one hundred and twenty thousand
+men, slowly advanced "in battle's magnificently stern array." The brave
+Ali Pacha led the van.
+
+As the hostile fleets met, the two admirals exchanged shots. At noon,
+the Christians, among whom was one of the greatest soldiers and one of
+the ablest authors of that age--Farnese and Cervantes--knelt to receive
+absolution from their chaplains, and then rose up to fight. In many a
+quiet village away in the Appenines, or in the Sierras of more distant
+Spain, the Angelus was ringing, and many a heartfelt prayer was aiding
+the Christian cause, then a wild cry arose from the Moslem fleet and
+"from mouth to mouth" of the cannon the "volley'd thunder flew." The
+combat deepened and became hand to hand. The two admirals ships grappled
+together in a deadly struggle. Don John, foremost in the fray, was
+slightly wounded. At a third attempt, Ali Pacha's galley was boarded,
+captured, himself slain, and the Standard of the Cross replaced the
+Crescent. Victory! Victory! was the cry from one Christian ship to
+another. In less than four hours, the Turkish ships were scattered,
+sunk, or burning, until darkness and storm drove Don John to seek
+shelter in port, and hid the wreckage with which man had strewn the sea.
+The Christian loss was eight thousand, the Turkish four or five times
+greater. Don John hastened to console and comfort his wounded. Did he
+not, perchance, visit, on his bed of suffering, the immortal Cervantes?
+After the wounded, he turned to his prisoners, whom he treated with a
+generosity to which the sixteenth century was little accustomed.
+
+One there was, let us not forget it, who not bodily present, had a
+lion's share in the victory. A second Moses, with uplifted hands, St.
+Pius V., had prayed God and Our Lady, to aid Don John's arms. "The night
+before the battle, and the day itself, aged as he was, and broken with
+disease, the Saint had passed in the Vatican in fasting and prayer. All
+through the Holy City the monasteries and the colleges were in prayer
+too. As the evening advanced, the Pontifical treasurer asked an audience
+of the Sovereign Pontiff on an important matter. Pius was in his
+bedroom, and began to converse with him; when suddenly he stopped the
+conversation, left him, threw open the window, and gazed up into heaven.
+Then closing it again, he looked gravely at his official, and said,
+"This is no time for business; go, return thanks to the Lord God. In
+this very hour our fleet has engaged the Turkish, and is victorious." As
+the treasurer went out, he saw him fall on his knees before the altar in
+thankfulness and joy."
+
+The great writer, from whom we have taken the above account of St. Pius
+the Fifth's supernatural knowledge of the victory, remarks "that the
+victories gained over the Turks since are but the complements and the
+reverberations of the overthrow at Lepanto."
+
+Here we may take leave of the hero of Lepanto, leaving him in the midst
+of his glory, receiving the thanks of Christendom, from the lips of a
+Saint--its Supreme Pontiff. We need not follow Don John of Austria on
+his expedition against Tunis--a barren conquest his too imaginative mind
+dreamed of converting into a great African empire. Nor need we follow
+him when he goes, disguised as a Moorish page, accompanied by a single
+cavalier, to undertake the bootless task of pacifying the revolted
+Netherlands. The incidents and intrigues of this task rather belong to
+the history of the Low Countries than to the story of our hero. In the
+midst of them, worn out by too ardent a spirit, or stricken by an
+epidemic, Don John expired, in his camp near Namur, at the early age of
+thirty-two, on October 1, 1578. The task of saving a part of the
+revolted provinces to the Spanish crown, he left to the strong arm and
+genius of his cousin Alexander Farnese.
+
+Don John's desire was to be buried beside his father in Spain. His body,
+says Strada, was dismembered and secretly carried across France, onwards
+to Madrid, where it was, as it were, reconstructed and decked with armor
+to be shown to Philip, who might well weep at such ghastly display. The
+heart of the hero is kept, to this day, behind the high altar of the
+Cathedral of Namur.
+
+Generous, high-spirited, courageous, he was a true knight-errant, the
+"last Crusader whom the annals of chivalry were to know; the man who had
+humbled the crescent as it had not been humbled since the days of the
+Tancreds, the Baldwins, the Plantagenets." Endowed with a brilliant
+imagination, he dreamed of founding an African empire, and it faded away
+as the mirage of some oasis amid the deserts of the dark continent. With
+his sword, he thought to free, some day, Mary Queen of Scots, from her
+prison, and to place her on the throne held by Elizabeth. But the object
+of his ravings died on the scaffold, while he himself passed away,
+leaving behind him little more for history to record than that he was
+the brilliant young soldier--the Hero of Lepanto.
+
+                          W. C. R. in _Catholic Progress_.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] Hita, "Guerras de Granada," quoted by Prescott, "Philip" II., III.,
+133.
+
+
+
+
+The Church and Progress.
+
+
+One of the favorite mottoes of revolutionists consists in the formula,
+"The Catholic Church is opposed to the progress of the age;" and the
+general tone of the day's literature, apt in adopting popular cries,
+criticises the Church as the arch-opponent of every effort of the human
+intellect. The foundation of this charge may be broadly rested on two
+counts, radically differing in their nature, and which I may be allowed
+to state thus: First, there is a large class nowadays, and this genus is
+always especially rampant and noisy, that uses the current shibboleths,
+"Civilization," "Liberty," "Equality," "Fraternity," etc., either with
+sinister designs beneath them, or, if dupes,--and it amounts to the same
+in the long run,--then without at all knowing what those words mean.
+With that large vision that usually characterizes her in matters even
+not of faith, and which makes her hated by political quacks and mad
+sciolists, the Church detects the real objects and aims of these
+innovators, and is not afraid of facing obloquy by condemning them in
+spite of their false banners. For this attitude we have no excuse to
+offer; we glory in it, and regard it as a sign of that innate divine
+energy and life imparted to her by the source of all life and power. The
+second count on which this charge is based may be found in the utterance
+of private Catholics, or in that of prelates and bodies, in the latter
+of whom is lodged a power that extorts obedience, it is true, and ought
+always to be treated with respect, but which can claim to act in no
+infallible manner, and which, in pronouncing on matters outside the
+domain of faith, must rest upon the suggestions of reason and external
+evidence alone. For instance, Catholics are often confronted with
+extracts from this or that author, or the pronouncements of this or that
+provincial council, and asked to say whether, after that, the Church may
+pretend not to be opposed to the natural aspirations of man? These
+objectors do not, or will not, see that the Church, by enlarging the
+domain of her teaching to cover all things with the mantle of
+infallibility, would most effectually crush the action of the human
+intellect, which was meant for use, not rust, which must be allowed
+something to act upon, and which in independent action is bound to rush
+into a variety of differences according to the bent of the individual
+mind. However, to answer thus merely opens up a multitude of questions,
+and launches one into a sea of chaos, across which he will have to sail
+without chart or compass. Accordingly, I usually answer that these
+various utterances of individuals and provincial bodies are not
+infallible; that the only utterance absolutely binding on the conscience
+of the Catholic is that of a general council with the Pope at its head,
+or that of the Pope speaking _ex cathedra_; and that all the other acts
+of men or bodies, high or low, are subject in their degrees to human
+infirmity, though we are to receive them with respect and judicious
+obedience, and that at most they are but temporary in time and limited
+in space.
+
+No idea could be more extravagant or more unjust than that usually
+entertained by Protestants on our doctrine of the Pope's infallibility.
+
+They imagine that a Catholic dares not utter a word upon any subject
+until the Pope has spoken. Or, if they advance beyond this, that he
+dares not say anything about religion except what comes direct from
+Rome. Or, if they can stretch their imagination to realize that the Pope
+speaks only after discussion, that we must look to have our every word
+snatched at, and a damper put upon us, before we have well begun. This
+last is the central objection of intelligent Protestants, who know well
+that it will never do to fly in the face of facts like their more
+ignorant neighbors. They have taken the trouble to examine the
+definition of the dogma; and it cannot be denied that to their minds it
+does bear this sense. Any one familiar with the minute despotism of
+those thousand little Protestant Popes, the reverend offspring of the
+"Reformation," would see at once what a charter such authority would put
+in the hands of a set of Chadbands only too eager to use it. Enlightened
+Protestants have begun to feel the burden of this one idea,
+dead-dragging officialism, and to kick against it. They are probably
+religious men, by which I mean men with devout minds, who earnestly feel
+the need of belief. They become inquirers, run through the sects nearest
+at hand, and finally come before the Church and gaze upon her. Written
+on her front they see "Infallibility." Here lies their stumbling-block.
+They begin to question. Arguments are exhausted on each side, and if
+they be deeply imbued with the knowledge that there is a God, with the
+consciousness thence following of their fallen nature, and with an
+ardent hope to re-unite themselves to God, they will admit, perhaps, the
+truth of the dogma, viewed in the abstract. But they will say, how will
+it work in practical affairs? Judging by their former experience, they
+will picture the Pope as a thousand Protestant preachers rolled into
+one, and invested with an authority undreamed of before, and using that
+authority to tyrannize over the least thoughts of men. What room, they
+will exclaim, will men have to advance in the arts and science, not to
+speak of development of doctrine, if this incubus is to rest upon them,
+and weigh them down, and terrify them into silence and inaction?
+
+The best answer to this is doubtless an enlarged view of Catholic
+Christendom, from the earliest times down, for in that period the Pope
+did possess the prerogative of infallibility, though it has only
+recently been defined as a dogma. Here it must be recollected that I am
+not arguing; it would be mere presumption in me to attempt a scientific
+exposition altogether out of my power. Suffice it to say, that
+theologians have exhausted the inward reasonings upon it, and though I
+am not able to set them forth, I am at least convinced by them. Still
+the concrete world remains, and things are to be seen in them from
+historical and exterior aspects. It is this last which strikes the
+imagination most, and to all men a ready test. Minds have various ways
+of approaching the truth; and right reason has a way of arguing and
+apprehending simply impossible to men in bulk and to myself. For which I
+have thought it not unuseful to draw out my way of viewing the
+historical aspects of the Church in relation to the progress and freedom
+of man; and perhaps many will look at the subject from a similar
+standpoint.
+
+Why I believe in God I cannot express in words. Only I know there is an
+inward monitor constantly reminding me of that fact, vividly impressing
+it on my imagination, and punishing me with the lash of remorse when I
+do wrong. I have never doubted when the matter was brought home to my
+mind. Still, there are periods when this intense conviction has been
+clean wiped out of me; else, how could I have sinned, as I know I have
+done, and feel this keen remorse? I do not see how men can sin with the
+full consciousness that a God of truth, purity, and justice is looking
+upon them with terrible eyes. This is the reason for my faith;
+conscience is the charter of my belief. Far be it from me to deny the
+arguments drawn by great intellects from the outward course of events,
+and which appeal, perhaps, to most minds, as evidence of a Creator and
+Sustainer of the universe. I can only say they do not touch me, nor
+cause the revivified life to relieve the winter of my desolation, and
+the leaves and buds of the new spring to bloom within me. For when I
+look forth into the world, all things--even my own wretched life--seem
+simply to give the lie to the great truth which possesses and fills my
+being. Consider the world in its length and breadth, its contradictory
+history, its blind evolution, the greatness and littleness of man, his
+random acquirements, aimless achievements, ruthless causes, the triumph
+of evil, the defeat of good, the depth and intensity and prevalence of
+sin, the all-degrading idolatries, the all-defiling corruptions, the
+monstrous superstitions, the dreary irreligion--is not the whole a
+picture dreadful to look upon, capricious as chance, rigid as fate, pale
+as malady, dark as doom? How shall we face this fact, witnessed to by
+innumerable men in all ages and times, as the natural lot of their kind?
+Much more so when suffering falls upon us, as it does inevitably on all,
+and forces upon us an attempt to solve the riddle of our chaotic
+existence?
+
+There is only one way out of the difficulty. If there is a God, the
+source of all truth and goodness, how else can we account for this
+desperate condition of his highest creation, except we admit man's
+fallen condition? It is thus that the doctrine of original sin is as
+clear to me as is the existence of God.
+
+But, now, supposing that God intended to interfere with this state of
+things, and to draw his prodigal children to Him again, would it not be
+expected that He would do so in a powerful, original, manifest, and
+continuous new creation set amid His old? So intensely is this felt,
+that atheists have drawn an argument from it against the Creator, and
+their feeling is expressed by Paine, when he says, that if there be a
+revelation from God, it ought to be written on the sun. So it should; so
+it is. So was it gloriously shining forth once, in a city set upon a
+hill, full of noon-day splendor, and visible to the eyes of all. Still
+is it there, discernible to the eye of faith; but clouds obscure the sun
+on occasions, and the miserable doings of the sixteenth century have hid
+its light to uncounted millions.
+
+And, now, where shall I find that shining light, that overcoming power,
+which my reason tells me to expect? I quote the words of one who sought
+for many years and at last found:--
+
+"This power, viewed in its fulness, is as tremendous as the giant evil
+which has called it forth. It claims, when brought into exercise in the
+legitimate manner, for otherwise, of course, it is but dormant, to have
+for itself a sure guidance into the very meaning of every portion of the
+Divine Message in detail, which was committed by our Lord to His
+Apostles. It claims to know its own limits, and to decide what it can
+determine absolutely and what it cannot. It claims, moreover, to have a
+hold upon statements not directly religious, so far as this, to
+determine whether they indirectly relate to religion, and, according to
+its own definitive judgment, to pronounce whether or not, in a
+particular case, they are consistent with revealed truth. It claims to
+decide magisterially, whether infallibly or not, that such and such
+statements are or are not prejudicial to the Apostolical _depositum_ of
+faith, in their spirit or in their consequences, and to allow them, or
+condemn and forbid them accordingly. It claims to impose silence at will
+on any matters, or controversies, of doctrine, which on its own _ipse
+dixit_ it pronounces to be dangerous, or inexpedient, or inopportune. It
+claims that whatever may be the judgment of Catholics upon such acts,
+these acts should be received by them with those outward marks of
+reverence, submission, and loyalty, which Englishmen, for instance, pay
+to the presence of their sovereign, without public criticism upon them,
+as being in their matter inexpedient, or in their manner violent or
+harsh. And lastly, it claims to have the right of inflicting spiritual
+punishment, of cutting off from the ordinary channels of divine life,
+and of simply excommunicating those who refuse to submit themselves to
+its formal declarations. Such is the infallibility lodged in the
+Catholic Church, viewed in the concrete, as clothed and surrounded by
+the appendages of its high sovereignty; it is, to repeat what I said
+above, a supereminent prodigious power sent upon earth to encounter and
+master a giant evil."[B]
+
+Such is the weapon placed by divine power in the hands of the Church for
+her conflict with the world. And this being so, the inquiring
+Protestant, after realizing its tremendous nature and scope, will draw
+back perplexed, imagining that a weight like it would crush the human
+intellect. He does this only because he loses sight for the moment of
+the terrible power of the earth giant. The human intellect is no baby,
+weakening under every stroke; it is a tough, wild, elastic energy,
+struggling up in every direction, and is never more itself than when
+suffering beneath the blows of heaven. Moreover, its natural tendency is
+to explain away every dogma of religious truth, from the lowest to the
+highest. In that old pagan world this natural process is to be seen.
+Everywhere that human genius opened up a way for itself, and had a
+career, the last remnants of primeval truth were well-nigh banished.
+Look, too, at the educated intellect of the non-Catholic world to-day.
+Genius, talent, eloquence, and art, what are they in England, Germany
+and France, if we may not describe them as simply godless? Why is this?
+
+Now turn your gaze on the Middle Ages, and observe the difference. It is
+scarcely necessary to say that in those times the Church was
+pre-eminent, not only having the spiritual power, but often also the
+secular. If she had wished it, she could have crushed out every form of
+inquiry, and firmly established herself as the one and only source of
+all truth. But she did not do it. Never since the world began were such
+daring inquiries set on foot, such subtile propositions offered, such a
+vast and varied display of the human intellect in all the departments of
+theology. The office she claimed was that of arbiter; and surely nothing
+was more reasonable. A man would work out some original view or
+deduction; he hoped it was true, but could not be certain; he would put
+it forth; it would be taken up by an opponent, come before some
+theological authority of minor note, pass on to some university, be
+adopted by it and opposed by some other; higher authorities would be
+appealed to, and at last the subject would appear before the Holy See.
+Then, perhaps, no decision would be made, or a dubious one, or minor
+details would be rectified, and so the whole matter sent back for a new
+discussion. Years and years would pass before anything like a final
+decision would be reached; and then, when every defect had been rubbed
+off, and every minute bearing of the matter evolved, the Church would
+either reject it, or adopt it, and stamp it with the seal of dogma. I
+say this is an epitome of doctrinal development in the Catholic Church.
+If there is any one thing more manifest in her ecclesiastical history
+than others, it is her extreme slowness and caution in final
+pronouncement, and the general wise treatment with which she has
+fostered the growth of mental development, so excellent in itself, so
+erratic in its courses, and so needful of her strong guiding hand.
+
+Indeed, it has been used as a reproach against her that Rome has
+originated nothing. It is true. It was not her function. She was
+instituted as the guardian of the Apostolical _depositum_ of faith, over
+which, of course, her control was supreme; and her jurisdiction was to
+extend over all other subjects, because they necessarily touched this.
+But without citing other names, St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas
+stand forth as the formers of the western intellect. Men saintly in
+character they were, but they had no special relations to the central
+See, and were only fallible mortals like the rest of their fellows; yet,
+as I say, they are to be counted the very originators of modern
+Christian thought. Rome did nothing but stamp their teachings with the
+seal of her approval. So was it throughout. Her work has been to check
+and balance the erratic courses of the human mind, allowing it free play
+within certain limits, but firmly preventing its suicidal excesses. How
+tenderly has she dealt with schismatics; how forbearing has been her
+conduct in regard even to the worst heretics; patiently hearing all they
+had to say, allowing the force of their plea where it was possible, and
+only casting them out when they proved incorrigible.
+
+Most Protestants suppose that whereas there are two religious principles
+at work in Christianity, private judgment, and authority, they have all
+the private judgment, while we are weighed down by an unmitigated
+authority. Nothing could be more false. This aspect of Christianity is
+complete without them; they represent simply a negation, and no positive
+force at all. Show me the doctrine that Protestantism has originated,
+and it will then deserve to be treated in a philosophical manner. It
+has had no innate life, nothing to develop from, and has simply withered
+down from the first, until now the advance guard of it has reached the
+shadowy ground of natural religion, and Mr. James Antony Froude, its
+special champion in its past acts, can write that it is dead. On the
+contrary, when I view the external aspect of Catholicism as a whole, I
+behold within it the active forces of life at work from the first. The
+human intellect is no passive instrument, merely being filled by the
+reception of faith, but a living organism, feeling a void in it for
+faith when it has it not, and eagerly receiving and digesting it when it
+comes. Forthwith it begins a process of development, explaining,
+proving, modifying, enlarging, in all the various ways that suit the
+multiplicity of man's nature. This process is observable in all times
+and places, as the inevitable outcome of civilization. Barbarous nations
+do not reason, but receive their religion as an outer cloak; as they
+stagnate in all things else, so also in their creeds. Witness the Turks.
+Intellectually, morally, religiously, they are the same as they were six
+hundred years ago; and unless overthrown from the outside, they will
+probably so remain to the end of time. No heresy has arisen amongst
+them; no progress in civilization is to be marked; no change even in
+decline; for power is relative, and the Moslem empire is weak now only
+in comparison with the vigorous young empires of the West. But the
+action of civilization is different. Under its influence States are in
+constant movement, changing from day to day. The change may be good in
+this detail, and bad in that; it may on the whole be for the good, or it
+may on the whole be for evil. But what I say is the distinct mark of
+civilization, as contrasted with barbarism, is emphatically and simply
+change; change, in the natural order, is its law. For the intellect is
+alive and vigorous, seizing on everything within its scope, shaping it
+by its individual bent, and, hemmed as it is by walls of sense,
+naturally rushing into error on every side. These are effects of private
+judgment, and they are not less to be seen in the whole Catholic world,
+from its beginning until, to-day, than anywhere else; but Catholics have
+had a safeguard against the rebellious and suicidal excesses of fallen
+reason, and this safeguard is the infallibility of the Church.
+
+The meaning and scope of that infallibility has been given in words
+fitter than mine. Viewing the nature of things on the whole, and then
+taking it for granted that God has made a revelation, and intended it to
+be set up and maintained alongside of and within a civilization anxious
+to get rid of it, what more reasonable to be expected than that an
+infallible abiding authority should be His human instrument. It is a
+thing we should be led to expect if it did not exist; as is fully proved
+by Paine's saying about its being written on the sun. How convincingly,
+then, is the truth forced home on us, when we do learn that there is an
+institution that exactly fulfils our foregone conclusion!
+
+So far as theory goes, the infallibility of the Church can be a burden
+to none; so far as actual facts go, it has not demonstrably, to my
+knowledge, acted as a damper on intellectual effort, but merely as the
+restrainer of its excesses.
+
+I shall be quite candid in giving my views on this inexhaustible
+subject, merely letting them stand for what they are worth, and knowing
+full well that there are depths in it, as in all things else, not to be
+sounded by me. And I shall now go on to state what are the real
+difficulties and burdens to me, as to many other Catholics perhaps, in
+this doctrine of infallibility; always premising that ten thousand
+difficulties do not make one doubt. And here some may be inclined to say
+that, as touching the papal headship of it, the evil deeds of many Popes
+and their apparently immoral lives, do inevitably tend to throw
+discredit on it as being lodged in them. But let all that can be said be
+admitted; what then? Why, I answer, David was a man after God's own
+heart, and stood nearer to Him as being inspired than any Pope as being
+infallible; yet one of God's Prophets could say to him, "Thou art the
+man!" The lesson of which is not to judge men's inner lives entirely by
+outward facts, as the young and inexperienced are too apt to do. Our
+Blessed Lord foretold scandals to come in the very sanctuary of His
+dwelling, and we know the doom pronounced upon those by whom they come.
+And if we view the action of these individuals in relation to the
+Apostolical _depositum_, we can actually draw thence an argument awful
+as it is startling. These Popes, so frail as men, were yet wise as the
+Vicars of Christ; never have they dared lay hands on the faith committed
+to their care.
+
+The difficulty lies in another direction. As has already been explained,
+the Church claims infallibility only in matters of faith; but a little
+reflection will show us that there are many things not coming directly
+under this head yet appertaining to it. In these latter she claims
+unquestioning outward obedience at least. Thus she has the right to
+determine when any scientific theory or other controversy bears upon
+matters of faith, or has a dangerous tendency to do so; also to check
+the usurpation of State, when they begin to reach in this direction; and
+in the exercise of this prerogative she is not guarded from error. I
+have already shown how slow, cautious and gentle, has been her dealing
+on the whole with controversies that do relate to faith; much more so
+has she been in the kindred but outer domain. Still, to our fallible
+reason, it may sometimes appear that she acts hastily and wrongly in
+forbidding certain things. She forbids at one epoch what she allows in
+another; tacitly withdrawing the former condemnation. This, I repeat,
+_is_ a difficulty, and, stated baldly thus, must often perplex even
+Catholics.
+
+But let our opponents be as candid as I have been. Let them admit--what
+is no more than a fact--that this prerogative of the Church has been
+exercised very seldom; and that even on the most of these occasions, the
+Church has in the end proved to be in the right, and the supposed martyr
+in the wrong. Things are not to be judged simply in themselves, but a
+course of events prove them; and there is a season for all matters, and
+a season when they are not in order. This right or power is a necessity
+to every constituted body of whatever kind. A State, for instance, may
+wrongly condemn a man for some offence; but that is no argument against
+the State having the right of judging in such matters, even if it must
+incur the danger of wrong judgment once more. If this prerogative were
+taken from the Church, all outside the simple domain of faith would fall
+into a mere chaos. Now, let the man who holds that this would be as it
+should be, let him consistently carry out his doctrine into all the
+concerns of life, and a hideous chaos would be the result. Has not such
+been the result in religious matters outside the Catholic Church? And as
+chaos has resulted there from revolt against the constituted authority,
+so would it be in society at large, were the theory consistently carried
+out. To say that non-infallible exercise of authority should, on account
+of occasional error, be resisted and overthrown, is simply suicidal; and
+an objection founded on it is no more than an objection founded on the
+fact of evil in man's nature, of which it is a necessary part. And into
+this bottomless pit of doubt I for one do not purpose to fall.
+
+Let the problem, then, be fully grasped. It is to secure sufficient
+liberty and a stable authority. Freedom in itself is a good; but such is
+man's fallen nature, that it cannot be enjoyed without a partial
+sacrifice of itself, which it yields up to authority. This becomes the
+domain of authority, and the two interact on each other. So much is
+clear; but conflicts arise, and the precise issue is, not exactly
+between the two, but as to where their boundaries meet. We Catholics
+believe that we hold the solution in our hands, and I shall now merely
+state how I look at it, admitting, of course, that I may be in
+incidental error.
+
+The conflict is supposed to lie now between science and the Church.
+Well, stated simply I would say, let scientists become theologically
+founded, and let theologians become scientists. At first blush this may
+sound like a paradox; but it is not. If theologians would honestly
+strive to master scientific theories, there would be less danger of
+hasty action on their part. Many of them would not stand committed, as
+they do, to a condemnation of evolution, while on the other hand it was
+not their business to sanction it; and if scientists had not allowed
+themselves to become narrow-minded in their studies, they would not have
+similarly placed themselves in a false position by trying to make their
+legitimate discoveries bear upon matters not within their range. The
+point is, that a Catholic, whether scientist or theologian, should not
+allow himself to be alarmed by the rash utterances of individuals; but,
+conscious of a right purpose and true faith, pursue his track to the
+end, knowing that natural truth cannot clash with supernatural; if at
+times it appears so, then he knows that this is only temporary, and that
+in the end difficulties will clear away. Charity on each side will go a
+long way. However, I think the Church has forborne remarkably in these
+matters, not committing herself to any precise attitude, but awaiting
+the issue of the struggle. No idea could be falser than that the
+scientist would hamper himself in submitting to the Church. Quite
+otherwise. He would, by this step, secure a central pillar of support,
+and thence venturing could go further than any of them now dream of. The
+separation of science and the Church is the distinctive evil of the day.
+Both would gain, in strength and freedom, by a union, and the progress
+of the next century would thus redouble that of this.
+
+                        HUGH P. MCELRONE.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[B] Newman's "Apologia," pp. 274, 275.
+
+
+
+
+Honor to the Germans.
+
+
+Letters from those missionaries in Annam, who have escaped the fate
+which has befallen so many of their flocks, agree in charging the
+representatives of France with a negligence, which, under the
+circumstances, assumes the very gravest aspect. Père Dourisboure, for
+instance, writing from the Seminary at Saïgon, where he has taken
+refuge, declares that the presence of French vessels at some of the
+ports, and the firing of a few shots without hurting any one, would have
+been the means of saving the lives of some thirty thousand Christians,
+and securing their homes and possessions against injury. Formerly, he
+says, the mandarins contented themselves with putting missionaries and
+the leading converts to death; but this time, the persecution and hatred
+of France, rather than of Christianity, has been the cause of what can
+only be called a war of extermination, and France has done nothing for
+those who have suffered for their supposed loyalty to her. When the news
+of the massacre at Qui-Nhon, where there were seven thousand Christians,
+reached Mgr. van Camelbeke, he at once requested the commandant of the
+_Lyon_, which was lying at that port, to see to the safety of Father
+Auger and Father Guitton; but that officer replied that his instructions
+would not allow him to fire a single shot in defence of the missionaries
+or the native Christians, and all representations and entreaties on the
+subject proved ineffectual. In this difficulty aid came from an
+unlooked-for quarter. Deserted by their own countrymen, the missionaries
+applied to the captain of a German merchantman, which was in the port,
+and the request being acceded to, two of the Fathers and five German
+sailors rowed ashore, armed to the teeth, to arrange for the escape of
+as many Christians as possible. They were met by three mandarins, one of
+whom was the bitterest enemy of the Christians. These the sailors
+captured and put in irons on board their vessel, and secure in the
+possession of these hostages, they proceeded to bring off some seven
+hundred Christians, the utmost number which the ship could contain,
+forcing the natives to assist in the work. One of the mandarins was then
+sent ashore charged with a message that any act of violence against the
+Christians would be visited upon the two who remained in the custody of
+the Germans. Père Dourisboure's narrative ceases with the safe arrival
+of the seven hundred Christians at Saïgon; but we may well hope that the
+brave Protestant sailors on their return to Qui-Nhon found that their
+device had proved effectual.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A WRITER in the _New York Commercial_ gives facts and figures to prove
+that there is no quarter of the globe so much in need of missionary
+enterprise as New England. The Puritans have ceased to be a churchgoing
+people.
+
+
+
+
+Vindication.
+
+From the German of Reinick.
+
+
+    "Why lingerest here in the greenwood,
+      All day in a childish dream,
+    Toying with leaves and flowers,
+      Watching the wavelets gleam,
+    While a world grown old and hoary
+      With the spirit of change is rife,
+    And the outworn past and the present
+      Are grappling in deadly strife?"
+
+    Still here will I dwell in quiet,
+      Tho' without the tempests rave;
+    And while all things reel and totter,
+      Will seek me an oaken stave,
+    Plucked from a tree that has weathered
+      The storms against it hurled,
+    While into the dust are crumbling
+      The props that uphold the world.
+
+    Yes, I'll choose this silent garden
+      Tho' around me deserts lie,
+    And bask in the ancient glories
+      Of earth and sea and sky.
+    While alone on dark thoughts of ruin
+      Your pulseless bosoms brood,
+    I'll build me a bower of roses,
+      And rejoice in my solitude.
+
+    "Rejoice! Verily we've forgotten
+      The sound of so strange a word;
+    Nowadays notes of scorn and anger
+      May well in youth's songs be heard;
+    For the woes of our earthly existence
+      Should find a voice in your rhyme,
+    Since the word of the poet is ever
+      The mirror of his time."
+
+    No, no, in the heart of the poet
+      Can no scornful spirit live--
+    He is wroth at human baseness,
+      Can over the sorrows grieve
+    That round this old earth are woven
+      Like some fateful web of doom,
+    And he weeps that bright gleams of radiance
+      So seldom pierce the gloom.
+
+    But whenever a ray out-flashes,
+      Drink it in with heart and mind,
+    And a hopeful premonition
+      Of the future in it find:--
+    Rejoice, when the sun is shining!
+      Joy purifies the breast,
+    And whoso with pure heart rejoiceth,
+      Even here below is blest!
+
+    "What! you believe in the bliss of Heaven
+      In a happiness yet to be?
+    Your faith, like your other emotions,
+      Is mere childish fantasy.
+    Remain as you have been ever,
+      A child from your very birth,
+    Unworthy with men to hold counsel
+      On the woes and the welfare of earth."
+
+    Yes, I believe in the word of promise,
+      I believe in each holy word,
+    In the power that clothes the lily,
+      And that feeds the nestling bird;
+    "Be like unto children, of such is
+      God's Kingdom." Ah! well, in sooth,
+    If all were as little children
+      In purity and in truth!
+
+    To the weal and the woe of the nations
+      I do not seal my breast,
+    Tho' my Motherland is dearer
+      To me than all the rest.
+    If to fold universal being,
+      'Neath its wings the mind aspires,
+    Still the heart needs narrower limits
+      For the growth of its sacred fires.
+
+                        REV. JOHN COSTELLO.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+JULES JANIN, a witty French writer, nicknamed lobsters "Naval
+Cardinals." He probably imagined that lobsters in the sea are as red as
+they are when served on our tables or placed in the windows of our
+fishmonger's shops. Curiously enough sailors call the ships used to
+carry our red-coated soldiers from one part of the world to another,
+lobster-boxes.
+
+
+
+
+Tracadie and the Trappists.
+
+
+The flourishing village of Tracadie, in the county of Antigonish,
+Eastern Nova Scotia, well sustains for its French inhabitants, the
+prestige, as industrious husbandmen, which their ancestors'
+contemporaries established in Western Nova Scotia--the land sung of by
+Longfellow in his "Evangeline;" and the much-vaunted superiority of the
+Anglo-Saxon, reads like a melancholy sarcasm, in the face of the fact
+that the lands from which the inoffensive Acadians were mercilessly
+hunted, are, to-day, far, very far, removed from the teeming fertility,
+which charmed the land-pirates in the last century. Simple-minded folks
+are wont to say, that the lands of the dispersed Acadians, languish
+under a curse, nor need we, of necessity, dissent from this theory, if
+we consider the manifestation of the curse to be shown, in a lack of
+skill, or industry--or mayhap both--in the descendants of those who
+profited by that infamous transaction. Certain it is, that these lands
+are now much less fertile than of yore.
+
+Arriving at Tracadie, as we drive from the Eastern Extension Railway
+Station, we notice as a curious coincidence of alliteration, the sign,--
+
+    +-------------------+
+    | HALF-WAY HOUSE.   |
+    | H. H. HARRINGTON. |
+    +-------------------+
+
+and remark that with the super-addition of "_Halt Here_," the signboard
+would be an unique curiosity.
+
+Leaving the hospitable farmhouse of Mr. DeLorey, on a bright October
+Sunday, after hearing Mass in the neat and commodious parish church
+dedicated to St. Peter, a pleasant drive of three miles, bring us to the
+Trappist Monastery of _Our Lady of Petit Clairvaux_, the buildings of
+which are of brick, and form a quadrangle, of which one side has yet to
+be erected.
+
+Ringing the porter's bell we are admitted and handed over to Brother
+Richard, the genial and amiable guest master, who is most assiduous in
+his attentions to us.
+
+The monastery was founded as a Priory, early in the present century by
+Father Vincent, a native of France, and was raised to the dignity of an
+abbey nine years ago, when the present Abbot, Father Dominic, was
+consecrated. The community at present number thirty-seven, of whom
+sixteen are priests and choir-religious, the remaining twenty-one being
+lay brothers; the monks being chiefly Belgians, with a few from
+Montreal, and a few from this vicinity.
+
+The abbey is surrounded by four hundred acres of land, tolerably
+fertile, though rough in part, and has excellent limestone quarries--the
+monks burning as much as one hundred barrels of lime at once in their
+kiln; they also manufacture all the bricks required for the multifarious
+works which are incessantly in progress. Their domain is well watered
+by a stream upon which the indefatigable monks have had a mill erected.
+At the date of our visit, they had just finished a new dam composed of
+immense blocks of limestone, and had almost completed a new and larger
+mill--to supersede the old one--and which in addition to the ordinary
+grist grinding will also be utilized, simultaneously, for carding,
+sawing boards, and sawing shingles. The new mill has dimensions of 150 x
+40 ft., and the main barn 220 x 40 ft. The latter building now
+accommodates fifty heads of horned cattle, including some Jersey
+thoroughbreds and Durhams and six horses. We were also shown some
+Berkshire thoroughbred pigs, enormous, unwieldy brutes, one rather
+youthful porker being estimated to weigh nearly six hundred pounds.
+
+The monks make a large quantity of butter, all the year round, the sale
+of which forms an important item of their revenue. The abbey has made
+its repute all through the surrounding country, and it is scarcely
+possible to over-estimate the benefit of this _model_ farm to the
+inhabitants of adjacent lands; combining as it does the latest
+improvements in agriculture with the untiring industry of the Trappist
+Monk. For several years, their grist-mill was the only one for a great
+distance, and even now wheat is brought in, for grinding, from a radius
+of fifteen miles.
+
+The monks contain among themselves all the trades necessary to their
+well-ordered community, _ex-gr_ two blacksmiths, two tailors, two
+millers, a baker, shoemaker, and doctor, not forgetting the wonderful
+Brother Benedict, who is at once architect, carpenter, mason and
+clockmaker. In the last-mentioned capacity his ingenuity is shown by a
+clock which has four faces; one visible from the road approaching the
+abbey, the second from the chapel, the third from the infirmary, and the
+fourth from the refectory, where the modest table service of tin plates
+and wooden spoons and forks, offer but few attractions to those who
+overlooking the final end of all created things, look at life from the
+animal point of view.
+
+We are also taken to the dormitory, and look into the narrow
+compartments, where the good brothers sleep, with easy consciences, upon
+their hard beds; and are also shown the _discipline_, which, though no
+doubt a wholesome instrument of penance, does not in any way resemble
+the article of torture under which guise it masquerades in the average
+anti-Jesuit novel.
+
+Descending again we are taken to the neat cemetery where the brothers
+are deposited in peace after life's course is run, covered only by their
+coarse serge habits, and without coffins. Every grave has painted in
+white letters, on the black ground of a plain, wooden cross, the name in
+religion once borne by him, whose mortal remains rest below.
+
+In the centre of this final resting-place stands a tall cross, and near
+by we observe a bare skull, whose mute lips powerfully preach the folly
+of worldliness, and like an accusing spirit warns all beholders of the
+dread day when every wasted minute, as well as every useless word, must
+be strictly accounted for.
+
+The costume of the monks, in its coarseness and simplicity, would not
+commend itself to our modern dudes; but, then, life is a terrible
+reality to these brothers, who, hearing the voice of God, have hastened
+to follow his call, fully realizing, that without the one thing
+necessary, all else is vanity.
+
+These reflections are interrupted by the abbey bell, calling us to
+Vespers, which are chanted by the monks (the music being supplied by the
+organist Father Bernard), upon the conclusion of which, we take our
+departure, deeply and favorably impressed with our visit to this
+monastery, which stands alone, in the Maritime Provinces of the Canadian
+Dominion, and sincerely grateful, for being enabled to see with our own
+eyes the works of those much-abused monks, who in general are so
+frequently defamed by the thoughtless boys who write for the secular
+press, and by the equally empty-headed old women--of both sexes--who
+write for that class of periodical which by a curious misnomer is
+designated _religious_. These are the people, who, it is to be feared,
+shut their eyes to the truth, lest they should be compelled to
+acknowledge it.
+
+In the face of so much prejudice, it is pleasant to be able to record
+that quite recently some Protestant clergymen visited the monastery, and
+did not refrain from expressing their honest and undisguised admiration
+for what they beheld.
+
+                    J. W. O'RYAN.
+
+
+
+
+Gladstone at Emmet's Grave.
+
+HOW THE UNMARKED TOMBSTONE OF THE MARTYR LOOKED.
+
+
+The day Mr. Gladstone went to Dublin to receive the freedom of the city,
+which the town council had unanimously agreed to confer upon him, he
+spent a day in the docks and courts and in visiting St. Michael's
+Church--a place full of historical interest. On the vestry table lie two
+casts of the heads of the brothers Shears, who were beheaded in the
+rebellion of 1798. Such are the properties of the soil in the cemetery
+that the bodies of those are as perfect as the day on which they were
+hanged.
+
+The church itself is eight hundred years old, having been built by a
+Danish bishop during the ascendency of his race.
+
+Mr. Gladstone examined the communion plate, some of which came out of
+the spoils of the Spanish Armada.
+
+But these were light trivialities! The grave of Robert Emmet is here.
+"Let no man mark my tomb," said he, "until my country takes her place
+among the nations of the earth."
+
+Mr. Gladstone stood beside the rough granite, unchiselled, unlettered,
+silent slab. No name, no date, no word of sorrow, of hope. The sides are
+clipped and hacked, for emigrants have come from afar to take to their
+home in the new world bits of the tomb of Robert Emmet. How he comes to
+lie here is simply said. When his head was cut off in Thomas Street,
+his body was taken to Bully's Acre,--what a name!--and buried.
+
+Rev. Mr. Dobbyn, a sympathizer in the cause, was then Rector of St.
+Michael's; he ordered the body to be disinterred that night, and he
+placed it secretly in St. Michael's church-yard. A nephew of Robert
+Emmet, a New York judge, corroborated this statement some years ago. But
+Emmet is not the only rebel that lies here in peace.
+
+Oliver Boyd sleeps here, with God's noblest work, "an honest man,"
+written on his tombstone. Here, too, is the grave of the hero, William
+Jackson, who was tried, convicted and sentenced to death. While the
+judge was still pronouncing the awful doom, the man grew faint and in a
+few minutes fell down dead. He had swallowed poison on hearing the
+verdict from the jury. In this vault, over which Mr. Gladstone peers
+anxiously, you can see a group of heads, all of 1798 men and there on
+one of them, is the hangman's crape as it stuck in the wounded neck
+since the day on which it and its owner parted company. Mr. Gladstone is
+silent as he sees all this and at last mournfully moves away.
+
+Is there ever a tragedy in which clown is wholly absent? As he steps
+over the graves, up comes a man as drunk as a goat, and cries out, "Ah!
+Mr. Gladstone will you take the duty off the whiskey?" Upon which he of
+Hawarden Castle turns him round and says slowly--"My friend, the duty
+does not seem to stand much in your way."
+
+                      JOHN W. MONAHAN.
+
+
+
+
+Gerald Griffin.
+
+
+That part of Limerick formerly known as Englishtown, and at present
+localized in city ordinances and surveying maps as King's Island,
+consists of a knot of antique houses crowding thick around a venerable
+cathedral. An ancient castle, its dismantled tower within easy bow-shot,
+overrun with weeds and ivy, overlooks the noble river, whose expansive
+sweep of waters is at this point of passage spanned by an old, but still
+substantial bridge. In the shadow of the cathedral and within hearing of
+the river, Gerald Griffin, dramatist, poet and novelist, was born on the
+12th of December, 1803. His father, who had succeeded to a goodly
+estate, a considerable fortune and an honored name, sold the fee simple
+of his landed inheritance, and removed to Limerick, that his children
+might enjoy all the advantages of a good education, which at that period
+were best obtainable in large towns and great cities. He established
+himself in the business of a brewer; and, as in every speculative walk
+of life where personal energy is not well supplemented by judicious
+management and long experience, time alone was needed to diminish his
+capital by rewarding his unremitting industry with profitless returns.
+The natural disposition of this good man presented a medley of those
+attractive qualities which secure for their fortunate possessor an
+immediate share of the sympathetic good-will alike of the friend and
+the stranger. He had a kind heart and a winning manner. He could enjoy
+and exchange a good joke, and to the end of his life was a sterling and
+an uncompromising patriot. Yet his admiration for valor and virtue was
+circumscribed by no political limits, by no narrow-minded prejudices. An
+ultra-volunteer in '82, and an O'Connellite in '29, he was enthusiastic
+over the victory at Waterloo, and wept at the melancholy fate of Sir
+Samuel Romilly. Gerald's mother was a gentle and accomplished lady,
+whose affection for her child was tempered and regulated by the
+treasures of a refined and cultured mind, and by a sensitively religious
+disposition. When he was in his third year, Mrs. Griffin, with her
+family, removed to a country district, which, from local association
+with the escapades of lepracauns and phookas, had inherited the
+significative title of Fairy Lawn. The new home was romantically
+situated amid the umbrageous woods and pastoral meadow-lands through
+which the Shannon flows at its confluence with the little Ovaan River.
+His infancy thus cradled in a landscape rich in the diversified
+picturesqueness of storied ruin and historic tradition, what wonder that
+Gerald at a very early age should feel the inspiration of his poetic
+surroundings as he looked towards the winding river, the green fields,
+the islands mirrored in the tributary Fergus, and the solemn shade and
+cloistered loneliness of ruined abbeys and gray cathedrals. To the
+careful training of his good mother he was indebted for the exquisite
+taste and truthfulness with which he interpreted nature; for the nice
+sense of honor which distinguished him through life, and which often
+rose to a weakness; for the delicate reserve which made absence from
+home a self-imposed hermitage; and for the deep, devotional feeling and
+healthy habit of moral reflection which ever shaped and inwove the pure
+current of his thoughts and writings.
+
+A visiting tutor gave Gerald an elementary knowledge of English until
+the year 1814, when he was sent to Limerick. He remained in the city
+attending a classical school till he had acquired a familiarity with the
+works of the great Latin authors. At an age when it is scarcely
+customary to emancipate children from the prim decorum and polite
+restraint of the nursery, young Griffin was pouring with unmixed delight
+over the pages of Horace, Ovid and Virgil. Of the three, he preferred
+the sweet pastoral of the gentle poet of Mantua, and to the end of his
+life retained this partiality. Inspiration caught from so pure a source
+wrought itself into innumerable songs and sonnets, which Gerald managed
+to write clandestinely, when some new frolic drew away the attention of
+his brothers and sisters, and left him in the enjoyment of a peaceful
+hour and a quiet corner. During these intervals of busy writing he was
+insensibly acquiring that light and graceful style, by the gentle charm
+of which the most sober strain of serious thought became the most
+acceptable kind of agreeable reading. Though still young, he could well
+realize how indispensable a good style is for literary success. He lived
+at a time when books were comparatively scarce, in a district remote
+from easy access to well-filled libraries; when the cost of
+transportation often equalled the advertised price for the newest canto
+of "Childe Harold," or the latest novel by the "Great Unknown." But what
+would have been disadvantages to many a beginner proved to have been of
+incalculable benefit to Gerald Griffin. His knowledge of books and
+authors was limited to the extent of his mother's library, and it
+contained, among other choice works, the writings of the inimitable
+author to whose graceful allurement Washington Irving owed half his fame
+and all the classic sweetness of his fascinating style. He copied out
+whole chapters of the "Vicar of Wakefield," and rarely went out of doors
+without bringing for a companion a copy of the "Animated Nature."
+
+In the boy, pensive and serious beyond his years, might be traced the
+different characteristics of mind and heart which eventually made up the
+texture of his later manhood, the yearning desire for retirement, the
+habit of sober reflection, the trait of gentle sadness, and the
+passionate love for home and country. The years of his childhood passed
+unattended by a single sorrow. Time, however, brought a change, which
+broke rudely in upon the even tenor of his happy life. The pretty
+homestead on the banks of the Shannon was to be broken up, old poetic
+haunts had to be forsaken, and the sheep of the little fold were to be
+dispersed.
+
+In the year 1820 his father suffered such heavy losses that a slender
+competency was all that remained at his disposal to resume, if he had
+been willing, a business which had hitherto been productive of only
+disappointments and regrets. The family, not wishing to run further
+risks, set sail for America, and settled in another Fairy Lawn, in
+Susquehanna County, Pa., leaving Gerald and two younger sisters to
+remain with their brother, a physician, who was at that time living in
+the town of Adare. Here Gerald remained for two years, pounding drugs
+and manipulating pills, ostensibly to study medicine, but in reality to
+devise plots for projected dramas, and to sketch character and incident
+for tales in prose and poetry. The pathway of his future career had
+already been carefully mapped out. He had long pined in secret for a
+literary career, and years only whetted his eagerness to put his
+unspoken wish into practical execution. Like poor Kirke White, he felt
+the irresistible influence of an unmistakable destiny drawing him, as he
+fancied, from lowly walks to ways of loftier prospect and more uncertain
+enterprise. In the prophetic fervor of anticipated triumph, he foresaw
+himself the lion of the literary coterie, the courted favorite at titled
+levees and fashionable dinner parties. He occasionally contributed short
+essays and fugitive poems to the _Limerick Reporter_, a sheet of news on
+which were wont to be chronicled the gossip of the city, critiques of
+provincial dramas, statistics of the Baldoyle steeplechases, or the
+latest speech by the Liberator. Sometimes he ran into the city to have a
+chat with a young man, who had begun to be recognized in the circuit of
+provincial journalism as a literary star of rising magnitude. The young
+man was John Banim, whose noble services under trying circumstances
+Gerald had reason some years later to experience and appreciate. During
+the two years immediately preceding his departure for London, he devoted
+his attention almost exclusively to dramatic composition. Banim's "Damon
+and Pythias" appeared in 1821, and the success which had at once raised
+its obscure author into prominence, must have had no slight influence in
+confirming the resolution which Gerald had already made. A religious
+motive, too, entered into the spirit and outlined the object and policy
+of his work. His plays, when they should be produced, were not to
+terminate with uproarious applause and calls for the "gifted author" at
+the fall of the curtain. The spirit of the drama had at this time
+wofully departed from the sphere of its legitimate function received
+from historic tradition. The design of the great dramatic master had
+been in his own words to hold the "mirror up to nature." The interest of
+London stage-managers led them to pander to public taste, and crowd the
+boards with sensational makeshifts and spectacular unrealities. Otway's
+"Venice Preserved" and Heman's "Vespers of Palermo" could not attract a
+pit full; while scenes introducing battlefields, burning forests, and
+cataracts of real water crowded the houses to overflowing. It was at
+this juncture that Griffin hoped to bring about his dramatic revolution.
+It was with this object in view that he composed a tragedy and read it
+for his brother, who, seeing that it contained much that was excellent
+and much that gave evidence of future success, no longer withheld his
+permission for Gerald to try his future in the heart of the English
+metropolis.
+
+One cold morning, in the autumn of the year 1823, Gerald Griffin found
+himself a bewildered stranger in the streets of London. The sense of
+utter loneliness, the feeling of timid embarrassment, which overpowered
+him in the bustle and uproar, amid the winding streets and smoky
+labyrinths of the densely populated Babel, had been experienced by many
+another aspiring adventurer, whom the glitter of a great name and the
+hope of literary preferment had drawn from happy retirements to battle
+through adversity to fame and fortune. His first object on his arrival
+in town was to seek the shelter of respectable lodgings; his next, to
+introduce himself, to explain his projects and to submit his tragedy to
+the manager of a London theatre. The manuscript was returned after some
+months delay, with the intimation that it was too poetic and too
+didactic, and would require extensive revision before it could be
+brought upon the stage. Accident, rather than good luck, threw Banim
+across his path, and he proved to be a valuable and a faithful friend.
+In the little sanctum at the rear of No 7 Amelia Place, Brompton, where
+Curran had written his speeches and Banim had composed his tragedies,
+Gerald sat down to reinspect the returned work, and at the suggestion of
+his friend to omit whole scenes, to substitute others, to lop off
+epithets which were too glaringly poetic, and to abbreviate speeches
+which were too discursively long. But despite all the author's revision
+and Banim's abler experience "Aquire" was fated never to occupy the
+boards. No amount of labor could redeem the fault of a drama which
+conveyed moral precepts in the classic solemnity of select and studied
+periods. Despairing, at length, of ever having it produced, Gerald
+withdrew it in disgust; but what he did with the manuscript, whether it
+was purposely destroyed, or accidentally lost, we are unable to say.
+"Aquire," however, must have contained many excellencies, judging from
+other poetical work of the author written at the same time, and from the
+testimony of his accomplished brother, whose excellent literary taste
+made him a competent judge. "Gisippus," a tragedy written at this
+period, was produced with great success two years after the author's
+death, Macready sustaining the title rôle. A series of continued
+failures to satisfy the wants of exacting stage managers, slightly
+altered the plan, though not the purpose, of the work which Griffin had
+set himself to accomplish. He was compelled to give up writing
+tragedies, and write for a livelihood; but London was overcrowded with
+impecunious journalists, and he received the merest pittance in return
+for the most arduous species of literary drudgery. The author of
+"Irene," on his arrival in London, was not more incontestably the
+literary helot at the mercy of Cave, Millar, and Osborne, than was
+Gerald Griffin the typical booksellers' hack amid shuffling reviewers
+and extorting publishers. Johnson at the outset of his literary career
+received but five guineas for a quarto English translation of "Lobos
+Voyage to Abyssinia." Griffin, after working for weeks received two
+guineas for a translation of a volume and a half of Prevot's works. But
+he was not to be easily dismayed by first reverses of fortune. He had
+long ago made himself familiar with the catalogue of miseries in the
+literary martyrology beginning with Nash and Otway, and ending with his
+friend Banim. Early intimacy with distress and disappointment would but
+stimulate him the better to conquer both. He would sacrifice everything,
+consistent with a stainless name and an honorable career, in the
+attainment of his cherished end--the society of friends, the little
+luxuries of a frugal table, the modest though comfortable room in which
+he had hitherto lived and toiled. Poor Gerald! he had yet to learn when
+his most ambitious yearnings had been fully realized, that worldly
+honors do not satisfy the cravings of a Christian heart, that the most
+imperishable coronal of true success is woven of deeds little, lowly,
+and seemingly contemptible, and that labor spent in purely secular
+pursuits is labor spent in vain. But the nobler promptings of his nature
+were as yet unheard amid the discord in which he lived.
+
+He now removed to a miserable garret in a lonely corner of a lonely
+street in the loneliest part of London. The forlorn solitude of his
+dreary room was, however, somewhat cheered by the thought, that in such
+dizzy eeries, amid the eccentric gables and rheumatic chimney pots of
+great capitals, works were often composed which were destined eventually
+to confer lasting honors on their obscure authors. Goldsmith had written
+his "Vicar of Wakefield" in the memorable, dingy eminence at the head of
+Breakneck Steps. Pope, walking with Harte in the Haymarket, entered an
+old house, where mounting three pair of creaking stairs he pointed to an
+open door and said: "In this garret Addison wrote his 'Campaign.'"
+Gerald Griffin, however, had yet to experience all the hardships which
+were endured by Goldsmith before his landlady threatened eviction, and
+by Addison before he received the fortuitous visit of Henry Boyle, Lord
+Chancellor of the Exchequer. He wrote prose and poetry for which he was
+often glad to get sufficient money wherewith to purchase a cup of coffee
+and a crust of bread. He studied Spanish, and when he had so mastered
+the language as to be able to translate fluently, his publisher said
+that on second consideration he would prefer to receive original
+contributions. And now commenced a period in Griffin's life, which, for
+exceptional want and misery, might claim a certain pre-eminence in the
+long list of hapless victims, who made up the literary hecatomb of the
+Johnsonian era. Without the grosser elements, which enter into their
+methods of living and disfigure their character, the abject squalor of
+vulgar surroundings, the love for pot-houses and low companionships, the
+utter disregard for personal respect, he otherwise underwent all the
+pain, the want and uncertainty of their impoverished condition. But the
+roughness of the road was unthought of in the anticipation of a rich
+reward at the end of his journey. He would redouble his efforts to
+ensure its nearer approach. He abandoned old companionships; invitations
+to dinners and literary soirées, which came from his friends Banim and
+McGinn, were politely declined. He locked himself in his lonely room and
+wrote through the hours of an unbroken day. Only at night when the lamps
+were lit, and the crowds had left the street, would he venture out of
+doors, and then merely to take a ten minutes' walk to ease his aching
+head, and to rest his wearied eyes. Once he remained three whole days
+without tasting food, till a friend accidently came to see him and found
+him pale and faint but still writing. Yet in all the sunless gloom of
+this dreadful time his letters home were most cheerful. The want of
+actual nourishment he felt, the evil influences by which he was
+surrounded, the chances of certain success which awaited him if he would
+but do violence to a certain portion of his scrupulous orthodoxy,
+counted for nothing with one whose good sense could see no grave
+inconsistency between temporary poverty and the first efforts of
+struggling genius. Nor is poverty so fatal to the efforts of genius as a
+superficial thinker would suppose it to be. To a noble nature it
+presents no feature of degradation or terror. Its supposed evils are,
+for the most part, begotten of the pride of those who are its victims.
+
+If it forbade Griffin to ask or receive favors from those who were able
+and willing to help him, it thereby conferred self-independence and
+ceaseless energy, the constant forerunners of inevitable success. His
+industry was speedily rewarded, and in a manner which seemed the result
+rather of good luck than of strenuous effort or personal merit. One day
+Gerald made bold to write an article after the manner of those in the
+great reviews. He sent it anonymously to the proprietor of a leading
+periodical, and in return received unsolicited a cheque for a handsome
+sum of money, with an invitation to continue sending contributions of a
+similar kind. This was the first hopeful speck in the horizon of a
+brilliant future. The benevolence of the kindly publisher did not end
+here. He sought out the anonymous writer, invited him to dinner, treated
+him handsomely, and obtained for him the editorship of a new
+publication. "It never rains but it pours," is a true old maxim
+attributable with equal propriety to good and evil happenings. Hitherto
+he had been unable to make his time profitable either in a literary or
+pecuniary sense. His later contributions had all at once begun to
+attract attention, and the amount of time at his disposal seemed too
+short to enable him to satisfy all the requirements of numerous
+engagements. He was employed as a parliamentary reporter and as a writer
+of short plays for the English Opera House. He reviewed books which
+were published, and revised books which were unpublished. He contributed
+essays, stories and poetry to the _News of Literature_, the _European
+Review_, and the _London Magazine_, for the smallest one of which he
+received more money than for the huge translation of Prevot two years
+previous. He was now enabled to take more comfortable chambers; but he
+miscalculated his powers of endurance; when in such a stage of mental
+anxiety and mental application he would remain up at literary work till
+he heard the church clocks strike four in the morning. The evil results
+of this abuse of health soon made themselves manifest. He had lost all
+appetite for food. His rest was broken by fits of insomnia, during which
+his heart would beat so loud as to be distinctly heard by his brother in
+the same room. In the streets he would be suddenly attacked by swooning
+fits, during which he would have to support himself by leaning on gate
+posts and sitting on door-steps. At the earnest solicitation of his good
+brother he set out for Ireland with the hope of recruiting his failing
+energies by a few months' leave of absence. His vacation was productive
+of literary as well as of sanitary results.
+
+He returned to London with a volume of stories for the press, and sold
+the copyright to the Messrs. Simpkin Marshall & Co., for £70. The work
+appeared in December 1826, under the title of "Hollandtide Tales." It
+was well received. The style was original, graceful and easy. The three
+novels, which comprised the series, were interesting and free from the
+taint of grossness and immorality, so erroneously deemed essential when
+describing the habits and customs of the poorer classes. It was an
+eloquent vindication of a much-wronged portion of the Irish peasantry,
+and like Banim's contemporary writings, it was hailed with universal
+exultation in Irish literary circles. The success of his first work was
+so immediate and decisive that he resigned his editorship, abandoned the
+magazines and reviews, and continued with few interruptions to appear
+annually before the public as a novelist. "Tales of the Munster
+Festivals," which appeared in two series, and for which he received
+£250, was the title of his next work. In 1858 appeared "The Collegians"
+which placed him with one bound in the fore front of the great writers
+of his country. It was not only the best Irish novel that had appeared
+previous to its first publication, but is admittedly the best that has
+ever been written since.[C] "The Invasion," "The Rivals," "The Duke of
+Monmouth," and others which he wrote subsequently, are all far inferior
+when placed side by side with this great master-piece of fiction. In it
+may be seen to best advantage the wonderful power and versatility of
+Griffin's genius as a great novelist, for within its single compass he
+has touched with a master hand the whole gamut of human passion and
+human affections. As a literary artist of the "dark and touching mode of
+painting," which Carleton has set down as the chief characteristic of
+his brother novelist, Griffin has few equals and no superior. To depict
+the more sombre tints of human nature, to trace the unbroken events
+linked together in a career of crime, from the first commission of evil
+till its last expiation in the felon ship, or on the gallows, he
+especially delights. He does not delay the progress of the plot to
+impress upon his reader the exact frame of mind in which his hero felt
+at certain trying conjunctures. This suggests itself unconsciously, in
+occasional snatches of vague and emotional distraction, in half uttered
+replies, in the joke that mechanically escapes the lips, in the
+capricious laugh that best discovers the anguish preying on the mind and
+the despair eating at the heart. But it is in the ingenuity with which
+he makes local surroundings play such an important part in the drama of
+human destiny, that Griffin excels to a remarkable extent. What reader
+of the "Collegians" has not realized all the perils of the windy night
+and the stormy sea with trepidation and horror scarcely surpassed by the
+occupants of the little craft tossing amid the boiling breakers--Eily,
+the hapless runaway, Danny, the elfin hunchback, and Hardress, the
+conscience-stricken victim of conflicting thoughts and passionate
+impulses? How much more tragic the finding of the dead body of Eily, the
+"pride of Garryowen," since it occurs on the hunting field, surrounded
+by the half maudlin squires, and before the bloodless face of the
+horrified murderer? But Griffin deserves mention other than as a
+dramatist and novelist. It is saddening to know that in an age where so
+much weak sentiment, scarcely discernible in its wealth of verbose
+ornamentation, is so easily imposed upon the public under the name of
+poetry, that so much really good poetry should be forgotten and unread.
+One is often provoked to regret that the scalping knife has become
+blunted in the hands of the "buff and blue," and that the race of useful
+parodists should seem to have expired with the wits of "Fraser." As a
+poet Griffin is comparatively little known; and yet, to make a seeming
+paradox, few poets have been more universally popular. The exquisite
+songs, "A Place in Thy Memory," "Schule Agrah" and "Aileen Aroon" have
+been read and sung wherever the English language is spoken. Yet very few
+young Irish ladies and gentlemen are aware that Gerald Griffin is the
+author. The religious spirit which exhibits its moral influence through
+the thread of his stories appears more extensively and more perceptibly
+in his poetry. If his shorter poems are the best of all he has written,
+the best of all his short poems are those which breathe a religious
+spirit. To verify our assertion we need only mention, "Old Times, Old
+Times!" "The Mother's Lament," "O'Brazil" and "The Sister of Charity."
+It is a matter for much regret that Griffin should have written so
+little poetry. Had he devoted more exclusive attention to this
+department of literature, he would undoubtedly have become the Burns of
+his country; for his muse had taught him a kindred song, and given him
+to write with equal tenderness and simplicity.
+
+In the year 1838, Gerald Griffin had attained a popularity which would
+have satisfied the wishes of the most ardent literary enthusiast. He was
+no longer the literary hack, the despised minion, the swindled victim at
+the mercy of harpy publishers and newspaper knaves. He could now write
+at his leisure, and be handsomely rewarded for his labor. Positions from
+which much emolument might be derived were offered him, but he answered
+them with a polite refusal. Contributions were solicited to no purpose.
+The desultory articles written under pressure of hunger in the
+confinement of the garret near St. Paul's were hunted for by publishers,
+who were too happy to pay a handsome premium for any thing printed over
+the name of the now popular author. To those who have never tried to
+realize the working of divine grace in the hearts of the pure and
+virtuous, Gerald Griffin would now seem to have nothing more to wish
+for, no unacquired honor to enkindle a new aspiration, no need of money
+to compel him once more to write for a living. The wisdom of advanced
+years, and a religious discernment guided by the spirit of God, and
+becoming more devotional day by day, began at last to discover the
+sophistry and the deceit of human glory and human praise. He still
+yearned after a mysterious something which he began to realize could
+never be found amid the jarring discord and empty distractions of the
+secular world. A new light irradiated the thick gloom by which he had
+long been encompassed. Gradually the mist and shadow of doubt and
+difficulty rolled away, disclosing at length the gray walls of a silent
+monastery in spirit of unpretentious work and pious exercise, far
+sequestered from the busy haunts of worldly men. Step by step he was
+approaching the humble cell of recollection and prayer, in the religious
+solitude of which he was to find true peace and lasting happiness. From
+the cottage cradled on the Shannon's breast to his later home in the
+poetic solitude of sweet Adare; from the three-cornered garret in the
+London back street to the tables of the rich and the titled, he had
+experienced every vicissitude between the antithetical extremes of joy
+and sorrow. When, at length, the final step was taken, it was not the
+rash or eccentric choice of momentary impulse, but the matured result of
+wise and cautious deliberation. He prepared to enter the noble order of
+the Christian Brothers, whose humble office it is to instruct the
+children of the poor, and whose labors in the cause of Christian
+education have been of incalculable benefit to the Irish race. One
+morning previous to Gerald's final departure, an elder brother entered
+his bedroom. He found him in a kneeling posture holding the last
+fragment of a charred heap of manuscript over the blazing fire. He had
+made the final sacrifice to God of all that could wed his heart to
+future worldly honors. In the year 1838 he entered the Christian
+Brothers at Cork, and after a short novitiate received the habit and the
+vows by which these holy men consecrate themselves to the service of
+their Maker and the spiritual welfare of their fellow men. But the
+splendid genius of the new Brother was not destined to remain idle. It
+was now to be exercised more energetically than ever, consecrated as it
+had been to the service of religion and the glory of God. He had just
+completed a small number of Catholic tales, written in his happiest
+vein, when a fatal attack of malignant fever struck the pen from his
+hand. Every remedy that the skill of great physicians could devise,
+every attention that loving confrères could bestow was procured for him
+during his last illness. But the invisible decree had gone forth, and
+the near passing was inevitable. He lingered but a few days, edifying
+his attendants by his fervent piety and resignation under suffering. He
+died consoled by the rites of Holy Church on the 12th of June, 1840. In
+the humble cemetery, of the monastery at Cork, a modest grave, unnoticed
+amid rows of similar ones, is surmounted by a small cross. The cross
+bears the name of Brother Joseph, the grave holds all that was mortal of
+the good and gifted Gerald Griffin.
+
+Oxford, N. J.
+
+                    JAMES H. GAVIN.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[C] Mr. Justin McCarthy, speaking of "Irish Novelists" at Cork, in
+September, 1884, said: "We have some Irish novels which ought to be
+classic, and about which I have over and over again taxed all the
+critical experience I can summon up why they have failed to become
+classic in the sense of Sir Walter Scott's novels. I cannot understand
+why Gerald Griffin's 'Collegians' fails to take a place in the public
+estimation beside the best of the novels of Sir Walter Scott."
+
+
+
+
+Rev. Father Fulton, S. J.,
+
+
+Condescended to notice the ravings of Mr. Robert Ingersoll, at Boston
+College Hall, on the evening of the 11th of November. We should be
+pleased to publish a full report of the lecture, but our limits will not
+permit us to do so. We merely give a few extracts: "Once upon a time
+there was a person named Scholasticus, who suffered by death the loss of
+his child, to whose obsequies came the people in great throngs. But our
+friend, instead of receiving their expressions of condolence, hid
+himself blushing in a corner, and, on being expostulated with, and asked
+why he was ashamed, replied: 'To bury so small a child before so large
+an assembly.' This lecture is the child, and the concourse is the
+audience before me. I have been engaged on matters foreign to literary
+and scientific pursuits, and have had no time to prepare a regular
+lecture, but I think it will not need much time to demolish Mr.
+Ingersoll. I will take his book on 'Orthodoxy,' in which he declares
+that 'he knows that the clergy know that they know nothing.' Mr.
+Ingersoll is not a philosopher, nor a theologian, though he may be, as
+we hear, an orator of matchless voice and gesticulation. He is witty, as
+any one may easily be who attacks what we most revere. Let us look at
+his scholarship. He has no argument whatever, except the old objections
+brought up in the schools. In the whole book there have been no
+references nor authorities cited. His only method of reasoning is that
+by interrogation, why? why? why? Suppose I answer I don't know! The
+proper test of an argument is to put it in syllogistic form, which is
+impossible with Mr. Ingersoll's arguments. Again, the very importance of
+the subject demands a respectful and reverential treatment, which Mr.
+Ingersoll denies it. I will try to make a synopsis of the work. Mr.
+Ingersoll declares himself sincere in his belief, thereby insinuating
+that they who believe in Christianity are hypocrites. Then follows an
+examination of the Congregational and Presbyterian creeds, under the
+supposition, absurdly false, '_ex uno disce omnes_.' 'Infidelity,' says
+Mr. Ingersoll, 'will prevail over Christianity.' This does not prove
+that Christianity is not the true religion, for infidelity may triumph
+only because the intellect is obscured by passion. 'The Christian
+religion,' says he, 'is supported only because of the contributions of
+some men.' Would those men have supported it had they not firmly
+believed in it? Again, Mr. Ingersoll says the Christian religion was
+destroyed by Mohammed, and yet no one knows it. Nor were the crusades
+unjust and destructive wars, for the land which they fought for was one
+dearest to them; their Saviour died there. Was it not a just war? And
+this war saved all Europe, for the power of Mohammed was rising rapidly
+and was about to inundate all Europe. But the war was carried into the
+enemy's country, and by the attack all Europe was saved. Again, we were
+freed from the ignorance of the dark ages (dark, as I may say, only
+because we have no light on them), by the introduction into Italy of
+some manuscripts, according to Mr. Ingersoll. But the truth is, all the
+learning of that period was centred in the church, and by her alone were
+erected seats of learning. It was from the barbarian that this ignorance
+arose. Nor has the church been inimical to the sciences, more
+particularly to astronomy and its promoters, for among the most able
+astronomers of Europe are to be found Catholic priests." The lecture was
+delivered to a large audience completely filling the College Hall.
+
+
+
+
+Private Judgment a Failure.
+
+
+It is a common fallacy of Protestants that the scepticism, which is so
+prevalent, affects the Catholic Church equally with Protestant sects.
+Now, this is a great and pernicious error, for it tends to divert
+sincere inquirers from seeking true, infallible doctrine in the church.
+When I witness the strenuous efforts made by Protestant writers against
+scepticism, and their ill success, I am led to execrate the miscalled
+"Reformation." Had that horrible event not taken place, instead of the
+desultory warfare by detached guerillas, we should have had the full
+strength and power of an organized, disciplined, compact army, against
+scepticism. To speak even of the learning displayed by Protestant
+writers is to suggest how much more vast the learning, that would now be
+the portion of England, if the church property were in the hands of the
+Abbots of former days instead of being held by its present possessors.
+In force of reasoning, too, Protestant vindicators of religion are at an
+immense disadvantage. They are hampered by principles, which they should
+never have adopted. Private judgment is to them what Saul's armor was to
+David, ill-fitting, and cumbersome. To borrow an illustration from
+Archbishop Whately, "They are obliged to fight infidelity with their
+left hand; their right hand being tied behind them." One of the
+specialties of this age is "historical research." The application of the
+historical criticism inaugurated by Niebuhr has dealt Protestism a fatal
+blow, while, on the other hand, it has been favorable to the cause of
+Catholicity. This has happened for the reason that the Catholic Church
+is not founded exclusively on the Bible, as Protestantism is. Catholics
+take the Bible as an authentic history. This authentic history
+establishes the divine mission of our Lord, and the institution of the
+church by His divine authority. This church, "the pillar and ground of
+truth," attests the divine authority of Holy Scripture. There is no
+_circulus vitiosus_ in our argument. With us the individual must bow to
+the collective wisdom of the church, divinely established. Protestants
+cut a pretty figure with private judgment. In political elections, and
+in clubs, meetings, and so forth, the Protestant very properly allows
+that the voice of the majority must prevail. This is common sense; and
+yet in religious matters forsooth, the private judgment of an ignorant
+and illiterate individual must be permitted to overrule the decision of
+the collective wisdom of learned theologians. This shows how far men are
+liable to be blinded by prejudice. In fact, if men had an interest in
+denying that "two and two make four," they would unquestionably do so.
+We may also deduce from this violent aberration in religion an argument
+to prove the doctrine of original sin, and the existence of evil spirits
+exercising a malignant influence on the souls and minds of men.
+
+Physicists experience that longing for religion natural to man; and
+hence they endeavor to patch up some sort of a religion from the shreds
+of truth that are found in physical science, "_rari nantes in gurgite
+vasto_." Unfortunately, they are unacquainted with Catholic doctrine,
+and they see in the conflicting sects of Protestantism no good ground to
+base their faith upon. Accustomed to deal with matter, they are unable
+to elevate their minds to the supernatural. They dissect the human
+corpse, and stupidly wonder that in a dead body they cannot discover a
+living soul; they search the empty tomb for the resurrected Saviour.
+
+The minds of those men are set in a wooden, mechanical way. They are
+impervious to logic at the very time that they are asserting their loyal
+adherence to its rules. They have a horror of Catholic conclusions as,
+it may be also remarked, have Protestants likewise. On this account,
+both classes prefer rather to accept the most untrustworthy theories of
+physical science, even when they verge on gross and laughable absurdity,
+than to grant the conclusions of Catholic theologians.
+
+It must be borne in mind that the Bible is not one book, as popular
+Protestantism regards it. It is seen now in the light of historical
+criticism, that the amount of knowledge requisite for the proper
+exercise of private judgment on the Bible is immense, and such as can
+only be acquired by a few, comparatively speaking. Protestantism is,
+therefore, moribund. Infidelity is to be combated by the church; by this
+only can it be conquered. Nor is it hard to conquer. We should see it
+disposed of very soon, if it ventured to put forth a system. But its
+strength lies in grumbling. It asks, like Pontius Pilate, What is truth?
+And goes away without waiting for an answer.
+
+Burlington, N. J.
+
+                    REV. P. A. TREACY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HIS Holiness the Pope having written a letter to the Mikado of Japan
+thanking him for the kindness extended by him to the Catholic
+missionaries, his Majesty has replied in cordial terms, assuring the
+Holy Father that he would continue to afford them protection, and
+announcing the despatch of a Japanese mission to the Vatican.
+
+
+
+
+Priests and People Mourning.
+
+The Great and Gifted Redemptorist Father, Rev. John O'Brien,
+Deceased--Beautiful and Appropriate Tributes to his Memory.
+
+
+A pillar of the Lord's temple, a lustrous light of faith departed, a
+glorious soldier of the church militant on earth, is the sorrowful, but
+withal grateful, subject of our memoir. Taken from this life suddenly in
+the very bloom of a magnificent manhood, and from the career of his
+saintly priesthood, fragrant with thousands of tests of the divinity of
+his ordination; aye, taken from the multitudes who so much needed his
+spiritual guidance and support, may we well exclaim that the ways of our
+Almighty Father are wondrously mysterious and hidden beyond the ken of
+our feeble understanding. The great and gifted young priest was truly of
+that royal race of him, Boroimhe, who was slaughtered by the hand of a
+desperate assassin, as he prayerfully knelt in his tent, on the
+battle-field, offering thanks to the Lord of Hosts for victory over the
+hordes of northern barbarian invaders. He of Clontarf was king, soldier
+and saintly Christian. His descendant, transplanted in his youth, as if
+by divine ordination, from Ireland to America, was soldier, Christian,
+king of hearts and saver of souls. Majestic in person, gentle in
+deportment, tender of heart, Rev. John O'Brien, C. SS. R. through
+wondrous graces of mind and soul won upon all; brought the wayward into
+the paths of holy places, and readily summoned sinners to repentance. He
+achieved miracles, temporal as well as spiritual. It will be recollected
+how agreeably our whole community was startled by the corroborated
+recital, not so very long since, that the young daughter of Col. P. T.
+Hanley, of Boston Highlands, was healed of her chronic lame infirmity
+through the efficacy of his ministrations and her own pure prayers and
+strong faith. How heroic he was in "apostolic zeal and saintly fervor,"
+like one of those heroic, primitive soldiers of the Cross, the martyrs
+of the catacombs, his reverend and eloquent panegyrist attests, when he
+reminds us how little terrors for him and his pious associates had the
+murderously-inclined orangemen and other bigots of Newfoundland, when
+these Fathers were there not long ago on the mission.
+
+Rev. Father O'Brien had been for some years connected with the
+Redemptorists' Church of Our Lady of Perpetual Help, at Boston
+Highlands. He was in his thirty-sixth year at the time of his decease,
+which occurred suddenly on November 8th, from rheumatism of the heart,
+at Ilchester, Md., the parent house of the order. He had, only a few
+days previous to his death, closed a most arduous but successful mission
+in Philadelphia, where, but a short time previously, Rev. Father
+McGivern was taken with his fatal illness through overwork in his
+missionary labors. The remains of Father O'Brien were conveyed here by
+Mr. Cleary, one of our undertakers, and reposed in the main aisle
+fronting the altar of the Tremont Street basilica, during the evening
+and night of November 11, where many thousands visited them in tears,
+and rendered upward their silent and heartfelt prayers for the purposes
+which animated his sanctified soul. The emblems of mourning in the
+edifice, the varied and beautiful and artistic floral tributes, the
+grief depicted on the features of young and old of the people, and many
+other evidences, attested most unerringly the great bereavement which
+the Catholics of Boston sustain by his death.
+
+[Illustration: THE LATE REV. JOHN O'BRIEN, C. S.S. R.]
+
+On the morning of the 12th, at 9 o'clock, the Redemptorist Fathers'
+Church was thronged with a great congregation, and hundreds were unable
+to get in when the office of the dead was recited. Over fifty priests
+participated in the sanctuary devotions. The clergymen offering up the
+Solemn High Mass of Requiem were as follows: Celebrant, Rev. Father
+Welsh, C. SS. R.; deacon, Rev. Father Wynn, C. SS. R.; sub-deacon, Rev.
+Father Lutz, C. SS. R.; master of ceremonies, Rev. Father Licking, C.
+SS. R.; Father Licking also preached the panegyric. The Reverend Father
+took for his text:
+
+     ECCLESIASTES xii. 5 and 7. "Man shall enter into the house of
+     his eternity, and the mourners shall go roundabout in the
+     street.... And the dust shall return to the earth from whence
+     it was, and the spirit shall return to God who gave it."
+
+He began most impressively and substantially as follows: "What shall I
+say to you on this sad occasion? How shall I find words to express the
+sorrow and sadness, which I see depicted on your countenances? The
+zealous, the learned, the whole-souled Redemptorist, Rev. John O'Brien,
+is laid low on the bier of death. A young warrior has fallen on the
+battle-field of duty. A strong worker has sunk beside the vines he was
+preparing for the heavenly kingdom.
+
+"Oh, brother, if thou hadst not died in the prime of youth! If thou
+hadst not within thee the strength and energy to labor long and
+successfully in thy sublime vocation! If thou hadst grown gray in the
+service of God, I should congratulate you on this day, the day of thy
+espousals to Jesus Christ. I should say to thee: well done thou faithful
+servant, thou hast labored long and well in the service of thy maker.
+Thou hast gone to thy well-merited reward." Father Licking continued at
+some length in this strong strain of apostrophe to the name and memory
+of his beloved brother, and then entered into reminiscences, in which he
+said, "I remember well when first I met the departed. It was in the year
+1870. We were then students at the preparatory college of the
+Redemptorist order. He was even then the picture of health, and a model
+for every student. Never was he known to infringe upon the slightest
+rule of the institute; never (and this is saying a great thing), never
+did he lose a single moment of time. Always at his books by day and by
+night, even stealing from his well-merited rest some hours in order to
+acquire knowledge which he might employ in after years in the service of
+God and for the good of souls. So well pleased were his superiors with
+his conduct, that they appointed him, together with the late lamented
+Rev. Father McGivern, overseer of the college boys in the absence of
+their superiors."
+
+He received the habit of the order in 1875, with Rev. Fathers Beal and
+Licking. The panegyrist made most feeling allusion to the occasion, when
+the lamented dead took "the profession of those holy vows, those
+tremendous vows, those eternal vows of poverty, chastity, and
+obedience.... Thank God, he kept those vows to the end."
+
+Father O'Brien was next sent to the Redemptorist Theological Seminary of
+Ilchester, Md., to further pursue the great studies that fitted him for
+his calling.
+
+"It often required an express command of his superiors to take him from
+his books that his body might not succumb, and the mind gain the
+necessary rest. So exact was he in all his ways, that we, his fellow
+students, could, at any hour of the day, point out the very spot where
+he might be found, either going through the Way of the Cross, or praying
+before the Blessed Sacrament, or reciting his rosary, or studying at his
+books. Is it a wonder, then, that God should allow him to die on a spot
+which had so often been the witness of so much piety and so many of his
+good works."
+
+He was ordained priest in 1880, and the following February found him at
+the Boston Highlands in the Church of Our Lady of Perpetual Help. Here
+he administered for the first time the Sacrament of Penance; here he
+preached from the pulpit of his panegyrist his first sermon; here he
+entered upon "that career of zeal and usefulness which made his name
+proverbial in every family of the parish." ... "He possessed a powerful
+and comprehensive mind, a prodigious memory, and a most fertile
+imagination; and, above all, a most generous spirit and tender heart.
+Graced besides with every form of manly beauty, strength and vigor, of a
+powerful frame, nothing seemed wanting to him. It might be said of him
+as the poet sang of the ancient hero:
+
+    "'He was a combination and a form indeed,
+    Where God did seem to set his very seal,
+    To give the world the picture of a man.'"
+
+Father Licking dwelt at length upon the great extent of the work done in
+the parish by the beloved deceased. "Every interest in the large parish
+received his particular attention." All were participants of his zeal
+and charity. In 1883 he passed through his second novitiate after a
+retirement of six months, which fully equipped him for the missions.
+"And now his soul rejoiced, indeed, in the Lord."
+
+"It is related," said the preacher, "of a Southern officer, that when he
+returned from a successful expedition, the first question he put to his
+general always was: 'Where is the next blow to be struck? Send me
+there!' So it was with the young warrior of the Cross, whose death we
+mourn. His zeal knew no bounds except those of obedience. Hardly had one
+mission been finished when he hastened to another.... North, South, East
+and West were witnesses of his Apostolic zeal and saintly fervor. The
+cold weather, the fierce storms, and still fiercer spirits of hostile
+sects in Newfoundland, had not terrors enough to deter him, and the
+hottest sun of July and August could not draw from him a single word of
+complaint, when engaged in arduous task of giving retreats. And though
+comparatively a young man, when only four years had elapsed since his
+ordination, his superiors trusting in his zeal, his prudence, and his
+wisdom, selected him, from out of many, to the important office of
+giving retreats to the clergy of the land." ... "I see among the floral
+tributes one bearing the letters 'Apostolic Zeal.' It shows me that you
+have understood his spirit."
+
+In the panegyrist's recital it was told that six weeks before his death
+he was returning from missions in Pennsylvania. He saw in New York the
+very Rev. Provincial, who told him that the Fathers at work on the
+missions at Philadelphia were becoming exhausted, and that even then the
+Rev. Father McGivern was on a dying bed there. Father O'Brien stood up,
+and stretching himself to the full height of his massive frame, he
+exclaimed, "Look at me! Am I not a strong man? Send me. I'll do the work
+for them!" "Does it not remind you of the brave general who said, 'Where
+is the next blow to be struck. Send me there.'" When that, his last
+mission, closed, the Fathers had heard thirty-five hundred confessions,
+and he retired to Ilchester for a cursory visit, where the joy he
+experienced in meeting his old Alma Mater superiors was beyond
+description. While there he remarked: "Father, this would be a nice,
+quiet and holy place to die in." That night he was attacked with the
+fatal malady. His limbs became racked with pain. The rheumatism reached
+his great heart, and he is found at five o'clock in the morning
+insensible. The last sacraments were administered, and at seven o'clock
+his noble soul took its flight from its mortal abode.
+
+With an eloquent peroration, Rev. Father Licking closed by craving the
+prayers of the faithful for the departed hero of the Cross.
+
+The pathetic musical services were rendered by the regular choir of the
+church, and comprised the Gregorian Requiem Mass, Miss Nellie M.
+McGowan, organist. The twelve pall-bearers were Colonel P. T. Hanley,
+Frank Ford, John J. Kennedy, M. H. Farrell, Thomas Kelly, E. J. Lynch,
+James McCormack, Thomas O'Leary, James B. Hand, William S. McGowan, John
+Reardon and Timothy McCarthy. Mount Calvary Cemetery was the place
+selected for the interment. In His Grace Archbishop Williams' vault the
+body will repose until the completion of work now in progress on a lot
+specially intended for Father O'Brien. It is estimated that the services
+at the church were attended by over twenty-five hundred people, and the
+funeral was likewise largely attended. Every kind attention was paid to
+his bereaved mother, father, and sister, who came on here from New York
+State.
+
+
+
+
+SLEEP ON.
+
+In Memory of Father John O'Brien, C. SS. R.
+
+
+    How short is life, a flitting cloud
+      Before the blast.
+    The storm wind roars, the thunder rolls
+      Then, peace at last.
+
+    Oh! Brother, life to thee was short;
+      A summer's morn
+    A floweret blooming in the sun,
+      Then, left forlorn.
+
+    Thy heart was fired with zealous love,
+      Thy courage high.
+    But list! Thy Captain softly calls
+      And thou must die.
+
+    No more thou'lt lead His forces on
+      To victory grand;
+    No more thou'lt join with beating heart
+      That glorious band.
+
+    Thou'rt fallen on the battle field
+      With burnished arms.
+    O soldier, sleep in peace, secure
+      From war's alarms.
+
+    O glorious life! Thy heart was free
+      From aught of earth,
+    From glittering gold, or bauble fair
+      Of little worth.
+
+    Thy gaze was fixed on Heaven's courts,
+      Thy heart's desire
+    On Calvary's top where Jesus burnt
+      In love's fierce fire.
+
+    O noble champion of the cross,
+      Thy course is run.
+    Like heaven's light, thy soul returns
+      To heaven's Sun.
+
+    O beauteous death! No worldly grief
+      Is blustering there,
+    The Church's voice, her tender plaint
+      Scents all the air.
+
+    How sweet to die, when voice of prayer
+      Doth rend the skies.
+    Released from earth, the soul ascends
+      In glad surprise.
+
+    And what is left? The house of clay
+      Where dwelt the soul.
+    That temple grand, where hymns to God
+      Did often roll.
+
+    Ah! guard it well, its blessed walls
+      Will rise again.
+    Again the soul in heaven will chant
+      Its glad refrain.
+
+    His tomb will blossom fair with flowers--
+      A mother's tears.
+    In memory's halls, his name will live
+      Through countless years.
+
+    Sleep on, brave soldier, sleep
+      And take thy rest.
+    Like John thou sleepest now
+      On Jesus' breast.
+
+
+
+
+Crown and Crescent.
+
+
+A great event was witnessed on the evening of Monday, November 23, when
+the new electric crown and crescent, which adorn the statue of Our Lady
+on the dome of the university, were lit up for the first time. There,
+lifted high in the air--two hundred feet above the ground--the grand,
+colossal figure of the Mother of God appeared amid the darkness of the
+night in a blaze of light, with its diadem of twelve electric stars, and
+under its feet the crescent moon formed of twenty-seven electric lights.
+Truly, it was a grand sight; and one, which, though it is becoming
+familiar to the inmates of Notre Dame, must ever strike the beholder
+with awe and reverence, realizing as it does, the most perfect
+expression, in a material representation, of the prophetic declaration
+of Holy Writ: _And there appeared a great wonder in heaven: a woman
+clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and on her head a
+crown of twelve stars._
+
+It must, indeed, have been an inspiration, or a prophetic foresight of
+the great advance soon to be made in the domain of science, that, a few
+years ago, caused the venerable founder of Notre Dame to conceive the
+grand idea which to-day we see so perfectly realized. In 1879, when the
+new Notre Dame was being raised upon the ruins of the old, comparatively
+little progress had as yet been made in electric lighting. In
+particular, the great problem of the minute subdivision of the light
+remained unsolved. Edison had not then begun his experiments, and the
+incandescent light was not even dreamed of. To employ the arc light
+around the statue was out of the question, not only because the
+necessary appliances would detract from the beauty of the figure, but
+also on account of the daily attention which the lamps would require.
+
+But the idea had taken possession of the mind of Very Rev. Father Sorin,
+and was tenaciously clung to, in spite of discouraging report through
+the years that followed, until, at length, the success of subsequent
+experiments, and the invention of incandescent electric lighting,
+revealed the complete practicability of carrying out the grand design of
+the venerable founder.
+
+Now, twelve of the Edison incandescent lamps encircle the head of the
+statue, while at the base are three semi-circles of nine lamps in each,
+which form the crescent moon. These, together with the lights in the
+halls of the college, are fed with the electric current by a powerful
+dynamo, situated in the rear of the building. Thus the visitor to Notre
+Dame, as he comes up the avenue at night, or the wayfarer for miles
+around, can realize and revere that glorious tribute to the Queen of
+Heaven, the Protectress of Notre Dame, as he sees her figure surrounded
+with its halo of light, typifying the watchful care she constantly
+exercises, by night as well as by day, over the inmates of this home of
+religion and science, which has been specially dedicated to her honor.
+
+                                      _Notre Dame_ (Ia.) _Scholastic_.
+
+
+
+
+Four Thousand Years.
+
+
+    Four thousand years earth waited,
+      Four thousand years men prayed,
+    Four thousand years the nations sighed,
+      That their King delayed.
+
+    The prophets told His coming,
+      The saintly for Him sighed,
+    And the Star of the Babe of Bethlehem
+      Shone o'er them when they died.
+
+    Their faces toward the future,
+      They longed to hail the light,
+    That in after centuries
+      Would rise on Christmas nights.
+
+    But still the Saviour tarried
+      In His Father's home,
+    And the nations wept and wondered why
+      The promised had not come.
+
+    At last earth's prayer was granted,
+      And God was a child of earth,
+    And a thousand angels chanted
+      The lowly midnight birth.
+
+    Ah! Bethlehem was grander
+      That hour, than Paradise;
+    And the light of earth, that night, eclipsed
+      The splendors of the skies.
+
+                    ABRAM J. RYAN.
+
+
+
+
+Abolishing Barmaids.
+
+
+A bill "for the Abolition of Barmaids" sounds like a joke from "Alice in
+Wonderland," or from one of Mr. Gilbert's burlesques. Nevertheless it is
+a serious legislative proposal now pending before the Parliament of
+Victoria. It is actually in print, and makes it penal for any keeper of
+a public house to employ women behind the counter. Of course, the
+advocates of this astonishing idea have their arguments. They do not go
+quite as far as Sir Wilfrid Lawson, who would disestablish not only
+barmaids, but barmen and bars; they would not shut up all dram-shops;
+but they would make them as dreary as possible, so as to repel
+impressionable young men. In Gothenburg the spirit-drinker is served by
+a policeman, who keeps an eagle eye upon him that he may know him again,
+and refuse him a second glass if he asks for it before a certain
+interval has expired. The Victorian reformers have a corresponding idea
+of diminishing the attractions of intoxication by surrounding the
+initial stages with repellent rather than enticing accessories. Instead
+of the smiling Hebes who have fascinated the golden youth of the colony,
+men will serve as tapsters, and without note or comment hand across the
+counter the required draught. The effect may be considerable, as male
+drinkers do undoubtedly take a delight in the pleasant looks and bright
+talk of the young ladies who, as the French say, "preside" at these
+establishments. But should not the Victorian apostles of abstinence go
+further? It is well to replace girls by men, and thus subdue the bar to
+masculine dullness; but could not the Act of Parliament go on to declare
+that none save plain, grim-visaged males should be tolerated as
+assistants? The most inveterate toper might hesitate to enter twice if
+he were always met by the ugly aspect of some dark, forbidding
+countenance. A kind of competition might take place for the posts,
+which might be given to the most repulsive people the Government could
+select. Fearful squint would be at a premium; scowls would be valued
+according to their blackness and depth; a ghastly grin would be
+desirable; while a general cadaverousness might be utilized as
+suggesting to drunkards the probable end of their career. The gods of
+Olympus laughed loudly when the swart, ungainly Vulcan for once replaced
+Hebe as their cup-bearer; but it would be no joke for the young idlers
+of Melbourne to find stern, grim men frowning over the counters where
+once they were received with "nods and becks and wreathed smiles."
+
+
+
+
+Christianity in China.
+
+
+The arrangement which the Pope has made with the Emperor of China
+promises to be productive of the happiest results, and to open the
+Flowery Kingdom fully to the spread of the gospel. For many years the
+French assumed the position of protectors of Christian missionaries in
+barbarous countries. The first expedition to Annam was avowedly sent to
+put an end to the murders of missionaries and converts so frequent in
+that country; and for a time it did serve to put a check on the ferocity
+of government and people. In the treaty of Tienstin it was stipulated
+that the French Government should have the right to protect missionaries
+in China. For a time that seemed to work well. But the many complaints
+made through the French consuls, and the punishments inflicted on
+Mandarins at their demand, served to irritate the Mandarins and the
+populace. The indiscretion of some French missionaries, who interposed
+to protect converts not always deserving of protection, and who flaunted
+the flag of France in the faces of the Mandarins in their own courts,
+increased the irritation. Some of the missionaries boasted also in
+letters, which the Chinese saw when published, of the respect for France
+which they instilled into their converts. The consequence was, that,
+although the missionaries are from all nations, the Chinese learned to
+regard them as French; and when the French made the late war on China,
+to regard all Chinese Christians as traitors. Formerly the government
+persecuted the Christians. Latterly Chinese mobs massacred the
+Christians and destroyed their churches, convents, schools, etc., and
+the French scarcely made an effort to protect them even in Tonquin. The
+Holy Father, in the letter which we published some time ago, assured the
+Emperor that the missionaries who are of all nations are of no politics
+and desire only to preach the Christian religion, and begged the Emperor
+to protect them. It has now been arranged that the Pope shall hereafter
+be represented by a Legate at Pekin to whom the rank, etc., of an
+ambassador will be given, and who will receive any complaints the
+missionaries may have to make and will seek redress for them. Thus the
+interests of religion will, in the minds of the Chinese, be entirely
+dissociated from the interests of all foreign countries, and the
+feelings which now prevail will subside in time. The French Government
+infidel, though it is, will not like, it is thought, to be thus put
+aside; but if the missionaries cease to appeal to its agents it will be
+powerless.
+
+
+
+
+"Faro's Daughters."
+
+
+There was plenty of gambling in London at the end of the last century,
+and ladies took a prominent part in it. Faro was then a favorite game,
+and ladies who were in the habit of keeping a bank used to be called
+"Faro's Daughters." Of these, Lady Archer and Lady Buckinghamshire were
+the most notorious, and Mrs. Sturt, Mrs. Hobart, and Mrs. Concannon were
+also noted gamblers. The usual method was for some great lady to give an
+entertainment at which faro was played, when the lady who took the bank
+gave her £25 towards the expenses. St. James's Square was the scene of
+many of these revels. The _Times_ of April 2, 1794, stated that "one of
+the Faro Banks in St. James's Square lost £7000 last year by bad debts."
+The same number tells us that "Lady Buckinghamshire, Mrs. Sturt, and
+Mrs. Concannon alternately divide the _beau-monde_ at their respective
+houses. Instead of having two different hot suppers, at one and three in
+the morning, the Faro Banks will now scarcely afford bread and cheese
+and porter." The lady gamblers were considerably alarmed at certain
+hints they received, that they would be prosecuted; and in 1796 the
+_Times_ said, "We state it as a fact, within our own knowledge, that two
+ladies of fashion, who keep open houses for gaming at the West End of
+the Town, have lately paid large douceurs to ward off the hand of
+justice." But in the following year Lady Buckinghamshire, Lady Elizabeth
+Lutterell, and Mrs. Sturt were each fined £50 for playing faro at the
+house of the first named. The evidence proved that the "defendants had
+gaming parties at their different houses by rotation," and that they
+played until four or five in the morning. The fines seemed light enough,
+for an extract from the _Times_ in the same year says:--"The expense of
+entertainments at the Gaming House of the highest class, in St. James's
+Square, during the eight months of last season, has been said to exceed
+6,000 guineas! What must be the profits to afford such a profusion?" In
+modern times backgammon is not usually associated with very desperate
+gambling; but a captain in the guards is said to have lost thirteen
+thousand guineas at that game at one sitting in 1796. He revenged
+himself, however, by winning forty-five thousand guineas at billiards in
+a single night shortly afterwards.--_Saturday Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEVER use water that has stood in a lead pipe over night. Not less than
+a wooden bucketful should be allowed to run.
+
+
+
+
+Juvenile Department.
+
+
+A CHILD'S DAY.
+
+    When I was a little child
+      It was always golden weather.
+    My days stretched out so long
+      From rise to set of sun,
+    I sang and danced and smiled--
+      My light heart like a feather--
+    From morn to even-song;
+      But the child's days are done.
+
+    I used to wake with the birds--
+      The little birds wake early,
+    For the sunshine leaps and plays
+      On the mother's head and wing;
+    And the clouds were white as curds;
+      The apple trees stood pearly;
+    I always think of the child's days
+      As one unending spring.
+
+    I knew where all flowers grew.
+      I used to lie in the meadow
+    Ere reaping-time and mowing-time
+      And carting home the hay.
+    And, oh, the skies were blue!
+      Oh, drifting light and shadow!
+    It was another time and clime--
+      The little child's sweet day.
+
+    And in the long days waning
+      The skies grew rose and amber
+    And palest green and gold,
+      With a moon's white flame.
+    And if came wind and raining,
+      Gray hours I don't remember;
+    Nor how the warm year waxed cold,
+      And deathly autumn came.
+
+    Only of that young time
+      The bright things I remember:
+    How orchard bows were laden red,
+      And blackberries so brave
+    Came ere the frost and rime--
+      Ere the dreary, dark November,
+    With dripping black boughs overhead,
+      And dead leaves on a grave.
+
+    The years have come and gone,
+      And brought me many a pleasure,
+    And many a gift and gain
+      From near and from afar,
+    And dear work gladly done,
+      And dear love without measure,
+    And sunshine after rain,
+      And in the night a star.
+
+    The years have come and gone,
+      And one hath brought me sorrow;
+    Yet I shall sing to ease my pain
+      For the hours I must stay.
+    They are passing one by one,
+      And I wait with hope the morrow;
+    But indeed I am not fain
+      Of a long, long day.
+
+    It is well for a little child
+      Whose heart is blithe and merry
+    To find too short its golden day--
+      Long morn and afternoon.
+    So many flowers grow wild,
+      And many a fruit and berry:
+    Long day, too short for work and play,--
+      The night comes too soon.
+
+    It was well for that little child;
+      But its day is gone forever,
+    And a wounded heart will ache
+      In the sunlight gold and gay.
+    Oh, the night is cool and mild
+      To all things that smart with fever!
+    The older heart had time to break
+      In the little child's long day.
+
+                    KATHARINE TYNAN, in _Merry England_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WHEN little Willie L. first heard the braying of a mule in the South, he
+was greatly frightened; but, after thinking a minute, he smiled at his
+fear, saying, "Mamma, just hear that poor horse with the
+whooping-cough!"
+
+A LITTLE grammar is a dangerous thing: "Johnny, be a good boy, and I
+will take you to the circus next year."--"Take me now, pa; the circus is
+in the present tents."
+
+
+THE CHRISTMAS TURKEY.
+
+Grandfather Patrick lived a long time ago; in the days when all the
+grandfathers wore white wigs with little tails sticking out behind.
+
+One day he went into the back yard where an old Turkey Gobbler lived,
+and said to him:
+
+"Mr. Turkey Gobbler: Next week comes Christmas and I want you to come
+into the house with me, and help us have a good time. You are such a
+fine, fat fowl, I am sure you will be just the one we want."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Mr. Turkey Gobbler was a vain bird, and when he heard Grandfather
+Patrick say this, he spread out his tail, stuck up his feathers, and
+stretched his wings down to the ground. Then he said: "Yes, I know I am
+a fine fowl, and I want to get away from this low, mean yard, into the
+grand house, among grand people, where I think I belong."
+
+"And so you shall," said Grandfather Patrick. "You shall leave this cold
+yard and come in to the stove where it is warm. You shall come to the
+table with us all on Christmas Day. You shall be at the head of the
+table, and the boys and girls will be glad to see you, and they will say
+how fat you are, and how good you are, and how they wish they could have
+you at the table every day."
+
+Mr. Turkey Gobbler was so pleased at all this that he went into the
+house with Grandfather Patrick and Aunt Bridget.
+
+And all the little chickens looked on, and they said to each other: "Why
+cannot we go into the grand house, and come to the table the same as Mr.
+Turkey Gobbler? We are just as fine as he."
+
+"Be patient," said Grandfather Patrick; "your time will come."
+
+
+THE CHRISTMAS STOCKING.
+
+                             "Dear Santa Claus," wrote
+                           little Will in letters truly
+                           shocking, "I's been a good
+                          boy, so please fill a heapen
+                         up this stocking. I want
+                        a drum to make pa sick
+                      and drive my mamma cra-
+                     zy. I want a doggie I can
+                     kick so he will not get
+                    lazy. I want a powder
+                   gun to shoot right at my
+                   sister Annie, and a big
+                    trumpet I can toot just
+                     awful loud at granny. I
+                     want a dreffle big false
+                  face to scare in fits our ba-
+                     by. I want a pony I can
+                      race around the parlor,
+                     maybe. I want a little
+                     hatchet, too, so I can do
+                     some chopping upon our
+                     grand piano new, when
+                     mamma goes a-shopping.
+                     I want a nice hard rub-
+                     ber ball to smash all
+                      into flinders, the
+                       great big mirror
+                       in the hall an'
+                       lots an' lots of
+                        winders. An'
+                       candy that'll
+                        make me
+                        sick, so ma
+                      all night will
+                     hold me an'
+                    make pa get the
+                   doctor quick an'
+                  never try to scold
+                 me. An' Santa Claus,
+              if pa says I'm naughty
+           it's a story. Jus' say
+        if she whips me I'll
+      die an' surely go to
+    glory."
+
+
+THE CHRISTMAS CRIB.
+
+From the French of J. Grange, by Th. Xr. K.
+
+There still subsist, in certain provinces of France, old religious
+customs which are full of charming simplicity. May they endure and ever
+hold out against the icy breath of skepticism, the cold rules of the
+beautiful, and the wearisome level of uniformity.
+
+In the churches of Limousin, between Christmas and the Purification, is
+found a rustic monument called crib. The crib is generally a straw hut,
+thatched with branches of holly and pine; on these branches are
+scattered little patches of white wadding, which look like snowflakes.
+Inside the house, on a bed of straw, lies an Infant Jesus made of wax.
+All these Infants look alike and are charming; they have blond hair,
+blue eyes, pink cheeks, and a silk or brocade gown, with gold and silver
+spangles. To the right of the Child is the Blessed Virgin; to the left,
+St. Joseph. These are of wax or even of colored pasteboard. A little
+behind the Holy Family, and forming two distinct groups, may be seen the
+kings and the shepherds. The shepherds are like peasants of that part of
+the country, with long hair, big felt hats, and blue drugget vests. Most
+of them carry in their hands, or in baskets, dairy or farm
+presents,--fruits, eggs, honey-comb, a pair of doves. As for the kings,
+they are superbly clothed in long gowns, whose trail is carried by
+dwarfs. One of them, called the king of Ethiopia, is black and has kinky
+hair.
+
+In certain cribs, simplicity and exactness are pushed to such lengths,
+as to represent the ox and the ass, with the rack full of hay. There may
+be also seen, but less frequently, in the kings' group, camels and
+dromedaries, covered with rich harness, and led by the bridle by slaves.
+If you want to do things right and leave nothing out, you must skilfully
+arrange above the crib a yellow-colored glass in which burns a flame,
+which represents the star that the Magi perceived and which stopped over
+the grotto at Bethlehem. Candles and tapers burn before the crib, which
+is surrounded by some pious women, and a number of children, who never
+grow weary of admiring the Holy Family and its brilliant retinue.
+
+I was one day in a church where there was one of these cribs. I was
+hidden by a column and was a witness, without any wish of mine, of the
+impressions which the little monument made on visitors.
+
+A gentleman, a stranger in the locality, entered the church with a young
+lady, about eighteen years of age, who seemed to be his daughter. The
+gentleman took off his hat, put on a smoking cap, and began to visit the
+church with as much carelessness of demeanor as though it were a
+provincial museum. The young lady dipped the tips of her fingers in the
+holy water, sped through a short prayer, and hastened to rejoin her
+father, with whom she began to chat and laugh.
+
+When they came in front of the crib, the father adjusted his
+eye-glasses, the daughter took her opera-glass, and for a few minutes
+they gazed on this scene, new to them.
+
+After gazing a little while, the gentleman shrugged his shoulders and
+asked:
+
+"What are all those dolls?"
+
+"Papa," replied the daughter, "that is the Stable of Bethlehem, and a
+simple representation of the birth of Jesus Christ."
+
+"Simple?" exclaimed the father, "you're indulgent to-day, Azémia; you
+should say grotesque and buffoonish; that it should be possible to push
+bad taste so far! It is not enough that their mysteries are
+incomprehensible; here they're trying to make them ridiculous!"
+
+"Goodness, papa," said the young lady; "just think! for the common
+people and peasants"--
+
+"I tell you, Azémia, that it is absurd and shocking, and that the
+peasants and the natives themselves must laugh at it. Let us go! I feel
+myself catching cold here, and dinner must be ready."
+
+They had hardly left the church, when a lady entered with a charming
+four-year-old baby. The child ran to the crib where the mother joined
+him after a prayer which seemed to me less summary and more serious than
+that which the young lady had said.
+
+"Oh! mamma," the child said half aloud; "look at the little Jesus, and
+the Blessed Virgin, and St. Joseph. See the kings and the shepherds. Oh!
+mamma, see the star the kings followed and that stopped over the Stable
+of Bethlehem."
+
+And the child stood on tip-toe and looked with wide-open eyes.
+
+"Mamma," he went on, "see the ass and the ox that were in the stable
+when the little Jesus came into the world. Oh! the beautiful gray ass!
+and that ox that is all red; it looks like an ox for sure, like those in
+the fields. Say, little mother, could I throw a kiss to little Jesus?"
+
+And the child, putting his finger-tips to his lips, made a delightfully
+naive salute.
+
+The mother silently kissed her child, and it seemed to me that she was
+weeping.
+
+"Now, darling," she said, "now that you've seen everything, say to the
+little Jesus the prayer you say every night before going to bed."
+
+The child seemed to hesitate.
+
+"You see there is nobody here but the good God and us; then you can say
+it low."
+
+"My God," said the child; "I love you. Keep me during my sleep; keep
+little father and little mother too, good papa and good mamma, my sister
+Mary, who is at boarding-school, and all my relatives, living and dead.
+Jesus, Mary, Joseph, I give you my heart."
+
+The mother and the child left. And I who had heard these things, I
+thought of the sacred texts:--
+
+"Blessed are the pure of heart, for they shall see God."
+
+"I thank Thee, Father, because Thou hast hidden these things from the
+wise and prudent, and hast revealed them to the little ones."
+
+"Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings Thou hast perfected praise."
+
+
+CHRISTMAS GIFTS FOR THE BOYS.
+
+"Please suggest a suitable Christmas present for a boy of nine."
+
+The above, addressed to the _New York Sun_, elicited the following
+reply, which may be read with much profit by all parents of young
+hopefuls.
+
+If your nine-year-old has developed any mechanical taste, gratify it by
+a small kit of tools. The chests of cheap tools sold in the stores are
+not good for much. Select a few tools of good quality at a hardware
+store, and put a substantial work bench, such as carpenters use, in the
+play room. Never mind an occasional cut finger.
+
+Pet animals or birds, which may be found in great variety in the bird
+fanciers' stores, always delight the boys. But city boys do not always
+have room to keep them.
+
+An aquarium of moderate dimensions, stocked with half a dozen varieties
+of fish, turtles, snails, seaweed, etc., is a very useful and
+interesting present for any boy or girl. In the spring add a few
+pollywogs, and watch them in their evolution into frogs. You will be
+interested in the process yourself.
+
+What do you say to a microscope?
+
+If your boy lacks muscular development for his years, get him a set of
+apparatus for parlor gymnastics. He will have lots of fun and it will do
+him good. A bicycle isn't bad either.
+
+If he hasn't learned to skate yet it is time to start in. Get him a good
+pair of steel runners.
+
+Of course he has a sled?
+
+Perhaps he has all of the things we mention. If so, get the housemaid,
+or some other person whom he would not suspect, to ask him what he would
+like best for Christmas, and get that if it is within the bounds of
+reason.
+
+Throw in a book. There are plenty of them.
+
+Don't give him a toy pistol.
+
+
+ROBIN REDBREAST.
+
+All over Great Britain and Ireland the redbreast's nest is spared, while
+those of other birds are robbed without ceremony; and his life is
+equally sacred. No schoolboy who has ever killed a robin can forget the
+dire remorse and fear that followed the deed. And little wonder, for
+terrible are the punishments said to overtake those who persecute this
+little bird. Generally such a crime is believed to be expiated by the
+death of a friend. Sometimes the punishment is more trivial. In some
+parts of England it is believed that even the weasel and the wildcat
+will spare him.
+
+In Brittany, the native place of the legend, it is needless to say, the
+redbreast is thoroughly popular, and his life and nest are both
+respected. In Cornouaille the people say he will live till the day of
+judgment, and every year will make some young women rich and happy. In
+some parts of England and Scotland his appearance is considered an omen
+of death. In Northamptonshire he is said to tap three times at the
+window of a dying person's room. In the Haute Marne district of France
+he is also thought a bird of ill omen, and is called Beznet--meaning
+"the evil eye."
+
+In Central Europe, where there is also no trace of a passion legend
+attached to the redbreast, he is held none the less sacred. Mischief is
+sure to follow the violator of his nest. But by far the most prevalent
+belief, and especially in Germany, is that the man who injures a
+redbreast or its nest will have his house struck by lightning, and that
+a redbreast's nest near a house will protect it from lightning.
+
+These robins are very rarely seen on this side of the Atlantic. Several
+of them were brought to this country a few weeks ago from Larne, county
+Antrim, Ireland, and were landed in New York.
+
+They are the tamest of all the birds in the British Isles, and are utter
+strangers to the timidity which our robin displays toward man. At the
+same time they are not pert and presumptuous like the sparrow, but seem
+to feel that their innocent confidence in man has gained for them
+immunity from the danger of being stoned or shot at, to which nearly
+every other bird is subjected to without compunction. The most
+mischievous schoolboy in those countries never thinks of throwing a
+stone at a robin, although he regards any other bird as an entirely
+proper object for his aim. Like every other songster of the feathered
+tribe, their age depends on how old they are when captured. If taken
+from the nest they will live for years in a cage, but should they have
+enjoyed some years of freedom they pine away soon, and in such cases
+refuse to sing. The nest bird, however, sings in captivity, though its
+notes might lack the sweetness and duration of the free bird. In
+appearance the little robin bears scarcely any resemblance to its
+namesake of this continent, being much smaller in size, and having a
+breast of far rosier hue.
+
+
+FOOLISH GIRLS.
+
+While the great majority of our girls are sensible and wise, not a few
+are silly victims of sensational story papers. Their minds become
+corrupted, and their imaginations attain an unhealthy development. They
+picture to themselves an ideal hero, and easily fall victims to
+designing knaves, who induce them to elope. The spice of romance in an
+elopement takes their fancy, and they leave the homes of happy childhood
+to wander in the paths of pleasure. It has been well remarked that
+nothing good is ever heard of a girl who elopes. Now and then she
+figures in the divorce courts either as plaintiff or defendant, but
+ordinarily the world moves on, and leaves her to her fate. Occasionally
+the police records give a fragment of her life when the heyday of her
+youth and life has fled, and the man with whom she has eloped has taken
+to beating her in order to get up an appetite for breakfast. Here and
+there the workhouse or charitable home opens its doors to receive her,
+when she wearies of the life she gladly assumed, and is too proud to beg
+for forgiveness at home.
+
+
+LITTLE QUEEN PET AND HER KINGDOM.
+
+There was once a little queen who was born to reign over a great rich
+kingdom called Goldenlands. She had twelve nurses and a hundred and
+fifty beautiful names: only unfortunately on the day of the christening
+there was so much confusion and excitement that all the names were lost
+as they fell out of the bishop's mouth. Nobody saw where they vanished
+to, and as nobody could find them, the poor little baby had to return to
+the palace nursery without anything to be called by. They could not
+christen her over again, so the king offered a reward to the person who
+should discover the princess's names within the next fifteen years.
+Every one cried "Poor pet, poor pet!" over the nameless baby, who soon
+became known as the Princess Pet. But her father and mother took the
+accident so much to heart that they both died soon after.
+
+Of course, little Pet was considered too young to manage the affairs of
+her own kingdom, and so she had a great, powerful Government to do it
+for her. This Government was a most peculiar monster, with nine hundred
+and ninety-nine heads and scarcely any heart; and when anything was to
+be decided upon, all the heads had to be laid together, so that it took
+a long time to make up its mind. It was not at all good to the kingdom,
+but little Pet did not know anything about that, as she was kept away in
+her splendid nursery, with all her nurses watching her, while she played
+with the most wonderful toys. Sometimes she was taken out to walk in the
+gardens, with three nurses holding a parasol over her head, a page
+carrying her embroidered train, three nurses walking before, fanning
+her, and six nurses following behind; but she never had any playfellows,
+and nothing ever happened at all different from everything else. The
+only variety in her life was made by startling sounds, which often came
+echoing to the nursery, of the gate-bell of the palace ringing loudly.
+
+"Why does the bell ring so?" little Pet would cry, and the nurses would
+answer:
+
+"Oh, it is only the poor!"
+
+"Who are the poor?" asked Pet.
+
+"People who are born to torment respectable folks!" said the head nurse.
+
+"They must be very naughty people!" lisped Pet, and went on with her
+play.
+
+When Pet grew a little older she became very tired of dolls and
+skipping-ropes, and she really did not know what to do with herself; so
+one day, when all the nurses had gone down to dinner at the same time,
+she escaped from her nursery and tripped down the passages, peering into
+the corners on every side. After wandering about a long time she came to
+a staircase, and descending it very quickly she reached a suite of
+beautiful rooms which had been occupied by her mother. They remained
+just as the good queen had left them; even the faded roses were turning
+into dust in the jars. Pet was walking through the rooms very soberly,
+peering at, and touching everything, when she heard a queer little
+sound of moaning and whispering and complaining, which came like little
+piping gusts of wind from somewhere or other.
+
+"Fiss-whiss, whiss, whiss, whiss!" went the little whispers; and "Ah!"
+and "Ai!" and "Oh!" came puffing after them, like the strangest little
+sighs.
+
+"Oh, dear, what _can_ it be?" thought Pet, standing in the middle of the
+room and gazing all round. "I declare I do think it is coming out of the
+wardrobe!"
+
+An ancient carved wardrobe extended all along one side of the room, and
+indeed the little sounds seemed to be whistling out through its chinks
+and keyholes. Pet walked up to it rather timidly; but taking courage,
+put her ear to the lock. Then she heard distinctly:
+
+    "Here we hang in a row,
+      In a row!
+    And we ought to have been given
+      To the poor long ago!"
+
+And besides this strange complaint she caught other little bits grumbles
+floating about, such as
+
+    "Fiss, whiss, whiss!
+      Did ever I think
+    I should have come to this?"
+
+And:
+
+    "Alack, and well-a-day!
+      Will _nobody_ come
+    To take us away?"
+
+As soon as she had recovered from her amazement, Pet opened the
+wardrobe, and there she saw a long row of gowns, hanging in all sorts of
+despondent attitudes, some hooked up by their sleeves, others caught by
+the waist with their bodies doubled together.
+
+"Here is somebody at last, thank goodness!" cried a dark-brown silk
+which was greatly crumpled, and looked very uncomfortable hanging up by
+its shoulder.
+
+"Oh, gowns, gowns!" cried Pet, staring at these strange grumblers with
+her round, blue eyes, "whatever do you want?"
+
+"_Want_?" cried the brown silk; "why, of course, to be taken out and
+given to the poor."
+
+"The poor again!" cried Pet. "Who can these poor be at all, I wonder?"
+
+"People who cannot buy clothing enough for themselves," said the brown
+silk. "When your dear mother was alive she always gave her old gowns to
+the poor. Only think how nice I should be for the respectable mother of
+a family to go to church in on Sundays, instead of being rumpled in here
+out of the daylight with the moths eating me."
+
+"And I," cried a pink muslin, "what a pretty holiday frock I should make
+for the industrious young school-mistress who supports her poor
+grandfather and grandmother."
+
+"And I! and I! and I!" shrieked many little rustling voices, each
+describing the possible usefulness of a particular gown.
+
+"Yes! we should all turn to account," continued the brown silk, "all
+except, perhaps, one or two very grand, stiff old fogies in velvet and
+brocade and cloth-of-gold; and even these might be cut up into jackets
+for the old clown who tumbles on the village green for the children's
+amusement."
+
+"My breath is quite taken away," cried Pet. "I shall certainly see that
+you are all taken out and given to the poor immediately."
+
+"She is her mother's daughter after all;" said the brown silk,
+triumphantly; and Pet closed the door upon a chorus of little murmurs of
+satisfaction from the imprisoned gowns.
+
+"This is a very curious adventure," thought the little queen, as she
+trotted on, fancying she saw faces grinning at her out of the furniture
+and down from the ceiling; and then she stopped again, quite sure she
+heard very peculiar sounds coming out of an antique bureau which stood
+in a corner. After her conversation with the gowns this did not surprise
+her much at all, and she put her ear to the keyhole at once.
+
+    "Clink! Clink!
+    What do you think?
+    Here we are
+    Shut up in a drawer,"
+
+cried the queer little voices coming out of the bureau.
+
+"What can _this_ be about, I wonder?" said Pet, and turning the key,
+peeped in. There she beheld a whole heap of gold and silver lying in the
+depths of the bureau, all the guineas and shillings hopping about and
+clinking against each other and singing:
+
+    "Take us out
+      And give us about,
+    And then we shall do
+      Some good, no doubt!"
+
+"Why, what do you want to get out for?" asked Pet, looking down at them.
+
+"To help the poor, of course!" said the money. "We were put in here by
+the good queen, your mother, and saved up for the poor who deserve to be
+assisted. But now every one has forgotten us, and we are rusting away
+while there is so much distress in the kingdom."
+
+"Well," said Pet, "I shall see to your case; for I promise you I am
+going to know more about these wonderful poor."
+
+She shut up the bureau, and went on further exploring the rooms, and now
+you may be pretty sure her ears were wide open for every sound. It was
+not long before she heard a creaking and squeaking that came from a
+large wicker-basket which was twisting about in the most discontented
+manner.
+
+    "Once on a time I was filled with bread,
+    But now I stand as if I were dead,"
+
+mourned the basket.
+
+"And why were you filled with bread?" asked Pet.
+
+"Your mother used to fill me," squeaked the basket, "and give the bread
+out of me to feed the poor."
+
+"Why! do you mean to say that the poor have no bread to eat?" asked
+Pet. "That is really a most dreadful thing. I must speak to my
+Government about these poor immediately. Whatever my mother did must
+have been perfectly right at all events, and I shall do the same!"
+
+And off she went back towards her nursery, meeting all her twelve nurses
+flying along the corridors to look for her.
+
+"Go directly and tell my Government that I want to speak to it," said
+Queen Pet, quite grandly; and she was brought down to the great Council
+Chamber.
+
+"Your Majesty has had too much plum-pudding and a bad dream afterwards!"
+said the Government when Pet had told the whole story about the gowns,
+and the money, and the bread-basket, and the poor; and then the
+Government took a pinch of snuff and sent Queen Pet back to her nursery.
+
+The next day, when all the nurses had gone to their dinner again, Pet
+was leaning out of her nursery window, with her two elbows on the sills
+and her face between her hands, and she was gazing down on the charming
+gardens below, and away off over the fields and hills of her beautiful
+kingdom of Goldenlands. "Where do the poor live, I wonder?" she thought;
+"and I wonder what they are like? Oh, that I could be a good queen like
+my mother, and be of use to my people! How I wish that I had a ladder to
+reach down into the garden, and then I could run away all over my
+kingdom and find things out for myself."
+
+Just as she thought thus an exquisite butterfly perched on her finger
+and said gaily,--
+
+    "A thousand spiders
+      All weaving in a row,
+    Can weave you a ladder
+      To fit your little toe."
+
+"Can they, indeed?" cried Pet; "and are you acquainted with the
+spiders?"
+
+"I should think so, indeed," said the butterfly; "I am engaged to be
+married to a spider; I have been engaged ever since I was a
+caterpillar."
+
+"Well, just ask them to be so good!" said Pet, and away flew the
+butterfly, coming back in a moment with a whole cloud of spiders
+following her.
+
+"Be as quick as you can, please, lest my nurses should come back from
+dinner," said Pet, as the spiders worked away. "Fortunately they have
+all good appetites, and cannot bear to leave table without their six
+helpings of pudding."
+
+The ladder being finished, Pet tripped down it into the garden, where
+she was hidden at once in a wilderness of roses, out of which she made
+her way through a wood, and across a stream quite far into the open
+country of her kingdom.
+
+She was running very fast, with her head down, when she heard a step
+following her, and a voice speaking to her, and looking round, saw a
+very extraordinary person indeed. He was very tall and all made of
+loose, clanking bones; he carried a scythe in one hand, and an hourglass
+in the other, and he had a pleasant voice, which made Pet not so much
+afraid of him as she otherwise might have been.
+
+"It is no use trying to run away from me," said this person. "Besides, I
+wish to do you a good turn. My name is Time."
+
+Pet dropped a trembling courtesy.
+
+"You need not be afraid of me," continued the stranger, "as you have
+never yet abused me. It is only those who are trying to kill me who have
+cause to fear me."
+
+"Indeed, sir, I wish to be good to every person," said Pet.
+
+"I know you do," said Time, "and that is why I am bound to help you. The
+thing you want most is a precious jewel called Experience. You are going
+now in search of it; yes, you are, though you do not know anything about
+it as yet. You will know it after you have found it. Now, I am going to
+give you some instructions."
+
+"Thank you, sir," said Pet, who was delighted to find that he was not a
+government, and had no intention of bringing her back to her nursery.
+
+"First of all I must tell you," said Time, "that you have a precious
+gift which was born with you: it is the power of entering into other
+people whenever you wish, living their lives, thinking their thoughts,
+and seeing everything as they see it."
+
+"How nice!" cried Pet.
+
+"It is a most useful gift if properly cultivated," said Time, "and it
+will certainly help you to gain your jewel. Now, whenever you find a
+person whose life you would wish to know all about for your own
+instruction, you have only to wish, and immediately your existence will
+pass into theirs."
+
+"And shall I ever get out again?" asked Pet, who had an inveterate
+dislike of all imprisonment.
+
+"I am going to tell you about that," said Time. "You must not remain too
+long locked up in anybody. Here is a curious tiny clock, with a little
+gold key, and you must take them with you and be very careful of them.
+Whenever you find that you have passed into somebody else, you must at
+once wind up your clock and hang it somewhere so that you can see it as
+you go about. The clock will go for a month, and as soon as it runs down
+and stops, you will be changed back into your separate self again. A
+month will be long enough for you to live in each person."
+
+"Oh, thank you, thank you," cried Pet, seizing the clock.
+
+"One thing you must be sure not to forget," said Time, "so attend to me
+well. There is a mysterious sympathy between you and the clock and the
+little gold key, and if you lose the key after the clock is wound up the
+clock will go on forever, or at least until you find the key again. So
+if you do not want to be shut up in somebody to the end of your life, be
+careful to keep guard of the key."
+
+"That I will," said Pet.
+
+"And now, good-by," said Time. "You can go on at this sort of thing as
+long as you like--until you are quite grown up, perhaps; and you
+couldn't have a better education."
+
+Conclusion next month.
+
+
+
+
+Useful Knowledge
+
+
+KNIVES and forks with ivory, bone or wooden handles should not be put
+into cold water. But we suggest that when our readers buy knives for the
+table they get those with silver-plated handles and blades. They need no
+bath brick to keep them bright, but only an occasional rub with whiting,
+and save "lots of trouble."
+
+LEMON PIE.--One cup of hot water, one tablespoonful of corn starch, one
+cup of white sugar, one tablespoonful of butter, the juice and grated
+rind of one lemon. Cook for a few minutes, add one egg, and bake with a
+top and bottom crust.
+
+STRAWBERRY SHORTCAKE.--One quart of flour sifted dry, with two large
+teaspoonfuls of baking powder, one tablespoonful of sugar, and a little
+salt. Add three tablespoonfuls of butter and sweet milk, enough to form
+a soft dough. Bake in a quick oven, and when partially cooked split
+open, spread with butter, and cover with a layer of strawberries well
+sprinkled with sugar; lay the other half on top, and spread in the same
+manner.
+
+A GOOD WAY TO USE COLD MEAT.--Take the remnants of any fresh roasted
+meat and cut in thin slices. Lay them in a dish with a little plain
+boiled macaroni, if you have it, and season thoroughly with pepper,
+salt, and a little walnut catsup. Fill a deep dish half full; add a very
+little finely chopped onion, and pour over half a can of tomatoes or
+tomatoes sliced, having previously saturated the meat with stock or
+gravy. Cover with a thick crust of mashed potato, and bake till this is
+brown in a not too hot oven, but neither let it be too slow.
+
+OMELET.--Take as many eggs as required, and add three teaspoonfuls of
+milk and a pinch of salt to each egg. Beat lightly for three or four
+minutes. Melt a teaspoonful of butter in a hot pan, and pour on the
+eggs. They will at once begin to bubble and rise up, and must be kept
+from sticking to the bottom of the pan with a knife. Cook two or three
+minutes. If desired, beat finely chopped ham or parsley with the eggs
+before cooking.
+
+AN experienced gardener says that a sure sign to find out if plants in
+pots require wetting is to rap on the side of the pot, near the middle,
+with the finger knuckle; if it give forth a hollow ring the plant needs
+water; but if there is a dull sound there is still moisture enough to
+sustain the plant.
+
+CAKES WITHOUT EGGS.--In a little book just issued from the press of
+Messrs. Scribner & Welford, New York, a large number of practical,
+though novel, receipts are given for making cakes of various kinds, from
+the informal griddle-cake to the stately bride-cake, without eggs, by
+the use of Royal Baking Powder. Experienced housekeepers inform us that
+this custom has already obtained large precedence over old-fashioned
+methods in economical kitchens, and that the product is frequently
+superior to that where eggs are used, and that less butter is also
+required for shortening purposes. The advantage is not alone in the
+saving effected, but in the avoidance of the trouble attendant upon
+securing fresh eggs and the annoyance of an occasional cake spoiled by
+the accidental introduction of an egg that has reached a little too
+nearly the incubatory period. The Royal Baking Power also invariably
+insures perfectly light, sweet and handsome cake, or when used for
+griddle cakes, to be eaten hot, enables their production in the shortest
+possible space of time, and makes them most tender and delicious, as
+well as entirely wholesome. There is no other preparation like it.
+
+FEEDING COOKED MATERIAL.--The feed for young chicks should always be
+cooked, for if this is done there will be less liability of bowel
+disease; but the adult stock should have whole grains a portion of the
+time. By cooking the food, one is better enabled to feed a variety, as
+potatoes, turnips, beets, carrots and such like, can be utilized with
+advantage. All such material as bran, corn meal, middlings, or ground
+oats should at least be scalded, if not cooked, which renders it more
+digestible and more quickly beneficial. Where shells or lime are not
+within reach, a substitute may be had by stirring a spoonful of ground
+chalk in the food of every six hens; but gravel must be provided where
+this method is adopted.
+
+
+
+
+The Humorist
+
+
+IN an argument with an irascible and not very learned man, Sydney Smith
+was victor, whereupon the defeated said, "If I had a son who was an
+idiot, I'd make a parson of him." Mr. Smith calmly replied, "Your father
+was of a different opinion."
+
+A BANANA skin lay on the grocer's floor. "What are you doing there?"
+asked the scales, peeking over the edge of the counter. "Oh, I'm lying
+in wait for the grocer."--"Pshaw!" said the scales: "I've been doing
+that for years."
+
+THE late Dr. Doyle was applied to on one occasion by a Protestant
+clergyman for a contribution towards the erection of a church. "I
+cannot," said the bishop, "consistently aid you in the erection of a
+Protestant church; but I will give you £10 towards the removal of the
+old one." Received with thanks.
+
+"WHAT is a curiosity, ma?" asked little Jimmy. "A curiosity is something
+that is very strange, my son."--"If pa bought you a sealskin sack this
+winter would that be a curiosity?"--"No, my son; that would be a
+miracle."
+
+A BRITISH and Yankee skipper were sailing side by side, and in the
+mutual chaff the English captain hoisted the Union Jack and cried
+out--"There's a leg of mutton for you." The Yankee unfurled the Stars
+and Stripes and shouted back, "And there is the gridiron which broiled
+it."
+
+A MR. FOLLIN became engaged to a fair maid whose acquaintance he formed
+on a transatlantic voyage last year. The girl's father consented to
+their union and while joining their hands he said to the would-be
+bridegroom, "Follin, love and esteem her."--"Of course, I will," was the
+reply. "Didn't I fall in love on a steamer?"
+
+MISS LILY, seeing a certain friend of the family arrive for dinner,
+showed her joy by all sorts of affectionate caresses. "You always seem
+glad when _I_ come to dinner," said the invited guest. "Oh, yes,"
+replied the little girl. "You love me a great deal, then?"--"Oh, it
+isn't for that," was the candid reply. "But when you come we always have
+chocolate creams, you know."
+
+PIETY THAT PAID.--"How does it happen that you joined the Methodist
+church?" asked a man of a dealer in ready-made clothing. "Vell, pecause
+mine brudder choined der Bresbyterians. I vas not vant der let haem git
+advantage mit me."--"How get the advantage?"--"Mine brudder noticed dot
+he was ein shoemaker und dot der Bresbyterians shtood oop ven dey bray.
+He see dot dey vare der shoes oud in dot vay und he choins dot shurch to
+hold dot trade, und prospers; so I choined der Methodists."--"What did
+you gain by that?"--"Vy, der Methodists kneel down unt vare der pritches
+at der knees out ven dey bray, unt dey bray long unt vare pig holes in
+dem pritches. Vell, I sells clothes to dem Methodists unt makes
+monish."--"But don't you have to donate considerable to the support of
+the church?"--"Yah, I puts much money in dot shurch basket, but efery
+time I denotes to dot shurch I marks pritches oop ten per cent, und gets
+more as even."
+
+PROSE AND POETRY.--"Yes," she said dreamily, as she thrust her snowy
+fingers between the pages of the last popular novel; "life is full of
+tender regrets." "My tenderest regret is that I haven't the funds to
+summer us at Newport," he replied, without taking his eye off the
+butcher, who was softly oozing through the front gate with the bill in
+his hand. "Ah, Newport," she lisped, with a languid society sigh; "I
+often think of Newport by the sea, and water my dreams with the tender
+dews of memory." She leaned back in the hammock, and he continued: "I
+wish I could water the radishes and mignonette with the tender dews of
+memory."--"Why?" she asked, clasping her hands together. "Why, because
+it almost breaks my back handling the water-pot, and half the water goes
+on my feet, and it takes about half an hour to pump that pail of water,
+and it requires something like a dozen pailfuls to do the business. What
+effect do you think the tender dews of memory would have on a good
+drumhead cabbage?" But she had turned her head and was looking over the
+daisy-dappled fields, and she placed her fingers in her ears, while the
+prosaic butcher, who had just arrived, was talking about the price of
+pork.
+
+
+
+
+DONAHOE'S MAGAZINE.
+
+BOSTON, JANUARY, 1886.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Notes on Current Topics.
+
+
+"IT IS FASHIONABLE TO BE IRISH, NOW."
+
+Hon. Hugh O'Brien's Magnificent Record as Mayor of Boston.
+
+Hon. Hugh O'Brien, Mayor of Boston, has made one of the ablest chief
+executives that the city has ever possessed. Indeed, few past Mayors can
+at all compare with him either in personal impressiveness or financial
+acumen. No man living understands Boston's true interests better than
+he, and no one has the future prosperity of the New England metropolis
+more sincerely at heart. Possessing an earnest desire for the public
+welfare, he has, with characteristic vigor, energy and broadmindedness,
+advocated measures calculated to redound to the immense benefit of the
+capital of the old Bay State. His name will live in the history of the
+great city, as that of one of far-seeing judgment, great administrative
+ability and unsurpassed intellectual accomplishments.
+
+"It is fashionable to be Irish, now!" said a gentlemen at a meeting a
+short time since, and in a great measure the assertion will stand the
+test. When Hugh O'Brien sought the suffrages of his fellow-citizens, a
+year ago, for the mayorality, thousands, who then malignantly sneered at
+his candidacy, were this year found among his most earnest supporters
+for re-election. His brilliant administration, thorough impartiality and
+manifest sound judgment has entirely removed the prejudice and bias from
+a very large number of honest, well-meaning citizens, who had previously
+regarded the idea of an "Irish" Mayor with profound distrust. Mayor
+O'Brien's friends and supporters are not now confined to any one
+particular party, but have given evidence of their existence in other
+political camps. A Democrat in politics, and nominated originally by the
+Democrats, Hugh O'Brien has not only proved entirely satisfactory to his
+own party, but has also earned the confidence and esteem of a large
+portion of the Republican element. At a recent Republican meeting, Otis
+D. Dana, strongly advocated the nomination of Mr. O'Brien by that party
+on the ground that as a matter of party expediency and for the good of
+the entire city, Mr. O'Brien should receive Republican indorsement, and
+thus be given an opportunity "to act even more independently than he has
+this year." This is but an instance of Mayor O'Brien's popularity with
+men of all parties. The world moves, and the re-election of Hugh O'Brien
+to the mayorality may be considered cumulative evidence of the truth of
+the quotation made above, that "It is fashionable to be Irish, now."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A NEW YEAR'S PRESENT.--No better present can be given to a friend than a
+copy of our MAGAZINE. Any of our present subscribers getting a new one
+will get both for $3.00 (one for himself and another for his friend),
+sent to separate addresses.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A NEW DEPUTY COLLECTOR FOR BOSTON.--We endorse with pleasure this from
+the _Connecticut Catholic_: We congratulate Thomas Flatley, secretary of
+the Land League, under the presidency of Hon. P. A. Collins, on his
+appointment as deputy collector of the custom house in Boston. He is a
+whole-souled gentleman of ability, and Democratic to the core. His
+elevation will please thousands of Irish-Americans in many States
+besides Massachusetts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT.--As we have electrotyped our MAGAZINE, we can
+supply any number of this issue.
+
+
+Mr. P. J. Maguire for Alderman.
+
+The Democracy of Wards 19 and 22, constituting the 9th district, have
+unanimously voted to support Mr. P. James Maguire for alderman at the
+ensuing election. This, no doubt, secures for Mr. Maguire the cordial
+support of the Democratic City Committee, and as the two wards are
+democratic in politics, it ought to be an election for that gentleman
+without any doubts thrown in. Mr. Maguire has had a varied experience in
+municipal legislation, in which he has proved himself a most useful and
+capable servant of the people. He served six years in the Boston City
+Government, that is, from 1879 to 1884 inclusive. During this time he
+was on the committee on public buildings, also on the committee on the
+assessors department, on committees on Stony Brook, public parks,
+claims, police, and several others of more or less special importance,
+in all of which he showed a fine business efficiency and discriminating
+capacity highly laudable. He has also served as a Director of Public
+Institutions. Last year he had to contend against the forces of a big
+corporation, and other organized oppositions, in favor of the Republican
+nominee for alderman, which are not likely to avail against him in this
+campaign. The gentleman is of the highly respected firm of Maguire &
+Sullivan, merchant and military tailors, 243 Washington Street, between
+Williams Court and the _Herald_ office, one of the busiest sections of
+the city. Their trade, it should be said embraces considerable patronage
+from the reverend clergy for cassocks and other wearing apparel.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WE give our readers this month sixteen additional pages of reading
+matter. Should our circulation increase to warrant a continuance of this
+addition--say one hundred and ninety-two pages a year--we will continue
+the addition. Come, friends, and enable us to benefit you as well as
+ourselves. Let each subscriber send us a new one.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A FAIR in aid of Fr. Roche's working Boys' Home will be held in the new
+building on Bennet Street, commencing Easter Monday night.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE KING OF SPAIN, Alphonso XII., died at his palace in Madrid, on the
+morning of the 25th of November, in his 28th year.
+
+
+Death of the Vice-President.
+
+The eventful political and professional career of Hon. Thomas Andrews
+Hendricks, Vice-President of the United States, came to an abrupt end
+towards evening, on the 25th of November, at his home in Indianapolis,
+Ind. The event was sudden and unexpected. There was no one at his
+bedside at the time, for his wife, who had been there all day, had left
+for a few minutes to see a caller, and it was she who first made the
+discovery of his death. For more than two years Mr. Hendricks had been
+in ill health, and recently the apprehension had been growing on him
+that his death was likely to occur at most any time. He had a gangrenous
+attack arising from a disabled foot in 1882, when, for a time, it was
+feared he would die of blood-poisoning. After his recovery from this he
+was frequently troubled with pains in his head and breast, and to those
+with whom he was on confidential terms he frequently expressed himself
+as apprehensive of a sudden demise from paralysis; but he said that when
+death came he hoped it would come quickly and painlessly. He was at
+Chicago the previous week, and upon his return he complained of the
+recurrence of the physical troubles to which he was subject. His
+indisposition, however, did not prevent him from attending to business
+as usual. The night previous he attended a reception given at the
+residence of Hon. John J. Cooper, treasurer of the State. The death
+following so soon after that of the late ex-President Grant, has cast a
+gloom over the whole country. His age was sixty-seven years. The
+interment took place on the first of December, at the family grave in
+his own town. There were present members of the Cabinet and
+representatives from every part of the country. None will regret his
+loss more than the friends of Ireland, at home and abroad. His recent
+speech on Irish affairs, which was published in the November issue of
+our MAGAZINE, had more influence on the stirring events in England and
+Ireland than any other utterance for years. The nation laments his loss,
+and the Irish people throughout the world join the mourning.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SOUTHERN SKETCHES.--We are obliged to lay over the interesting "Southern
+Sketches." The next will be a description of Havana, Cuba.
+
+CONVERSIONS.--The Rev. Wm. Sutherden, Curate of St. John's, Torquay, and
+the Rev. W. B. Drewe, M. A. (Oxon), who for twenty-three years held the
+Vicarage of Longstock, Stockbridge, Hants, have been received into the
+Church--the former by the Cardinal-Archbishop at Archbishop's House,
+Westminster; the latter by the Very Rev. Canon Mount, at St. Joseph's,
+Southampton.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PARTICULAR NOTICE.--This issue of our MAGAZINE commences the eighth year
+of its publication. There are some dear, good souls who have forgotten
+that it requires money to run the publication. They surely would not
+like to hear that we were unable to pay the printer, bookbinder, clerks,
+paper-maker, etc. Without their aid we cannot fulfil our obligations to
+those we employ. This notice has reference only to those who owe us for
+one, and many for two, years. Let not the sun go down, after reading
+this notice, without paying what you owe us.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+COLLEGE IN HOLLAND.--There lately arrived in Rome Rev. Andrew Jansen,
+Rector of the College of Steil, in Holland. This College is German,
+established in Holland to avoid the Kulturkampf persecutions. It is in a
+most flourishing condition, having at present 130 students preparing
+themselves for the foreign missions. Father Jansen is accompanied by the
+renowned missionary Anser. Two years ago, the latter was in the Province
+of Chang-tong, China, and one day, travelling alone, he was surprised by
+a band of ferocious idolaters, taken and stripped, and tied by the arms
+to a tree. They then beat him most unmercifully with rods, broke one arm
+and one leg, and left him bleeding, and, as they thought, dying. Some
+Chinese, passing by shortly afterwards, found him still alive; took him
+to a neighboring hut, and by assiduous care, skill, and nursing, healed
+him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ILLUSTRATED ALMANAC.--The Angel Guardian Annual, in a new garb, is
+announced. The friends of this admirable Institution, will find this
+year's issue particularly interesting. It contains 16 additional pages
+and has several splendid illustrations. No Catholic family in the city
+should be without it. It costs only 10 cents. Look at the announcement
+and order at once. Orders filled by Brother Joseph, Treasurer House of
+Angel Guardian, 85 Vernon Street, or by Messrs. T. B. Noonan & Co.,
+Boylston Street, Boston, Mass.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE Encyclical we have used is _The London Tablet's_ translation.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE _Catholic Citizen_, Milwaukee, Wis., has entered upon its sixteenth
+year. We are pleased to see it is well sustained, as it deserves to be
+long up to the _Citizen_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE Forty-Ninth Congress of the United States, assembled at Washington
+on the 7th of December.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE fair held at Mechanic Building, Sept. 3d, in aid of the Carney
+Hospital, netted $2,803.38. The largest amount realized by one table was
+$347.45 taken by the Immaculate Conception table, under charge of Miss
+A. L. Murphy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SALT LAKE CITY has a population of about 25,000 inhabitants, with a good
+brick Catholic church and three resident priests. There is also a
+convent and sister's hospital. The latter is a fine building and looks
+as big and firm as the mountains themselves, the cost of which is
+estimated at $70,000. It would be an ornament to the largest city in the
+United States.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHINA AND JAPAN.--The important and successful communications between
+the Vatican and Pekin have been followed by the opening of similar
+relations with Japan. The Sovereign Pontiff has written a letter to the
+Mikado, thanking him for the favor extended to Missionaries and the
+Mikado replies in most cordial terms, assuring the Pope that he would
+continue to afford protection to Catholics, and announcing the despatch
+of a Japanese mission to the Vatican.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE will of the Rev. Michael. M. Green, of Newton, Mass., which is on
+file at the Middlesex Probate Court, bequeaths his house and land on
+Adams and Washington Streets, Newton, to the Home for Catholic Destitute
+Children, at Boston; his household furniture to St. Mary's Infant Asylum
+of Boston: his horse and carriage and garden implements to the Little
+Sisters of the Poor and the Carney Hospital; his library to Rev. Robert
+P. Stack in trust to the Catholic Seminary of the Archdiocese of
+Boston, and to the Church of Our Lady Help of Christians at Newton; his
+gold watch to the Young Ladies' Sodality of Our Lady Help of Christians
+at Newton. Rev. Robert P. Stack, of Watertown, is the executor.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A WELCOME HOME.--The people of St. Augustine's parish, South Boston,
+gave to their beloved pastor, Father O'Callaghan, on his return from a
+four months trip to Europe, a welcome that he can never forget. He
+arrived in Boston on Saturday, Nov. 21, and on Sunday he celebrated High
+Mass. In the afternoon the pastor was welcomed by the Sunday School and
+presented with a check for $300. The presentation speech was made by
+Master Philip Carroll, and feelingly responded to. An address was also
+made by Rev. James Keegan. In the evening the lecture-room was packed to
+overflowing at the reception given by the congregation. The welcoming
+speech was delivered by Judge Joseph D. Fallon. At the conclusion of the
+address the Judge, on behalf of the congregation, presented Father
+O'Callaghan with a check for $2,125. Father O'Callaghan was overcome,
+but responded with emotion, in a fitting manner expressing his
+gratification at the welcome he had received. Father O'Callaghan is in
+perfect health and spirits, and expressed himself delighted with his
+trip. A large number called at the parochial residence, in the evening,
+to pay their respects.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEW CHAPEL IN THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION.--The handsome new marble altars
+in the basement chapel of the Immaculate Conception were consecrated on
+the 20th of November, by Most Rev. Archbishop Williams. The central
+altar is the gift of the daughters of the late Mrs. Joseph Iasigi. The
+three beautiful stained glass windows in the sanctuary are the gift of
+the Married Men's Sodality. The altars and the stained glass windows in
+the side chapels, which are dedicated respectively to the Sacred Heart
+of Jesus, and to our Lady of Lourdes, are the gifts of the Married
+Ladies' Sodality, the Young Ladies' Sodality, and the Sunday School
+children. New Stations of the Cross have also been added. There is now
+probably no finer basement chapel in the country than that of the
+Immaculate Conception. The usual Masses, Sunday School, and evening
+services were held there for the first time last Sunday.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SADLIER'S CATHOLIC DIRECTORY and Ordo for the year 1886 will be issued
+immediately. Since it has passed under the editorial control of John
+Gilmary Shea, this work has been greatly improved and we hope that the
+forthcoming edition will possess such excellence that not only all the
+old customers of the Sadlier publications may purchase it, but that at
+least 10,000 new patrons may be found for it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WHAT THE PAPERS SAY.--_Chicago Citizen_: DONAHOE'S MAGAZINE (published
+by Patrick Donahoe, editor and proprietor, No. 21 Boylston Street,
+Boston, Mass.,) for December, has come to hand and is one of the best
+issues of that admirable Irish-American publication that we have seen.
+It contains, among other highly interesting papers, the following: "The
+Irish Apostle of Corinthia;" "Reminiscences of Our Ninth (Mass.)
+Regiment;" "Shan Pallas Castle," by Edward Cronin; "Southern Sketches,"
+by the Rev. Father Newman; "Dead Man's Island," by T. P. O'Connor, M.
+P.; a life of Hon. A. M. Keily, etc. The MAGAZINE is also replete with
+poetry, editorial and miscellaneous writings. It is, in short, a credit
+to Irish-American literature.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE Roman Catholic Protectorate, an educational institute for boys, at
+Glencoe, Mo., was burned recently. There were nine Christian Brothers
+and eighty-five boys in the building when the fire broke out, but no
+lives were lost. One Brother and two of the pupils, finding their escape
+cut off by the flames, were compelled to leap from a third-story window.
+All were hurt but will recover.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+EXECUTION OF RIEL.--Riel was hanged at Regina, on the morning of the
+16th of November, a few minutes after eight o'clock. Up to the very last
+moment many refused to believe that Sir John A. Macdonald would, merely
+to serve himself, or his party, hang a man who was undoubtably insane.
+Many also believed that as the Metis had been very cruelly and unjustly
+treated by the government, the recommendation attached to the verdict of
+guilty would have effect and the sentence would be commuted. But a
+faction on which Sir John A. Macdonald depends for existence ravened for
+the unfortunate man's blood, and Sir John judged it politic to gratify
+their thirst for vengeance, AND RIEL WAS HANGED.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Notre Dame Scholastic_:--Our great metropolis of the West may take a
+just pride in numbering amongst its citizens so true and talented an
+artist as Miss Eliza Allan Starr. This lady is one who has aided the
+accomplishments of a naturally gifted mind, and skilful pencil, by great
+and careful study, and extensive travel through the celebrated art
+centres of Europe. As a result, her contributions to Catholic literature
+have placed her in the first rank among the distinguished writers of the
+present day, while her lectures on art and art literature have been, for
+some years back, highly prized by the social circles of Chicago. It is
+with pleasure, therefore, that we learn that Miss Starr resumed, on the
+17th of November, her regular weekly lectures on Art Literature, to be
+continued throughout the winter and spring. This series will consider
+the wonderful treasures of the Eternal City, and will receive a fresh
+interest by reason of new illustrations received from Rome and Florence
+during last summer. It is our earnest wish that her efforts for the
+advancement of true artistic taste and culture may meet with the due
+appreciation they so well deserve.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A MARRIAGE has been arranged between the Duc de Montpensier's only
+surviving son, Antonio, and the Infanta Eulalie. The former was educated
+by Mgr. Dupanloup, and is two years younger than his fiancée, he having
+been born in Seville in 1866, and she in Madrid in 1864. The
+negotiations about the marriage settlements have been difficult. He will
+inherit at least half of the largest royal fortune in Europe. The
+Infanta Eulalie is of lively manners and agreeable physiognomy. She was
+educated by the Countess Soriente, a lady of New England birth, and is
+an accomplished player on the harp and guitar. Her instructor was the
+gifted Cuban negress, who used to perform at Queen Isabella's concerts
+at the Palais de Castille.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE FIRST PURCHASE of land by tenants in Ireland, under the Land
+Purchase Act of last session, was completed on Monday, the 9th of
+November, when Mr. George Fottrell, late Solicitor of the Land
+Commission, met some forty tenants, on an estate in the county of
+Tyrone, and got the deeds executed which make them fee-simple
+proprietors, subject only to the liabilities to pay, for forty-nine
+years, instalments materially less than their rent. The entire
+transaction, from the date of Mr. Fottrell's first meeting with the
+tenants at Tyrone to that of the execution of the deeds, occupied only
+one fortnight. Mr. Fottrell's exuberant energy is finding a vent in
+pushing on the work of land purchase in Ireland, and his large
+experience and keen interest in all that concerns the land question are
+recognized as extremely valuable at this moment. Not only has he, in an
+unusually rapid manner, carried out this first sale under the Purchase
+Act, but he has published what he calls a "Practical Guide to the Land
+Purchase Acts," a book which is likely to be of great practical utility
+to lawyers and other persons engaged in the work of carrying sales under
+the Acts into effect.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BURIED ALIVE.--Full particulars have come to hand from Bishop Puginier
+regarding the martyrdom of the Chinese priest Cap. For three days he
+suffered excruciating torments. On the fourth day the mandarin asked him
+to translate the Lord's Prayer. When he came to the third petition, "Thy
+kingdom come," he was asked of what kingdom he spoke. He replied, "Of
+God's kingdom." The mandarin immediately ordered him to be buried alive.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A Boston Merchant on the Irish Question.
+
+The following is a letter of Mr. A. Shuman, one of Boston's leading
+merchants, which was read at the great meeting in Faneuil Hall, and was
+received with cheers:
+
+                              BOSTON, MASS., Oct. 19.
+
+MY DEAR MR. O'REILLY:--I regret, exceedingly, that absence from the city
+will prevent my acceptance of your courteous invitation to be present at
+the meeting Monday evening, at Faneuil Hall, called to express practical
+sympathy with Ireland and the work of Parnell.
+
+It is natural for the American people, with their love of freedom and
+equity, to have fellow-feeling with struggling Ireland in any peaceful
+method they might adopt to secure their political rights and equality
+with Great Britain.
+
+Political freedom in Ireland, I am assured, combined with her natural
+position, would inaugurate an era of prosperity such as she had before
+from 1782 to 1800. Capital would be attracted, lands, now lying barren,
+would be utilized, and mills and factories would spring up.
+
+I think that the Irish question is an important American question. The
+many millions of dollars now sent annually from this country by kin to
+their struggling relations could remain here. Nine-tenths of the many
+hundred employees of our own firm were either born in Ireland, or are of
+Irish parentage, and all contribute, some more, some less, to the same
+purpose. This would be unnecessary, and Ireland could erect herself into
+a position of independence, and neither ask nor accept favors from the
+rest of the world.
+
+This condition of the country would be hastened could she choose, from
+the midst of her people, representatives who understand her wants and
+are in sympathy with her welfare. But, as the British Government does
+not pay its representatives, Ireland is deprived of many of her best men
+who have not the means of independent maintenance, but who would gladly
+serve their country and espouse her cause.
+
+Hence, the most practical thing, it seems to me, is to raise funds to
+assist members who otherwise could not afford to go.
+
+Being, therefore, in sympathy with the movement to that end, and
+believing that the election of such men will require the assistance of
+American merchants. I enclose, herewith, a check for $100, which please
+forward, and oblige,
+
+                Yours truly,
+
+                        A. SHUMAN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DR. JOHN G. MORRIS, son of our esteemed old citizen and patriot, Dr.
+Patrick Morris, has removed from South Boston to 1474 Washington Street,
+Boston. Dr. Morris won high honors in the Medical School of Harvard, and
+is sure to take a prominent place as a practising physician.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CONCERT AND REUNION OF THE HOLY NAME SOCIETY.--On the evening of Nov.
+23, in Union Park Hall, Boston, a vocal and instrumental concert took
+place under the direction of Mr. Calixta Lavallee, assisted by Miss
+Helen O'Reilly, soprano, and Mr. Charles E. McLaughlin, violinist.
+Dancing and refreshments followed. The society was present in full
+strength, and the entertainment was a notable success.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE parishioners of St. Francis de Sales' Church, Vernon Street, Boston
+Highlands, welcomed home their pastor, Rev. John Delahunty, who has just
+returned from Europe. A check for nearly $2,000 was presented to him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_The Notre Dame Scholastic_ says of _The Ave Maria_, which we endorse
+with all our heart:--Our esteemed contemporary, _The Ave Maria_, now
+appears in a new and attractive dress of type, which, while adding to
+the appearance of this popular magazine, must greatly increase its value
+to subscribers by reason of its legibility of character. The beauty and
+clearness of the type and printed page reflect credit alike on the
+type-founders and the printers. In this connection it may be proper to
+state that the enterprising editor of Our Lady's journal announces an
+enlargement of four pages for the volume beginning with January, 1886.
+This improvement, together with the fact that some of the best and most
+popular writers in the English language will continue to contribute to
+its pages, makes _The Ave Maria_ the cheapest and most valuable
+publication of its kind in the world.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+REV. FATHER SESTINI, who for twenty years has edited the _Messenger of
+the Sacred Heart_, and directed the Apostleship of Prayer in America,
+now retires from office on account of advanced age. He is succeeded by
+the Rev. R. S. Dewey, S. J., to whom, at Woodstock College, Md., all
+communications concerning the interests above-named shall be
+henceforward addressed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ST. ELIZABETH'S HOSPITAL.--The old Winson estate, West Brookline Street,
+Boston, purchased last year by the Sisters of St. Francis, has been
+enlarged by the addition of a four-story brick building and wing, and
+otherwise adapted to its new purpose. The Sisters in charge have spared
+no pains to have every detail arranged so as to secure the comfort and
+convenience of the patients. The house was opened on the feast of its
+patron, Saint Elizabeth, November 19, on which occasion Archbishop
+Williams celebrated Mass, and formally dedicated the institution.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A NEW port has been discovered in Guinea by the Missionaries of the
+Propaganda. They have given it the name of Port Leo, in honor of the
+reigning Pontiff.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Elections in England and Ireland.
+
+The contest between the two great parties--Liberal and Tory--is close.
+That is, the Tories and Parnellites are about equal to the Liberals. At
+the time of our writing there were several elections to be held. As
+things look, Parnell is master of the situation. The _London Times_
+declares that "that the only one certain result of the elections is the
+commanding position secured by Mr. Parnell. This is not an inference,
+but a fact that concerns parties alike."
+
+Mr. Parnell says: "It is very difficult to predict whether or not the
+Liberals will have a majority over the Tories and Nationalists, but
+neither the Liberals nor Tories, with the Nationalists, can have more
+than a majority of 10, and, therefore, I think the new Parliament can't
+last long. As to our policy, I can only say it will be guided by
+circumstances. We cannot say what our course is till we hear
+declarations by the English leaders on the Irish question. That question
+will be the question unless foreign complications arise."
+
+One of the most surprising features of the general election in Ireland
+is the complete collapse of the Liberal party. Not a single Liberal has
+returned for any constituency. Saturday's dispatches announced the
+defeat of Mr. Thomas Lea in West Donegal, and Mr. William Findlater in
+South Londonderry. That settles it. The list is closed. Every Liberal
+candidate who tried his fortune with an Irish constituency has suffered
+a signal discomfiture at the polls. Some of them have been beaten by
+Conservatives, others by Nationalists. In one way or another all have
+been sent back to private life.
+
+At the general election of 1880, Ireland returned to Parliament eighteen
+Liberals, and twenty-six Liberal Home Rulers, twenty-four Conservatives
+and thirty-five Parnellites. Thus, out of the one hundred and three
+Irish members, Mr. Gladstone could count forty-four supporters against
+sixty-nine Conservatives and Parnellites. In the present election the
+Conservatives will probably have eighteen seats, while the Parnellites
+will secure the remaining eighty-five seats. The Liberals and Liberal
+Home Rulers are wiped out to the last man. God save Ireland.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE LIVINGSTONS, in Ireland, lived on the land of the famous Con
+O'Neill, who once was rescued from prison by his wife in the oddest way
+imaginable. She hollowed out two small cheeses, concealed a rope in
+each, and sent them to her lord and master, who swung himself down from
+the castle window and struck a free foot upon the green grass beneath.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THERE are in the United States 400 Catholic priests bearing some one of
+the following nineteen well-known Irish names. The numbers following the
+names indicate the number of priests in this country: Brennan, 12;
+Brady, 22; Carroll, 13; Doherty, 16; Kelly, 25; Lynch, 21; McCarthy, 15;
+Maguire, 12; McManus, 14; Meagher, 14; Murphy, 33; O'Brien, 24;
+O'Connor, 14; O'Neill, 18; O'Reilly, 34; O'Sullivan, 18; Quinn, 16;
+Ryan, 31; and Walsh, 33.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PHILADELPHIA has established an excellent precedent for every other city
+and town in the Union. A few days ago the manager of a popular theatre
+there was fined $100 for advertising a spectacular exhibition by setting
+up indecent posters. It is high time this shocking breach of common
+propriety was corrected everywhere. The pictorial representations, by
+which the performances of the stage are introduced to the public, are
+often far worse than the living exhibitions.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEW YORK FAMILY JOURNAL.--A few days ago the Mugwumps thought they were
+as big and powerful as Hell Gate, with all its attachments, before
+General Newton blew it up. Now they are just where that obstruction was
+the day after the explosion. They thought they were the rooster, when
+they were only one of his smallest tail feathers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE ORANGE CROP of Florida for the season of 1884-5 was, as near as it
+could be definitely ascertained, 900,000 bushels. For the coming season
+the crop is estimated at a million and a quarter bushels. Of the last
+crop of 900,000 bushel crates, over one-half was shipped through
+Jacksonville.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE MANATEE, or Sea Cow, is still to be seen on the southeast coast of
+Florida. At the extreme southern end of Indian River, in the St. Lucie
+River, and in Hope Sound, are found the favorite feeding grounds of
+these rarest and shyest of North American marine curiosities.
+
+
+
+
+Personal.
+
+
+BISHOP GILMOUR, on his late visit to Rome, received the honor of
+Monsignore for his vicar-general, Father Boff.
+
+THE Hon. William J. Onahan has returned from a tour through the Irish
+Catholic colonies of Nebraska and Dakota. He reports them to be in a
+flourishing condition.
+
+IT is not generally known that the parish church of Eu, France, where
+the chateau of the Comte de Paris is situated, is dedicated to St.
+Laurence O'Toole.
+
+IT is reported that Lord William Nevill, who some months ago was
+received into the Catholic Church in Melbourne, and who has returned to
+England, contemplates entering the Priesthood.
+
+MISS ELEANOR C. DONNELLY has recently written a hymn for the Golden
+Jubilee of the Priesthood of His Holiness, Pope Leo XIII., which occurs
+December 23d, 1887. It has been set to music, and it has not only been
+translated into German, but into Italian by an eminent theological
+professor, and the hymn is now on its way to Rome to be presented to the
+Pope by a member of the Papal Court.
+
+MADAME SOPHIE MENTER, the famous pianist, now inhabits a castle in the
+Tyrol (Schloss Itter), where she has just received the Abbé Liszt, who
+passed several days there, getting up at 4 o'clock A. M., to work,
+attending mass at 7.30, and then continuing work until midday. The Abbé,
+who was received with guns and triumphal arches, has now left for Rome.
+
+THE friends of Dr. Thomas Dwight, Parkman Professor of Anatomy at
+Harvard University, will be pleased to learn that he has been made a
+member of the Philosophĉ-Medicĉ Society of Rome. A diploma has been
+issued by President J. M. Cornoldi, S. J. This society was founded by
+Dr. Travaglini, with the full sanction of the late Pope Pius IX. It is
+intended for the advancement of the sciences and philosophy, and it
+ranks among its members some of the greatest scientific men, doctors of
+medicine, and philosophers of Europe. The diploma is now on its way to
+America.
+
+REV. R. J. MEYER, S. J., rector of St. Louis University, of St. Louis,
+Mo., has been made Provincial of the western province of the Jesuit
+Order, vice Rev. Leopold Bushart, S. J.
+
+THE Right Rev. Louis De Goesbriand, D. D., Bishop of Burlington, Vt.,
+celebrated the thirty-second anniversary of his elevation to the
+episcopacy of the Catholic Church on Friday, October 30th, ultimo.
+
+RT. REV. JEREMIAH O'SULLIVAN, D. D., recently consecrated the fourth
+bishop of Mobile, Ala., was born in Kanturk, county Cork, Ireland, and
+is forty-one years old. At an early age he intended to devote himself to
+the Church, and made his preparatory studies in the schools of his
+native place. At the age of nineteen he came to America, entered St.
+Charles College, Howard County, Md., and finished his classics. The year
+following he entered St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore. Having completed
+his theological course, in that institution, he was ordained by Most
+Rev. Archbishop Spaulding in June, 1868. His first charge was in
+Barnesville, Montgomery County, Md., where he remained one year. He was
+transferred to Westernport, Md., where he remained nine years. During
+his stay he built a large church, and a convent for the Sisters of St.
+Joseph, whom he introduced to Western Maryland. In 1880, or 1881, Most
+Rev. Archbishop Gibbons selected Father O'Sullivan as the successor to
+the Rev. Father Walter as pastor of St. Patrick's, Washington, D. C.,
+the latter going to the Immaculate Conception parish. But an appeal
+being made to His Grace by St. Patrick's congregation for the retention
+of Father Walter, the change did not take place. On the removal of Rev.
+Father Boyle to St. Matthew's, Rev. Father O'Sullivan was called to take
+his place at St. Peter's. During his ministry there he displayed great
+ability in managing. He reduced the debt of the church from $47,000 to
+$12,000, besides, making expensive improvements in the church, schools
+and pastoral residence. He possesses administrative qualities to a high
+degree, and makes an impressive and forcible speaker.
+
+
+
+
+Notices of Recent Publications.
+
+
+_The Catholic Publication Society Co., N. Y._
+
+     THE ILLUSTRATED CATHOLIC FAMILY ANNUAL FOR 1886.
+
+For eighteen years this welcome annual visitor has been received by us.
+It seems to improve with age, for this is the best number yet issued.
+The illustrations, matter, printing and binding, are all excellent. We
+refer the reader to the advertisement for a description of its varied
+and excellent contents. The price is only 25 cents. Every subscriber to
+our MAGAZINE sending us, free of expense, their annual subscription ($2)
+will receive a copy of the Annual free. Send money at once.
+
+     THE KEYS OF THE KINGDOM; OR, THE UNFAILING PROMISE. By the Rev.
+     James J. Moriarty, LL.D., pastor of St. John's Church,
+     Syracuse; author of "Stumbling-Blocks made Stepping-Stones,"
+     "All for Love," etc. Price, $1.25 net.
+
+The subjects treated of in this book are: Is religion worthy of man's
+study? What rule of faith was laid down by Christ? The Church One. The
+Church Holy. The Church Catholic. The Church Apostolic. The various
+subjects are ably discussed in a pleasing and attractive manner by the
+learned author. The book is beautifully printed and bound. It is just
+the book to place in the hands of an inquiring Protestant friend as a
+Christmas present.
+
+     IRISH BIRTHDAY BOOK.
+
+The Catholic Publication Society Co. has published an American edition
+of this book. It contains pieces in prose and verse by all the leading
+Irish writers and speakers. It is bound in Irish linen, gilt edges, and
+sold for $1.
+
+     CAROLS FOR A MERRY CHRISTMAS AND A JOYOUS EASTER. The music by
+     the Rev. Alfred Young, Priest of the Congregation of St. Paul
+     the Apostle. Price, 50 cents.
+
+A very good book for the season. Buy it, all ye lovers of good music.
+
+
+_Benziger Bros., N. Y., Cin., and St. Louis._
+
+     CATHOLIC BELIEF: OR, A SHORT AND SIMPLE EXHIBITION OF CATHOLIC
+     DOCTRINE. By the Rev. Joseph Faà de Bruno, D.D., Rector General
+     of the Pious Society of Missions, etc. Author's American
+     edition edited by Rev. Louis A. Lambert, author of "Notes on
+     Ingersoll," etc. 35th edition. Price, 40 cents.
+
+It is now about a year since this book was published, and the enormous
+sale in that _short_ time is the _greatest testimonial_ it could
+possibly receive.
+
+
+_D. & J. Sadlier & Co., New York._
+
+     THE NATIVITY PLAY; OR, CHRISTMAS CANTATA. By Rev. Gabriel A.
+     Healy, Rector of St. Edward's Church, New York.
+
+This play, says the preface, has been received most favorably by large
+audiences in the hall of St. Bernard's Church, New York City. It is a
+Christmas play, and most suitable for the coming holidays. It has been
+witnessed by thousands of the clergy and laity. The author is indebted
+to Rev. Albany J. Christie, S. J., of London, Eng., Rev. Abram J. Ryan,
+poet-priest of the South, Miss Anna T. Sadlier, and others, whose
+beautiful thoughts can be found in the work. Father Healy continues: "It
+has often been a thought with me, as I suppose it has often been with
+many of my fellow priests, that it would be well for us and advantageous
+to our congregations, to revive some of the old mystery plays, which did
+so much to strengthen the faith of the faithful in the middle ages, and
+this has been one of the prevailing motives which induced me to complete
+the material for, and give the representation of, the nativity play."
+There are eight photographic views, representing the Annunciation, the
+Visitation, the Adoration, visit of the Magi to King Herod, etc. We
+recommend the book to the Rev. clergy, colleges and academies, and
+others, as a very interesting, edifying and appropriate performance not
+only for the holidays, but for all parts of the year. The book is gotten
+up by the Messrs. Sadlier in a handsome manner. It is a good Christmas
+gift for any of our young, or even for those advanced in years.
+
+
+_John Murphy & Co., Baltimore, Md._
+
+     THE STUDENTS' HANDBOOK OF BRITISH AND AMERICAN LITERATURE. With
+     selections from the writings of the most distinguished authors.
+     By Rev. O. L. Jenkins, A. M., S. S., late President of St.
+     Charles College, Ellicott City, Md. Edited by a member of the
+     Society of St. Sulpice. Third edition revised and brought to
+     date. Price, $1.25.
+
+The value of this book is already known to the presidents, teachers,
+etc., in our colleges, seminaries and academies. Messrs. Murphy & Co.
+have given us an excellent book, and at a very moderate price.
+
+_Ave Maria Press, Notre Dame, Ind._
+
+     THE MAD PENITENT OF TODI. By Mrs. Anna Hanson Dorsey.
+
+This is another of the Ave Maria series of interesting stories, and told
+by our old friend, Mrs. Dorsey, who was a contributor to the Pilot some
+forty odd years ago.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MISCELLANEOUS.
+
+CATHOLIC HISTORICAL RESEARCHES. Rev. A. A. Lambing, A. M., edits a
+magazine of extraordinary interest, entitled, "Catholic Historical
+Researches." It is published in Pittsburgh. It deserves the support of
+all who wish to see published and preserved the early labors of Catholic
+missionaries and settlers in America. Copies of valuable French
+manuscripts, bearing on our early history, lately received from the
+archives of Paris, will soon appear in this magazine, the admirable
+motto of which is from the address of the Fathers of the Third Plenary
+Council, of Baltimore: "Catholic parents teach your children to take a
+special interest in the history of our own country.... We must keep firm
+and solid the liberties of our country by keeping fresh the noble
+memories of the past."
+
+THE LIFE OF FATHER ISAAC JOGUES, Missionary Priest of the Society of
+Jesus, slain by the Indians in the State of New York in 1646, is having
+a good sale. The price is $1. The profits of the sale go towards the
+Shrine of Our Lady of Martyrs, at Auriesville, where Father Jogues and
+René Goupel were put to death.
+
+ADMIRERS of the popular Irish authoress Miss Rosa Mulholland, will be
+pleased to learn that Messrs. Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., of London, are
+about to bring out a collection of her poems.
+
+MR. SARSFIELD HUBERT BURKE, well known here as the author of
+"_Historical Portraits of the Tudor Dynasty_" and as a contributor to
+_The Catholic World_, will publish, in the spring, in London, a new work
+on the "_Tyranny and Oppression Practiced by the English Officials in
+Ireland_," from an early date down to 1830.
+
+PROF. LYONS intends to publish, at an early date, Christian Reid's
+admirable story, "A Child of Mary," which originally appeared as a
+serial in the pages of _The Ave Maria_.
+
+
+MUSIC.
+
+_From White, Smith & Co._
+
+_Vocal:_ "A Few More Years," words by Sam Lucas, music by H. J.
+Richardson. "Oh! Hush Thee," song by Chas. A. Gabriel. "I'll Meet Ole
+Massa There," song by G. Galloway. "Carol the Good Tidings," Christmas
+carol by E. H. Bailey.
+
+_Instrumental:_ "Under the Lime Tree," by G. Lange. "Fairy Voices
+Waltz," by A. G. Crowe, arranged for violin and piano. The same for
+violin alone. "Nanon," lanciers quadrille, by E. H. Bailey. "Walker's
+Dip Waltzes," by C. A. White. "Beauty Polka," by Wm. E. Gilmore.
+Potpourri from "Mikado." "Mikado' Lanciers," by E. H. Bailey.
+
+_Books:_ Gems from "Whitsuntide in Florence" opera, by Richard Genee and
+J. Rieger, music by Alfons Czibulkas. "Melodies of Ireland expressly
+arranged for piano and organ." This book is a well arranged collection
+of Irish instrumental music, both grave and gay, serious and comical,
+issued in very neat and attractive style, and sure to please. Published
+by Messrs. White, Smith & Co.
+
+
+_Oliver Ditson & Co., Boston._
+
+LEAVES OF SHAMROCK, a collection of melodies of Ireland newly arranged
+and adapted for the piano and organ.
+
+"Leaves of Shamrock" is a book of fine appearance, and the price is
+moderate. 80 cents, paper; $1.00, boards; $1.50, elegant cloth binding.
+Without being difficult, there is more to them than appears at first
+glance, and there is nothing so very easy. The poet Moore was so taken
+with the beauty of the ancient music of his country, that he composed
+poems, many of them very beautiful, to quite a number of the melodies.
+These are all given in "Leaves of Shamrock" which contains full as many
+more, or, in all, double the number that met the eye of the poet.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE FRENCH ELECTIONS.--The new Chamber will contain 381 Republicans and
+205 Catholics; but the colonies return 10 deputies, who will all
+probably be Republicans. The strength of parties will thus be 391 to
+205, whereas in the last Chamber it was 462 to 95. Fifty-six departments
+are represented exclusively by Republicans; twenty-six are represented
+exclusively by Catholics.
+
+
+
+
+Obituary.
+
+"After life's fitful fever they sleep well."
+
+
+BISHOP.
+
+THE FUNERAL of the late Most Rev. Dr. Dorrian took place on Friday, 13th
+of November, when the lamented bishop was interred in the vault under
+the episcopal throne in St. Patrick's Cathedral, in Belfast, amidst a
+vast crowd of his mourning flock. Dr. Dorrian's health had been failing
+for some time past, and about a fortnight before his death he was
+attacked severely by congestion of the lungs. From this he rallied, but
+was warned by his physician to be extremely careful. The good bishop,
+however, returned to his work with all his characteristic energy, and on
+the very day after the doctor's warning attended three funerals outside
+Belfast. Later, in the afternoon of the same day, he was seized with
+illness in his confessional, from which he had to be carried in a dying
+state. The last sacraments were administered on the same spot, and he
+was afterwards removed with great difficulty to his residence. During
+the following days he lay peacefully passing away, surrounded by his
+devoted priests; the Sisters of Mercy, among whom was the bishop's
+niece, remaining in his house till after he had breathed his last. His
+energy and love of labor were so extraordinary that almost to the very
+end he seemed to expect to recover and return to work. When told that he
+had not long to live, he said, "May the Lord's will be done," with the
+meekest submission. His mind was all along absorbed in heavenly
+thoughts, except when for a moment he would remember how the cause of
+Ireland was at stake, and asked what was being done towards the election
+of a nationalist M. P. for Belfast. Shortly before his death, he seemed
+to fancy that he was still hearing confessions, and went on giving
+imaginary absolutions, and admonishing poor sinners, till, without agony
+or pain, he went to his rest. While the seven o'clock Mass was being
+celebrated on the Feast of St. Malachy, in St. Malachy's Church, a
+messenger ascended the altar steps and spoke some words to the
+officiating priest, whereupon the congregation knew, by the manner in
+which the priest suddenly bowed his head, that all was over, and that
+their good pastor had departed from among them. The fact that the Bishop
+of Down and Connor had passed away on the Feast of St. Malachy was not
+unnoticed. A devoted priest, who had been Dr. Dorrian's friend from
+boyhood, and who had made a long journey to assist him in his last
+moments, remarked, "One would think that his holy patron had kept him
+for his own feast in order to conduct him on that day into heaven."
+
+
+CLERGYMEN.
+
+RT. REV MGR. SEARS, Vicar-Apostolic of Newfoundland, died on Nov. 7, at
+Stellarton, of dropsy. His history during the last seventeen years has
+been the history of Newfoundland. His services were recognized by the
+Pope, who four years ago invested him with the dignity of domestic
+prelate and the title of monsignor.
+
+THE LATE VERY REV. DR. FORAN.--The funeral of this most distinguished
+priest, who after a most edifying life and three weeks of painful
+illness, died a most edifying death, took place in the church of
+Ballingarry. His death has cast a gloom over the archdiocese, which in
+his demise has sustained a great, almost an irreparable, loss. He was
+its most highly-gifted, most highly-respected, and best-beloved priest,
+and upon the death of the late lamented and illustrious Dr. Leahy, if
+the great majority of the votes of his brother priests could have done
+it, he had been their archbishop. He was a man of great intellect, of
+great good sense, of vast and varied learning, and withal simple as a
+child, unselfish, unassuming, and inoffensive, meek and humble of heart;
+charitable in word and deed; sincere in his relations with God and man;
+tender to the poor and little ones; always attentive to his duties, ever
+zealous for God's glory, never caring to make display or to gain the
+applause of men. His whole life seemed regulated by the motto of the
+Imitation, "Sublime words do not make a man just and holy, but a
+virtuous life maketh him dear to God."
+
+DEATH OF THE VERY REV. JOHN CURTIS, S. J.--A venerable patriarch has
+just passed away to his reward. Father John Curtis died recently at the
+Presbytery, Upper Gardiner Street, Dublin. He was in his ninety-second
+year, and had been for some months failing in health. Father Curtis was
+born in 1794, of respectable parents, in the city of Waterford. Having
+been educated at Stonyhurst College, he entered the Society of Jesus at
+the age of 20. As novice and scholastic he passed with much merit and
+distinction through the various grades of probation and preparation by
+which the Jesuit is trained for his arduous work, and was ordained
+priest in the year 1825. Being a ripe scholar, well versed in
+literature, ancient and modern, an able theologian, a fluent and
+impressive speaker, he soon took a foremost place amongst the leading
+priests at his time.
+
+THE Very Rev. Canon Lyons, P.P.V.F., Spiddle, County Galway, died
+recently at the venerable age of seventy-four years. He was educated for
+the priesthood at St. Jarlath's College, Tuam, while yet that
+institution included a thorough theological course in its curriculum of
+studies. He was ordained in 1839, and speedily distinguished himself as
+a pastor of zeal and eloquence, indefatigable in his labors for the
+spiritual and temporal welfare of his flock. He built many churches and
+parochial schools, and was among the foremost of the clergymen who drove
+the infamous Souper plague from West Connaught. Canon Lyons was
+charitable to an extent that always left him poor in pocket but rich in
+the love of his people. He was buried within the walls of his parish
+church and the funeral was attended by priests and people from many
+miles around.
+
+THE death is announced of Rev. Francis Xavier Sadlier, S. J., at Holy
+Cross College, Worcester, Mass., after a brief illness. He was born in
+Montreal, in 1852, and was the son of the late James Sadlier, who, with
+his brother, the late Denis Sadlier, founded the well-known Catholic
+publishing house of D. & J. Sadlier & Co. His mother is the well-known
+Catholic authoress, Mary A. Sadlier. Father Sadlier was educated at
+Manhattan College, and after a brief but brilliant career in journalism
+decided to enter the priesthood. He was received into the Jesuit
+novitiate at Sault-au-Recolet, Canada, on the 1st of November, 1873, and
+had the happiness of being ordained at Woodstock last August. In the
+death of this gifted young priest the Society of Jesus has met with a
+loss which can only be accurately estimated by those to whom his perfect
+purity of heart, deeply intellectual mind and most lovable character
+have endeared him for many years. We deeply sympathize with his aged
+mother and family. His mother had not seen him since his ordination, but
+was present at the funeral, where she saw her loved son in death. Happy
+mother to have such a son before her in heaven, where we trust he is now
+enjoying the rewards of a well-spent life.
+
+REV. JOHN J. MCAULEY, S. J., professor of rhetoric at Holy Cross
+College, died suddenly of apoplexy, at the residence of Dr. L. A. O.
+Callaghan, Worcester, Mass., on the afternoon of December 2. Father
+McAuley went with a party of the students from the college to skate at
+Stillwater Pond, and during the recreation he broke through the ice and
+into the water. He returned to the college and changed his clothing, and
+not feeling very well, started off toward the city for a walk,
+accompanied by Father Langlois. He called on Dr. Callaghan, but before
+reaching his house he became ill and had to be carried inside, where he
+soon died, after the arrival of Rev. John J. McCoy, who, with Father
+Langlois, performed the last offices. The deceased has been, for several
+years, attached to Holy Cross College, and is distinguished among the
+Jesuits as a rhetorician of high order. His funeral will take place at
+the college. This is the second death at the college within one month.
+
+REV. FATHER RULAND, C. SS. R., Professor of Moral Theology at the
+Redemptorist College, at Ilchester, Md., died on the 20th of November,
+of apoplexy. The Rev. Father was a venerable and well-known priest. His
+loss will be keenly felt by the community as he was a man of deep
+learning and truly good.
+
+REV. THADDEUS P. WALSH, first pastor of Georgetown and Ridgefield
+parishes, Connecticut, departed this life on the 10th of November, at 3
+o'clock, in St. Catherine's Hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y., to which place he
+had been taken. Friday, October 30th, Father Walsh went to New Haven on
+business, and it was there that the first warning of sickness, and as it
+came out, of death, came to him. He had an apopletic stroke of paralysis
+which affected his left side, rendering it almost powerless. The
+following Saturday evening he received the last rites from the church,
+and on Tuesday morning he died. The funeral took place on the 13th of
+November. There were present Rt. Rev. Bp. McMahon, some sixty priests,
+and a large concourse of his afflicted friends. Father Walsh was born in
+Easkey, County Sligo, Ireland, about fifty-five years ago. He was
+ordained priest in St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, in 1880. His
+classical course was made in St. Charles College, Ellicott City, Md.,
+and was begun when he had reached the age of forty years. Before he went
+to college he lived in Meriden, where he saved money enough from daily
+toil to pay for an education. He was a good and faithful priest in every
+sense of the word, and was most devotedly attached to his sacred duties.
+
+THE Rev. Father Simon P. Lonergan, pastor of St. Mary's, Montreal, died
+there, November 11. Father Lonergan was very well known and exceedingly
+popular in that city, and, in fact, throughout the Dominion. He was a
+man of rare culture and experience, and through his death the Catholic
+Church in Canada loses one of its strongest pillars. Father Lonergan
+died of typhoid fever, and to his labors among the sick during this time
+of sad affliction in Montreal may be attributed the overwork which
+brought on the disease.
+
+MANY in Buffalo, says the _Catholic Union and Times_, will hear of
+Father Trudeau's death, recently in Lowell, Mass., with sincere sorrow.
+Deceased was a distinguished Oblate Father, who, while engaged in
+parochial duties at the Holy Angels, in this city, won the reverent
+affection of all who knew him by his priestly virtues and sunny nature.
+
+
+SISTER.
+
+THE death is announced of Mother Mary, the Foundress and first
+Superioress of the Sisters of Immaculate Conception, a Louisiana
+foundation, whose mother house is located at Labadieville. Known in the
+world as Miss Elvina Vienne, she belonged to one of the best Creole
+families in the State. She died in her 51st year, and the twelfth of her
+religious profession.
+
+
+LAY PEOPLE.
+
+MR. THOMAS COSGROVE, who, during the past half century, has occupied a
+prominent position in Providence, R. I., as a successful business man,
+died Sunday, Nov. 8th, at his residence on Somerset Street, in the
+eighty-first year of his age. The story of his life is a practical
+illustration of the success which rewards persistent endeavor and strict
+attention to business. He was born in county Wexford, Ireland, and after
+receiving the advantages of a common-school education of that time, he
+begun his life-work in the pursuit of various branches of business in
+Nova Scotia, Portsmouth, N. H., and Portland, Me. In the year 1837 he
+came to Providence, where his energy and business ability met with
+successful results. He occupied a prominent position among the members
+of the Catholic Church, and was a devout attendant at the services of
+the Cathedral. His wife died several years ago, and Mr. Cosgrove leaves
+four children. James M., who was formerly an active member of the legal
+profession in Providence, and has been prominently identified with the
+local Irish associations, is now an invalid. One of his daughters is the
+widow of the late Richard McNeeley, who was engaged in the dry goods'
+business on Westminister Street, Providence, many years ago. The other
+two daughters are unmarried and reside at his late home on Somerset
+Street. The funeral services of Mr. Thomas Cosgrove were held at the
+Pro-Cathedral. They were largely attended by the congregation, of which
+Mr. Cosgrove was one of the oldest and most prominent members, and by
+Catholics and business men from different parts of the State, completely
+filling the sacred edifice. A solemn Pontifical High Mass of Requiem was
+celebrated by Right Rev. Bishop Hendricken. At the conclusion of the
+Mass, the bishop, assisted by the officiating clergymen, pronounced the
+final absolution, and spoke a few words relative to the life of the
+deceased as a man and a Catholic.
+
+MR. JAMES WAUL, so long and favorably known to the Catholic public, in
+his office as sexton of the Church of the Immaculate Conception, died at
+his home in Boston on the evening of Saturday, Nov. 7th. He was a native
+of the county of Galway, Ireland, but came to this country when quite
+young. For the last fifteen years he had faithfully discharged the
+responsible duties of the office above referred to, making many friends
+through his uniform courtesy and kindly disposition. He will be sadly
+missed in the church with which he was so long connected. The prayers of
+those whose interests he cared for so earnestly will doubtless be
+fervently offered for his eternal rest. The funeral took place from the
+Church of the Immaculate Conception, on the morning of November 10th.
+The Rev. Father Quirk celebrated the Requiem Mass. The Rev. Father
+Boursaud, rector, and the Rev. Father Charlier accompanied the body to
+Calvary Cemetery. May he rest in peace!
+
+WE regret to chronicle the death of James Valentine Reddy, Esq., a
+well-known member of the Richmond bar, who died at his residence in that
+city, on Nov. 5, of pneumonia. He was about thirty-six years of age, and
+removed to that city from Alexandria, Va., where his relatives now
+reside. He was of Irish birth, and his love for the old sod of his
+forefathers was pure and strong. He was a member of the National League,
+and of several societies connected with St. Peter's Cathedral. He was
+devoted to the practice of his religious duties, and ere his spirit
+winged its flight received its last consolations. Deceased had more than
+common gifts of oratory and was a ready penman. His disposition was
+generous, and he was always ready to relieve distress when in his power.
+Mr. Reddy was a contributor to our MAGAZINE, and although we never saw
+him, we were led to esteem him highly. He was a great lover of Irish
+poetry and song, and had, perhaps, as fine a private collection of them
+as there is in this country. His heart was indeed wound up in the dear
+old land; but he did not forget in this love the allegiance and fealty
+he owed to the land of his adoption. His life is but another of the many
+examples of Irishmen, who, living at home under a government of giant's
+strength used as a giant would use it, would be called a rebel; but who
+under a government where all men are free and recognized becomes a
+worthy and faithful citizen, a good example for those around him. The
+deceased was born in the county of Kilkenny, near the village of
+Kilmacow, and about six miles from Waterford City. St. Patrick's Branch
+of the Catholic Knights of America, in their resolutions of condolement,
+say that he was a faithful, worthy and popular member, and they
+fittingly voice the sentiment of all the Catholic and Irish-American and
+other civic societies, with which he was associated, in thus placing on
+record this expression of their sorrow over his early demise, and also
+in giving utterance to their deepest sympathy for, and in behalf of, the
+bereaved wife and children thus unhappily deprived of the fond love and
+tender care of a devoted husband and affectionate father.
+
+MR. JOHN REILLY, a well-known and respected resident of Charlestown,
+Mass., died at his residence, 92 Washington Street, on Wednesday, Nov.
+4th, after an illness of nine months at the age of sixty-four years. He
+was perfectly conscious to the last, and bade each member of his family
+a fond farewell ere he closed his eyes in death. Mr. Reilly was a
+carpenter by trade, and in politics an active Democrat, being for a
+number of years a member of the Ward and City Committee. He was also a
+member of the Old Columbian Guards of Boston. He leaves a widow, two
+sons and two daughters to mourn his loss. The funeral services were held
+at St. Mary's Church on Saturday morning, Rev. Wm. Millerick
+officiating, and the burial took place in the family lot at Calvary, the
+following gentlemen acting as pall bearers: Messrs. Michael K. Mahoney,
+James Hearn, James H. Lombard, Thomas Hearn, Thomas B. Reilly and David
+Hearn.
+
+MR. JOHN NAGLE, a prominent member of the Cathedral parish, died of
+consumption at his residence in Boston, on Sunday, November 29. He
+leaves a family of five children. His funeral took place from the
+Cathedral on December 1. The Rev. Father Boland celebrated the Mass,
+Fathers O'Toole and Corcoran being, respectively, Deacon and Subdeacon.
+The friends of the deceased were present in large numbers.
+
+IN this city, on the 27th of November, Mrs. Catherine Daly, aged 74
+years. She; was born in Bandon, county Cork, in 1811. She had been a
+resident of Boston some forty years. Her death was peaceful as her life
+had been good and charitable. Her remains were interred from the Church
+of the Immaculate Conception, where a Mass of Requiem was said for the
+repose of her soul, which may God rest in peace. The interment took
+place at Calvary Cemetery.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BASHFULNESS.--Do not yield to bashfulness. Do not isolate yourself,
+sitting back in a corner, waiting for some one to come and talk with
+you. Step out; have something to say. Though you may not say it well,
+keep on. You will gain courage and improve. It is as much your duty to
+entertain others as theirs to amuse you.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Donahoe's Magazine, Volume 15, No. 1,
+January 1886, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DONAHOE'S, VOL. 15, NO. 1 ***
+
+***** This file should be named 21778-8.txt or 21778-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/2/1/7/7/21778/
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Josephine Paolucci
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/21778-8.zip b/21778-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8cdc56d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-8.zip
diff --git a/21778-h.zip b/21778-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a55422
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-h.zip
diff --git a/21778-h/21778-h.htm b/21778-h/21778-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8538dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-h/21778-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,7305 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Donahoe's Magazine, Vol. XV., No. 1, JANUARY, 1886.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+/*<![CDATA[  XML blockout */
+<!--
+    p {  margin-top: .75em;
+         text-align: justify;
+         margin-bottom: .75em;
+         }
+    h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {
+         text-align: center; /* all headings centered */
+         clear: both;
+         }
+    hr { width: 33%;
+	 margin-top: 2em;
+	 margin-bottom: 2em;
+         margin-left: auto;
+         margin-right: auto;
+         clear: both;
+       }
+
+    table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;}
+
+    body{margin-left: 10%;
+         margin-right: 10%;
+        }
+
+    .pagenum  { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
+            /*  visibility: hidden;  */
+                position: absolute;
+                left: 92%;
+                font-size: smaller;
+                text-align: right;
+              } /* page numbers */
+
+    .linenum  {position: absolute; top: auto; right: 4%;} /* poetry number */
+    .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;}
+    .sidenote {width: 20%; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em;
+               padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em; margin-left: 1em;
+               float: right; clear: right; margin-top: 1em;
+               font-size: smaller; color: black; background: #eeeeee; border: dashed 1px;}
+
+    .bb       {border-bottom: solid 2px;}
+    .bl       {border-left: solid 2px;}
+    .bt       {border-top: solid 2px;}
+    .br       {border-right: solid 2px;}
+    .bbox     {border: solid 2px;}
+
+    .center   {text-align: center;}
+    .right    {text-align: right;}
+    .smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
+    .u        {text-decoration: underline;}
+
+    .caption  {font-weight: bold;}
+
+    .figcenter   {margin: auto; text-align: center;}
+
+    .figleft     {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top:
+                 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;}
+
+    .figright    {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;
+                 margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;}
+
+    .footnotes        {border: dashed 1px;}
+    .footnote         {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;}
+    .footnote .label  {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;}
+    .fnanchor         {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;}
+
+    .poem             {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;}
+    .poem br          {display: none;}
+    .poem .stanza     {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;}
+    .poem span.i0     {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i2     {display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i4     {display: block; margin-left: 4em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i10     {display: block; margin-left: 10em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i13     {display: block; margin-left: 13em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i14     {display: block; margin-left: 14em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i15     {display: block; margin-left: 15em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i16     {display: block; margin-left: 16em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i17     {display: block; margin-left: 17em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i18     {display: block; margin-left: 18em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i19     {display: block; margin-left: 19em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i20     {display: block; margin-left: 20em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i21     {display: block; margin-left: 21em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i22     {display: block; margin-left: 22em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i23     {display: block; margin-left: 23em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i25     {display: block; margin-left: 25em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i7     {display: block; margin-left: 7em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    // -->
+    /* XML end  ]]>*/
+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Donahoe's Magazine, Volume 15, No. 1,
+January 1886, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Donahoe's Magazine, Volume 15, No. 1, January 1886
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: June 8, 2007 [EBook #21778]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DONAHOE'S, VOL. 15, NO. 1 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Josephine Paolucci
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+<h1>DONAHOE'S MAGAZINE</h1>
+
+<h3><i>A Monthly Journal</i></h3>
+
+<h5>CONTAINING</h5>
+
+<h3>TALES, BIOGRAPHY, EPISODES IN IRISH AND AMERICAN HISTORY, POETRY,
+MISCELLANY, ETC.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>AN EXTREMELY INTERESTING VOLUME.</i></h4>
+
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<h2>VOL. XV.</h2>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">January, 1886, to July, 1886.</span></h4>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<h3>BOSTON:</h3>
+
+<h3>THOMAS B. NOONAN &amp; COMPANY.</h3>
+
+<h3>1886.</h3>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p class="bbox">Transcriber's note: Minor typos have been corrected and footnotes have
+been moved to the end of the chapters. This issue only contains January,
+1886.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>Contents.</h2>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'>A.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>An Affecting Incident at Sea,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Alone,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Midnight Mass,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Abolishing Barmaids,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Valiant Soldier of the Cross,</td><td align='right'>132.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Child of Mary,</td><td align='right'>144.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Christmas Carol,</td><td align='right'>165.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Silly Threat,</td><td align='right'>173.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Chapter of Irish History,</td><td align='right'>223.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>About Critics,</td><td align='right'>256.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Thought for Easter,</td><td align='right'>460.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>B.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bay State Faugh-a-Ballaghs,</td><td align='right'>229, 347.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Blaine on Britain,</td><td align='right'>438.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Before the Battle,</td><td align='right'>550.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Crown and Crescent,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Christianity in China,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capital and Labor&mdash;Strikes,</td><td align='right'>232.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Columbus and Ireland,</td><td align='right'>368.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Chanson,</td><td align='right'>406.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Canossa at Last,</td><td align='right'>522.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Chinese Labor,</td><td align='right'>505.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>D.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Dead Man's Island: The story of an Irish Country Town,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_33">33</a>, 145.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Drunkenness in Old Times,</td><td align='right'>351.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Deaths of the Apostles,</td><td align='right'>460.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Decrees of the Third Plenary Council,</td><td align='right'>529.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Death of Rev. Father Ryan,</td><td align='right'>570.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Encyclical Letter of Our Most Holy Lord Leo XIII, by Divine Providence, Pope,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Encyclical Proclaiming the Jubilee,</td><td align='right'>259.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>England and her Enemies,</td><td align='right'>264.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Echoes from the Pines,</td><td align='right'>310.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Emmet's Rebellion,</td><td align='right'>335.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Emmet's Love,</td><td align='right'>435.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Early Irish Settlers in Virginia,</td><td align='right'>523.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Etoile du Soir,</td><td align='right'>501.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>F.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Four Thousand Years,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Faro's Daughters,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Frau H&uuml;tt: A Legend of Tyrol,</td><td align='right'>308.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Farewell, my Home,</td><td align='right'>345.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Father Matt,</td><td align='right'>497.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>G.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gladstone at Emmet's Grave,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gerald Griffin,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_62">62</a>, 139.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>George Washington,</td><td align='right'>142.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Give Charity while you Live,</td><td align='right'>333.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gladstone,</td><td align='right'>536.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>H.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>His Eminence John Cardinal McCloskey, with Portrait,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Harvard College and the Catholic Theory of Education,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Honor to the Germans,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Historical Notes of Tallaght,</td><td align='right'>405.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hancock and the Irish Brigade,</td><td align='right'>411.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Heroism,</td><td align='right'>542.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Home Rule,</td><td align='right'>565.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>I.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interest Savings Banks,</td><td align='right'>228.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ireland: A Retrospect,</td><td align='right'>266.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ingratitude of France in the Irish Struggle,</td><td align='right'>277.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Instances of Divine Vengeance,</td><td align='right'>445.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ireland our Mother Land,</td><td align='right'>447.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>J.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Juvenile Department,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_83">83</a>, 179, 270, 373, 469, 552.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Scotus Erigena,</td><td align='right'>306.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John C. Schayer,</td><td align='right'>568.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>K.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Knights of Labor,</td><td align='right'>433.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>L.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Low-necked Dresses,</td><td align='right'>367.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Leo the Great,</td><td align='right'>466.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>M.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mary E. Blake,</td><td align='right'>139.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Musings from Foreign Poets,</td><td align='right'>312.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Much-a-Wanted,</td><td align='right'>339.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mixed Marriages,</td><td align='right'>344.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Miss Mulholland's Poems,</td><td align='right'>369.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major-General John Newton,</td><td align='right'>401.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>May Ditty,</td><td align='right'>465.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>"My Victim:" A Tale,</td><td align='right'>506.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>N.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Notes on Current Topics,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_97">97</a>, 193, 289, 385, 481, 573.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Notices of Recent Publications,</td><td align='right'>105, 205, 301, 381, 397, 487, 585.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>O.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Order of the Buried Alive,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Obituary,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_107">107</a>, 207, 302, 398, 496, 586.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Our Neighbors,</td><td align='right'>168.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Our Gaelic Tongue,</td><td align='right'>222.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>O'Connell and Parnell,</td><td align='right'>278.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Our New Cardinal,</td><td align='right'>359.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Orders of Knighthood,</td><td align='right'>366.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Our Saviour's Personal Appearance,</td><td align='right'>414.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>P.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Private Judgment a Failure,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Priests and People Mourning,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Personal,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_104">104</a>, 300, 396, 493, 584.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Parnell's Strength,</td><td align='right'>172.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pen Sketches of Irish Litterateurs,</td><td align='right'>209.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pneumonia,</td><td align='right'>462.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>R.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rev. Father Fulton, S. J.,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rapidity of Time's Flight,</td><td align='right'>178.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Reminiscences of the Battle of Kilmallock,</td><td align='right'>503.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rev. Father Scully's Gymnasium,</td><td align='right'>537.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rabies (Hydrophobia),</td><td align='right'>543.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>S.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sing, Sing for Christmas,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Southern Sketches,</td><td align='right'>125, 215, 113, 440, 516.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Senator John J. Hayes,</td><td align='right'>235.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Saints and Serpents,</td><td align='right'>237.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Seeing the Old Year Out,</td><td align='right'>370.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sir Thomas Grattan Esmond, Bart.,</td><td align='right'>415.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>St. Rose,</td><td align='right'>434.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Shamrocks,</td><td align='right'>440.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sorrowing Mother,</td><td align='right'>515.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Science and Politics,</td><td align='right'>502.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>T.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Pope and the Mikado,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Hero of Lepanto,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Church and Progress,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tracadie and the Trappists,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Humorist,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_96">96</a>, 210, 306.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Columbian Army of Derry,</td><td align='right'>113.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Penitent on the Cross,</td><td align='right'>120.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Celt on America,</td><td align='right'>121.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Late Father Tom Burke,</td><td align='right'>166.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Old Year's Army of Martyrs,</td><td align='right'>170.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Pope on Christian Education,</td><td align='right'>174.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Te Deum,</td><td align='right'>176.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Poems of Rosa Mulholland,</td><td align='right'>248.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Celts of South America,</td><td align='right'>258.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Welcome of the Divine Guest,</td><td align='right'>305.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Ursuline Convent of Tenos,</td><td align='right'>316.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Church and Modern Progress,</td><td align='right'>328.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Annunciation,</td><td align='right'>339.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Ten-Commandment Theory,</td><td align='right'>346.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Paschal Candle,</td><td align='right'>352.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Irish as Conspirators,</td><td align='right'>362.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The National Catholic University,</td><td align='right'>407.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thot's of Ireland,</td><td align='right'>423.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Middogue,</td><td align='right'>424.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Passion,</td><td align='right'>430.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Holy Mass,</td><td align='right'>446.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Instruments of the Passion,</td><td align='right'>464.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The New Era,</td><td align='right'>465.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Terrence V. Powderly,</td><td align='right'>561.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Keegan Challenge Fund,</td><td align='right'>564.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Providence Cathedral,</td><td align='right'>546.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Three Decisions,</td><td align='right'>551.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>U.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Useful Knowledge,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_95">95</a>, 209, 305.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Vindication,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>W.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>What English Catholics are Contending For,</td><td align='right'>276.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>William J. Onahan,</td><td align='right'>467.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 317px;">
+<img src="images/fig006.jpg" width="317" height="450" alt="His Eminence John Cardinal McCloskey.
+
+See page 18." title="" />
+<span class="caption">His Eminence John Cardinal McCloskey.<br />
+
+See page <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<h2><span class="smcap">Donahoe's Magazine.</span></h2>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="20" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Vol. XV.</td><td align='left'>BOSTON, JANUARY, 1886.</td><td align='left'>No. 1.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">The</span> future of the Irish race in this country, will depend largely upon
+their capability of assuming an independent attitude in American
+politics."&mdash;<span class="smcap">Right Rev. Doctor Ireland</span>, <i>St. Paul, Minn.</i></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 125px;">
+<img src="images/fig007.jpg" width="125" height="124" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h2>Encyclical Letter</h2>
+
+<h3>OF OUR MOST HOLY LORD LEO XIII., BY DIVINE PROVIDENCE POPE,</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Concerning the Christian Constitution of States.</span></h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">To all the Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops and Bishops of the Catholic
+World, in the Grace and Communion of the Apostolic See</span>,</p>
+
+<h3>LEO PP XIII.</h3>
+
+
+<p><i>Venerable Brethren, Health and Apostolic Benediction.</i></p>
+
+<p>The work of a merciful God, the Church looks essentially, and from the
+very nature of her being, to the salvation of souls and the winning for
+them of happiness in heaven, nevertheless, she also secures even in this
+world, advantages so many and so great that she could not do more, even
+if she had been founded primarily and specially to secure prosperity in
+this life which is worked out upon earth. In truth, wherever the Church
+has set her foot she has at once changed the aspect of affairs, colored
+the manners of the people as with new virtues and a refinement unknown
+before&mdash;as many people as have accepted this have been distinguished for
+their gentleness, their justice, and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> glory of their deeds. But the
+accusation is an old one, and not of recent date, that the Church is
+incompatible with the welfare of the commonwealth, and incapable of
+contributing to those things, whether useful or ornamental, which,
+naturally and of its own will, every rightly-constituted State eagerly
+strives for. We know that on this ground, in the very beginnings of the
+Church, the Christians, from the same perversity of view, were
+persecuted and constantly held up to hatred and contempt, so that they
+were styled the enemies of the Empire. And at that time it was generally
+popular to attribute to Christianity the responsibility for the evils
+beneath which the State was beaten down, when in reality, God, the
+avenger of crimes, was requiring a just punishment from the guilty. The
+wickedness of this calumny, not without cause, fired the genius and
+sharpened the pen of Augustine, who, especially in his <i>Civitate Dei</i>,
+set forth so clearly the efficacy of Christian wisdom, and the way in
+which it is bound up with well-being of States, that he seems not only
+to have pleaded the cause of the Christians of his own time, but to have
+triumphantly refuted these false charges for all time. But this unhappy
+inclination to complaints and false accusations was not laid to rest,
+and many have thought well to seek a system of civil life elsewhere than
+in the doctrines which the Church approves. And now in these latter
+times a new law, as they call it, has begun to prevail, which they
+describe as the outcome of a world now fully developed, and born of a
+growing liberty. But although many hazardous schemes have been
+propounded by many, it is clear that never has any better method been
+found for establishing and ruling the State than that which is the
+natural result of the teaching of the Gospel. We deem it, therefore, of
+the greatest moment, and especially suitable to our Apostolic function,
+to compare with Christian doctrine the new opinions concerning the
+State, by which method we trust that, truth being thus presented, the
+causes of error and doubt will be removed, so that each may easily see
+by those supreme commandments for living, what things he ought to
+follow, and whom he ought to obey.</p>
+
+<p>It is not a very difficult matter to set forth what form and appearance
+the State should have if Christian philosophy governed the commonwealth.
+By nature it is implanted in man that he should live in civil society,
+for since he cannot attain in solitude the necessary means of civilized
+life, it is a Divine provision that he comes into existence adapted for
+taking part in the union and assembling of men, both in the Family and
+in the State, which alone can supply adequate facilities for <i>the
+perfecting of life</i>. But since no society can hold together unless some
+person is over all, impelling individuals by efficient and similar
+motives to pursue the common advantage, it is brought about that
+authority whereby it may be ruled is indispensable to a civilized
+community, which authority, as well as society, can have no other source
+than nature, and consequently God Himself. And thence it follows that by
+its very nature there can be no public power except from God alone. For
+God alone is the most true and supreme Lord of the world, Whom
+necessarily all things, whatever they be, must be subservient to and
+obey, so that whoever possess the right of governing, can<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> receive that
+from no other source than from that supreme chief of all, God. "<i>There
+is no power except from God.</i>" (Rom. xiii. 1.) But the right of ruling
+is not necessarily conjoined with any special form of commonwealth, but
+may rightly assume this or that form, provided that it promotes utility
+and the common good. But whatever be the kind of commonwealth, rulers
+ought to keep in view God, the Supreme Governor of the world, and to set
+Him before themselves as an example and a law in the administration of
+the State. For as God, in things which are and which are seen, has
+produced secondary causes, wherein the Divine nature and course of
+action can be perceived, and which conduce to that end to which the
+universal course of the world is directed, so in civil society He has
+willed that there should be a government which should be carried on by
+men who should reflect towards mankind an image as it were of Divine
+power and Divine providence. The rule of the government, therefore,
+should be just and not that of a master but rather that of a father,
+because the power of God over men is most just and allied with a
+father's goodness. Moreover, it is to be carried on with a view to the
+advantage of the citizens, because they who are over others are over
+them for this cause alone, that they may see to the interests of the
+State. And in no way is it to be allowed that the civil authority should
+be subservient merely to the advantage of one or of a few, since it was
+established for the common good of all. But if they who are over the
+State should lapse into unjust rule; if they should err through
+arrogance or pride; if their measures should be injurious to the people,
+let them know that hereafter an account must be rendered to God, and
+that so much the stricter in proportion as they are intrusted with more
+sacred functions, or have obtained a higher grade of dignity, "<i>The
+mighty shall be mightily tormented.</i>" (Wisd. vi. 7.)</p>
+
+<p>Thus truly the majesty of rule will be attended with an honorable and
+willing regard on the part of the citizens; for when once they have been
+brought to conclude that they who rule are strong only with the
+authority given by God, they will feel that those duties are due and
+just, that they should be obedient to their rulers, and pay to them
+respect and fidelity, with somewhat of the same affection as that of
+children to their parents. "<i>Let every soul be subject to higher
+powers.</i>" (Rom. xiii. 1.)</p>
+
+<p>Indeed, to contemn lawful authority, in whatever person it is vested, is
+as unlawful as it is to resist the Divine will; and whoever resists
+that, rushes voluntarily to his destruction. "<i>He who resists the power,
+resists the ordinance of God; and they who resist, purchase to
+themselves damnation.</i>" (Rom. xiii. 2.) Wherefore to cast away
+obedience, and by popular violence to incite the country to sedition, is
+treason, not only against man, but against God.</p>
+
+<p>It is clear that a State constituted on this basis is altogether bound
+to satisfy, by the public profession of religion, the very many and
+great duties which bring it into relation with God. Nature and reason
+which commands every man individually to serve God holily and
+religiously, because we belong to Him and coming from Him must return to
+Him, binds by the same law the civil community. For men living together
+in society are no less under the power of God than are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> individuals; and
+society owes as much gratitude as individuals do to God, Who is its
+author, its preserver, and the beneficent source of the innumerable
+blessings which it has received. And therefore as it is not lawful for
+anybody to neglect his duties towards God, and as it is the first duty
+to embrace in mind and in conduct religion&mdash;not such as each may choose,
+but such as God commands&mdash;in the same manner States cannot, without a
+crime, act as though God did not exist, or cast off the care of religion
+as alien to them or useless or out of several kinds of religion adopt
+indifferently which they please; but they are absolutely bound, in the
+worship of the Deity to adopt that use and manner in which God Himself
+has shown that He wills to be adored. Therefore among rulers the name of
+God must be holy, and it must be reckoned among the first of their
+duties to favor religion, protect it, and cover it with the authority of
+the laws, and not to institute or decree anything which is incompatible
+with its security. They owe this also to the citizens over whom they
+rule. For all of us men are born and brought up for a certain supreme
+and final good in heaven, beyond this frail and short life, and to this
+end all efforts are to be referred. And because upon it depends the full
+and perfect happiness of men, therefore, to attain this end which has
+been mentioned, is of as much interest as is conceivable to every
+individual man. It is necessary then that a civil society, born for the
+common advantage, in the guardianship of the prosperity of the
+commonwealth, should so advance the interests of the citizens that in
+holding up and acquiring that highest and inconvertible good which they
+spontaneously seek, it should not only never import anything
+disadvantageous, but should give all the opportunities in its power. The
+chief of these is that attention should be paid to a holy and inviolate
+preservation of religion, by the duties of which man is united to God.</p>
+
+<p>Now which the true religion is may be easily discovered by any one who
+will view the matter with a careful and unbiassed judgment; for there
+are proofs of great number and splendor, as for example, the truth of
+prophecy, the abundance of miracles, the extremely rapid spread of the
+faith, even in the midst of its enemies and in spite of the greatest
+hindrances, the testimony of the martyrs, and the like, from which it is
+evident that that is the only true religion which Jesus Christ
+instituted Himself and then entrusted to His Church to defend and to
+spread.</p>
+
+<p>For the only begotten Son of God set up a society on earth which is
+called the Church, and to it He transferred that most glorious and
+divine office, which He had received from His Father, to be perpetuated
+forever. "<i>As the Father hath sent Me, even so I send you.</i>" (John xx.
+21.) "<i>Behold I am with you all days even to the consummation of the
+world.</i>" (Matt. xxviii. 20.) Therefore as Jesus Christ came into the
+world, "<i>that men might have life and have it more abundantly</i>" (John x.
+10), so also the Church has for its aim and end the eternal salvation of
+souls; and for this cause it is so constituted as to embrace the whole
+human race without any limit or circumscription either of time or place.
+"<i>Preach ye the Gospel to every creature.</i>" (Mark xvi. 15.) Over this
+immense multitude of men God Himself has set rulers with power to
+govern<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> them; and He has willed that one should be head of them all, and
+the chief and unerring teacher of truth, and to him He has given the
+keys of the kingdom of heaven. "<i>To thee will I give the keys of the
+kingdom of heaven.</i>" (Matt. xvi. 19.) "<i>Feed My lambs, feed My sheep.</i>"
+(John xxi. 16, 17.) "<i>I have prayed for thee that thy faith may not
+fail.</i>" (Luke xxii. 32.) This society, though it be composed of men just
+as civil society is, yet because of the end that it has in view, and the
+means by which it tends to it, is supernatural and spiritual; and,
+therefore, is distinguished from civil society and differs from it;
+and&mdash;a fact of the highest moment&mdash;is a society perfect in its kind and
+in its rights, possessing in and by itself, by the will and beneficence
+of its Founder, all the appliances that are necessary for its
+preservation and action. Just as the end, at which the Church aims, is
+by far the noblest of ends, so its power is the most exalted of all
+powers, and cannot be held to be either inferior to the civil power or
+in any way subject to it. In truth Jesus Christ gave His Apostles
+unfettered commissions over all sacred things, with the power of
+establishing laws properly so-called, and the double right of judging
+and punishing which follows from it: "<i>All power has been given to Me in
+heaven and on earth; going, therefore, teach all nations;... teaching
+them to keep whatsoever I have commanded you.</i>" (Matt. xxviii. 18, 19,
+20.) And in another place He says: "<i>If he will not hear, tell it to the
+Church</i>" (Matt. xviii. 17); and again: "<i>Ready to punish all
+disobedience</i>" (2 Cor. x. 6); and once more: "<i>I shall act with more
+severity, according to the powers which our Lord has given me unto
+edification and not unto destruction.</i>" (2 Cor. xiii. 10.)</p>
+
+<p>So then it is not the State but the Church that ought to be men's guide
+to heaven; and it is to her that God has assigned the office of watching
+and legislating for all that concerns religion, of teaching all nations;
+of extending, as far as may be, the borders of Christianity; and, in a
+word, of administering its affairs without let or hindrance, according
+to her own judgment. Now this authority, which pertains absolutely to
+the Church herself, and is part of her manifest rights, and which has
+long been opposed by a philosophy subservient to princes, she has never
+ceased to claim for herself and to exercise publicly: the Apostles
+themselves being the first of all to maintain it, when, being forbidden
+by the readers of the Synagogue to preach the Gospel, they boldly
+answered, "<i>We must obey God rather than men.</i>" (Acts v. 29.) This same
+authority the holy Fathers of the Church have been careful to maintain
+by weighty reasonings as occasions have arisen; and the Roman Pontiffs
+have never ceased to defend it with inflexible constancy. Nay, more,
+princes and civil governors themselves have approved it in theory and in
+fact; for in the making of compacts, in the transaction of business, in
+sending and receiving embassies, and in the interchange of other
+offices, it has been their custom to act with the Church as with a
+supreme and legitimate power. And we may be sure that it is not without
+the singular providence of God that this power of the Church was
+defended by the Civil Power as the best defence of its own liberty.</p>
+
+<p>God, then, has divided the charge of the human race between two<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> powers,
+<i>viz.</i>, the ecclesiastical and the civil, the one being set over divine,
+and the other over human things. Each is the greatest in its own kind:
+each has certain limits within which it is restricted, and those limits
+defined by the nature and proximate cause of each; so that there is, as
+we may say, a world marked off as a field for the proper action of each.
+But forasmuch as each has dominion over the same subjects, since it
+might come to pass that one and the same thing, though in different
+ways, still one and the same, might pertain to the right and the
+tribunal of both, therefore God, Who foreseeth all things, and Who has
+established both powers, must needs have arranged the course of each in
+right relation to one another, and in due order. "<i>For the powers that
+are ordained by God.</i>" (Rom. xiii. 1.) And if this were not so, causes
+of rivalries and dangerous disputes would be constantly arising; and man
+would often have to stop in anxiety and doubt, like a traveller with two
+roads before him, not knowing what he ought to do, with two powers
+commanding contrary things, whose authority however, he cannot refuse
+without neglect of duty. But it would be most repugnant, so to think, of
+the wisdom and goodness of God, Who, even in physical things, though
+they are of a far lower order, has yet so attempered and combined
+together the forces and causes of nature in an orderly manner and with a
+sort of wonderful harmony, that none of them is a hindrance to the rest,
+and all of them most fitly and aptly combine for the great end of the
+universe. So, then, there must needs be a certain orderly connection
+between these two powers, which may not unfairly be compared to the
+union with which soul and body are united in man. What the nature of
+that union is, and what its extent, cannot otherwise be determined than,
+as we have said, by having regard to the nature of each power, and by
+taking account of the relative excellence and nobility of their ends;
+for one of them has for its proximate and chief aim the care of the
+goods of this world, the other the attainment of the goods of heaven
+that are eternal. Whatsoever, therefore, in human affairs is in any
+manner sacred; whatsoever pertains to the salvation of souls or the
+worship of God, whether it be so in its own nature, or on the other
+hand, is held to be so for the sake of the end to which it is referred,
+all this is in the power and subject to the free disposition of the
+Church: but all other things which are embraced in the civil and
+political order, are rightly subject to the civil authority, since Jesus
+Christ has commanded that what is C&aelig;sar's is to be paid to C&aelig;sar, and
+what is God's to God. Sometimes, however, circumstances arise when
+another method of concord is available for peace and liberty; we mean
+when princes and the Roman Pontiff come to an understanding concerning
+any particular matter. In such circumstances the Church gives singular
+proof of her maternal good-will, and is accustomed to exhibit the
+highest possible degree of generosity and indulgence.</p>
+
+<p>Such, then, as we have indicated in brief, is the Christian order of
+civil society; no rash or merely fanciful fiction, but deduced from
+principles of the highest truth and moment, which are confirmed by the
+natural reason itself.</p>
+
+<p>Now such a constitution of the State contains nothing that can be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>
+thought either unworthy of the majesty of princes or unbecoming; and so
+far is it from lessening its imperial rights, that it rather adds
+stability and grandeur to them. For, if it be more deeply considered,
+such a constitution has a great perfection which all others lack, and
+from it various excellent fruits would accrue, if each party would only
+keep its own place, and discharge with integrity that office and work to
+which it was appointed. For in truth in this constitution of the State,
+which we have above described, divine and human affairs are properly
+divided; the rights of citizens are completely defended by divine,
+natural, and human law; and the limitations of the several offices are
+at once wisely laid down, and the keeping of them most opportunely
+secured. All men know that in their doubtful and laborious journey to
+the ever-lasting city they have at hand guides to teach them how to set
+forth, helpers to show them how to reach their journey's end, whom they
+may safely follow; and at the same time they know that they have others
+whose business it is to take care of their security and their fortunes,
+to obtain for them, or to secure to them, all those other goods which
+are essential to the life of a community. Domestic society obtains that
+firmness and solidity which it requires in the sanctity of marriage, one
+and indissoluble; the rights and duties of husband and wife are ordered
+with wise justice and equity; the due honor is secured to the woman; the
+authority of the man is conformed to the example of the authority of
+God; the authority of the father is tempered as becomes the dignity of
+the wife and offspring, and the best possible provision is made for the
+guardianship, the true good, and the education of the children.</p>
+
+<p>In the domain of political and civil affairs the laws aim at the common
+good, and are not guided by the deceptive wishes and judgments of the
+multitude, but by truth and justice. The authority of the rulers puts on
+a certain garb of sanctity greater than what pertains to man, and it is
+restrained from declining from justice, and passing over just limits in
+the exercise of power. The obedience of citizens has honor and dignity
+as companions, because it is not the servitude of men to men, but
+obedience to the will of God exercising His sovereignty by means of men.
+And this being recognised and admitted, it is understood that it is a
+matter of justice that the dignity of rulers should be respected, that
+the public authority should be constantly and faithfully obeyed, that no
+act of sedition should be committed, and that the civil order of the
+State should be kept intact. In the same way mutual charity and kindness
+and liberality are seen to be virtues. The man who is at once a citizen
+and a Christian is no longer the victim of contending parties and
+incompatible obligations; and, finally, those very abundant good things
+with which the Christian religion of its own accord fills up even the
+mortal life of men, are acquired for the community and civil society, so
+that it appears to be said with the fullest truth: "The state of the
+commonwealth depends on the religion with which God is worshipped, and
+between the one and the other there is a close relation and connection."
+(<i>Sacr. Imp. ad Cyrillum Alexandr, et Episcopus metrop. ef Labbeum
+Collect Conc.</i>, T. iii.) Admirably, as he is accustomed, did Augustine
+in many places dilate on the power of those good things, but especially
+when<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> he addresses the Catholic Church in these words: "Thou treatest
+boys as boys, youths with strength, old men calmly, according as is not
+only the age of the body, but also of the mind of each. Women thou
+subjectest to their husbands in chaste and faithful obedience, not for
+the satisfaction of lust, but for the propagation of offspring, and
+participation in the affairs of the family. Thou settest husbands over
+their spouses, not that they may trifle with the weaker sex, but in
+accordance with the laws of true affection. Thou subjectest sons to
+their parents in a kind of free servitude, and settest parents over
+their sons in a benignant rule.... Thou joinest together, not merely in
+society, but in a kind of fraternity, citizens with citizens, peoples
+with peoples, and in fact the whole race of men by a remembrance of
+their parentage. Thou teachest kings to look for the interests of their
+peoples. Thou admonishest peoples to submit themselves to their kings.
+With all care thou teachest to whom honor is due, to whom affection, to
+whom reverence, to whom fear, to whom consolation, to whom admonition,
+to whom exhortation, to whom discipline, to whom reproach, to whom
+punishment, showing how all of these are not suitable to all, but yet to
+all affection is due, and wrong to none." (<i>De Moribus Eccl. Cath.</i>,
+cap. xxx., n. 63.) And in another place, speaking in blame of certain
+political pseudo-philosophers, he observes: "They who say that the
+doctrine of Christ is hurtful to the State, should produce an army of
+soldiers such as the doctrine of Christ has commanded them to be, such
+governors of provinces, such husbands, such wives, such parents, such
+sons, such masters, such slaves, such kings, such judges, and such
+payers and collectors of taxes due, such as the Christian doctrine would
+have them. And then let them dare to say that such a state of things is
+hurtful to the State. Nay, rather they could not hesitate to confess
+that it is a great salvation to the State if there is due obedience to
+this doctrine." (<i>Epist.</i> cxxxviii., al. 5, <i>ad Marcellinum</i>, cap. ii.,
+15.)</p>
+
+<p>There was once a time when the philosophy of the Gospel governed States;
+then it was that that power and divine virtue of Christian wisdom had
+penetrated into the laws, institutions and manners of peoples&mdash;indeed
+into all the ranks and relations of the State; when the religion
+instituted by Jesus Christ, firmly established in that degree of dignity
+which was befitting, flourished everywhere, in the favor of rulers and
+under the due protection of magistrates; when the priesthood and the
+government were united by concord and a friendly interchange of offices.
+And the State composed in that fashion produced, in the opinion of all,
+more excellent fruits, the memory of which still flourishes, and will
+flourish, attested by innumerable monuments which can neither be
+destroyed nor obscured by any art of the adversary. If Christian Europe
+subdued barbarous peoples, and transferred them from a savage to a
+civilized state, from superstition to the truth; if she victoriously
+repelled the invasions of the Mohammedans; if civilization retained the
+chief power, and accustomed herself to afford others a leader and
+mistress in everything that adorns humanity; if she has granted to the
+peoples true and manifold liberty; if she has most wisely established
+many institutions for the solace of wretchedness,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> beyond controversy is
+it very greatly due to religion under whose auspices such great
+undertakings were commenced, and with whose aid they were perfected.
+Truly the same excellent state of things would have continued, if the
+agreement of the two powers had continued, and greater things might
+rightfully have been expected, if there had been obedience to the
+authority, the sway, the counsels of the Church, characterized by
+greater faithfulness and perseverance, for that is to be regarded as a
+perpetual law which Ivo of Chartres wrote to Pope Paschal II.: "When the
+kingdom and the priesthood are agreed between themselves, the world is
+well ruled, the Church flourishes and bears fruit. But when they are at
+variance, not only does what is little not increase, but even what is
+great falls into miserable decay." (<i>Ep.</i> ccxxxviiii.)</p>
+
+<p>But that dreadful and deplorable zeal for revolution which was aroused
+in the sixteenth century, after the Christian religion had been thrown
+into confusion, by a certain natural course proceeded to philosophy, and
+from philosophy pervaded all ranks of the community. As it were, from
+this spring came those more recent propositions of unbridled liberty
+which obviously were first thought out and then openly proclaimed in the
+terrible disturbances in the present century; and thence came the
+principles and foundations of the new law, which was unknown before, and
+is out of harmony, not only with Christian, but, in more than one
+respect, with natural law. Of those principles the chief is that one
+which proclaims that all men, as by birth and nature they are alike, so
+in very deed in their actions of life are they equal and each is so
+master of himself that in no way does he come under the authority of
+another; that it is for him freely to think on whatever subject he
+likes, to act as he pleases; that no one else has a right of ruling over
+others. In a society founded upon these principles, government is only
+the will of the people, which as it is under the power of itself alone,
+so is alone its own proper sovereign. Moreover, it chooses to whom it
+may entrust itself, but in such a way that it transfers, not so much the
+right, as the function of the government which is to be exercised in its
+name. God is passed over in silence, as if either there were no God, or
+as if He cared nothing for human society, or as if men, whether as
+individuals or in society, owed nothing to God, or as if there could be
+any government of which the whole cause and power and authority did not
+reside in God Himself. In which way, as is seen, a State is nothing else
+but a multitude, as the mistress and governor of itself. And since the
+people is said to contain in itself the fountain of all rights and of
+all power, it will follow that the State deems itself bound by no kind
+of duty towards God; that no religion should be publicly professed; nor
+ought there to be any inquiry which of many is alone true; nor ought one
+to be preferred to the rest; nor ought one to be specially favored, but
+to each alike equal rights ought to be assigned, with the sole end that
+the social order incurs no injury from them. It is a part of this theory
+that all questions concerning religion are to be referred to private
+judgment; that to every one it is allowed to follow which he prefers, or
+none at all, if he approves of none. Hence these consequences naturally<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>
+arise; the judgment of each conscience is without regard to law;
+opinions as free as possible are expressed concerning worshipping or not
+worshipping God; and there is unbounded license of thinking and
+publishing.</p>
+
+<p>These foundations of the State being admitted, which at the time are in
+such general favor, it easily appears into how unfavorable a position
+the Church is driven. For when the conduct of affairs is in accordance
+with the doctrines of this kind, to the Catholic name is assigned an
+equal position with, or even an inferior position to that of alien
+societies in the State; no regard is paid to ecclesiastical laws; and
+the Church, which, by the command and mandate of Jesus Christ, ought to
+teach all nations, finds itself forbidden in any way to interfere in the
+instruction of the people. Concerning those things which are of mixed
+jurisdiction, the rulers of the civil power lay down the law at their
+own pleasure, and in this manner haughtily set aside the most sacred
+laws of the Church. Wherefore they bring under their own jurisdiction
+the marriages of Christians, deciding even concerning the marriage bond,
+concerning the unity, and the stability of marriage. They take
+possession of the goods of the clergy because they deny that the Church
+can hold property. Finally, they so act with regard to the Church that
+both the nature and the rights of a perfect society being removed, they
+clearly hold it to be like the other associations which the State
+contains, and on that account, if she possesses any legitimate means of
+acting, she is said to possess that by the concession and gift of the
+rulers of the State. But if in any State the Church retains her own
+right, with the approval of the civil laws, and any agreement is
+publicly made between the two powers, in the beginning they cry out that
+the interests of the Church must be severed from those of the State, and
+they do this with the intent that it may be possible to act against
+their pledged faith with impunity, and to have the final decision over
+everything, all obstacles having been removed. But when the Church
+cannot bear that patiently, nor indeed is able to desert its greatest
+and most sacred duties, and, above all, requires that faith be wholly
+and entirely observed with it, contests often arise between the sacred
+and the civil power, of which the result is commonly that the one who is
+the weaker yields to the stronger in human resources. So it is the
+custom and the wish in this state of public affairs, which is now
+affected by many, either to expel the Church altogether, or to keep it
+bound and restricted as to its rule. Public acts in a great measure are
+framed with this design. Laws, the administration of States, the
+teaching of youth unaccompanied by religion, the spoliation and
+destruction of religious orders, the overturning of the civil
+principality of the Roman Pontiffs, all have regard to this end; to
+emasculate Christian institutes, to narrow the liberty of the Catholic
+Church, and to diminish her other rights.</p>
+
+<p>Natural reason itself convinces us that such opinions about the ruling
+of a State are very widely removed from the truth. Nature herself bears
+witness that all power of whatever kind ultimately emanates from God,
+that greatest and most august fountain. Popular rule, however, which
+without any regard to God is said to be naturally in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> multitude,
+though it may excellently avail to supply the fires of many
+blandishments and excitements of many forms of covetousness, yet rests
+on no probable reason, nor can have sufficient strength to ensure public
+security and the quiet permanence of order. Verily things under the
+auspices of these doctrines have come to such a pass that many sanction
+this as a law in civil jurisprudence, to wit, that sedition may rightly
+be raised. For the idea prevails that princes are really nothing but
+delegates to express the popular will; and so necessarily all things
+become alike, are changeable at the popular nod, and a certain fear of
+public disturbance is forever hanging over our heads.</p>
+
+<p>But to think with regard to religion, that there is no difference
+between unlike and contrary forms, clearly will have this issue&mdash;an
+unwillingness to test any one form in theory and practice. And this, if
+indeed it differs from atheism in name, is in fact the same thing. Men
+who really believe in the existence of God, if they are to be consistent
+and not ridiculous, will, of necessity, understand that the different
+methods of divine worship involving dissimilarity and conflict, even on
+the most important points, cannot be all equally probable, equally good,
+and equally accepted by God. And thus that faculty of thinking whatever
+you like and expressing whatever you like to think in writing, without
+any thought of moderation, is not of its own nature, indeed, a good in
+which human society may rightly rejoice, but, on the contrary, a fount
+and origin of many ills.</p>
+
+<p>Liberty, in so far as it is a virtue perfecting man, should be occupied
+with that which is true and that which is good; but the foundation of
+that which is true and that which is good cannot be changed at the
+pleasure of man, but remains ever the same, nor indeed is it less
+unchangeable than nature herself. If the mind assent to false opinions,
+if the will choose for itself evil, and apply itself thereto, neither
+attains its perfection, but both fall from their natural dignity, and
+both lapse by degrees into corruption. Whatever things, therefore, are
+contrary to virtue and truth, these things it is not right to place in
+the light before the eyes of men, far less to defend by the favor and
+tutelage of the laws. A well-spent life is the only path to that heaven
+whither we all direct our steps; and on this account the State departs
+from the law and custom of nature if it allows the license of opinions
+and of deeds to run riot to such a degree as to lead minds astray with
+impunity from the truth, and hearts from the practice of virtue.</p>
+
+<p>But to exclude the Church which God Himself has constituted from the
+business of life, from the laws, from the teaching of youth, from
+domestic society, is a great and pernicious error. A well-regulated
+State cannot be when religion is taken away; more than needs be,
+perhaps, is now known of what sort of a thing is in itself, and whither
+tends that philosophy of life and morals which men call <i>civil</i>. The
+Church of Christ is the true teacher of virtue and guardian of morals;
+it is that which keeps principles in safety, from which duties are
+derived, and by proposing most efficacious reasons for an honest life,
+it bids us not only fly from wicked deeds, but rule the motions of the
+mind which are contrary to reason when it is not intended to reduce them
+to action. But to wish the Church in the discharge of its offices to be
+subject to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> civil power is a great rashness, a great injustice. If
+this were done order would be disturbed, since things natural would thus
+be put before those which are above nature; the multitude of the good
+whose common life, if there be nothing to hinder it, the Church would
+make complete, either disappears or at all events is considerably
+diminished, and besides, a way is opened to enmities and conflicts&mdash;how
+great the evil which they bring upon each order of government the event
+has too frequently shown.</p>
+
+<p>Such doctrines are not approved by human reason, and are of the greatest
+gravity as regards civil discipline, the Roman Pontiffs our
+predecessors&mdash;well understanding what the apostolic office required of
+them&mdash;by no means suffered to go forth without condemnation. Thus
+Gregory XVI., by Encyclical Letter, beginning <i>Mirare vos</i>, of August
+15, 1832, inveighed with weighty words against those doctrines which
+were already being preached, namely, that in divine worship no choice
+should be made; and that it was right for individuals to judge of
+religion according to their personal preferences, that each man's
+conscience was to himself his sole sufficient guide, and that it was
+lawful to promulgate whatsoever each man might think, and so make a
+revolution in the State. Concerning the reasons for the separation of
+Church and State, the same Pontiff speaks thus: "Nor can we hope happier
+results either for religion or the government, from the wishes of those
+who are eagerly desirous that the Church should be separated from the
+State, and the mutual good understanding of the sovereign secular power
+and the sacerdotal authority be broken up. It is evident that these
+lovers of most shameless liberty dread that concord which has always
+been fortunate and wholesome, both for sacred and civil interests." To
+the like effect Pius IX., as opportunity offered, noted many false
+opinions which had begun to be of great strength, and afterward ordered
+them to be collected together in order that in so great a conflux of
+errors Catholics might have something which, without stumbling, they
+might follow.</p>
+
+<p>From these decisions of the Popes it is clearly to be understood that
+the origin of public power is to be sought from God Himself and not from
+the multitude; that the free play for sedition is repugnant to reason;
+that it is a crime for private individuals and a crime for States to
+observe nowhere the duties of religion or to treat in the same way
+different kinds of religion; that the uncontrolled right of thinking and
+publicly proclaiming one's thoughts is not inherent in the rights of
+citizens, nor in any sense to be placed among those things which are
+worthy of favor or patronage. Similarly it ought to be understood that
+the Church is a society, no less than the State itself, perfect in kind
+and right, and that those who exercise sovereignty ought not to act so
+as to compel the Church to become subservient or inferior to themselves,
+or suffer her to be less free to transact her own affairs or detract
+aught from the other rights which have been conferred upon her by Jesus
+Christ. But in matters however in complex jurisdiction, it is in the
+highest degree in accordance with nature and also with the counsels of
+God&mdash;not that one power should secede from the other, still less come
+into conflict, but that that harmony and concord should be preserved
+which is most akin to the foundations of both societies.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>These, then, are the things taught by the Catholic Church concerning the
+constitution and government of the State. Concerning these sayings and
+decrees, if a man will only judge dispassionately, no form of Government
+is, <i>per se</i>, condemned as long as it has nothing repugnant to Catholic
+doctrine, and is able, if wisely and justly managed, to preserve the
+State in the best condition. Nor is it, <i>per se</i>, to be condemned
+whether the people have a greater or less share in the government; for
+at certain times and with the guarantee of certain laws, such
+participation may appertain, not only to the usefulness, but even to the
+duty of the citizens. Moreover, there is no just cause that any one
+should condemn the Church as being too restricted in gentleness, or
+inimical to that liberty which is natural and legitimate. In truth the
+Church judges it not lawful that the various kinds of Divine worship
+should have the same right as the true religion, still it does not
+therefore condemn those governors of States, who, for the sake of
+acquiring some great good, or preventing some great ill, patiently bear
+with manners and customs so that each kind of religion has its place in
+the State. Indeed the Church is wont diligently to take heed that no one
+be compelled against his will to embrace the Catholic Faith, for as
+Augustine wisely observes: "<i>Credere non potest homo nisi volens.</i>"
+(<i>Tract.</i> xxvi., <i>in Joan.</i>, n. 2.)</p>
+
+<p>For a similar reason the Church cannot approve of that liberty which
+generates a contempt of the most sacred laws of God, and puts away the
+obedience due to legitimate power. For this is license rather than
+liberty, and is most correctly called by Augustine, "<i>libertas
+perditionis</i>" (<i>Ep.</i> cv., <i>ad Donatistas.</i> ii., n. 9); by the Apostle
+Peter, "<i>a cloak for malice</i>" (1 Peter ii. 16), indeed, since it is
+contrary to reason, it is a true servitude, for "<i>Whosoever committeth
+sin is the servant of sin.</i>" (John viii. 34.) On the other hand, that
+liberty is natural and to be sought, which, if it be considered in
+relation to the individual, suffers not men to be the slaves of errors
+and evil desires, the worst of masters; if, in relation to the State, it
+presides wisely over the citizens, serves the faculty of augmenting
+public advantages, and defends the public interest from alien rule, this
+blameless liberty worthy of man the Church approves, above all, and has
+never ceased striving and contending to keep firm and whole among the
+people. In very truth, whatever things in the State chiefly avail for
+the common safety; whatever have been usefully instituted against the
+license of princes, consulting all the interests of the people; whatever
+forbid the governing authority to invade into municipal or domestic
+affairs; whatever avail to preserve the dignity and the character of man
+in preserving the equality of rights in individual citizens, of all
+these things the monuments of former ages witness the Catholic Church to
+have always been either the author, the promoter, or the guardian.</p>
+
+<p>Ever, therefore, consistent with herself, if on the one hand she rejects
+immoderate liberty, which both in the case of individuals and peoples
+results in license or in servitude; on the other she willingly and with
+pleasure embraces those happier circumstances which the age brings; if
+they truly contain the prosperity of this life, which is as it were a
+stage in the journey to that other which is to endure everlastingly.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+Therefore what they say that the Church is jealous of, the more modern
+political systems repudiate in a mass, and whatever the disposition of
+these times has brought forth, is an inane and contemptible calumny. The
+madness of opinion it indeed repudiates; it reproves the wicked plans of
+sedition, and especially that habit of mind in which the beginnings of a
+voluntary departing from God are visible; but since every true thing
+must necessarily proceed from God, whatever of truth is by search
+attained, the Church acknowledges as a certain token of the Divine mind.
+And since there is in the world nothing which can take away belief in
+the doctrines divinely handed down and many things which confirm this,
+and since every finding of truth may impel man to the knowledge or
+praise of God Himself, therefore whatever may happen to extend the range
+of knowledge, the Church will always willingly and joyfully accept; and
+she will, as is her wont in the case of other departments of knowledge,
+studiously encourage and promote those also which are concerned with the
+investigation of nature. In which studies, if the mind finds anything
+new, the Church is not in opposition; she fights not against the search
+after more things for the grace and convenience of life&mdash;nay, a very foe
+to inertness and sloth, she earnestly wishes that the talents of men
+should, by being cultivated and exercised, bear still richer fruits; she
+affords incitements to every sort of art and craft, and by her own
+virtue directing by her own perfection all the pursuits of those things
+to virtue and salvation, she strives to prevent man from turning aside
+his intelligence and industry from God and heavenly things.</p>
+
+<p>But these things, although full of reasonableness and foresight, are not
+so well approved of at this time, when States not only refuse to refer
+to the laws of Christian knowledge, but are seen even to wish to depart
+each day farther from them. Nevertheless, because truth brought to light
+is wont of its own accord to spread widely, and by degrees to pervade
+the minds of men, we, therefore, moved by the consciousness of the
+greatest, the most holy, that is the Apostolic obligation, which we owe
+to all the nations, those things which are true, freely, as we ought, we
+do speak, not that we have no perception of the spirit of the times, or
+that we think the honest and useful improvements of our age are to be
+repudiated, but because we would wish the highways of public affairs to
+be safer from attacks, and their foundations more stable, and that
+without detriment to the true freedom of the peoples; for amongst men
+the mother and best guardian of liberty is truth: "<i>The truth shall make
+you free.</i>" (John viii. 32).</p>
+
+<p>Therefore at so critical a juncture of events, Catholic men, if, as it
+behooves them, they will listen to us, will easily see what are their
+own and each other's duties in matters of <i>opinion</i> as well as of
+<i>action</i>. And in the formation of opinion, whatsoever things the Roman
+Pontiffs have handed down, or shall hereafter hand down, each and every
+one is it necessary to hold in firm judgment well understood, and as
+often as occasion demands openly to declare. Now, especially concerning
+those things which are called recently-acquired <i>liberties</i>, is it
+proper to stand by the judgment of the Apostolic See, and for each one
+to hold what she herself holds.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Take care lest some one be deceived by the honest outward appearance of
+these things; and think of the beginnings from which they are sprung;
+and by what desires they are sustained and fed in divers places. It is
+now sufficiently known by experience of what things they are the causes
+in the State; how indiscriminately they bring forth fruit, of which good
+men and wise rightly do repent. If there should be in any place a State,
+either actual or hypothetical, that wantonly and tyrannically wages war
+upon the Christian name, and it have conferred upon it that character of
+which we have spoken, it is possible that this may be considered more
+tolerable; yet the principles upon which it rests are absolutely such
+that, of themselves they ought to be approved by no man.</p>
+
+<p>Now action may be taken in private and domestic affairs, or in affairs
+public. In private life, indeed, the first duty is to conform one's life
+and manners to the precepts of the Gospel, and not to refuse, if
+Christian virtue demands, something more difficult to bear than usual.
+Individuals, also, are bound to love the Church as their common mother;
+to keep her laws obediently; to give her the service of due honor, and
+to wish her rights respected, and to endeavor that she be fostered and
+beloved with like piety by those over whom they may exercise authority.
+It is also of great importance to the public welfare diligently and
+wisely to give attention to the duties of citizenship; in this regard,
+most particularly, with that concern which is righteous amongst
+Christians, to take pains and pass effective measures so that public
+provision be made for the instruction of youth in religion and true
+morality, for upon these things depends very much the welfare of every
+State. Besides, in general, it is useful and honorable to stretch the
+attention of Catholic men beyond this narrower field, and to embrace
+every branch of public administration. Generally, we say, because these
+our precepts reach unto all nations. But it may happen in some
+particular place, for the most urgent and just reasons, that it is by no
+means expedient to engage in public affairs, or to take an active part
+in political functions. But generally, as we have said, to wish to take
+no part in public affairs would be in that degree vicious, in which it
+brought to the common weal neither care, nor work; and on this account
+the more so, because Catholic men are bound by the admonitions of the
+doctrine which they profess, to do what has to be done with integrity
+and with faith. If, on the contrary, they were idle, those whose
+opinions do not, in truth, give any great hope of safety, would easily
+get possession of the reins of government. This, also, would be attended
+with danger to the Christian name, because they would become most
+powerful who are badly disposed towards the Church; and those least
+powerful who are well disposed. Wherefore, it is evident there is just
+cause for Catholics to undertake the conduct of public affairs; for they
+do not assume these responsibilities in order to approve of what is not
+lawful in the methods of government at this time; but in order that they
+may turn these very methods, as far as may be, to the unmixed and true
+public good, holding this purpose in their minds, to infuse into all the
+veins of the commonwealth the wisdom and virtue of the Catholic
+religion&mdash;the most healthy sap and blood, as it were. It was scarcely
+done otherwise in the first<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> ages of the Church. For the manners and
+desires of the heathen were divergent as widely as possible from the
+manners and desires of the Gospel; for the Christians had to separate
+themselves incorrupt in the midst of superstition, and always true to
+themselves, most cheerfully to enter every walk in life which was open
+to them. Models of fidelity to their princes, obedient, where lawful, to
+the sovereign power, they established a wonderful splendor of holiness
+everywhere; they sought the advantage of their neighbor, and to all
+others to the wisdom of Christ; bravely prepared to retire from public
+life, and even to die if they could not retain honors, nor the
+magistracy, nor the supreme command with unsullied virtue. For which
+reason Christian customs soon found their way, not only into private
+houses, but into the camps, into the senate, even into the imperial
+palace. "We are of yesterday and we fill your everything, cities,
+islands, castles, municipalities, councils, the very camps, the rank and
+file of the army, the officerships, the palace, the senate, the forum,"
+(<i>Tertullian Apol.</i>, n. 37), so that the Christian faith, when it was
+unlawful publicly to profess the Gospel, was not like a child crying in
+his cradle, but grown up and already sufficiently firm, was manifest in
+a great part of the State.</p>
+
+<p>Now, indeed, in these days it is as well to renew these examples of our
+forefathers. For Catholics indeed, as many as are worthy of the name,
+before all things it is necessary to be, and to be willing to be,
+regarded as most loving sons of the Church; whatsoever is inconsistent
+with this good report, without hesitation to reject; to use popular
+institutions as far as honestly can be to the advantage of truth and
+justice; to labor, that liberty of action shall not transgress the
+bounds ordained by the law of nature and of God; so to work that the
+whole of public life shall be transformed into that, as we have called
+it, a Christian image and likeness. The means to seek these ends can
+scarcely be laid down upon one uniform plan, since they must suit places
+and times very different from each other. Nevertheless, in the first
+place, let concord of wills be preserved, and a likeness of things to be
+done sought for. And each will be attained the best, if all shall
+consider the admonitions of the Apostolic See, a law of conduct, and
+shall obey the Bishops whom "<i>the Spirit of God has placed to rule the
+Church of God</i>." (Acts xx. 28). The defence of the Catholic name, indeed
+of necessity demands that in the profession of doctrines which are
+handed down by the Church the opinion of all shall be one, and the most
+perfect constancy, and from this point of view take care that no one
+connives in any degree at false opinions, or resists with greater
+gentleness than truth will allow. Concerning those things which are
+matters of opinion, it will be lawful, with moderation and with a desire
+of investigating the truth, without injurious suspicions and mutual
+incriminations. For which purpose, lest the agreement of minds be broken
+by temerity of accusation, let all understand: that the integrity of the
+Catholic profession can by no means be reconciled with opinions
+approaching towards <i>naturalism</i> or <i>rationalism</i>, of which the sum
+total is to uproot Christian institutions altogether, and to establish
+the supremacy of man, Almighty God being pushed to one side. Likewise,
+it is unlawful to follow one line of duty in private and another in
+public, so that the authority of the Church<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> shall be observed in
+private, and spurned in public. For this would be to join together
+things honest and disgraceful, and to make a man fight a battle with
+himself, when, on the contrary, he ought always to be consistent with
+himself, and never, in any the least thing or manner of living, decline
+from Christian virtue. But, if inquiry is made about principles, merely
+political, concerning the best form of government, of civil regulations
+of one kind or another, concerning these things, of course, there is
+room for disagreement without harm. Those whose piety, therefore, is
+known on other accounts, and whose minds are ready to accept the decrees
+of the Apostolic See, justice will not allow accounted evil because they
+differ on these subjects; and much greater is the injury if they are
+charged with the crime of having violated the Catholic faith, or are
+suspected, a thing we deplore done, not once only. And let all hold this
+precept absolutely, who are wont to commit their thoughts to writing,
+especially the editors of newspapers. In this contention about the
+highest things, nothing is to be left to intestine conflicts, or the
+greed of parties, but let all, uniting together, seek the common object
+of all, to preserve religion and the State.</p>
+
+<p>If, therefore, there have been dissensions, it is right to obliterate
+them in a certain voluntary forgetfulness; if there has been anything
+rash, anything injurious, to whomsoever this fault belongs let
+compensation be made by mutual charity, and especially in obedience to
+the Apostolic See. In this way Catholics will obtain two things most
+excellent; one that they will make themselves helps to the Church in
+preserving and propagating Christian knowledge; the other that they will
+benefit civil society; of which the safety is gravely compromised by
+reason of evil doctrines and inordinate desires.</p>
+
+<p>These things, therefore, Venerable Brethren, concerning the Christian
+constitution of States and the duties of individual citizens, we have
+dwelt upon; we shall transmit them to all the nations of the Catholic
+world.</p>
+
+<p>But it behooves us to implore, with most earnest prayers, the heavenly
+protection, and to beg of Almighty God these things which we desire and
+strive after for His glory and the salvation of the human race, whose
+alone it is to illumine the minds and to quicken the wills of men and
+Himself to lead on to the wished for end. As a pledge of the Divine
+favors, and in witness of our paternal benevolence to you, Venerable
+Brethren, to the Clergy, and to all the people committed to your faith
+and vigilance, we lovingly bestow in the Lord the Apostolic Benediction.</p>
+
+<p>Given in Rome, at St. Peter's, on the first day of November, in the year
+of Our Lord <span class="smcap">mdccclxxxv.</span>, of Our Pontificate the Eighth.</p>
+
+<p class="right">LEO PP. XIII.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Venerable Bede</span> records: "It was customary for the English of all ranks
+to retire for study and devotion to Ireland, where they were hospitably
+received, and supplied gratuitously with food, books and instruction."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p>
+<h2>His Eminence John Cardinal McCloskey.</h2>
+
+<h3>ARCHBISHOP OF NEW YORK, CARDINAL PRIEST OF THE TITLE OF SANCTA MARIA
+SUPRA MINERVAM.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The waning days of the year 1885 witnessed the peaceful decline, and the
+happy Christian death, of one of the most remarkable men of the Irish
+race in this country. His glorious obsequies in the magnificent
+Cathedral which he completed and dedicated, produced a deep impression
+on all classes, nor was there ever witnessed a greater and more
+unanimous concord than pervaded the tributes of respect from the press
+and pulpit of the land to this prince of the Catholic Church.</p>
+
+<p>In a modest dwelling on Fort Greene, Brooklyn, fronting the road that
+led to Newtown Turnpike, John McCloskey was born on the 10th of March,
+1810, while deep snow covered the fields far and wide, and ice choked
+the rapid current of the East River. His father, George McCloskey, had
+emigrated to this country from the county Derry, some years before, with
+his wife, and by industry, thrift and uprightness was increasing the
+little store of means which he had brought to the New World. The boy was
+not endowed with a rugged frame, and few could promise either mother or
+child length of days. Yet she lived to behold him a bishop.</p>
+
+<p>Brooklyn was then but a suburb of the little city of New York; it did
+not number five thousand inhabitants, and the scanty flock of Catholics
+had neither priest nor shrine. The child of George McCloskey, was taken
+to St. Peter's Church, New York, to be baptized, by the venerable Jesuit
+Father Anthony Kohlmann. As he grew up he crossed the East River on
+Sundays with his parents to attend that same church, then the only one
+in New York; it has just celebrated the centenary of its organization,
+as a congregation, and the life of the great Cardinal, which faded away
+just before that event, covers three quarters of its century.</p>
+
+<p>George McCloskey was one of the few energetic Catholics, who, about
+1820, started the movement which led to the erection of St. James on Jay
+Street, and gave Brooklyn its first Catholic Church and future
+Cathedral. Meanwhile, his son carefully trained at home, was sent to
+school at an early age; gentle and delicate, he had neither strength nor
+inclination for the rough sports of his schoolmates; but was always
+cheerful and popular, studying hard and winning a high grade in his
+classes. Till the church in Brooklyn was built, the boy and his mother
+made their way each Sunday to the riverside to cross by the only
+conveyance of those days, in order to occupy the pew which the
+large-hearted George McCloskey had purchased in St. Peter's, for in
+those days pews were sold and a yearly ground rent paid. When St.
+Patrick's was opened, an appeal was made to the liberal to take pews in
+that church also, and again the generous George McCloskey responded to
+the call, purchasing a pew there also.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This whole-souled Irish-Catholic built great hopes on the talents of his
+son, and intended to send him to Georgetown College, of which Father
+Benedict Fenwick, long connected with St. Peter's, had become president.
+But in the providence of God he was not to see him enter any college;
+while still in the prime of life, he was seized with illness, which
+carried him to the grave in 1820. Mrs. McCloskey was left with means
+which enabled her to carry out the plans of her husband; but as Father
+Fenwick had left Georgetown, she acted on the advice of friends, and
+sent her son to the College of Mount St. Mary's, which had been founded
+near Emmittsburg, by the Rev. John Du Bois, a French priest, who,
+escaping the horrors of the Revolution in his own country, and the
+sanguinary tribunals of his old schoolmate, Robespierre, had crossed the
+Atlantic to be a missionary in America.</p>
+
+<p>Mount St. Mary's College, when young McCloskey entered it after the
+summer of 1821, consisted of two rows of log buildings; "but such as
+have often been in this country, the first home of men and institutions
+destined to greatness and renown." Humble as it was externally, however,
+the college was no longer an experiment; it had proved its efficiency as
+an institution of learning. Young McCloskey entered on his studies with
+his wonted zeal and energy, and learned not only the classics of ancient
+and modern times, but the great lesson of self-control. Blessed with a
+wonderfully retentive memory, a logical mind that proceeded slowly, not
+by impulse, his progress was solid and rapid; his progress in virtue was
+no less so; every natural tendency to harsh and bitter judgment, or
+word, was by the principles of religion and faith checked and brought
+under control. If, in after life, he was regarded universally as mild
+and gentle, the credit must be given to his religious training, which
+enabled him to achieve the conquest.</p>
+
+<p>A fine stone college was rising, and with his fellow-students he looked
+forward with sanguine hope to the rapidly approaching day, when the
+collegians of Mount St. Mary's were to tread halls worthy of their <i>Alma
+Mater</i>, their faculty and themselves. Its progress was watched with deep
+interest, when, in the summer of 1824, the students were roused one
+Sunday night by the cry of fire. An incendiary hand had applied the
+torch to the new edifice. No appliances were at hand for checking the
+progress of the flames; professors, seminarians, and collegians labored
+unremittingly to save their humble log structures destined to be for
+some time more the scene of their studious hours.</p>
+
+<p>McCloskey joined in the address of sympathy which the pupils of Mount
+St. Mary's tendered to their venerated president. He beheld the energy
+and faith of that eminent man in the zeal with which he began the work
+anew, and completed the building again before the close of another year.
+Thus the talented young Catholic boy from New York State learned not
+only the lore found in books, but the great lessons of patience,
+self-control, correspondence to the will of God. Before he closed his
+college course, he saw Dr. Du Bois, called away from the institution he
+had founded to assume, by command of the successor of St. Peter, the
+administration of the diocese of New York. The good work continued under
+Rev. Michael De Burgo Egan as President, and John McCloskey was
+graduated, in 1828, with high honors. At that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> time Mount St. Mary's had
+in the seminary twenty-five or thirty aspirants to the priesthood, and
+in the college nearly one hundred students. The early graduates of the
+Mount are the best proof of the thorough literary course followed there,
+as well as the thorough knowledge and love of the faith inculcated.</p>
+
+<p>Young McCloskey returned to the home of his mother in Westchester
+County, N. Y., and looked forward to his future career in life. As often
+happens, a family bias, or wish, rather than the judgment of the young
+man himself, induces the first step. John McCloskey was to become a
+lawyer. We are told that he began the study of Coke and Blackstone, of
+the principles of law and the practice of the courts, in the office of
+Joseph W. Smith, Esq., of New York. But the active mind was at work
+solving a great problem. A fellow-student at college, his senior in
+years, brilliant, poetic, zealous, had resolved to devote his life and
+talents to the ministry, and had more than once portrayed to young
+McCloskey the heroism of the priestly life of self-devotion and
+sacrifice. The words of Charles C. Pise and his example had produced an
+impression greater than was apparent. McCloskey meditated, prayed and
+sought the guidance of a wise director. Gradually the conviction became
+deep and firm that God called him to the ecclesiastical state. He closed
+the books of human law, renounced the prospects of worldly success, and
+resolved to prepare by study and seclusion, by prayer and self-mastery,
+for the awful dignity of the priesthood.</p>
+
+<p>The next year he returned to Emmittsburg to enter the seminary as a
+candidate for holy orders from the diocese of New York. He was welcomed
+as one whose solid learning, brilliant eloquence, deep and tender piety,
+studious habits and zeal made it certain that he must as a priest render
+essential service to the Church in this country. As a seminarian, and,
+in conjunction with that character, as professor, he confirmed the high
+opinion formed of him, and at an early day Bishop Du Bois fixed upon him
+as one to fill important positions in his diocese.</p>
+
+<p>From the moment that he took possession of his See the Rt. Rev. Dr. Du
+Bois had labored to give New York an institution like that which he had
+brought to so successful a condition in Maryland, reckoning as nought
+the advance of years and the heavy duties of the episcopate. It was not
+till the spring of 1832, that he was able to purchase a farm at Nyack,
+in Rockland County, as the site for his seminary and college. To preside
+over it, he had already selected his seminarian, John McCloskey, whom he
+summoned from Emmittsburg. The visitation of the cholera, however,
+prevented the progress of the undertaking, although the school was
+opened. The corner-stone was laid on the 29th of May, 1833, and the
+erection of the main building was carried on till the second story was
+completed, when the bishop appealed to his flock to aid him by their
+contributions.</p>
+
+<p>On the 24th of January the old Cathedral in New York witnessed the
+solemn ceremony of an ordination, and the Rev. John McCloskey was raised
+to the dignity of the priesthood. The young priest was stationed at
+Nyack; but his eloquent voice was heard and appreciated in the churches
+of New York City. The first sermon which the young priest preached after
+his ordination is an index of the piety and devotion<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> which guided him
+through life. It was on devotion to the Blessed Virgin, and was
+delivered in the church reared in New York in honor of the Mother of
+God.</p>
+
+<p>In the summer of 1834, the little chapel at Nyack, adjoining the rising
+college, was ready for dedication; but before the institution could be
+opened, the virulent declamations of a Brownell had inflamed the minds
+of the ignorant peasantry in that neighborhood with religious hatred,
+and the college was denounced as an evil to be prevented. The torch of
+the incendiary soon laid the edifice in ashes.</p>
+
+<p>The project of a seminary and college was thus indefinitely deferred,
+although Bishop Du Bois, with characteristic determination, resolved to
+rebuild the blackened ruins and raise the college anew. So confident was
+he of success, that he would not appoint Rev. Mr. McCloskey to any
+parochial charge, reserving him to preside over the diocesan institution
+on which he had set his heart. In order to fit himself for the position,
+the young priest begged his bishop to permit him to proceed to Rome in
+order to follow for two years the thorough course of theological studies
+in the Gregorian University, thus profitably employing the time that
+would necessarily be required to fit the institution for the reception
+of pupils.</p>
+
+<p>As Bishop Du Bois saw the wisdom of the suggestion, he consented, and
+early in 1835 Rev. John McCloskey reached the Eternal City, and enrolled
+himself among the distinguished pupils like Grazrosi, Perrone, Palma,
+Finucci, who were then attending the lectures of Perrone, Manera, and
+their associate professors. One who knew Rome well, and knew the late
+Cardinal well, wrote: "What advantage the young American priest drew
+from them has ever since been seen in the remarkable breadth and
+correctness and lucidity of his decisions in theological matters,
+whether coming before him in his episcopal duties, or brought up for
+discussion in the episcopal councils which he has attended. His words,
+calm and well considered, have ever been listened to with attention, and
+generally decided the question. But, beyond the mere book learning, so
+to speak, of ecclesiastical education, he gained a knowledge of the
+ecclesiastical world, nowhere else attainable than in Rome. Brought in
+contact with the students of the English College, under Dr. (afterwards
+Cardinal) Wiseman, of the Irish College under Dr. (afterwards Cardinal)
+Cullen, of the Propaganda under Monsignor (afterwards Cardinal) Count de
+Reisach, of the Roman Seminary, and of other colleges, he came to know
+many brilliant young students of various nationalities, alike in faith
+and in fervent piety, yet dissimilar in the peculiar traits of their
+respective races. He formed friendship with many who have since made
+their mark in their own countries. The young American priest, so
+polished and gentlemanly in his address, so modest and retiring, and yet
+so full of varied learning, so keen of observation, and so ready, when
+drawn out, with unexpected and plain, common-sense, home thrusts, was
+fully appreciated among kindred minds of the clergy of Rome, and of
+other countries visiting Rome. Though avoiding society as far as he
+could, and something of a recluse, he was welcome in more than one noble
+Roman palace. But it was especially in the English-speaking circle of
+Catholic visitors each winter to Rome,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> that he was prized. Cardinal
+Weld, ever an upholder of Americans, anticipated great things yet to be
+done by this young priest, and loved to present him to the Cliffords,
+the Shrewsburys, and other noble English-speaking Catholics, as a living
+refutation of the accounts of Americans and American manners, just given
+to the English world by Mrs. Trollope."</p>
+
+<p>Among this English-speaking colony in Rome he found abundant occasion
+for the exercise of his ministry, such was the confidence inspired by
+his piety and learning. Among those placed under his direction was Mrs.
+Connolly, an American convert, who, in time, founded in England a
+teaching community of high order, the Sisters of the Holy Child Jesus,
+which has now many houses in England and the United States.</p>
+
+<p>At the expiration of the time assigned for his studious sojourn in Rome,
+Rev. Mr. McCloskey left the Eternal City, well fitted, indeed, to assume
+the directorship of the seminary. He travelled with observant eye
+through Northern Italy, Austria, Germany and France, then crossed to the
+British Isles, visiting England and Scotland. His tour enabled him to
+meet old friends and to win new ones; as well as to learn practically
+the condition of the church in all parts of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>When he returned to New York in 1838 he found that Bishop Du Bois had,
+overcome by difficulties and trials, finally abandoned his projected
+seminary; and now desired to assign him to parochial work. With the
+well-trained priest to hear was to obey. Yet the position of the bishop
+was one of difficulty. An uncatholic national feeling had been aroused
+some years before in New York, assuming under Bishop Connolly all
+obsequiousness to that prelate and zeal for his honor; under Bishop Du
+Bois its whole power was wielded against him; and as few of the leaders
+in the movement were practical Catholics, appeals to their religious
+sense fell unheeded.</p>
+
+<p>The parish offered to Rev. Mr. McCloskey presented difficulties of its
+own. The last pastor, his old friend and brother-collegian, Rev. Charles
+C. Pise, had indiscreetly aroused a deep and bitter feeling against
+himself, and the hostile party in the congregation was led by a man of
+learning and real attachment to his religion, though of little
+self-control. For the Rev. Mr. McCloskey to assume the pastorship of St.
+Joseph's required no little courage. He was as obnoxious on some grounds
+as his predecessor, being like him American by birth, trained at
+Emmittsburg under Bishop Du Bois. In this conjuncture the Rev. John
+McCloskey displayed what must be recognized as the striking virtue of
+his character, the highest degree of Christian prudence, and with it and
+through it, courage, firmness and self-control. He repaired to the post
+assigned to him by his bishop, and entered upon the discharge of his
+duties. The Trustees ignored his appointment utterly, made no
+appropriation for his salary, took no steps to furnish his house, so
+that he had not even a table to write upon. "But," as His Grace
+Archbishop Corrigan well says, "the young priest was equal to the
+emergency. He discharged his duties as sweetly, as if there never had
+been a suspicion of dissatisfaction; he prepared his sermons as
+carefully, as if the best audience New York could afford<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> were there to
+listen." His parish extended up to the line of Harlem; but he complained
+neither of his treatment, nor of the labor of the day and the heat; and
+men ready and anxious to complain, found that they had to do with a
+priest who gave them not a tittle to bear before the people as a
+grievance to complain about. The clouds vanished so completely that the
+people forgot there had ever been any. In a few years one of those who
+had received him with the greatest distrust, had grown to appreciate him
+so highly as to address him as a priest "whose unaffected piety as a
+Christian Divine, splendid talents as an effective preacher, extensive
+acquirements as an elegant scholar, and dignified, yet amiable, manners
+as an accomplished gentleman, have long been the admiration, the
+ornament and the model of his devoted flock."</p>
+
+<p>The project for which Bishop Du Bois had summoned his young seminarian
+from the Mount was at last carried out in 1841 by the vigorous head and
+hand of Bishop Hughes. The diocese of New York had its Seminary and
+College at Fordham. It was a remarkable tribute to the merit and ability
+of the Rev. John McCloskey, that Bishop Hughes, though the diocese had
+been joined by many able and learned priests, still turned to him to
+fill the post for which Bishop Du Bois had selected him when but a
+seminarian. Yet he was now a parish priest, and the tie between him and
+his flock had grown so close that both feared that it might be sundered.</p>
+
+<p>He undertook the organization of the Seminary and College, retaining his
+pastoral charge to the consolation of his flock. The result justified
+the selection. His power of organization, his knowledge of the wants of
+the times, of the duties of teacher and pupil, were thorough. The
+institution was soon in successful operation, and the seminarians were
+edified by the piety, regularity and unalterable calmness of the
+Superior, who was always with them at their morning meditation, and
+always with them at exercises of devotion, his perfect order and system
+preventing all confusion, foreseeing and providing for all.</p>
+
+<p>After placing the new institutions on a firm basis, he resigned the
+presidency to other hands, and resumed his duties at St. Joseph, to the
+delight of his flock. It was, however, really because Bishop Hughes
+already determined to solicit his elevation to the episcopate, that he
+might enjoy his aid as coadjutor in directing the affairs of the
+diocese, which were becoming beyond the power of one man to discharge.
+In the Fifth Provincial Council, of Baltimore, held in May, 1843, Bishop
+Hughes laid his wishes before the assembled Fathers, and the appointment
+of Rev. John McCloskey, as coadjutor of New York, was formally solicited
+from the Sovereign Pontiff by the Metropolitan of Baltimore and his
+suffragans. At Rome there was no hesitation in confirming the choice of
+a clergyman whose merit was so well known, and on the 30th of September,
+Cardinal Fransoni wrote announcing that the Rev. John McCloskey had been
+elected by the Holy Father for the See of Axiere, and made coadjutor to
+the Bishop of New York.</p>
+
+<p>The consecration took place in old St. Patrick's Cathedral on the 10th
+of March, 1844, and the scene was the grandest ever till then witnessed
+in New York, The Rt. Rev. John Hughes, Bishop of New York, assisted by
+Bishop Fenwick, of New York, once administrator of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> the diocese, and
+Bishop Whelan, of Wheeling, consecrated three bishops, the Rt. Rev.
+Andrew Byrne, Bishop of Little Rock, the Rt. Rev. William Quarter,
+Bishop of Chicago, and the Rt. Rev. John McCloskey, Bishop of Axiere,
+and coadjutor of New York.</p>
+
+<p>From the pulpit of the Cathedral, the venerable Dr. Power, addressing
+the newly consecrated coadjutor, said: "One of you I have known from his
+boyhood. I have seen the youthful bud of genius unfold itself; and I
+have seen it also in full expansion; and I thank God I have been spared
+to behold it now blessing the house of the Lord. Rt. Rev. Dr. McCloskey!
+it must be gratifying to you to know, that if the choice of a coadjutor
+of this diocese had been given to your fellow-laborers in the vineyard,
+it would certainly have fallen upon you."</p>
+
+<p>It was surely no ordinary merit, that won the Rev. John McCloskey such
+universal esteem. To have been chosen for the same responsible post by
+men so different in mind and feelings as Bishops Du Bois and Hughes, to
+be at once the choice of Bishop Hughes and a body of priests among whom
+great divisions had existed, and great differences of nationality,
+education and inclination prevailed, was something wonderful and
+unparalleled.</p>
+
+<p>His elevation to the episcopate did not withdraw Bishop McCloskey from
+the church of his affection, that dedicated to the Spouse of Mary. Here
+his throne was erected, and the congregation rejoiced in the honor and
+dignity conferred upon him, and through him on their church. He then
+began the discharge of the episcopal duties devolved upon him by the Rt.
+Rev. Bishop of the See. The earliest was the dedication of the Church of
+the Most Holy Redeemer in New York City. From that we can mark his
+course confirming in all parts of the diocese, dedicating churches, and
+ordaining to the priesthood, two of the six first ordained by him on the
+feast of the Assumption of Our Lady in 1844, still surviving hoary with
+long years of priestly labor, Rev. Sylvester Malone and Rev. George
+McCloskey. But the weightier and important duties connected with the
+administration are unrecorded. The most Rev. Archbishop of Baltimore in
+his funeral sermon on Cardinal McCloskey said truly: "The life of the
+Cardinal has never been written and never can be. And this is true of
+every Catholic prelate. He can never have his Boswell. The biographer
+may relate his public and official acts. He may recount the churches he
+erected, the schools he opened, the institutions of charity and religion
+which he established; the priests he ordained, the sermons he preached,
+the sacraments he administered, the laborious visitations he made, but
+he can know nothing of the private and inner life which is 'hidden with
+Christ in God.' That is manifest to God's recording angel only. The
+biographer knows nothing of the bishop's secret and confidential
+relations with his clergy and people, and even with many who are alien
+to his faith. He is the daily depository of their cares and anxieties,
+of their troubles and afflictions, of their trials and temptations. They
+come to him for counsel in doubt, for spiritual and even temporal
+assistance. Were a bishop's real life in its outward and inward fulness
+published, it would be more interesting than a novel."</p>
+
+<p>Even with the aid of so untiring a coadjutor as Dr. McCloskey,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> Bishop
+Hughes found the diocese too large to be administered with the care that
+all portions required. When the Sixth Provincial Council convened at
+Baltimore, in May, 1846, which he attended with his coadjutor, he urged
+a division of his diocese, the necessity of which Bishop McCloskey could
+attest. New Sees were proposed at Albany and Buffalo. Pius IX., yielding
+to the request of the Fathers of the Council of Baltimore, erected the
+dioceses of Albany and Buffalo. Bishop McCloskey was translated from the
+See of Axiere to that of Albany, and the diocese committed to his care
+comprised the portion of New York State north of the forty-second
+degree, and lying east of Cayuga, Tompkins and Tioga counties.</p>
+
+<p>He took possession of his diocese early in the summer, making St. Mary's
+his pro-cathedral, till the erection of his cathedral, of which he laid
+the corner-stone soon after his arrival. A visitation of his diocese
+followed, and then began the work of developing the Catholic interests
+in the portion of the State. His diocese contained forty-four churches,
+and about as many clergymen, with but few institutions of education or
+charity. Its progress was steady, solid and effectual. He added new
+priests, well chosen and trained, introduced the Fathers of the Society
+of Jesus, the Oblates of Mary Immaculate, the Christian Brothers, the
+Ladies of the Sacred Heart. His Cathedral was completed and was
+recognized as one of the greatest ornaments of the city; but all
+extravagance was avoided and discouraged. Churches were reared suited to
+the means of the flock, and the tepid, careless and indifferent were
+recalled to their Christian duties, till the diocese assumed a new
+spirit. None but those who lived there, and witnessed the progress, can
+form a conception of what Bishop McCloskey accomplished while he gave
+the best period of his life to the diocese of Albany.</p>
+
+<p>More than a hundred churches, and nearly a hundred priests, with
+schools, academies, hospitals, asylums, were the fruits of the Catholic
+life aroused by his zeal.</p>
+
+<p>As Bishop of Albany he took part in the Seventh Provincial Council of
+Baltimore in 1849; the first Plenary Council, in 1852; and the first of
+New York, 1854. In all these his prudence and wisdom deeply impressed
+his associates, as many of them have testified. In his diocese his
+relations to his clergy in his Synod, and in occasional directions,
+showed a gentle consideration for others, which overcame all obstacles.</p>
+
+<p>On the death of Archbishop Hughes, to whom he had long since been named
+successor, the voice of the bishops of the Province, as well as the
+desire of the clergy and people of the diocese, solicited from the Holy
+See the promotion of Bishop McCloskey, and the successor of St. Peter
+soon pronounced the definitive word. He returned to New York just as the
+terrible civil war came to a close; and the paralyzed country could look
+to its future. Under his impulse the new Cathedral was completed and
+dedicated with a pomp never yet witnessed in the Western World. The
+State of New York for some years had suffered from a want of churches;
+but amid a war draining the wealth and blood of the country, it would
+have been rash to attempt to erect them when all value were fictitious.
+Now, under the impulse of the quiet and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> retiring Archbishop, old
+churches were enlarged; new parishes were formed and endowed with
+churches; schools increased in number and efficacy. While increasing the
+number of his parochial clergy both in numbers and in the thorough
+education he so highly esteemed, Archbishop McCloskey gave the religious
+orders every encouragement, and introduced others. Communities of
+religious women, for various forms of charity, also found a hearty
+support from him. In the administration of the diocese, and the
+direction of these communities, he displayed his wonted wisdom in
+selecting as his Vicar General, the Rev. William Quinn, whose ability of
+a remarkable order had already been tested.</p>
+
+<p>Archbishop McCloskey took part in the Second Plenary Council of
+Baltimore, in 1866, whose acts are such a code of doctrine and
+discipline. "Of it he was a burning and a shining light," said
+Archbishop Gibbons. "He was conspicuous alike for his eloquence in the
+pulpit, and for his wisdom in the council chamber. I well remember the
+discourse he delivered at the opening session. The clear, silvery tones
+of his voice, the grace of his gestures and manner, the persuasive
+eloquence and charm of his words are indelibly imprinted on my memory
+and imagination. Just before ascending the pulpit, a telegram was handed
+to him, announcing the destruction by fire of his Cathedral. He did not
+betray the slightest emotion, notwithstanding the sudden and calamitous
+news. Next morning I expressed to him my surprise at his imperturbable
+manner. "The damage," he replied, "is done, and I cannot undo it. We
+must calmly submit to the will of Providence.""</p>
+
+<p>The decrees of the Plenary Council, with those of the Council of New
+York, were promulgated by him in a Synod held by him at New York, in
+September, 1868.</p>
+
+<p>The next year he was summoned to attend a General Council at Rome, the
+first held in the church since the Synod of Trent. The Council of the
+Vatican had been equalled by but few in the number of bishops, by none
+in the universality of the representation. Before modern science had
+facilitated modes of travel and communication, the area including those
+who attended was comparatively limited. To the Vatican Council, however,
+they came not from all parts of Europe only, but from Palestine, India
+and China; from the Moslem States of Africa; the European colonies; the
+negro kingdoms of the interior; America sent her bishops from Canada and
+the United States; the Spanish republics, Australia and the islands of
+the Pacific even had their bishops seated beside those of the most
+ancient Sees. Here Archbishop McCloskey was a conspicuous figure,
+respected for learning, experience, the firmness with which he held the
+opinion he mildly but conclusively advanced. In the committee on
+discipline his wisdom excited the highest admiration of the presiding
+cardinal.</p>
+
+<p>When the impious seizure of Rome made the sovereign Pontiff a prisoner
+in the Vatican, the proceedings of the council were deferred to better
+days, which the Church still prayfully awaits. Archbishop McCloskey
+returned to his diocese; but the malaria of the Campagna had affected
+his health, never rugged, and shattered some years previously<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> by a
+railroad accident, on a journey required by his high office. But he
+resumed his accustomed duties, inspiring good works, or guiding and
+supporting them like the Catholic Protectory, the Catholic Union of New
+York, and its branch since developed to such wide-reaching influence,
+the Xavier Union.</p>
+
+<p>The impression which he had produced at Rome, from his early visit as a
+young priest to his dignified course in age as a Father of the Council
+of the Vatican, led to a new and singular honor, in which the whole
+country shared his honor. In the consistory held March 15, 1875, Pope
+Pius IX. created Archbishop McCloskey a Cardinal Priest of the Holy
+Roman Church, his title being that of Sancta Maria supra Minervam, the
+very church from which Rt. Rev. Dr. Concanen was taken to preside over
+the diocese of New York as its first bishop. The insignia of the high
+dignity soon reached the city borne by a member of the Pope's noble
+guard and a Papal Ablegate. The berretta was formerly presented to him
+in St. Patrick's Cathedral, April 22, 1875. According to usage he soon
+after visited Rome and took possession of the church from which he
+derived his title. He was summoned to the conclave held on the death of
+Pope Pius IX., but arrived only after the election of Pope Leo XIII., to
+whom he paid homage, receiving from his hands the Cardinal's hat, the
+last ceremonial connected with his appointment.</p>
+
+<p>After his return he resumed his usual duties, but they soon required the
+aid of a younger prelate, though all his suffragans were ever ready to
+relieve their venerated Metropolitan by officiating for him. He finally
+solicited the appointment of the young but tried Bishop of Newark as his
+coadjutor, and Bishop Michael Augustine Corrigan was promoted to the
+titular See of Petra, October 1, 1880. Gradually his health declined and
+for a time he was dangerously ill; but retirement to Mount St.
+Vincent's, where in the castellated mansion erected by Forrest, he had
+the devoted care of the Sisters of Charity, and visits to Newport seemed
+to revive for a time his waning strength. His mind remained clear, and
+he continued to direct the affairs of his diocese, convening a
+Provincial Council, the acts of which were transmitted to Rome. "The
+Cardinal's fidelity to duty clung to him to the end. He continued to
+plead for his flock at God's altar, as long as he had power to stand.
+Even when the effort to say Mass would so fatigue him that he could do
+nothing else that morning, he continued, at least, on feast days, to
+offer the Holy Sacrifice. He said his last Mass on the Feast of the
+Ascension, 1884." At the Plenary Council in Baltimore, at the close of
+that year, the diocese was represented by his coadjutor.</p>
+
+<p>From the time of his last Mass he was unable to read or write; unable to
+move a single step without assistance. In this condition he lingered,
+sinking by a slow and gradual decline, but preserving his serenity and
+the full possession of his mental faculties. "None of those around him,"
+says Archbishop Corrigan, "ever heard the first syllable of complaint.
+It was again his service of the Lord, such as our Lord ordained it. To
+those who sympathized with him in his helplessness, the sweet answer
+would be made: 'It is God's will. Thy will, O Lord, be done on earth as
+it is in heaven.' Fulfilling God's will, he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> passed away, calmly and in
+peace, as the whole course of his life had been, and without a struggle;
+'the last words he was able to utter, being the Hail Mary.'"</p>
+
+<p>The death of our first American Cardinal, October 10th, 1885, called
+forth from the press, and from the clergy of other denominations, a
+uniform expression of deep and touching respect. He had won many moral
+victories without fighting battles; his victories left no rancor.
+Everywhere at Catholic altars Masses were offered for the repose of his
+soul, and when the tidings crossed the Atlantic, the solemn services at
+Paris and Rome attested the sense of his merit, and of the Church's
+loss.</p>
+
+<p>His funeral in New York was most imposing. Around the grand Cathedral,
+as around a fretted rock of marble, surged the waves of people, like a
+sea. The vast interior was filled, and beneath the groined roof he had
+reared, lay, in his pontifical vestments,&mdash;the hat, insignia of his
+highest dignity, at his feet,&mdash;the mild and gentle and patient Cardinal
+McCloskey, his life's work well and nobly ended.</p>
+
+<p>The solemn Mass, the deep tones of the organ, the Gregorian notes of the
+choirs moved all to pray for the soul of one whose life had been given
+to the service of God. The Archbishop of Baltimore, the Most Rev. James
+Gibbons, pronounced the funeral discourse, and then the body was laid
+beside those of his predecessors in the crypt beneath.</p>
+
+<p>A month later, and again the <i>Dies Ir&aelig;</i> resounded through that noble
+monument of his love for religion. The Month's Mind, that touching
+tribute which our Church pays her departed, called forth from the Most
+Rev. Michael A. Corrigan, who knew him so well and so intimately, words
+full of touching reminiscences.</p>
+
+<p>Bishop Lynch, of Charleston, S. C., who knew him so intimately, thus
+described him a few years ago before the hand of disease had changed
+him. "In personal appearance the Cardinal is about five feet ten inches
+in height, straight, and thin in person and apparently frail, though his
+chest is full, and the tones of his voice when preaching are clear and
+far reaching. His features are regular and finely chiselled. The brow is
+lofty, the nose thin and straight, the eyes keen, quick and penetrating;
+the thin lips, even in repose, seeming to preserve the memory of a
+smile; the whole expression of the countenance, one of serious thought
+and placid repose. Yet you feel or see indications of activity ready to
+manifest itself through the brows, the eyes or the lips. In fact his
+temperament is decidedly nervous; and if you observe the natural
+promptness and decision of his movements, you might almost think him
+quick and naturally impetuous. There could be no greater mistake; or, if
+he is such by natural disposition, this is one of the points where his
+seminary training has taught him to control and master himself. The
+forte of his character is his unchanging equanimity. And yet there must
+have been in him a wondrous amount of nervous energy to enable him to
+survive very serious injuries to his frame in early life, and to endure
+the severe physical labors of an American bishop for thirty years....
+Piety, learning, experience, zeal&mdash;every bishop should have these as a
+matter of course. He has more. In address, gentle, frank and winning, he
+at once puts you at ease, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> makes you feel you are speaking to a
+father or a friend in whom you may unreservedly confide. Soft and
+delicate in manners as a lady, none could ever presume in his presence
+to say a word or do an act tinged with rudeness, still less indelicacy.
+Kind and patient with all who come to him, he is especially considerate
+with his clergy. To them he is just in his decisions, wise in his
+counsels and exhortations, ever anxious to aid them in their
+difficulties. Tender and lenient as a mother to those who wish to do
+right, and to correct evil, he is inflexible when a principle is at
+stake, and can be stern when the offender is obdurate. Notoriety and
+display are supremely distasteful to him. He would have his work done,
+and thoroughly done, and his own name or his part in it never mentioned.
+He studiously avoids coming before the public, save in his
+ecclesiastical functions, or where a sense of duty drives him to it. He
+prefers to work quietly and industriously in the sphere of his duties.
+Here, he is unflagging, so ordering matters that work never accumulates
+on his hands through his own neglect."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>The Pope and the Mikado.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The following is the text of the letter addressed by His Holiness to the
+Mikado of Japan:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><i>To the Illustrious and Most Mighty Emperor of All Japan, LEO PP. XIII.,
+greeting.</i></p>
+
+<p>August Emperor:</p>
+
+<p>Though separated from each other by a vast intervening expanse of space,
+we are none the less fully aware here of your pre-eminent, anxious care
+in promoting all that is for the good of Japan. In truth, the measures
+Your Imperial Majesty has taken for the increase of civilization, and
+especially for the moral culture of your people, call for the praise and
+approval of all who desire the welfare of nations and that interchange
+of benefits which are the natural fruit of a more refined culture,&mdash;the
+more so that, with greater moral polish, the minds of men are more
+fitted to imbibe wisdom and to embrace the light of truth. For these
+reasons we beg of you that you will graciously be pleased to accept this
+visible expression of our good-will with the same sincerity with which
+it is tendered.</p>
+
+<p>The very reason, indeed, which has moved us to despatch this letter to
+Your Majesty, has been our wish of publicly expressing the pleasure of
+our heart. For the favors which have been vouchsafed to every missionary
+and Christian, we are truly beholden to you. By their own testimony we
+have been made acquainted with your grace and goodness to both priests
+and laymen. Nothing truly, in your power, could be more praiseworthy as
+a matter of justice or more beneficent to the common weal, inasmuch as
+you will find the Catholic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> religion a powerful auxiliary in maintaining
+the stability of your Empire.</p>
+
+<p>For all dominion is founded on justice, and of justice there is not a
+principle which is not laid down in the precepts of Christianity. And
+thus, all they who bear the name of Christian, are above all
+enjoined,&mdash;not through fear of punishments, but by the voice of
+religion,&mdash;to reverence the kingly sway, to obey the laws, and not to
+seek for ought in public affairs save that which is peaceful and
+upright. We most earnestly beseech you, therefore, to grant the utmost
+freedom in your power to all Christians, and to deign, as heretofore, to
+protect their institutions with your patronage and favor. We, on our
+part, shall suppliantly beseech God, the author of all good, that he may
+grant your beneficial undertakings their wished-for outcome, and may
+bestow upon Your Majesty, and the whole realm of Japan, blessings and
+favors increasing day by day.</p>
+
+<p>Given in Rome, at St. Peter's, on the twelfth day of May, 1885, in the
+eighth year of Our Pontificate.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>Order of the Buried Alive.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The order of the Buried Alive in Rome, the Convent of the Sepolte Vivo,
+is a remnant of the Middle Ages in the life of to-day. <i>The London
+Queen's</i> correspondent had the privilege of an entrance within, one
+after another, of the five iron doors, and talking with the Mother
+Superior through the thick swathing of a woollen veil, but ordinary
+communication with the convent is carried on through the "barrel," which
+fills an opening in the wall. Over the barrel is written: "Who will live
+contented within these walls, let her leave at the gate every earthly
+care." You knock at the barrel, which turns slowly around till it shows
+a section like that of an orange from which one of the quarters has been
+cut.</p>
+
+<p>You speak to the invisible sister, who asks your will; and she answers
+you in good Italian and cultivated intonation. You hear the voice quite
+distinctly, but as if it was far, far away. She is really separated from
+you by a slender slice of wood, but she is absolutely invisible. Not the
+smallest ray of light, nor the smallest chink is visible between you and
+her. Sound travels through the barrel, but sight is absolutely excluded.
+These nuns live on charity, keeping two Lents in the year&mdash;one from
+November to Christmas, the other the ordinary Lent of Catholic
+Christendom. Living, therefore, on charity, they may eat whatever is
+given to them, saving always "flesh meat" during the fasting time.</p>
+
+<p>If you take them a cake or a loaf of bread, a roll of chocolate bonbons,
+a basket of eggs, it is all good for them. They must be absolutely
+without food for twenty-four hours before they may ask help from the
+outside world; and when they have looked starvation in the face, then
+they may ring a bell, which means: "Help us! we are famishing!"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> Perhaps
+you take them nothing eatable, but you place on the edge of the cut
+orange, by which you sit, some money, demanding in return their
+"cartolini," or little papers.</p>
+
+<p>The barrel turns slowly round, then back again, and you find on the
+ledge, where you had laid your lire, a paper of "cartolini." These are
+very small, thin, light-printed slips, neatly folded in tiny packets,
+three to each packet, which, if you swallow in faith, will cure you of
+all disease. After your talk is ended, the barrel turns around once more
+and presents its face as of an immovable and impenetrable-looking
+barrier. One of the pretty traditions of Rome is, that each sister has
+her day, when she throws a flower over the convent wall as a sign to her
+watching friends that she is still alive. When she has been gathered to
+the majority, the flower is not thrown, and the veil has fallen forever.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>Harvard College and the Catholic Theory of Education.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Slowly, but with unmistakable certainty, the logic of the Catholic
+teaching regarding true education is forcing itself upon non-Catholic
+minds. Day by day some prominent Protestant comes boldly to the front
+and declares his belief that education must be based upon religion. One
+of the latest accessions to this correct theory is President Eliot, of
+Harvard College, who declared at a recent meeting of Boston
+schoolteachers that,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The great problem is that of combining religions with secular
+education. This was no problem sixty or seventy years ago, for
+then our people were homogeneous. Now, the population is
+heterogeneous. Religious teaching can best be combined with
+secular teaching and followed in countries of heterogeneous
+population, like Germany, Austria, France and Belgium, where
+the government pays for the instruction, and the religious
+teachers belonging to different denominations are admitted to
+the public schools at fixed times. That is the only way out of
+the difficulty.... I see, growing up on every side, parochial
+schools&mdash;that is, Catholic schools&mdash;which take large numbers of
+children out of the public schools of the city. That is a great
+misfortune, and the remedy is to admit religious instructors to
+teach these children in the public schools. This is what is
+done in Europe. And all those who are strongly interested in
+the successful maintenance of our public school system will
+urge the adoption of the method I have described for religious
+education."</p></div>
+
+<p>These are strong words, and coming from such a source cannot fail to
+have their legitimate result. The fearlessness and sincerity of
+President Eliot in thus stating his position on this most important
+subject merits the appreciation of every American, Catholic or
+Protestant.</p>
+
+<p>We add in connection with the above, the remarks of the <i>Christian
+Advocate</i>, a Protestant paper published at San Francisco, Cal.:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The course which the Roman Catholic Hierarchy, in this
+country, are taking in regard to the education of children is,
+from their standpoint, worthy of praise. They see that in order
+to keep their children under the rule of the Church, they must<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>
+keep them from the public schools, where they think Protestant
+influence predominates. Therefore they are providing for them
+in their parochial schools and academies at an extra expense
+that does credit to their zeal and devotion. Their plans are
+broad, deep and far-reaching, and they are a unit in the
+prosecution of them. They are loyal to their convictions,
+making everything subservient to the interests of their
+religion. Understanding, as they do, the importance of moulding
+character in the formative period, they look diligently after
+the religious culture of their children. In all this they are
+deserving of commendation, and Protestants may receive valuable
+hints from them of tenacity of grip and self-denying devotion
+to their faith."</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>An Affecting Incident at Sea.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Seldom have passengers by our great Atlantic steamers witnessed so
+solemn and impressive a scene as that at which it fell to the lot of the
+passengers in the outward voyage of the Inman liner, "City of Chester,"
+to assist. It appears that one of the passengers was a Mr. John Enright,
+a native of Kerry, who, having amassed a fortune in America, had gone to
+Ireland to take out with him to his home in St. Louis three young nieces
+who had recently become orphans. During the passage Mr. Enright died
+from an affection of the heart; and the three little orphans were left
+once more without a protector. Fortunately there were amongst the
+passengers the Rev. Father Tobin, of the Cathedral, St. Louis; the Rev.
+Father Henry, of the Church of St. Laurence O'Toole, St. Louis; and the
+Rev. Father Clarkson, of New York. Father Henry was the Celebrant of the
+Mass of Requiem; and Colonel Mapleson and his London Opera Company, who
+were also on board, volunteered their services for the choir. They
+chanted, with devotional effect, the <i>De Profundis</i> and the <i>Miserere</i>;
+and Madame Marie Roze sang, "Oh, rest in the Lord," from "Elijah." The
+bell of the ship was then tolled; and a procession was formed, headed by
+Captain Condron, of the "City of Chester." The coffin, which was
+enveloped in the American flag, was borne to the side of the ship, from
+which it was gently lowered into the sea. The passengers paid every
+attention to the orphans during the remainder of the voyage, at the
+termination of which they were forwarded to the residence of their late
+uncle in St. Louis.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>Sing, Sing for Christmas.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Sing, sing for Christmas! Welcome happy day!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For Christ is born our Saviour, to take our sins away;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sing, sing a joyful song, loud and clear to-day,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To praise our Lord and Saviour, who in the manger lay.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Sing, sing for Christmas! Echo, earth! and cry<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of worship, honor, glory, and praise to God on high;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sing, sing the joyful song; let it never cease;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of glory in the highest, on earth good-will to man.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Dead Man's Island.</h2>
+
+<h4>THE STORY OF AN IRISH COUNTRY TOWN.</h4>
+
+<h5>T. P. <span class="smcap">O'Connor</span>, M. P.</h5>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER XVII.</h3>
+
+<h4>THE DOOMED NATION.</h4>
+
+<p>A passion of anger and despair swept over Ireland when it was at last
+announced that Crowe had sold the pass. For some days the people were in
+the same dazed and helpless condition of mind that followed the potato
+blight of '46. In that terrible year one of the strange and most
+universally observed phenomena was that the people looked, for days
+after the advent of the blight that brought the certainty of hunger and
+death, silent and motionless and apathetic. And so it was now, when
+there came a blight, less quickly, but as surely, destructive of
+national life and hope. There was a dread presentiment that this was a
+blow from which the nation was not destined to recover for many a long
+day, and though they could not reason about it, the people had the
+instinctive feeling that the rule of the landlord was now fixed more
+tightly than ever, and that emancipation was postponed to a day beyond
+that of the present generation.</p>
+
+<p>The landlords appreciated the situation with the same instinctive
+readiness and perception. At once the pause which had come in the work
+of eviction was broken, the plague raged immediately with a fierceness
+that seemed to have gained more hellish energy and more devilish cruelty
+from its temporary abatement. The roads were thick with troops of people
+rushing wildly from their homes and fleeing from their native country as
+from a land cursed alike by God and by man. Mat Blake, passing along
+from Dublin to Ballybay, was almost driven to insanity by the sights he
+saw at the different sections along the way.</p>
+
+<p>Every station was besieged by vast crowds of the emigrants and their
+friends. There are few sights so touching as the sight of the parting of
+Irish families at a railway station. The ties of family are closer and
+more affectionate than anybody can appreciate who has not lived the life
+of an Irish home. The children grow up in a dependence on their parents
+that may well seem slavery to other peoples. The grown son is still the
+"boy" years after he has attained manhood's years, the daughter remains
+a little girl, whom her mother has the right to chide and direct and
+control in every action. Such ties beget helplessness as well as
+affection, and the Irish peasant still regards many things as worse than
+death, which, by peoples of less ardent religious faith, are regarded
+more philosophically.</p>
+
+<p>When Mat looked at the simple faces of those poor girls, at the
+bewildered look in the countenances of the young men, and thought of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>
+how ignorant and helpless these people were, he could understand the
+almost insane anguish of their parents as they saw them embark on an
+ocean so dark and tempestuous and remote as the crowded cities of
+America, and Mat could penetrate down into the minds of his people and
+see with the lightning flash of sympathy the dread spectre that tortured
+the minds, filled the eyes, and darkened the brows of the Irish parents.</p>
+
+<p>Station after station, it was always the same sight. The parting
+relatives were locked in each other's arms; they wept and cried aloud,
+and swayed in their grief.</p>
+
+<p>"Cheer up, father; God is good."</p>
+
+<p>"Ah, Paddie, my darlint, I'll never see ye agin."</p>
+
+<p>"Oh mother, dear, don't fret."</p>
+
+<p>"May God and His Blessed Mother in heaven protect my poor girl."</p>
+
+<p>Then more kisses through the carriage windows.</p>
+
+<p>The guards and porters frantically called upon the people to stand back;
+they clung on, careless of danger to life and limb; and as the black,
+hideous, relentless monster shot away they rushed along the line; they
+passed into the fields, and waved handkerchiefs, and shouted the names
+of the parting child or sister or brother; until at last the distance
+swallowed up the train and its occupants, and then they returned to
+homes from which forever afterwards the light had passed away.</p>
+
+<p>Such were the scenes which Mat saw, and when he got to Ballybay station
+there was that look on his face which to any keen observer would have
+revealed much in the Irish character and afforded the key to many
+startling episodes in Irish history. It was a look at once of infinite
+rage and infinite despair; it spoke of wrong&mdash;hated, gigantic, at once
+intolerable and insurmountable. One sees a similar impress in the faces
+of Irishmen in Massachusetts, though the climate of America has reduced
+the large, loose frame to the thin build of the new country, and has
+bleached the ruddy complexion of Ireland to a sickly white or an ugly
+yellow; it is the look one can detect in the faces of the men who dream
+of death in the midst of slain foes and wrecked palaces; it blazes in
+the eyes of Healy, as with sacrilegious hand he smites the venerable
+front of the mother of Parliaments.</p>
+
+<p>Mat had come to Ireland for the Easter recess; he had drawn out of the
+savings bank a few pounds of the money he had placed there for the
+furnishing of the house which he destined for Mary and Betty Cunningham.
+He longed to have a share in punishing the perjured traitor who had
+betrayed the country. The sights he had seen along the route satisfied
+him as to the temper of the people, and he entered Ballybay secure in
+the hope that if the traitor had been raised by the town to the
+opportunity of deceiving the people, he would be cast into the dust by
+the same hand.</p>
+
+<p>He had not been long in the town when he found that he had wholly
+misconceived its spirit. The one feeling that seemed to dominate all
+others, was that the acceptance by Crowe of office meant another
+election; and another election meant another shower of gold.</p>
+
+<p>In his father's house he found assembled his father and mother,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> and Tom
+Flaherty and Mary. They were discussing the election, of course, and
+this was how they discussed it.</p>
+
+<p>"I always thought Crowe was a smart fellow," said Fleming. "There's one
+thing certain; he'll have plenty of money now, and as I have always
+said, 'I'm a Protestant,'" and then Mat repeated his characteristic
+saying.</p>
+
+<p>"Do you mean to say," said Mat, with a face fierce with rage and
+surprise, "that you'd vote again for Crowe, after his treason?"</p>
+
+<p>"And why shouldn't he vote for him?" asked Mat's mother, in a voice
+almost as fierce as his own. "Isn't he a Government man, and doesn't
+every one know that the people who can do anything for themselves or
+anybody else in Ireland are Government men?"</p>
+
+<p>Mat, fond as he was of his mother, felt almost as if he could have
+killed her at that moment; he could not speak for a few minutes for
+rage. At last he almost shrieked, "If there was any decency in Ballybay
+Crowe would never leave the town alive."</p>
+
+<p>"Ah! the crachure!" said Tom Flaherty.</p>
+
+<p>"Ah! the crachure! Why shouldn't he look out for himself; shure, isn't
+that what we're all trying to do? God bless us."</p>
+
+<p>Mary glanced uneasily at Mat, but he refused to look at her; she seemed
+for a moment spoiled in his eyes by her kinship with this polluted and
+degraded creature. His father gave him a wistful glance, but said
+nothing. Whenever there was a tempest between his wife and his son he
+remained silent.</p>
+
+<p>And so this was how Ballybay regarded the great betrayal! Mat felt
+inclined to throw himself into the Shannon, and have done with life as
+quickly as he was losing hope and faith.</p>
+
+<p>He took a look once more at the bare and squalid streets and gloomy
+people; and then at the frowning castle and the passing regiment of the
+English garrison; and he despaired of his country.</p>
+
+<p>But he had come to help in the fight against Crowe; and after the
+involuntary tribute of this brief interval of despondency, he at once
+set to work. After many disappointments he found a few men who shared
+his views of the situation, and a committee was formed to go out and ask
+Captain Ponsonby to stand once more; for though Mat hated the politics
+of Ponsonby, he thought any stick was good enough to beat the foul
+traitor with. Captain Ponsonby consented, and so the contest was
+started. The <i>Nation</i> newspaper sent down several of its staff; the old
+Tenant Right Party held meetings, asked that Ballybay should do its
+duty, and save the whole country from the awful calamity of triumphant
+treason. Everything was thus arranged for a struggle with Crowe that
+would test all his powers, backed though he was by the money and the
+influence of the Government.</p>
+
+<p>Mat's speeches, the articles in the newspapers, and the vigorous efforts
+of the few honest men in the town, had at last roused Ballybay until it
+began to share some of the profound horror and indignation which the
+action of Crowe had provoked throughout the country generally. There was
+but one more thing necessary, and the defeat of Crowe was certain; if
+the bishop joined in the opposition, there was no possibility of his
+winning.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>All Ireland waited in painful tension to see what the verdict of the
+bishop would be. Mat heard it before anybody else, for a young curate
+who lived in the College House with the bishop, and was a fierce
+Nationalist, gave Mat a daily bulletin; the bishop resolved to support
+the Solicitor-General.</p>
+
+<p>At first nobody would believe the tale; but the next day it was put
+beyond all doubt, and Mat was almost suffocated by his own wrath as he
+saw the "Seraph," with his divine face, arm in arm with the perjured
+ruffian that had brought sorrow to so many thousands of homes.</p>
+
+<p>Mat fought on, but it was no longer with any strong hope of winning. His
+face grew darker every day, and the lines became drawn about his eyes,
+for there was another struggle going on in his mind at this moment, as
+well as the political contest in which he was engaged.</p>
+
+<p>The reader may remember the monitor of the school in which Mat was a
+pupil when the eviction of the widow Cunningham took place. The monitor
+was now the teacher of the National School, and Mat and he had begun to
+have many colloquies.</p>
+
+<p>Michael Reed was regarded as a very sardonic and disagreeable person by
+most of the people of Ballybay. His hatchet face seemed appropriate to a
+man who never seemed to agree with the opinion of anybody else, who
+sneered, it was thought, all round, who laughed when other people wept,
+and who derided the moments of exultant hope. He had always been among
+those who hated and distrusted Crowe, and Mat, who was intolerant
+himself, rather avoided him, while he still had faith in the traitor.
+But the wreck of all his illusions sent him repentant to Reed, and they
+had many conversations, in which Mat found himself listening willingly
+and after a while even greedily, to ideas that a short time before he
+would have been himself the first to denounce as folly and madness.</p>
+
+<p>The idea of Reed was that the only way to work out the freedom of
+Ireland was by force of arms. Mat at first was inclined to laugh at the
+idea; but an impressionable and vehement nature such as his was ill
+calculated to cope for a lengthened time with a nature precise, cold,
+and stubborn like that of Reed. Strength of will and tenacity of opinion
+make their way against better judgment, especially if there can be no
+doubt of the sincerity of the man of such a temper, and the rigid eye,
+the proud air, and the whole attitude of Reed spoke, and spoke truly, of
+a life of absolute purity, and of a fanaticism of Spartan endurance.</p>
+
+<p>There was one consequence of the acceptance of the ideas of Reed, and
+from this, with all his devotion and rage and sorrow for the pitiable
+condition of his country, Mat still shrank. A revolutionary could not
+marry or be engaged to marry; for what man had the right to tie to his
+dark and uncertain fate the life of a woman&mdash;perhaps of children?</p>
+
+<p>The defeat of Crowe would once more restore faith to the people in
+constitutional resources, and would save them from the cynicism and
+apathy which might require a revolutionary movement to rouse them once
+more to hope and action. And thus in fighting against Crowe,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> Mat now
+felt as if he were fighting not merely for his country, but for his own
+dear life.</p>
+
+<p>Then if Crowe were defeated, Mat could return to his work in London, and
+resume his efforts in carrying out the sacred purpose of raising his
+father and mother from poverty; for of marriage he could not think
+unless he were in a position to help his father and mother more than he
+had done hitherto. If he ever dared to think of marriage otherwise,
+there came before him the gaunt image of his mother pointing to her
+faded and ragged workbox with its awful pawn-tickets and bank bills.</p>
+
+<p>It was while he was in the midst of this fierce and agonizing struggle
+that Mat was called hurriedly one day to the house of Mary, by the news
+that Mrs. Flaherty had been taken very ill, and was supposed to be
+dying.</p>
+
+<p>Mat came to the house, endeared to him by so many memories and hopes,
+trembling, and with a cold feeling about his heart. Why was it that he
+started back with a pang when he saw Cosgrave in the house before him?
+Why at that moment did there rush again over his whole soul that awful
+image which swept over him before? Why in imagination did he stand at
+night on a wild heath, shivering and alone?</p>
+
+<p>"What brought Cosgrave here?" he asked of Mary sharply.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh!" said Mary, "he came to tell us that he had been made a J. P."</p>
+
+<p>"So he has attained his pitiful ambition," said Mat sharply. "It's
+through sneaks like him that scoundrels like Crowe are able to betray
+the country."</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, never mind the low creature," said Mary, with a look of infinite
+contempt, that Mat was surprised to find very soothing.</p>
+
+<p>He went up stairs. A look at the face of Mrs. Flaherty showed him at
+once that the alarm was not a false one&mdash;she was evidently dying.</p>
+
+<p>There was the old look of patient affection in her tender face, and
+there was another look, too, which Mat could not misunderstand. It was a
+look of wistful appeal, half-uttered question, of a fond but tremulous
+hope.</p>
+
+<p>And it added to the misery of that dark hour that Mat could say nothing,
+and that he had to let that true and deeply-loved soul pass out of life
+with its greatest fear unsatisfied, and its brightest hope unassured.
+For Mat could not utter a decisive word.</p>
+
+<p>Between him and the speech there stood two shadows, potent, dark, and
+resistless&mdash;his mother pointing to her workbox, and Reed pointing to a
+revolver.</p>
+
+<p>Mary stood beside the bed tearless.</p>
+
+<p>"Doesn't Mary bear up well?" said Mat in surprise to her blubbering
+father.</p>
+
+<p>"Mary doesn't cry," said her father; "she frets," and in these words Mat
+thought the whole character of the girl was summed up.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Flaherty died on Thursday; the polling was on the following day.
+Mat was still under the impression of the dark and painful scene when
+the new excitement came. He hoped against hope to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> last, went about
+the town like one insane, and spoke in his passion of country even to
+O'Flynn, the pawn-broker, and of honor to Mat Fleming, and then waited
+at the closing hour to hear the result. The result was:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Crowe</td><td align='left'>125</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ponsonby</td><td align='left'>112</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>Mat turned pale, and almost fell, his head swam, his heart seemed for a
+moment to have stopped. He would not yet acknowledge it in so many
+words; but the sentence still kept ringing in his ears, "Thy doom is
+sealed, thy doom is sealed."</p>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER XVIII.</h3>
+
+<h4>THE STORY OF BETTY CUNNINGHAM.</h4>
+
+<p>The disaster which swept over all Ireland through the final success of
+the treachery of Crowe raged soon after in Ballybay. The town had been
+reduced by successive misfortunes to a condition so abject that one
+calamity was sufficient to completely submerge the greater portion of
+its inhabitants. Mr. Anthony Cosgrave, J. P., signalized the event by
+driving out the few tenants who still remained on the properties he had
+bought. He turned all his land into pasture, for this was the prosperous
+era of the graziers, and cattle were rapidly transformed into gold.
+Other landlords pursued similar courses, and within a couple of years,
+ten thousand people had been swept from the neighborhood around.</p>
+
+<p>The calamity reached down to the very lowest stratum, and touched depths
+so profound as the fortunes of the widow Cunningham and her daughter
+Betty.</p>
+
+<p>It had now become habitual for the widow and her daughter to remain for
+a couple of days with barely any food. One night they were sitting
+opposite each other on the bare floor of the railway arch in which they
+had for several years found refuge, staring at each other with the
+blank, wild gaze of hunger. There was a terrible pang at the heart of
+the mother on this night of nights. Throughout all her long years of
+struggle two great thoughts still remained burning in her soul, and in
+spite of poverty and hunger that soul still remained afire. One was
+vengeance on Cosgrave for the long train of woes through which she
+herself had passed, and the other was the protection of her child.</p>
+
+<p>With that profound reverence for female honor which is still one of the
+best characteristics of the Irish poor, she had seen the growth of her
+beautiful daughter with a love mixed with terror, and guarded her child
+as the tigress watches by her lair. Her own life had long since ceased
+to be dear to her. She walked for hours through the streets, she pleaded
+for custom, she smiled under insult, she bore rain and hail and snow, in
+hope of the fulfilment of this great passionate purpose&mdash;to keep her
+daughter pure.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The misery of the last six months had been aggravated by the dread,
+growing in intensity with every hour, that all this endurance would be
+in vain, that behind the wolf of hunger there stalked the more cruel
+wolf of lust, and that her daughter was doomed. On this subject not a
+word passed between the two women, for the delicacy of feeling which
+marks even the humblest grade of Irish life sealed their lips; but the
+dread was always there in the mother's heart, pursuing her as a
+nightmare through the long watches of the darkness, and haunting her
+every moment as wearily she carried her basket through the streets in
+the day.</p>
+
+<p>"Buy a few apples, yer honor, for God's sake," she often said to a
+passer-by, in a tone that might have struck one as menacing, or at least
+as entirely disproportionate to the urgency of the appeal; but in every
+such prayer for pence the mother felt that she was crying for her child,
+and her child's soul, and her accents came from the very anguish of her
+mother's heart.</p>
+
+<p>On this night&mdash;it was about a month after the election of Crowe&mdash;the two
+sat together, buried in their own sad thoughts. They were suddenly
+aroused by the floor becoming inundated, and at once knew what to
+expect. The Shannon periodically rose above its banks outside Ballybay,
+and then its waters overspread the "Big Meadows," and the railway arch
+underneath which the widow and her daughter had taken refuge was, as
+will be remembered, close to these Meadows.</p>
+
+<p>They rose and rushed from the spot. They were now absolutely homeless,
+without even a place on which to lay their heads. They went further on
+to another railway arch, and at last slept. When the mother awoke in the
+morning she was alone.</p>
+
+<p>At this period a Ballybay landlord, afterwards destined to figure
+largely in the social life of Ireland, had just come of age. Thomas
+McNaghten was perhaps the handsomest Irishman of his day; tall,
+broad-shouldered, muscular. He had a physique as splendid as that of the
+race of peasants from whom his father sprang; while from the gentler
+race of his mother he derived features of exquisite delicacy and the
+complexion of a lily-like pink and white. He afterwards ran a career of
+mad dissipation that made his name a by-word even among the reckless and
+debauched class to which he belonged, and died a paralytic before he was
+forty. But at the period of our story, he was still in the full strength
+and the first flush of manhood. He had cast his eyes on Betty
+Cunningham, and had held out to her bribes that seemed to unfold to the
+girl visions of untold wealth. The innate purity of the maiden had
+hitherto been proof against the direct influences of poverty and
+wretchedness and the advances of her tempter. But at last the combined
+intensities of hunger and despair became his allies.</p>
+
+<p>Three weeks after her desertion of her mother Betty Cunningham was drunk
+in one of the public-houses, which were frequented by the soldiers
+quartered in Ballybay. The fatal progress of the Irish girl who has
+fallen is more rapid than in any other country. Society, always cruel to
+its hapless victims and its outcasts, in Ireland is fanatically and
+barbarously savage. Betty was driven out from every house! People<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>
+shuddered as she passed. She lay under hedges, her bed was often in the
+snow. To Ballybay she was as much an object of loathing and of horror as
+though she were some wild beast that men might lawfully destroy.</p>
+
+<p>The girl herself had no compensation for all this dread outlawry. The
+Traviatas of other lands are painted for us in gilded saloons, with
+costly wines in golden goblets, and noble lovers sighing for their
+smiles. But Betty, outcast, hungry, and houseless, had not one second's
+enjoyment of life. The faith in which she had been trained still held
+its grip upon her, and neither vice nor drink nor human cruelty could
+relax its grasp. She was a sinner against Heaven's most sacred law; and
+after brief life came death, and after death eternal torment. Pursued by
+this ever-present spectre she drank and drank, and awoke more wretched
+than ever, and then she drank again.</p>
+
+<p>She would sometimes seek refuge from her burning shame and from her
+tortured soul in fierce revolt. She rolled in mad delirium through the
+streets, yelled the blasphemies in the shuddering ears of Ballybay,
+fought the police who came to arrest her, developed, in short, into a
+raging demon. Her face became bloated, her expression horrible to
+witness. One day, as she passed through the streets in one of these
+frenzies, she met Mat Blake. She shivered in every limb, and a pang, as
+from the thrust of a dagger, passed through her heart. But she attempted
+all the more to steel her nerves, and to harden her face. She raised her
+eyes and glared, but the eyes fell, and she slunk away.</p>
+
+<p>And thus it was that Mat saw, for the first time since his return to
+Ballybay, the gentle, timid, lovely girl who had once willingly stood
+between him and death.</p>
+
+<p>A few minutes afterwards, Betty's mother appeared. Her features bore the
+traces of the deepest grief that had yet assailed her. All pride had
+gone from that once imperious face; she was a stooped, shame-faced, old
+woman. As Mat looked at her there rushed before his memory the many
+momentous hours of his life with which that face was bound up, his days
+of childhood in her prosperous home, his association with her daughter,
+and the glad hours during the first election of Crowe, when life was
+still full of glorious hope, and she had dashed the glad vision with the
+first breath of suspicion and anticipated evil.</p>
+
+<p>They looked at each other silently for a moment, and then she shook her
+head, and with a look of infinite grief in her eyes, said to him&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Ah, Master Mat, it was the hunger did it; it was the hunger did it."</p>
+
+<p>By a trick of memory Mat recollected that these were the words he had
+heard on that day, long ago, when Betty had rescued Mary and himself
+from the enraged bull.</p>
+
+<p>One thing Mat had noticed as Betty Cunningham had passed; it was that
+amid the wreck of her beauty one feature still remained as strangely
+witching as ever. The soft eyes had not lost their delicacy of hue, nor
+had the evil passions of her soul deprived them of their gentle look.
+Those who mentioned her, and she was not an uncommon topic among the men
+of the town, still spoke of Betty's beautiful eyes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>At last there came a temporary change in her fate. A branch of the Mary
+Magdalene Asylum was established in Ballybay for the rescue of fallen
+women, and she was one of the first to enter. But her temper, spoiled by
+excesses and disappointment, fretted under the restraint. She quarrelled
+with the nuns, and one night she fled. Then the revival in all its
+fierce vigilance of the old spectre of eternal punishment made her more
+infuriate than ever. She drank more deeply, cursed more fiercely, was
+oftener in the police-cell, and Ballybay loathed her more than ever.</p>
+
+<p>One morning&mdash;it was a Christmas morning&mdash;Mat was walking with his father
+in the "Big Meadows." Snow had fallen heavily the night before; and as
+they passed a bush, they saw the impress of a woman's form; it was
+evident that an unhappy being had there spent her Christmas Eve.</p>
+
+<p>"My God!" said Mat, "a woman has slept there."</p>
+
+<p>Mat's father was the kindest and most humane being in all the world, but
+"Serve the wretch right!" was his comment.</p>
+
+<p>Her story wound up in a tragic climax. One night she made more violent
+resistance than ever to the attempts of the police to arrest her, and
+when she was at last captured, she was torn and bleeding. They put her
+into a cell by herself; she could be heard pacing up and down with the
+infuriate step of a caged tiger. The policeman on duty afterwards told
+how he had heard her muttering to herself, and that he thought he caught
+the words, "These eyes! These eyes! They have undone me! They have
+undone me!" Soon afterwards he heard a wild, unearthly shriek that froze
+his blood. He rushed into the cell, and there, horrible, bleeding....
+But I dare not describe the sight.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Betty Cunningham was taken once more into the Mary Magdalene Asylum. Her
+voice was trained, and after some years she sang in the choir. A strong
+hush always came over the chapel when her voice was heard. People still
+told in whispers the terrible story of the blind lay sister; and Mat,
+sitting in the chapel years afterwards, was carried over the whole
+history of her career and his own and that of Ballybay generally as he
+listened to her rich contralto singing second to the rest. He had always
+thought that there was something wondrously pathetic, at least in sacred
+music, in the voice that sings seconds, and the impression was confirmed
+as he listened to the blind girl's accompaniment to the other voices;
+low when they were loud, sad when they were triumphant, following
+painfully their quicker steps with that ever plaintive protest and soft
+wail&mdash;fit image of life, where our highest joys are dogged by sorrow's
+quick and inevitable step.</p>
+
+<h4>Conclusion next month.</h4>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charity</span>'s mantle is often made of gauze.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Alone.</h2>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Canst thou watch one hour with me?"<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">How long since fell these words from Thee?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Before Thy blood-wept vigil in dark Gethsemane,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">How many since to Thee have bent the knee?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And yet too few, for here, O Lord! art Thou;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Deserted? No! for angels crowding to Thee bring<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sweet, holy homage to their God, their King.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While&mdash;as Thy chosen ones forgetful slumbered&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thy people passeth on the road unnumbered,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With never a thought of Thee, O God, beside.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Tis well, O Lord! 'tis well for human kind,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thy love is ever wondrous, great and wide,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thy heart with golden mercies ever glowing,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thy reaping not always Thy people's sowing.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i16"><span class="smcap">Desmond.</span><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>A Midnight Mass.</h2>
+
+<h4>From the French of Abel d'Avrecourt, by Th. Xr. K.</h4>
+
+
+<p>In the height of the Reign of Terror, my grandmother, then a young girl,
+was living in the Faubourg Saint-Germain. There was a void around her
+and her mother; their friends, their relatives, the head of the family
+himself, had left France. Mansions were left desolate or else were
+invaded by new owners. They themselves had abandoned their rich
+dwellings for a plain lodging-house, where they lived waiting for better
+times, carefully hiding their names, which might have compromised them
+in those days. The churches, diverted from their purpose, were used as
+shops or manufactories. All outward practice of religion had ceased.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless back of a sabot-maker's shop in the Rue Saint-Dominique, an
+old priest who had taken up his father's humble trade, used to gather
+some of the faithful together for prayer; but precaution had to be
+observed, for the hunt was close, and the humble temple was exactly next
+door to the dwelling of one of the members of the revolutionary
+government, who was an implacable enemy of religion.</p>
+
+<p>It was then a cold December night; midnight Mass was being celebrated in
+honor of the festival of Christmas. The shop was carefully closed, while
+the incense was smoking in the little room back of it. A huge chest of
+drawers on which a clean, white cloth had been spread, served as altar.
+The priestly ornaments had been taken from their hiding-place, and the
+little assembly, composed of women and a few men, was in pious
+recollection, when a knock at the door, like that of the faithful,
+attracted attention.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>One of the worshippers opened the door; a man hesitatingly entered. The
+face was one to which all were unaccustomed in that place. To some,
+alas! it was a face too well known; it was that of the man who had in
+the public councils shown himself so bitter against gatherings of the
+faithful, and whose presence, for that reason, was more than ever to be
+dreaded at such a moment.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless the majesty of the sacrifice was not disturbed, but fear
+had seized on all the attendants; did not each of them have reason to
+fear for himself, for his family, and for the good old pastor, in even
+greater danger than his flock?</p>
+
+<p>With severe, but calm, cold air, the member of the convention remained
+standing until the end of Mass and communion, and the farther the
+ceremony progressed, the more agitated were all hearts in the
+expectation of an event which could not but too well be foreseen.</p>
+
+<p>When all was over, in fact, when the lights were hardly extinguished,
+the congregation cautiously slipped out one by one; then the stranger
+approached the priest who had recognized him, but who remained stoically
+calm. "Citizen priest," he said, "I have something to say to thee."</p>
+
+<p>"Speak, my brother; how can I be of service to you?"</p>
+
+<p>"It's a favor I must ask of thee, and I feel how ridiculous I am. The
+red is coming up into my face and I daren't say any more."</p>
+
+<p>"My bearing and my ministry nevertheless are not of the kind to disturb
+you, and if any feeling of piety leads you to me&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"Eh? That's exactly what it isn't. I don't know anything about religion;
+I don't want to know anything about it; I belong to those who have
+helped to destroy yours; but, for my misfortune, I have a daughter&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"I don't see any misfortune in that," the priest interrupted.</p>
+
+<p>"Wait, citizen, thou shalt see. We people, men of principles, we are the
+victims of our children; inflexible towards all in the maintenance of
+the ideas which we have formed for ourselves, we hesitate and we became
+children before the prayers and the tears of our children. I have then a
+daughter whom I have reared to be an honest woman and a true citizeness.
+I thought I had formed her to my image, and here I was grossly deceived.</p>
+
+<p>"A solemn moment is approaching for her. With the new year, she marries
+a good young fellow, whom I myself selected for her husband. Everything
+was going right; the two children loved each other,&mdash;at least I thought
+so,&mdash;and everything was ready for the ceremony at the commune, when,
+this evening, my daughter threw herself at my feet, begging me to
+postpone her marriage.</p>
+
+<p>"Surprised at first, I lifted her to her feet.</p>
+
+<p>"'What! you don't love your intended?' I asked her.</p>
+
+<p>"'Yes, father,' she replied, 'but I don't want to get married yet.'</p>
+
+<p>"Pressed with questions on this strange caprice, she finally confessed
+her girlish idea. She wanted to wait, hoping that a day would come when
+she could get married, and have her union blessed in the church. My
+first burst of anger having passed, I cannot tell you all the fine
+reasons she gave me to obtain from me a thing so contrary to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> my rule of
+conduct. The marriage of her dead mother had been performed in the
+church; her memory required that pious action; she would not think
+herself married if it was not at the foot of the altar; she would prefer
+to remain single the rest of her days.</p>
+
+<p>"She said so much, mingling her entreaties and tears with it all, that
+she vanquished me. She even showed me the retreat which a few days ago I
+would not have discovered with impunity to you all. I have come to seek
+thee out, and now I ask thee: Thou hast before thee thy persecutor: wilt
+thou bless according to thy rite, the marriage of his daughter?"</p>
+
+<p>The worthy priest replied:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"My ministry knows neither rancor nor exclusion; I am glad, besides, for
+what you ask of me; only one thing grieves me, and that is that the
+father should be hostile to his daughter's design."</p>
+
+<p>"Thou mistakest: I understand all sentiments. That of a girl who wants
+to be married as her mother was, seems to me to be deserving of respect,
+and just now, I saw, there is something touching which I cannot explain
+in your ceremonies, and it has made me better understand her thought."</p>
+
+<p>A few days later the same back shop contained a few intimate and
+conciliating friends who were attending a wedding. We need not say that
+from that day, whether through change of principles or through
+gratitude, the member of the revolutionary government was secretly the
+protector of the little church which could live on in peace, unknown to
+its persecutors.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>The Hero of Lepanto.</h2>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Part</span> II.</h4>
+
+<p>"Every nation," it has been said, "makes most account of its own, and
+cares little for the heroes of other nations. Don John of Austria, as
+defender of Christendom, was the hero of all nations." He was the hero
+of "the battle of Lepanto which," as Alison remarks, "arrested forever
+the danger of Mahometan invasion in the south of Europe." As De Bonald
+adds, it was from that battle, that the decline of the Turkish power
+dates. "It cost the Turks more than the mere loss of ships and of men;
+they lost that moral force which is the mainstay of conquering nations."</p>
+
+<p>It is not necessary in this sketch of the life of Don John, to enter
+into any details about the tedious negotiations which preceded the
+coalition of the naval forces of Spain, Venice, and the Pope. Suffice it
+to say, that repulsed from Malta by the heroism of the Knights of St.
+John, the Turks next turned their naval armaments against Cyprus, then
+held by the Venetians. Menaced in one of her most valuable possessions,
+the Republic of Venice, too long the half-hearted foe of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> Turks,
+turned in her distress, for help to the Vatican and to the Escorial. St.
+Pius V. sat in the See of Peter. He turned no deaf ear to an appeal that
+seemed likely to bring about what the Roman Pontiffs had long desired&mdash;a
+new crusade against the Turks. Philip the Second, ever wary, ever
+dilatory, more able than the Pope to assist Venice, was less ready to do
+so. Spain would willingly have done what she could to destroy the
+Turkish power, but her monarch was not sorry to humble Venice, even to
+the profit of the infidel. So diplomatic delays and underhand intrigues
+delayed the relief of Cyprus, and the standard of the Sultan soon was
+hoisted over the walls of Famagusta&mdash;to remain there until replaced in
+our times&mdash;thanks to the wisdom of a great statesman&mdash;by the "meteor
+flag of England."</p>
+
+<p>The terror caused by the fall of Cyprus, brought about after many
+negotiations, a league between the Republic, the Papacy, and the Spanish
+monarchy. A mighty naval armament was to be gathered together, and its
+commander was to be Don John of Austria. His success in subduing the
+Moriscoes naturally designated him, in spite of his extreme youth, for
+this high command. His operations, indeed, had been so far chiefly on
+land, but in the sixteenth century, a man might one day command a
+squadron of cavalry and on the next, a squadron of galleys. General and
+admiral were convertible terms. There was, indeed, some division of
+labor. Sailors navigated and soldiers fought the ship. And, as there is
+more resemblance between the row-galleys of Don John's epoch and the
+steam driven vessels of our times than there is between these and the
+ships which Nelson and Collingwood led to victory, perhaps we shall
+return to the old state of things and again send our soldiers to sea!</p>
+
+<p>To return, however, to our hero, who has meanwhile subdued the Moriscoes
+and returned to Madrid before setting out to take command of the great
+fleet at Messina. One, however, there was who did not return with the
+Prince to Madrid, one who was no longer to be his "guide, philosopher,
+and friend." The faithful Quijada had been struck by a musket-ball in a
+fight at Seron, in which Don John himself, in rallying his troops, had a
+narrow escape. After a week of suffering, the brave knight expired in
+the arms of his foster-son, February 24, 1570. "We may piously trust,"
+says the chronicler,<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> "that the soul of Don Luis rose up to heaven
+with the sweet incense which burned on the altars of St. Jerome at
+Caniles; for he spent his life, and finally lost it, in fighting like a
+valiant soldier of the faith."</p>
+
+<p>Before relating the episodes of the great victory of Lepanto, it will
+not be inopportune to glance at one of the great evils, that of slavery,
+which the Turkish power entailed on so many thousands of Christians.
+Nowadays, thousands of travellers pass freely, to and fro, from the
+Straits of Gibraltar to the Suez Canal, and from one part of the
+Mediterranean to another. Our markets are supplied with fruits and
+vegetables from Algiers. Our Sovereign has no fears, except as to
+sanitary arrangements, when she sojourns on the northern shores of the
+Mediterranean. A cruise in an unarmed yacht on its waters is the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>
+pleasantest of pastimes. It is, therefore, hard for us to conceive what
+three centuries, nay, even three generations since, were the fears of
+those who dwelt along the coast of Southern France, of Spain, and of
+Italy, or, who, as pilgrims, merchants, or sailors navigated the blue
+waters of the inland sea. Every year, even after the battle of Lepanto,
+and still more before it, the corsairs of the northern coasts of Africa
+scoured the Mediterranean and carried into captivity hundreds of
+Christians, of all ages, nations, and of both sexes, from vessels they
+encountered or from villages along the shores of France, Italy, or
+Spain. Hence it is, that to this day, those shores are studded with the
+ruins of castles and forts, erected as defences against those corsairs.
+So great was, however, their boldness that even as late as the
+seventeenth century, Algerian pirates ventured as far as "the chops of
+the Channel."</p>
+
+<p>When we read the annals of those religious orders devoted to the
+redemption of captives, we can more fully realize the terrible extent to
+which the Christian slave trade was carried by the infidels. As
+Englishmen, we do well to cherish the memory of Wilberforce. As
+Catholics we should not forget the religious men who risked all,
+slavery, disease, and death, to rescue Christians from the chains of
+slavery. Let us recall to mind a few facts about them. One single house
+of the Trinitarians, that of Toledo, during the first four centuries of
+its existence, ransomed one hundred and twenty-four thousand Christian
+slaves. The Order of Mercy, during a similar period, procured freedom
+for nearly five hundred thousand slaves. As to the number of slaves in
+captivity at one time, it may be mentioned that Charles the Fifth
+released thirty thousand by his expedition against Tunis, and about half
+as many were set free by the battle of Lepanto. It was estimated that in
+the Regency of Algiers, there was an average of thirty thousand slaves
+detained there. As late as 1767, in Algiers itself, there were two
+thousand Christians in chains. Of such slaves many were women, many mere
+boys and girls. And as late as 1816, Lord Exmouth, after the bombardment
+of Algiers, set many Christian slaves free. It is, as we said, hard to
+realize that in times almost within the memory of living men, Christians
+toiled in chains for the infidel, in the way some may have seen depicted
+by pictures in the Louvre. Similar pictures are kept in the old church
+of St. Giles, at Bruges, where a confraternity existed for the
+redemption of captives. This association is still represented in the
+parochial processions, by a group of children. Some are dressed as
+white-robed Trinitarians, leading those they have redeemed from slavery.
+Others are gorgeously attired as Turkish slave owners; others represent
+Turkish guards, leading Christian slaves, coarsely garbed and bound with
+chains. Happily Lepanto made such sights as these the processions of
+Bruges commemorate, of less frequent occurrence, until at length they
+have been relegated to pageantry, and the once powerful Turk is simply
+suffered to linger on European soil, because the jealousies of Christian
+nations will not allow of his expulsion.</p>
+
+<p>Salamis, Actium, Lepanto and Trafalgar are the four greatest naval
+battles of history and of these Lepanto was perhaps the greatest.
+Salamis turned back the invasion of the East; Actium created the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> Roman
+empire; Trafalgar was the first heavy blow dealt against a despotism
+that threatened to strangle Europe. Lepanto, however, saved Europe from
+a worse fate&mdash;the domination of the Turk. The name of this great victory
+is derived from the picturesque town, with its medi&aelig;val defences still
+left, of Naupaktos which the modern Greek designates as Epokte, and the
+Italian as Lepanto. The engagement, however, was in reality fought at
+the entrance of the Gulf of Patras, ten leagues westward from the town.</p>
+
+<p>The facts of the fight of the seventh of October&mdash;a Sunday&mdash;of the year
+1571, are so well-known, that we need merely recall to the memory of our
+readers the leading features of the contest. Spain, Venice, Genoa,
+Malta, and the Papal States were represented there, but "the meteor flag
+of England" was not unfurled in sight of the Turkish, nor were the
+fleurs-de-lys to be seen on the standards that gaily floated from the
+mast-heads of the great Christian armada. England, alas! was in the
+clutches of a wretched woman, and France was on the eve of a St.
+Bartholomew's Massacre, and for all that France and England cared, at
+that time, Europe might have become Mahommedan.</p>
+
+<p>Don John led the centre of the long line&mdash;three miles in length&mdash;of
+galleys, while on his right, Doria the great Genoese admiral, from whose
+masts waved the cross of St. George; and on the left, the brave
+Barbarigo, the Venetian, his flank protected by the coast commanded.
+Against the wind, the sun shooting its bright rays against the ships,
+the Turkish fleet, in half-moon formation, two hundred and fifty great
+galleys and many smaller craft, carrying one hundred and twenty thousand
+men, slowly advanced "in battle's magnificently stern array." The brave
+Ali Pacha led the van.</p>
+
+<p>As the hostile fleets met, the two admirals exchanged shots. At noon,
+the Christians, among whom was one of the greatest soldiers and one of
+the ablest authors of that age&mdash;Farnese and Cervantes&mdash;knelt to receive
+absolution from their chaplains, and then rose up to fight. In many a
+quiet village away in the Appenines, or in the Sierras of more distant
+Spain, the Angelus was ringing, and many a heartfelt prayer was aiding
+the Christian cause, then a wild cry arose from the Moslem fleet and
+"from mouth to mouth" of the cannon the "volley'd thunder flew." The
+combat deepened and became hand to hand. The two admirals ships grappled
+together in a deadly struggle. Don John, foremost in the fray, was
+slightly wounded. At a third attempt, Ali Pacha's galley was boarded,
+captured, himself slain, and the Standard of the Cross replaced the
+Crescent. Victory! Victory! was the cry from one Christian ship to
+another. In less than four hours, the Turkish ships were scattered,
+sunk, or burning, until darkness and storm drove Don John to seek
+shelter in port, and hid the wreckage with which man had strewn the sea.
+The Christian loss was eight thousand, the Turkish four or five times
+greater. Don John hastened to console and comfort his wounded. Did he
+not, perchance, visit, on his bed of suffering, the immortal Cervantes?
+After the wounded, he turned to his prisoners, whom he treated with a
+generosity to which the sixteenth century was little accustomed.</p>
+
+<p>One there was, let us not forget it, who not bodily present, had a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>
+lion's share in the victory. A second Moses, with uplifted hands, St.
+Pius V., had prayed God and Our Lady, to aid Don John's arms. "The night
+before the battle, and the day itself, aged as he was, and broken with
+disease, the Saint had passed in the Vatican in fasting and prayer. All
+through the Holy City the monasteries and the colleges were in prayer
+too. As the evening advanced, the Pontifical treasurer asked an audience
+of the Sovereign Pontiff on an important matter. Pius was in his
+bedroom, and began to converse with him; when suddenly he stopped the
+conversation, left him, threw open the window, and gazed up into heaven.
+Then closing it again, he looked gravely at his official, and said,
+"This is no time for business; go, return thanks to the Lord God. In
+this very hour our fleet has engaged the Turkish, and is victorious." As
+the treasurer went out, he saw him fall on his knees before the altar in
+thankfulness and joy."</p>
+
+<p>The great writer, from whom we have taken the above account of St. Pius
+the Fifth's supernatural knowledge of the victory, remarks "that the
+victories gained over the Turks since are but the complements and the
+reverberations of the overthrow at Lepanto."</p>
+
+<p>Here we may take leave of the hero of Lepanto, leaving him in the midst
+of his glory, receiving the thanks of Christendom, from the lips of a
+Saint&mdash;its Supreme Pontiff. We need not follow Don John of Austria on
+his expedition against Tunis&mdash;a barren conquest his too imaginative mind
+dreamed of converting into a great African empire. Nor need we follow
+him when he goes, disguised as a Moorish page, accompanied by a single
+cavalier, to undertake the bootless task of pacifying the revolted
+Netherlands. The incidents and intrigues of this task rather belong to
+the history of the Low Countries than to the story of our hero. In the
+midst of them, worn out by too ardent a spirit, or stricken by an
+epidemic, Don John expired, in his camp near Namur, at the early age of
+thirty-two, on October 1, 1578. The task of saving a part of the
+revolted provinces to the Spanish crown, he left to the strong arm and
+genius of his cousin Alexander Farnese.</p>
+
+<p>Don John's desire was to be buried beside his father in Spain. His body,
+says Strada, was dismembered and secretly carried across France, onwards
+to Madrid, where it was, as it were, reconstructed and decked with armor
+to be shown to Philip, who might well weep at such ghastly display. The
+heart of the hero is kept, to this day, behind the high altar of the
+Cathedral of Namur.</p>
+
+<p>Generous, high-spirited, courageous, he was a true knight-errant, the
+"last Crusader whom the annals of chivalry were to know; the man who had
+humbled the crescent as it had not been humbled since the days of the
+Tancreds, the Baldwins, the Plantagenets." Endowed with a brilliant
+imagination, he dreamed of founding an African empire, and it faded away
+as the mirage of some oasis amid the deserts of the dark continent. With
+his sword, he thought to free, some day, Mary Queen of Scots, from her
+prison, and to place her on the throne held by Elizabeth. But the object
+of his ravings died on the scaffold, while he himself passed away,
+leaving behind him little more for history to record than that he was
+the brilliant young soldier&mdash;the Hero of Lepanto.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+W. C. R. in <i>Catholic Progress</i>.
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Hita, "Guerras de Granada," quoted by Prescott, "Philip"
+II., III., 133.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p>
+<h2>The Church and Progress.</h2>
+
+
+<p>One of the favorite mottoes of revolutionists consists in the formula,
+"The Catholic Church is opposed to the progress of the age;" and the
+general tone of the day's literature, apt in adopting popular cries,
+criticises the Church as the arch-opponent of every effort of the human
+intellect. The foundation of this charge may be broadly rested on two
+counts, radically differing in their nature, and which I may be allowed
+to state thus: First, there is a large class nowadays, and this genus is
+always especially rampant and noisy, that uses the current shibboleths,
+"Civilization," "Liberty," "Equality," "Fraternity," etc., either with
+sinister designs beneath them, or, if dupes,&mdash;and it amounts to the same
+in the long run,&mdash;then without at all knowing what those words mean.
+With that large vision that usually characterizes her in matters even
+not of faith, and which makes her hated by political quacks and mad
+sciolists, the Church detects the real objects and aims of these
+innovators, and is not afraid of facing obloquy by condemning them in
+spite of their false banners. For this attitude we have no excuse to
+offer; we glory in it, and regard it as a sign of that innate divine
+energy and life imparted to her by the source of all life and power. The
+second count on which this charge is based may be found in the utterance
+of private Catholics, or in that of prelates and bodies, in the latter
+of whom is lodged a power that extorts obedience, it is true, and ought
+always to be treated with respect, but which can claim to act in no
+infallible manner, and which, in pronouncing on matters outside the
+domain of faith, must rest upon the suggestions of reason and external
+evidence alone. For instance, Catholics are often confronted with
+extracts from this or that author, or the pronouncements of this or that
+provincial council, and asked to say whether, after that, the Church may
+pretend not to be opposed to the natural aspirations of man? These
+objectors do not, or will not, see that the Church, by enlarging the
+domain of her teaching to cover all things with the mantle of
+infallibility, would most effectually crush the action of the human
+intellect, which was meant for use, not rust, which must be allowed
+something to act upon, and which in independent action is bound to rush
+into a variety of differences according to the bent of the individual
+mind. However, to answer thus merely opens up a multitude of questions,
+and launches one into a sea of chaos, across which he will have to sail
+without chart or compass. Accordingly, I usually answer that these
+various utterances of individuals and provincial bodies are not
+infallible; that the only utterance absolutely binding on the conscience
+of the Catholic is that of a general council with the Pope at its head,
+or that of the Pope speaking <i>ex cathedra</i>; and that all the other acts
+of men or bodies, high or low, are subject in their degrees to human
+infirmity, though we are to receive them with respect and judicious
+obedience, and that at most they are but temporary in time and limited
+in space.</p>
+
+<p>No idea could be more extravagant or more unjust than that usually
+entertained by Protestants on our doctrine of the Pope's infallibility.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>They imagine that a Catholic dares not utter a word upon any subject
+until the Pope has spoken. Or, if they advance beyond this, that he
+dares not say anything about religion except what comes direct from
+Rome. Or, if they can stretch their imagination to realize that the Pope
+speaks only after discussion, that we must look to have our every word
+snatched at, and a damper put upon us, before we have well begun. This
+last is the central objection of intelligent Protestants, who know well
+that it will never do to fly in the face of facts like their more
+ignorant neighbors. They have taken the trouble to examine the
+definition of the dogma; and it cannot be denied that to their minds it
+does bear this sense. Any one familiar with the minute despotism of
+those thousand little Protestant Popes, the reverend offspring of the
+"Reformation," would see at once what a charter such authority would put
+in the hands of a set of Chadbands only too eager to use it. Enlightened
+Protestants have begun to feel the burden of this one idea,
+dead-dragging officialism, and to kick against it. They are probably
+religious men, by which I mean men with devout minds, who earnestly feel
+the need of belief. They become inquirers, run through the sects nearest
+at hand, and finally come before the Church and gaze upon her. Written
+on her front they see "Infallibility." Here lies their stumbling-block.
+They begin to question. Arguments are exhausted on each side, and if
+they be deeply imbued with the knowledge that there is a God, with the
+consciousness thence following of their fallen nature, and with an
+ardent hope to re-unite themselves to God, they will admit, perhaps, the
+truth of the dogma, viewed in the abstract. But they will say, how will
+it work in practical affairs? Judging by their former experience, they
+will picture the Pope as a thousand Protestant preachers rolled into
+one, and invested with an authority undreamed of before, and using that
+authority to tyrannize over the least thoughts of men. What room, they
+will exclaim, will men have to advance in the arts and science, not to
+speak of development of doctrine, if this incubus is to rest upon them,
+and weigh them down, and terrify them into silence and inaction?</p>
+
+<p>The best answer to this is doubtless an enlarged view of Catholic
+Christendom, from the earliest times down, for in that period the Pope
+did possess the prerogative of infallibility, though it has only
+recently been defined as a dogma. Here it must be recollected that I am
+not arguing; it would be mere presumption in me to attempt a scientific
+exposition altogether out of my power. Suffice it to say, that
+theologians have exhausted the inward reasonings upon it, and though I
+am not able to set them forth, I am at least convinced by them. Still
+the concrete world remains, and things are to be seen in them from
+historical and exterior aspects. It is this last which strikes the
+imagination most, and to all men a ready test. Minds have various ways
+of approaching the truth; and right reason has a way of arguing and
+apprehending simply impossible to men in bulk and to myself. For which I
+have thought it not unuseful to draw out my way of viewing the
+historical aspects of the Church in relation to the progress and freedom
+of man; and perhaps many will look at the subject from a similar
+standpoint.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Why I believe in God I cannot express in words. Only I know there is an
+inward monitor constantly reminding me of that fact, vividly impressing
+it on my imagination, and punishing me with the lash of remorse when I
+do wrong. I have never doubted when the matter was brought home to my
+mind. Still, there are periods when this intense conviction has been
+clean wiped out of me; else, how could I have sinned, as I know I have
+done, and feel this keen remorse? I do not see how men can sin with the
+full consciousness that a God of truth, purity, and justice is looking
+upon them with terrible eyes. This is the reason for my faith;
+conscience is the charter of my belief. Far be it from me to deny the
+arguments drawn by great intellects from the outward course of events,
+and which appeal, perhaps, to most minds, as evidence of a Creator and
+Sustainer of the universe. I can only say they do not touch me, nor
+cause the revivified life to relieve the winter of my desolation, and
+the leaves and buds of the new spring to bloom within me. For when I
+look forth into the world, all things&mdash;even my own wretched life&mdash;seem
+simply to give the lie to the great truth which possesses and fills my
+being. Consider the world in its length and breadth, its contradictory
+history, its blind evolution, the greatness and littleness of man, his
+random acquirements, aimless achievements, ruthless causes, the triumph
+of evil, the defeat of good, the depth and intensity and prevalence of
+sin, the all-degrading idolatries, the all-defiling corruptions, the
+monstrous superstitions, the dreary irreligion&mdash;is not the whole a
+picture dreadful to look upon, capricious as chance, rigid as fate, pale
+as malady, dark as doom? How shall we face this fact, witnessed to by
+innumerable men in all ages and times, as the natural lot of their kind?
+Much more so when suffering falls upon us, as it does inevitably on all,
+and forces upon us an attempt to solve the riddle of our chaotic
+existence?</p>
+
+<p>There is only one way out of the difficulty. If there is a God, the
+source of all truth and goodness, how else can we account for this
+desperate condition of his highest creation, except we admit man's
+fallen condition? It is thus that the doctrine of original sin is as
+clear to me as is the existence of God.</p>
+
+<p>But, now, supposing that God intended to interfere with this state of
+things, and to draw his prodigal children to Him again, would it not be
+expected that He would do so in a powerful, original, manifest, and
+continuous new creation set amid His old? So intensely is this felt,
+that atheists have drawn an argument from it against the Creator, and
+their feeling is expressed by Paine, when he says, that if there be a
+revelation from God, it ought to be written on the sun. So it should; so
+it is. So was it gloriously shining forth once, in a city set upon a
+hill, full of noon-day splendor, and visible to the eyes of all. Still
+is it there, discernible to the eye of faith; but clouds obscure the sun
+on occasions, and the miserable doings of the sixteenth century have hid
+its light to uncounted millions.</p>
+
+<p>And, now, where shall I find that shining light, that overcoming power,
+which my reason tells me to expect? I quote the words of one who sought
+for many years and at last found:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"This power, viewed in its fulness, is as tremendous as the giant<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> evil
+which has called it forth. It claims, when brought into exercise in the
+legitimate manner, for otherwise, of course, it is but dormant, to have
+for itself a sure guidance into the very meaning of every portion of the
+Divine Message in detail, which was committed by our Lord to His
+Apostles. It claims to know its own limits, and to decide what it can
+determine absolutely and what it cannot. It claims, moreover, to have a
+hold upon statements not directly religious, so far as this, to
+determine whether they indirectly relate to religion, and, according to
+its own definitive judgment, to pronounce whether or not, in a
+particular case, they are consistent with revealed truth. It claims to
+decide magisterially, whether infallibly or not, that such and such
+statements are or are not prejudicial to the Apostolical <i>depositum</i> of
+faith, in their spirit or in their consequences, and to allow them, or
+condemn and forbid them accordingly. It claims to impose silence at will
+on any matters, or controversies, of doctrine, which on its own <i>ipse
+dixit</i> it pronounces to be dangerous, or inexpedient, or inopportune. It
+claims that whatever may be the judgment of Catholics upon such acts,
+these acts should be received by them with those outward marks of
+reverence, submission, and loyalty, which Englishmen, for instance, pay
+to the presence of their sovereign, without public criticism upon them,
+as being in their matter inexpedient, or in their manner violent or
+harsh. And lastly, it claims to have the right of inflicting spiritual
+punishment, of cutting off from the ordinary channels of divine life,
+and of simply excommunicating those who refuse to submit themselves to
+its formal declarations. Such is the infallibility lodged in the
+Catholic Church, viewed in the concrete, as clothed and surrounded by
+the appendages of its high sovereignty; it is, to repeat what I said
+above, a supereminent prodigious power sent upon earth to encounter and
+master a giant evil."<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p>
+
+<p>Such is the weapon placed by divine power in the hands of the Church for
+her conflict with the world. And this being so, the inquiring
+Protestant, after realizing its tremendous nature and scope, will draw
+back perplexed, imagining that a weight like it would crush the human
+intellect. He does this only because he loses sight for the moment of
+the terrible power of the earth giant. The human intellect is no baby,
+weakening under every stroke; it is a tough, wild, elastic energy,
+struggling up in every direction, and is never more itself than when
+suffering beneath the blows of heaven. Moreover, its natural tendency is
+to explain away every dogma of religious truth, from the lowest to the
+highest. In that old pagan world this natural process is to be seen.
+Everywhere that human genius opened up a way for itself, and had a
+career, the last remnants of primeval truth were well-nigh banished.
+Look, too, at the educated intellect of the non-Catholic world to-day.
+Genius, talent, eloquence, and art, what are they in England, Germany
+and France, if we may not describe them as simply godless? Why is this?</p>
+
+<p>Now turn your gaze on the Middle Ages, and observe the difference. It is
+scarcely necessary to say that in those times the Church was
+pre-eminent,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> not only having the spiritual power, but often also the
+secular. If she had wished it, she could have crushed out every form of
+inquiry, and firmly established herself as the one and only source of
+all truth. But she did not do it. Never since the world began were such
+daring inquiries set on foot, such subtile propositions offered, such a
+vast and varied display of the human intellect in all the departments of
+theology. The office she claimed was that of arbiter; and surely nothing
+was more reasonable. A man would work out some original view or
+deduction; he hoped it was true, but could not be certain; he would put
+it forth; it would be taken up by an opponent, come before some
+theological authority of minor note, pass on to some university, be
+adopted by it and opposed by some other; higher authorities would be
+appealed to, and at last the subject would appear before the Holy See.
+Then, perhaps, no decision would be made, or a dubious one, or minor
+details would be rectified, and so the whole matter sent back for a new
+discussion. Years and years would pass before anything like a final
+decision would be reached; and then, when every defect had been rubbed
+off, and every minute bearing of the matter evolved, the Church would
+either reject it, or adopt it, and stamp it with the seal of dogma. I
+say this is an epitome of doctrinal development in the Catholic Church.
+If there is any one thing more manifest in her ecclesiastical history
+than others, it is her extreme slowness and caution in final
+pronouncement, and the general wise treatment with which she has
+fostered the growth of mental development, so excellent in itself, so
+erratic in its courses, and so needful of her strong guiding hand.</p>
+
+<p>Indeed, it has been used as a reproach against her that Rome has
+originated nothing. It is true. It was not her function. She was
+instituted as the guardian of the Apostolical <i>depositum</i> of faith, over
+which, of course, her control was supreme; and her jurisdiction was to
+extend over all other subjects, because they necessarily touched this.
+But without citing other names, St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas
+stand forth as the formers of the western intellect. Men saintly in
+character they were, but they had no special relations to the central
+See, and were only fallible mortals like the rest of their fellows; yet,
+as I say, they are to be counted the very originators of modern
+Christian thought. Rome did nothing but stamp their teachings with the
+seal of her approval. So was it throughout. Her work has been to check
+and balance the erratic courses of the human mind, allowing it free play
+within certain limits, but firmly preventing its suicidal excesses. How
+tenderly has she dealt with schismatics; how forbearing has been her
+conduct in regard even to the worst heretics; patiently hearing all they
+had to say, allowing the force of their plea where it was possible, and
+only casting them out when they proved incorrigible.</p>
+
+<p>Most Protestants suppose that whereas there are two religious principles
+at work in Christianity, private judgment, and authority, they have all
+the private judgment, while we are weighed down by an unmitigated
+authority. Nothing could be more false. This aspect of Christianity is
+complete without them; they represent simply a negation, and no positive
+force at all. Show me the doctrine that Protestantism has originated,
+and it will then deserve to be treated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> in a philosophical manner. It
+has had no innate life, nothing to develop from, and has simply withered
+down from the first, until now the advance guard of it has reached the
+shadowy ground of natural religion, and Mr. James Antony Froude, its
+special champion in its past acts, can write that it is dead. On the
+contrary, when I view the external aspect of Catholicism as a whole, I
+behold within it the active forces of life at work from the first. The
+human intellect is no passive instrument, merely being filled by the
+reception of faith, but a living organism, feeling a void in it for
+faith when it has it not, and eagerly receiving and digesting it when it
+comes. Forthwith it begins a process of development, explaining,
+proving, modifying, enlarging, in all the various ways that suit the
+multiplicity of man's nature. This process is observable in all times
+and places, as the inevitable outcome of civilization. Barbarous nations
+do not reason, but receive their religion as an outer cloak; as they
+stagnate in all things else, so also in their creeds. Witness the Turks.
+Intellectually, morally, religiously, they are the same as they were six
+hundred years ago; and unless overthrown from the outside, they will
+probably so remain to the end of time. No heresy has arisen amongst
+them; no progress in civilization is to be marked; no change even in
+decline; for power is relative, and the Moslem empire is weak now only
+in comparison with the vigorous young empires of the West. But the
+action of civilization is different. Under its influence States are in
+constant movement, changing from day to day. The change may be good in
+this detail, and bad in that; it may on the whole be for the good, or it
+may on the whole be for evil. But what I say is the distinct mark of
+civilization, as contrasted with barbarism, is emphatically and simply
+change; change, in the natural order, is its law. For the intellect is
+alive and vigorous, seizing on everything within its scope, shaping it
+by its individual bent, and, hemmed as it is by walls of sense,
+naturally rushing into error on every side. These are effects of private
+judgment, and they are not less to be seen in the whole Catholic world,
+from its beginning until, to-day, than anywhere else; but Catholics have
+had a safeguard against the rebellious and suicidal excesses of fallen
+reason, and this safeguard is the infallibility of the Church.</p>
+
+<p>The meaning and scope of that infallibility has been given in words
+fitter than mine. Viewing the nature of things on the whole, and then
+taking it for granted that God has made a revelation, and intended it to
+be set up and maintained alongside of and within a civilization anxious
+to get rid of it, what more reasonable to be expected than that an
+infallible abiding authority should be His human instrument. It is a
+thing we should be led to expect if it did not exist; as is fully proved
+by Paine's saying about its being written on the sun. How convincingly,
+then, is the truth forced home on us, when we do learn that there is an
+institution that exactly fulfils our foregone conclusion!</p>
+
+<p>So far as theory goes, the infallibility of the Church can be a burden
+to none; so far as actual facts go, it has not demonstrably, to my
+knowledge, acted as a damper on intellectual effort, but merely as the
+restrainer of its excesses.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I shall be quite candid in giving my views on this inexhaustible
+subject, merely letting them stand for what they are worth, and knowing
+full well that there are depths in it, as in all things else, not to be
+sounded by me. And I shall now go on to state what are the real
+difficulties and burdens to me, as to many other Catholics perhaps, in
+this doctrine of infallibility; always premising that ten thousand
+difficulties do not make one doubt. And here some may be inclined to say
+that, as touching the papal headship of it, the evil deeds of many Popes
+and their apparently immoral lives, do inevitably tend to throw
+discredit on it as being lodged in them. But let all that can be said be
+admitted; what then? Why, I answer, David was a man after God's own
+heart, and stood nearer to Him as being inspired than any Pope as being
+infallible; yet one of God's Prophets could say to him, "Thou art the
+man!" The lesson of which is not to judge men's inner lives entirely by
+outward facts, as the young and inexperienced are too apt to do. Our
+Blessed Lord foretold scandals to come in the very sanctuary of His
+dwelling, and we know the doom pronounced upon those by whom they come.
+And if we view the action of these individuals in relation to the
+Apostolical <i>depositum</i>, we can actually draw thence an argument awful
+as it is startling. These Popes, so frail as men, were yet wise as the
+Vicars of Christ; never have they dared lay hands on the faith committed
+to their care.</p>
+
+<p>The difficulty lies in another direction. As has already been explained,
+the Church claims infallibility only in matters of faith; but a little
+reflection will show us that there are many things not coming directly
+under this head yet appertaining to it. In these latter she claims
+unquestioning outward obedience at least. Thus she has the right to
+determine when any scientific theory or other controversy bears upon
+matters of faith, or has a dangerous tendency to do so; also to check
+the usurpation of State, when they begin to reach in this direction; and
+in the exercise of this prerogative she is not guarded from error. I
+have already shown how slow, cautious and gentle, has been her dealing
+on the whole with controversies that do relate to faith; much more so
+has she been in the kindred but outer domain. Still, to our fallible
+reason, it may sometimes appear that she acts hastily and wrongly in
+forbidding certain things. She forbids at one epoch what she allows in
+another; tacitly withdrawing the former condemnation. This, I repeat,
+<i>is</i> a difficulty, and, stated baldly thus, must often perplex even
+Catholics.</p>
+
+<p>But let our opponents be as candid as I have been. Let them admit&mdash;what
+is no more than a fact&mdash;that this prerogative of the Church has been
+exercised very seldom; and that even on the most of these occasions, the
+Church has in the end proved to be in the right, and the supposed martyr
+in the wrong. Things are not to be judged simply in themselves, but a
+course of events prove them; and there is a season for all matters, and
+a season when they are not in order. This right or power is a necessity
+to every constituted body of whatever kind. A State, for instance, may
+wrongly condemn a man for some offence; but that is no argument against
+the State having the right of judging in such matters, even if it must
+incur the danger of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> wrong judgment once more. If this prerogative were
+taken from the Church, all outside the simple domain of faith would fall
+into a mere chaos. Now, let the man who holds that this would be as it
+should be, let him consistently carry out his doctrine into all the
+concerns of life, and a hideous chaos would be the result. Has not such
+been the result in religious matters outside the Catholic Church? And as
+chaos has resulted there from revolt against the constituted authority,
+so would it be in society at large, were the theory consistently carried
+out. To say that non-infallible exercise of authority should, on account
+of occasional error, be resisted and overthrown, is simply suicidal; and
+an objection founded on it is no more than an objection founded on the
+fact of evil in man's nature, of which it is a necessary part. And into
+this bottomless pit of doubt I for one do not purpose to fall.</p>
+
+<p>Let the problem, then, be fully grasped. It is to secure sufficient
+liberty and a stable authority. Freedom in itself is a good; but such is
+man's fallen nature, that it cannot be enjoyed without a partial
+sacrifice of itself, which it yields up to authority. This becomes the
+domain of authority, and the two interact on each other. So much is
+clear; but conflicts arise, and the precise issue is, not exactly
+between the two, but as to where their boundaries meet. We Catholics
+believe that we hold the solution in our hands, and I shall now merely
+state how I look at it, admitting, of course, that I may be in
+incidental error.</p>
+
+<p>The conflict is supposed to lie now between science and the Church.
+Well, stated simply I would say, let scientists become theologically
+founded, and let theologians become scientists. At first blush this may
+sound like a paradox; but it is not. If theologians would honestly
+strive to master scientific theories, there would be less danger of
+hasty action on their part. Many of them would not stand committed, as
+they do, to a condemnation of evolution, while on the other hand it was
+not their business to sanction it; and if scientists had not allowed
+themselves to become narrow-minded in their studies, they would not have
+similarly placed themselves in a false position by trying to make their
+legitimate discoveries bear upon matters not within their range. The
+point is, that a Catholic, whether scientist or theologian, should not
+allow himself to be alarmed by the rash utterances of individuals; but,
+conscious of a right purpose and true faith, pursue his track to the
+end, knowing that natural truth cannot clash with supernatural; if at
+times it appears so, then he knows that this is only temporary, and that
+in the end difficulties will clear away. Charity on each side will go a
+long way. However, I think the Church has forborne remarkably in these
+matters, not committing herself to any precise attitude, but awaiting
+the issue of the struggle. No idea could be falser than that the
+scientist would hamper himself in submitting to the Church. Quite
+otherwise. He would, by this step, secure a central pillar of support,
+and thence venturing could go further than any of them now dream of. The
+separation of science and the Church is the distinctive evil of the day.
+Both would gain, in strength and freedom, by a union, and the progress
+of the next century would thus redouble that of this.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">Hugh P. McElrone.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Newman's "Apologia," pp. 274, 275.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Honor to the Germans.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Letters from those missionaries in Annam, who have escaped the fate
+which has befallen so many of their flocks, agree in charging the
+representatives of France with a negligence, which, under the
+circumstances, assumes the very gravest aspect. P&egrave;re Dourisboure, for
+instance, writing from the Seminary at Sa&iuml;gon, where he has taken
+refuge, declares that the presence of French vessels at some of the
+ports, and the firing of a few shots without hurting any one, would have
+been the means of saving the lives of some thirty thousand Christians,
+and securing their homes and possessions against injury. Formerly, he
+says, the mandarins contented themselves with putting missionaries and
+the leading converts to death; but this time, the persecution and hatred
+of France, rather than of Christianity, has been the cause of what can
+only be called a war of extermination, and France has done nothing for
+those who have suffered for their supposed loyalty to her. When the news
+of the massacre at Qui-Nhon, where there were seven thousand Christians,
+reached Mgr. van Camelbeke, he at once requested the commandant of the
+<i>Lyon</i>, which was lying at that port, to see to the safety of Father
+Auger and Father Guitton; but that officer replied that his instructions
+would not allow him to fire a single shot in defence of the missionaries
+or the native Christians, and all representations and entreaties on the
+subject proved ineffectual. In this difficulty aid came from an
+unlooked-for quarter. Deserted by their own countrymen, the missionaries
+applied to the captain of a German merchantman, which was in the port,
+and the request being acceded to, two of the Fathers and five German
+sailors rowed ashore, armed to the teeth, to arrange for the escape of
+as many Christians as possible. They were met by three mandarins, one of
+whom was the bitterest enemy of the Christians. These the sailors
+captured and put in irons on board their vessel, and secure in the
+possession of these hostages, they proceeded to bring off some seven
+hundred Christians, the utmost number which the ship could contain,
+forcing the natives to assist in the work. One of the mandarins was then
+sent ashore charged with a message that any act of violence against the
+Christians would be visited upon the two who remained in the custody of
+the Germans. P&egrave;re Dourisboure's narrative ceases with the safe arrival
+of the seven hundred Christians at Sa&iuml;gon; but we may well hope that the
+brave Protestant sailors on their return to Qui-Nhon found that their
+device had proved effectual.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A <span class="smcap">Writer</span> in the <i>New York Commercial</i> gives facts and figures to prove
+that there is no quarter of the globe so much in need of missionary
+enterprise as New England. The Puritans have ceased to be a churchgoing
+people.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Vindication.</h2>
+
+<h3>From the German of Reinick.</h3>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Why lingerest here in the greenwood,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">All day in a childish dream,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Toying with leaves and flowers,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Watching the wavelets gleam,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While a world grown old and hoary<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With the spirit of change is rife,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the outworn past and the present<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Are grappling in deadly strife?"<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Still here will I dwell in quiet,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Tho' without the tempests rave;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And while all things reel and totter,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Will seek me an oaken stave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Plucked from a tree that has weathered<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The storms against it hurled,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While into the dust are crumbling<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The props that uphold the world.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Yes, I'll choose this silent garden<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Tho' around me deserts lie,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And bask in the ancient glories<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of earth and sea and sky.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While alone on dark thoughts of ruin<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Your pulseless bosoms brood,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I'll build me a bower of roses,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And rejoice in my solitude.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Rejoice! Verily we've forgotten<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The sound of so strange a word;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nowadays notes of scorn and anger<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">May well in youth's songs be heard;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For the woes of our earthly existence<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Should find a voice in your rhyme,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Since the word of the poet is ever<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The mirror of his time."<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">No, no, in the heart of the poet<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Can no scornful spirit live&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He is wroth at human baseness,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Can over the sorrows grieve<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That round this old earth are woven<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Like some fateful web of doom,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And he weeps that bright gleams of radiance<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">So seldom pierce the gloom.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">But whenever a ray out-flashes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Drink it in with heart and mind,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And a hopeful premonition<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of the future in it find:&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rejoice, when the sun is shining!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Joy purifies the breast,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And whoso with pure heart rejoiceth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Even here below is blest!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"What! you believe in the bliss of Heaven<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In a happiness yet to be?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Your faith, like your other emotions,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Is mere childish fantasy.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Remain as you have been ever,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A child from your very birth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Unworthy with men to hold counsel<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">On the woes and the welfare of earth."<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Yes, I believe in the word of promise,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">I believe in each holy word,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In the power that clothes the lily,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And that feeds the nestling bird;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"Be like unto children, of such is<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">God's Kingdom." Ah! well, in sooth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If all were as little children<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In purity and in truth!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">To the weal and the woe of the nations<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">I do not seal my breast,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Tho' my Motherland is dearer<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To me than all the rest.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If to fold universal being,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">'Neath its wings the mind aspires,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Still the heart needs narrower limits<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For the growth of its sacred fires.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Rev. John Costello.</span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jules Janin</span>, a witty French writer, nicknamed lobsters "Naval
+Cardinals." He probably imagined that lobsters in the sea are as red as
+they are when served on our tables or placed in the windows of our
+fishmonger's shops. Curiously enough sailors call the ships used to
+carry our red-coated soldiers from one part of the world to another,
+lobster-boxes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>Tracadie and the Trappists.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The flourishing village of Tracadie, in the county of Antigonish,
+Eastern Nova Scotia, well sustains for its French inhabitants, the
+prestige, as industrious husbandmen, which their ancestors'
+contemporaries established in Western Nova Scotia&mdash;the land sung of by
+Longfellow in his "Evangeline;" and the much-vaunted superiority of the
+Anglo-Saxon, reads like a melancholy sarcasm, in the face of the fact
+that the lands from which the inoffensive Acadians were mercilessly
+hunted, are, to-day, far, very far, removed from the teeming fertility,
+which charmed the land-pirates in the last century. Simple-minded folks
+are wont to say, that the lands of the dispersed Acadians, languish
+under a curse, nor need we, of necessity, dissent from this theory, if
+we consider the manifestation of the curse to be shown, in a lack of
+skill, or industry&mdash;or mayhap both&mdash;in the descendants of those who
+profited by that infamous transaction. Certain it is, that these lands
+are now much less fertile than of yore.</p>
+
+<p>Arriving at Tracadie, as we drive from the Eastern Extension Railway
+Station, we notice as a curious coincidence of alliteration, the sign,&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">HALF-WAY HOUSE.<br />
+H. H. HARRINGTON.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>and remark that with the super-addition of "<i>Halt Here</i>," the signboard
+would be an unique curiosity.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving the hospitable farmhouse of Mr. DeLorey, on a bright October
+Sunday, after hearing Mass in the neat and commodious parish church
+dedicated to St. Peter, a pleasant drive of three miles, bring us to the
+Trappist Monastery of <i>Our Lady of Petit Clairvaux</i>, the buildings of
+which are of brick, and form a quadrangle, of which one side has yet to
+be erected.</p>
+
+<p>Ringing the porter's bell we are admitted and handed over to Brother
+Richard, the genial and amiable guest master, who is most assiduous in
+his attentions to us.</p>
+
+<p>The monastery was founded as a Priory, early in the present century by
+Father Vincent, a native of France, and was raised to the dignity of an
+abbey nine years ago, when the present Abbot, Father Dominic, was
+consecrated. The community at present number thirty-seven, of whom
+sixteen are priests and choir-religious, the remaining twenty-one being
+lay brothers; the monks being chiefly Belgians, with a few from
+Montreal, and a few from this vicinity.</p>
+
+<p>The abbey is surrounded by four hundred acres of land, tolerably
+fertile, though rough in part, and has excellent limestone quarries&mdash;the
+monks burning as much as one hundred barrels of lime at once in their
+kiln; they also manufacture all the bricks required for the multifarious
+works which are incessantly in progress. Their domain is well<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> watered
+by a stream upon which the indefatigable monks have had a mill erected.
+At the date of our visit, they had just finished a new dam composed of
+immense blocks of limestone, and had almost completed a new and larger
+mill&mdash;to supersede the old one&mdash;and which in addition to the ordinary
+grist grinding will also be utilized, simultaneously, for carding,
+sawing boards, and sawing shingles. The new mill has dimensions of 150 x
+40 ft., and the main barn 220 x 40 ft. The latter building now
+accommodates fifty heads of horned cattle, including some Jersey
+thoroughbreds and Durhams and six horses. We were also shown some
+Berkshire thoroughbred pigs, enormous, unwieldy brutes, one rather
+youthful porker being estimated to weigh nearly six hundred pounds.</p>
+
+<p>The monks make a large quantity of butter, all the year round, the sale
+of which forms an important item of their revenue. The abbey has made
+its repute all through the surrounding country, and it is scarcely
+possible to over-estimate the benefit of this <i>model</i> farm to the
+inhabitants of adjacent lands; combining as it does the latest
+improvements in agriculture with the untiring industry of the Trappist
+Monk. For several years, their grist-mill was the only one for a great
+distance, and even now wheat is brought in, for grinding, from a radius
+of fifteen miles.</p>
+
+<p>The monks contain among themselves all the trades necessary to their
+well-ordered community, <i>ex-gr</i> two blacksmiths, two tailors, two
+millers, a baker, shoemaker, and doctor, not forgetting the wonderful
+Brother Benedict, who is at once architect, carpenter, mason and
+clockmaker. In the last-mentioned capacity his ingenuity is shown by a
+clock which has four faces; one visible from the road approaching the
+abbey, the second from the chapel, the third from the infirmary, and the
+fourth from the refectory, where the modest table service of tin plates
+and wooden spoons and forks, offer but few attractions to those who
+overlooking the final end of all created things, look at life from the
+animal point of view.</p>
+
+<p>We are also taken to the dormitory, and look into the narrow
+compartments, where the good brothers sleep, with easy consciences, upon
+their hard beds; and are also shown the <i>discipline</i>, which, though no
+doubt a wholesome instrument of penance, does not in any way resemble
+the article of torture under which guise it masquerades in the average
+anti-Jesuit novel.</p>
+
+<p>Descending again we are taken to the neat cemetery where the brothers
+are deposited in peace after life's course is run, covered only by their
+coarse serge habits, and without coffins. Every grave has painted in
+white letters, on the black ground of a plain, wooden cross, the name in
+religion once borne by him, whose mortal remains rest below.</p>
+
+<p>In the centre of this final resting-place stands a tall cross, and near
+by we observe a bare skull, whose mute lips powerfully preach the folly
+of worldliness, and like an accusing spirit warns all beholders of the
+dread day when every wasted minute, as well as every useless word, must
+be strictly accounted for.</p>
+
+<p>The costume of the monks, in its coarseness and simplicity, would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> not
+commend itself to our modern dudes; but, then, life is a terrible
+reality to these brothers, who, hearing the voice of God, have hastened
+to follow his call, fully realizing, that without the one thing
+necessary, all else is vanity.</p>
+
+<p>These reflections are interrupted by the abbey bell, calling us to
+Vespers, which are chanted by the monks (the music being supplied by the
+organist Father Bernard), upon the conclusion of which, we take our
+departure, deeply and favorably impressed with our visit to this
+monastery, which stands alone, in the Maritime Provinces of the Canadian
+Dominion, and sincerely grateful, for being enabled to see with our own
+eyes the works of those much-abused monks, who in general are so
+frequently defamed by the thoughtless boys who write for the secular
+press, and by the equally empty-headed old women&mdash;of both sexes&mdash;who
+write for that class of periodical which by a curious misnomer is
+designated <i>religious</i>. These are the people, who, it is to be feared,
+shut their eyes to the truth, lest they should be compelled to
+acknowledge it.</p>
+
+<p>In the face of so much prejudice, it is pleasant to be able to record
+that quite recently some Protestant clergymen visited the monastery, and
+did not refrain from expressing their honest and undisguised admiration
+for what they beheld.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">J. W. O'Ryan.</span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>Gladstone at Emmet's Grave.</h2>
+
+<h3>HOW THE UNMARKED TOMBSTONE OF THE MARTYR LOOKED.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The day Mr. Gladstone went to Dublin to receive the freedom of the city,
+which the town council had unanimously agreed to confer upon him, he
+spent a day in the docks and courts and in visiting St. Michael's
+Church&mdash;a place full of historical interest. On the vestry table lie two
+casts of the heads of the brothers Shears, who were beheaded in the
+rebellion of 1798. Such are the properties of the soil in the cemetery
+that the bodies of those are as perfect as the day on which they were
+hanged.</p>
+
+<p>The church itself is eight hundred years old, having been built by a
+Danish bishop during the ascendency of his race.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gladstone examined the communion plate, some of which came out of
+the spoils of the Spanish Armada.</p>
+
+<p>But these were light trivialities! The grave of Robert Emmet is here.
+"Let no man mark my tomb," said he, "until my country takes her place
+among the nations of the earth."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gladstone stood beside the rough granite, unchiselled, unlettered,
+silent slab. No name, no date, no word of sorrow, of hope. The sides are
+clipped and hacked, for emigrants have come from afar to take to their
+home in the new world bits of the tomb of Robert Emmet. How he comes to
+lie here is simply said. When his head was cut off<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> in Thomas Street,
+his body was taken to Bully's Acre,&mdash;what a name!&mdash;and buried.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Mr. Dobbyn, a sympathizer in the cause, was then Rector of St.
+Michael's; he ordered the body to be disinterred that night, and he
+placed it secretly in St. Michael's church-yard. A nephew of Robert
+Emmet, a New York judge, corroborated this statement some years ago. But
+Emmet is not the only rebel that lies here in peace.</p>
+
+<p>Oliver Boyd sleeps here, with God's noblest work, "an honest man,"
+written on his tombstone. Here, too, is the grave of the hero, William
+Jackson, who was tried, convicted and sentenced to death. While the
+judge was still pronouncing the awful doom, the man grew faint and in a
+few minutes fell down dead. He had swallowed poison on hearing the
+verdict from the jury. In this vault, over which Mr. Gladstone peers
+anxiously, you can see a group of heads, all of 1798 men and there on
+one of them, is the hangman's crape as it stuck in the wounded neck
+since the day on which it and its owner parted company. Mr. Gladstone is
+silent as he sees all this and at last mournfully moves away.</p>
+
+<p>Is there ever a tragedy in which clown is wholly absent? As he steps
+over the graves, up comes a man as drunk as a goat, and cries out, "Ah!
+Mr. Gladstone will you take the duty off the whiskey?" Upon which he of
+Hawarden Castle turns him round and says slowly&mdash;"My friend, the duty
+does not seem to stand much in your way."</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">John W. Monahan.</span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>Gerald Griffin.</h2>
+
+
+<p>That part of Limerick formerly known as Englishtown, and at present
+localized in city ordinances and surveying maps as King's Island,
+consists of a knot of antique houses crowding thick around a venerable
+cathedral. An ancient castle, its dismantled tower within easy bow-shot,
+overrun with weeds and ivy, overlooks the noble river, whose expansive
+sweep of waters is at this point of passage spanned by an old, but still
+substantial bridge. In the shadow of the cathedral and within hearing of
+the river, Gerald Griffin, dramatist, poet and novelist, was born on the
+12th of December, 1803. His father, who had succeeded to a goodly
+estate, a considerable fortune and an honored name, sold the fee simple
+of his landed inheritance, and removed to Limerick, that his children
+might enjoy all the advantages of a good education, which at that period
+were best obtainable in large towns and great cities. He established
+himself in the business of a brewer; and, as in every speculative walk
+of life where personal energy is not well supplemented by judicious
+management and long experience, time alone was needed to diminish his
+capital by rewarding his unremitting industry with profitless returns.
+The natural disposition of this good man presented a medley of those
+attractive qualities which secure for their fortunate possessor an
+immediate share of the sympathetic good-will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> alike of the friend and
+the stranger. He had a kind heart and a winning manner. He could enjoy
+and exchange a good joke, and to the end of his life was a sterling and
+an uncompromising patriot. Yet his admiration for valor and virtue was
+circumscribed by no political limits, by no narrow-minded prejudices. An
+ultra-volunteer in '82, and an O'Connellite in '29, he was enthusiastic
+over the victory at Waterloo, and wept at the melancholy fate of Sir
+Samuel Romilly. Gerald's mother was a gentle and accomplished lady,
+whose affection for her child was tempered and regulated by the
+treasures of a refined and cultured mind, and by a sensitively religious
+disposition. When he was in his third year, Mrs. Griffin, with her
+family, removed to a country district, which, from local association
+with the escapades of lepracauns and phookas, had inherited the
+significative title of Fairy Lawn. The new home was romantically
+situated amid the umbrageous woods and pastoral meadow-lands through
+which the Shannon flows at its confluence with the little Ovaan River.
+His infancy thus cradled in a landscape rich in the diversified
+picturesqueness of storied ruin and historic tradition, what wonder that
+Gerald at a very early age should feel the inspiration of his poetic
+surroundings as he looked towards the winding river, the green fields,
+the islands mirrored in the tributary Fergus, and the solemn shade and
+cloistered loneliness of ruined abbeys and gray cathedrals. To the
+careful training of his good mother he was indebted for the exquisite
+taste and truthfulness with which he interpreted nature; for the nice
+sense of honor which distinguished him through life, and which often
+rose to a weakness; for the delicate reserve which made absence from
+home a self-imposed hermitage; and for the deep, devotional feeling and
+healthy habit of moral reflection which ever shaped and inwove the pure
+current of his thoughts and writings.</p>
+
+<p>A visiting tutor gave Gerald an elementary knowledge of English until
+the year 1814, when he was sent to Limerick. He remained in the city
+attending a classical school till he had acquired a familiarity with the
+works of the great Latin authors. At an age when it is scarcely
+customary to emancipate children from the prim decorum and polite
+restraint of the nursery, young Griffin was pouring with unmixed delight
+over the pages of Horace, Ovid and Virgil. Of the three, he preferred
+the sweet pastoral of the gentle poet of Mantua, and to the end of his
+life retained this partiality. Inspiration caught from so pure a source
+wrought itself into innumerable songs and sonnets, which Gerald managed
+to write clandestinely, when some new frolic drew away the attention of
+his brothers and sisters, and left him in the enjoyment of a peaceful
+hour and a quiet corner. During these intervals of busy writing he was
+insensibly acquiring that light and graceful style, by the gentle charm
+of which the most sober strain of serious thought became the most
+acceptable kind of agreeable reading. Though still young, he could well
+realize how indispensable a good style is for literary success. He lived
+at a time when books were comparatively scarce, in a district remote
+from easy access to well-filled libraries; when the cost of
+transportation often equalled the advertised price for the newest canto
+of "Childe Harold," or the latest novel by the "Great Unknown." But what
+would have been disadvantages to many a beginner proved to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> have been of
+incalculable benefit to Gerald Griffin. His knowledge of books and
+authors was limited to the extent of his mother's library, and it
+contained, among other choice works, the writings of the inimitable
+author to whose graceful allurement Washington Irving owed half his fame
+and all the classic sweetness of his fascinating style. He copied out
+whole chapters of the "Vicar of Wakefield," and rarely went out of doors
+without bringing for a companion a copy of the "Animated Nature."</p>
+
+<p>In the boy, pensive and serious beyond his years, might be traced the
+different characteristics of mind and heart which eventually made up the
+texture of his later manhood, the yearning desire for retirement, the
+habit of sober reflection, the trait of gentle sadness, and the
+passionate love for home and country. The years of his childhood passed
+unattended by a single sorrow. Time, however, brought a change, which
+broke rudely in upon the even tenor of his happy life. The pretty
+homestead on the banks of the Shannon was to be broken up, old poetic
+haunts had to be forsaken, and the sheep of the little fold were to be
+dispersed.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1820 his father suffered such heavy losses that a slender
+competency was all that remained at his disposal to resume, if he had
+been willing, a business which had hitherto been productive of only
+disappointments and regrets. The family, not wishing to run further
+risks, set sail for America, and settled in another Fairy Lawn, in
+Susquehanna County, Pa., leaving Gerald and two younger sisters to
+remain with their brother, a physician, who was at that time living in
+the town of Adare. Here Gerald remained for two years, pounding drugs
+and manipulating pills, ostensibly to study medicine, but in reality to
+devise plots for projected dramas, and to sketch character and incident
+for tales in prose and poetry. The pathway of his future career had
+already been carefully mapped out. He had long pined in secret for a
+literary career, and years only whetted his eagerness to put his
+unspoken wish into practical execution. Like poor Kirke White, he felt
+the irresistible influence of an unmistakable destiny drawing him, as he
+fancied, from lowly walks to ways of loftier prospect and more uncertain
+enterprise. In the prophetic fervor of anticipated triumph, he foresaw
+himself the lion of the literary coterie, the courted favorite at titled
+levees and fashionable dinner parties. He occasionally contributed short
+essays and fugitive poems to the <i>Limerick Reporter</i>, a sheet of news on
+which were wont to be chronicled the gossip of the city, critiques of
+provincial dramas, statistics of the Baldoyle steeplechases, or the
+latest speech by the Liberator. Sometimes he ran into the city to have a
+chat with a young man, who had begun to be recognized in the circuit of
+provincial journalism as a literary star of rising magnitude. The young
+man was John Banim, whose noble services under trying circumstances
+Gerald had reason some years later to experience and appreciate. During
+the two years immediately preceding his departure for London, he devoted
+his attention almost exclusively to dramatic composition. Banim's "Damon
+and Pythias" appeared in 1821, and the success which had at once raised
+its obscure author into prominence, must have had no slight influence in
+confirming the resolution<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> which Gerald had already made. A religious
+motive, too, entered into the spirit and outlined the object and policy
+of his work. His plays, when they should be produced, were not to
+terminate with uproarious applause and calls for the "gifted author" at
+the fall of the curtain. The spirit of the drama had at this time
+wofully departed from the sphere of its legitimate function received
+from historic tradition. The design of the great dramatic master had
+been in his own words to hold the "mirror up to nature." The interest of
+London stage-managers led them to pander to public taste, and crowd the
+boards with sensational makeshifts and spectacular unrealities. Otway's
+"Venice Preserved" and Heman's "Vespers of Palermo" could not attract a
+pit full; while scenes introducing battlefields, burning forests, and
+cataracts of real water crowded the houses to overflowing. It was at
+this juncture that Griffin hoped to bring about his dramatic revolution.
+It was with this object in view that he composed a tragedy and read it
+for his brother, who, seeing that it contained much that was excellent
+and much that gave evidence of future success, no longer withheld his
+permission for Gerald to try his future in the heart of the English
+metropolis.</p>
+
+<p>One cold morning, in the autumn of the year 1823, Gerald Griffin found
+himself a bewildered stranger in the streets of London. The sense of
+utter loneliness, the feeling of timid embarrassment, which overpowered
+him in the bustle and uproar, amid the winding streets and smoky
+labyrinths of the densely populated Babel, had been experienced by many
+another aspiring adventurer, whom the glitter of a great name and the
+hope of literary preferment had drawn from happy retirements to battle
+through adversity to fame and fortune. His first object on his arrival
+in town was to seek the shelter of respectable lodgings; his next, to
+introduce himself, to explain his projects and to submit his tragedy to
+the manager of a London theatre. The manuscript was returned after some
+months delay, with the intimation that it was too poetic and too
+didactic, and would require extensive revision before it could be
+brought upon the stage. Accident, rather than good luck, threw Banim
+across his path, and he proved to be a valuable and a faithful friend.
+In the little sanctum at the rear of No 7 Amelia Place, Brompton, where
+Curran had written his speeches and Banim had composed his tragedies,
+Gerald sat down to reinspect the returned work, and at the suggestion of
+his friend to omit whole scenes, to substitute others, to lop off
+epithets which were too glaringly poetic, and to abbreviate speeches
+which were too discursively long. But despite all the author's revision
+and Banim's abler experience "Aquire" was fated never to occupy the
+boards. No amount of labor could redeem the fault of a drama which
+conveyed moral precepts in the classic solemnity of select and studied
+periods. Despairing, at length, of ever having it produced, Gerald
+withdrew it in disgust; but what he did with the manuscript, whether it
+was purposely destroyed, or accidentally lost, we are unable to say.
+"Aquire," however, must have contained many excellencies, judging from
+other poetical work of the author written at the same time, and from the
+testimony of his accomplished brother, whose excellent literary taste
+made him a competent judge. "Gisippus," a tragedy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> written at this
+period, was produced with great success two years after the author's
+death, Macready sustaining the title r&ocirc;le. A series of continued
+failures to satisfy the wants of exacting stage managers, slightly
+altered the plan, though not the purpose, of the work which Griffin had
+set himself to accomplish. He was compelled to give up writing
+tragedies, and write for a livelihood; but London was overcrowded with
+impecunious journalists, and he received the merest pittance in return
+for the most arduous species of literary drudgery. The author of
+"Irene," on his arrival in London, was not more incontestably the
+literary helot at the mercy of Cave, Millar, and Osborne, than was
+Gerald Griffin the typical booksellers' hack amid shuffling reviewers
+and extorting publishers. Johnson at the outset of his literary career
+received but five guineas for a quarto English translation of "Lobos
+Voyage to Abyssinia." Griffin, after working for weeks received two
+guineas for a translation of a volume and a half of Prevot's works. But
+he was not to be easily dismayed by first reverses of fortune. He had
+long ago made himself familiar with the catalogue of miseries in the
+literary martyrology beginning with Nash and Otway, and ending with his
+friend Banim. Early intimacy with distress and disappointment would but
+stimulate him the better to conquer both. He would sacrifice everything,
+consistent with a stainless name and an honorable career, in the
+attainment of his cherished end&mdash;the society of friends, the little
+luxuries of a frugal table, the modest though comfortable room in which
+he had hitherto lived and toiled. Poor Gerald! he had yet to learn when
+his most ambitious yearnings had been fully realized, that worldly
+honors do not satisfy the cravings of a Christian heart, that the most
+imperishable coronal of true success is woven of deeds little, lowly,
+and seemingly contemptible, and that labor spent in purely secular
+pursuits is labor spent in vain. But the nobler promptings of his nature
+were as yet unheard amid the discord in which he lived.</p>
+
+<p>He now removed to a miserable garret in a lonely corner of a lonely
+street in the loneliest part of London. The forlorn solitude of his
+dreary room was, however, somewhat cheered by the thought, that in such
+dizzy eeries, amid the eccentric gables and rheumatic chimney pots of
+great capitals, works were often composed which were destined eventually
+to confer lasting honors on their obscure authors. Goldsmith had written
+his "Vicar of Wakefield" in the memorable, dingy eminence at the head of
+Breakneck Steps. Pope, walking with Harte in the Haymarket, entered an
+old house, where mounting three pair of creaking stairs he pointed to an
+open door and said: "In this garret Addison wrote his 'Campaign.'"
+Gerald Griffin, however, had yet to experience all the hardships which
+were endured by Goldsmith before his landlady threatened eviction, and
+by Addison before he received the fortuitous visit of Henry Boyle, Lord
+Chancellor of the Exchequer. He wrote prose and poetry for which he was
+often glad to get sufficient money wherewith to purchase a cup of coffee
+and a crust of bread. He studied Spanish, and when he had so mastered
+the language as to be able to translate fluently, his publisher said
+that on second consideration he would prefer to receive original
+contributions. And now commenced<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> a period in Griffin's life, which, for
+exceptional want and misery, might claim a certain pre-eminence in the
+long list of hapless victims, who made up the literary hecatomb of the
+Johnsonian era. Without the grosser elements, which enter into their
+methods of living and disfigure their character, the abject squalor of
+vulgar surroundings, the love for pot-houses and low companionships, the
+utter disregard for personal respect, he otherwise underwent all the
+pain, the want and uncertainty of their impoverished condition. But the
+roughness of the road was unthought of in the anticipation of a rich
+reward at the end of his journey. He would redouble his efforts to
+ensure its nearer approach. He abandoned old companionships; invitations
+to dinners and literary soir&eacute;es, which came from his friends Banim and
+McGinn, were politely declined. He locked himself in his lonely room and
+wrote through the hours of an unbroken day. Only at night when the lamps
+were lit, and the crowds had left the street, would he venture out of
+doors, and then merely to take a ten minutes' walk to ease his aching
+head, and to rest his wearied eyes. Once he remained three whole days
+without tasting food, till a friend accidently came to see him and found
+him pale and faint but still writing. Yet in all the sunless gloom of
+this dreadful time his letters home were most cheerful. The want of
+actual nourishment he felt, the evil influences by which he was
+surrounded, the chances of certain success which awaited him if he would
+but do violence to a certain portion of his scrupulous orthodoxy,
+counted for nothing with one whose good sense could see no grave
+inconsistency between temporary poverty and the first efforts of
+struggling genius. Nor is poverty so fatal to the efforts of genius as a
+superficial thinker would suppose it to be. To a noble nature it
+presents no feature of degradation or terror. Its supposed evils are,
+for the most part, begotten of the pride of those who are its victims.</p>
+
+<p>If it forbade Griffin to ask or receive favors from those who were able
+and willing to help him, it thereby conferred self-independence and
+ceaseless energy, the constant forerunners of inevitable success. His
+industry was speedily rewarded, and in a manner which seemed the result
+rather of good luck than of strenuous effort or personal merit. One day
+Gerald made bold to write an article after the manner of those in the
+great reviews. He sent it anonymously to the proprietor of a leading
+periodical, and in return received unsolicited a cheque for a handsome
+sum of money, with an invitation to continue sending contributions of a
+similar kind. This was the first hopeful speck in the horizon of a
+brilliant future. The benevolence of the kindly publisher did not end
+here. He sought out the anonymous writer, invited him to dinner, treated
+him handsomely, and obtained for him the editorship of a new
+publication. "It never rains but it pours," is a true old maxim
+attributable with equal propriety to good and evil happenings. Hitherto
+he had been unable to make his time profitable either in a literary or
+pecuniary sense. His later contributions had all at once begun to
+attract attention, and the amount of time at his disposal seemed too
+short to enable him to satisfy all the requirements of numerous
+engagements. He was employed as a parliamentary reporter and as a writer
+of short plays for the English Opera House. He reviewed books which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>
+were published, and revised books which were unpublished. He contributed
+essays, stories and poetry to the <i>News of Literature</i>, the <i>European
+Review</i>, and the <i>London Magazine</i>, for the smallest one of which he
+received more money than for the huge translation of Prevot two years
+previous. He was now enabled to take more comfortable chambers; but he
+miscalculated his powers of endurance; when in such a stage of mental
+anxiety and mental application he would remain up at literary work till
+he heard the church clocks strike four in the morning. The evil results
+of this abuse of health soon made themselves manifest. He had lost all
+appetite for food. His rest was broken by fits of insomnia, during which
+his heart would beat so loud as to be distinctly heard by his brother in
+the same room. In the streets he would be suddenly attacked by swooning
+fits, during which he would have to support himself by leaning on gate
+posts and sitting on door-steps. At the earnest solicitation of his good
+brother he set out for Ireland with the hope of recruiting his failing
+energies by a few months' leave of absence. His vacation was productive
+of literary as well as of sanitary results.</p>
+
+<p>He returned to London with a volume of stories for the press, and sold
+the copyright to the Messrs. Simpkin Marshall &amp; Co., for &pound;70. The work
+appeared in December 1826, under the title of "Hollandtide Tales." It
+was well received. The style was original, graceful and easy. The three
+novels, which comprised the series, were interesting and free from the
+taint of grossness and immorality, so erroneously deemed essential when
+describing the habits and customs of the poorer classes. It was an
+eloquent vindication of a much-wronged portion of the Irish peasantry,
+and like Banim's contemporary writings, it was hailed with universal
+exultation in Irish literary circles. The success of his first work was
+so immediate and decisive that he resigned his editorship, abandoned the
+magazines and reviews, and continued with few interruptions to appear
+annually before the public as a novelist. "Tales of the Munster
+Festivals," which appeared in two series, and for which he received
+&pound;250, was the title of his next work. In 1858 appeared "The Collegians"
+which placed him with one bound in the fore front of the great writers
+of his country. It was not only the best Irish novel that had appeared
+previous to its first publication, but is admittedly the best that has
+ever been written since.<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> "The Invasion," "The Rivals," "The Duke of
+Monmouth," and others which he wrote subsequently, are all far inferior
+when placed side by side with this great master-piece of fiction. In it
+may be seen to best advantage the wonderful power and versatility of
+Griffin's genius as a great novelist, for within its single compass he
+has touched with a master hand the whole gamut of human passion and
+human affections. As a literary artist of the "dark and touching mode of
+painting," which Carleton has set down as the chief characteristic of
+his brother novelist, Griffin has few equals and no superior. To depict
+the more sombre tints of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> human nature, to trace the unbroken events
+linked together in a career of crime, from the first commission of evil
+till its last expiation in the felon ship, or on the gallows, he
+especially delights. He does not delay the progress of the plot to
+impress upon his reader the exact frame of mind in which his hero felt
+at certain trying conjunctures. This suggests itself unconsciously, in
+occasional snatches of vague and emotional distraction, in half uttered
+replies, in the joke that mechanically escapes the lips, in the
+capricious laugh that best discovers the anguish preying on the mind and
+the despair eating at the heart. But it is in the ingenuity with which
+he makes local surroundings play such an important part in the drama of
+human destiny, that Griffin excels to a remarkable extent. What reader
+of the "Collegians" has not realized all the perils of the windy night
+and the stormy sea with trepidation and horror scarcely surpassed by the
+occupants of the little craft tossing amid the boiling breakers&mdash;Eily,
+the hapless runaway, Danny, the elfin hunchback, and Hardress, the
+conscience-stricken victim of conflicting thoughts and passionate
+impulses? How much more tragic the finding of the dead body of Eily, the
+"pride of Garryowen," since it occurs on the hunting field, surrounded
+by the half maudlin squires, and before the bloodless face of the
+horrified murderer? But Griffin deserves mention other than as a
+dramatist and novelist. It is saddening to know that in an age where so
+much weak sentiment, scarcely discernible in its wealth of verbose
+ornamentation, is so easily imposed upon the public under the name of
+poetry, that so much really good poetry should be forgotten and unread.
+One is often provoked to regret that the scalping knife has become
+blunted in the hands of the "buff and blue," and that the race of useful
+parodists should seem to have expired with the wits of "Fraser." As a
+poet Griffin is comparatively little known; and yet, to make a seeming
+paradox, few poets have been more universally popular. The exquisite
+songs, "A Place in Thy Memory," "Schule Agrah" and "Aileen Aroon" have
+been read and sung wherever the English language is spoken. Yet very few
+young Irish ladies and gentlemen are aware that Gerald Griffin is the
+author. The religious spirit which exhibits its moral influence through
+the thread of his stories appears more extensively and more perceptibly
+in his poetry. If his shorter poems are the best of all he has written,
+the best of all his short poems are those which breathe a religious
+spirit. To verify our assertion we need only mention, "Old Times, Old
+Times!" "The Mother's Lament," "O'Brazil" and "The Sister of Charity."
+It is a matter for much regret that Griffin should have written so
+little poetry. Had he devoted more exclusive attention to this
+department of literature, he would undoubtedly have become the Burns of
+his country; for his muse had taught him a kindred song, and given him
+to write with equal tenderness and simplicity.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1838, Gerald Griffin had attained a popularity which would
+have satisfied the wishes of the most ardent literary enthusiast. He was
+no longer the literary hack, the despised minion, the swindled victim at
+the mercy of harpy publishers and newspaper knaves. He could now write
+at his leisure, and be handsomely rewarded for his labor. Positions from
+which much emolument might be derived were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> offered him, but he answered
+them with a polite refusal. Contributions were solicited to no purpose.
+The desultory articles written under pressure of hunger in the
+confinement of the garret near St. Paul's were hunted for by publishers,
+who were too happy to pay a handsome premium for any thing printed over
+the name of the now popular author. To those who have never tried to
+realize the working of divine grace in the hearts of the pure and
+virtuous, Gerald Griffin would now seem to have nothing more to wish
+for, no unacquired honor to enkindle a new aspiration, no need of money
+to compel him once more to write for a living. The wisdom of advanced
+years, and a religious discernment guided by the spirit of God, and
+becoming more devotional day by day, began at last to discover the
+sophistry and the deceit of human glory and human praise. He still
+yearned after a mysterious something which he began to realize could
+never be found amid the jarring discord and empty distractions of the
+secular world. A new light irradiated the thick gloom by which he had
+long been encompassed. Gradually the mist and shadow of doubt and
+difficulty rolled away, disclosing at length the gray walls of a silent
+monastery in spirit of unpretentious work and pious exercise, far
+sequestered from the busy haunts of worldly men. Step by step he was
+approaching the humble cell of recollection and prayer, in the religious
+solitude of which he was to find true peace and lasting happiness. From
+the cottage cradled on the Shannon's breast to his later home in the
+poetic solitude of sweet Adare; from the three-cornered garret in the
+London back street to the tables of the rich and the titled, he had
+experienced every vicissitude between the antithetical extremes of joy
+and sorrow. When, at length, the final step was taken, it was not the
+rash or eccentric choice of momentary impulse, but the matured result of
+wise and cautious deliberation. He prepared to enter the noble order of
+the Christian Brothers, whose humble office it is to instruct the
+children of the poor, and whose labors in the cause of Christian
+education have been of incalculable benefit to the Irish race. One
+morning previous to Gerald's final departure, an elder brother entered
+his bedroom. He found him in a kneeling posture holding the last
+fragment of a charred heap of manuscript over the blazing fire. He had
+made the final sacrifice to God of all that could wed his heart to
+future worldly honors. In the year 1838 he entered the Christian
+Brothers at Cork, and after a short novitiate received the habit and the
+vows by which these holy men consecrate themselves to the service of
+their Maker and the spiritual welfare of their fellow men. But the
+splendid genius of the new Brother was not destined to remain idle. It
+was now to be exercised more energetically than ever, consecrated as it
+had been to the service of religion and the glory of God. He had just
+completed a small number of Catholic tales, written in his happiest
+vein, when a fatal attack of malignant fever struck the pen from his
+hand. Every remedy that the skill of great physicians could devise,
+every attention that loving confr&egrave;res could bestow was procured for him
+during his last illness. But the invisible decree had gone forth, and
+the near passing was inevitable. He lingered but a few days, edifying
+his attendants by his fervent piety and resignation under suffering. He
+died consoled by the rites of Holy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> Church on the 12th of June, 1840. In
+the humble cemetery, of the monastery at Cork, a modest grave, unnoticed
+amid rows of similar ones, is surmounted by a small cross. The cross
+bears the name of Brother Joseph, the grave holds all that was mortal of
+the good and gifted Gerald Griffin.</p>
+
+<p>Oxford, N. J.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">James H. Gavin.</span></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> Mr. Justin McCarthy, speaking of "Irish Novelists" at Cork,
+in September, 1884, said: "We have some Irish novels which ought to be
+classic, and about which I have over and over again taxed all the
+critical experience I can summon up why they have failed to become
+classic in the sense of Sir Walter Scott's novels. I cannot understand
+why Gerald Griffin's 'Collegians' fails to take a place in the public
+estimation beside the best of the novels of Sir Walter Scott."</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>Rev. Father Fulton, S. J.,</h2>
+
+
+<p>Condescended to notice the ravings of Mr. Robert Ingersoll, at Boston
+College Hall, on the evening of the 11th of November. We should be
+pleased to publish a full report of the lecture, but our limits will not
+permit us to do so. We merely give a few extracts: "Once upon a time
+there was a person named Scholasticus, who suffered by death the loss of
+his child, to whose obsequies came the people in great throngs. But our
+friend, instead of receiving their expressions of condolence, hid
+himself blushing in a corner, and, on being expostulated with, and asked
+why he was ashamed, replied: 'To bury so small a child before so large
+an assembly.' This lecture is the child, and the concourse is the
+audience before me. I have been engaged on matters foreign to literary
+and scientific pursuits, and have had no time to prepare a regular
+lecture, but I think it will not need much time to demolish Mr.
+Ingersoll. I will take his book on 'Orthodoxy,' in which he declares
+that 'he knows that the clergy know that they know nothing.' Mr.
+Ingersoll is not a philosopher, nor a theologian, though he may be, as
+we hear, an orator of matchless voice and gesticulation. He is witty, as
+any one may easily be who attacks what we most revere. Let us look at
+his scholarship. He has no argument whatever, except the old objections
+brought up in the schools. In the whole book there have been no
+references nor authorities cited. His only method of reasoning is that
+by interrogation, why? why? why? Suppose I answer I don't know! The
+proper test of an argument is to put it in syllogistic form, which is
+impossible with Mr. Ingersoll's arguments. Again, the very importance of
+the subject demands a respectful and reverential treatment, which Mr.
+Ingersoll denies it. I will try to make a synopsis of the work. Mr.
+Ingersoll declares himself sincere in his belief, thereby insinuating
+that they who believe in Christianity are hypocrites. Then follows an
+examination of the Congregational and Presbyterian creeds, under the
+supposition, absurdly false, '<i>ex uno disce omnes</i>.' 'Infidelity,' says
+Mr. Ingersoll, 'will prevail over Christianity.' This does not prove
+that Christianity is not the true religion, for infidelity may triumph
+only because the intellect is obscured by passion. 'The Christian
+religion,' says he, 'is supported only because of the contributions of
+some men.' Would those men have supported it had they not firmly
+believed in it? Again, Mr. Ingersoll says the Christian religion was
+destroyed by Mohammed, and yet no one knows it. Nor were the crusades
+unjust and destructive wars, for the land which they fought for was one
+dearest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> to them; their Saviour died there. Was it not a just war? And
+this war saved all Europe, for the power of Mohammed was rising rapidly
+and was about to inundate all Europe. But the war was carried into the
+enemy's country, and by the attack all Europe was saved. Again, we were
+freed from the ignorance of the dark ages (dark, as I may say, only
+because we have no light on them), by the introduction into Italy of
+some manuscripts, according to Mr. Ingersoll. But the truth is, all the
+learning of that period was centred in the church, and by her alone were
+erected seats of learning. It was from the barbarian that this ignorance
+arose. Nor has the church been inimical to the sciences, more
+particularly to astronomy and its promoters, for among the most able
+astronomers of Europe are to be found Catholic priests." The lecture was
+delivered to a large audience completely filling the College Hall.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>Private Judgment a Failure.</h2>
+
+
+<p>It is a common fallacy of Protestants that the scepticism, which is so
+prevalent, affects the Catholic Church equally with Protestant sects.
+Now, this is a great and pernicious error, for it tends to divert
+sincere inquirers from seeking true, infallible doctrine in the church.
+When I witness the strenuous efforts made by Protestant writers against
+scepticism, and their ill success, I am led to execrate the miscalled
+"Reformation." Had that horrible event not taken place, instead of the
+desultory warfare by detached guerillas, we should have had the full
+strength and power of an organized, disciplined, compact army, against
+scepticism. To speak even of the learning displayed by Protestant
+writers is to suggest how much more vast the learning, that would now be
+the portion of England, if the church property were in the hands of the
+Abbots of former days instead of being held by its present possessors.
+In force of reasoning, too, Protestant vindicators of religion are at an
+immense disadvantage. They are hampered by principles, which they should
+never have adopted. Private judgment is to them what Saul's armor was to
+David, ill-fitting, and cumbersome. To borrow an illustration from
+Archbishop Whately, "They are obliged to fight infidelity with their
+left hand; their right hand being tied behind them." One of the
+specialties of this age is "historical research." The application of the
+historical criticism inaugurated by Niebuhr has dealt Protestism a fatal
+blow, while, on the other hand, it has been favorable to the cause of
+Catholicity. This has happened for the reason that the Catholic Church
+is not founded exclusively on the Bible, as Protestantism is. Catholics
+take the Bible as an authentic history. This authentic history
+establishes the divine mission of our Lord, and the institution of the
+church by His divine authority. This church, "the pillar and ground of
+truth," attests the divine authority of Holy Scripture. There is no
+<i>circulus vitiosus</i> in our argument. With us the individual must bow to
+the collective wisdom of the church, divinely established.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> Protestants
+cut a pretty figure with private judgment. In political elections, and
+in clubs, meetings, and so forth, the Protestant very properly allows
+that the voice of the majority must prevail. This is common sense; and
+yet in religious matters forsooth, the private judgment of an ignorant
+and illiterate individual must be permitted to overrule the decision of
+the collective wisdom of learned theologians. This shows how far men are
+liable to be blinded by prejudice. In fact, if men had an interest in
+denying that "two and two make four," they would unquestionably do so.
+We may also deduce from this violent aberration in religion an argument
+to prove the doctrine of original sin, and the existence of evil spirits
+exercising a malignant influence on the souls and minds of men.</p>
+
+<p>Physicists experience that longing for religion natural to man; and
+hence they endeavor to patch up some sort of a religion from the shreds
+of truth that are found in physical science, "<i>rari nantes in gurgite
+vasto</i>." Unfortunately, they are unacquainted with Catholic doctrine,
+and they see in the conflicting sects of Protestantism no good ground to
+base their faith upon. Accustomed to deal with matter, they are unable
+to elevate their minds to the supernatural. They dissect the human
+corpse, and stupidly wonder that in a dead body they cannot discover a
+living soul; they search the empty tomb for the resurrected Saviour.</p>
+
+<p>The minds of those men are set in a wooden, mechanical way. They are
+impervious to logic at the very time that they are asserting their loyal
+adherence to its rules. They have a horror of Catholic conclusions as,
+it may be also remarked, have Protestants likewise. On this account,
+both classes prefer rather to accept the most untrustworthy theories of
+physical science, even when they verge on gross and laughable absurdity,
+than to grant the conclusions of Catholic theologians.</p>
+
+<p>It must be borne in mind that the Bible is not one book, as popular
+Protestantism regards it. It is seen now in the light of historical
+criticism, that the amount of knowledge requisite for the proper
+exercise of private judgment on the Bible is immense, and such as can
+only be acquired by a few, comparatively speaking. Protestantism is,
+therefore, moribund. Infidelity is to be combated by the church; by this
+only can it be conquered. Nor is it hard to conquer. We should see it
+disposed of very soon, if it ventured to put forth a system. But its
+strength lies in grumbling. It asks, like Pontius Pilate, What is truth?
+And goes away without waiting for an answer.</p>
+
+<p>Burlington, N. J.</p> <p class="right"><span class="smcap">Rev. P. A. Treacy.</span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">His</span> Holiness the Pope having written a letter to the Mikado of Japan
+thanking him for the kindness extended by him to the Catholic
+missionaries, his Majesty has replied in cordial terms, assuring the
+Holy Father that he would continue to afford them protection, and
+announcing the despatch of a Japanese mission to the Vatican.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Priests and People Mourning.</h2>
+
+<h4>The Great and Gifted Redemptorist Father, Rev. John O'Brien,
+Deceased&mdash;Beautiful and Appropriate Tributes to his Memory.</h4>
+
+
+<p>A pillar of the Lord's temple, a lustrous light of faith departed, a
+glorious soldier of the church militant on earth, is the sorrowful, but
+withal grateful, subject of our memoir. Taken from this life suddenly in
+the very bloom of a magnificent manhood, and from the career of his
+saintly priesthood, fragrant with thousands of tests of the divinity of
+his ordination; aye, taken from the multitudes who so much needed his
+spiritual guidance and support, may we well exclaim that the ways of our
+Almighty Father are wondrously mysterious and hidden beyond the ken of
+our feeble understanding. The great and gifted young priest was truly of
+that royal race of him, Boroimhe, who was slaughtered by the hand of a
+desperate assassin, as he prayerfully knelt in his tent, on the
+battle-field, offering thanks to the Lord of Hosts for victory over the
+hordes of northern barbarian invaders. He of Clontarf was king, soldier
+and saintly Christian. His descendant, transplanted in his youth, as if
+by divine ordination, from Ireland to America, was soldier, Christian,
+king of hearts and saver of souls. Majestic in person, gentle in
+deportment, tender of heart, Rev. John O'Brien, C. SS. R. through
+wondrous graces of mind and soul won upon all; brought the wayward into
+the paths of holy places, and readily summoned sinners to repentance. He
+achieved miracles, temporal as well as spiritual. It will be recollected
+how agreeably our whole community was startled by the corroborated
+recital, not so very long since, that the young daughter of Col. P. T.
+Hanley, of Boston Highlands, was healed of her chronic lame infirmity
+through the efficacy of his ministrations and her own pure prayers and
+strong faith. How heroic he was in "apostolic zeal and saintly fervor,"
+like one of those heroic, primitive soldiers of the Cross, the martyrs
+of the catacombs, his reverend and eloquent panegyrist attests, when he
+reminds us how little terrors for him and his pious associates had the
+murderously-inclined orangemen and other bigots of Newfoundland, when
+these Fathers were there not long ago on the mission.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Father O'Brien had been for some years connected with the
+Redemptorists' Church of Our Lady of Perpetual Help, at Boston
+Highlands. He was in his thirty-sixth year at the time of his decease,
+which occurred suddenly on November 8th, from rheumatism of the heart,
+at Ilchester, Md., the parent house of the order. He had, only a few
+days previous to his death, closed a most arduous but successful mission
+in Philadelphia, where, but a short time previously, Rev. Father
+McGivern was taken with his fatal illness through overwork in his
+missionary labors. The remains of Father O'Brien were conveyed here by
+Mr. Cleary, one of our undertakers, and reposed in the main aisle
+fronting the altar of the Tremont Street basilica, during the evening<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>
+and night of November 11, where many thousands visited them in tears,
+and rendered upward their silent and heartfelt prayers for the purposes
+which animated his sanctified soul. The emblems of mourning in the
+edifice, the varied and beautiful and artistic floral tributes, the
+grief depicted on the features of young and old of the people, and many
+other evidences, attested most unerringly the great bereavement which
+the Catholics of Boston sustain by his death.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 333px;">
+<img src="images/fig081.jpg" width="333" height="450" alt="The Late Rev. John O&#39;Brien, C. S.S. R." title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Late Rev. John O&#39;Brien, C. S.S. R.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the morning of the 12th, at 9 o'clock, the Redemptorist Fathers'
+Church was thronged with a great congregation, and hundreds were unable
+to get in when the office of the dead was recited. Over fifty priests
+participated in the sanctuary devotions. The clergymen offering up the
+Solemn High Mass of Requiem were as follows: Celebrant, Rev. Father
+Welsh, C. SS. R.; deacon, Rev. Father Wynn, C. SS. R.; sub-deacon, Rev.
+Father Lutz, C. SS. R.; master of ceremonies, Rev. Father Licking, C.
+SS. R.; Father Licking also preached the panegyric. The Reverend Father
+took for his text:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Ecclesiastes</span> xii. 5 and 7. "Man shall enter into the house of
+his eternity, and the mourners shall go roundabout in the
+street.... And the dust shall return to the earth from whence
+it was, and the spirit shall return to God who gave it."</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>He began most impressively and substantially as follows: "What shall I
+say to you on this sad occasion? How shall I find words to express the
+sorrow and sadness, which I see depicted on your countenances? The
+zealous, the learned, the whole-souled Redemptorist, Rev. John O'Brien,
+is laid low on the bier of death. A young warrior has fallen on the
+battle-field of duty. A strong worker has sunk beside the vines he was
+preparing for the heavenly kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, brother, if thou hadst not died in the prime of youth! If thou
+hadst not within thee the strength and energy to labor long and
+successfully in thy sublime vocation! If thou hadst grown gray in the
+service of God, I should congratulate you on this day, the day of thy
+espousals to Jesus Christ. I should say to thee: well done thou faithful
+servant, thou hast labored long and well in the service of thy maker.
+Thou hast gone to thy well-merited reward." Father Licking continued at
+some length in this strong strain of apostrophe to the name and memory
+of his beloved brother, and then entered into reminiscences, in which he
+said, "I remember well when first I met the departed. It was in the year
+1870. We were then students at the preparatory college of the
+Redemptorist order. He was even then the picture of health, and a model
+for every student. Never was he known to infringe upon the slightest
+rule of the institute; never (and this is saying a great thing), never
+did he lose a single moment of time. Always at his books by day and by
+night, even stealing from his well-merited rest some hours in order to
+acquire knowledge which he might employ in after years in the service of
+God and for the good of souls. So well pleased were his superiors with
+his conduct, that they appointed him, together with the late lamented
+Rev. Father McGivern, overseer of the college boys in the absence of
+their superiors."</p>
+
+<p>He received the habit of the order in 1875, with Rev. Fathers Beal and
+Licking. The panegyrist made most feeling allusion to the occasion, when
+the lamented dead took "the profession of those holy vows, those
+tremendous vows, those eternal vows of poverty, chastity, and
+obedience.... Thank God, he kept those vows to the end."</p>
+
+<p>Father O'Brien was next sent to the Redemptorist Theological Seminary of
+Ilchester, Md., to further pursue the great studies that fitted him for
+his calling.</p>
+
+<p>"It often required an express command of his superiors to take him from
+his books that his body might not succumb, and the mind gain the
+necessary rest. So exact was he in all his ways, that we, his fellow
+students, could, at any hour of the day, point out the very spot where
+he might be found, either going through the Way of the Cross, or praying
+before the Blessed Sacrament, or reciting his rosary, or studying at his
+books. Is it a wonder, then, that God should allow him to die on a spot
+which had so often been the witness of so much piety and so many of his
+good works."</p>
+
+<p>He was ordained priest in 1880, and the following February found him at
+the Boston Highlands in the Church of Our Lady of Perpetual Help. Here
+he administered for the first time the Sacrament of Penance; here he
+preached from the pulpit of his panegyrist his first sermon; here he
+entered upon "that career of zeal and usefulness<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> which made his name
+proverbial in every family of the parish." ... "He possessed a powerful
+and comprehensive mind, a prodigious memory, and a most fertile
+imagination; and, above all, a most generous spirit and tender heart.
+Graced besides with every form of manly beauty, strength and vigor, of a
+powerful frame, nothing seemed wanting to him. It might be said of him
+as the poet sang of the ancient hero:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"'He was a combination and a form indeed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where God did seem to set his very seal,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To give the world the picture of a man.'"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Father Licking dwelt at length upon the great extent of the work done in
+the parish by the beloved deceased. "Every interest in the large parish
+received his particular attention." All were participants of his zeal
+and charity. In 1883 he passed through his second novitiate after a
+retirement of six months, which fully equipped him for the missions.
+"And now his soul rejoiced, indeed, in the Lord."</p>
+
+<p>"It is related," said the preacher, "of a Southern officer, that when he
+returned from a successful expedition, the first question he put to his
+general always was: 'Where is the next blow to be struck? Send me
+there!' So it was with the young warrior of the Cross, whose death we
+mourn. His zeal knew no bounds except those of obedience. Hardly had one
+mission been finished when he hastened to another.... North, South, East
+and West were witnesses of his Apostolic zeal and saintly fervor. The
+cold weather, the fierce storms, and still fiercer spirits of hostile
+sects in Newfoundland, had not terrors enough to deter him, and the
+hottest sun of July and August could not draw from him a single word of
+complaint, when engaged in arduous task of giving retreats. And though
+comparatively a young man, when only four years had elapsed since his
+ordination, his superiors trusting in his zeal, his prudence, and his
+wisdom, selected him, from out of many, to the important office of
+giving retreats to the clergy of the land." ... "I see among the floral
+tributes one bearing the letters 'Apostolic Zeal.' It shows me that you
+have understood his spirit."</p>
+
+<p>In the panegyrist's recital it was told that six weeks before his death
+he was returning from missions in Pennsylvania. He saw in New York the
+very Rev. Provincial, who told him that the Fathers at work on the
+missions at Philadelphia were becoming exhausted, and that even then the
+Rev. Father McGivern was on a dying bed there. Father O'Brien stood up,
+and stretching himself to the full height of his massive frame, he
+exclaimed, "Look at me! Am I not a strong man? Send me. I'll do the work
+for them!" "Does it not remind you of the brave general who said, 'Where
+is the next blow to be struck. Send me there.'" When that, his last
+mission, closed, the Fathers had heard thirty-five hundred confessions,
+and he retired to Ilchester for a cursory visit, where the joy he
+experienced in meeting his old Alma Mater superiors was beyond
+description. While there he remarked: "Father, this would be a nice,
+quiet and holy place to die in." That night he was attacked with the
+fatal malady. His limbs became racked with pain. The rheumatism reached
+his great heart, and he is found at five o'clock in the morning
+insensible. The last<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> sacraments were administered, and at seven o'clock
+his noble soul took its flight from its mortal abode.</p>
+
+<p>With an eloquent peroration, Rev. Father Licking closed by craving the
+prayers of the faithful for the departed hero of the Cross.</p>
+
+<p>The pathetic musical services were rendered by the regular choir of the
+church, and comprised the Gregorian Requiem Mass, Miss Nellie M.
+McGowan, organist. The twelve pall-bearers were Colonel P. T. Hanley,
+Frank Ford, John J. Kennedy, M. H. Farrell, Thomas Kelly, E. J. Lynch,
+James McCormack, Thomas O'Leary, James B. Hand, William S. McGowan, John
+Reardon and Timothy McCarthy. Mount Calvary Cemetery was the place
+selected for the interment. In His Grace Archbishop Williams' vault the
+body will repose until the completion of work now in progress on a lot
+specially intended for Father O'Brien. It is estimated that the services
+at the church were attended by over twenty-five hundred people, and the
+funeral was likewise largely attended. Every kind attention was paid to
+his bereaved mother, father, and sister, who came on here from New York
+State.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>SLEEP ON.</h2>
+
+<h3>In Memory of Father John O'Brien, C. SS. R.</h3>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">How short is life, a flitting cloud<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Before the blast.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The storm wind roars, the thunder rolls<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Then, peace at last.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Oh! Brother, life to thee was short;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A summer's morn<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A floweret blooming in the sun,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Then, left forlorn.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Thy heart was fired with zealous love,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Thy courage high.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But list! Thy Captain softly calls<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And thou must die.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">No more thou'lt lead His forces on<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To victory grand;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No more thou'lt join with beating heart<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That glorious band.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Thou'rt fallen on the battle field<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With burnished arms.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O soldier, sleep in peace, secure<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">From war's alarms.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O glorious life! Thy heart was free<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">From aught of earth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From glittering gold, or bauble fair<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of little worth.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Thy gaze was fixed on Heaven's courts,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Thy heart's desire<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On Calvary's top where Jesus burnt<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In love's fierce fire.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O noble champion of the cross,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Thy course is run.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Like heaven's light, thy soul returns<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To heaven's Sun.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O beauteous death! No worldly grief<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Is blustering there,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Church's voice, her tender plaint<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Scents all the air.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">How sweet to die, when voice of prayer<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Doth rend the skies.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Released from earth, the soul ascends<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In glad surprise.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And what is left? The house of clay<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Where dwelt the soul.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That temple grand, where hymns to God<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Did often roll.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Ah! guard it well, its blessed walls<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Will rise again.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Again the soul in heaven will chant<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Its glad refrain.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">His tomb will blossom fair with flowers&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A mother's tears.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In memory's halls, his name will live<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Through countless years.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Sleep on, brave soldier, sleep<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And take thy rest.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Like John thou sleepest now<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">On Jesus' breast.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Crown and Crescent.</h2>
+
+
+<p>A great event was witnessed on the evening of Monday, November 23, when
+the new electric crown and crescent, which adorn the statue of Our Lady
+on the dome of the university, were lit up for the first time. There,
+lifted high in the air&mdash;two hundred feet above the ground&mdash;the grand,
+colossal figure of the Mother of God appeared amid the darkness of the
+night in a blaze of light, with its diadem of twelve electric stars, and
+under its feet the crescent moon formed of twenty-seven electric lights.
+Truly, it was a grand sight; and one, which, though it is becoming
+familiar to the inmates of Notre Dame, must ever strike the beholder
+with awe and reverence, realizing as it does, the most perfect
+expression, in a material representation, of the prophetic declaration
+of Holy Writ: <i>And there appeared a great wonder in heaven: a woman
+clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and on her head a
+crown of twelve stars.</i></p>
+
+<p>It must, indeed, have been an inspiration, or a prophetic foresight of
+the great advance soon to be made in the domain of science, that, a few
+years ago, caused the venerable founder of Notre Dame to conceive the
+grand idea which to-day we see so perfectly realized. In 1879, when the
+new Notre Dame was being raised upon the ruins of the old, comparatively
+little progress had as yet been made in electric lighting. In
+particular, the great problem of the minute subdivision of the light
+remained unsolved. Edison had not then begun his experiments, and the
+incandescent light was not even dreamed of. To employ the arc light
+around the statue was out of the question, not only because the
+necessary appliances would detract from the beauty of the figure, but
+also on account of the daily attention which the lamps would require.</p>
+
+<p>But the idea had taken possession of the mind of Very Rev. Father Sorin,
+and was tenaciously clung to, in spite of discouraging report through
+the years that followed, until, at length, the success of subsequent
+experiments, and the invention of incandescent electric lighting,
+revealed the complete practicability of carrying out the grand design of
+the venerable founder.</p>
+
+<p>Now, twelve of the Edison incandescent lamps encircle the head of the
+statue, while at the base are three semi-circles of nine lamps in each,
+which form the crescent moon. These, together with the lights in the
+halls of the college, are fed with the electric current by a powerful
+dynamo, situated in the rear of the building. Thus the visitor to Notre
+Dame, as he comes up the avenue at night, or the wayfarer for miles
+around, can realize and revere that glorious tribute to the Queen of
+Heaven, the Protectress of Notre Dame, as he sees her figure surrounded
+with its halo of light, typifying the watchful care she constantly
+exercises, by night as well as by day, over the inmates of this home of
+religion and science, which has been specially dedicated to her honor.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><i>Notre Dame</i> (Ia.) <i>Scholastic</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Four Thousand Years.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Four thousand years earth waited,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Four thousand years men prayed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Four thousand years the nations sighed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That their King delayed.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The prophets told His coming,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The saintly for Him sighed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the Star of the Babe of Bethlehem<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Shone o'er them when they died.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Their faces toward the future,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">They longed to hail the light,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That in after centuries<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Would rise on Christmas nights.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">But still the Saviour tarried<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In His Father's home,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the nations wept and wondered why<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The promised had not come.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">At last earth's prayer was granted,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And God was a child of earth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And a thousand angels chanted<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The lowly midnight birth.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Ah! Bethlehem was grander<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That hour, than Paradise;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the light of earth, that night, eclipsed<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The splendors of the skies.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Abram J. Ryan.</span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>Abolishing Barmaids.</h2>
+
+
+<p>A bill "for the Abolition of Barmaids" sounds like a joke from "Alice in
+Wonderland," or from one of Mr. Gilbert's burlesques. Nevertheless it is
+a serious legislative proposal now pending before the Parliament of
+Victoria. It is actually in print, and makes it penal for any keeper of
+a public house to employ women behind the counter. Of course, the
+advocates of this astonishing idea have their arguments. They do not go
+quite as far as Sir Wilfrid Lawson, who would disestablish not only
+barmaids, but barmen and bars; they would not shut up all dram-shops;
+but they would make them as dreary as possible, so as to repel
+impressionable young men. In Gothenburg the spirit-drinker is served by
+a policeman, who keeps an eagle eye upon him that he may know him again,
+and refuse him a second glass if he asks for it before a certain
+interval has expired. The Victorian reformers have a corresponding idea
+of diminishing the attractions of intoxication by surrounding the
+initial stages with repellent rather than enticing accessories. Instead
+of the smiling Hebes who have fascinated the golden youth of the colony,
+men will serve as tapsters, and without note or comment hand across the
+counter the required draught. The effect may be considerable, as male
+drinkers do undoubtedly take a delight in the pleasant looks and bright
+talk of the young ladies who, as the French say, "preside" at these
+establishments. But should not the Victorian apostles of abstinence go
+further? It is well to replace girls by men, and thus subdue the bar to
+masculine dullness; but could not the Act of Parliament go on to declare
+that none save plain, grim-visaged males should be tolerated as
+assistants? The most inveterate toper might hesitate to enter twice if
+he were always met by the ugly aspect of some dark, forbidding
+countenance. A kind of competition might take<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> place for the posts,
+which might be given to the most repulsive people the Government could
+select. Fearful squint would be at a premium; scowls would be valued
+according to their blackness and depth; a ghastly grin would be
+desirable; while a general cadaverousness might be utilized as
+suggesting to drunkards the probable end of their career. The gods of
+Olympus laughed loudly when the swart, ungainly Vulcan for once replaced
+Hebe as their cup-bearer; but it would be no joke for the young idlers
+of Melbourne to find stern, grim men frowning over the counters where
+once they were received with "nods and becks and wreathed smiles."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>Christianity in China.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The arrangement which the Pope has made with the Emperor of China
+promises to be productive of the happiest results, and to open the
+Flowery Kingdom fully to the spread of the gospel. For many years the
+French assumed the position of protectors of Christian missionaries in
+barbarous countries. The first expedition to Annam was avowedly sent to
+put an end to the murders of missionaries and converts so frequent in
+that country; and for a time it did serve to put a check on the ferocity
+of government and people. In the treaty of Tienstin it was stipulated
+that the French Government should have the right to protect missionaries
+in China. For a time that seemed to work well. But the many complaints
+made through the French consuls, and the punishments inflicted on
+Mandarins at their demand, served to irritate the Mandarins and the
+populace. The indiscretion of some French missionaries, who interposed
+to protect converts not always deserving of protection, and who flaunted
+the flag of France in the faces of the Mandarins in their own courts,
+increased the irritation. Some of the missionaries boasted also in
+letters, which the Chinese saw when published, of the respect for France
+which they instilled into their converts. The consequence was, that,
+although the missionaries are from all nations, the Chinese learned to
+regard them as French; and when the French made the late war on China,
+to regard all Chinese Christians as traitors. Formerly the government
+persecuted the Christians. Latterly Chinese mobs massacred the
+Christians and destroyed their churches, convents, schools, etc., and
+the French scarcely made an effort to protect them even in Tonquin. The
+Holy Father, in the letter which we published some time ago, assured the
+Emperor that the missionaries who are of all nations are of no politics
+and desire only to preach the Christian religion, and begged the Emperor
+to protect them. It has now been arranged that the Pope shall hereafter
+be represented by a Legate at Pekin to whom the rank, etc., of an
+ambassador will be given, and who will receive any complaints the
+missionaries may have to make and will seek redress for them. Thus the
+interests of religion will, in the minds of the Chinese, be entirely
+dissociated from the interests of all foreign countries, and the
+feelings which now prevail will subside in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> time. The French Government
+infidel, though it is, will not like, it is thought, to be thus put
+aside; but if the missionaries cease to appeal to its agents it will be
+powerless.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>"Faro's Daughters."</h2>
+
+
+<p>There was plenty of gambling in London at the end of the last century,
+and ladies took a prominent part in it. Faro was then a favorite game,
+and ladies who were in the habit of keeping a bank used to be called
+"Faro's Daughters." Of these, Lady Archer and Lady Buckinghamshire were
+the most notorious, and Mrs. Sturt, Mrs. Hobart, and Mrs. Concannon were
+also noted gamblers. The usual method was for some great lady to give an
+entertainment at which faro was played, when the lady who took the bank
+gave her &pound;25 towards the expenses. St. James's Square was the scene of
+many of these revels. The <i>Times</i> of April 2, 1794, stated that "one of
+the Faro Banks in St. James's Square lost &pound;7000 last year by bad debts."
+The same number tells us that "Lady Buckinghamshire, Mrs. Sturt, and
+Mrs. Concannon alternately divide the <i>beau-monde</i> at their respective
+houses. Instead of having two different hot suppers, at one and three in
+the morning, the Faro Banks will now scarcely afford bread and cheese
+and porter." The lady gamblers were considerably alarmed at certain
+hints they received, that they would be prosecuted; and in 1796 the
+<i>Times</i> said, "We state it as a fact, within our own knowledge, that two
+ladies of fashion, who keep open houses for gaming at the West End of
+the Town, have lately paid large douceurs to ward off the hand of
+justice." But in the following year Lady Buckinghamshire, Lady Elizabeth
+Lutterell, and Mrs. Sturt were each fined &pound;50 for playing faro at the
+house of the first named. The evidence proved that the "defendants had
+gaming parties at their different houses by rotation," and that they
+played until four or five in the morning. The fines seemed light enough,
+for an extract from the <i>Times</i> in the same year says:&mdash;"The expense of
+entertainments at the Gaming House of the highest class, in St. James's
+Square, during the eight months of last season, has been said to exceed
+6,000 guineas! What must be the profits to afford such a profusion?" In
+modern times backgammon is not usually associated with very desperate
+gambling; but a captain in the guards is said to have lost thirteen
+thousand guineas at that game at one sitting in 1796. He revenged
+himself, however, by winning forty-five thousand guineas at billiards in
+a single night shortly afterwards.&mdash;<i>Saturday Review.</i></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Never</span> use water that has stood in a lead pipe over night. Not less than
+a wooden bucketful should be allowed to run.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>Juvenile Department.</h2>
+
+
+<h3>A CHILD'S DAY.</h3>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">When I was a little child<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">It was always golden weather.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My days stretched out so long<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">From rise to set of sun,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I sang and danced and smiled&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">My light heart like a feather&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From morn to even-song;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But the child's days are done.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">I used to wake with the birds&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The little birds wake early,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For the sunshine leaps and plays<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">On the mother's head and wing;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the clouds were white as curds;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The apple trees stood pearly;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I always think of the child's days<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">As one unending spring.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">I knew where all flowers grew.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">I used to lie in the meadow<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ere reaping-time and mowing-time<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And carting home the hay.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And, oh, the skies were blue!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Oh, drifting light and shadow!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">It was another time and clime&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The little child's sweet day.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And in the long days waning<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The skies grew rose and amber<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And palest green and gold,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With a moon's white flame.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And if came wind and raining,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Gray hours I don't remember;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor how the warm year waxed cold,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And deathly autumn came.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Only of that young time<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The bright things I remember:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">How orchard bows were laden red,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And blackberries so brave<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Came ere the frost and rime&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Ere the dreary, dark November,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With dripping black boughs overhead,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And dead leaves on a grave.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The years have come and gone,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And brought me many a pleasure,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And many a gift and gain<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">From near and from afar,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And dear work gladly done,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And dear love without measure,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And sunshine after rain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And in the night a star.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The years have come and gone,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And one hath brought me sorrow;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Yet I shall sing to ease my pain<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For the hours I must stay.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They are passing one by one,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And I wait with hope the morrow;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But indeed I am not fain<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of a long, long day.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">It is well for a little child<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Whose heart is blithe and merry<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To find too short its golden day&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Long morn and afternoon.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So many flowers grow wild,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And many a fruit and berry:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Long day, too short for work and play,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The night comes too soon.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">It was well for that little child;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But its day is gone forever,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And a wounded heart will ache<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In the sunlight gold and gay.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Oh, the night is cool and mild<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To all things that smart with fever!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The older heart had time to break<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In the little child's long day.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Katharine Tynan</span>, in <i>Merry England</i>.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">When</span> little Willie L. first heard the braying of a mule in the South, he
+was greatly frightened; but, after thinking a minute, he smiled at his
+fear, saying, "Mamma, just hear that poor horse with the
+whooping-cough!"</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Little</span> grammar is a dangerous thing: "Johnny, be a good boy, and I
+will take you to the circus next year."&mdash;"Take me now, pa; the circus is
+in the present tents."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>THE CHRISTMAS TURKEY.</h3>
+
+<p>Grandfather Patrick lived a long time ago; in the days when all the
+grandfathers wore white wigs with little tails sticking out behind.</p>
+
+<p>One day he went into the back yard where an old Turkey Gobbler lived,
+and said to him:</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Turkey Gobbler: Next week comes Christmas and I want you to come
+into the house with me, and help us have a good time. You are such a
+fine, fat fowl, I am sure you will be just the one we want."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/fig090.jpg" width="450" height="336" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Mr. Turkey Gobbler was a vain bird, and when he heard Grandfather
+Patrick say this, he spread out his tail, stuck up his feathers, and
+stretched his wings down to the ground. Then he said: "Yes, I know I am
+a fine fowl, and I want to get away from this low, mean yard, into the
+grand house, among grand people, where I think I belong."</p>
+
+<p>"And so you shall," said Grandfather Patrick. "You shall leave this cold
+yard and come in to the stove where it is warm. You shall<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> come to the
+table with us all on Christmas Day. You shall be at the head of the
+table, and the boys and girls will be glad to see you, and they will say
+how fat you are, and how good you are, and how they wish they could have
+you at the table every day."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Turkey Gobbler was so pleased at all this that he went into the
+house with Grandfather Patrick and Aunt Bridget.</p>
+
+<p>And all the little chickens looked on, and they said to each other: "Why
+cannot we go into the grand house, and come to the table the same as Mr.
+Turkey Gobbler? We are just as fine as he."</p>
+
+<p>"Be patient," said Grandfather Patrick; "your time will come."</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE CHRISTMAS STOCKING.</h3>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i25">"Dear Santa Claus," wrote<br /></span>
+<span class="i23">little Will in letters truly<br /></span>
+<span class="i23">shocking, "I's been a good<br /></span>
+<span class="i22">boy, so please fill a heapen<br /></span>
+<span class="i21">up this stocking. I want<br /></span>
+<span class="i20">a drum to make pa sick<br /></span>
+<span class="i18">and drive my mamma cra-<br /></span>
+<span class="i17">zy. I want a doggie I can<br /></span>
+<span class="i17">kick so he will not get<br /></span>
+<span class="i16">lazy. I want a powder<br /></span>
+<span class="i15">gun to shoot right at my<br /></span>
+<span class="i15">sister Annie, and a big<br /></span>
+<span class="i16">trumpet I can toot just<br /></span>
+<span class="i17">awful loud at granny. I<br /></span>
+<span class="i17">want a dreffle big false<br /></span>
+<span class="i17">face to scare in fits our ba-<br /></span>
+<span class="i17">by. I want a pony I can<br /></span>
+<span class="i18">race around the parlor,<br /></span>
+<span class="i17">maybe. I want a little<br /></span>
+<span class="i17">hatchet, too, so I can do<br /></span>
+<span class="i17">some chopping upon our<br /></span>
+<span class="i17">grand piano new, when<br /></span>
+<span class="i17">mamma goes a-shopping.<br /></span>
+<span class="i17">I want a nice hard rub-<br /></span>
+<span class="i17">ber ball to smash all<br /></span>
+<span class="i18">into flinders, the<br /></span>
+<span class="i19">great big mirror<br /></span>
+<span class="i19">in the hall an'<br /></span>
+<span class="i19">lots an' lots of<br /></span>
+<span class="i20">winders. An'<br /></span>
+<span class="i19">candy that'll<br /></span>
+<span class="i20">make me<br /></span>
+<span class="i20">sick, so ma<br /></span>
+<span class="i18">all night will<br /></span>
+<span class="i17">hold me an'<br /></span>
+<span class="i16">make pa get the<br /></span>
+<span class="i15">doctor quick an'<br /></span>
+<span class="i14">never try to scold<br /></span>
+<span class="i13">me. An' Santa Claus,<br /></span>
+<span class="i10">if pa says I'm naughty<br /></span>
+<span class="i10">it's a story. Jus' say<br /></span>
+<span class="i7">if she whips me I'll<br /></span>
+<span class="i7">die an' surely go to<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">glory."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE CHRISTMAS CRIB.</h3>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p>
+
+<h4>From the French of J. Grange, by Th. Xr. K.</h4>
+
+<p>There still subsist, in certain provinces of France, old religious
+customs which are full of charming simplicity. May they endure and ever
+hold out against the icy breath of skepticism, the cold rules of the
+beautiful, and the wearisome level of uniformity.</p>
+
+<p>In the churches of Limousin, between Christmas and the Purification, is
+found a rustic monument called crib. The crib is generally a straw hut,
+thatched with branches of holly and pine; on these branches are
+scattered little patches of white wadding, which look like snowflakes.
+Inside the house, on a bed of straw, lies an Infant Jesus made of wax.
+All these Infants look alike and are charming; they have blond hair,
+blue eyes, pink cheeks, and a silk or brocade gown, with gold and silver
+spangles. To the right of the Child is the Blessed Virgin; to the left,
+St. Joseph. These are of wax or even of colored pasteboard. A little
+behind the Holy Family, and forming two distinct groups, may be seen the
+kings and the shepherds. The shepherds are like peasants of that part of
+the country, with long hair, big felt hats, and blue drugget vests. Most
+of them carry in their hands, or in baskets, dairy or farm
+presents,&mdash;fruits, eggs, honey-comb, a pair of doves. As for the kings,
+they are superbly clothed in long gowns, whose trail is carried by
+dwarfs. One of them, called the king of Ethiopia, is black and has kinky
+hair.</p>
+
+<p>In certain cribs, simplicity and exactness are pushed to such lengths,
+as to represent the ox and the ass, with the rack full of hay. There may
+be also seen, but less frequently, in the kings' group, camels and
+dromedaries, covered with rich harness, and led by the bridle by slaves.
+If you want to do things right and leave nothing out, you must skilfully
+arrange above the crib a yellow-colored glass in which burns a flame,
+which represents the star that the Magi perceived and which stopped over
+the grotto at Bethlehem. Candles and tapers burn before the crib, which
+is surrounded by some pious women, and a number of children, who never
+grow weary of admiring the Holy Family and its brilliant retinue.</p>
+
+<p>I was one day in a church where there was one of these cribs. I was
+hidden by a column and was a witness, without any wish of mine, of the
+impressions which the little monument made on visitors.</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman, a stranger in the locality, entered the church with a young
+lady, about eighteen years of age, who seemed to be his daughter. The
+gentleman took off his hat, put on a smoking cap, and began to visit the
+church with as much carelessness of demeanor as though it were a
+provincial museum. The young lady dipped the tips of her fingers in the
+holy water, sped through a short prayer, and hastened to rejoin her
+father, with whom she began to chat and laugh.</p>
+
+<p>When they came in front of the crib, the father adjusted his
+eye-glasses, the daughter took her opera-glass, and for a few minutes
+they gazed on this scene, new to them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>After gazing a little while, the gentleman shrugged his shoulders and
+asked:</p>
+
+<p>"What are all those dolls?"</p>
+
+<p>"Papa," replied the daughter, "that is the Stable of Bethlehem, and a
+simple representation of the birth of Jesus Christ."</p>
+
+<p>"Simple?" exclaimed the father, "you're indulgent to-day, Az&eacute;mia; you
+should say grotesque and buffoonish; that it should be possible to push
+bad taste so far! It is not enough that their mysteries are
+incomprehensible; here they're trying to make them ridiculous!"</p>
+
+<p>"Goodness, papa," said the young lady; "just think! for the common
+people and peasants"&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I tell you, Az&eacute;mia, that it is absurd and shocking, and that the
+peasants and the natives themselves must laugh at it. Let us go! I feel
+myself catching cold here, and dinner must be ready."</p>
+
+<p>They had hardly left the church, when a lady entered with a charming
+four-year-old baby. The child ran to the crib where the mother joined
+him after a prayer which seemed to me less summary and more serious than
+that which the young lady had said.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh! mamma," the child said half aloud; "look at the little Jesus, and
+the Blessed Virgin, and St. Joseph. See the kings and the shepherds. Oh!
+mamma, see the star the kings followed and that stopped over the Stable
+of Bethlehem."</p>
+
+<p>And the child stood on tip-toe and looked with wide-open eyes.</p>
+
+<p>"Mamma," he went on, "see the ass and the ox that were in the stable
+when the little Jesus came into the world. Oh! the beautiful gray ass!
+and that ox that is all red; it looks like an ox for sure, like those in
+the fields. Say, little mother, could I throw a kiss to little Jesus?"</p>
+
+<p>And the child, putting his finger-tips to his lips, made a delightfully
+naive salute.</p>
+
+<p>The mother silently kissed her child, and it seemed to me that she was
+weeping.</p>
+
+<p>"Now, darling," she said, "now that you've seen everything, say to the
+little Jesus the prayer you say every night before going to bed."</p>
+
+<p>The child seemed to hesitate.</p>
+
+<p>"You see there is nobody here but the good God and us; then you can say
+it low."</p>
+
+<p>"My God," said the child; "I love you. Keep me during my sleep; keep
+little father and little mother too, good papa and good mamma, my sister
+Mary, who is at boarding-school, and all my relatives, living and dead.
+Jesus, Mary, Joseph, I give you my heart."</p>
+
+<p>The mother and the child left. And I who had heard these things, I
+thought of the sacred texts:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Blessed are the pure of heart, for they shall see God."</p>
+
+<p>"I thank Thee, Father, because Thou hast hidden these things from the
+wise and prudent, and hast revealed them to the little ones."</p>
+
+<p>"Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings Thou hast perfected praise."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>CHRISTMAS GIFTS FOR THE BOYS.</h3>
+
+<p>"Please suggest a suitable Christmas present for a boy of nine."</p>
+
+<p>The above, addressed to the <i>New York Sun</i>, elicited the following
+reply, which may be read with much profit by all parents of young
+hopefuls.</p>
+
+<p>If your nine-year-old has developed any mechanical taste, gratify it by
+a small kit of tools. The chests of cheap tools sold in the stores are
+not good for much. Select a few tools of good quality at a hardware
+store, and put a substantial work bench, such as carpenters use, in the
+play room. Never mind an occasional cut finger.</p>
+
+<p>Pet animals or birds, which may be found in great variety in the bird
+fanciers' stores, always delight the boys. But city boys do not always
+have room to keep them.</p>
+
+<p>An aquarium of moderate dimensions, stocked with half a dozen varieties
+of fish, turtles, snails, seaweed, etc., is a very useful and
+interesting present for any boy or girl. In the spring add a few
+pollywogs, and watch them in their evolution into frogs. You will be
+interested in the process yourself.</p>
+
+<p>What do you say to a microscope?</p>
+
+<p>If your boy lacks muscular development for his years, get him a set of
+apparatus for parlor gymnastics. He will have lots of fun and it will do
+him good. A bicycle isn't bad either.</p>
+
+<p>If he hasn't learned to skate yet it is time to start in. Get him a good
+pair of steel runners.</p>
+
+<p>Of course he has a sled?</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps he has all of the things we mention. If so, get the housemaid,
+or some other person whom he would not suspect, to ask him what he would
+like best for Christmas, and get that if it is within the bounds of
+reason.</p>
+
+<p>Throw in a book. There are plenty of them.</p>
+
+<p>Don't give him a toy pistol.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ROBIN REDBREAST.</h3>
+
+<p>All over Great Britain and Ireland the redbreast's nest is spared, while
+those of other birds are robbed without ceremony; and his life is
+equally sacred. No schoolboy who has ever killed a robin can forget the
+dire remorse and fear that followed the deed. And little wonder, for
+terrible are the punishments said to overtake those who persecute this
+little bird. Generally such a crime is believed to be expiated by the
+death of a friend. Sometimes the punishment is more trivial. In some
+parts of England it is believed that even the weasel and the wildcat
+will spare him.</p>
+
+<p>In Brittany, the native place of the legend, it is needless to say, the
+redbreast is thoroughly popular, and his life and nest are both
+respected. In Cornouaille the people say he will live till the day of
+judgment, and every year will make some young women rich and happy.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> In
+some parts of England and Scotland his appearance is considered an omen
+of death. In Northamptonshire he is said to tap three times at the
+window of a dying person's room. In the Haute Marne district of France
+he is also thought a bird of ill omen, and is called Beznet&mdash;meaning
+"the evil eye."</p>
+
+<p>In Central Europe, where there is also no trace of a passion legend
+attached to the redbreast, he is held none the less sacred. Mischief is
+sure to follow the violator of his nest. But by far the most prevalent
+belief, and especially in Germany, is that the man who injures a
+redbreast or its nest will have his house struck by lightning, and that
+a redbreast's nest near a house will protect it from lightning.</p>
+
+<p>These robins are very rarely seen on this side of the Atlantic. Several
+of them were brought to this country a few weeks ago from Larne, county
+Antrim, Ireland, and were landed in New York.</p>
+
+<p>They are the tamest of all the birds in the British Isles, and are utter
+strangers to the timidity which our robin displays toward man. At the
+same time they are not pert and presumptuous like the sparrow, but seem
+to feel that their innocent confidence in man has gained for them
+immunity from the danger of being stoned or shot at, to which nearly
+every other bird is subjected to without compunction. The most
+mischievous schoolboy in those countries never thinks of throwing a
+stone at a robin, although he regards any other bird as an entirely
+proper object for his aim. Like every other songster of the feathered
+tribe, their age depends on how old they are when captured. If taken
+from the nest they will live for years in a cage, but should they have
+enjoyed some years of freedom they pine away soon, and in such cases
+refuse to sing. The nest bird, however, sings in captivity, though its
+notes might lack the sweetness and duration of the free bird. In
+appearance the little robin bears scarcely any resemblance to its
+namesake of this continent, being much smaller in size, and having a
+breast of far rosier hue.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FOOLISH GIRLS.</h3>
+
+<p>While the great majority of our girls are sensible and wise, not a few
+are silly victims of sensational story papers. Their minds become
+corrupted, and their imaginations attain an unhealthy development. They
+picture to themselves an ideal hero, and easily fall victims to
+designing knaves, who induce them to elope. The spice of romance in an
+elopement takes their fancy, and they leave the homes of happy childhood
+to wander in the paths of pleasure. It has been well remarked that
+nothing good is ever heard of a girl who elopes. Now and then she
+figures in the divorce courts either as plaintiff or defendant, but
+ordinarily the world moves on, and leaves her to her fate. Occasionally
+the police records give a fragment of her life when the heyday of her
+youth and life has fled, and the man with whom she has eloped has taken
+to beating her in order to get up an appetite for breakfast. Here and
+there the workhouse or charitable home opens its doors to receive her,
+when she wearies of the life she gladly assumed, and is too proud to beg
+for forgiveness at home.</p>
+
+
+<h3>LITTLE QUEEN PET AND HER KINGDOM.</h3>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>There was once a little queen who was born to reign over a great rich
+kingdom called Goldenlands. She had twelve nurses and a hundred and
+fifty beautiful names: only unfortunately on the day of the christening
+there was so much confusion and excitement that all the names were lost
+as they fell out of the bishop's mouth. Nobody saw where they vanished
+to, and as nobody could find them, the poor little baby had to return to
+the palace nursery without anything to be called by. They could not
+christen her over again, so the king offered a reward to the person who
+should discover the princess's names within the next fifteen years.
+Every one cried "Poor pet, poor pet!" over the nameless baby, who soon
+became known as the Princess Pet. But her father and mother took the
+accident so much to heart that they both died soon after.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, little Pet was considered too young to manage the affairs of
+her own kingdom, and so she had a great, powerful Government to do it
+for her. This Government was a most peculiar monster, with nine hundred
+and ninety-nine heads and scarcely any heart; and when anything was to
+be decided upon, all the heads had to be laid together, so that it took
+a long time to make up its mind. It was not at all good to the kingdom,
+but little Pet did not know anything about that, as she was kept away in
+her splendid nursery, with all her nurses watching her, while she played
+with the most wonderful toys. Sometimes she was taken out to walk in the
+gardens, with three nurses holding a parasol over her head, a page
+carrying her embroidered train, three nurses walking before, fanning
+her, and six nurses following behind; but she never had any playfellows,
+and nothing ever happened at all different from everything else. The
+only variety in her life was made by startling sounds, which often came
+echoing to the nursery, of the gate-bell of the palace ringing loudly.</p>
+
+<p>"Why does the bell ring so?" little Pet would cry, and the nurses would
+answer:</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, it is only the poor!"</p>
+
+<p>"Who are the poor?" asked Pet.</p>
+
+<p>"People who are born to torment respectable folks!" said the head nurse.</p>
+
+<p>"They must be very naughty people!" lisped Pet, and went on with her
+play.</p>
+
+<p>When Pet grew a little older she became very tired of dolls and
+skipping-ropes, and she really did not know what to do with herself; so
+one day, when all the nurses had gone down to dinner at the same time,
+she escaped from her nursery and tripped down the passages, peering into
+the corners on every side. After wandering about a long time she came to
+a staircase, and descending it very quickly she reached a suite of
+beautiful rooms which had been occupied by her mother. They remained
+just as the good queen had left them; even the faded roses were turning
+into dust in the jars. Pet was walking through the rooms very soberly,
+peering at, and touching everything, when she<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> heard a queer little
+sound of moaning and whispering and complaining, which came like little
+piping gusts of wind from somewhere or other.</p>
+
+<p>"Fiss-whiss, whiss, whiss, whiss!" went the little whispers; and "Ah!"
+and "Ai!" and "Oh!" came puffing after them, like the strangest little
+sighs.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, dear, what <i>can</i> it be?" thought Pet, standing in the middle of the
+room and gazing all round. "I declare I do think it is coming out of the
+wardrobe!"</p>
+
+<p>An ancient carved wardrobe extended all along one side of the room, and
+indeed the little sounds seemed to be whistling out through its chinks
+and keyholes. Pet walked up to it rather timidly; but taking courage,
+put her ear to the lock. Then she heard distinctly:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Here we hang in a row,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In a row!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And we ought to have been given<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To the poor long ago!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>And besides this strange complaint she caught other little bits grumbles
+floating about, such as</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Fiss, whiss, whiss!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Did ever I think<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I should have come to this?"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>And:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Alack, and well-a-day!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Will <i>nobody</i> come<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To take us away?"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>As soon as she had recovered from her amazement, Pet opened the
+wardrobe, and there she saw a long row of gowns, hanging in all sorts of
+despondent attitudes, some hooked up by their sleeves, others caught by
+the waist with their bodies doubled together.</p>
+
+<p>"Here is somebody at last, thank goodness!" cried a dark-brown silk
+which was greatly crumpled, and looked very uncomfortable hanging up by
+its shoulder.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, gowns, gowns!" cried Pet, staring at these strange grumblers with
+her round, blue eyes, "whatever do you want?"</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Want</i>?" cried the brown silk; "why, of course, to be taken out and
+given to the poor."</p>
+
+<p>"The poor again!" cried Pet. "Who can these poor be at all, I wonder?"</p>
+
+<p>"People who cannot buy clothing enough for themselves," said the brown
+silk. "When your dear mother was alive she always gave her old gowns to
+the poor. Only think how nice I should be for the respectable mother of
+a family to go to church in on Sundays, instead of being rumpled in here
+out of the daylight with the moths eating me."</p>
+
+<p>"And I," cried a pink muslin, "what a pretty holiday frock I should make
+for the industrious young school-mistress who supports her poor
+grandfather and grandmother."</p>
+
+<p>"And I! and I! and I!" shrieked many little rustling voices, each
+describing the possible usefulness of a particular gown.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes! we should all turn to account," continued the brown silk,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> "all
+except, perhaps, one or two very grand, stiff old fogies in velvet and
+brocade and cloth-of-gold; and even these might be cut up into jackets
+for the old clown who tumbles on the village green for the children's
+amusement."</p>
+
+<p>"My breath is quite taken away," cried Pet. "I shall certainly see that
+you are all taken out and given to the poor immediately."</p>
+
+<p>"She is her mother's daughter after all;" said the brown silk,
+triumphantly; and Pet closed the door upon a chorus of little murmurs of
+satisfaction from the imprisoned gowns.</p>
+
+<p>"This is a very curious adventure," thought the little queen, as she
+trotted on, fancying she saw faces grinning at her out of the furniture
+and down from the ceiling; and then she stopped again, quite sure she
+heard very peculiar sounds coming out of an antique bureau which stood
+in a corner. After her conversation with the gowns this did not surprise
+her much at all, and she put her ear to the keyhole at once.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Clink! Clink!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">What do you think?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Here we are<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shut up in a drawer,"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>cried the queer little voices coming out of the bureau.</p>
+
+<p>"What can <i>this</i> be about, I wonder?" said Pet, and turning the key,
+peeped in. There she beheld a whole heap of gold and silver lying in the
+depths of the bureau, all the guineas and shillings hopping about and
+clinking against each other and singing:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Take us out<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And give us about,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And then we shall do<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Some good, no doubt!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>"Why, what do you want to get out for?" asked Pet, looking down at them.</p>
+
+<p>"To help the poor, of course!" said the money. "We were put in here by
+the good queen, your mother, and saved up for the poor who deserve to be
+assisted. But now every one has forgotten us, and we are rusting away
+while there is so much distress in the kingdom."</p>
+
+<p>"Well," said Pet, "I shall see to your case; for I promise you I am
+going to know more about these wonderful poor."</p>
+
+<p>She shut up the bureau, and went on further exploring the rooms, and now
+you may be pretty sure her ears were wide open for every sound. It was
+not long before she heard a creaking and squeaking that came from a
+large wicker-basket which was twisting about in the most discontented
+manner.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Once on a time I was filled with bread,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But now I stand as if I were dead,"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>mourned the basket.</p>
+
+<p>"And why were you filled with bread?" asked Pet.</p>
+
+<p>"Your mother used to fill me," squeaked the basket, "and give the bread
+out of me to feed the poor."</p>
+
+<p>"Why! do you mean to say that the poor have no bread to eat?"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> asked
+Pet. "That is really a most dreadful thing. I must speak to my
+Government about these poor immediately. Whatever my mother did must
+have been perfectly right at all events, and I shall do the same!"</p>
+
+<p>And off she went back towards her nursery, meeting all her twelve nurses
+flying along the corridors to look for her.</p>
+
+<p>"Go directly and tell my Government that I want to speak to it," said
+Queen Pet, quite grandly; and she was brought down to the great Council
+Chamber.</p>
+
+<p>"Your Majesty has had too much plum-pudding and a bad dream afterwards!"
+said the Government when Pet had told the whole story about the gowns,
+and the money, and the bread-basket, and the poor; and then the
+Government took a pinch of snuff and sent Queen Pet back to her nursery.</p>
+
+<p>The next day, when all the nurses had gone to their dinner again, Pet
+was leaning out of her nursery window, with her two elbows on the sills
+and her face between her hands, and she was gazing down on the charming
+gardens below, and away off over the fields and hills of her beautiful
+kingdom of Goldenlands. "Where do the poor live, I wonder?" she thought;
+"and I wonder what they are like? Oh, that I could be a good queen like
+my mother, and be of use to my people! How I wish that I had a ladder to
+reach down into the garden, and then I could run away all over my
+kingdom and find things out for myself."</p>
+
+<p>Just as she thought thus an exquisite butterfly perched on her finger
+and said gaily,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"A thousand spiders<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">All weaving in a row,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Can weave you a ladder<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To fit your little toe."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>"Can they, indeed?" cried Pet; "and are you acquainted with the
+spiders?"</p>
+
+<p>"I should think so, indeed," said the butterfly; "I am engaged to be
+married to a spider; I have been engaged ever since I was a
+caterpillar."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, just ask them to be so good!" said Pet, and away flew the
+butterfly, coming back in a moment with a whole cloud of spiders
+following her.</p>
+
+<p>"Be as quick as you can, please, lest my nurses should come back from
+dinner," said Pet, as the spiders worked away. "Fortunately they have
+all good appetites, and cannot bear to leave table without their six
+helpings of pudding."</p>
+
+<p>The ladder being finished, Pet tripped down it into the garden, where
+she was hidden at once in a wilderness of roses, out of which she made
+her way through a wood, and across a stream quite far into the open
+country of her kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>She was running very fast, with her head down, when she heard a step
+following her, and a voice speaking to her, and looking round, saw a
+very extraordinary person indeed. He was very tall and all made of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>
+loose, clanking bones; he carried a scythe in one hand, and an hourglass
+in the other, and he had a pleasant voice, which made Pet not so much
+afraid of him as she otherwise might have been.</p>
+
+<p>"It is no use trying to run away from me," said this person. "Besides, I
+wish to do you a good turn. My name is Time."</p>
+
+<p>Pet dropped a trembling courtesy.</p>
+
+<p>"You need not be afraid of me," continued the stranger, "as you have
+never yet abused me. It is only those who are trying to kill me who have
+cause to fear me."</p>
+
+<p>"Indeed, sir, I wish to be good to every person," said Pet.</p>
+
+<p>"I know you do," said Time, "and that is why I am bound to help you. The
+thing you want most is a precious jewel called Experience. You are going
+now in search of it; yes, you are, though you do not know anything about
+it as yet. You will know it after you have found it. Now, I am going to
+give you some instructions."</p>
+
+<p>"Thank you, sir," said Pet, who was delighted to find that he was not a
+government, and had no intention of bringing her back to her nursery.</p>
+
+<p>"First of all I must tell you," said Time, "that you have a precious
+gift which was born with you: it is the power of entering into other
+people whenever you wish, living their lives, thinking their thoughts,
+and seeing everything as they see it."</p>
+
+<p>"How nice!" cried Pet.</p>
+
+<p>"It is a most useful gift if properly cultivated," said Time, "and it
+will certainly help you to gain your jewel. Now, whenever you find a
+person whose life you would wish to know all about for your own
+instruction, you have only to wish, and immediately your existence will
+pass into theirs."</p>
+
+<p>"And shall I ever get out again?" asked Pet, who had an inveterate
+dislike of all imprisonment.</p>
+
+<p>"I am going to tell you about that," said Time. "You must not remain too
+long locked up in anybody. Here is a curious tiny clock, with a little
+gold key, and you must take them with you and be very careful of them.
+Whenever you find that you have passed into somebody else, you must at
+once wind up your clock and hang it somewhere so that you can see it as
+you go about. The clock will go for a month, and as soon as it runs down
+and stops, you will be changed back into your separate self again. A
+month will be long enough for you to live in each person."</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, thank you, thank you," cried Pet, seizing the clock.</p>
+
+<p>"One thing you must be sure not to forget," said Time, "so attend to me
+well. There is a mysterious sympathy between you and the clock and the
+little gold key, and if you lose the key after the clock is wound up the
+clock will go on forever, or at least until you find the key again. So
+if you do not want to be shut up in somebody to the end of your life, be
+careful to keep guard of the key."</p>
+
+<p>"That I will," said Pet.</p>
+
+<p>"And now, good-by," said Time. "You can go on at this sort of thing as
+long as you like&mdash;until you are quite grown up, perhaps; and you
+couldn't have a better education."</p>
+
+<h4>Conclusion next month.</h4>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Useful Knowledge</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Knives</span> and forks with ivory, bone or wooden handles should not be put
+into cold water. But we suggest that when our readers buy knives for the
+table they get those with silver-plated handles and blades. They need no
+bath brick to keep them bright, but only an occasional rub with whiting,
+and save "lots of trouble."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lemon Pie.</span>&mdash;One cup of hot water, one tablespoonful of corn starch, one
+cup of white sugar, one tablespoonful of butter, the juice and grated
+rind of one lemon. Cook for a few minutes, add one egg, and bake with a
+top and bottom crust.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Strawberry Shortcake.</span>&mdash;One quart of flour sifted dry, with two large
+teaspoonfuls of baking powder, one tablespoonful of sugar, and a little
+salt. Add three tablespoonfuls of butter and sweet milk, enough to form
+a soft dough. Bake in a quick oven, and when partially cooked split
+open, spread with butter, and cover with a layer of strawberries well
+sprinkled with sugar; lay the other half on top, and spread in the same
+manner.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Good Way To Use Cold Meat.</span>&mdash;Take the remnants of any fresh roasted
+meat and cut in thin slices. Lay them in a dish with a little plain
+boiled macaroni, if you have it, and season thoroughly with pepper,
+salt, and a little walnut catsup. Fill a deep dish half full; add a very
+little finely chopped onion, and pour over half a can of tomatoes or
+tomatoes sliced, having previously saturated the meat with stock or
+gravy. Cover with a thick crust of mashed potato, and bake till this is
+brown in a not too hot oven, but neither let it be too slow.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Omelet.</span>&mdash;Take as many eggs as required, and add three teaspoonfuls of
+milk and a pinch of salt to each egg. Beat lightly for three or four
+minutes. Melt a teaspoonful of butter in a hot pan, and pour on the
+eggs. They will at once begin to bubble and rise up, and must be kept
+from sticking to the bottom of the pan with a knife. Cook two or three
+minutes. If desired, beat finely chopped ham or parsley with the eggs
+before cooking.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">An</span> experienced gardener says that a sure sign to find out if plants in
+pots require wetting is to rap on the side of the pot, near the middle,
+with the finger knuckle; if it give forth a hollow ring the plant needs
+water; but if there is a dull sound there is still moisture enough to
+sustain the plant.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cakes Without Eggs.</span>&mdash;In a little book just issued from the press of
+Messrs. Scribner &amp; Welford, New York, a large number of practical,
+though novel, receipts are given for making cakes of various kinds, from
+the informal griddle-cake to the stately bride-cake, without eggs, by
+the use of Royal Baking Powder. Experienced housekeepers inform us that
+this custom has already obtained large precedence over old-fashioned
+methods in economical kitchens, and that the product is frequently
+superior to that where eggs are used, and that less butter is also
+required for shortening purposes. The advantage is not alone in the
+saving effected, but in the avoidance of the trouble attendant upon
+securing fresh eggs and the annoyance of an occasional cake spoiled by
+the accidental introduction of an egg that has reached a little too
+nearly the incubatory period. The Royal Baking Power also invariably
+insures perfectly light, sweet and handsome cake, or when used for
+griddle cakes, to be eaten hot, enables their production in the shortest
+possible space of time, and makes them most tender and delicious, as
+well as entirely wholesome. There is no other preparation like it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feeding Cooked Material.</span>&mdash;The feed for young chicks should always be
+cooked, for if this is done there will be less liability of bowel
+disease; but the adult stock should have whole grains a portion of the
+time. By cooking the food, one is better enabled to feed a variety, as
+potatoes, turnips, beets, carrots and such like, can be utilized with
+advantage. All such material as bran, corn meal, middlings, or ground
+oats should at least be scalded, if not cooked, which renders it more
+digestible and more quickly beneficial. Where shells or lime are not
+within reach, a substitute may be had by stirring a spoonful of ground
+chalk in the food of every six hens; but gravel must be provided where
+this method is adopted.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p>
+<h2>The Humorist</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">In</span> an argument with an irascible and not very learned man, Sydney Smith
+was victor, whereupon the defeated said, "If I had a son who was an
+idiot, I'd make a parson of him." Mr. Smith calmly replied, "Your father
+was of a different opinion."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Banana</span> skin lay on the grocer's floor. "What are you doing there?"
+asked the scales, peeking over the edge of the counter. "Oh, I'm lying
+in wait for the grocer."&mdash;"Pshaw!" said the scales: "I've been doing
+that for years."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> late Dr. Doyle was applied to on one occasion by a Protestant
+clergyman for a contribution towards the erection of a church. "I
+cannot," said the bishop, "consistently aid you in the erection of a
+Protestant church; but I will give you &pound;10 towards the removal of the
+old one." Received with thanks.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">What</span> is a curiosity, ma?" asked little Jimmy. "A curiosity is something
+that is very strange, my son."&mdash;"If pa bought you a sealskin sack this
+winter would that be a curiosity?"&mdash;"No, my son; that would be a
+miracle."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A British</span> and Yankee skipper were sailing side by side, and in the
+mutual chaff the English captain hoisted the Union Jack and cried
+out&mdash;"There's a leg of mutton for you." The Yankee unfurled the Stars
+and Stripes and shouted back, "And there is the gridiron which broiled
+it."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Mr. Follin</span> became engaged to a fair maid whose acquaintance he formed
+on a transatlantic voyage last year. The girl's father consented to
+their union and while joining their hands he said to the would-be
+bridegroom, "Follin, love and esteem her."&mdash;"Of course, I will," was the
+reply. "Didn't I fall in love on a steamer?"</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Miss Lily</span>, seeing a certain friend of the family arrive for dinner,
+showed her joy by all sorts of affectionate caresses. "You always seem
+glad when <i>I</i> come to dinner," said the invited guest. "Oh, yes,"
+replied the little girl. "You love me a great deal, then?"&mdash;"Oh, it
+isn't for that," was the candid reply. "But when you come we always have
+chocolate creams, you know."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Piety That Paid.</span>&mdash;"How does it happen that you joined the Methodist
+church?" asked a man of a dealer in ready-made clothing. "Vell, pecause
+mine brudder choined der Bresbyterians. I vas not vant der let haem git
+advantage mit me."&mdash;"How get the advantage?"&mdash;"Mine brudder noticed dot
+he was ein shoemaker und dot der Bresbyterians shtood oop ven dey bray.
+He see dot dey vare der shoes oud in dot vay und he choins dot shurch to
+hold dot trade, und prospers; so I choined der Methodists."&mdash;"What did
+you gain by that?"&mdash;"Vy, der Methodists kneel down unt vare der pritches
+at der knees out ven dey bray, unt dey bray long unt vare pig holes in
+dem pritches. Vell, I sells clothes to dem Methodists unt makes
+monish."&mdash;"But don't you have to donate considerable to the support of
+the church?"&mdash;"Yah, I puts much money in dot shurch basket, but efery
+time I denotes to dot shurch I marks pritches oop ten per cent, und gets
+more as even."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Prose and Poetry.</span>&mdash;"Yes," she said dreamily, as she thrust her snowy
+fingers between the pages of the last popular novel; "life is full of
+tender regrets." "My tenderest regret is that I haven't the funds to
+summer us at Newport," he replied, without taking his eye off the
+butcher, who was softly oozing through the front gate with the bill in
+his hand. "Ah, Newport," she lisped, with a languid society sigh; "I
+often think of Newport by the sea, and water my dreams with the tender
+dews of memory." She leaned back in the hammock, and he continued: "I
+wish I could water the radishes and mignonette with the tender dews of
+memory."&mdash;"Why?" she asked, clasping her hands together. "Why, because
+it almost breaks my back handling the water-pot, and half the water goes
+on my feet, and it takes about half an hour to pump that pail of water,
+and it requires something like a dozen pailfuls to do the business. What
+effect do you think the tender dews of memory would have on a good
+drumhead cabbage?" But she had turned her head and was looking over the
+daisy-dappled fields, and she placed her fingers in her ears, while the
+prosaic butcher, who had just arrived, was talking about the price of
+pork.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p>
+<h2>DONAHOE'S MAGAZINE.</h2>
+
+<h4>BOSTON, JANUARY, 1886.</h4>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<h3>Notes on Current Topics.</h3>
+
+
+<h2>"IT IS FASHIONABLE TO BE IRISH, NOW."</h2>
+
+<h3>Hon. Hugh O'Brien's Magnificent Record as Mayor of Boston.</h3>
+
+<p>Hon. Hugh O'Brien, Mayor of Boston, has made one of the ablest chief
+executives that the city has ever possessed. Indeed, few past Mayors can
+at all compare with him either in personal impressiveness or financial
+acumen. No man living understands Boston's true interests better than
+he, and no one has the future prosperity of the New England metropolis
+more sincerely at heart. Possessing an earnest desire for the public
+welfare, he has, with characteristic vigor, energy and broadmindedness,
+advocated measures calculated to redound to the immense benefit of the
+capital of the old Bay State. His name will live in the history of the
+great city, as that of one of far-seeing judgment, great administrative
+ability and unsurpassed intellectual accomplishments.</p>
+
+<p>"It is fashionable to be Irish, now!" said a gentlemen at a meeting a
+short time since, and in a great measure the assertion will stand the
+test. When Hugh O'Brien sought the suffrages of his fellow-citizens, a
+year ago, for the mayorality, thousands, who then malignantly sneered at
+his candidacy, were this year found among his most earnest supporters
+for re-election. His brilliant administration, thorough impartiality and
+manifest sound judgment has entirely removed the prejudice and bias from
+a very large number of honest, well-meaning citizens, who had previously
+regarded the idea of an "Irish" Mayor with profound distrust. Mayor
+O'Brien's friends and supporters are not now confined to any one
+particular party, but have given evidence of their existence in other
+political camps. A Democrat in politics, and nominated originally by the
+Democrats, Hugh O'Brien has not only proved entirely satisfactory to his
+own party, but has also earned the confidence and esteem of a large
+portion of the Republican element. At a recent Republican meeting, Otis
+D. Dana, strongly advocated the nomination of Mr. O'Brien by that party
+on the ground that as a matter of party expediency and for the good of
+the entire city, Mr. O'Brien should receive Republican indorsement, and
+thus be given an opportunity "to act even more independently than he has
+this year." This is but an instance of Mayor O'Brien's popularity with
+men of all parties. The world moves, and the re-election of Hugh O'Brien
+to the mayorality may be considered cumulative evidence of the truth of
+the quotation made above, that "It is fashionable to be Irish, now."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A New Year's Present.</span>&mdash;No better present can be given to a friend than a
+copy of our <span class="smcap">Magazine.</span> Any of our present subscribers getting a new one
+will get both for $3.00 (one for himself and another for his friend),
+sent to separate addresses.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A New Deputy Collector For Boston.</span>&mdash;We endorse with pleasure this from
+the <i>Connecticut Catholic</i>: We congratulate Thomas Flatley, secretary of
+the Land League, under the presidency of Hon. P. A. Collins, on his
+appointment as deputy collector of the custom house in Boston. He is a
+whole-souled gentleman of ability, and Democratic to the core. His
+elevation will please thousands of Irish-Americans in many States
+besides Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Important Announcement.</span>&mdash;As we have electrotyped our <span class="smcap">Magazine</span>, we can
+supply any number of this issue.</p>
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<h3>Mr. P. J. Maguire for Alderman.</h3>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Democracy of Wards 19 and 22, constituting the 9th district, have
+unanimously voted to support Mr. P. James Maguire for alderman at the
+ensuing election. This, no doubt, secures for Mr. Maguire the cordial
+support of the Democratic City Committee, and as the two wards are
+democratic in politics, it ought to be an election for that gentleman
+without any doubts thrown in. Mr. Maguire has had a varied experience in
+municipal legislation, in which he has proved himself a most useful and
+capable servant of the people. He served six years in the Boston City
+Government, that is, from 1879 to 1884 inclusive. During this time he
+was on the committee on public buildings, also on the committee on the
+assessors department, on committees on Stony Brook, public parks,
+claims, police, and several others of more or less special importance,
+in all of which he showed a fine business efficiency and discriminating
+capacity highly laudable. He has also served as a Director of Public
+Institutions. Last year he had to contend against the forces of a big
+corporation, and other organized oppositions, in favor of the Republican
+nominee for alderman, which are not likely to avail against him in this
+campaign. The gentleman is of the highly respected firm of Maguire &amp;
+Sullivan, merchant and military tailors, 243 Washington Street, between
+Williams Court and the <i>Herald</i> office, one of the busiest sections of
+the city. Their trade, it should be said embraces considerable patronage
+from the reverend clergy for cassocks and other wearing apparel.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">We</span> give our readers this month sixteen additional pages of reading
+matter. Should our circulation increase to warrant a continuance of this
+addition&mdash;say one hundred and ninety-two pages a year&mdash;we will continue
+the addition. Come, friends, and enable us to benefit you as well as
+ourselves. Let each subscriber send us a new one.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Fair</span> in aid of Fr. Roche's working Boys' Home will be held in the new
+building on Bennet Street, commencing Easter Monday night.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The King of Spain</span>, Alphonso XII., died at his palace in Madrid, on the
+morning of the 25th of November, in his 28th year.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+<h3>Death of the Vice-President.</h3>
+
+<p>The eventful political and professional career of Hon. Thomas Andrews
+Hendricks, Vice-President of the United States, came to an abrupt end
+towards evening, on the 25th of November, at his home in Indianapolis,
+Ind. The event was sudden and unexpected. There was no one at his
+bedside at the time, for his wife, who had been there all day, had left
+for a few minutes to see a caller, and it was she who first made the
+discovery of his death. For more than two years Mr. Hendricks had been
+in ill health, and recently the apprehension had been growing on him
+that his death was likely to occur at most any time. He had a gangrenous
+attack arising from a disabled foot in 1882, when, for a time, it was
+feared he would die of blood-poisoning. After his recovery from this he
+was frequently troubled with pains in his head and breast, and to those
+with whom he was on confidential terms he frequently expressed himself
+as apprehensive of a sudden demise from paralysis; but he said that when
+death came he hoped it would come quickly and painlessly. He was at
+Chicago the previous week, and upon his return he complained of the
+recurrence of the physical troubles to which he was subject. His
+indisposition, however, did not prevent him from attending to business
+as usual. The night previous he attended a reception given at the
+residence of Hon. John J. Cooper, treasurer of the State. The death
+following so soon after that of the late ex-President Grant, has cast a
+gloom over the whole country. His age was sixty-seven years. The
+interment took place on the first of December, at the family grave in
+his own town. There were present members of the Cabinet and
+representatives from every part of the country. None will regret his
+loss more than the friends of Ireland, at home and abroad. His recent
+speech on Irish affairs, which was published in the November issue of
+our <span class="smcap">Magazine</span>, had more influence on the stirring events in England and
+Ireland than any other utterance for years. The nation laments his loss,
+and the Irish people throughout the world join the mourning.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Southern Sketches.</span>&mdash;We are obliged to lay over the interesting "Southern
+Sketches." The next will be a description of Havana, Cuba.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Conversions.</span>&mdash;The Rev. Wm. Sutherden, Curate of St. John's, Torquay, and
+the Rev. W. B. Drewe, M. A. (Oxon), who for twenty-three years held the
+Vicarage of Longstock, Stockbridge, Hants, have been received into the
+Church&mdash;the former by the Cardinal-Archbishop at Archbishop's House,
+Westminster; the latter by the Very Rev. Canon Mount, at St. Joseph's,
+Southampton.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Particular Notice.</span>&mdash;This issue of our <span class="smcap">Magazine</span> commences the eighth year
+of its publication. There are some dear, good souls who have forgotten
+that it requires money to run the publication. They surely would not
+like to hear that we were unable to pay the printer, bookbinder, clerks,
+paper-maker, etc. Without their aid we cannot fulfil our obligations to
+those we employ. This notice has reference only to those who owe us for
+one, and many for two, years. Let not the sun go down, after reading
+this notice, without paying what you owe us.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">College in Holland.</span>&mdash;There lately arrived in Rome Rev. Andrew Jansen,
+Rector of the College of Steil, in Holland. This College is German,
+established in Holland to avoid the Kulturkampf persecutions. It is in a
+most flourishing condition, having at present 130 students preparing
+themselves for the foreign missions. Father Jansen is accompanied by the
+renowned missionary Anser. Two years ago, the latter was in the Province
+of Chang-tong, China, and one day, travelling alone, he was surprised by
+a band of ferocious idolaters, taken and stripped, and tied by the arms
+to a tree. They then beat him most unmercifully with rods, broke one arm
+and one leg, and left him bleeding, and, as they thought, dying. Some
+Chinese, passing by shortly afterwards, found him still alive; took him
+to a neighboring hut, and by assiduous care, skill, and nursing, healed
+him.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Illustrated Almanac.</span>&mdash;The Angel Guardian Annual, in a new garb, is
+announced. The friends of this admirable Institution, will find this
+year's issue particularly interesting. It contains 16 additional pages
+and has several splendid illustrations. No Catholic family in the city
+should be without it. It costs only 10 cents. Look at the announcement
+and order at once. Orders filled by Brother Joseph, Treasurer House of
+Angel Guardian, 85 Vernon Street, or by Messrs. T. B. Noonan &amp; Co.,
+Boylston Street, Boston, Mass.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Encyclical we have used is <i>The London Tablet's</i> translation.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> <i>Catholic Citizen</i>, Milwaukee, Wis., has entered upon its sixteenth
+year. We are pleased to see it is well sustained, as it deserves to be
+long up to the <i>Citizen</i>.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Forty-Ninth Congress of the United States, assembled at Washington
+on the 7th of December.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> fair held at Mechanic Building, Sept. 3d, in aid of the Carney
+Hospital, netted $2,803.38. The largest amount realized by one table was
+$347.45 taken by the Immaculate Conception table, under charge of Miss
+A. L. Murphy.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Salt Lake City</span> has a population of about 25,000 inhabitants, with a good
+brick Catholic church and three resident priests. There is also a
+convent and sister's hospital. The latter is a fine building and looks
+as big and firm as the mountains themselves, the cost of which is
+estimated at $70,000. It would be an ornament to the largest city in the
+United States.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">China and Japan.</span>&mdash;The important and successful communications between
+the Vatican and Pekin have been followed by the opening of similar
+relations with Japan. The Sovereign Pontiff has written a letter to the
+Mikado, thanking him for the favor extended to Missionaries and the
+Mikado replies in most cordial terms, assuring the Pope that he would
+continue to afford protection to Catholics, and announcing the despatch
+of a Japanese mission to the Vatican.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> will of the Rev. Michael. M. Green, of Newton, Mass., which is on
+file at the Middlesex Probate Court, bequeaths his house and land on
+Adams and Washington Streets, Newton, to the Home for Catholic Destitute
+Children, at Boston; his household furniture to St. Mary's Infant Asylum
+of Boston: his horse and carriage and garden implements to the Little
+Sisters of the Poor and the Carney Hospital; his library to Rev. Robert
+P. Stack in trust to the Catholic Seminary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> of the Archdiocese of
+Boston, and to the Church of Our Lady Help of Christians at Newton; his
+gold watch to the Young Ladies' Sodality of Our Lady Help of Christians
+at Newton. Rev. Robert P. Stack, of Watertown, is the executor.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Welcome Home.</span>&mdash;The people of St. Augustine's parish, South Boston,
+gave to their beloved pastor, Father O'Callaghan, on his return from a
+four months trip to Europe, a welcome that he can never forget. He
+arrived in Boston on Saturday, Nov. 21, and on Sunday he celebrated High
+Mass. In the afternoon the pastor was welcomed by the Sunday School and
+presented with a check for $300. The presentation speech was made by
+Master Philip Carroll, and feelingly responded to. An address was also
+made by Rev. James Keegan. In the evening the lecture-room was packed to
+overflowing at the reception given by the congregation. The welcoming
+speech was delivered by Judge Joseph D. Fallon. At the conclusion of the
+address the Judge, on behalf of the congregation, presented Father
+O'Callaghan with a check for $2,125. Father O'Callaghan was overcome,
+but responded with emotion, in a fitting manner expressing his
+gratification at the welcome he had received. Father O'Callaghan is in
+perfect health and spirits, and expressed himself delighted with his
+trip. A large number called at the parochial residence, in the evening,
+to pay their respects.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">New Chapel in the Immaculate Conception.</span>&mdash;The handsome new marble altars
+in the basement chapel of the Immaculate Conception were consecrated on
+the 20th of November, by Most Rev. Archbishop Williams. The central
+altar is the gift of the daughters of the late Mrs. Joseph Iasigi. The
+three beautiful stained glass windows in the sanctuary are the gift of
+the Married Men's Sodality. The altars and the stained glass windows in
+the side chapels, which are dedicated respectively to the Sacred Heart
+of Jesus, and to our Lady of Lourdes, are the gifts of the Married
+Ladies' Sodality, the Young Ladies' Sodality, and the Sunday School
+children. New Stations of the Cross have also been added. There is now
+probably no finer basement chapel in the country than that of the
+Immaculate Conception. The usual Masses, Sunday School, and evening
+services were held there for the first time last Sunday.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sadlier's Catholic Directory</span> and Ordo for the year 1886 will be issued
+immediately. Since it has passed under the editorial control of John
+Gilmary Shea, this work has been greatly improved and we hope that the
+forthcoming edition will possess such excellence that not only all the
+old customers of the Sadlier publications may purchase it, but that at
+least 10,000 new patrons may be found for it.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">What the Papers Say.</span>&mdash;<i>Chicago Citizen</i>: <span class="smcap">Donahoe's Magazine</span> (published
+by Patrick Donahoe, editor and proprietor, No. 21 Boylston Street,
+Boston, Mass.,) for December, has come to hand and is one of the best
+issues of that admirable Irish-American publication that we have seen.
+It contains, among other highly interesting papers, the following: "The
+Irish Apostle of Corinthia;" "Reminiscences of Our Ninth (Mass.)
+Regiment;" "Shan Pallas Castle," by Edward Cronin; "Southern Sketches,"
+by the Rev. Father Newman; "Dead Man's Island," by T. P. O'Connor, M.
+P.; a life of Hon. A. M. Keily, etc. The <span class="smcap">Magazine</span> is also replete with
+poetry, editorial and miscellaneous writings. It is, in short, a credit
+to Irish-American literature.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Roman Catholic Protectorate, an educational institute for boys, at
+Glencoe, Mo., was burned recently. There were nine Christian Brothers
+and eighty-five boys in the building when the fire broke out, but no
+lives were lost. One Brother and two of the pupils, finding their escape
+cut off by the flames, were compelled to leap from a third-story window.
+All were hurt but will recover.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Execution of Riel.</span>&mdash;Riel was hanged at Regina, on the morning of the
+16th of November, a few minutes after eight o'clock. Up to the very last
+moment many refused to believe that Sir John A. Macdonald would, merely
+to serve himself, or his party, hang a man who was undoubtably insane.
+Many also believed that as the Metis had been very cruelly and unjustly
+treated by the government, the recommendation attached to the verdict of
+guilty would have effect and the sentence would be commuted. But a
+faction on which Sir John A. Macdonald depends for existence ravened for
+the unfortunate man's blood, and Sir John judged it politic to gratify
+their thirst for vengeance, <span class="smcap">and riel was hanged</span>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><i>Notre Dame Scholastic</i>:&mdash;Our great metropolis of the West may take a
+just pride in numbering amongst its citizens so true and talented an
+artist as Miss Eliza Allan Starr. This lady is one who has aided the
+accomplishments of a naturally gifted mind, and skilful pencil, by great
+and careful study, and extensive travel through the celebrated art
+centres of Europe. As a result, her contributions to Catholic literature
+have placed her in the first rank among the distinguished writers of the
+present day, while her lectures on art and art literature have been, for
+some years back, highly prized by the social circles of Chicago. It is
+with pleasure, therefore, that we learn that Miss Starr resumed, on the
+17th of November, her regular weekly lectures on Art Literature, to be
+continued throughout the winter and spring. This series will consider
+the wonderful treasures of the Eternal City, and will receive a fresh
+interest by reason of new illustrations received from Rome and Florence
+during last summer. It is our earnest wish that her efforts for the
+advancement of true artistic taste and culture may meet with the due
+appreciation they so well deserve.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Marriage</span> has been arranged between the Duc de Montpensier's only
+surviving son, Antonio, and the Infanta Eulalie. The former was educated
+by Mgr. Dupanloup, and is two years younger than his fianc&eacute;e, he having
+been born in Seville in 1866, and she in Madrid in 1864. The
+negotiations about the marriage settlements have been difficult. He will
+inherit at least half of the largest royal fortune in Europe. The
+Infanta Eulalie is of lively manners and agreeable physiognomy. She was
+educated by the Countess Soriente, a lady of New England birth, and is
+an accomplished player on the harp and guitar. Her instructor was the
+gifted Cuban negress, who used to perform at Queen Isabella's concerts
+at the Palais de Castille.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The First Purchase</span> of land by tenants in Ireland, under the Land
+Purchase Act of last session, was completed on Monday, the 9th of
+November, when Mr. George Fottrell, late Solicitor of the Land
+Commission, met some forty tenants, on an estate in the county of
+Tyrone, and got the deeds executed which make them fee-simple
+proprietors, subject only to the liabilities to pay, for forty-nine
+years, instalments materially less than their rent. The entire
+transaction, from the date of Mr. Fottrell's first meeting with the
+tenants at Tyrone to that of the execution of the deeds, occupied only
+one fortnight. Mr. Fottrell's exuberant energy is finding a vent in
+pushing on the work of land purchase in Ireland, and his large
+experience and keen interest in all that concerns the land question are
+recognized as extremely valuable at this moment. Not only has he, in an
+unusually rapid manner, carried out this first sale under the Purchase
+Act, but he has published what he calls a "Practical Guide to the Land
+Purchase Acts," a book which is likely to be of great practical utility
+to lawyers and other persons engaged in the work of carrying sales under
+the Acts into effect.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Buried Alive.</span>&mdash;Full particulars have come to hand from Bishop Puginier
+regarding the martyrdom of the Chinese priest Cap. For three days he
+suffered excruciating torments. On the fourth day the mandarin asked him
+to translate the Lord's Prayer. When he came to the third petition, "Thy
+kingdom come," he was asked of what kingdom he spoke. He replied, "Of
+God's kingdom." The mandarin immediately ordered him to be buried alive.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+
+<h4>A Boston Merchant on the Irish Question.</h4>
+
+<p>The following is a letter of Mr. A. Shuman, one of Boston's leading
+merchants, which was read at the great meeting in Faneuil Hall, and was
+received with cheers:</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Boston, Mass.</span>, Oct. 19.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My Dear Mr. O'Reilly</span>:&mdash;I regret, exceedingly, that absence from the city
+will prevent my acceptance of your courteous invitation to be present at
+the meeting Monday evening, at Faneuil Hall, called to express practical
+sympathy with Ireland and the work of Parnell.</p>
+
+<p>It is natural for the American people, with their love of freedom and
+equity, to have fellow-feeling with struggling Ireland in any peaceful
+method they might adopt to secure their political rights and equality
+with Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>Political freedom in Ireland, I am assured, combined with her natural
+position, would inaugurate an era of prosperity such as she had before
+from 1782 to 1800. Capital would be attracted, lands, now lying barren,
+would be utilized, and mills and factories would spring up.</p>
+
+<p>I think that the Irish question is an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> important American question. The
+many millions of dollars now sent annually from this country by kin to
+their struggling relations could remain here. Nine-tenths of the many
+hundred employees of our own firm were either born in Ireland, or are of
+Irish parentage, and all contribute, some more, some less, to the same
+purpose. This would be unnecessary, and Ireland could erect herself into
+a position of independence, and neither ask nor accept favors from the
+rest of the world.</p>
+
+<p>This condition of the country would be hastened could she choose, from
+the midst of her people, representatives who understand her wants and
+are in sympathy with her welfare. But, as the British Government does
+not pay its representatives, Ireland is deprived of many of her best men
+who have not the means of independent maintenance, but who would gladly
+serve their country and espouse her cause.</p>
+
+<p>Hence, the most practical thing, it seems to me, is to raise funds to
+assist members who otherwise could not afford to go.</p>
+
+<p>Being, therefore, in sympathy with the movement to that end, and
+believing that the election of such men will require the assistance of
+American merchants. I enclose, herewith, a check for $100, which please
+forward, and oblige,</p>
+
+<p>Yours truly,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. Shuman.</span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. John G. Morris</span>, son of our esteemed old citizen and patriot, Dr.
+Patrick Morris, has removed from South Boston to 1474 Washington Street,
+Boston. Dr. Morris won high honors in the Medical School of Harvard, and
+is sure to take a prominent place as a practising physician.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Concert and Reunion of the Holy Name Society.</span>&mdash;On the evening of Nov.
+23, in Union Park Hall, Boston, a vocal and instrumental concert took
+place under the direction of Mr. Calixta Lavallee, assisted by Miss
+Helen O'Reilly, soprano, and Mr. Charles E. McLaughlin, violinist.
+Dancing and refreshments followed. The society was present in full
+strength, and the entertainment was a notable success.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> parishioners of St. Francis de Sales' Church, Vernon Street, Boston
+Highlands, welcomed home their pastor, Rev. John Delahunty, who has just
+returned from Europe. A check for nearly $2,000 was presented to him.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><i>The Notre Dame Scholastic</i> says of <i>The Ave Maria</i>, which we endorse
+with all our heart:&mdash;Our esteemed contemporary, <i>The Ave Maria</i>, now
+appears in a new and attractive dress of type, which, while adding to
+the appearance of this popular magazine, must greatly increase its value
+to subscribers by reason of its legibility of character. The beauty and
+clearness of the type and printed page reflect credit alike on the
+type-founders and the printers. In this connection it may be proper to
+state that the enterprising editor of Our Lady's journal announces an
+enlargement of four pages for the volume beginning with January, 1886.
+This improvement, together with the fact that some of the best and most
+popular writers in the English language will continue to contribute to
+its pages, makes <i>The Ave Maria</i> the cheapest and most valuable
+publication of its kind in the world.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rev. Father Sestini</span>, who for twenty years has edited the <i>Messenger of
+the Sacred Heart</i>, and directed the Apostleship of Prayer in America,
+now retires from office on account of advanced age. He is succeeded by
+the Rev. R. S. Dewey, S. J., to whom, at Woodstock College, Md., all
+communications concerning the interests above-named shall be
+henceforward addressed.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">St. Elizabeth's Hospital.</span>&mdash;The old Winson estate, West Brookline Street,
+Boston, purchased last year by the Sisters of St. Francis, has been
+enlarged by the addition of a four-story brick building and wing, and
+otherwise adapted to its new purpose. The Sisters in charge have spared
+no pains to have every detail arranged so as to secure the comfort and
+convenience of the patients. The house was opened on the feast of its
+patron, Saint Elizabeth, November 19, on which occasion Archbishop
+Williams celebrated Mass, and formally dedicated the institution.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A New</span> port has been discovered in Guinea by the Missionaries of the
+Propaganda. They have given it the name of Port Leo, in honor of the
+reigning Pontiff.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<h4>The Elections in England and Ireland.</h4>
+
+<p>The contest between the two great parties&mdash;Liberal and Tory&mdash;is close.
+That is, the Tories and Parnellites are about equal to the Liberals. At
+the time of our writing there were several elections to be held. As
+things look, Parnell is master of the situation. The <i>London Times</i>
+declares that "that the only one certain result of the elections is the
+commanding position secured by Mr. Parnell. This is not an inference,
+but a fact that concerns parties alike."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Parnell says: "It is very difficult to predict whether or not the
+Liberals will have a majority over the Tories and Nationalists, but
+neither the Liberals nor Tories, with the Nationalists, can have more
+than a majority of 10, and, therefore, I think the new Parliament can't
+last long. As to our policy, I can only say it will be guided by
+circumstances. We cannot say what our course is till we hear
+declarations by the English leaders on the Irish question. That question
+will be the question unless foreign complications arise."</p>
+
+<p>One of the most surprising features of the general election in Ireland
+is the complete collapse of the Liberal party. Not a single Liberal has
+returned for any constituency. Saturday's dispatches announced the
+defeat of Mr. Thomas Lea in West Donegal, and Mr. William Findlater in
+South Londonderry. That settles it. The list is closed. Every Liberal
+candidate who tried his fortune with an Irish constituency has suffered
+a signal discomfiture at the polls. Some of them have been beaten by
+Conservatives, others by Nationalists. In one way or another all have
+been sent back to private life.</p>
+
+<p>At the general election of 1880, Ireland returned to Parliament eighteen
+Liberals, and twenty-six Liberal Home Rulers, twenty-four Conservatives
+and thirty-five Parnellites. Thus, out of the one hundred and three
+Irish members, Mr. Gladstone could count forty-four supporters against
+sixty-nine Conservatives and Parnellites. In the present election the
+Conservatives will probably have eighteen seats, while the Parnellites
+will secure the remaining eighty-five seats. The Liberals and Liberal
+Home Rulers are wiped out to the last man. God save Ireland.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Livingstons</span>, in Ireland, lived on the land of the famous Con
+O'Neill, who once was rescued from prison by his wife in the oddest way
+imaginable. She hollowed out two small cheeses, concealed a rope in
+each, and sent them to her lord and master, who swung himself down from
+the castle window and struck a free foot upon the green grass beneath.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">There</span> are in the United States 400 Catholic priests bearing some one of
+the following nineteen well-known Irish names. The numbers following the
+names indicate the number of priests in this country: Brennan, 12;
+Brady, 22; Carroll, 13; Doherty, 16; Kelly, 25; Lynch, 21; McCarthy, 15;
+Maguire, 12; McManus, 14; Meagher, 14; Murphy, 33; O'Brien, 24;
+O'Connor, 14; O'Neill, 18; O'Reilly, 34; O'Sullivan, 18; Quinn, 16;
+Ryan, 31; and Walsh, 33.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Philadelphia</span> has established an excellent precedent for every other city
+and town in the Union. A few days ago the manager of a popular theatre
+there was fined $100 for advertising a spectacular exhibition by setting
+up indecent posters. It is high time this shocking breach of common
+propriety was corrected everywhere. The pictorial representations, by
+which the performances of the stage are introduced to the public, are
+often far worse than the living exhibitions.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">New York Family Journal.</span>&mdash;A few days ago the Mugwumps thought they were
+as big and powerful as Hell Gate, with all its attachments, before
+General Newton blew it up. Now they are just where that obstruction was
+the day after the explosion. They thought they were the rooster, when
+they were only one of his smallest tail feathers.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Orange Crop</span> of Florida for the season of 1884-5 was, as near as it
+could be definitely ascertained, 900,000 bushels. For the coming season
+the crop is estimated at a million and a quarter bushels. Of the last
+crop of 900,000 bushel crates, over one-half was shipped through
+Jacksonville.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Manatee</span>, or Sea Cow, is still to be seen on the southeast coast of
+Florida. At the extreme southern end of Indian River, in the St. Lucie
+River, and in Hope Sound, are found the favorite feeding grounds of
+these rarest and shyest of North American marine curiosities.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Personal.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bishop Gilmour</span>, on his late visit to Rome, received the honor of
+Monsignore for his vicar-general, Father Boff.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Hon. William J. Onahan has returned from a tour through the Irish
+Catholic colonies of Nebraska and Dakota. He reports them to be in a
+flourishing condition.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">It</span> is not generally known that the parish church of Eu, France, where
+the chateau of the Comte de Paris is situated, is dedicated to St.
+Laurence O'Toole.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">It</span> is reported that Lord William Nevill, who some months ago was
+received into the Catholic Church in Melbourne, and who has returned to
+England, contemplates entering the Priesthood.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Miss Eleanor C. Donnelly</span> has recently written a hymn for the Golden
+Jubilee of the Priesthood of His Holiness, Pope Leo XIII., which occurs
+December 23d, 1887. It has been set to music, and it has not only been
+translated into German, but into Italian by an eminent theological
+professor, and the hymn is now on its way to Rome to be presented to the
+Pope by a member of the Papal Court.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Madame Sophie Menter</span>, the famous pianist, now inhabits a castle in the
+Tyrol (Schloss Itter), where she has just received the Abb&eacute; Liszt, who
+passed several days there, getting up at 4 o'clock <span class="smcap">a. m.</span>, to work,
+attending mass at 7.30, and then continuing work until midday. The Abb&eacute;,
+who was received with guns and triumphal arches, has now left for Rome.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> friends of Dr. Thomas Dwight, Parkman Professor of Anatomy at
+Harvard University, will be pleased to learn that he has been made a
+member of the Philosoph&aelig;-Medic&aelig; Society of Rome. A diploma has been
+issued by President J. M. Cornoldi, S. J. This society was founded by
+Dr. Travaglini, with the full sanction of the late Pope Pius IX. It is
+intended for the advancement of the sciences and philosophy, and it
+ranks among its members some of the greatest scientific men, doctors of
+medicine, and philosophers of Europe. The diploma is now on its way to
+America.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rev. R. J. Meyer</span>, S. J., rector of St. Louis University, of St. Louis,
+Mo., has been made Provincial of the western province of the Jesuit
+Order, vice Rev. Leopold Bushart, S. J.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Right Rev. Louis De Goesbriand, D. D., Bishop of Burlington, Vt.,
+celebrated the thirty-second anniversary of his elevation to the
+episcopacy of the Catholic Church on Friday, October 30th, ultimo.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rt. Rev. Jeremiah O'Sullivan, D. D.</span>, recently consecrated the fourth
+bishop of Mobile, Ala., was born in Kanturk, county Cork, Ireland, and
+is forty-one years old. At an early age he intended to devote himself to
+the Church, and made his preparatory studies in the schools of his
+native place. At the age of nineteen he came to America, entered St.
+Charles College, Howard County, Md., and finished his classics. The year
+following he entered St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore. Having completed
+his theological course, in that institution, he was ordained by Most
+Rev. Archbishop Spaulding in June, 1868. His first charge was in
+Barnesville, Montgomery County, Md., where he remained one year. He was
+transferred to Westernport, Md., where he remained nine years. During
+his stay he built a large church, and a convent for the Sisters of St.
+Joseph, whom he introduced to Western Maryland. In 1880, or 1881, Most
+Rev. Archbishop Gibbons selected Father O'Sullivan as the successor to
+the Rev. Father Walter as pastor of St. Patrick's, Washington, D. C.,
+the latter going to the Immaculate Conception parish. But an appeal
+being made to His Grace by St. Patrick's congregation for the retention
+of Father Walter, the change did not take place. On the removal of Rev.
+Father Boyle to St. Matthew's, Rev. Father O'Sullivan was called to take
+his place at St. Peter's. During his ministry there he displayed great
+ability in managing. He reduced the debt of the church from $47,000 to
+$12,000, besides, making expensive improvements in the church, schools
+and pastoral residence. He possesses administrative qualities to a high
+degree, and makes an impressive and forcible speaker.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Notices of Recent Publications.</h2>
+
+
+<h3><i>The Catholic Publication Society Co., N. Y.</i></h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">THE Illustrated Catholic Family Annual for 1886.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>For eighteen years this welcome annual visitor has been received by us.
+It seems to improve with age, for this is the best number yet issued.
+The illustrations, matter, printing and binding, are all excellent. We
+refer the reader to the advertisement for a description of its varied
+and excellent contents. The price is only 25 cents. Every subscriber to
+our <span class="smcap">Magazine</span> sending us, free of expense, their annual subscription ($2)
+will receive a copy of the Annual free. Send money at once.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">THE Keys of the Kingdom; or, The Unfailing Promise.</span> By the Rev.
+James J. Moriarty, LL.D., pastor of St. John's Church,
+Syracuse; author of "Stumbling-Blocks made Stepping-Stones,"
+"All for Love," etc. Price, $1.25 net.</p></div>
+
+<p>The subjects treated of in this book are: Is religion worthy of man's
+study? What rule of faith was laid down by Christ? The Church One. The
+Church Holy. The Church Catholic. The Church Apostolic. The various
+subjects are ably discussed in a pleasing and attractive manner by the
+learned author. The book is beautifully printed and bound. It is just
+the book to place in the hands of an inquiring Protestant friend as a
+Christmas present.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">IRISH birthday book.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>The Catholic Publication Society Co. has published an American edition
+of this book. It contains pieces in prose and verse by all the leading
+Irish writers and speakers. It is bound in Irish linen, gilt edges, and
+sold for $1.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">CAROLS For a Merry Christmas and a Joyous Easter.</span> The music by
+the Rev. Alfred Young, Priest of the Congregation of St. Paul
+the Apostle. Price, 50 cents.</p></div>
+
+<p>A very good book for the season. Buy it, all ye lovers of good music.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>Benziger Bros., N. Y., Cin., and St. Louis.</i></h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">CATHOLIC Belief: or, A Short and Simple Exhibition of Catholic
+Doctrine.</span> By the Rev. Joseph Fa&agrave; de Bruno, D.D., Rector General
+of the Pious Society of Missions, etc. Author's American
+edition edited by Rev. Louis A. Lambert, author of "Notes on
+Ingersoll," etc. 35th edition. Price, 40 cents.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is now about a year since this book was published, and the enormous
+sale in that <i>short</i> time is the <i>greatest testimonial</i> it could
+possibly receive.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>D. &amp; J. Sadlier &amp; Co., New York.</i></h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">THE Nativity Play; or, Christmas Cantata.</span> By Rev. Gabriel A.
+Healy, Rector of St. Edward's Church, New York.</p></div>
+
+<p>This play, says the preface, has been received most favorably by large
+audiences in the hall of St. Bernard's Church, New York City. It is a
+Christmas play, and most suitable for the coming holidays. It has been
+witnessed by thousands of the clergy and laity. The author is indebted
+to Rev. Albany J. Christie, S. J., of London, Eng., Rev. Abram J. Ryan,
+poet-priest of the South, Miss Anna T. Sadlier, and others, whose
+beautiful thoughts can be found in the work. Father Healy continues: "It
+has often been a thought with me, as I suppose it has often been with
+many of my fellow priests, that it would be well for us and advantageous
+to our congregations, to revive some of the old mystery plays, which did
+so much to strengthen the faith of the faithful in the middle ages, and
+this has been one of the prevailing motives which induced me to complete
+the material for, and give the representation of, the nativity play."
+There are eight photographic views, representing the Annunciation, the
+Visitation, the Adoration, visit of the Magi to King Herod, etc. We
+recommend the book to the Rev. clergy, colleges and academies, and
+others, as a very interesting, edifying and appropriate performance not
+only for the holidays, but for all parts of the year. The book is gotten
+up by the Messrs. Sadlier in a handsome manner. It is a good Christmas
+gift for any of our young, or even for those advanced in years.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>John Murphy &amp; Co., Baltimore, Md.</i></h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">THE Students' Handbook of British and American Literature.</span> With
+selections from the writings of the most distinguished authors.
+By Rev. O. L. Jenkins, A. M., S. S., late President of St.
+Charles College, Ellicott City, Md. Edited by a member of the
+Society of St. Sulpice. Third edition revised and brought to
+date. Price, $1.25.</p></div>
+
+<p>The value of this book is already known to the presidents, teachers,
+etc., in our colleges, seminaries and academies. Messrs. Murphy &amp; Co.
+have given us an excellent book, and at a very moderate price.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><i>Ave Maria Press, Notre Dame, Ind.</i></h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">THE Mad Penitent of Todi.</span> By Mrs. Anna Hanson Dorsey.</p></div>
+
+<p>This is another of the Ave Maria series of interesting stories, and told
+by our old friend, Mrs. Dorsey, who was a contributor to the Pilot some
+forty odd years ago.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<h3>MISCELLANEOUS.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Catholic Historical Researches.</span> Rev. A. A. Lambing, A. M., edits a
+magazine of extraordinary interest, entitled, "Catholic Historical
+Researches." It is published in Pittsburgh. It deserves the support of
+all who wish to see published and preserved the early labors of Catholic
+missionaries and settlers in America. Copies of valuable French
+manuscripts, bearing on our early history, lately received from the
+archives of Paris, will soon appear in this magazine, the admirable
+motto of which is from the address of the Fathers of the Third Plenary
+Council, of Baltimore: "Catholic parents teach your children to take a
+special interest in the history of our own country.... We must keep firm
+and solid the liberties of our country by keeping fresh the noble
+memories of the past."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Life of Father Isaac Jogues</span>, Missionary Priest of the Society of
+Jesus, slain by the Indians in the State of New York in 1646, is having
+a good sale. The price is $1. The profits of the sale go towards the
+Shrine of Our Lady of Martyrs, at Auriesville, where Father Jogues and
+Ren&eacute; Goupel were put to death.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Admirers</span> of the popular Irish authoress Miss Rosa Mulholland, will be
+pleased to learn that Messrs. Kegan Paul, Trench &amp; Co., of London, are
+about to bring out a collection of her poems.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Sarsfield Hubert Burke</span>, well known here as the author of
+"<i>Historical Portraits of the Tudor Dynasty</i>" and as a contributor to
+<i>The Catholic World</i>, will publish, in the spring, in London, a new work
+on the "<i>Tyranny and Oppression Practiced by the English Officials in
+Ireland</i>," from an early date down to 1830.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Prof. Lyons</span> intends to publish, at an early date, Christian Reid's
+admirable story, "A Child of Mary," which originally appeared as a
+serial in the pages of <i>The Ave Maria</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MUSIC.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>From White, Smith &amp; Co.</i></h4>
+
+<p><i>Vocal:</i> "A Few More Years," words by Sam Lucas, music by H. J.
+Richardson. "Oh! Hush Thee," song by Chas. A. Gabriel. "I'll Meet Ole
+Massa There," song by G. Galloway. "Carol the Good Tidings," Christmas
+carol by E. H. Bailey.</p>
+
+<p><i>Instrumental:</i> "Under the Lime Tree," by G. Lange. "Fairy Voices
+Waltz," by A. G. Crowe, arranged for violin and piano. The same for
+violin alone. "Nanon," lanciers quadrille, by E. H. Bailey. "Walker's
+Dip Waltzes," by C. A. White. "Beauty Polka," by Wm. E. Gilmore.
+Potpourri from "Mikado." "Mikado' Lanciers," by E. H. Bailey.</p>
+
+<p><i>Books:</i> Gems from "Whitsuntide in Florence" opera, by Richard Genee and
+J. Rieger, music by Alfons Czibulkas. "Melodies of Ireland expressly
+arranged for piano and organ." This book is a well arranged collection
+of Irish instrumental music, both grave and gay, serious and comical,
+issued in very neat and attractive style, and sure to please. Published
+by Messrs. White, Smith &amp; Co.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Oliver Ditson &amp; Co., Boston.</i></h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Leaves of Shamrock</span>, a collection of melodies of Ireland newly arranged
+and adapted for the piano and organ.</p>
+
+<p>"Leaves of Shamrock" is a book of fine appearance, and the price is
+moderate. 80 cents, paper; $1.00, boards; $1.50, elegant cloth binding.
+Without being difficult, there is more to them than appears at first
+glance, and there is nothing so very easy. The poet Moore was so taken
+with the beauty of the ancient music of his country, that he composed
+poems, many of them very beautiful, to quite a number of the melodies.
+These are all given in "Leaves of Shamrock" which contains full as many
+more, or, in all, double the number that met the eye of the poet.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The French Elections.</span>&mdash;The new Chamber will contain 381 Republicans and
+205 Catholics; but the colonies return 10 deputies, who will all
+probably be Republicans. The strength of parties will thus be 391 to
+205, whereas in the last Chamber it was 462 to 95. Fifty-six departments
+are represented exclusively by Republicans; twenty-six are represented
+exclusively by Catholics.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>Obituary.</h2>
+
+<h4>"After life's fitful fever they sleep well."</h4>
+
+
+<h3>BISHOP.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Funeral</span> of the late Most Rev. Dr. Dorrian took place on Friday, 13th
+of November, when the lamented bishop was interred in the vault under
+the episcopal throne in St. Patrick's Cathedral, in Belfast, amidst a
+vast crowd of his mourning flock. Dr. Dorrian's health had been failing
+for some time past, and about a fortnight before his death he was
+attacked severely by congestion of the lungs. From this he rallied, but
+was warned by his physician to be extremely careful. The good bishop,
+however, returned to his work with all his characteristic energy, and on
+the very day after the doctor's warning attended three funerals outside
+Belfast. Later, in the afternoon of the same day, he was seized with
+illness in his confessional, from which he had to be carried in a dying
+state. The last sacraments were administered on the same spot, and he
+was afterwards removed with great difficulty to his residence. During
+the following days he lay peacefully passing away, surrounded by his
+devoted priests; the Sisters of Mercy, among whom was the bishop's
+niece, remaining in his house till after he had breathed his last. His
+energy and love of labor were so extraordinary that almost to the very
+end he seemed to expect to recover and return to work. When told that he
+had not long to live, he said, "May the Lord's will be done," with the
+meekest submission. His mind was all along absorbed in heavenly
+thoughts, except when for a moment he would remember how the cause of
+Ireland was at stake, and asked what was being done towards the election
+of a nationalist M. P. for Belfast. Shortly before his death, he seemed
+to fancy that he was still hearing confessions, and went on giving
+imaginary absolutions, and admonishing poor sinners, till, without agony
+or pain, he went to his rest. While the seven o'clock Mass was being
+celebrated on the Feast of St. Malachy, in St. Malachy's Church, a
+messenger ascended the altar steps and spoke some words to the
+officiating priest, whereupon the congregation knew, by the manner in
+which the priest suddenly bowed his head, that all was over, and that
+their good pastor had departed from among them. The fact that the Bishop
+of Down and Connor had passed away on the Feast of St. Malachy was not
+unnoticed. A devoted priest, who had been Dr. Dorrian's friend from
+boyhood, and who had made a long journey to assist him in his last
+moments, remarked, "One would think that his holy patron had kept him
+for his own feast in order to conduct him on that day into heaven."</p>
+
+
+<h3>CLERGYMEN.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rt. Rev Mgr. Sears</span>, Vicar-Apostolic of Newfoundland, died on Nov. 7, at
+Stellarton, of dropsy. His history during the last seventeen years has
+been the history of Newfoundland. His services were recognized by the
+Pope, who four years ago invested him with the dignity of domestic
+prelate and the title of monsignor.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Late Very Rev. Dr. Foran.</span>&mdash;The funeral of this most distinguished
+priest, who after a most edifying life and three weeks of painful
+illness, died a most edifying death, took place in the church of
+Ballingarry. His death has cast a gloom over the archdiocese, which in
+his demise has sustained a great, almost an irreparable, loss. He was
+its most highly-gifted, most highly-respected, and best-beloved priest,
+and upon the death of the late lamented and illustrious Dr. Leahy, if
+the great majority of the votes of his brother priests could have done
+it, he had been their archbishop. He was a man of great intellect, of
+great good sense, of vast and varied learning, and withal simple as a
+child, unselfish, unassuming, and inoffensive, meek and humble of heart;
+charitable in word and deed; sincere in his relations with God and man;
+tender to the poor and little ones; always attentive to his duties, ever
+zealous for God's glory, never caring to make display or to gain the
+applause of men. His whole life seemed regulated by the motto of the
+Imitation, "Sublime words do not make a man just and holy, but a
+virtuous life maketh him dear to God."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Death of the Very Rev. John Curtis, S. J.</span>&mdash;A venerable patriarch has
+just passed away to his reward. Father John Curtis died recently at the
+Presbytery, Upper Gardiner Street, Dublin. He was in his ninety-second
+year, and had been for some months failing in health. Father Curtis was
+born in 1794, of respectable parents, in the city of Waterford. Having
+been educated at Stonyhurst College, he entered the Society of Jesus at
+the age of 20. As novice and scholastic he passed with much merit and
+distinction through the various grades of probation and preparation by
+which the Jesuit is trained for his arduous work, and was ordained
+priest in the year 1825. Being a ripe scholar, well versed in
+literature, ancient and modern, an able theologian, a fluent and
+impressive speaker, he soon took a foremost place amongst the leading
+priests at his time.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Very Rev. Canon Lyons, P.P.V.F., Spiddle, County Galway, died
+recently at the venerable age of seventy-four years. He was educated for
+the priesthood at St. Jarlath's College, Tuam, while yet that
+institution included a thorough theological course in its curriculum of
+studies. He was ordained in 1839, and speedily distinguished himself as
+a pastor of zeal and eloquence, indefatigable in his labors for the
+spiritual and temporal welfare of his flock. He built many churches and
+parochial schools, and was among the foremost of the clergymen who drove
+the infamous Souper plague from West Connaught. Canon Lyons was
+charitable to an extent that always left him poor in pocket but rich in
+the love of his people. He was buried within the walls of his parish
+church and the funeral was attended by priests and people from many
+miles around.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> death is announced of Rev. Francis Xavier Sadlier, S. J., at Holy
+Cross College, Worcester, Mass., after a brief illness. He was born in
+Montreal, in 1852, and was the son of the late James Sadlier, who, with
+his brother, the late Denis Sadlier, founded the well-known Catholic
+publishing house of D. &amp; J. Sadlier &amp; Co. His mother is the well-known
+Catholic authoress, Mary A. Sadlier. Father Sadlier was educated at
+Manhattan College, and after a brief but brilliant career in journalism
+decided to enter the priesthood. He was received into the Jesuit
+novitiate at Sault-au-Recolet, Canada, on the 1st of November, 1873, and
+had the happiness of being ordained at Woodstock last August. In the
+death of this gifted young priest the Society of Jesus has met with a
+loss which can only be accurately estimated by those to whom his perfect
+purity of heart, deeply intellectual mind and most lovable character
+have endeared him for many years. We deeply sympathize with his aged
+mother and family. His mother had not seen him since his ordination, but
+was present at the funeral, where she saw her loved son in death. Happy
+mother to have such a son before her in heaven, where we trust he is now
+enjoying the rewards of a well-spent life.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rev. John J. McAuley, S. J.</span>, professor of rhetoric at Holy Cross
+College, died suddenly of apoplexy, at the residence of Dr. L. A. O.
+Callaghan, Worcester, Mass., on the afternoon of December 2. Father
+McAuley went with a party of the students from the college to skate at
+Stillwater Pond, and during the recreation he broke through the ice and
+into the water. He returned to the college and changed his clothing, and
+not feeling very well, started off toward the city for a walk,
+accompanied by Father Langlois. He called on Dr. Callaghan, but before
+reaching his house he became ill and had to be carried inside, where he
+soon died, after the arrival of Rev. John J. McCoy, who, with Father
+Langlois, performed the last offices. The deceased has been, for several
+years, attached to Holy Cross College, and is distinguished among the
+Jesuits as a rhetorician of high order. His funeral will take place at
+the college. This is the second death at the college within one month.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rev. Father Ruland, C. SS. R.</span>, Professor of Moral Theology at the
+Redemptorist College, at Ilchester, Md., died on the 20th of November,
+of apoplexy. The Rev. Father was a venerable and well-known priest. His
+loss will be keenly felt by the community as he was a man of deep
+learning and truly good.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rev. Thaddeus P. Walsh</span>, first pastor of Georgetown and Ridgefield
+parishes, Connecticut, departed this life on the 10th of November, at 3
+o'clock, in St. Catherine's Hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y., to which place he
+had been taken. Friday, October 30th, Father Walsh went to New Haven on
+business, and it was there that the first warning of sickness, and as it
+came out, of death, came to him. He had an apopletic stroke of paralysis
+which affected his left side, rendering it almost powerless. The
+following Saturday evening he received<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> the last rites from the church,
+and on Tuesday morning he died. The funeral took place on the 13th of
+November. There were present Rt. Rev. Bp. McMahon, some sixty priests,
+and a large concourse of his afflicted friends. Father Walsh was born in
+Easkey, County Sligo, Ireland, about fifty-five years ago. He was
+ordained priest in St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, in 1880. His
+classical course was made in St. Charles College, Ellicott City, Md.,
+and was begun when he had reached the age of forty years. Before he went
+to college he lived in Meriden, where he saved money enough from daily
+toil to pay for an education. He was a good and faithful priest in every
+sense of the word, and was most devotedly attached to his sacred duties.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Rev. Father Simon P. Lonergan, pastor of St. Mary's, Montreal, died
+there, November 11. Father Lonergan was very well known and exceedingly
+popular in that city, and, in fact, throughout the Dominion. He was a
+man of rare culture and experience, and through his death the Catholic
+Church in Canada loses one of its strongest pillars. Father Lonergan
+died of typhoid fever, and to his labors among the sick during this time
+of sad affliction in Montreal may be attributed the overwork which
+brought on the disease.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Many</span> in Buffalo, says the <i>Catholic Union and Times</i>, will hear of
+Father Trudeau's death, recently in Lowell, Mass., with sincere sorrow.
+Deceased was a distinguished Oblate Father, who, while engaged in
+parochial duties at the Holy Angels, in this city, won the reverent
+affection of all who knew him by his priestly virtues and sunny nature.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SISTER.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> death is announced of Mother Mary, the Foundress and first
+Superioress of the Sisters of Immaculate Conception, a Louisiana
+foundation, whose mother house is located at Labadieville. Known in the
+world as Miss Elvina Vienne, she belonged to one of the best Creole
+families in the State. She died in her 51st year, and the twelfth of her
+religious profession.</p>
+
+
+<h3>LAY PEOPLE.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Thomas Cosgrove</span>, who, during the past half century, has occupied a
+prominent position in Providence, R. I., as a successful business man,
+died Sunday, Nov. 8th, at his residence on Somerset Street, in the
+eighty-first year of his age. The story of his life is a practical
+illustration of the success which rewards persistent endeavor and strict
+attention to business. He was born in county Wexford, Ireland, and after
+receiving the advantages of a common-school education of that time, he
+begun his life-work in the pursuit of various branches of business in
+Nova Scotia, Portsmouth, N. H., and Portland, Me. In the year 1837 he
+came to Providence, where his energy and business ability met with
+successful results. He occupied a prominent position among the members
+of the Catholic Church, and was a devout attendant at the services of
+the Cathedral. His wife died several years ago, and Mr. Cosgrove leaves
+four children. James M., who was formerly an active member of the legal
+profession in Providence, and has been prominently identified with the
+local Irish associations, is now an invalid. One of his daughters is the
+widow of the late Richard McNeeley, who was engaged in the dry goods'
+business on Westminister Street, Providence, many years ago. The other
+two daughters are unmarried and reside at his late home on Somerset
+Street. The funeral services of Mr. Thomas Cosgrove were held at the
+Pro-Cathedral. They were largely attended by the congregation, of which
+Mr. Cosgrove was one of the oldest and most prominent members, and by
+Catholics and business men from different parts of the State, completely
+filling the sacred edifice. A solemn Pontifical High Mass of Requiem was
+celebrated by Right Rev. Bishop Hendricken. At the conclusion of the
+Mass, the bishop, assisted by the officiating clergymen, pronounced the
+final absolution, and spoke a few words relative to the life of the
+deceased as a man and a Catholic.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. James Waul</span>, so long and favorably known to the Catholic public, in
+his office as sexton of the Church of the Immaculate Conception, died at
+his home in Boston on the evening of Saturday, Nov. 7th. He was a native
+of the county of Galway, Ireland, but came to this country when quite
+young. For the last fifteen years he had faithfully discharged the
+responsible duties of the office above referred to, making many friends
+through his uniform courtesy and kindly disposition. He will be sadly
+missed in the church with which he was so long connected. The prayers of
+those whose<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> interests he cared for so earnestly will doubtless be
+fervently offered for his eternal rest. The funeral took place from the
+Church of the Immaculate Conception, on the morning of November 10th.
+The Rev. Father Quirk celebrated the Requiem Mass. The Rev. Father
+Boursaud, rector, and the Rev. Father Charlier accompanied the body to
+Calvary Cemetery. May he rest in peace!</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">We</span> regret to chronicle the death of James Valentine Reddy, Esq., a
+well-known member of the Richmond bar, who died at his residence in that
+city, on Nov. 5, of pneumonia. He was about thirty-six years of age, and
+removed to that city from Alexandria, Va., where his relatives now
+reside. He was of Irish birth, and his love for the old sod of his
+forefathers was pure and strong. He was a member of the National League,
+and of several societies connected with St. Peter's Cathedral. He was
+devoted to the practice of his religious duties, and ere his spirit
+winged its flight received its last consolations. Deceased had more than
+common gifts of oratory and was a ready penman. His disposition was
+generous, and he was always ready to relieve distress when in his power.
+Mr. Reddy was a contributor to our <span class="smcap">Magazine</span>, and although we never saw
+him, we were led to esteem him highly. He was a great lover of Irish
+poetry and song, and had, perhaps, as fine a private collection of them
+as there is in this country. His heart was indeed wound up in the dear
+old land; but he did not forget in this love the allegiance and fealty
+he owed to the land of his adoption. His life is but another of the many
+examples of Irishmen, who, living at home under a government of giant's
+strength used as a giant would use it, would be called a rebel; but who
+under a government where all men are free and recognized becomes a
+worthy and faithful citizen, a good example for those around him. The
+deceased was born in the county of Kilkenny, near the village of
+Kilmacow, and about six miles from Waterford City. St. Patrick's Branch
+of the Catholic Knights of America, in their resolutions of condolement,
+say that he was a faithful, worthy and popular member, and they
+fittingly voice the sentiment of all the Catholic and Irish-American and
+other civic societies, with which he was associated, in thus placing on
+record this expression of their sorrow over his early demise, and also
+in giving utterance to their deepest sympathy for, and in behalf of, the
+bereaved wife and children thus unhappily deprived of the fond love and
+tender care of a devoted husband and affectionate father.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. John Reilly</span>, a well-known and respected resident of Charlestown,
+Mass., died at his residence, 92 Washington Street, on Wednesday, Nov.
+4th, after an illness of nine months at the age of sixty-four years. He
+was perfectly conscious to the last, and bade each member of his family
+a fond farewell ere he closed his eyes in death. Mr. Reilly was a
+carpenter by trade, and in politics an active Democrat, being for a
+number of years a member of the Ward and City Committee. He was also a
+member of the Old Columbian Guards of Boston. He leaves a widow, two
+sons and two daughters to mourn his loss. The funeral services were held
+at St. Mary's Church on Saturday morning, Rev. Wm. Millerick
+officiating, and the burial took place in the family lot at Calvary, the
+following gentlemen acting as pall bearers: Messrs. Michael K. Mahoney,
+James Hearn, James H. Lombard, Thomas Hearn, Thomas B. Reilly and David
+Hearn.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. John Nagle</span>, a prominent member of the Cathedral parish, died of
+consumption at his residence in Boston, on Sunday, November 29. He
+leaves a family of five children. His funeral took place from the
+Cathedral on December 1. The Rev. Father Boland celebrated the Mass,
+Fathers O'Toole and Corcoran being, respectively, Deacon and Subdeacon.
+The friends of the deceased were present in large numbers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">In</span> this city, on the 27th of November, Mrs. Catherine Daly, aged 74
+years. She; was born in Bandon, county Cork, in 1811. She had been a
+resident of Boston some forty years. Her death was peaceful as her life
+had been good and charitable. Her remains were interred from the Church
+of the Immaculate Conception, where a Mass of Requiem was said for the
+repose of her soul, which may God rest in peace. The interment took
+place at Calvary Cemetery.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bashfulness.</span>&mdash;Do not yield to bashfulness. Do not isolate yourself,
+sitting back in a corner, waiting for some one to come and talk with
+you. Step out; have something to say. Though you may not say it well,
+keep on. You will gain courage and improve. It is as much your duty to
+entertain others as theirs to amuse you.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Donahoe's Magazine, Volume 15, No. 1,
+January 1886, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DONAHOE'S, VOL. 15, NO. 1 ***
+
+***** This file should be named 21778-h.htm or 21778-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/2/1/7/7/21778/
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Josephine Paolucci
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+
+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/21778-h/images/fig006.jpg b/21778-h/images/fig006.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e34e4b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-h/images/fig006.jpg
diff --git a/21778-h/images/fig007.jpg b/21778-h/images/fig007.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..916e669
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-h/images/fig007.jpg
diff --git a/21778-h/images/fig081.jpg b/21778-h/images/fig081.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d0096ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-h/images/fig081.jpg
diff --git a/21778-h/images/fig090.jpg b/21778-h/images/fig090.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d39abfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-h/images/fig090.jpg
diff --git a/21778-page-images/f001.png b/21778-page-images/f001.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a86bfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/f001.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/f002.png b/21778-page-images/f002.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..891f767
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/f002.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/f003.png b/21778-page-images/f003.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b528fe7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/f003.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/f004.png b/21778-page-images/f004.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47848dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/f004.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p001.png b/21778-page-images/p001.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ace0198
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p001.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p002.png b/21778-page-images/p002.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1bfd8e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p002.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p003.png b/21778-page-images/p003.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78ddd27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p003.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p004.png b/21778-page-images/p004.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7efd119
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p004.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p005.png b/21778-page-images/p005.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7651d1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p005.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p006.png b/21778-page-images/p006.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e62046
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p006.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p007.png b/21778-page-images/p007.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..44c4ee3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p007.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p008.png b/21778-page-images/p008.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6868dc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p008.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p009.png b/21778-page-images/p009.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7a419e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p009.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p010.png b/21778-page-images/p010.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ca9973
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p010.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p011.png b/21778-page-images/p011.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4ae075
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p011.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p012.png b/21778-page-images/p012.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5bd4034
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p012.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p013.png b/21778-page-images/p013.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1bb30f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p013.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p014.png b/21778-page-images/p014.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81d671a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p014.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p015.png b/21778-page-images/p015.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb0511c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p015.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p016.png b/21778-page-images/p016.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8171193
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p016.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p017.png b/21778-page-images/p017.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ffae03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p017.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p018.png b/21778-page-images/p018.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b1ca46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p018.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p019.png b/21778-page-images/p019.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70820ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p019.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p020.png b/21778-page-images/p020.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72a960a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p020.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p021.png b/21778-page-images/p021.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e2cce86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p021.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p022.png b/21778-page-images/p022.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd862d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p022.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p023.png b/21778-page-images/p023.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86a7d3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p023.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p024.png b/21778-page-images/p024.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f6fbd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p024.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p025.png b/21778-page-images/p025.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c034687
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p025.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p026.png b/21778-page-images/p026.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8195708
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p026.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p027.png b/21778-page-images/p027.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7184dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p027.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p028.png b/21778-page-images/p028.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24d9ab9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p028.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p029.png b/21778-page-images/p029.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ee2637
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p029.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p030.png b/21778-page-images/p030.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14f866a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p030.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p031.png b/21778-page-images/p031.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d778b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p031.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p032.png b/21778-page-images/p032.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2bd57e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p032.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p033.png b/21778-page-images/p033.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0bd0013
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p033.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p034.png b/21778-page-images/p034.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60007c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p034.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p035.png b/21778-page-images/p035.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1759264
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p035.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p036.png b/21778-page-images/p036.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a29c2ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p036.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p037.png b/21778-page-images/p037.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..73a252f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p037.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p038.png b/21778-page-images/p038.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c91270
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p038.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p039.png b/21778-page-images/p039.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2247ac6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p039.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p040.png b/21778-page-images/p040.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..099e6cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p040.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p041.png b/21778-page-images/p041.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9bb3420
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p041.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p042.png b/21778-page-images/p042.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67bd395
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p042.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p043.png b/21778-page-images/p043.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c63631
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p043.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p044.png b/21778-page-images/p044.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2fd49e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p044.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p045.png b/21778-page-images/p045.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e1ca963
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p045.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p046.png b/21778-page-images/p046.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a31153c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p046.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p047.png b/21778-page-images/p047.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b700883
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p047.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p048.png b/21778-page-images/p048.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ddf63c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p048.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p049.png b/21778-page-images/p049.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd86543
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p049.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p050.png b/21778-page-images/p050.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6eaca5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p050.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p051.png b/21778-page-images/p051.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23d44cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p051.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p052.png b/21778-page-images/p052.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52df0d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p052.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p053.png b/21778-page-images/p053.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fcf31f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p053.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p054.png b/21778-page-images/p054.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86a782a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p054.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p055.png b/21778-page-images/p055.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed21594
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p055.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p056.png b/21778-page-images/p056.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a5d356
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p056.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p057.png b/21778-page-images/p057.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1863125
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p057.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p058.png b/21778-page-images/p058.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d34e15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p058.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p059.png b/21778-page-images/p059.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d056aef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p059.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p060.png b/21778-page-images/p060.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..19e9712
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p060.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p061.png b/21778-page-images/p061.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97572ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p061.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p062.png b/21778-page-images/p062.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc11665
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p062.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p063.png b/21778-page-images/p063.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7045dfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p063.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p064.png b/21778-page-images/p064.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae721dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p064.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p065.png b/21778-page-images/p065.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3e7ddc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p065.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p066.png b/21778-page-images/p066.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3102ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p066.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p067.png b/21778-page-images/p067.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a393241
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p067.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p068.png b/21778-page-images/p068.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a201041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p068.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p069.png b/21778-page-images/p069.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f0071cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p069.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p070.png b/21778-page-images/p070.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d3d5d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p070.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p071.png b/21778-page-images/p071.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7cf77c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p071.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p072.png b/21778-page-images/p072.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab76554
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p072.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p073.png b/21778-page-images/p073.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8eafa26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p073.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p074.png b/21778-page-images/p074.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad6c369
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p074.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p075.png b/21778-page-images/p075.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd3755c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p075.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p076.png b/21778-page-images/p076.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be01698
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p076.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p077.png b/21778-page-images/p077.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d3c20c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p077.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p078.png b/21778-page-images/p078.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d859f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p078.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p079.png b/21778-page-images/p079.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b65fcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p079.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p080.png b/21778-page-images/p080.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c53a8d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p080.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p081.png b/21778-page-images/p081.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4596f42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p081.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p082.png b/21778-page-images/p082.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e5dabb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p082.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p083.png b/21778-page-images/p083.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..05c0856
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p083.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p084.png b/21778-page-images/p084.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30c004d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p084.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p085.png b/21778-page-images/p085.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e1087f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p085.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p086.png b/21778-page-images/p086.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da5c33d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p086.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p087.png b/21778-page-images/p087.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80a6bcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p087.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p088.png b/21778-page-images/p088.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6a7a3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p088.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p089.png b/21778-page-images/p089.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..caef5e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p089.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p090.png b/21778-page-images/p090.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b8eb49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p090.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p091.png b/21778-page-images/p091.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93961ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p091.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p092.png b/21778-page-images/p092.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a559756
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p092.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p093.png b/21778-page-images/p093.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f4682ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p093.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p094.png b/21778-page-images/p094.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..161d3b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p094.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p095.png b/21778-page-images/p095.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fc45d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p095.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p096.png b/21778-page-images/p096.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..593ec1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p096.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p097.png b/21778-page-images/p097.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b89098
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p097.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p098.png b/21778-page-images/p098.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b92d67c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p098.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p099.png b/21778-page-images/p099.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b1691fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p099.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p100.png b/21778-page-images/p100.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..549c716
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p100.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p101.png b/21778-page-images/p101.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01bd6b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p101.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p102.png b/21778-page-images/p102.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c541cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p102.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p103.png b/21778-page-images/p103.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dded22c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p103.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p104.png b/21778-page-images/p104.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e52399b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p104.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p105.png b/21778-page-images/p105.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37aa164
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p105.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p106.png b/21778-page-images/p106.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a94930b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p106.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p107.png b/21778-page-images/p107.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85cbfaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p107.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p108.png b/21778-page-images/p108.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f7341d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p108.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p109.png b/21778-page-images/p109.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8470415
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p109.png
diff --git a/21778-page-images/p110.png b/21778-page-images/p110.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1f1a8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778-page-images/p110.png
diff --git a/21778.txt b/21778.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4ebdec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7180 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Donahoe's Magazine, Volume 15, No. 1,
+January 1886, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Donahoe's Magazine, Volume 15, No. 1, January 1886
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: June 8, 2007 [EBook #21778]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DONAHOE'S, VOL. 15, NO. 1 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Josephine Paolucci
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+DONAHOE'S MAGAZINE
+
+_A Monthly Journal_
+
+CONTAINING
+
+TALES, BIOGRAPHY, EPISODES IN IRISH AND AMERICAN HISTORY, POETRY,
+MISCELLANY, ETC.
+
+_AN EXTREMELY INTERESTING VOLUME._
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+VOL. XV.
+
+JANUARY, 1886, TO JULY, 1886.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BOSTON:
+
+THOMAS B. NOONAN & COMPANY.
+
+1886.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's note: Minor typos have been corrected and footnotes have
+been moved to the end of the chapters. This issue only contains January,
+1886.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Contents.
+
+
+A.
+
+An Affecting Incident at Sea,                                     32.
+Alone,                                                            42.
+A Midnight Mass,                                                  42.
+Abolishing Barmaids,                                              80.
+A Valiant Soldier of the Cross,                                  132.
+A Child of Mary,                                                 144.
+A Christmas Carol,                                               165.
+A Silly Threat,                                                  173.
+A Chapter of Irish History,                                      223.
+About Critics,                                                   256.
+A Thought for Easter,                                            460.
+
+
+B.
+
+Bay State Faugh-a-Ballaghs,                                 229, 347.
+Blaine on Britain,                                               438.
+Before the Battle,                                               550.
+
+
+C.
+
+Crown and Crescent,                                               79.
+Christianity in China,                                            81.
+Capital and Labor--Strikes,                                      232.
+Columbus and Ireland,                                            368.
+Chanson,                                                         406.
+Canossa at Last,                                                 522.
+Chinese Labor,                                                   505.
+
+
+D.
+
+Dead Man's Island: The story of an Irish Country Town,       33, 145.
+Drunkenness in Old Times,                                        351.
+Deaths of the Apostles,                                          460.
+Decrees of the Third Plenary Council,                            529.
+Death of Rev. Father Ryan,                                       570.
+
+
+E.
+
+Encyclical Letter of Our Most Holy Lord Leo XIII,
+    by Divine Providence, Pope,                                    1.
+Encyclical Proclaiming the Jubilee,                              259.
+England and her Enemies,                                         264.
+Echoes from the Pines,                                           310.
+Emmet's Rebellion,                                               335.
+Emmet's Love,                                                    435.
+Early Irish Settlers in Virginia,                                523.
+Etoile du Soir,                                                  501.
+
+
+F.
+
+Four Thousand Years,                                              80.
+Faro's Daughters,                                                 82.
+Frau Huett: A Legend of Tyrol,                                    308.
+Farewell, my Home,                                               345.
+Father Matt,                                                     497.
+
+
+G.
+
+Gladstone at Emmet's Grave,                                       61.
+Gerald Griffin,                                              62, 139.
+George Washington,                                               142.
+Give Charity while you Live,                                     333.
+Gladstone,                                                       536.
+
+
+H.
+
+His Eminence John Cardinal McCloskey, with Portrait,              18.
+Harvard College and the Catholic Theory of Education,             31.
+Honor to the Germans,                                             57.
+Historical Notes of Tallaght,                                    405.
+Hancock and the Irish Brigade,                                   411.
+Heroism,                                                         542.
+Home Rule,                                                       565.
+
+
+I.
+
+Interest Savings Banks,                                          228.
+Ireland: A Retrospect,                                           266.
+Ingratitude of France in the Irish Struggle,                     277.
+Instances of Divine Vengeance,                                   445.
+Ireland our Mother Land,                                         447.
+
+
+J.
+
+Juvenile Department,                     83, 179, 270, 373, 469, 552.
+John Scotus Erigena,                                             306.
+John C. Schayer,                                                 568.
+
+
+K.
+
+Knights of Labor,                                                433.
+
+
+L.
+
+Low-necked Dresses,                                              367.
+Leo the Great,                                                   466.
+
+
+M.
+
+Mary E. Blake,                                                   139.
+Musings from Foreign Poets,                                      312.
+Much-a-Wanted,                                                   339.
+Mixed Marriages,                                                 344.
+Miss Mulholland's Poems,                                         369.
+Major-General John Newton,                                       401.
+May Ditty,                                                       465.
+"My Victim:" A Tale,                                             506.
+
+
+N.
+
+Notes on Current Topics,                 97, 193, 289, 385, 481, 573.
+Notices of Recent Publications,    105, 205, 301, 381, 397, 487, 585.
+
+
+O.
+
+Order of the Buried Alive,                                        30.
+Obituary,                               107, 207, 302, 398, 496, 586.
+Our Neighbors,                                                   168.
+Our Gaelic Tongue,                                               222.
+O'Connell and Parnell,                                           278.
+Our New Cardinal,                                                359.
+Orders of Knighthood,                                            366.
+Our Saviour's Personal Appearance,                               414.
+
+
+P.
+
+Private Judgment a Failure,                                       72.
+Priests and People Mourning,                                      74.
+Personal,                                    104, 300, 396, 493, 584.
+Parnell's Strength,                                              172.
+Pen Sketches of Irish Litterateurs,                              209.
+Pneumonia,                                                       462.
+
+
+R.
+
+Rev. Father Fulton, S. J.,                                        71.
+Rapidity of Time's Flight,                                       178.
+Reminiscences of the Battle of Kilmallock,                       503.
+Rev. Father Scully's Gymnasium,                                  537.
+Rabies (Hydrophobia),                                            543.
+
+
+S.
+
+Sing, Sing for Christmas,                                         32.
+Southern Sketches,                           125, 215, 113, 440, 516.
+Senator John J. Hayes,                                           235.
+Saints and Serpents,                                             237.
+Seeing the Old Year Out,                                         370.
+Sir Thomas Grattan Esmond, Bart.,                                415.
+St. Rose,                                                        434.
+Shamrocks,                                                       440.
+Sorrowing Mother,                                                515.
+Science and Politics,                                            502.
+
+
+T.
+
+The Pope and the Mikado,                                          29.
+The Hero of Lepanto,                                              44.
+The Church and Progress,                                          49.
+Tracadie and the Trappists,                                       59.
+The Humorist,                                           96, 210, 306.
+The Columbian Army of Derry,                                     113.
+The Penitent on the Cross,                                       120.
+The Celt on America,                                             121.
+The Late Father Tom Burke,                                       166.
+The Old Year's Army of Martyrs,                                  170.
+The Pope on Christian Education,                                 174.
+Te Deum,                                                         176.
+The Poems of Rosa Mulholland,                                    248.
+The Celts of South America,                                      258.
+The Welcome of the Divine Guest,                                 305.
+The Ursuline Convent of Tenos,                                   316.
+The Church and Modern Progress,                                  328.
+The Annunciation,                                                339.
+The Ten-Commandment Theory,                                      346.
+The Paschal Candle,                                              352.
+The Irish as Conspirators,                                       362.
+The National Catholic University,                                407.
+Thot's of Ireland,                                               423.
+The Middogue,                                                    424.
+The Passion,                                                     430.
+The Holy Mass,                                                   446.
+The Instruments of the Passion,                                  464.
+The New Era,                                                     465.
+Terrence V. Powderly,                                            561.
+The Keegan Challenge Fund,                                       564.
+The Providence Cathedral,                                        546.
+Three Decisions,                                                 551.
+
+
+U.
+
+Useful Knowledge,                                       95, 209, 305.
+
+
+V.
+
+Vindication,                                                      58.
+
+
+W.
+
+What English Catholics are Contending For,                       276.
+William J. Onahan,                                               467.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: HIS EMINENCE JOHN CARDINAL MCCLOSKEY.
+
+See page 18.]
+
+
+
+
+DONAHOE'S MAGAZINE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Vol. XV.
+
+BOSTON, JANUARY, 1886.
+
+No. 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"THE future of the Irish race in this country, will depend largely upon
+their capability of assuming an independent attitude in American
+politics."--RIGHT REV. DOCTOR IRELAND, _St. Paul, Minn._
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Coat of Arms]
+
+Encyclical Letter
+
+OF OUR MOST HOLY LORD LEO XIII., BY DIVINE PROVIDENCE POPE,
+
+CONCERNING THE CHRISTIAN CONSTITUTION OF STATES.
+
+TO ALL THE PATRIARCHS, PRIMATES, ARCHBISHOPS AND BISHOPS OF THE CATHOLIC
+WORLD, IN THE GRACE AND COMMUNION OF THE APOSTOLIC SEE,
+
+LEO PP XIII.
+
+
+_Venerable Brethren, Health and Apostolic Benediction._
+
+The work of a merciful God, the Church looks essentially, and from the
+very nature of her being, to the salvation of souls and the winning for
+them of happiness in heaven, nevertheless, she also secures even in this
+world, advantages so many and so great that she could not do more, even
+if she had been founded primarily and specially to secure prosperity in
+this life which is worked out upon earth. In truth, wherever the Church
+has set her foot she has at once changed the aspect of affairs, colored
+the manners of the people as with new virtues and a refinement unknown
+before--as many people as have accepted this have been distinguished for
+their gentleness, their justice, and the glory of their deeds. But the
+accusation is an old one, and not of recent date, that the Church is
+incompatible with the welfare of the commonwealth, and incapable of
+contributing to those things, whether useful or ornamental, which,
+naturally and of its own will, every rightly-constituted State eagerly
+strives for. We know that on this ground, in the very beginnings of the
+Church, the Christians, from the same perversity of view, were
+persecuted and constantly held up to hatred and contempt, so that they
+were styled the enemies of the Empire. And at that time it was generally
+popular to attribute to Christianity the responsibility for the evils
+beneath which the State was beaten down, when in reality, God, the
+avenger of crimes, was requiring a just punishment from the guilty. The
+wickedness of this calumny, not without cause, fired the genius and
+sharpened the pen of Augustine, who, especially in his _Civitate Dei_,
+set forth so clearly the efficacy of Christian wisdom, and the way in
+which it is bound up with well-being of States, that he seems not only
+to have pleaded the cause of the Christians of his own time, but to have
+triumphantly refuted these false charges for all time. But this unhappy
+inclination to complaints and false accusations was not laid to rest,
+and many have thought well to seek a system of civil life elsewhere than
+in the doctrines which the Church approves. And now in these latter
+times a new law, as they call it, has begun to prevail, which they
+describe as the outcome of a world now fully developed, and born of a
+growing liberty. But although many hazardous schemes have been
+propounded by many, it is clear that never has any better method been
+found for establishing and ruling the State than that which is the
+natural result of the teaching of the Gospel. We deem it, therefore, of
+the greatest moment, and especially suitable to our Apostolic function,
+to compare with Christian doctrine the new opinions concerning the
+State, by which method we trust that, truth being thus presented, the
+causes of error and doubt will be removed, so that each may easily see
+by those supreme commandments for living, what things he ought to
+follow, and whom he ought to obey.
+
+It is not a very difficult matter to set forth what form and appearance
+the State should have if Christian philosophy governed the commonwealth.
+By nature it is implanted in man that he should live in civil society,
+for since he cannot attain in solitude the necessary means of civilized
+life, it is a Divine provision that he comes into existence adapted for
+taking part in the union and assembling of men, both in the Family and
+in the State, which alone can supply adequate facilities for _the
+perfecting of life_. But since no society can hold together unless some
+person is over all, impelling individuals by efficient and similar
+motives to pursue the common advantage, it is brought about that
+authority whereby it may be ruled is indispensable to a civilized
+community, which authority, as well as society, can have no other source
+than nature, and consequently God Himself. And thence it follows that by
+its very nature there can be no public power except from God alone. For
+God alone is the most true and supreme Lord of the world, Whom
+necessarily all things, whatever they be, must be subservient to and
+obey, so that whoever possess the right of governing, can receive that
+from no other source than from that supreme chief of all, God. "_There
+is no power except from God._" (Rom. xiii. 1.) But the right of ruling
+is not necessarily conjoined with any special form of commonwealth, but
+may rightly assume this or that form, provided that it promotes utility
+and the common good. But whatever be the kind of commonwealth, rulers
+ought to keep in view God, the Supreme Governor of the world, and to set
+Him before themselves as an example and a law in the administration of
+the State. For as God, in things which are and which are seen, has
+produced secondary causes, wherein the Divine nature and course of
+action can be perceived, and which conduce to that end to which the
+universal course of the world is directed, so in civil society He has
+willed that there should be a government which should be carried on by
+men who should reflect towards mankind an image as it were of Divine
+power and Divine providence. The rule of the government, therefore,
+should be just and not that of a master but rather that of a father,
+because the power of God over men is most just and allied with a
+father's goodness. Moreover, it is to be carried on with a view to the
+advantage of the citizens, because they who are over others are over
+them for this cause alone, that they may see to the interests of the
+State. And in no way is it to be allowed that the civil authority should
+be subservient merely to the advantage of one or of a few, since it was
+established for the common good of all. But if they who are over the
+State should lapse into unjust rule; if they should err through
+arrogance or pride; if their measures should be injurious to the people,
+let them know that hereafter an account must be rendered to God, and
+that so much the stricter in proportion as they are intrusted with more
+sacred functions, or have obtained a higher grade of dignity, "_The
+mighty shall be mightily tormented._" (Wisd. vi. 7.)
+
+Thus truly the majesty of rule will be attended with an honorable and
+willing regard on the part of the citizens; for when once they have been
+brought to conclude that they who rule are strong only with the
+authority given by God, they will feel that those duties are due and
+just, that they should be obedient to their rulers, and pay to them
+respect and fidelity, with somewhat of the same affection as that of
+children to their parents. "_Let every soul be subject to higher
+powers._" (Rom. xiii. 1.)
+
+Indeed, to contemn lawful authority, in whatever person it is vested, is
+as unlawful as it is to resist the Divine will; and whoever resists
+that, rushes voluntarily to his destruction. "_He who resists the power,
+resists the ordinance of God; and they who resist, purchase to
+themselves damnation._" (Rom. xiii. 2.) Wherefore to cast away
+obedience, and by popular violence to incite the country to sedition, is
+treason, not only against man, but against God.
+
+It is clear that a State constituted on this basis is altogether bound
+to satisfy, by the public profession of religion, the very many and
+great duties which bring it into relation with God. Nature and reason
+which commands every man individually to serve God holily and
+religiously, because we belong to Him and coming from Him must return to
+Him, binds by the same law the civil community. For men living together
+in society are no less under the power of God than are individuals; and
+society owes as much gratitude as individuals do to God, Who is its
+author, its preserver, and the beneficent source of the innumerable
+blessings which it has received. And therefore as it is not lawful for
+anybody to neglect his duties towards God, and as it is the first duty
+to embrace in mind and in conduct religion--not such as each may choose,
+but such as God commands--in the same manner States cannot, without a
+crime, act as though God did not exist, or cast off the care of religion
+as alien to them or useless or out of several kinds of religion adopt
+indifferently which they please; but they are absolutely bound, in the
+worship of the Deity to adopt that use and manner in which God Himself
+has shown that He wills to be adored. Therefore among rulers the name of
+God must be holy, and it must be reckoned among the first of their
+duties to favor religion, protect it, and cover it with the authority of
+the laws, and not to institute or decree anything which is incompatible
+with its security. They owe this also to the citizens over whom they
+rule. For all of us men are born and brought up for a certain supreme
+and final good in heaven, beyond this frail and short life, and to this
+end all efforts are to be referred. And because upon it depends the full
+and perfect happiness of men, therefore, to attain this end which has
+been mentioned, is of as much interest as is conceivable to every
+individual man. It is necessary then that a civil society, born for the
+common advantage, in the guardianship of the prosperity of the
+commonwealth, should so advance the interests of the citizens that in
+holding up and acquiring that highest and inconvertible good which they
+spontaneously seek, it should not only never import anything
+disadvantageous, but should give all the opportunities in its power. The
+chief of these is that attention should be paid to a holy and inviolate
+preservation of religion, by the duties of which man is united to God.
+
+Now which the true religion is may be easily discovered by any one who
+will view the matter with a careful and unbiassed judgment; for there
+are proofs of great number and splendor, as for example, the truth of
+prophecy, the abundance of miracles, the extremely rapid spread of the
+faith, even in the midst of its enemies and in spite of the greatest
+hindrances, the testimony of the martyrs, and the like, from which it is
+evident that that is the only true religion which Jesus Christ
+instituted Himself and then entrusted to His Church to defend and to
+spread.
+
+For the only begotten Son of God set up a society on earth which is
+called the Church, and to it He transferred that most glorious and
+divine office, which He had received from His Father, to be perpetuated
+forever. "_As the Father hath sent Me, even so I send you._" (John xx.
+21.) "_Behold I am with you all days even to the consummation of the
+world._" (Matt. xxviii. 20.) Therefore as Jesus Christ came into the
+world, "_that men might have life and have it more abundantly_" (John x.
+10), so also the Church has for its aim and end the eternal salvation of
+souls; and for this cause it is so constituted as to embrace the whole
+human race without any limit or circumscription either of time or place.
+"_Preach ye the Gospel to every creature._" (Mark xvi. 15.) Over this
+immense multitude of men God Himself has set rulers with power to
+govern them; and He has willed that one should be head of them all, and
+the chief and unerring teacher of truth, and to him He has given the
+keys of the kingdom of heaven. "_To thee will I give the keys of the
+kingdom of heaven._" (Matt. xvi. 19.) "_Feed My lambs, feed My sheep._"
+(John xxi. 16, 17.) "_I have prayed for thee that thy faith may not
+fail._" (Luke xxii. 32.) This society, though it be composed of men just
+as civil society is, yet because of the end that it has in view, and the
+means by which it tends to it, is supernatural and spiritual; and,
+therefore, is distinguished from civil society and differs from it;
+and--a fact of the highest moment--is a society perfect in its kind and
+in its rights, possessing in and by itself, by the will and beneficence
+of its Founder, all the appliances that are necessary for its
+preservation and action. Just as the end, at which the Church aims, is
+by far the noblest of ends, so its power is the most exalted of all
+powers, and cannot be held to be either inferior to the civil power or
+in any way subject to it. In truth Jesus Christ gave His Apostles
+unfettered commissions over all sacred things, with the power of
+establishing laws properly so-called, and the double right of judging
+and punishing which follows from it: "_All power has been given to Me in
+heaven and on earth; going, therefore, teach all nations;... teaching
+them to keep whatsoever I have commanded you._" (Matt. xxviii. 18, 19,
+20.) And in another place He says: "_If he will not hear, tell it to the
+Church_" (Matt. xviii. 17); and again: "_Ready to punish all
+disobedience_" (2 Cor. x. 6); and once more: "_I shall act with more
+severity, according to the powers which our Lord has given me unto
+edification and not unto destruction._" (2 Cor. xiii. 10.)
+
+So then it is not the State but the Church that ought to be men's guide
+to heaven; and it is to her that God has assigned the office of watching
+and legislating for all that concerns religion, of teaching all nations;
+of extending, as far as may be, the borders of Christianity; and, in a
+word, of administering its affairs without let or hindrance, according
+to her own judgment. Now this authority, which pertains absolutely to
+the Church herself, and is part of her manifest rights, and which has
+long been opposed by a philosophy subservient to princes, she has never
+ceased to claim for herself and to exercise publicly: the Apostles
+themselves being the first of all to maintain it, when, being forbidden
+by the readers of the Synagogue to preach the Gospel, they boldly
+answered, "_We must obey God rather than men._" (Acts v. 29.) This same
+authority the holy Fathers of the Church have been careful to maintain
+by weighty reasonings as occasions have arisen; and the Roman Pontiffs
+have never ceased to defend it with inflexible constancy. Nay, more,
+princes and civil governors themselves have approved it in theory and in
+fact; for in the making of compacts, in the transaction of business, in
+sending and receiving embassies, and in the interchange of other
+offices, it has been their custom to act with the Church as with a
+supreme and legitimate power. And we may be sure that it is not without
+the singular providence of God that this power of the Church was
+defended by the Civil Power as the best defence of its own liberty.
+
+God, then, has divided the charge of the human race between two powers,
+_viz._, the ecclesiastical and the civil, the one being set over divine,
+and the other over human things. Each is the greatest in its own kind:
+each has certain limits within which it is restricted, and those limits
+defined by the nature and proximate cause of each; so that there is, as
+we may say, a world marked off as a field for the proper action of each.
+But forasmuch as each has dominion over the same subjects, since it
+might come to pass that one and the same thing, though in different
+ways, still one and the same, might pertain to the right and the
+tribunal of both, therefore God, Who foreseeth all things, and Who has
+established both powers, must needs have arranged the course of each in
+right relation to one another, and in due order. "_For the powers that
+are ordained by God._" (Rom. xiii. 1.) And if this were not so, causes
+of rivalries and dangerous disputes would be constantly arising; and man
+would often have to stop in anxiety and doubt, like a traveller with two
+roads before him, not knowing what he ought to do, with two powers
+commanding contrary things, whose authority however, he cannot refuse
+without neglect of duty. But it would be most repugnant, so to think, of
+the wisdom and goodness of God, Who, even in physical things, though
+they are of a far lower order, has yet so attempered and combined
+together the forces and causes of nature in an orderly manner and with a
+sort of wonderful harmony, that none of them is a hindrance to the rest,
+and all of them most fitly and aptly combine for the great end of the
+universe. So, then, there must needs be a certain orderly connection
+between these two powers, which may not unfairly be compared to the
+union with which soul and body are united in man. What the nature of
+that union is, and what its extent, cannot otherwise be determined than,
+as we have said, by having regard to the nature of each power, and by
+taking account of the relative excellence and nobility of their ends;
+for one of them has for its proximate and chief aim the care of the
+goods of this world, the other the attainment of the goods of heaven
+that are eternal. Whatsoever, therefore, in human affairs is in any
+manner sacred; whatsoever pertains to the salvation of souls or the
+worship of God, whether it be so in its own nature, or on the other
+hand, is held to be so for the sake of the end to which it is referred,
+all this is in the power and subject to the free disposition of the
+Church: but all other things which are embraced in the civil and
+political order, are rightly subject to the civil authority, since Jesus
+Christ has commanded that what is Caesar's is to be paid to Caesar, and
+what is God's to God. Sometimes, however, circumstances arise when
+another method of concord is available for peace and liberty; we mean
+when princes and the Roman Pontiff come to an understanding concerning
+any particular matter. In such circumstances the Church gives singular
+proof of her maternal good-will, and is accustomed to exhibit the
+highest possible degree of generosity and indulgence.
+
+Such, then, as we have indicated in brief, is the Christian order of
+civil society; no rash or merely fanciful fiction, but deduced from
+principles of the highest truth and moment, which are confirmed by the
+natural reason itself.
+
+Now such a constitution of the State contains nothing that can be
+thought either unworthy of the majesty of princes or unbecoming; and so
+far is it from lessening its imperial rights, that it rather adds
+stability and grandeur to them. For, if it be more deeply considered,
+such a constitution has a great perfection which all others lack, and
+from it various excellent fruits would accrue, if each party would only
+keep its own place, and discharge with integrity that office and work to
+which it was appointed. For in truth in this constitution of the State,
+which we have above described, divine and human affairs are properly
+divided; the rights of citizens are completely defended by divine,
+natural, and human law; and the limitations of the several offices are
+at once wisely laid down, and the keeping of them most opportunely
+secured. All men know that in their doubtful and laborious journey to
+the ever-lasting city they have at hand guides to teach them how to set
+forth, helpers to show them how to reach their journey's end, whom they
+may safely follow; and at the same time they know that they have others
+whose business it is to take care of their security and their fortunes,
+to obtain for them, or to secure to them, all those other goods which
+are essential to the life of a community. Domestic society obtains that
+firmness and solidity which it requires in the sanctity of marriage, one
+and indissoluble; the rights and duties of husband and wife are ordered
+with wise justice and equity; the due honor is secured to the woman; the
+authority of the man is conformed to the example of the authority of
+God; the authority of the father is tempered as becomes the dignity of
+the wife and offspring, and the best possible provision is made for the
+guardianship, the true good, and the education of the children.
+
+In the domain of political and civil affairs the laws aim at the common
+good, and are not guided by the deceptive wishes and judgments of the
+multitude, but by truth and justice. The authority of the rulers puts on
+a certain garb of sanctity greater than what pertains to man, and it is
+restrained from declining from justice, and passing over just limits in
+the exercise of power. The obedience of citizens has honor and dignity
+as companions, because it is not the servitude of men to men, but
+obedience to the will of God exercising His sovereignty by means of men.
+And this being recognised and admitted, it is understood that it is a
+matter of justice that the dignity of rulers should be respected, that
+the public authority should be constantly and faithfully obeyed, that no
+act of sedition should be committed, and that the civil order of the
+State should be kept intact. In the same way mutual charity and kindness
+and liberality are seen to be virtues. The man who is at once a citizen
+and a Christian is no longer the victim of contending parties and
+incompatible obligations; and, finally, those very abundant good things
+with which the Christian religion of its own accord fills up even the
+mortal life of men, are acquired for the community and civil society, so
+that it appears to be said with the fullest truth: "The state of the
+commonwealth depends on the religion with which God is worshipped, and
+between the one and the other there is a close relation and connection."
+(_Sacr. Imp. ad Cyrillum Alexandr, et Episcopus metrop. ef Labbeum
+Collect Conc._, T. iii.) Admirably, as he is accustomed, did Augustine
+in many places dilate on the power of those good things, but especially
+when he addresses the Catholic Church in these words: "Thou treatest
+boys as boys, youths with strength, old men calmly, according as is not
+only the age of the body, but also of the mind of each. Women thou
+subjectest to their husbands in chaste and faithful obedience, not for
+the satisfaction of lust, but for the propagation of offspring, and
+participation in the affairs of the family. Thou settest husbands over
+their spouses, not that they may trifle with the weaker sex, but in
+accordance with the laws of true affection. Thou subjectest sons to
+their parents in a kind of free servitude, and settest parents over
+their sons in a benignant rule.... Thou joinest together, not merely in
+society, but in a kind of fraternity, citizens with citizens, peoples
+with peoples, and in fact the whole race of men by a remembrance of
+their parentage. Thou teachest kings to look for the interests of their
+peoples. Thou admonishest peoples to submit themselves to their kings.
+With all care thou teachest to whom honor is due, to whom affection, to
+whom reverence, to whom fear, to whom consolation, to whom admonition,
+to whom exhortation, to whom discipline, to whom reproach, to whom
+punishment, showing how all of these are not suitable to all, but yet to
+all affection is due, and wrong to none." (_De Moribus Eccl. Cath._,
+cap. xxx., n. 63.) And in another place, speaking in blame of certain
+political pseudo-philosophers, he observes: "They who say that the
+doctrine of Christ is hurtful to the State, should produce an army of
+soldiers such as the doctrine of Christ has commanded them to be, such
+governors of provinces, such husbands, such wives, such parents, such
+sons, such masters, such slaves, such kings, such judges, and such
+payers and collectors of taxes due, such as the Christian doctrine would
+have them. And then let them dare to say that such a state of things is
+hurtful to the State. Nay, rather they could not hesitate to confess
+that it is a great salvation to the State if there is due obedience to
+this doctrine." (_Epist._ cxxxviii., al. 5, _ad Marcellinum_, cap. ii.,
+15.)
+
+There was once a time when the philosophy of the Gospel governed States;
+then it was that that power and divine virtue of Christian wisdom had
+penetrated into the laws, institutions and manners of peoples--indeed
+into all the ranks and relations of the State; when the religion
+instituted by Jesus Christ, firmly established in that degree of dignity
+which was befitting, flourished everywhere, in the favor of rulers and
+under the due protection of magistrates; when the priesthood and the
+government were united by concord and a friendly interchange of offices.
+And the State composed in that fashion produced, in the opinion of all,
+more excellent fruits, the memory of which still flourishes, and will
+flourish, attested by innumerable monuments which can neither be
+destroyed nor obscured by any art of the adversary. If Christian Europe
+subdued barbarous peoples, and transferred them from a savage to a
+civilized state, from superstition to the truth; if she victoriously
+repelled the invasions of the Mohammedans; if civilization retained the
+chief power, and accustomed herself to afford others a leader and
+mistress in everything that adorns humanity; if she has granted to the
+peoples true and manifold liberty; if she has most wisely established
+many institutions for the solace of wretchedness, beyond controversy is
+it very greatly due to religion under whose auspices such great
+undertakings were commenced, and with whose aid they were perfected.
+Truly the same excellent state of things would have continued, if the
+agreement of the two powers had continued, and greater things might
+rightfully have been expected, if there had been obedience to the
+authority, the sway, the counsels of the Church, characterized by
+greater faithfulness and perseverance, for that is to be regarded as a
+perpetual law which Ivo of Chartres wrote to Pope Paschal II.: "When the
+kingdom and the priesthood are agreed between themselves, the world is
+well ruled, the Church flourishes and bears fruit. But when they are at
+variance, not only does what is little not increase, but even what is
+great falls into miserable decay." (_Ep._ ccxxxviiii.)
+
+But that dreadful and deplorable zeal for revolution which was aroused
+in the sixteenth century, after the Christian religion had been thrown
+into confusion, by a certain natural course proceeded to philosophy, and
+from philosophy pervaded all ranks of the community. As it were, from
+this spring came those more recent propositions of unbridled liberty
+which obviously were first thought out and then openly proclaimed in the
+terrible disturbances in the present century; and thence came the
+principles and foundations of the new law, which was unknown before, and
+is out of harmony, not only with Christian, but, in more than one
+respect, with natural law. Of those principles the chief is that one
+which proclaims that all men, as by birth and nature they are alike, so
+in very deed in their actions of life are they equal and each is so
+master of himself that in no way does he come under the authority of
+another; that it is for him freely to think on whatever subject he
+likes, to act as he pleases; that no one else has a right of ruling over
+others. In a society founded upon these principles, government is only
+the will of the people, which as it is under the power of itself alone,
+so is alone its own proper sovereign. Moreover, it chooses to whom it
+may entrust itself, but in such a way that it transfers, not so much the
+right, as the function of the government which is to be exercised in its
+name. God is passed over in silence, as if either there were no God, or
+as if He cared nothing for human society, or as if men, whether as
+individuals or in society, owed nothing to God, or as if there could be
+any government of which the whole cause and power and authority did not
+reside in God Himself. In which way, as is seen, a State is nothing else
+but a multitude, as the mistress and governor of itself. And since the
+people is said to contain in itself the fountain of all rights and of
+all power, it will follow that the State deems itself bound by no kind
+of duty towards God; that no religion should be publicly professed; nor
+ought there to be any inquiry which of many is alone true; nor ought one
+to be preferred to the rest; nor ought one to be specially favored, but
+to each alike equal rights ought to be assigned, with the sole end that
+the social order incurs no injury from them. It is a part of this theory
+that all questions concerning religion are to be referred to private
+judgment; that to every one it is allowed to follow which he prefers, or
+none at all, if he approves of none. Hence these consequences naturally
+arise; the judgment of each conscience is without regard to law;
+opinions as free as possible are expressed concerning worshipping or not
+worshipping God; and there is unbounded license of thinking and
+publishing.
+
+These foundations of the State being admitted, which at the time are in
+such general favor, it easily appears into how unfavorable a position
+the Church is driven. For when the conduct of affairs is in accordance
+with the doctrines of this kind, to the Catholic name is assigned an
+equal position with, or even an inferior position to that of alien
+societies in the State; no regard is paid to ecclesiastical laws; and
+the Church, which, by the command and mandate of Jesus Christ, ought to
+teach all nations, finds itself forbidden in any way to interfere in the
+instruction of the people. Concerning those things which are of mixed
+jurisdiction, the rulers of the civil power lay down the law at their
+own pleasure, and in this manner haughtily set aside the most sacred
+laws of the Church. Wherefore they bring under their own jurisdiction
+the marriages of Christians, deciding even concerning the marriage bond,
+concerning the unity, and the stability of marriage. They take
+possession of the goods of the clergy because they deny that the Church
+can hold property. Finally, they so act with regard to the Church that
+both the nature and the rights of a perfect society being removed, they
+clearly hold it to be like the other associations which the State
+contains, and on that account, if she possesses any legitimate means of
+acting, she is said to possess that by the concession and gift of the
+rulers of the State. But if in any State the Church retains her own
+right, with the approval of the civil laws, and any agreement is
+publicly made between the two powers, in the beginning they cry out that
+the interests of the Church must be severed from those of the State, and
+they do this with the intent that it may be possible to act against
+their pledged faith with impunity, and to have the final decision over
+everything, all obstacles having been removed. But when the Church
+cannot bear that patiently, nor indeed is able to desert its greatest
+and most sacred duties, and, above all, requires that faith be wholly
+and entirely observed with it, contests often arise between the sacred
+and the civil power, of which the result is commonly that the one who is
+the weaker yields to the stronger in human resources. So it is the
+custom and the wish in this state of public affairs, which is now
+affected by many, either to expel the Church altogether, or to keep it
+bound and restricted as to its rule. Public acts in a great measure are
+framed with this design. Laws, the administration of States, the
+teaching of youth unaccompanied by religion, the spoliation and
+destruction of religious orders, the overturning of the civil
+principality of the Roman Pontiffs, all have regard to this end; to
+emasculate Christian institutes, to narrow the liberty of the Catholic
+Church, and to diminish her other rights.
+
+Natural reason itself convinces us that such opinions about the ruling
+of a State are very widely removed from the truth. Nature herself bears
+witness that all power of whatever kind ultimately emanates from God,
+that greatest and most august fountain. Popular rule, however, which
+without any regard to God is said to be naturally in the multitude,
+though it may excellently avail to supply the fires of many
+blandishments and excitements of many forms of covetousness, yet rests
+on no probable reason, nor can have sufficient strength to ensure public
+security and the quiet permanence of order. Verily things under the
+auspices of these doctrines have come to such a pass that many sanction
+this as a law in civil jurisprudence, to wit, that sedition may rightly
+be raised. For the idea prevails that princes are really nothing but
+delegates to express the popular will; and so necessarily all things
+become alike, are changeable at the popular nod, and a certain fear of
+public disturbance is forever hanging over our heads.
+
+But to think with regard to religion, that there is no difference
+between unlike and contrary forms, clearly will have this issue--an
+unwillingness to test any one form in theory and practice. And this, if
+indeed it differs from atheism in name, is in fact the same thing. Men
+who really believe in the existence of God, if they are to be consistent
+and not ridiculous, will, of necessity, understand that the different
+methods of divine worship involving dissimilarity and conflict, even on
+the most important points, cannot be all equally probable, equally good,
+and equally accepted by God. And thus that faculty of thinking whatever
+you like and expressing whatever you like to think in writing, without
+any thought of moderation, is not of its own nature, indeed, a good in
+which human society may rightly rejoice, but, on the contrary, a fount
+and origin of many ills.
+
+Liberty, in so far as it is a virtue perfecting man, should be occupied
+with that which is true and that which is good; but the foundation of
+that which is true and that which is good cannot be changed at the
+pleasure of man, but remains ever the same, nor indeed is it less
+unchangeable than nature herself. If the mind assent to false opinions,
+if the will choose for itself evil, and apply itself thereto, neither
+attains its perfection, but both fall from their natural dignity, and
+both lapse by degrees into corruption. Whatever things, therefore, are
+contrary to virtue and truth, these things it is not right to place in
+the light before the eyes of men, far less to defend by the favor and
+tutelage of the laws. A well-spent life is the only path to that heaven
+whither we all direct our steps; and on this account the State departs
+from the law and custom of nature if it allows the license of opinions
+and of deeds to run riot to such a degree as to lead minds astray with
+impunity from the truth, and hearts from the practice of virtue.
+
+But to exclude the Church which God Himself has constituted from the
+business of life, from the laws, from the teaching of youth, from
+domestic society, is a great and pernicious error. A well-regulated
+State cannot be when religion is taken away; more than needs be,
+perhaps, is now known of what sort of a thing is in itself, and whither
+tends that philosophy of life and morals which men call _civil_. The
+Church of Christ is the true teacher of virtue and guardian of morals;
+it is that which keeps principles in safety, from which duties are
+derived, and by proposing most efficacious reasons for an honest life,
+it bids us not only fly from wicked deeds, but rule the motions of the
+mind which are contrary to reason when it is not intended to reduce them
+to action. But to wish the Church in the discharge of its offices to be
+subject to the civil power is a great rashness, a great injustice. If
+this were done order would be disturbed, since things natural would thus
+be put before those which are above nature; the multitude of the good
+whose common life, if there be nothing to hinder it, the Church would
+make complete, either disappears or at all events is considerably
+diminished, and besides, a way is opened to enmities and conflicts--how
+great the evil which they bring upon each order of government the event
+has too frequently shown.
+
+Such doctrines are not approved by human reason, and are of the greatest
+gravity as regards civil discipline, the Roman Pontiffs our
+predecessors--well understanding what the apostolic office required of
+them--by no means suffered to go forth without condemnation. Thus
+Gregory XVI., by Encyclical Letter, beginning _Mirare vos_, of August
+15, 1832, inveighed with weighty words against those doctrines which
+were already being preached, namely, that in divine worship no choice
+should be made; and that it was right for individuals to judge of
+religion according to their personal preferences, that each man's
+conscience was to himself his sole sufficient guide, and that it was
+lawful to promulgate whatsoever each man might think, and so make a
+revolution in the State. Concerning the reasons for the separation of
+Church and State, the same Pontiff speaks thus: "Nor can we hope happier
+results either for religion or the government, from the wishes of those
+who are eagerly desirous that the Church should be separated from the
+State, and the mutual good understanding of the sovereign secular power
+and the sacerdotal authority be broken up. It is evident that these
+lovers of most shameless liberty dread that concord which has always
+been fortunate and wholesome, both for sacred and civil interests." To
+the like effect Pius IX., as opportunity offered, noted many false
+opinions which had begun to be of great strength, and afterward ordered
+them to be collected together in order that in so great a conflux of
+errors Catholics might have something which, without stumbling, they
+might follow.
+
+From these decisions of the Popes it is clearly to be understood that
+the origin of public power is to be sought from God Himself and not from
+the multitude; that the free play for sedition is repugnant to reason;
+that it is a crime for private individuals and a crime for States to
+observe nowhere the duties of religion or to treat in the same way
+different kinds of religion; that the uncontrolled right of thinking and
+publicly proclaiming one's thoughts is not inherent in the rights of
+citizens, nor in any sense to be placed among those things which are
+worthy of favor or patronage. Similarly it ought to be understood that
+the Church is a society, no less than the State itself, perfect in kind
+and right, and that those who exercise sovereignty ought not to act so
+as to compel the Church to become subservient or inferior to themselves,
+or suffer her to be less free to transact her own affairs or detract
+aught from the other rights which have been conferred upon her by Jesus
+Christ. But in matters however in complex jurisdiction, it is in the
+highest degree in accordance with nature and also with the counsels of
+God--not that one power should secede from the other, still less come
+into conflict, but that that harmony and concord should be preserved
+which is most akin to the foundations of both societies.
+
+These, then, are the things taught by the Catholic Church concerning the
+constitution and government of the State. Concerning these sayings and
+decrees, if a man will only judge dispassionately, no form of Government
+is, _per se_, condemned as long as it has nothing repugnant to Catholic
+doctrine, and is able, if wisely and justly managed, to preserve the
+State in the best condition. Nor is it, _per se_, to be condemned
+whether the people have a greater or less share in the government; for
+at certain times and with the guarantee of certain laws, such
+participation may appertain, not only to the usefulness, but even to the
+duty of the citizens. Moreover, there is no just cause that any one
+should condemn the Church as being too restricted in gentleness, or
+inimical to that liberty which is natural and legitimate. In truth the
+Church judges it not lawful that the various kinds of Divine worship
+should have the same right as the true religion, still it does not
+therefore condemn those governors of States, who, for the sake of
+acquiring some great good, or preventing some great ill, patiently bear
+with manners and customs so that each kind of religion has its place in
+the State. Indeed the Church is wont diligently to take heed that no one
+be compelled against his will to embrace the Catholic Faith, for as
+Augustine wisely observes: "_Credere non potest homo nisi volens._"
+(_Tract._ xxvi., _in Joan._, n. 2.)
+
+For a similar reason the Church cannot approve of that liberty which
+generates a contempt of the most sacred laws of God, and puts away the
+obedience due to legitimate power. For this is license rather than
+liberty, and is most correctly called by Augustine, "_libertas
+perditionis_" (_Ep._ cv., _ad Donatistas._ ii., n. 9); by the Apostle
+Peter, "_a cloak for malice_" (1 Peter ii. 16), indeed, since it is
+contrary to reason, it is a true servitude, for "_Whosoever committeth
+sin is the servant of sin._" (John viii. 34.) On the other hand, that
+liberty is natural and to be sought, which, if it be considered in
+relation to the individual, suffers not men to be the slaves of errors
+and evil desires, the worst of masters; if, in relation to the State, it
+presides wisely over the citizens, serves the faculty of augmenting
+public advantages, and defends the public interest from alien rule, this
+blameless liberty worthy of man the Church approves, above all, and has
+never ceased striving and contending to keep firm and whole among the
+people. In very truth, whatever things in the State chiefly avail for
+the common safety; whatever have been usefully instituted against the
+license of princes, consulting all the interests of the people; whatever
+forbid the governing authority to invade into municipal or domestic
+affairs; whatever avail to preserve the dignity and the character of man
+in preserving the equality of rights in individual citizens, of all
+these things the monuments of former ages witness the Catholic Church to
+have always been either the author, the promoter, or the guardian.
+
+Ever, therefore, consistent with herself, if on the one hand she rejects
+immoderate liberty, which both in the case of individuals and peoples
+results in license or in servitude; on the other she willingly and with
+pleasure embraces those happier circumstances which the age brings; if
+they truly contain the prosperity of this life, which is as it were a
+stage in the journey to that other which is to endure everlastingly.
+Therefore what they say that the Church is jealous of, the more modern
+political systems repudiate in a mass, and whatever the disposition of
+these times has brought forth, is an inane and contemptible calumny. The
+madness of opinion it indeed repudiates; it reproves the wicked plans of
+sedition, and especially that habit of mind in which the beginnings of a
+voluntary departing from God are visible; but since every true thing
+must necessarily proceed from God, whatever of truth is by search
+attained, the Church acknowledges as a certain token of the Divine mind.
+And since there is in the world nothing which can take away belief in
+the doctrines divinely handed down and many things which confirm this,
+and since every finding of truth may impel man to the knowledge or
+praise of God Himself, therefore whatever may happen to extend the range
+of knowledge, the Church will always willingly and joyfully accept; and
+she will, as is her wont in the case of other departments of knowledge,
+studiously encourage and promote those also which are concerned with the
+investigation of nature. In which studies, if the mind finds anything
+new, the Church is not in opposition; she fights not against the search
+after more things for the grace and convenience of life--nay, a very foe
+to inertness and sloth, she earnestly wishes that the talents of men
+should, by being cultivated and exercised, bear still richer fruits; she
+affords incitements to every sort of art and craft, and by her own
+virtue directing by her own perfection all the pursuits of those things
+to virtue and salvation, she strives to prevent man from turning aside
+his intelligence and industry from God and heavenly things.
+
+But these things, although full of reasonableness and foresight, are not
+so well approved of at this time, when States not only refuse to refer
+to the laws of Christian knowledge, but are seen even to wish to depart
+each day farther from them. Nevertheless, because truth brought to light
+is wont of its own accord to spread widely, and by degrees to pervade
+the minds of men, we, therefore, moved by the consciousness of the
+greatest, the most holy, that is the Apostolic obligation, which we owe
+to all the nations, those things which are true, freely, as we ought, we
+do speak, not that we have no perception of the spirit of the times, or
+that we think the honest and useful improvements of our age are to be
+repudiated, but because we would wish the highways of public affairs to
+be safer from attacks, and their foundations more stable, and that
+without detriment to the true freedom of the peoples; for amongst men
+the mother and best guardian of liberty is truth: "_The truth shall make
+you free._" (John viii. 32).
+
+Therefore at so critical a juncture of events, Catholic men, if, as it
+behooves them, they will listen to us, will easily see what are their
+own and each other's duties in matters of _opinion_ as well as of
+_action_. And in the formation of opinion, whatsoever things the Roman
+Pontiffs have handed down, or shall hereafter hand down, each and every
+one is it necessary to hold in firm judgment well understood, and as
+often as occasion demands openly to declare. Now, especially concerning
+those things which are called recently-acquired _liberties_, is it
+proper to stand by the judgment of the Apostolic See, and for each one
+to hold what she herself holds.
+
+Take care lest some one be deceived by the honest outward appearance of
+these things; and think of the beginnings from which they are sprung;
+and by what desires they are sustained and fed in divers places. It is
+now sufficiently known by experience of what things they are the causes
+in the State; how indiscriminately they bring forth fruit, of which good
+men and wise rightly do repent. If there should be in any place a State,
+either actual or hypothetical, that wantonly and tyrannically wages war
+upon the Christian name, and it have conferred upon it that character of
+which we have spoken, it is possible that this may be considered more
+tolerable; yet the principles upon which it rests are absolutely such
+that, of themselves they ought to be approved by no man.
+
+Now action may be taken in private and domestic affairs, or in affairs
+public. In private life, indeed, the first duty is to conform one's life
+and manners to the precepts of the Gospel, and not to refuse, if
+Christian virtue demands, something more difficult to bear than usual.
+Individuals, also, are bound to love the Church as their common mother;
+to keep her laws obediently; to give her the service of due honor, and
+to wish her rights respected, and to endeavor that she be fostered and
+beloved with like piety by those over whom they may exercise authority.
+It is also of great importance to the public welfare diligently and
+wisely to give attention to the duties of citizenship; in this regard,
+most particularly, with that concern which is righteous amongst
+Christians, to take pains and pass effective measures so that public
+provision be made for the instruction of youth in religion and true
+morality, for upon these things depends very much the welfare of every
+State. Besides, in general, it is useful and honorable to stretch the
+attention of Catholic men beyond this narrower field, and to embrace
+every branch of public administration. Generally, we say, because these
+our precepts reach unto all nations. But it may happen in some
+particular place, for the most urgent and just reasons, that it is by no
+means expedient to engage in public affairs, or to take an active part
+in political functions. But generally, as we have said, to wish to take
+no part in public affairs would be in that degree vicious, in which it
+brought to the common weal neither care, nor work; and on this account
+the more so, because Catholic men are bound by the admonitions of the
+doctrine which they profess, to do what has to be done with integrity
+and with faith. If, on the contrary, they were idle, those whose
+opinions do not, in truth, give any great hope of safety, would easily
+get possession of the reins of government. This, also, would be attended
+with danger to the Christian name, because they would become most
+powerful who are badly disposed towards the Church; and those least
+powerful who are well disposed. Wherefore, it is evident there is just
+cause for Catholics to undertake the conduct of public affairs; for they
+do not assume these responsibilities in order to approve of what is not
+lawful in the methods of government at this time; but in order that they
+may turn these very methods, as far as may be, to the unmixed and true
+public good, holding this purpose in their minds, to infuse into all the
+veins of the commonwealth the wisdom and virtue of the Catholic
+religion--the most healthy sap and blood, as it were. It was scarcely
+done otherwise in the first ages of the Church. For the manners and
+desires of the heathen were divergent as widely as possible from the
+manners and desires of the Gospel; for the Christians had to separate
+themselves incorrupt in the midst of superstition, and always true to
+themselves, most cheerfully to enter every walk in life which was open
+to them. Models of fidelity to their princes, obedient, where lawful, to
+the sovereign power, they established a wonderful splendor of holiness
+everywhere; they sought the advantage of their neighbor, and to all
+others to the wisdom of Christ; bravely prepared to retire from public
+life, and even to die if they could not retain honors, nor the
+magistracy, nor the supreme command with unsullied virtue. For which
+reason Christian customs soon found their way, not only into private
+houses, but into the camps, into the senate, even into the imperial
+palace. "We are of yesterday and we fill your everything, cities,
+islands, castles, municipalities, councils, the very camps, the rank and
+file of the army, the officerships, the palace, the senate, the forum,"
+(_Tertullian Apol._, n. 37), so that the Christian faith, when it was
+unlawful publicly to profess the Gospel, was not like a child crying in
+his cradle, but grown up and already sufficiently firm, was manifest in
+a great part of the State.
+
+Now, indeed, in these days it is as well to renew these examples of our
+forefathers. For Catholics indeed, as many as are worthy of the name,
+before all things it is necessary to be, and to be willing to be,
+regarded as most loving sons of the Church; whatsoever is inconsistent
+with this good report, without hesitation to reject; to use popular
+institutions as far as honestly can be to the advantage of truth and
+justice; to labor, that liberty of action shall not transgress the
+bounds ordained by the law of nature and of God; so to work that the
+whole of public life shall be transformed into that, as we have called
+it, a Christian image and likeness. The means to seek these ends can
+scarcely be laid down upon one uniform plan, since they must suit places
+and times very different from each other. Nevertheless, in the first
+place, let concord of wills be preserved, and a likeness of things to be
+done sought for. And each will be attained the best, if all shall
+consider the admonitions of the Apostolic See, a law of conduct, and
+shall obey the Bishops whom "_the Spirit of God has placed to rule the
+Church of God_." (Acts xx. 28). The defence of the Catholic name, indeed
+of necessity demands that in the profession of doctrines which are
+handed down by the Church the opinion of all shall be one, and the most
+perfect constancy, and from this point of view take care that no one
+connives in any degree at false opinions, or resists with greater
+gentleness than truth will allow. Concerning those things which are
+matters of opinion, it will be lawful, with moderation and with a desire
+of investigating the truth, without injurious suspicions and mutual
+incriminations. For which purpose, lest the agreement of minds be broken
+by temerity of accusation, let all understand: that the integrity of the
+Catholic profession can by no means be reconciled with opinions
+approaching towards _naturalism_ or _rationalism_, of which the sum
+total is to uproot Christian institutions altogether, and to establish
+the supremacy of man, Almighty God being pushed to one side. Likewise,
+it is unlawful to follow one line of duty in private and another in
+public, so that the authority of the Church shall be observed in
+private, and spurned in public. For this would be to join together
+things honest and disgraceful, and to make a man fight a battle with
+himself, when, on the contrary, he ought always to be consistent with
+himself, and never, in any the least thing or manner of living, decline
+from Christian virtue. But, if inquiry is made about principles, merely
+political, concerning the best form of government, of civil regulations
+of one kind or another, concerning these things, of course, there is
+room for disagreement without harm. Those whose piety, therefore, is
+known on other accounts, and whose minds are ready to accept the decrees
+of the Apostolic See, justice will not allow accounted evil because they
+differ on these subjects; and much greater is the injury if they are
+charged with the crime of having violated the Catholic faith, or are
+suspected, a thing we deplore done, not once only. And let all hold this
+precept absolutely, who are wont to commit their thoughts to writing,
+especially the editors of newspapers. In this contention about the
+highest things, nothing is to be left to intestine conflicts, or the
+greed of parties, but let all, uniting together, seek the common object
+of all, to preserve religion and the State.
+
+If, therefore, there have been dissensions, it is right to obliterate
+them in a certain voluntary forgetfulness; if there has been anything
+rash, anything injurious, to whomsoever this fault belongs let
+compensation be made by mutual charity, and especially in obedience to
+the Apostolic See. In this way Catholics will obtain two things most
+excellent; one that they will make themselves helps to the Church in
+preserving and propagating Christian knowledge; the other that they will
+benefit civil society; of which the safety is gravely compromised by
+reason of evil doctrines and inordinate desires.
+
+These things, therefore, Venerable Brethren, concerning the Christian
+constitution of States and the duties of individual citizens, we have
+dwelt upon; we shall transmit them to all the nations of the Catholic
+world.
+
+But it behooves us to implore, with most earnest prayers, the heavenly
+protection, and to beg of Almighty God these things which we desire and
+strive after for His glory and the salvation of the human race, whose
+alone it is to illumine the minds and to quicken the wills of men and
+Himself to lead on to the wished for end. As a pledge of the Divine
+favors, and in witness of our paternal benevolence to you, Venerable
+Brethren, to the Clergy, and to all the people committed to your faith
+and vigilance, we lovingly bestow in the Lord the Apostolic Benediction.
+
+Given in Rome, at St. Peter's, on the first day of November, in the year
+of Our Lord MDCCCLXXXV., of Our Pontificate the Eighth.
+
+    LEO PP. XIII.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+VENERABLE BEDE records: "It was customary for the English of all ranks
+to retire for study and devotion to Ireland, where they were hospitably
+received, and supplied gratuitously with food, books and instruction."
+
+
+
+
+His Eminence John Cardinal McCloskey.
+
+ARCHBISHOP OF NEW YORK, CARDINAL PRIEST OF THE TITLE OF SANCTA MARIA
+SUPRA MINERVAM.
+
+
+The waning days of the year 1885 witnessed the peaceful decline, and the
+happy Christian death, of one of the most remarkable men of the Irish
+race in this country. His glorious obsequies in the magnificent
+Cathedral which he completed and dedicated, produced a deep impression
+on all classes, nor was there ever witnessed a greater and more
+unanimous concord than pervaded the tributes of respect from the press
+and pulpit of the land to this prince of the Catholic Church.
+
+In a modest dwelling on Fort Greene, Brooklyn, fronting the road that
+led to Newtown Turnpike, John McCloskey was born on the 10th of March,
+1810, while deep snow covered the fields far and wide, and ice choked
+the rapid current of the East River. His father, George McCloskey, had
+emigrated to this country from the county Derry, some years before, with
+his wife, and by industry, thrift and uprightness was increasing the
+little store of means which he had brought to the New World. The boy was
+not endowed with a rugged frame, and few could promise either mother or
+child length of days. Yet she lived to behold him a bishop.
+
+Brooklyn was then but a suburb of the little city of New York; it did
+not number five thousand inhabitants, and the scanty flock of Catholics
+had neither priest nor shrine. The child of George McCloskey, was taken
+to St. Peter's Church, New York, to be baptized, by the venerable Jesuit
+Father Anthony Kohlmann. As he grew up he crossed the East River on
+Sundays with his parents to attend that same church, then the only one
+in New York; it has just celebrated the centenary of its organization,
+as a congregation, and the life of the great Cardinal, which faded away
+just before that event, covers three quarters of its century.
+
+George McCloskey was one of the few energetic Catholics, who, about
+1820, started the movement which led to the erection of St. James on Jay
+Street, and gave Brooklyn its first Catholic Church and future
+Cathedral. Meanwhile, his son carefully trained at home, was sent to
+school at an early age; gentle and delicate, he had neither strength nor
+inclination for the rough sports of his schoolmates; but was always
+cheerful and popular, studying hard and winning a high grade in his
+classes. Till the church in Brooklyn was built, the boy and his mother
+made their way each Sunday to the riverside to cross by the only
+conveyance of those days, in order to occupy the pew which the
+large-hearted George McCloskey had purchased in St. Peter's, for in
+those days pews were sold and a yearly ground rent paid. When St.
+Patrick's was opened, an appeal was made to the liberal to take pews in
+that church also, and again the generous George McCloskey responded to
+the call, purchasing a pew there also.
+
+This whole-souled Irish-Catholic built great hopes on the talents of his
+son, and intended to send him to Georgetown College, of which Father
+Benedict Fenwick, long connected with St. Peter's, had become president.
+But in the providence of God he was not to see him enter any college;
+while still in the prime of life, he was seized with illness, which
+carried him to the grave in 1820. Mrs. McCloskey was left with means
+which enabled her to carry out the plans of her husband; but as Father
+Fenwick had left Georgetown, she acted on the advice of friends, and
+sent her son to the College of Mount St. Mary's, which had been founded
+near Emmittsburg, by the Rev. John Du Bois, a French priest, who,
+escaping the horrors of the Revolution in his own country, and the
+sanguinary tribunals of his old schoolmate, Robespierre, had crossed the
+Atlantic to be a missionary in America.
+
+Mount St. Mary's College, when young McCloskey entered it after the
+summer of 1821, consisted of two rows of log buildings; "but such as
+have often been in this country, the first home of men and institutions
+destined to greatness and renown." Humble as it was externally, however,
+the college was no longer an experiment; it had proved its efficiency as
+an institution of learning. Young McCloskey entered on his studies with
+his wonted zeal and energy, and learned not only the classics of ancient
+and modern times, but the great lesson of self-control. Blessed with a
+wonderfully retentive memory, a logical mind that proceeded slowly, not
+by impulse, his progress was solid and rapid; his progress in virtue was
+no less so; every natural tendency to harsh and bitter judgment, or
+word, was by the principles of religion and faith checked and brought
+under control. If, in after life, he was regarded universally as mild
+and gentle, the credit must be given to his religious training, which
+enabled him to achieve the conquest.
+
+A fine stone college was rising, and with his fellow-students he looked
+forward with sanguine hope to the rapidly approaching day, when the
+collegians of Mount St. Mary's were to tread halls worthy of their _Alma
+Mater_, their faculty and themselves. Its progress was watched with deep
+interest, when, in the summer of 1824, the students were roused one
+Sunday night by the cry of fire. An incendiary hand had applied the
+torch to the new edifice. No appliances were at hand for checking the
+progress of the flames; professors, seminarians, and collegians labored
+unremittingly to save their humble log structures destined to be for
+some time more the scene of their studious hours.
+
+McCloskey joined in the address of sympathy which the pupils of Mount
+St. Mary's tendered to their venerated president. He beheld the energy
+and faith of that eminent man in the zeal with which he began the work
+anew, and completed the building again before the close of another year.
+Thus the talented young Catholic boy from New York State learned not
+only the lore found in books, but the great lessons of patience,
+self-control, correspondence to the will of God. Before he closed his
+college course, he saw Dr. Du Bois, called away from the institution he
+had founded to assume, by command of the successor of St. Peter, the
+administration of the diocese of New York. The good work continued under
+Rev. Michael De Burgo Egan as President, and John McCloskey was
+graduated, in 1828, with high honors. At that time Mount St. Mary's had
+in the seminary twenty-five or thirty aspirants to the priesthood, and
+in the college nearly one hundred students. The early graduates of the
+Mount are the best proof of the thorough literary course followed there,
+as well as the thorough knowledge and love of the faith inculcated.
+
+Young McCloskey returned to the home of his mother in Westchester
+County, N. Y., and looked forward to his future career in life. As often
+happens, a family bias, or wish, rather than the judgment of the young
+man himself, induces the first step. John McCloskey was to become a
+lawyer. We are told that he began the study of Coke and Blackstone, of
+the principles of law and the practice of the courts, in the office of
+Joseph W. Smith, Esq., of New York. But the active mind was at work
+solving a great problem. A fellow-student at college, his senior in
+years, brilliant, poetic, zealous, had resolved to devote his life and
+talents to the ministry, and had more than once portrayed to young
+McCloskey the heroism of the priestly life of self-devotion and
+sacrifice. The words of Charles C. Pise and his example had produced an
+impression greater than was apparent. McCloskey meditated, prayed and
+sought the guidance of a wise director. Gradually the conviction became
+deep and firm that God called him to the ecclesiastical state. He closed
+the books of human law, renounced the prospects of worldly success, and
+resolved to prepare by study and seclusion, by prayer and self-mastery,
+for the awful dignity of the priesthood.
+
+The next year he returned to Emmittsburg to enter the seminary as a
+candidate for holy orders from the diocese of New York. He was welcomed
+as one whose solid learning, brilliant eloquence, deep and tender piety,
+studious habits and zeal made it certain that he must as a priest render
+essential service to the Church in this country. As a seminarian, and,
+in conjunction with that character, as professor, he confirmed the high
+opinion formed of him, and at an early day Bishop Du Bois fixed upon him
+as one to fill important positions in his diocese.
+
+From the moment that he took possession of his See the Rt. Rev. Dr. Du
+Bois had labored to give New York an institution like that which he had
+brought to so successful a condition in Maryland, reckoning as nought
+the advance of years and the heavy duties of the episcopate. It was not
+till the spring of 1832, that he was able to purchase a farm at Nyack,
+in Rockland County, as the site for his seminary and college. To preside
+over it, he had already selected his seminarian, John McCloskey, whom he
+summoned from Emmittsburg. The visitation of the cholera, however,
+prevented the progress of the undertaking, although the school was
+opened. The corner-stone was laid on the 29th of May, 1833, and the
+erection of the main building was carried on till the second story was
+completed, when the bishop appealed to his flock to aid him by their
+contributions.
+
+On the 24th of January the old Cathedral in New York witnessed the
+solemn ceremony of an ordination, and the Rev. John McCloskey was raised
+to the dignity of the priesthood. The young priest was stationed at
+Nyack; but his eloquent voice was heard and appreciated in the churches
+of New York City. The first sermon which the young priest preached after
+his ordination is an index of the piety and devotion which guided him
+through life. It was on devotion to the Blessed Virgin, and was
+delivered in the church reared in New York in honor of the Mother of
+God.
+
+In the summer of 1834, the little chapel at Nyack, adjoining the rising
+college, was ready for dedication; but before the institution could be
+opened, the virulent declamations of a Brownell had inflamed the minds
+of the ignorant peasantry in that neighborhood with religious hatred,
+and the college was denounced as an evil to be prevented. The torch of
+the incendiary soon laid the edifice in ashes.
+
+The project of a seminary and college was thus indefinitely deferred,
+although Bishop Du Bois, with characteristic determination, resolved to
+rebuild the blackened ruins and raise the college anew. So confident was
+he of success, that he would not appoint Rev. Mr. McCloskey to any
+parochial charge, reserving him to preside over the diocesan institution
+on which he had set his heart. In order to fit himself for the position,
+the young priest begged his bishop to permit him to proceed to Rome in
+order to follow for two years the thorough course of theological studies
+in the Gregorian University, thus profitably employing the time that
+would necessarily be required to fit the institution for the reception
+of pupils.
+
+As Bishop Du Bois saw the wisdom of the suggestion, he consented, and
+early in 1835 Rev. John McCloskey reached the Eternal City, and enrolled
+himself among the distinguished pupils like Grazrosi, Perrone, Palma,
+Finucci, who were then attending the lectures of Perrone, Manera, and
+their associate professors. One who knew Rome well, and knew the late
+Cardinal well, wrote: "What advantage the young American priest drew
+from them has ever since been seen in the remarkable breadth and
+correctness and lucidity of his decisions in theological matters,
+whether coming before him in his episcopal duties, or brought up for
+discussion in the episcopal councils which he has attended. His words,
+calm and well considered, have ever been listened to with attention, and
+generally decided the question. But, beyond the mere book learning, so
+to speak, of ecclesiastical education, he gained a knowledge of the
+ecclesiastical world, nowhere else attainable than in Rome. Brought in
+contact with the students of the English College, under Dr. (afterwards
+Cardinal) Wiseman, of the Irish College under Dr. (afterwards Cardinal)
+Cullen, of the Propaganda under Monsignor (afterwards Cardinal) Count de
+Reisach, of the Roman Seminary, and of other colleges, he came to know
+many brilliant young students of various nationalities, alike in faith
+and in fervent piety, yet dissimilar in the peculiar traits of their
+respective races. He formed friendship with many who have since made
+their mark in their own countries. The young American priest, so
+polished and gentlemanly in his address, so modest and retiring, and yet
+so full of varied learning, so keen of observation, and so ready, when
+drawn out, with unexpected and plain, common-sense, home thrusts, was
+fully appreciated among kindred minds of the clergy of Rome, and of
+other countries visiting Rome. Though avoiding society as far as he
+could, and something of a recluse, he was welcome in more than one noble
+Roman palace. But it was especially in the English-speaking circle of
+Catholic visitors each winter to Rome, that he was prized. Cardinal
+Weld, ever an upholder of Americans, anticipated great things yet to be
+done by this young priest, and loved to present him to the Cliffords,
+the Shrewsburys, and other noble English-speaking Catholics, as a living
+refutation of the accounts of Americans and American manners, just given
+to the English world by Mrs. Trollope."
+
+Among this English-speaking colony in Rome he found abundant occasion
+for the exercise of his ministry, such was the confidence inspired by
+his piety and learning. Among those placed under his direction was Mrs.
+Connolly, an American convert, who, in time, founded in England a
+teaching community of high order, the Sisters of the Holy Child Jesus,
+which has now many houses in England and the United States.
+
+At the expiration of the time assigned for his studious sojourn in Rome,
+Rev. Mr. McCloskey left the Eternal City, well fitted, indeed, to assume
+the directorship of the seminary. He travelled with observant eye
+through Northern Italy, Austria, Germany and France, then crossed to the
+British Isles, visiting England and Scotland. His tour enabled him to
+meet old friends and to win new ones; as well as to learn practically
+the condition of the church in all parts of Europe.
+
+When he returned to New York in 1838 he found that Bishop Du Bois had,
+overcome by difficulties and trials, finally abandoned his projected
+seminary; and now desired to assign him to parochial work. With the
+well-trained priest to hear was to obey. Yet the position of the bishop
+was one of difficulty. An uncatholic national feeling had been aroused
+some years before in New York, assuming under Bishop Connolly all
+obsequiousness to that prelate and zeal for his honor; under Bishop Du
+Bois its whole power was wielded against him; and as few of the leaders
+in the movement were practical Catholics, appeals to their religious
+sense fell unheeded.
+
+The parish offered to Rev. Mr. McCloskey presented difficulties of its
+own. The last pastor, his old friend and brother-collegian, Rev. Charles
+C. Pise, had indiscreetly aroused a deep and bitter feeling against
+himself, and the hostile party in the congregation was led by a man of
+learning and real attachment to his religion, though of little
+self-control. For the Rev. Mr. McCloskey to assume the pastorship of St.
+Joseph's required no little courage. He was as obnoxious on some grounds
+as his predecessor, being like him American by birth, trained at
+Emmittsburg under Bishop Du Bois. In this conjuncture the Rev. John
+McCloskey displayed what must be recognized as the striking virtue of
+his character, the highest degree of Christian prudence, and with it and
+through it, courage, firmness and self-control. He repaired to the post
+assigned to him by his bishop, and entered upon the discharge of his
+duties. The Trustees ignored his appointment utterly, made no
+appropriation for his salary, took no steps to furnish his house, so
+that he had not even a table to write upon. "But," as His Grace
+Archbishop Corrigan well says, "the young priest was equal to the
+emergency. He discharged his duties as sweetly, as if there never had
+been a suspicion of dissatisfaction; he prepared his sermons as
+carefully, as if the best audience New York could afford were there to
+listen." His parish extended up to the line of Harlem; but he complained
+neither of his treatment, nor of the labor of the day and the heat; and
+men ready and anxious to complain, found that they had to do with a
+priest who gave them not a tittle to bear before the people as a
+grievance to complain about. The clouds vanished so completely that the
+people forgot there had ever been any. In a few years one of those who
+had received him with the greatest distrust, had grown to appreciate him
+so highly as to address him as a priest "whose unaffected piety as a
+Christian Divine, splendid talents as an effective preacher, extensive
+acquirements as an elegant scholar, and dignified, yet amiable, manners
+as an accomplished gentleman, have long been the admiration, the
+ornament and the model of his devoted flock."
+
+The project for which Bishop Du Bois had summoned his young seminarian
+from the Mount was at last carried out in 1841 by the vigorous head and
+hand of Bishop Hughes. The diocese of New York had its Seminary and
+College at Fordham. It was a remarkable tribute to the merit and ability
+of the Rev. John McCloskey, that Bishop Hughes, though the diocese had
+been joined by many able and learned priests, still turned to him to
+fill the post for which Bishop Du Bois had selected him when but a
+seminarian. Yet he was now a parish priest, and the tie between him and
+his flock had grown so close that both feared that it might be sundered.
+
+He undertook the organization of the Seminary and College, retaining his
+pastoral charge to the consolation of his flock. The result justified
+the selection. His power of organization, his knowledge of the wants of
+the times, of the duties of teacher and pupil, were thorough. The
+institution was soon in successful operation, and the seminarians were
+edified by the piety, regularity and unalterable calmness of the
+Superior, who was always with them at their morning meditation, and
+always with them at exercises of devotion, his perfect order and system
+preventing all confusion, foreseeing and providing for all.
+
+After placing the new institutions on a firm basis, he resigned the
+presidency to other hands, and resumed his duties at St. Joseph, to the
+delight of his flock. It was, however, really because Bishop Hughes
+already determined to solicit his elevation to the episcopate, that he
+might enjoy his aid as coadjutor in directing the affairs of the
+diocese, which were becoming beyond the power of one man to discharge.
+In the Fifth Provincial Council, of Baltimore, held in May, 1843, Bishop
+Hughes laid his wishes before the assembled Fathers, and the appointment
+of Rev. John McCloskey, as coadjutor of New York, was formally solicited
+from the Sovereign Pontiff by the Metropolitan of Baltimore and his
+suffragans. At Rome there was no hesitation in confirming the choice of
+a clergyman whose merit was so well known, and on the 30th of September,
+Cardinal Fransoni wrote announcing that the Rev. John McCloskey had been
+elected by the Holy Father for the See of Axiere, and made coadjutor to
+the Bishop of New York.
+
+The consecration took place in old St. Patrick's Cathedral on the 10th
+of March, 1844, and the scene was the grandest ever till then witnessed
+in New York, The Rt. Rev. John Hughes, Bishop of New York, assisted by
+Bishop Fenwick, of New York, once administrator of the diocese, and
+Bishop Whelan, of Wheeling, consecrated three bishops, the Rt. Rev.
+Andrew Byrne, Bishop of Little Rock, the Rt. Rev. William Quarter,
+Bishop of Chicago, and the Rt. Rev. John McCloskey, Bishop of Axiere,
+and coadjutor of New York.
+
+From the pulpit of the Cathedral, the venerable Dr. Power, addressing
+the newly consecrated coadjutor, said: "One of you I have known from his
+boyhood. I have seen the youthful bud of genius unfold itself; and I
+have seen it also in full expansion; and I thank God I have been spared
+to behold it now blessing the house of the Lord. Rt. Rev. Dr. McCloskey!
+it must be gratifying to you to know, that if the choice of a coadjutor
+of this diocese had been given to your fellow-laborers in the vineyard,
+it would certainly have fallen upon you."
+
+It was surely no ordinary merit, that won the Rev. John McCloskey such
+universal esteem. To have been chosen for the same responsible post by
+men so different in mind and feelings as Bishops Du Bois and Hughes, to
+be at once the choice of Bishop Hughes and a body of priests among whom
+great divisions had existed, and great differences of nationality,
+education and inclination prevailed, was something wonderful and
+unparalleled.
+
+His elevation to the episcopate did not withdraw Bishop McCloskey from
+the church of his affection, that dedicated to the Spouse of Mary. Here
+his throne was erected, and the congregation rejoiced in the honor and
+dignity conferred upon him, and through him on their church. He then
+began the discharge of the episcopal duties devolved upon him by the Rt.
+Rev. Bishop of the See. The earliest was the dedication of the Church of
+the Most Holy Redeemer in New York City. From that we can mark his
+course confirming in all parts of the diocese, dedicating churches, and
+ordaining to the priesthood, two of the six first ordained by him on the
+feast of the Assumption of Our Lady in 1844, still surviving hoary with
+long years of priestly labor, Rev. Sylvester Malone and Rev. George
+McCloskey. But the weightier and important duties connected with the
+administration are unrecorded. The most Rev. Archbishop of Baltimore in
+his funeral sermon on Cardinal McCloskey said truly: "The life of the
+Cardinal has never been written and never can be. And this is true of
+every Catholic prelate. He can never have his Boswell. The biographer
+may relate his public and official acts. He may recount the churches he
+erected, the schools he opened, the institutions of charity and religion
+which he established; the priests he ordained, the sermons he preached,
+the sacraments he administered, the laborious visitations he made, but
+he can know nothing of the private and inner life which is 'hidden with
+Christ in God.' That is manifest to God's recording angel only. The
+biographer knows nothing of the bishop's secret and confidential
+relations with his clergy and people, and even with many who are alien
+to his faith. He is the daily depository of their cares and anxieties,
+of their troubles and afflictions, of their trials and temptations. They
+come to him for counsel in doubt, for spiritual and even temporal
+assistance. Were a bishop's real life in its outward and inward fulness
+published, it would be more interesting than a novel."
+
+Even with the aid of so untiring a coadjutor as Dr. McCloskey, Bishop
+Hughes found the diocese too large to be administered with the care that
+all portions required. When the Sixth Provincial Council convened at
+Baltimore, in May, 1846, which he attended with his coadjutor, he urged
+a division of his diocese, the necessity of which Bishop McCloskey could
+attest. New Sees were proposed at Albany and Buffalo. Pius IX., yielding
+to the request of the Fathers of the Council of Baltimore, erected the
+dioceses of Albany and Buffalo. Bishop McCloskey was translated from the
+See of Axiere to that of Albany, and the diocese committed to his care
+comprised the portion of New York State north of the forty-second
+degree, and lying east of Cayuga, Tompkins and Tioga counties.
+
+He took possession of his diocese early in the summer, making St. Mary's
+his pro-cathedral, till the erection of his cathedral, of which he laid
+the corner-stone soon after his arrival. A visitation of his diocese
+followed, and then began the work of developing the Catholic interests
+in the portion of the State. His diocese contained forty-four churches,
+and about as many clergymen, with but few institutions of education or
+charity. Its progress was steady, solid and effectual. He added new
+priests, well chosen and trained, introduced the Fathers of the Society
+of Jesus, the Oblates of Mary Immaculate, the Christian Brothers, the
+Ladies of the Sacred Heart. His Cathedral was completed and was
+recognized as one of the greatest ornaments of the city; but all
+extravagance was avoided and discouraged. Churches were reared suited to
+the means of the flock, and the tepid, careless and indifferent were
+recalled to their Christian duties, till the diocese assumed a new
+spirit. None but those who lived there, and witnessed the progress, can
+form a conception of what Bishop McCloskey accomplished while he gave
+the best period of his life to the diocese of Albany.
+
+More than a hundred churches, and nearly a hundred priests, with
+schools, academies, hospitals, asylums, were the fruits of the Catholic
+life aroused by his zeal.
+
+As Bishop of Albany he took part in the Seventh Provincial Council of
+Baltimore in 1849; the first Plenary Council, in 1852; and the first of
+New York, 1854. In all these his prudence and wisdom deeply impressed
+his associates, as many of them have testified. In his diocese his
+relations to his clergy in his Synod, and in occasional directions,
+showed a gentle consideration for others, which overcame all obstacles.
+
+On the death of Archbishop Hughes, to whom he had long since been named
+successor, the voice of the bishops of the Province, as well as the
+desire of the clergy and people of the diocese, solicited from the Holy
+See the promotion of Bishop McCloskey, and the successor of St. Peter
+soon pronounced the definitive word. He returned to New York just as the
+terrible civil war came to a close; and the paralyzed country could look
+to its future. Under his impulse the new Cathedral was completed and
+dedicated with a pomp never yet witnessed in the Western World. The
+State of New York for some years had suffered from a want of churches;
+but amid a war draining the wealth and blood of the country, it would
+have been rash to attempt to erect them when all value were fictitious.
+Now, under the impulse of the quiet and retiring Archbishop, old
+churches were enlarged; new parishes were formed and endowed with
+churches; schools increased in number and efficacy. While increasing the
+number of his parochial clergy both in numbers and in the thorough
+education he so highly esteemed, Archbishop McCloskey gave the religious
+orders every encouragement, and introduced others. Communities of
+religious women, for various forms of charity, also found a hearty
+support from him. In the administration of the diocese, and the
+direction of these communities, he displayed his wonted wisdom in
+selecting as his Vicar General, the Rev. William Quinn, whose ability of
+a remarkable order had already been tested.
+
+Archbishop McCloskey took part in the Second Plenary Council of
+Baltimore, in 1866, whose acts are such a code of doctrine and
+discipline. "Of it he was a burning and a shining light," said
+Archbishop Gibbons. "He was conspicuous alike for his eloquence in the
+pulpit, and for his wisdom in the council chamber. I well remember the
+discourse he delivered at the opening session. The clear, silvery tones
+of his voice, the grace of his gestures and manner, the persuasive
+eloquence and charm of his words are indelibly imprinted on my memory
+and imagination. Just before ascending the pulpit, a telegram was handed
+to him, announcing the destruction by fire of his Cathedral. He did not
+betray the slightest emotion, notwithstanding the sudden and calamitous
+news. Next morning I expressed to him my surprise at his imperturbable
+manner. "The damage," he replied, "is done, and I cannot undo it. We
+must calmly submit to the will of Providence.""
+
+The decrees of the Plenary Council, with those of the Council of New
+York, were promulgated by him in a Synod held by him at New York, in
+September, 1868.
+
+The next year he was summoned to attend a General Council at Rome, the
+first held in the church since the Synod of Trent. The Council of the
+Vatican had been equalled by but few in the number of bishops, by none
+in the universality of the representation. Before modern science had
+facilitated modes of travel and communication, the area including those
+who attended was comparatively limited. To the Vatican Council, however,
+they came not from all parts of Europe only, but from Palestine, India
+and China; from the Moslem States of Africa; the European colonies; the
+negro kingdoms of the interior; America sent her bishops from Canada and
+the United States; the Spanish republics, Australia and the islands of
+the Pacific even had their bishops seated beside those of the most
+ancient Sees. Here Archbishop McCloskey was a conspicuous figure,
+respected for learning, experience, the firmness with which he held the
+opinion he mildly but conclusively advanced. In the committee on
+discipline his wisdom excited the highest admiration of the presiding
+cardinal.
+
+When the impious seizure of Rome made the sovereign Pontiff a prisoner
+in the Vatican, the proceedings of the council were deferred to better
+days, which the Church still prayfully awaits. Archbishop McCloskey
+returned to his diocese; but the malaria of the Campagna had affected
+his health, never rugged, and shattered some years previously by a
+railroad accident, on a journey required by his high office. But he
+resumed his accustomed duties, inspiring good works, or guiding and
+supporting them like the Catholic Protectory, the Catholic Union of New
+York, and its branch since developed to such wide-reaching influence,
+the Xavier Union.
+
+The impression which he had produced at Rome, from his early visit as a
+young priest to his dignified course in age as a Father of the Council
+of the Vatican, led to a new and singular honor, in which the whole
+country shared his honor. In the consistory held March 15, 1875, Pope
+Pius IX. created Archbishop McCloskey a Cardinal Priest of the Holy
+Roman Church, his title being that of Sancta Maria supra Minervam, the
+very church from which Rt. Rev. Dr. Concanen was taken to preside over
+the diocese of New York as its first bishop. The insignia of the high
+dignity soon reached the city borne by a member of the Pope's noble
+guard and a Papal Ablegate. The berretta was formerly presented to him
+in St. Patrick's Cathedral, April 22, 1875. According to usage he soon
+after visited Rome and took possession of the church from which he
+derived his title. He was summoned to the conclave held on the death of
+Pope Pius IX., but arrived only after the election of Pope Leo XIII., to
+whom he paid homage, receiving from his hands the Cardinal's hat, the
+last ceremonial connected with his appointment.
+
+After his return he resumed his usual duties, but they soon required the
+aid of a younger prelate, though all his suffragans were ever ready to
+relieve their venerated Metropolitan by officiating for him. He finally
+solicited the appointment of the young but tried Bishop of Newark as his
+coadjutor, and Bishop Michael Augustine Corrigan was promoted to the
+titular See of Petra, October 1, 1880. Gradually his health declined and
+for a time he was dangerously ill; but retirement to Mount St.
+Vincent's, where in the castellated mansion erected by Forrest, he had
+the devoted care of the Sisters of Charity, and visits to Newport seemed
+to revive for a time his waning strength. His mind remained clear, and
+he continued to direct the affairs of his diocese, convening a
+Provincial Council, the acts of which were transmitted to Rome. "The
+Cardinal's fidelity to duty clung to him to the end. He continued to
+plead for his flock at God's altar, as long as he had power to stand.
+Even when the effort to say Mass would so fatigue him that he could do
+nothing else that morning, he continued, at least, on feast days, to
+offer the Holy Sacrifice. He said his last Mass on the Feast of the
+Ascension, 1884." At the Plenary Council in Baltimore, at the close of
+that year, the diocese was represented by his coadjutor.
+
+From the time of his last Mass he was unable to read or write; unable to
+move a single step without assistance. In this condition he lingered,
+sinking by a slow and gradual decline, but preserving his serenity and
+the full possession of his mental faculties. "None of those around him,"
+says Archbishop Corrigan, "ever heard the first syllable of complaint.
+It was again his service of the Lord, such as our Lord ordained it. To
+those who sympathized with him in his helplessness, the sweet answer
+would be made: 'It is God's will. Thy will, O Lord, be done on earth as
+it is in heaven.' Fulfilling God's will, he passed away, calmly and in
+peace, as the whole course of his life had been, and without a struggle;
+'the last words he was able to utter, being the Hail Mary.'"
+
+The death of our first American Cardinal, October 10th, 1885, called
+forth from the press, and from the clergy of other denominations, a
+uniform expression of deep and touching respect. He had won many moral
+victories without fighting battles; his victories left no rancor.
+Everywhere at Catholic altars Masses were offered for the repose of his
+soul, and when the tidings crossed the Atlantic, the solemn services at
+Paris and Rome attested the sense of his merit, and of the Church's
+loss.
+
+His funeral in New York was most imposing. Around the grand Cathedral,
+as around a fretted rock of marble, surged the waves of people, like a
+sea. The vast interior was filled, and beneath the groined roof he had
+reared, lay, in his pontifical vestments,--the hat, insignia of his
+highest dignity, at his feet,--the mild and gentle and patient Cardinal
+McCloskey, his life's work well and nobly ended.
+
+The solemn Mass, the deep tones of the organ, the Gregorian notes of the
+choirs moved all to pray for the soul of one whose life had been given
+to the service of God. The Archbishop of Baltimore, the Most Rev. James
+Gibbons, pronounced the funeral discourse, and then the body was laid
+beside those of his predecessors in the crypt beneath.
+
+A month later, and again the _Dies Irae_ resounded through that noble
+monument of his love for religion. The Month's Mind, that touching
+tribute which our Church pays her departed, called forth from the Most
+Rev. Michael A. Corrigan, who knew him so well and so intimately, words
+full of touching reminiscences.
+
+Bishop Lynch, of Charleston, S. C., who knew him so intimately, thus
+described him a few years ago before the hand of disease had changed
+him. "In personal appearance the Cardinal is about five feet ten inches
+in height, straight, and thin in person and apparently frail, though his
+chest is full, and the tones of his voice when preaching are clear and
+far reaching. His features are regular and finely chiselled. The brow is
+lofty, the nose thin and straight, the eyes keen, quick and penetrating;
+the thin lips, even in repose, seeming to preserve the memory of a
+smile; the whole expression of the countenance, one of serious thought
+and placid repose. Yet you feel or see indications of activity ready to
+manifest itself through the brows, the eyes or the lips. In fact his
+temperament is decidedly nervous; and if you observe the natural
+promptness and decision of his movements, you might almost think him
+quick and naturally impetuous. There could be no greater mistake; or, if
+he is such by natural disposition, this is one of the points where his
+seminary training has taught him to control and master himself. The
+forte of his character is his unchanging equanimity. And yet there must
+have been in him a wondrous amount of nervous energy to enable him to
+survive very serious injuries to his frame in early life, and to endure
+the severe physical labors of an American bishop for thirty years....
+Piety, learning, experience, zeal--every bishop should have these as a
+matter of course. He has more. In address, gentle, frank and winning, he
+at once puts you at ease, and makes you feel you are speaking to a
+father or a friend in whom you may unreservedly confide. Soft and
+delicate in manners as a lady, none could ever presume in his presence
+to say a word or do an act tinged with rudeness, still less indelicacy.
+Kind and patient with all who come to him, he is especially considerate
+with his clergy. To them he is just in his decisions, wise in his
+counsels and exhortations, ever anxious to aid them in their
+difficulties. Tender and lenient as a mother to those who wish to do
+right, and to correct evil, he is inflexible when a principle is at
+stake, and can be stern when the offender is obdurate. Notoriety and
+display are supremely distasteful to him. He would have his work done,
+and thoroughly done, and his own name or his part in it never mentioned.
+He studiously avoids coming before the public, save in his
+ecclesiastical functions, or where a sense of duty drives him to it. He
+prefers to work quietly and industriously in the sphere of his duties.
+Here, he is unflagging, so ordering matters that work never accumulates
+on his hands through his own neglect."
+
+
+
+
+The Pope and the Mikado.
+
+
+The following is the text of the letter addressed by His Holiness to the
+Mikado of Japan:--
+
+_To the Illustrious and Most Mighty Emperor of All Japan, LEO PP. XIII.,
+greeting._
+
+August Emperor:
+
+Though separated from each other by a vast intervening expanse of space,
+we are none the less fully aware here of your pre-eminent, anxious care
+in promoting all that is for the good of Japan. In truth, the measures
+Your Imperial Majesty has taken for the increase of civilization, and
+especially for the moral culture of your people, call for the praise and
+approval of all who desire the welfare of nations and that interchange
+of benefits which are the natural fruit of a more refined culture,--the
+more so that, with greater moral polish, the minds of men are more
+fitted to imbibe wisdom and to embrace the light of truth. For these
+reasons we beg of you that you will graciously be pleased to accept this
+visible expression of our good-will with the same sincerity with which
+it is tendered.
+
+The very reason, indeed, which has moved us to despatch this letter to
+Your Majesty, has been our wish of publicly expressing the pleasure of
+our heart. For the favors which have been vouchsafed to every missionary
+and Christian, we are truly beholden to you. By their own testimony we
+have been made acquainted with your grace and goodness to both priests
+and laymen. Nothing truly, in your power, could be more praiseworthy as
+a matter of justice or more beneficent to the common weal, inasmuch as
+you will find the Catholic religion a powerful auxiliary in maintaining
+the stability of your Empire.
+
+For all dominion is founded on justice, and of justice there is not a
+principle which is not laid down in the precepts of Christianity. And
+thus, all they who bear the name of Christian, are above all
+enjoined,--not through fear of punishments, but by the voice of
+religion,--to reverence the kingly sway, to obey the laws, and not to
+seek for ought in public affairs save that which is peaceful and
+upright. We most earnestly beseech you, therefore, to grant the utmost
+freedom in your power to all Christians, and to deign, as heretofore, to
+protect their institutions with your patronage and favor. We, on our
+part, shall suppliantly beseech God, the author of all good, that he may
+grant your beneficial undertakings their wished-for outcome, and may
+bestow upon Your Majesty, and the whole realm of Japan, blessings and
+favors increasing day by day.
+
+Given in Rome, at St. Peter's, on the twelfth day of May, 1885, in the
+eighth year of Our Pontificate.
+
+
+
+
+Order of the Buried Alive.
+
+
+The order of the Buried Alive in Rome, the Convent of the Sepolte Vivo,
+is a remnant of the Middle Ages in the life of to-day. _The London
+Queen's_ correspondent had the privilege of an entrance within, one
+after another, of the five iron doors, and talking with the Mother
+Superior through the thick swathing of a woollen veil, but ordinary
+communication with the convent is carried on through the "barrel," which
+fills an opening in the wall. Over the barrel is written: "Who will live
+contented within these walls, let her leave at the gate every earthly
+care." You knock at the barrel, which turns slowly around till it shows
+a section like that of an orange from which one of the quarters has been
+cut.
+
+You speak to the invisible sister, who asks your will; and she answers
+you in good Italian and cultivated intonation. You hear the voice quite
+distinctly, but as if it was far, far away. She is really separated from
+you by a slender slice of wood, but she is absolutely invisible. Not the
+smallest ray of light, nor the smallest chink is visible between you and
+her. Sound travels through the barrel, but sight is absolutely excluded.
+These nuns live on charity, keeping two Lents in the year--one from
+November to Christmas, the other the ordinary Lent of Catholic
+Christendom. Living, therefore, on charity, they may eat whatever is
+given to them, saving always "flesh meat" during the fasting time.
+
+If you take them a cake or a loaf of bread, a roll of chocolate bonbons,
+a basket of eggs, it is all good for them. They must be absolutely
+without food for twenty-four hours before they may ask help from the
+outside world; and when they have looked starvation in the face, then
+they may ring a bell, which means: "Help us! we are famishing!" Perhaps
+you take them nothing eatable, but you place on the edge of the cut
+orange, by which you sit, some money, demanding in return their
+"cartolini," or little papers.
+
+The barrel turns slowly round, then back again, and you find on the
+ledge, where you had laid your lire, a paper of "cartolini." These are
+very small, thin, light-printed slips, neatly folded in tiny packets,
+three to each packet, which, if you swallow in faith, will cure you of
+all disease. After your talk is ended, the barrel turns around once more
+and presents its face as of an immovable and impenetrable-looking
+barrier. One of the pretty traditions of Rome is, that each sister has
+her day, when she throws a flower over the convent wall as a sign to her
+watching friends that she is still alive. When she has been gathered to
+the majority, the flower is not thrown, and the veil has fallen forever.
+
+
+
+
+Harvard College and the Catholic Theory of Education.
+
+
+Slowly, but with unmistakable certainty, the logic of the Catholic
+teaching regarding true education is forcing itself upon non-Catholic
+minds. Day by day some prominent Protestant comes boldly to the front
+and declares his belief that education must be based upon religion. One
+of the latest accessions to this correct theory is President Eliot, of
+Harvard College, who declared at a recent meeting of Boston
+schoolteachers that,--
+
+     "The great problem is that of combining religions with secular
+     education. This was no problem sixty or seventy years ago, for
+     then our people were homogeneous. Now, the population is
+     heterogeneous. Religious teaching can best be combined with
+     secular teaching and followed in countries of heterogeneous
+     population, like Germany, Austria, France and Belgium, where
+     the government pays for the instruction, and the religious
+     teachers belonging to different denominations are admitted to
+     the public schools at fixed times. That is the only way out of
+     the difficulty.... I see, growing up on every side, parochial
+     schools--that is, Catholic schools--which take large numbers of
+     children out of the public schools of the city. That is a great
+     misfortune, and the remedy is to admit religious instructors to
+     teach these children in the public schools. This is what is
+     done in Europe. And all those who are strongly interested in
+     the successful maintenance of our public school system will
+     urge the adoption of the method I have described for religious
+     education."
+
+These are strong words, and coming from such a source cannot fail to
+have their legitimate result. The fearlessness and sincerity of
+President Eliot in thus stating his position on this most important
+subject merits the appreciation of every American, Catholic or
+Protestant.
+
+We add in connection with the above, the remarks of the _Christian
+Advocate_, a Protestant paper published at San Francisco, Cal.:--
+
+     "The course which the Roman Catholic Hierarchy, in this
+     country, are taking in regard to the education of children is,
+     from their standpoint, worthy of praise. They see that in order
+     to keep their children under the rule of the Church, they must
+     keep them from the public schools, where they think Protestant
+     influence predominates. Therefore they are providing for them
+     in their parochial schools and academies at an extra expense
+     that does credit to their zeal and devotion. Their plans are
+     broad, deep and far-reaching, and they are a unit in the
+     prosecution of them. They are loyal to their convictions,
+     making everything subservient to the interests of their
+     religion. Understanding, as they do, the importance of moulding
+     character in the formative period, they look diligently after
+     the religious culture of their children. In all this they are
+     deserving of commendation, and Protestants may receive valuable
+     hints from them of tenacity of grip and self-denying devotion
+     to their faith."
+
+
+
+
+An Affecting Incident at Sea.
+
+
+Seldom have passengers by our great Atlantic steamers witnessed so
+solemn and impressive a scene as that at which it fell to the lot of the
+passengers in the outward voyage of the Inman liner, "City of Chester,"
+to assist. It appears that one of the passengers was a Mr. John Enright,
+a native of Kerry, who, having amassed a fortune in America, had gone to
+Ireland to take out with him to his home in St. Louis three young nieces
+who had recently become orphans. During the passage Mr. Enright died
+from an affection of the heart; and the three little orphans were left
+once more without a protector. Fortunately there were amongst the
+passengers the Rev. Father Tobin, of the Cathedral, St. Louis; the Rev.
+Father Henry, of the Church of St. Laurence O'Toole, St. Louis; and the
+Rev. Father Clarkson, of New York. Father Henry was the Celebrant of the
+Mass of Requiem; and Colonel Mapleson and his London Opera Company, who
+were also on board, volunteered their services for the choir. They
+chanted, with devotional effect, the _De Profundis_ and the _Miserere_;
+and Madame Marie Roze sang, "Oh, rest in the Lord," from "Elijah." The
+bell of the ship was then tolled; and a procession was formed, headed by
+Captain Condron, of the "City of Chester." The coffin, which was
+enveloped in the American flag, was borne to the side of the ship, from
+which it was gently lowered into the sea. The passengers paid every
+attention to the orphans during the remainder of the voyage, at the
+termination of which they were forwarded to the residence of their late
+uncle in St. Louis.
+
+
+
+
+Sing, Sing for Christmas.
+
+
+    Sing, sing for Christmas! Welcome happy day!
+      For Christ is born our Saviour, to take our sins away;
+    Sing, sing a joyful song, loud and clear to-day,
+      To praise our Lord and Saviour, who in the manger lay.
+
+    Sing, sing for Christmas! Echo, earth! and cry
+      Of worship, honor, glory, and praise to God on high;
+    Sing, sing the joyful song; let it never cease;
+      Of glory in the highest, on earth good-will to man.
+
+
+
+
+Dead Man's Island.
+
+THE STORY OF AN IRISH COUNTRY TOWN.
+
+T. P. O'CONNOR, M. P.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+THE DOOMED NATION.
+
+A passion of anger and despair swept over Ireland when it was at last
+announced that Crowe had sold the pass. For some days the people were in
+the same dazed and helpless condition of mind that followed the potato
+blight of '46. In that terrible year one of the strange and most
+universally observed phenomena was that the people looked, for days
+after the advent of the blight that brought the certainty of hunger and
+death, silent and motionless and apathetic. And so it was now, when
+there came a blight, less quickly, but as surely, destructive of
+national life and hope. There was a dread presentiment that this was a
+blow from which the nation was not destined to recover for many a long
+day, and though they could not reason about it, the people had the
+instinctive feeling that the rule of the landlord was now fixed more
+tightly than ever, and that emancipation was postponed to a day beyond
+that of the present generation.
+
+The landlords appreciated the situation with the same instinctive
+readiness and perception. At once the pause which had come in the work
+of eviction was broken, the plague raged immediately with a fierceness
+that seemed to have gained more hellish energy and more devilish cruelty
+from its temporary abatement. The roads were thick with troops of people
+rushing wildly from their homes and fleeing from their native country as
+from a land cursed alike by God and by man. Mat Blake, passing along
+from Dublin to Ballybay, was almost driven to insanity by the sights he
+saw at the different sections along the way.
+
+Every station was besieged by vast crowds of the emigrants and their
+friends. There are few sights so touching as the sight of the parting of
+Irish families at a railway station. The ties of family are closer and
+more affectionate than anybody can appreciate who has not lived the life
+of an Irish home. The children grow up in a dependence on their parents
+that may well seem slavery to other peoples. The grown son is still the
+"boy" years after he has attained manhood's years, the daughter remains
+a little girl, whom her mother has the right to chide and direct and
+control in every action. Such ties beget helplessness as well as
+affection, and the Irish peasant still regards many things as worse than
+death, which, by peoples of less ardent religious faith, are regarded
+more philosophically.
+
+When Mat looked at the simple faces of those poor girls, at the
+bewildered look in the countenances of the young men, and thought of
+how ignorant and helpless these people were, he could understand the
+almost insane anguish of their parents as they saw them embark on an
+ocean so dark and tempestuous and remote as the crowded cities of
+America, and Mat could penetrate down into the minds of his people and
+see with the lightning flash of sympathy the dread spectre that tortured
+the minds, filled the eyes, and darkened the brows of the Irish parents.
+
+Station after station, it was always the same sight. The parting
+relatives were locked in each other's arms; they wept and cried aloud,
+and swayed in their grief.
+
+"Cheer up, father; God is good."
+
+"Ah, Paddie, my darlint, I'll never see ye agin."
+
+"Oh mother, dear, don't fret."
+
+"May God and His Blessed Mother in heaven protect my poor girl."
+
+Then more kisses through the carriage windows.
+
+The guards and porters frantically called upon the people to stand back;
+they clung on, careless of danger to life and limb; and as the black,
+hideous, relentless monster shot away they rushed along the line; they
+passed into the fields, and waved handkerchiefs, and shouted the names
+of the parting child or sister or brother; until at last the distance
+swallowed up the train and its occupants, and then they returned to
+homes from which forever afterwards the light had passed away.
+
+Such were the scenes which Mat saw, and when he got to Ballybay station
+there was that look on his face which to any keen observer would have
+revealed much in the Irish character and afforded the key to many
+startling episodes in Irish history. It was a look at once of infinite
+rage and infinite despair; it spoke of wrong--hated, gigantic, at once
+intolerable and insurmountable. One sees a similar impress in the faces
+of Irishmen in Massachusetts, though the climate of America has reduced
+the large, loose frame to the thin build of the new country, and has
+bleached the ruddy complexion of Ireland to a sickly white or an ugly
+yellow; it is the look one can detect in the faces of the men who dream
+of death in the midst of slain foes and wrecked palaces; it blazes in
+the eyes of Healy, as with sacrilegious hand he smites the venerable
+front of the mother of Parliaments.
+
+Mat had come to Ireland for the Easter recess; he had drawn out of the
+savings bank a few pounds of the money he had placed there for the
+furnishing of the house which he destined for Mary and Betty Cunningham.
+He longed to have a share in punishing the perjured traitor who had
+betrayed the country. The sights he had seen along the route satisfied
+him as to the temper of the people, and he entered Ballybay secure in
+the hope that if the traitor had been raised by the town to the
+opportunity of deceiving the people, he would be cast into the dust by
+the same hand.
+
+He had not been long in the town when he found that he had wholly
+misconceived its spirit. The one feeling that seemed to dominate all
+others, was that the acceptance by Crowe of office meant another
+election; and another election meant another shower of gold.
+
+In his father's house he found assembled his father and mother, and Tom
+Flaherty and Mary. They were discussing the election, of course, and
+this was how they discussed it.
+
+"I always thought Crowe was a smart fellow," said Fleming. "There's one
+thing certain; he'll have plenty of money now, and as I have always
+said, 'I'm a Protestant,'" and then Mat repeated his characteristic
+saying.
+
+"Do you mean to say," said Mat, with a face fierce with rage and
+surprise, "that you'd vote again for Crowe, after his treason?"
+
+"And why shouldn't he vote for him?" asked Mat's mother, in a voice
+almost as fierce as his own. "Isn't he a Government man, and doesn't
+every one know that the people who can do anything for themselves or
+anybody else in Ireland are Government men?"
+
+Mat, fond as he was of his mother, felt almost as if he could have
+killed her at that moment; he could not speak for a few minutes for
+rage. At last he almost shrieked, "If there was any decency in Ballybay
+Crowe would never leave the town alive."
+
+"Ah! the crachure!" said Tom Flaherty.
+
+"Ah! the crachure! Why shouldn't he look out for himself; shure, isn't
+that what we're all trying to do? God bless us."
+
+Mary glanced uneasily at Mat, but he refused to look at her; she seemed
+for a moment spoiled in his eyes by her kinship with this polluted and
+degraded creature. His father gave him a wistful glance, but said
+nothing. Whenever there was a tempest between his wife and his son he
+remained silent.
+
+And so this was how Ballybay regarded the great betrayal! Mat felt
+inclined to throw himself into the Shannon, and have done with life as
+quickly as he was losing hope and faith.
+
+He took a look once more at the bare and squalid streets and gloomy
+people; and then at the frowning castle and the passing regiment of the
+English garrison; and he despaired of his country.
+
+But he had come to help in the fight against Crowe; and after the
+involuntary tribute of this brief interval of despondency, he at once
+set to work. After many disappointments he found a few men who shared
+his views of the situation, and a committee was formed to go out and ask
+Captain Ponsonby to stand once more; for though Mat hated the politics
+of Ponsonby, he thought any stick was good enough to beat the foul
+traitor with. Captain Ponsonby consented, and so the contest was
+started. The _Nation_ newspaper sent down several of its staff; the old
+Tenant Right Party held meetings, asked that Ballybay should do its
+duty, and save the whole country from the awful calamity of triumphant
+treason. Everything was thus arranged for a struggle with Crowe that
+would test all his powers, backed though he was by the money and the
+influence of the Government.
+
+Mat's speeches, the articles in the newspapers, and the vigorous efforts
+of the few honest men in the town, had at last roused Ballybay until it
+began to share some of the profound horror and indignation which the
+action of Crowe had provoked throughout the country generally. There was
+but one more thing necessary, and the defeat of Crowe was certain; if
+the bishop joined in the opposition, there was no possibility of his
+winning.
+
+All Ireland waited in painful tension to see what the verdict of the
+bishop would be. Mat heard it before anybody else, for a young curate
+who lived in the College House with the bishop, and was a fierce
+Nationalist, gave Mat a daily bulletin; the bishop resolved to support
+the Solicitor-General.
+
+At first nobody would believe the tale; but the next day it was put
+beyond all doubt, and Mat was almost suffocated by his own wrath as he
+saw the "Seraph," with his divine face, arm in arm with the perjured
+ruffian that had brought sorrow to so many thousands of homes.
+
+Mat fought on, but it was no longer with any strong hope of winning. His
+face grew darker every day, and the lines became drawn about his eyes,
+for there was another struggle going on in his mind at this moment, as
+well as the political contest in which he was engaged.
+
+The reader may remember the monitor of the school in which Mat was a
+pupil when the eviction of the widow Cunningham took place. The monitor
+was now the teacher of the National School, and Mat and he had begun to
+have many colloquies.
+
+Michael Reed was regarded as a very sardonic and disagreeable person by
+most of the people of Ballybay. His hatchet face seemed appropriate to a
+man who never seemed to agree with the opinion of anybody else, who
+sneered, it was thought, all round, who laughed when other people wept,
+and who derided the moments of exultant hope. He had always been among
+those who hated and distrusted Crowe, and Mat, who was intolerant
+himself, rather avoided him, while he still had faith in the traitor.
+But the wreck of all his illusions sent him repentant to Reed, and they
+had many conversations, in which Mat found himself listening willingly
+and after a while even greedily, to ideas that a short time before he
+would have been himself the first to denounce as folly and madness.
+
+The idea of Reed was that the only way to work out the freedom of
+Ireland was by force of arms. Mat at first was inclined to laugh at the
+idea; but an impressionable and vehement nature such as his was ill
+calculated to cope for a lengthened time with a nature precise, cold,
+and stubborn like that of Reed. Strength of will and tenacity of opinion
+make their way against better judgment, especially if there can be no
+doubt of the sincerity of the man of such a temper, and the rigid eye,
+the proud air, and the whole attitude of Reed spoke, and spoke truly, of
+a life of absolute purity, and of a fanaticism of Spartan endurance.
+
+There was one consequence of the acceptance of the ideas of Reed, and
+from this, with all his devotion and rage and sorrow for the pitiable
+condition of his country, Mat still shrank. A revolutionary could not
+marry or be engaged to marry; for what man had the right to tie to his
+dark and uncertain fate the life of a woman--perhaps of children?
+
+The defeat of Crowe would once more restore faith to the people in
+constitutional resources, and would save them from the cynicism and
+apathy which might require a revolutionary movement to rouse them once
+more to hope and action. And thus in fighting against Crowe, Mat now
+felt as if he were fighting not merely for his country, but for his own
+dear life.
+
+Then if Crowe were defeated, Mat could return to his work in London, and
+resume his efforts in carrying out the sacred purpose of raising his
+father and mother from poverty; for of marriage he could not think
+unless he were in a position to help his father and mother more than he
+had done hitherto. If he ever dared to think of marriage otherwise,
+there came before him the gaunt image of his mother pointing to her
+faded and ragged workbox with its awful pawn-tickets and bank bills.
+
+It was while he was in the midst of this fierce and agonizing struggle
+that Mat was called hurriedly one day to the house of Mary, by the news
+that Mrs. Flaherty had been taken very ill, and was supposed to be
+dying.
+
+Mat came to the house, endeared to him by so many memories and hopes,
+trembling, and with a cold feeling about his heart. Why was it that he
+started back with a pang when he saw Cosgrave in the house before him?
+Why at that moment did there rush again over his whole soul that awful
+image which swept over him before? Why in imagination did he stand at
+night on a wild heath, shivering and alone?
+
+"What brought Cosgrave here?" he asked of Mary sharply.
+
+"Oh!" said Mary, "he came to tell us that he had been made a J. P."
+
+"So he has attained his pitiful ambition," said Mat sharply. "It's
+through sneaks like him that scoundrels like Crowe are able to betray
+the country."
+
+"Oh, never mind the low creature," said Mary, with a look of infinite
+contempt, that Mat was surprised to find very soothing.
+
+He went up stairs. A look at the face of Mrs. Flaherty showed him at
+once that the alarm was not a false one--she was evidently dying.
+
+There was the old look of patient affection in her tender face, and
+there was another look, too, which Mat could not misunderstand. It was a
+look of wistful appeal, half-uttered question, of a fond but tremulous
+hope.
+
+And it added to the misery of that dark hour that Mat could say nothing,
+and that he had to let that true and deeply-loved soul pass out of life
+with its greatest fear unsatisfied, and its brightest hope unassured.
+For Mat could not utter a decisive word.
+
+Between him and the speech there stood two shadows, potent, dark, and
+resistless--his mother pointing to her workbox, and Reed pointing to a
+revolver.
+
+Mary stood beside the bed tearless.
+
+"Doesn't Mary bear up well?" said Mat in surprise to her blubbering
+father.
+
+"Mary doesn't cry," said her father; "she frets," and in these words Mat
+thought the whole character of the girl was summed up.
+
+Mrs. Flaherty died on Thursday; the polling was on the following day.
+Mat was still under the impression of the dark and painful scene when
+the new excitement came. He hoped against hope to the last, went about
+the town like one insane, and spoke in his passion of country even to
+O'Flynn, the pawn-broker, and of honor to Mat Fleming, and then waited
+at the closing hour to hear the result. The result was:--
+
+    Crowe         125
+    Ponsonby      112
+
+Mat turned pale, and almost fell, his head swam, his heart seemed for a
+moment to have stopped. He would not yet acknowledge it in so many
+words; but the sentence still kept ringing in his ears, "Thy doom is
+sealed, thy doom is sealed."
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+THE STORY OF BETTY CUNNINGHAM.
+
+The disaster which swept over all Ireland through the final success of
+the treachery of Crowe raged soon after in Ballybay. The town had been
+reduced by successive misfortunes to a condition so abject that one
+calamity was sufficient to completely submerge the greater portion of
+its inhabitants. Mr. Anthony Cosgrave, J. P., signalized the event by
+driving out the few tenants who still remained on the properties he had
+bought. He turned all his land into pasture, for this was the prosperous
+era of the graziers, and cattle were rapidly transformed into gold.
+Other landlords pursued similar courses, and within a couple of years,
+ten thousand people had been swept from the neighborhood around.
+
+The calamity reached down to the very lowest stratum, and touched depths
+so profound as the fortunes of the widow Cunningham and her daughter
+Betty.
+
+It had now become habitual for the widow and her daughter to remain for
+a couple of days with barely any food. One night they were sitting
+opposite each other on the bare floor of the railway arch in which they
+had for several years found refuge, staring at each other with the
+blank, wild gaze of hunger. There was a terrible pang at the heart of
+the mother on this night of nights. Throughout all her long years of
+struggle two great thoughts still remained burning in her soul, and in
+spite of poverty and hunger that soul still remained afire. One was
+vengeance on Cosgrave for the long train of woes through which she
+herself had passed, and the other was the protection of her child.
+
+With that profound reverence for female honor which is still one of the
+best characteristics of the Irish poor, she had seen the growth of her
+beautiful daughter with a love mixed with terror, and guarded her child
+as the tigress watches by her lair. Her own life had long since ceased
+to be dear to her. She walked for hours through the streets, she pleaded
+for custom, she smiled under insult, she bore rain and hail and snow, in
+hope of the fulfilment of this great passionate purpose--to keep her
+daughter pure.
+
+The misery of the last six months had been aggravated by the dread,
+growing in intensity with every hour, that all this endurance would be
+in vain, that behind the wolf of hunger there stalked the more cruel
+wolf of lust, and that her daughter was doomed. On this subject not a
+word passed between the two women, for the delicacy of feeling which
+marks even the humblest grade of Irish life sealed their lips; but the
+dread was always there in the mother's heart, pursuing her as a
+nightmare through the long watches of the darkness, and haunting her
+every moment as wearily she carried her basket through the streets in
+the day.
+
+"Buy a few apples, yer honor, for God's sake," she often said to a
+passer-by, in a tone that might have struck one as menacing, or at least
+as entirely disproportionate to the urgency of the appeal; but in every
+such prayer for pence the mother felt that she was crying for her child,
+and her child's soul, and her accents came from the very anguish of her
+mother's heart.
+
+On this night--it was about a month after the election of Crowe--the two
+sat together, buried in their own sad thoughts. They were suddenly
+aroused by the floor becoming inundated, and at once knew what to
+expect. The Shannon periodically rose above its banks outside Ballybay,
+and then its waters overspread the "Big Meadows," and the railway arch
+underneath which the widow and her daughter had taken refuge was, as
+will be remembered, close to these Meadows.
+
+They rose and rushed from the spot. They were now absolutely homeless,
+without even a place on which to lay their heads. They went further on
+to another railway arch, and at last slept. When the mother awoke in the
+morning she was alone.
+
+At this period a Ballybay landlord, afterwards destined to figure
+largely in the social life of Ireland, had just come of age. Thomas
+McNaghten was perhaps the handsomest Irishman of his day; tall,
+broad-shouldered, muscular. He had a physique as splendid as that of the
+race of peasants from whom his father sprang; while from the gentler
+race of his mother he derived features of exquisite delicacy and the
+complexion of a lily-like pink and white. He afterwards ran a career of
+mad dissipation that made his name a by-word even among the reckless and
+debauched class to which he belonged, and died a paralytic before he was
+forty. But at the period of our story, he was still in the full strength
+and the first flush of manhood. He had cast his eyes on Betty
+Cunningham, and had held out to her bribes that seemed to unfold to the
+girl visions of untold wealth. The innate purity of the maiden had
+hitherto been proof against the direct influences of poverty and
+wretchedness and the advances of her tempter. But at last the combined
+intensities of hunger and despair became his allies.
+
+Three weeks after her desertion of her mother Betty Cunningham was drunk
+in one of the public-houses, which were frequented by the soldiers
+quartered in Ballybay. The fatal progress of the Irish girl who has
+fallen is more rapid than in any other country. Society, always cruel to
+its hapless victims and its outcasts, in Ireland is fanatically and
+barbarously savage. Betty was driven out from every house! People
+shuddered as she passed. She lay under hedges, her bed was often in the
+snow. To Ballybay she was as much an object of loathing and of horror as
+though she were some wild beast that men might lawfully destroy.
+
+The girl herself had no compensation for all this dread outlawry. The
+Traviatas of other lands are painted for us in gilded saloons, with
+costly wines in golden goblets, and noble lovers sighing for their
+smiles. But Betty, outcast, hungry, and houseless, had not one second's
+enjoyment of life. The faith in which she had been trained still held
+its grip upon her, and neither vice nor drink nor human cruelty could
+relax its grasp. She was a sinner against Heaven's most sacred law; and
+after brief life came death, and after death eternal torment. Pursued by
+this ever-present spectre she drank and drank, and awoke more wretched
+than ever, and then she drank again.
+
+She would sometimes seek refuge from her burning shame and from her
+tortured soul in fierce revolt. She rolled in mad delirium through the
+streets, yelled the blasphemies in the shuddering ears of Ballybay,
+fought the police who came to arrest her, developed, in short, into a
+raging demon. Her face became bloated, her expression horrible to
+witness. One day, as she passed through the streets in one of these
+frenzies, she met Mat Blake. She shivered in every limb, and a pang, as
+from the thrust of a dagger, passed through her heart. But she attempted
+all the more to steel her nerves, and to harden her face. She raised her
+eyes and glared, but the eyes fell, and she slunk away.
+
+And thus it was that Mat saw, for the first time since his return to
+Ballybay, the gentle, timid, lovely girl who had once willingly stood
+between him and death.
+
+A few minutes afterwards, Betty's mother appeared. Her features bore the
+traces of the deepest grief that had yet assailed her. All pride had
+gone from that once imperious face; she was a stooped, shame-faced, old
+woman. As Mat looked at her there rushed before his memory the many
+momentous hours of his life with which that face was bound up, his days
+of childhood in her prosperous home, his association with her daughter,
+and the glad hours during the first election of Crowe, when life was
+still full of glorious hope, and she had dashed the glad vision with the
+first breath of suspicion and anticipated evil.
+
+They looked at each other silently for a moment, and then she shook her
+head, and with a look of infinite grief in her eyes, said to him--
+
+"Ah, Master Mat, it was the hunger did it; it was the hunger did it."
+
+By a trick of memory Mat recollected that these were the words he had
+heard on that day, long ago, when Betty had rescued Mary and himself
+from the enraged bull.
+
+One thing Mat had noticed as Betty Cunningham had passed; it was that
+amid the wreck of her beauty one feature still remained as strangely
+witching as ever. The soft eyes had not lost their delicacy of hue, nor
+had the evil passions of her soul deprived them of their gentle look.
+Those who mentioned her, and she was not an uncommon topic among the men
+of the town, still spoke of Betty's beautiful eyes.
+
+At last there came a temporary change in her fate. A branch of the Mary
+Magdalene Asylum was established in Ballybay for the rescue of fallen
+women, and she was one of the first to enter. But her temper, spoiled by
+excesses and disappointment, fretted under the restraint. She quarrelled
+with the nuns, and one night she fled. Then the revival in all its
+fierce vigilance of the old spectre of eternal punishment made her more
+infuriate than ever. She drank more deeply, cursed more fiercely, was
+oftener in the police-cell, and Ballybay loathed her more than ever.
+
+One morning--it was a Christmas morning--Mat was walking with his father
+in the "Big Meadows." Snow had fallen heavily the night before; and as
+they passed a bush, they saw the impress of a woman's form; it was
+evident that an unhappy being had there spent her Christmas Eve.
+
+"My God!" said Mat, "a woman has slept there."
+
+Mat's father was the kindest and most humane being in all the world, but
+"Serve the wretch right!" was his comment.
+
+Her story wound up in a tragic climax. One night she made more violent
+resistance than ever to the attempts of the police to arrest her, and
+when she was at last captured, she was torn and bleeding. They put her
+into a cell by herself; she could be heard pacing up and down with the
+infuriate step of a caged tiger. The policeman on duty afterwards told
+how he had heard her muttering to herself, and that he thought he caught
+the words, "These eyes! These eyes! They have undone me! They have
+undone me!" Soon afterwards he heard a wild, unearthly shriek that froze
+his blood. He rushed into the cell, and there, horrible, bleeding....
+But I dare not describe the sight.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Betty Cunningham was taken once more into the Mary Magdalene Asylum. Her
+voice was trained, and after some years she sang in the choir. A strong
+hush always came over the chapel when her voice was heard. People still
+told in whispers the terrible story of the blind lay sister; and Mat,
+sitting in the chapel years afterwards, was carried over the whole
+history of her career and his own and that of Ballybay generally as he
+listened to her rich contralto singing second to the rest. He had always
+thought that there was something wondrously pathetic, at least in sacred
+music, in the voice that sings seconds, and the impression was confirmed
+as he listened to the blind girl's accompaniment to the other voices;
+low when they were loud, sad when they were triumphant, following
+painfully their quicker steps with that ever plaintive protest and soft
+wail--fit image of life, where our highest joys are dogged by sorrow's
+quick and inevitable step.
+
+Conclusion next month.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHARITY's mantle is often made of gauze.
+
+
+
+
+Alone.
+
+    "CANST thou watch one hour with me?"
+    How long since fell these words from Thee?
+    Before Thy blood-wept vigil in dark Gethsemane,
+    How many since to Thee have bent the knee?
+    And yet too few, for here, O Lord! art Thou;
+    Deserted? No! for angels crowding to Thee bring
+    Sweet, holy homage to their God, their King.
+    While--as Thy chosen ones forgetful slumbered--
+    Thy people passeth on the road unnumbered,
+    With never a thought of Thee, O God, beside.
+    'Tis well, O Lord! 'tis well for human kind,
+    Thy love is ever wondrous, great and wide,
+    Thy heart with golden mercies ever glowing,
+    Thy reaping not always Thy people's sowing.
+
+                                     DESMOND.
+
+
+
+
+A Midnight Mass.
+
+From the French of Abel d'Avrecourt, by Th. Xr. K.
+
+
+In the height of the Reign of Terror, my grandmother, then a young girl,
+was living in the Faubourg Saint-Germain. There was a void around her
+and her mother; their friends, their relatives, the head of the family
+himself, had left France. Mansions were left desolate or else were
+invaded by new owners. They themselves had abandoned their rich
+dwellings for a plain lodging-house, where they lived waiting for better
+times, carefully hiding their names, which might have compromised them
+in those days. The churches, diverted from their purpose, were used as
+shops or manufactories. All outward practice of religion had ceased.
+
+Nevertheless back of a sabot-maker's shop in the Rue Saint-Dominique, an
+old priest who had taken up his father's humble trade, used to gather
+some of the faithful together for prayer; but precaution had to be
+observed, for the hunt was close, and the humble temple was exactly next
+door to the dwelling of one of the members of the revolutionary
+government, who was an implacable enemy of religion.
+
+It was then a cold December night; midnight Mass was being celebrated in
+honor of the festival of Christmas. The shop was carefully closed, while
+the incense was smoking in the little room back of it. A huge chest of
+drawers on which a clean, white cloth had been spread, served as altar.
+The priestly ornaments had been taken from their hiding-place, and the
+little assembly, composed of women and a few men, was in pious
+recollection, when a knock at the door, like that of the faithful,
+attracted attention.
+
+One of the worshippers opened the door; a man hesitatingly entered. The
+face was one to which all were unaccustomed in that place. To some,
+alas! it was a face too well known; it was that of the man who had in
+the public councils shown himself so bitter against gatherings of the
+faithful, and whose presence, for that reason, was more than ever to be
+dreaded at such a moment.
+
+Nevertheless the majesty of the sacrifice was not disturbed, but fear
+had seized on all the attendants; did not each of them have reason to
+fear for himself, for his family, and for the good old pastor, in even
+greater danger than his flock?
+
+With severe, but calm, cold air, the member of the convention remained
+standing until the end of Mass and communion, and the farther the
+ceremony progressed, the more agitated were all hearts in the
+expectation of an event which could not but too well be foreseen.
+
+When all was over, in fact, when the lights were hardly extinguished,
+the congregation cautiously slipped out one by one; then the stranger
+approached the priest who had recognized him, but who remained stoically
+calm. "Citizen priest," he said, "I have something to say to thee."
+
+"Speak, my brother; how can I be of service to you?"
+
+"It's a favor I must ask of thee, and I feel how ridiculous I am. The
+red is coming up into my face and I daren't say any more."
+
+"My bearing and my ministry nevertheless are not of the kind to disturb
+you, and if any feeling of piety leads you to me--"
+
+"Eh? That's exactly what it isn't. I don't know anything about religion;
+I don't want to know anything about it; I belong to those who have
+helped to destroy yours; but, for my misfortune, I have a daughter--"
+
+"I don't see any misfortune in that," the priest interrupted.
+
+"Wait, citizen, thou shalt see. We people, men of principles, we are the
+victims of our children; inflexible towards all in the maintenance of
+the ideas which we have formed for ourselves, we hesitate and we became
+children before the prayers and the tears of our children. I have then a
+daughter whom I have reared to be an honest woman and a true citizeness.
+I thought I had formed her to my image, and here I was grossly deceived.
+
+"A solemn moment is approaching for her. With the new year, she marries
+a good young fellow, whom I myself selected for her husband. Everything
+was going right; the two children loved each other,--at least I thought
+so,--and everything was ready for the ceremony at the commune, when,
+this evening, my daughter threw herself at my feet, begging me to
+postpone her marriage.
+
+"Surprised at first, I lifted her to her feet.
+
+"'What! you don't love your intended?' I asked her.
+
+"'Yes, father,' she replied, 'but I don't want to get married yet.'
+
+"Pressed with questions on this strange caprice, she finally confessed
+her girlish idea. She wanted to wait, hoping that a day would come when
+she could get married, and have her union blessed in the church. My
+first burst of anger having passed, I cannot tell you all the fine
+reasons she gave me to obtain from me a thing so contrary to my rule of
+conduct. The marriage of her dead mother had been performed in the
+church; her memory required that pious action; she would not think
+herself married if it was not at the foot of the altar; she would prefer
+to remain single the rest of her days.
+
+"She said so much, mingling her entreaties and tears with it all, that
+she vanquished me. She even showed me the retreat which a few days ago I
+would not have discovered with impunity to you all. I have come to seek
+thee out, and now I ask thee: Thou hast before thee thy persecutor: wilt
+thou bless according to thy rite, the marriage of his daughter?"
+
+The worthy priest replied:--
+
+"My ministry knows neither rancor nor exclusion; I am glad, besides, for
+what you ask of me; only one thing grieves me, and that is that the
+father should be hostile to his daughter's design."
+
+"Thou mistakest: I understand all sentiments. That of a girl who wants
+to be married as her mother was, seems to me to be deserving of respect,
+and just now, I saw, there is something touching which I cannot explain
+in your ceremonies, and it has made me better understand her thought."
+
+A few days later the same back shop contained a few intimate and
+conciliating friends who were attending a wedding. We need not say that
+from that day, whether through change of principles or through
+gratitude, the member of the revolutionary government was secretly the
+protector of the little church which could live on in peace, unknown to
+its persecutors.
+
+
+
+
+The Hero of Lepanto.
+
+
+PART II.
+
+"Every nation," it has been said, "makes most account of its own, and
+cares little for the heroes of other nations. Don John of Austria, as
+defender of Christendom, was the hero of all nations." He was the hero
+of "the battle of Lepanto which," as Alison remarks, "arrested forever
+the danger of Mahometan invasion in the south of Europe." As De Bonald
+adds, it was from that battle, that the decline of the Turkish power
+dates. "It cost the Turks more than the mere loss of ships and of men;
+they lost that moral force which is the mainstay of conquering nations."
+
+It is not necessary in this sketch of the life of Don John, to enter
+into any details about the tedious negotiations which preceded the
+coalition of the naval forces of Spain, Venice, and the Pope. Suffice it
+to say, that repulsed from Malta by the heroism of the Knights of St.
+John, the Turks next turned their naval armaments against Cyprus, then
+held by the Venetians. Menaced in one of her most valuable possessions,
+the Republic of Venice, too long the half-hearted foe of the Turks,
+turned in her distress, for help to the Vatican and to the Escorial. St.
+Pius V. sat in the See of Peter. He turned no deaf ear to an appeal that
+seemed likely to bring about what the Roman Pontiffs had long desired--a
+new crusade against the Turks. Philip the Second, ever wary, ever
+dilatory, more able than the Pope to assist Venice, was less ready to do
+so. Spain would willingly have done what she could to destroy the
+Turkish power, but her monarch was not sorry to humble Venice, even to
+the profit of the infidel. So diplomatic delays and underhand intrigues
+delayed the relief of Cyprus, and the standard of the Sultan soon was
+hoisted over the walls of Famagusta--to remain there until replaced in
+our times--thanks to the wisdom of a great statesman--by the "meteor
+flag of England."
+
+The terror caused by the fall of Cyprus, brought about after many
+negotiations, a league between the Republic, the Papacy, and the Spanish
+monarchy. A mighty naval armament was to be gathered together, and its
+commander was to be Don John of Austria. His success in subduing the
+Moriscoes naturally designated him, in spite of his extreme youth, for
+this high command. His operations, indeed, had been so far chiefly on
+land, but in the sixteenth century, a man might one day command a
+squadron of cavalry and on the next, a squadron of galleys. General and
+admiral were convertible terms. There was, indeed, some division of
+labor. Sailors navigated and soldiers fought the ship. And, as there is
+more resemblance between the row-galleys of Don John's epoch and the
+steam driven vessels of our times than there is between these and the
+ships which Nelson and Collingwood led to victory, perhaps we shall
+return to the old state of things and again send our soldiers to sea!
+
+To return, however, to our hero, who has meanwhile subdued the Moriscoes
+and returned to Madrid before setting out to take command of the great
+fleet at Messina. One, however, there was who did not return with the
+Prince to Madrid, one who was no longer to be his "guide, philosopher,
+and friend." The faithful Quijada had been struck by a musket-ball in a
+fight at Seron, in which Don John himself, in rallying his troops, had a
+narrow escape. After a week of suffering, the brave knight expired in
+the arms of his foster-son, February 24, 1570. "We may piously trust,"
+says the chronicler,[A] "that the soul of Don Luis rose up to heaven
+with the sweet incense which burned on the altars of St. Jerome at
+Caniles; for he spent his life, and finally lost it, in fighting like a
+valiant soldier of the faith."
+
+Before relating the episodes of the great victory of Lepanto, it will
+not be inopportune to glance at one of the great evils, that of slavery,
+which the Turkish power entailed on so many thousands of Christians.
+Nowadays, thousands of travellers pass freely, to and fro, from the
+Straits of Gibraltar to the Suez Canal, and from one part of the
+Mediterranean to another. Our markets are supplied with fruits and
+vegetables from Algiers. Our Sovereign has no fears, except as to
+sanitary arrangements, when she sojourns on the northern shores of the
+Mediterranean. A cruise in an unarmed yacht on its waters is the
+pleasantest of pastimes. It is, therefore, hard for us to conceive what
+three centuries, nay, even three generations since, were the fears of
+those who dwelt along the coast of Southern France, of Spain, and of
+Italy, or, who, as pilgrims, merchants, or sailors navigated the blue
+waters of the inland sea. Every year, even after the battle of Lepanto,
+and still more before it, the corsairs of the northern coasts of Africa
+scoured the Mediterranean and carried into captivity hundreds of
+Christians, of all ages, nations, and of both sexes, from vessels they
+encountered or from villages along the shores of France, Italy, or
+Spain. Hence it is, that to this day, those shores are studded with the
+ruins of castles and forts, erected as defences against those corsairs.
+So great was, however, their boldness that even as late as the
+seventeenth century, Algerian pirates ventured as far as "the chops of
+the Channel."
+
+When we read the annals of those religious orders devoted to the
+redemption of captives, we can more fully realize the terrible extent to
+which the Christian slave trade was carried by the infidels. As
+Englishmen, we do well to cherish the memory of Wilberforce. As
+Catholics we should not forget the religious men who risked all,
+slavery, disease, and death, to rescue Christians from the chains of
+slavery. Let us recall to mind a few facts about them. One single house
+of the Trinitarians, that of Toledo, during the first four centuries of
+its existence, ransomed one hundred and twenty-four thousand Christian
+slaves. The Order of Mercy, during a similar period, procured freedom
+for nearly five hundred thousand slaves. As to the number of slaves in
+captivity at one time, it may be mentioned that Charles the Fifth
+released thirty thousand by his expedition against Tunis, and about half
+as many were set free by the battle of Lepanto. It was estimated that in
+the Regency of Algiers, there was an average of thirty thousand slaves
+detained there. As late as 1767, in Algiers itself, there were two
+thousand Christians in chains. Of such slaves many were women, many mere
+boys and girls. And as late as 1816, Lord Exmouth, after the bombardment
+of Algiers, set many Christian slaves free. It is, as we said, hard to
+realize that in times almost within the memory of living men, Christians
+toiled in chains for the infidel, in the way some may have seen depicted
+by pictures in the Louvre. Similar pictures are kept in the old church
+of St. Giles, at Bruges, where a confraternity existed for the
+redemption of captives. This association is still represented in the
+parochial processions, by a group of children. Some are dressed as
+white-robed Trinitarians, leading those they have redeemed from slavery.
+Others are gorgeously attired as Turkish slave owners; others represent
+Turkish guards, leading Christian slaves, coarsely garbed and bound with
+chains. Happily Lepanto made such sights as these the processions of
+Bruges commemorate, of less frequent occurrence, until at length they
+have been relegated to pageantry, and the once powerful Turk is simply
+suffered to linger on European soil, because the jealousies of Christian
+nations will not allow of his expulsion.
+
+Salamis, Actium, Lepanto and Trafalgar are the four greatest naval
+battles of history and of these Lepanto was perhaps the greatest.
+Salamis turned back the invasion of the East; Actium created the Roman
+empire; Trafalgar was the first heavy blow dealt against a despotism
+that threatened to strangle Europe. Lepanto, however, saved Europe from
+a worse fate--the domination of the Turk. The name of this great victory
+is derived from the picturesque town, with its mediaeval defences still
+left, of Naupaktos which the modern Greek designates as Epokte, and the
+Italian as Lepanto. The engagement, however, was in reality fought at
+the entrance of the Gulf of Patras, ten leagues westward from the town.
+
+The facts of the fight of the seventh of October--a Sunday--of the year
+1571, are so well-known, that we need merely recall to the memory of our
+readers the leading features of the contest. Spain, Venice, Genoa,
+Malta, and the Papal States were represented there, but "the meteor flag
+of England" was not unfurled in sight of the Turkish, nor were the
+fleurs-de-lys to be seen on the standards that gaily floated from the
+mast-heads of the great Christian armada. England, alas! was in the
+clutches of a wretched woman, and France was on the eve of a St.
+Bartholomew's Massacre, and for all that France and England cared, at
+that time, Europe might have become Mahommedan.
+
+Don John led the centre of the long line--three miles in length--of
+galleys, while on his right, Doria the great Genoese admiral, from whose
+masts waved the cross of St. George; and on the left, the brave
+Barbarigo, the Venetian, his flank protected by the coast commanded.
+Against the wind, the sun shooting its bright rays against the ships,
+the Turkish fleet, in half-moon formation, two hundred and fifty great
+galleys and many smaller craft, carrying one hundred and twenty thousand
+men, slowly advanced "in battle's magnificently stern array." The brave
+Ali Pacha led the van.
+
+As the hostile fleets met, the two admirals exchanged shots. At noon,
+the Christians, among whom was one of the greatest soldiers and one of
+the ablest authors of that age--Farnese and Cervantes--knelt to receive
+absolution from their chaplains, and then rose up to fight. In many a
+quiet village away in the Appenines, or in the Sierras of more distant
+Spain, the Angelus was ringing, and many a heartfelt prayer was aiding
+the Christian cause, then a wild cry arose from the Moslem fleet and
+"from mouth to mouth" of the cannon the "volley'd thunder flew." The
+combat deepened and became hand to hand. The two admirals ships grappled
+together in a deadly struggle. Don John, foremost in the fray, was
+slightly wounded. At a third attempt, Ali Pacha's galley was boarded,
+captured, himself slain, and the Standard of the Cross replaced the
+Crescent. Victory! Victory! was the cry from one Christian ship to
+another. In less than four hours, the Turkish ships were scattered,
+sunk, or burning, until darkness and storm drove Don John to seek
+shelter in port, and hid the wreckage with which man had strewn the sea.
+The Christian loss was eight thousand, the Turkish four or five times
+greater. Don John hastened to console and comfort his wounded. Did he
+not, perchance, visit, on his bed of suffering, the immortal Cervantes?
+After the wounded, he turned to his prisoners, whom he treated with a
+generosity to which the sixteenth century was little accustomed.
+
+One there was, let us not forget it, who not bodily present, had a
+lion's share in the victory. A second Moses, with uplifted hands, St.
+Pius V., had prayed God and Our Lady, to aid Don John's arms. "The night
+before the battle, and the day itself, aged as he was, and broken with
+disease, the Saint had passed in the Vatican in fasting and prayer. All
+through the Holy City the monasteries and the colleges were in prayer
+too. As the evening advanced, the Pontifical treasurer asked an audience
+of the Sovereign Pontiff on an important matter. Pius was in his
+bedroom, and began to converse with him; when suddenly he stopped the
+conversation, left him, threw open the window, and gazed up into heaven.
+Then closing it again, he looked gravely at his official, and said,
+"This is no time for business; go, return thanks to the Lord God. In
+this very hour our fleet has engaged the Turkish, and is victorious." As
+the treasurer went out, he saw him fall on his knees before the altar in
+thankfulness and joy."
+
+The great writer, from whom we have taken the above account of St. Pius
+the Fifth's supernatural knowledge of the victory, remarks "that the
+victories gained over the Turks since are but the complements and the
+reverberations of the overthrow at Lepanto."
+
+Here we may take leave of the hero of Lepanto, leaving him in the midst
+of his glory, receiving the thanks of Christendom, from the lips of a
+Saint--its Supreme Pontiff. We need not follow Don John of Austria on
+his expedition against Tunis--a barren conquest his too imaginative mind
+dreamed of converting into a great African empire. Nor need we follow
+him when he goes, disguised as a Moorish page, accompanied by a single
+cavalier, to undertake the bootless task of pacifying the revolted
+Netherlands. The incidents and intrigues of this task rather belong to
+the history of the Low Countries than to the story of our hero. In the
+midst of them, worn out by too ardent a spirit, or stricken by an
+epidemic, Don John expired, in his camp near Namur, at the early age of
+thirty-two, on October 1, 1578. The task of saving a part of the
+revolted provinces to the Spanish crown, he left to the strong arm and
+genius of his cousin Alexander Farnese.
+
+Don John's desire was to be buried beside his father in Spain. His body,
+says Strada, was dismembered and secretly carried across France, onwards
+to Madrid, where it was, as it were, reconstructed and decked with armor
+to be shown to Philip, who might well weep at such ghastly display. The
+heart of the hero is kept, to this day, behind the high altar of the
+Cathedral of Namur.
+
+Generous, high-spirited, courageous, he was a true knight-errant, the
+"last Crusader whom the annals of chivalry were to know; the man who had
+humbled the crescent as it had not been humbled since the days of the
+Tancreds, the Baldwins, the Plantagenets." Endowed with a brilliant
+imagination, he dreamed of founding an African empire, and it faded away
+as the mirage of some oasis amid the deserts of the dark continent. With
+his sword, he thought to free, some day, Mary Queen of Scots, from her
+prison, and to place her on the throne held by Elizabeth. But the object
+of his ravings died on the scaffold, while he himself passed away,
+leaving behind him little more for history to record than that he was
+the brilliant young soldier--the Hero of Lepanto.
+
+                          W. C. R. in _Catholic Progress_.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] Hita, "Guerras de Granada," quoted by Prescott, "Philip" II., III.,
+133.
+
+
+
+
+The Church and Progress.
+
+
+One of the favorite mottoes of revolutionists consists in the formula,
+"The Catholic Church is opposed to the progress of the age;" and the
+general tone of the day's literature, apt in adopting popular cries,
+criticises the Church as the arch-opponent of every effort of the human
+intellect. The foundation of this charge may be broadly rested on two
+counts, radically differing in their nature, and which I may be allowed
+to state thus: First, there is a large class nowadays, and this genus is
+always especially rampant and noisy, that uses the current shibboleths,
+"Civilization," "Liberty," "Equality," "Fraternity," etc., either with
+sinister designs beneath them, or, if dupes,--and it amounts to the same
+in the long run,--then without at all knowing what those words mean.
+With that large vision that usually characterizes her in matters even
+not of faith, and which makes her hated by political quacks and mad
+sciolists, the Church detects the real objects and aims of these
+innovators, and is not afraid of facing obloquy by condemning them in
+spite of their false banners. For this attitude we have no excuse to
+offer; we glory in it, and regard it as a sign of that innate divine
+energy and life imparted to her by the source of all life and power. The
+second count on which this charge is based may be found in the utterance
+of private Catholics, or in that of prelates and bodies, in the latter
+of whom is lodged a power that extorts obedience, it is true, and ought
+always to be treated with respect, but which can claim to act in no
+infallible manner, and which, in pronouncing on matters outside the
+domain of faith, must rest upon the suggestions of reason and external
+evidence alone. For instance, Catholics are often confronted with
+extracts from this or that author, or the pronouncements of this or that
+provincial council, and asked to say whether, after that, the Church may
+pretend not to be opposed to the natural aspirations of man? These
+objectors do not, or will not, see that the Church, by enlarging the
+domain of her teaching to cover all things with the mantle of
+infallibility, would most effectually crush the action of the human
+intellect, which was meant for use, not rust, which must be allowed
+something to act upon, and which in independent action is bound to rush
+into a variety of differences according to the bent of the individual
+mind. However, to answer thus merely opens up a multitude of questions,
+and launches one into a sea of chaos, across which he will have to sail
+without chart or compass. Accordingly, I usually answer that these
+various utterances of individuals and provincial bodies are not
+infallible; that the only utterance absolutely binding on the conscience
+of the Catholic is that of a general council with the Pope at its head,
+or that of the Pope speaking _ex cathedra_; and that all the other acts
+of men or bodies, high or low, are subject in their degrees to human
+infirmity, though we are to receive them with respect and judicious
+obedience, and that at most they are but temporary in time and limited
+in space.
+
+No idea could be more extravagant or more unjust than that usually
+entertained by Protestants on our doctrine of the Pope's infallibility.
+
+They imagine that a Catholic dares not utter a word upon any subject
+until the Pope has spoken. Or, if they advance beyond this, that he
+dares not say anything about religion except what comes direct from
+Rome. Or, if they can stretch their imagination to realize that the Pope
+speaks only after discussion, that we must look to have our every word
+snatched at, and a damper put upon us, before we have well begun. This
+last is the central objection of intelligent Protestants, who know well
+that it will never do to fly in the face of facts like their more
+ignorant neighbors. They have taken the trouble to examine the
+definition of the dogma; and it cannot be denied that to their minds it
+does bear this sense. Any one familiar with the minute despotism of
+those thousand little Protestant Popes, the reverend offspring of the
+"Reformation," would see at once what a charter such authority would put
+in the hands of a set of Chadbands only too eager to use it. Enlightened
+Protestants have begun to feel the burden of this one idea,
+dead-dragging officialism, and to kick against it. They are probably
+religious men, by which I mean men with devout minds, who earnestly feel
+the need of belief. They become inquirers, run through the sects nearest
+at hand, and finally come before the Church and gaze upon her. Written
+on her front they see "Infallibility." Here lies their stumbling-block.
+They begin to question. Arguments are exhausted on each side, and if
+they be deeply imbued with the knowledge that there is a God, with the
+consciousness thence following of their fallen nature, and with an
+ardent hope to re-unite themselves to God, they will admit, perhaps, the
+truth of the dogma, viewed in the abstract. But they will say, how will
+it work in practical affairs? Judging by their former experience, they
+will picture the Pope as a thousand Protestant preachers rolled into
+one, and invested with an authority undreamed of before, and using that
+authority to tyrannize over the least thoughts of men. What room, they
+will exclaim, will men have to advance in the arts and science, not to
+speak of development of doctrine, if this incubus is to rest upon them,
+and weigh them down, and terrify them into silence and inaction?
+
+The best answer to this is doubtless an enlarged view of Catholic
+Christendom, from the earliest times down, for in that period the Pope
+did possess the prerogative of infallibility, though it has only
+recently been defined as a dogma. Here it must be recollected that I am
+not arguing; it would be mere presumption in me to attempt a scientific
+exposition altogether out of my power. Suffice it to say, that
+theologians have exhausted the inward reasonings upon it, and though I
+am not able to set them forth, I am at least convinced by them. Still
+the concrete world remains, and things are to be seen in them from
+historical and exterior aspects. It is this last which strikes the
+imagination most, and to all men a ready test. Minds have various ways
+of approaching the truth; and right reason has a way of arguing and
+apprehending simply impossible to men in bulk and to myself. For which I
+have thought it not unuseful to draw out my way of viewing the
+historical aspects of the Church in relation to the progress and freedom
+of man; and perhaps many will look at the subject from a similar
+standpoint.
+
+Why I believe in God I cannot express in words. Only I know there is an
+inward monitor constantly reminding me of that fact, vividly impressing
+it on my imagination, and punishing me with the lash of remorse when I
+do wrong. I have never doubted when the matter was brought home to my
+mind. Still, there are periods when this intense conviction has been
+clean wiped out of me; else, how could I have sinned, as I know I have
+done, and feel this keen remorse? I do not see how men can sin with the
+full consciousness that a God of truth, purity, and justice is looking
+upon them with terrible eyes. This is the reason for my faith;
+conscience is the charter of my belief. Far be it from me to deny the
+arguments drawn by great intellects from the outward course of events,
+and which appeal, perhaps, to most minds, as evidence of a Creator and
+Sustainer of the universe. I can only say they do not touch me, nor
+cause the revivified life to relieve the winter of my desolation, and
+the leaves and buds of the new spring to bloom within me. For when I
+look forth into the world, all things--even my own wretched life--seem
+simply to give the lie to the great truth which possesses and fills my
+being. Consider the world in its length and breadth, its contradictory
+history, its blind evolution, the greatness and littleness of man, his
+random acquirements, aimless achievements, ruthless causes, the triumph
+of evil, the defeat of good, the depth and intensity and prevalence of
+sin, the all-degrading idolatries, the all-defiling corruptions, the
+monstrous superstitions, the dreary irreligion--is not the whole a
+picture dreadful to look upon, capricious as chance, rigid as fate, pale
+as malady, dark as doom? How shall we face this fact, witnessed to by
+innumerable men in all ages and times, as the natural lot of their kind?
+Much more so when suffering falls upon us, as it does inevitably on all,
+and forces upon us an attempt to solve the riddle of our chaotic
+existence?
+
+There is only one way out of the difficulty. If there is a God, the
+source of all truth and goodness, how else can we account for this
+desperate condition of his highest creation, except we admit man's
+fallen condition? It is thus that the doctrine of original sin is as
+clear to me as is the existence of God.
+
+But, now, supposing that God intended to interfere with this state of
+things, and to draw his prodigal children to Him again, would it not be
+expected that He would do so in a powerful, original, manifest, and
+continuous new creation set amid His old? So intensely is this felt,
+that atheists have drawn an argument from it against the Creator, and
+their feeling is expressed by Paine, when he says, that if there be a
+revelation from God, it ought to be written on the sun. So it should; so
+it is. So was it gloriously shining forth once, in a city set upon a
+hill, full of noon-day splendor, and visible to the eyes of all. Still
+is it there, discernible to the eye of faith; but clouds obscure the sun
+on occasions, and the miserable doings of the sixteenth century have hid
+its light to uncounted millions.
+
+And, now, where shall I find that shining light, that overcoming power,
+which my reason tells me to expect? I quote the words of one who sought
+for many years and at last found:--
+
+"This power, viewed in its fulness, is as tremendous as the giant evil
+which has called it forth. It claims, when brought into exercise in the
+legitimate manner, for otherwise, of course, it is but dormant, to have
+for itself a sure guidance into the very meaning of every portion of the
+Divine Message in detail, which was committed by our Lord to His
+Apostles. It claims to know its own limits, and to decide what it can
+determine absolutely and what it cannot. It claims, moreover, to have a
+hold upon statements not directly religious, so far as this, to
+determine whether they indirectly relate to religion, and, according to
+its own definitive judgment, to pronounce whether or not, in a
+particular case, they are consistent with revealed truth. It claims to
+decide magisterially, whether infallibly or not, that such and such
+statements are or are not prejudicial to the Apostolical _depositum_ of
+faith, in their spirit or in their consequences, and to allow them, or
+condemn and forbid them accordingly. It claims to impose silence at will
+on any matters, or controversies, of doctrine, which on its own _ipse
+dixit_ it pronounces to be dangerous, or inexpedient, or inopportune. It
+claims that whatever may be the judgment of Catholics upon such acts,
+these acts should be received by them with those outward marks of
+reverence, submission, and loyalty, which Englishmen, for instance, pay
+to the presence of their sovereign, without public criticism upon them,
+as being in their matter inexpedient, or in their manner violent or
+harsh. And lastly, it claims to have the right of inflicting spiritual
+punishment, of cutting off from the ordinary channels of divine life,
+and of simply excommunicating those who refuse to submit themselves to
+its formal declarations. Such is the infallibility lodged in the
+Catholic Church, viewed in the concrete, as clothed and surrounded by
+the appendages of its high sovereignty; it is, to repeat what I said
+above, a supereminent prodigious power sent upon earth to encounter and
+master a giant evil."[B]
+
+Such is the weapon placed by divine power in the hands of the Church for
+her conflict with the world. And this being so, the inquiring
+Protestant, after realizing its tremendous nature and scope, will draw
+back perplexed, imagining that a weight like it would crush the human
+intellect. He does this only because he loses sight for the moment of
+the terrible power of the earth giant. The human intellect is no baby,
+weakening under every stroke; it is a tough, wild, elastic energy,
+struggling up in every direction, and is never more itself than when
+suffering beneath the blows of heaven. Moreover, its natural tendency is
+to explain away every dogma of religious truth, from the lowest to the
+highest. In that old pagan world this natural process is to be seen.
+Everywhere that human genius opened up a way for itself, and had a
+career, the last remnants of primeval truth were well-nigh banished.
+Look, too, at the educated intellect of the non-Catholic world to-day.
+Genius, talent, eloquence, and art, what are they in England, Germany
+and France, if we may not describe them as simply godless? Why is this?
+
+Now turn your gaze on the Middle Ages, and observe the difference. It is
+scarcely necessary to say that in those times the Church was
+pre-eminent, not only having the spiritual power, but often also the
+secular. If she had wished it, she could have crushed out every form of
+inquiry, and firmly established herself as the one and only source of
+all truth. But she did not do it. Never since the world began were such
+daring inquiries set on foot, such subtile propositions offered, such a
+vast and varied display of the human intellect in all the departments of
+theology. The office she claimed was that of arbiter; and surely nothing
+was more reasonable. A man would work out some original view or
+deduction; he hoped it was true, but could not be certain; he would put
+it forth; it would be taken up by an opponent, come before some
+theological authority of minor note, pass on to some university, be
+adopted by it and opposed by some other; higher authorities would be
+appealed to, and at last the subject would appear before the Holy See.
+Then, perhaps, no decision would be made, or a dubious one, or minor
+details would be rectified, and so the whole matter sent back for a new
+discussion. Years and years would pass before anything like a final
+decision would be reached; and then, when every defect had been rubbed
+off, and every minute bearing of the matter evolved, the Church would
+either reject it, or adopt it, and stamp it with the seal of dogma. I
+say this is an epitome of doctrinal development in the Catholic Church.
+If there is any one thing more manifest in her ecclesiastical history
+than others, it is her extreme slowness and caution in final
+pronouncement, and the general wise treatment with which she has
+fostered the growth of mental development, so excellent in itself, so
+erratic in its courses, and so needful of her strong guiding hand.
+
+Indeed, it has been used as a reproach against her that Rome has
+originated nothing. It is true. It was not her function. She was
+instituted as the guardian of the Apostolical _depositum_ of faith, over
+which, of course, her control was supreme; and her jurisdiction was to
+extend over all other subjects, because they necessarily touched this.
+But without citing other names, St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas
+stand forth as the formers of the western intellect. Men saintly in
+character they were, but they had no special relations to the central
+See, and were only fallible mortals like the rest of their fellows; yet,
+as I say, they are to be counted the very originators of modern
+Christian thought. Rome did nothing but stamp their teachings with the
+seal of her approval. So was it throughout. Her work has been to check
+and balance the erratic courses of the human mind, allowing it free play
+within certain limits, but firmly preventing its suicidal excesses. How
+tenderly has she dealt with schismatics; how forbearing has been her
+conduct in regard even to the worst heretics; patiently hearing all they
+had to say, allowing the force of their plea where it was possible, and
+only casting them out when they proved incorrigible.
+
+Most Protestants suppose that whereas there are two religious principles
+at work in Christianity, private judgment, and authority, they have all
+the private judgment, while we are weighed down by an unmitigated
+authority. Nothing could be more false. This aspect of Christianity is
+complete without them; they represent simply a negation, and no positive
+force at all. Show me the doctrine that Protestantism has originated,
+and it will then deserve to be treated in a philosophical manner. It
+has had no innate life, nothing to develop from, and has simply withered
+down from the first, until now the advance guard of it has reached the
+shadowy ground of natural religion, and Mr. James Antony Froude, its
+special champion in its past acts, can write that it is dead. On the
+contrary, when I view the external aspect of Catholicism as a whole, I
+behold within it the active forces of life at work from the first. The
+human intellect is no passive instrument, merely being filled by the
+reception of faith, but a living organism, feeling a void in it for
+faith when it has it not, and eagerly receiving and digesting it when it
+comes. Forthwith it begins a process of development, explaining,
+proving, modifying, enlarging, in all the various ways that suit the
+multiplicity of man's nature. This process is observable in all times
+and places, as the inevitable outcome of civilization. Barbarous nations
+do not reason, but receive their religion as an outer cloak; as they
+stagnate in all things else, so also in their creeds. Witness the Turks.
+Intellectually, morally, religiously, they are the same as they were six
+hundred years ago; and unless overthrown from the outside, they will
+probably so remain to the end of time. No heresy has arisen amongst
+them; no progress in civilization is to be marked; no change even in
+decline; for power is relative, and the Moslem empire is weak now only
+in comparison with the vigorous young empires of the West. But the
+action of civilization is different. Under its influence States are in
+constant movement, changing from day to day. The change may be good in
+this detail, and bad in that; it may on the whole be for the good, or it
+may on the whole be for evil. But what I say is the distinct mark of
+civilization, as contrasted with barbarism, is emphatically and simply
+change; change, in the natural order, is its law. For the intellect is
+alive and vigorous, seizing on everything within its scope, shaping it
+by its individual bent, and, hemmed as it is by walls of sense,
+naturally rushing into error on every side. These are effects of private
+judgment, and they are not less to be seen in the whole Catholic world,
+from its beginning until, to-day, than anywhere else; but Catholics have
+had a safeguard against the rebellious and suicidal excesses of fallen
+reason, and this safeguard is the infallibility of the Church.
+
+The meaning and scope of that infallibility has been given in words
+fitter than mine. Viewing the nature of things on the whole, and then
+taking it for granted that God has made a revelation, and intended it to
+be set up and maintained alongside of and within a civilization anxious
+to get rid of it, what more reasonable to be expected than that an
+infallible abiding authority should be His human instrument. It is a
+thing we should be led to expect if it did not exist; as is fully proved
+by Paine's saying about its being written on the sun. How convincingly,
+then, is the truth forced home on us, when we do learn that there is an
+institution that exactly fulfils our foregone conclusion!
+
+So far as theory goes, the infallibility of the Church can be a burden
+to none; so far as actual facts go, it has not demonstrably, to my
+knowledge, acted as a damper on intellectual effort, but merely as the
+restrainer of its excesses.
+
+I shall be quite candid in giving my views on this inexhaustible
+subject, merely letting them stand for what they are worth, and knowing
+full well that there are depths in it, as in all things else, not to be
+sounded by me. And I shall now go on to state what are the real
+difficulties and burdens to me, as to many other Catholics perhaps, in
+this doctrine of infallibility; always premising that ten thousand
+difficulties do not make one doubt. And here some may be inclined to say
+that, as touching the papal headship of it, the evil deeds of many Popes
+and their apparently immoral lives, do inevitably tend to throw
+discredit on it as being lodged in them. But let all that can be said be
+admitted; what then? Why, I answer, David was a man after God's own
+heart, and stood nearer to Him as being inspired than any Pope as being
+infallible; yet one of God's Prophets could say to him, "Thou art the
+man!" The lesson of which is not to judge men's inner lives entirely by
+outward facts, as the young and inexperienced are too apt to do. Our
+Blessed Lord foretold scandals to come in the very sanctuary of His
+dwelling, and we know the doom pronounced upon those by whom they come.
+And if we view the action of these individuals in relation to the
+Apostolical _depositum_, we can actually draw thence an argument awful
+as it is startling. These Popes, so frail as men, were yet wise as the
+Vicars of Christ; never have they dared lay hands on the faith committed
+to their care.
+
+The difficulty lies in another direction. As has already been explained,
+the Church claims infallibility only in matters of faith; but a little
+reflection will show us that there are many things not coming directly
+under this head yet appertaining to it. In these latter she claims
+unquestioning outward obedience at least. Thus she has the right to
+determine when any scientific theory or other controversy bears upon
+matters of faith, or has a dangerous tendency to do so; also to check
+the usurpation of State, when they begin to reach in this direction; and
+in the exercise of this prerogative she is not guarded from error. I
+have already shown how slow, cautious and gentle, has been her dealing
+on the whole with controversies that do relate to faith; much more so
+has she been in the kindred but outer domain. Still, to our fallible
+reason, it may sometimes appear that she acts hastily and wrongly in
+forbidding certain things. She forbids at one epoch what she allows in
+another; tacitly withdrawing the former condemnation. This, I repeat,
+_is_ a difficulty, and, stated baldly thus, must often perplex even
+Catholics.
+
+But let our opponents be as candid as I have been. Let them admit--what
+is no more than a fact--that this prerogative of the Church has been
+exercised very seldom; and that even on the most of these occasions, the
+Church has in the end proved to be in the right, and the supposed martyr
+in the wrong. Things are not to be judged simply in themselves, but a
+course of events prove them; and there is a season for all matters, and
+a season when they are not in order. This right or power is a necessity
+to every constituted body of whatever kind. A State, for instance, may
+wrongly condemn a man for some offence; but that is no argument against
+the State having the right of judging in such matters, even if it must
+incur the danger of wrong judgment once more. If this prerogative were
+taken from the Church, all outside the simple domain of faith would fall
+into a mere chaos. Now, let the man who holds that this would be as it
+should be, let him consistently carry out his doctrine into all the
+concerns of life, and a hideous chaos would be the result. Has not such
+been the result in religious matters outside the Catholic Church? And as
+chaos has resulted there from revolt against the constituted authority,
+so would it be in society at large, were the theory consistently carried
+out. To say that non-infallible exercise of authority should, on account
+of occasional error, be resisted and overthrown, is simply suicidal; and
+an objection founded on it is no more than an objection founded on the
+fact of evil in man's nature, of which it is a necessary part. And into
+this bottomless pit of doubt I for one do not purpose to fall.
+
+Let the problem, then, be fully grasped. It is to secure sufficient
+liberty and a stable authority. Freedom in itself is a good; but such is
+man's fallen nature, that it cannot be enjoyed without a partial
+sacrifice of itself, which it yields up to authority. This becomes the
+domain of authority, and the two interact on each other. So much is
+clear; but conflicts arise, and the precise issue is, not exactly
+between the two, but as to where their boundaries meet. We Catholics
+believe that we hold the solution in our hands, and I shall now merely
+state how I look at it, admitting, of course, that I may be in
+incidental error.
+
+The conflict is supposed to lie now between science and the Church.
+Well, stated simply I would say, let scientists become theologically
+founded, and let theologians become scientists. At first blush this may
+sound like a paradox; but it is not. If theologians would honestly
+strive to master scientific theories, there would be less danger of
+hasty action on their part. Many of them would not stand committed, as
+they do, to a condemnation of evolution, while on the other hand it was
+not their business to sanction it; and if scientists had not allowed
+themselves to become narrow-minded in their studies, they would not have
+similarly placed themselves in a false position by trying to make their
+legitimate discoveries bear upon matters not within their range. The
+point is, that a Catholic, whether scientist or theologian, should not
+allow himself to be alarmed by the rash utterances of individuals; but,
+conscious of a right purpose and true faith, pursue his track to the
+end, knowing that natural truth cannot clash with supernatural; if at
+times it appears so, then he knows that this is only temporary, and that
+in the end difficulties will clear away. Charity on each side will go a
+long way. However, I think the Church has forborne remarkably in these
+matters, not committing herself to any precise attitude, but awaiting
+the issue of the struggle. No idea could be falser than that the
+scientist would hamper himself in submitting to the Church. Quite
+otherwise. He would, by this step, secure a central pillar of support,
+and thence venturing could go further than any of them now dream of. The
+separation of science and the Church is the distinctive evil of the day.
+Both would gain, in strength and freedom, by a union, and the progress
+of the next century would thus redouble that of this.
+
+                        HUGH P. MCELRONE.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[B] Newman's "Apologia," pp. 274, 275.
+
+
+
+
+Honor to the Germans.
+
+
+Letters from those missionaries in Annam, who have escaped the fate
+which has befallen so many of their flocks, agree in charging the
+representatives of France with a negligence, which, under the
+circumstances, assumes the very gravest aspect. Pere Dourisboure, for
+instance, writing from the Seminary at Saigon, where he has taken
+refuge, declares that the presence of French vessels at some of the
+ports, and the firing of a few shots without hurting any one, would have
+been the means of saving the lives of some thirty thousand Christians,
+and securing their homes and possessions against injury. Formerly, he
+says, the mandarins contented themselves with putting missionaries and
+the leading converts to death; but this time, the persecution and hatred
+of France, rather than of Christianity, has been the cause of what can
+only be called a war of extermination, and France has done nothing for
+those who have suffered for their supposed loyalty to her. When the news
+of the massacre at Qui-Nhon, where there were seven thousand Christians,
+reached Mgr. van Camelbeke, he at once requested the commandant of the
+_Lyon_, which was lying at that port, to see to the safety of Father
+Auger and Father Guitton; but that officer replied that his instructions
+would not allow him to fire a single shot in defence of the missionaries
+or the native Christians, and all representations and entreaties on the
+subject proved ineffectual. In this difficulty aid came from an
+unlooked-for quarter. Deserted by their own countrymen, the missionaries
+applied to the captain of a German merchantman, which was in the port,
+and the request being acceded to, two of the Fathers and five German
+sailors rowed ashore, armed to the teeth, to arrange for the escape of
+as many Christians as possible. They were met by three mandarins, one of
+whom was the bitterest enemy of the Christians. These the sailors
+captured and put in irons on board their vessel, and secure in the
+possession of these hostages, they proceeded to bring off some seven
+hundred Christians, the utmost number which the ship could contain,
+forcing the natives to assist in the work. One of the mandarins was then
+sent ashore charged with a message that any act of violence against the
+Christians would be visited upon the two who remained in the custody of
+the Germans. Pere Dourisboure's narrative ceases with the safe arrival
+of the seven hundred Christians at Saigon; but we may well hope that the
+brave Protestant sailors on their return to Qui-Nhon found that their
+device had proved effectual.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A WRITER in the _New York Commercial_ gives facts and figures to prove
+that there is no quarter of the globe so much in need of missionary
+enterprise as New England. The Puritans have ceased to be a churchgoing
+people.
+
+
+
+
+Vindication.
+
+From the German of Reinick.
+
+
+    "Why lingerest here in the greenwood,
+      All day in a childish dream,
+    Toying with leaves and flowers,
+      Watching the wavelets gleam,
+    While a world grown old and hoary
+      With the spirit of change is rife,
+    And the outworn past and the present
+      Are grappling in deadly strife?"
+
+    Still here will I dwell in quiet,
+      Tho' without the tempests rave;
+    And while all things reel and totter,
+      Will seek me an oaken stave,
+    Plucked from a tree that has weathered
+      The storms against it hurled,
+    While into the dust are crumbling
+      The props that uphold the world.
+
+    Yes, I'll choose this silent garden
+      Tho' around me deserts lie,
+    And bask in the ancient glories
+      Of earth and sea and sky.
+    While alone on dark thoughts of ruin
+      Your pulseless bosoms brood,
+    I'll build me a bower of roses,
+      And rejoice in my solitude.
+
+    "Rejoice! Verily we've forgotten
+      The sound of so strange a word;
+    Nowadays notes of scorn and anger
+      May well in youth's songs be heard;
+    For the woes of our earthly existence
+      Should find a voice in your rhyme,
+    Since the word of the poet is ever
+      The mirror of his time."
+
+    No, no, in the heart of the poet
+      Can no scornful spirit live--
+    He is wroth at human baseness,
+      Can over the sorrows grieve
+    That round this old earth are woven
+      Like some fateful web of doom,
+    And he weeps that bright gleams of radiance
+      So seldom pierce the gloom.
+
+    But whenever a ray out-flashes,
+      Drink it in with heart and mind,
+    And a hopeful premonition
+      Of the future in it find:--
+    Rejoice, when the sun is shining!
+      Joy purifies the breast,
+    And whoso with pure heart rejoiceth,
+      Even here below is blest!
+
+    "What! you believe in the bliss of Heaven
+      In a happiness yet to be?
+    Your faith, like your other emotions,
+      Is mere childish fantasy.
+    Remain as you have been ever,
+      A child from your very birth,
+    Unworthy with men to hold counsel
+      On the woes and the welfare of earth."
+
+    Yes, I believe in the word of promise,
+      I believe in each holy word,
+    In the power that clothes the lily,
+      And that feeds the nestling bird;
+    "Be like unto children, of such is
+      God's Kingdom." Ah! well, in sooth,
+    If all were as little children
+      In purity and in truth!
+
+    To the weal and the woe of the nations
+      I do not seal my breast,
+    Tho' my Motherland is dearer
+      To me than all the rest.
+    If to fold universal being,
+      'Neath its wings the mind aspires,
+    Still the heart needs narrower limits
+      For the growth of its sacred fires.
+
+                        REV. JOHN COSTELLO.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+JULES JANIN, a witty French writer, nicknamed lobsters "Naval
+Cardinals." He probably imagined that lobsters in the sea are as red as
+they are when served on our tables or placed in the windows of our
+fishmonger's shops. Curiously enough sailors call the ships used to
+carry our red-coated soldiers from one part of the world to another,
+lobster-boxes.
+
+
+
+
+Tracadie and the Trappists.
+
+
+The flourishing village of Tracadie, in the county of Antigonish,
+Eastern Nova Scotia, well sustains for its French inhabitants, the
+prestige, as industrious husbandmen, which their ancestors'
+contemporaries established in Western Nova Scotia--the land sung of by
+Longfellow in his "Evangeline;" and the much-vaunted superiority of the
+Anglo-Saxon, reads like a melancholy sarcasm, in the face of the fact
+that the lands from which the inoffensive Acadians were mercilessly
+hunted, are, to-day, far, very far, removed from the teeming fertility,
+which charmed the land-pirates in the last century. Simple-minded folks
+are wont to say, that the lands of the dispersed Acadians, languish
+under a curse, nor need we, of necessity, dissent from this theory, if
+we consider the manifestation of the curse to be shown, in a lack of
+skill, or industry--or mayhap both--in the descendants of those who
+profited by that infamous transaction. Certain it is, that these lands
+are now much less fertile than of yore.
+
+Arriving at Tracadie, as we drive from the Eastern Extension Railway
+Station, we notice as a curious coincidence of alliteration, the sign,--
+
+    +-------------------+
+    | HALF-WAY HOUSE.   |
+    | H. H. HARRINGTON. |
+    +-------------------+
+
+and remark that with the super-addition of "_Halt Here_," the signboard
+would be an unique curiosity.
+
+Leaving the hospitable farmhouse of Mr. DeLorey, on a bright October
+Sunday, after hearing Mass in the neat and commodious parish church
+dedicated to St. Peter, a pleasant drive of three miles, bring us to the
+Trappist Monastery of _Our Lady of Petit Clairvaux_, the buildings of
+which are of brick, and form a quadrangle, of which one side has yet to
+be erected.
+
+Ringing the porter's bell we are admitted and handed over to Brother
+Richard, the genial and amiable guest master, who is most assiduous in
+his attentions to us.
+
+The monastery was founded as a Priory, early in the present century by
+Father Vincent, a native of France, and was raised to the dignity of an
+abbey nine years ago, when the present Abbot, Father Dominic, was
+consecrated. The community at present number thirty-seven, of whom
+sixteen are priests and choir-religious, the remaining twenty-one being
+lay brothers; the monks being chiefly Belgians, with a few from
+Montreal, and a few from this vicinity.
+
+The abbey is surrounded by four hundred acres of land, tolerably
+fertile, though rough in part, and has excellent limestone quarries--the
+monks burning as much as one hundred barrels of lime at once in their
+kiln; they also manufacture all the bricks required for the multifarious
+works which are incessantly in progress. Their domain is well watered
+by a stream upon which the indefatigable monks have had a mill erected.
+At the date of our visit, they had just finished a new dam composed of
+immense blocks of limestone, and had almost completed a new and larger
+mill--to supersede the old one--and which in addition to the ordinary
+grist grinding will also be utilized, simultaneously, for carding,
+sawing boards, and sawing shingles. The new mill has dimensions of 150 x
+40 ft., and the main barn 220 x 40 ft. The latter building now
+accommodates fifty heads of horned cattle, including some Jersey
+thoroughbreds and Durhams and six horses. We were also shown some
+Berkshire thoroughbred pigs, enormous, unwieldy brutes, one rather
+youthful porker being estimated to weigh nearly six hundred pounds.
+
+The monks make a large quantity of butter, all the year round, the sale
+of which forms an important item of their revenue. The abbey has made
+its repute all through the surrounding country, and it is scarcely
+possible to over-estimate the benefit of this _model_ farm to the
+inhabitants of adjacent lands; combining as it does the latest
+improvements in agriculture with the untiring industry of the Trappist
+Monk. For several years, their grist-mill was the only one for a great
+distance, and even now wheat is brought in, for grinding, from a radius
+of fifteen miles.
+
+The monks contain among themselves all the trades necessary to their
+well-ordered community, _ex-gr_ two blacksmiths, two tailors, two
+millers, a baker, shoemaker, and doctor, not forgetting the wonderful
+Brother Benedict, who is at once architect, carpenter, mason and
+clockmaker. In the last-mentioned capacity his ingenuity is shown by a
+clock which has four faces; one visible from the road approaching the
+abbey, the second from the chapel, the third from the infirmary, and the
+fourth from the refectory, where the modest table service of tin plates
+and wooden spoons and forks, offer but few attractions to those who
+overlooking the final end of all created things, look at life from the
+animal point of view.
+
+We are also taken to the dormitory, and look into the narrow
+compartments, where the good brothers sleep, with easy consciences, upon
+their hard beds; and are also shown the _discipline_, which, though no
+doubt a wholesome instrument of penance, does not in any way resemble
+the article of torture under which guise it masquerades in the average
+anti-Jesuit novel.
+
+Descending again we are taken to the neat cemetery where the brothers
+are deposited in peace after life's course is run, covered only by their
+coarse serge habits, and without coffins. Every grave has painted in
+white letters, on the black ground of a plain, wooden cross, the name in
+religion once borne by him, whose mortal remains rest below.
+
+In the centre of this final resting-place stands a tall cross, and near
+by we observe a bare skull, whose mute lips powerfully preach the folly
+of worldliness, and like an accusing spirit warns all beholders of the
+dread day when every wasted minute, as well as every useless word, must
+be strictly accounted for.
+
+The costume of the monks, in its coarseness and simplicity, would not
+commend itself to our modern dudes; but, then, life is a terrible
+reality to these brothers, who, hearing the voice of God, have hastened
+to follow his call, fully realizing, that without the one thing
+necessary, all else is vanity.
+
+These reflections are interrupted by the abbey bell, calling us to
+Vespers, which are chanted by the monks (the music being supplied by the
+organist Father Bernard), upon the conclusion of which, we take our
+departure, deeply and favorably impressed with our visit to this
+monastery, which stands alone, in the Maritime Provinces of the Canadian
+Dominion, and sincerely grateful, for being enabled to see with our own
+eyes the works of those much-abused monks, who in general are so
+frequently defamed by the thoughtless boys who write for the secular
+press, and by the equally empty-headed old women--of both sexes--who
+write for that class of periodical which by a curious misnomer is
+designated _religious_. These are the people, who, it is to be feared,
+shut their eyes to the truth, lest they should be compelled to
+acknowledge it.
+
+In the face of so much prejudice, it is pleasant to be able to record
+that quite recently some Protestant clergymen visited the monastery, and
+did not refrain from expressing their honest and undisguised admiration
+for what they beheld.
+
+                    J. W. O'RYAN.
+
+
+
+
+Gladstone at Emmet's Grave.
+
+HOW THE UNMARKED TOMBSTONE OF THE MARTYR LOOKED.
+
+
+The day Mr. Gladstone went to Dublin to receive the freedom of the city,
+which the town council had unanimously agreed to confer upon him, he
+spent a day in the docks and courts and in visiting St. Michael's
+Church--a place full of historical interest. On the vestry table lie two
+casts of the heads of the brothers Shears, who were beheaded in the
+rebellion of 1798. Such are the properties of the soil in the cemetery
+that the bodies of those are as perfect as the day on which they were
+hanged.
+
+The church itself is eight hundred years old, having been built by a
+Danish bishop during the ascendency of his race.
+
+Mr. Gladstone examined the communion plate, some of which came out of
+the spoils of the Spanish Armada.
+
+But these were light trivialities! The grave of Robert Emmet is here.
+"Let no man mark my tomb," said he, "until my country takes her place
+among the nations of the earth."
+
+Mr. Gladstone stood beside the rough granite, unchiselled, unlettered,
+silent slab. No name, no date, no word of sorrow, of hope. The sides are
+clipped and hacked, for emigrants have come from afar to take to their
+home in the new world bits of the tomb of Robert Emmet. How he comes to
+lie here is simply said. When his head was cut off in Thomas Street,
+his body was taken to Bully's Acre,--what a name!--and buried.
+
+Rev. Mr. Dobbyn, a sympathizer in the cause, was then Rector of St.
+Michael's; he ordered the body to be disinterred that night, and he
+placed it secretly in St. Michael's church-yard. A nephew of Robert
+Emmet, a New York judge, corroborated this statement some years ago. But
+Emmet is not the only rebel that lies here in peace.
+
+Oliver Boyd sleeps here, with God's noblest work, "an honest man,"
+written on his tombstone. Here, too, is the grave of the hero, William
+Jackson, who was tried, convicted and sentenced to death. While the
+judge was still pronouncing the awful doom, the man grew faint and in a
+few minutes fell down dead. He had swallowed poison on hearing the
+verdict from the jury. In this vault, over which Mr. Gladstone peers
+anxiously, you can see a group of heads, all of 1798 men and there on
+one of them, is the hangman's crape as it stuck in the wounded neck
+since the day on which it and its owner parted company. Mr. Gladstone is
+silent as he sees all this and at last mournfully moves away.
+
+Is there ever a tragedy in which clown is wholly absent? As he steps
+over the graves, up comes a man as drunk as a goat, and cries out, "Ah!
+Mr. Gladstone will you take the duty off the whiskey?" Upon which he of
+Hawarden Castle turns him round and says slowly--"My friend, the duty
+does not seem to stand much in your way."
+
+                      JOHN W. MONAHAN.
+
+
+
+
+Gerald Griffin.
+
+
+That part of Limerick formerly known as Englishtown, and at present
+localized in city ordinances and surveying maps as King's Island,
+consists of a knot of antique houses crowding thick around a venerable
+cathedral. An ancient castle, its dismantled tower within easy bow-shot,
+overrun with weeds and ivy, overlooks the noble river, whose expansive
+sweep of waters is at this point of passage spanned by an old, but still
+substantial bridge. In the shadow of the cathedral and within hearing of
+the river, Gerald Griffin, dramatist, poet and novelist, was born on the
+12th of December, 1803. His father, who had succeeded to a goodly
+estate, a considerable fortune and an honored name, sold the fee simple
+of his landed inheritance, and removed to Limerick, that his children
+might enjoy all the advantages of a good education, which at that period
+were best obtainable in large towns and great cities. He established
+himself in the business of a brewer; and, as in every speculative walk
+of life where personal energy is not well supplemented by judicious
+management and long experience, time alone was needed to diminish his
+capital by rewarding his unremitting industry with profitless returns.
+The natural disposition of this good man presented a medley of those
+attractive qualities which secure for their fortunate possessor an
+immediate share of the sympathetic good-will alike of the friend and
+the stranger. He had a kind heart and a winning manner. He could enjoy
+and exchange a good joke, and to the end of his life was a sterling and
+an uncompromising patriot. Yet his admiration for valor and virtue was
+circumscribed by no political limits, by no narrow-minded prejudices. An
+ultra-volunteer in '82, and an O'Connellite in '29, he was enthusiastic
+over the victory at Waterloo, and wept at the melancholy fate of Sir
+Samuel Romilly. Gerald's mother was a gentle and accomplished lady,
+whose affection for her child was tempered and regulated by the
+treasures of a refined and cultured mind, and by a sensitively religious
+disposition. When he was in his third year, Mrs. Griffin, with her
+family, removed to a country district, which, from local association
+with the escapades of lepracauns and phookas, had inherited the
+significative title of Fairy Lawn. The new home was romantically
+situated amid the umbrageous woods and pastoral meadow-lands through
+which the Shannon flows at its confluence with the little Ovaan River.
+His infancy thus cradled in a landscape rich in the diversified
+picturesqueness of storied ruin and historic tradition, what wonder that
+Gerald at a very early age should feel the inspiration of his poetic
+surroundings as he looked towards the winding river, the green fields,
+the islands mirrored in the tributary Fergus, and the solemn shade and
+cloistered loneliness of ruined abbeys and gray cathedrals. To the
+careful training of his good mother he was indebted for the exquisite
+taste and truthfulness with which he interpreted nature; for the nice
+sense of honor which distinguished him through life, and which often
+rose to a weakness; for the delicate reserve which made absence from
+home a self-imposed hermitage; and for the deep, devotional feeling and
+healthy habit of moral reflection which ever shaped and inwove the pure
+current of his thoughts and writings.
+
+A visiting tutor gave Gerald an elementary knowledge of English until
+the year 1814, when he was sent to Limerick. He remained in the city
+attending a classical school till he had acquired a familiarity with the
+works of the great Latin authors. At an age when it is scarcely
+customary to emancipate children from the prim decorum and polite
+restraint of the nursery, young Griffin was pouring with unmixed delight
+over the pages of Horace, Ovid and Virgil. Of the three, he preferred
+the sweet pastoral of the gentle poet of Mantua, and to the end of his
+life retained this partiality. Inspiration caught from so pure a source
+wrought itself into innumerable songs and sonnets, which Gerald managed
+to write clandestinely, when some new frolic drew away the attention of
+his brothers and sisters, and left him in the enjoyment of a peaceful
+hour and a quiet corner. During these intervals of busy writing he was
+insensibly acquiring that light and graceful style, by the gentle charm
+of which the most sober strain of serious thought became the most
+acceptable kind of agreeable reading. Though still young, he could well
+realize how indispensable a good style is for literary success. He lived
+at a time when books were comparatively scarce, in a district remote
+from easy access to well-filled libraries; when the cost of
+transportation often equalled the advertised price for the newest canto
+of "Childe Harold," or the latest novel by the "Great Unknown." But what
+would have been disadvantages to many a beginner proved to have been of
+incalculable benefit to Gerald Griffin. His knowledge of books and
+authors was limited to the extent of his mother's library, and it
+contained, among other choice works, the writings of the inimitable
+author to whose graceful allurement Washington Irving owed half his fame
+and all the classic sweetness of his fascinating style. He copied out
+whole chapters of the "Vicar of Wakefield," and rarely went out of doors
+without bringing for a companion a copy of the "Animated Nature."
+
+In the boy, pensive and serious beyond his years, might be traced the
+different characteristics of mind and heart which eventually made up the
+texture of his later manhood, the yearning desire for retirement, the
+habit of sober reflection, the trait of gentle sadness, and the
+passionate love for home and country. The years of his childhood passed
+unattended by a single sorrow. Time, however, brought a change, which
+broke rudely in upon the even tenor of his happy life. The pretty
+homestead on the banks of the Shannon was to be broken up, old poetic
+haunts had to be forsaken, and the sheep of the little fold were to be
+dispersed.
+
+In the year 1820 his father suffered such heavy losses that a slender
+competency was all that remained at his disposal to resume, if he had
+been willing, a business which had hitherto been productive of only
+disappointments and regrets. The family, not wishing to run further
+risks, set sail for America, and settled in another Fairy Lawn, in
+Susquehanna County, Pa., leaving Gerald and two younger sisters to
+remain with their brother, a physician, who was at that time living in
+the town of Adare. Here Gerald remained for two years, pounding drugs
+and manipulating pills, ostensibly to study medicine, but in reality to
+devise plots for projected dramas, and to sketch character and incident
+for tales in prose and poetry. The pathway of his future career had
+already been carefully mapped out. He had long pined in secret for a
+literary career, and years only whetted his eagerness to put his
+unspoken wish into practical execution. Like poor Kirke White, he felt
+the irresistible influence of an unmistakable destiny drawing him, as he
+fancied, from lowly walks to ways of loftier prospect and more uncertain
+enterprise. In the prophetic fervor of anticipated triumph, he foresaw
+himself the lion of the literary coterie, the courted favorite at titled
+levees and fashionable dinner parties. He occasionally contributed short
+essays and fugitive poems to the _Limerick Reporter_, a sheet of news on
+which were wont to be chronicled the gossip of the city, critiques of
+provincial dramas, statistics of the Baldoyle steeplechases, or the
+latest speech by the Liberator. Sometimes he ran into the city to have a
+chat with a young man, who had begun to be recognized in the circuit of
+provincial journalism as a literary star of rising magnitude. The young
+man was John Banim, whose noble services under trying circumstances
+Gerald had reason some years later to experience and appreciate. During
+the two years immediately preceding his departure for London, he devoted
+his attention almost exclusively to dramatic composition. Banim's "Damon
+and Pythias" appeared in 1821, and the success which had at once raised
+its obscure author into prominence, must have had no slight influence in
+confirming the resolution which Gerald had already made. A religious
+motive, too, entered into the spirit and outlined the object and policy
+of his work. His plays, when they should be produced, were not to
+terminate with uproarious applause and calls for the "gifted author" at
+the fall of the curtain. The spirit of the drama had at this time
+wofully departed from the sphere of its legitimate function received
+from historic tradition. The design of the great dramatic master had
+been in his own words to hold the "mirror up to nature." The interest of
+London stage-managers led them to pander to public taste, and crowd the
+boards with sensational makeshifts and spectacular unrealities. Otway's
+"Venice Preserved" and Heman's "Vespers of Palermo" could not attract a
+pit full; while scenes introducing battlefields, burning forests, and
+cataracts of real water crowded the houses to overflowing. It was at
+this juncture that Griffin hoped to bring about his dramatic revolution.
+It was with this object in view that he composed a tragedy and read it
+for his brother, who, seeing that it contained much that was excellent
+and much that gave evidence of future success, no longer withheld his
+permission for Gerald to try his future in the heart of the English
+metropolis.
+
+One cold morning, in the autumn of the year 1823, Gerald Griffin found
+himself a bewildered stranger in the streets of London. The sense of
+utter loneliness, the feeling of timid embarrassment, which overpowered
+him in the bustle and uproar, amid the winding streets and smoky
+labyrinths of the densely populated Babel, had been experienced by many
+another aspiring adventurer, whom the glitter of a great name and the
+hope of literary preferment had drawn from happy retirements to battle
+through adversity to fame and fortune. His first object on his arrival
+in town was to seek the shelter of respectable lodgings; his next, to
+introduce himself, to explain his projects and to submit his tragedy to
+the manager of a London theatre. The manuscript was returned after some
+months delay, with the intimation that it was too poetic and too
+didactic, and would require extensive revision before it could be
+brought upon the stage. Accident, rather than good luck, threw Banim
+across his path, and he proved to be a valuable and a faithful friend.
+In the little sanctum at the rear of No 7 Amelia Place, Brompton, where
+Curran had written his speeches and Banim had composed his tragedies,
+Gerald sat down to reinspect the returned work, and at the suggestion of
+his friend to omit whole scenes, to substitute others, to lop off
+epithets which were too glaringly poetic, and to abbreviate speeches
+which were too discursively long. But despite all the author's revision
+and Banim's abler experience "Aquire" was fated never to occupy the
+boards. No amount of labor could redeem the fault of a drama which
+conveyed moral precepts in the classic solemnity of select and studied
+periods. Despairing, at length, of ever having it produced, Gerald
+withdrew it in disgust; but what he did with the manuscript, whether it
+was purposely destroyed, or accidentally lost, we are unable to say.
+"Aquire," however, must have contained many excellencies, judging from
+other poetical work of the author written at the same time, and from the
+testimony of his accomplished brother, whose excellent literary taste
+made him a competent judge. "Gisippus," a tragedy written at this
+period, was produced with great success two years after the author's
+death, Macready sustaining the title role. A series of continued
+failures to satisfy the wants of exacting stage managers, slightly
+altered the plan, though not the purpose, of the work which Griffin had
+set himself to accomplish. He was compelled to give up writing
+tragedies, and write for a livelihood; but London was overcrowded with
+impecunious journalists, and he received the merest pittance in return
+for the most arduous species of literary drudgery. The author of
+"Irene," on his arrival in London, was not more incontestably the
+literary helot at the mercy of Cave, Millar, and Osborne, than was
+Gerald Griffin the typical booksellers' hack amid shuffling reviewers
+and extorting publishers. Johnson at the outset of his literary career
+received but five guineas for a quarto English translation of "Lobos
+Voyage to Abyssinia." Griffin, after working for weeks received two
+guineas for a translation of a volume and a half of Prevot's works. But
+he was not to be easily dismayed by first reverses of fortune. He had
+long ago made himself familiar with the catalogue of miseries in the
+literary martyrology beginning with Nash and Otway, and ending with his
+friend Banim. Early intimacy with distress and disappointment would but
+stimulate him the better to conquer both. He would sacrifice everything,
+consistent with a stainless name and an honorable career, in the
+attainment of his cherished end--the society of friends, the little
+luxuries of a frugal table, the modest though comfortable room in which
+he had hitherto lived and toiled. Poor Gerald! he had yet to learn when
+his most ambitious yearnings had been fully realized, that worldly
+honors do not satisfy the cravings of a Christian heart, that the most
+imperishable coronal of true success is woven of deeds little, lowly,
+and seemingly contemptible, and that labor spent in purely secular
+pursuits is labor spent in vain. But the nobler promptings of his nature
+were as yet unheard amid the discord in which he lived.
+
+He now removed to a miserable garret in a lonely corner of a lonely
+street in the loneliest part of London. The forlorn solitude of his
+dreary room was, however, somewhat cheered by the thought, that in such
+dizzy eeries, amid the eccentric gables and rheumatic chimney pots of
+great capitals, works were often composed which were destined eventually
+to confer lasting honors on their obscure authors. Goldsmith had written
+his "Vicar of Wakefield" in the memorable, dingy eminence at the head of
+Breakneck Steps. Pope, walking with Harte in the Haymarket, entered an
+old house, where mounting three pair of creaking stairs he pointed to an
+open door and said: "In this garret Addison wrote his 'Campaign.'"
+Gerald Griffin, however, had yet to experience all the hardships which
+were endured by Goldsmith before his landlady threatened eviction, and
+by Addison before he received the fortuitous visit of Henry Boyle, Lord
+Chancellor of the Exchequer. He wrote prose and poetry for which he was
+often glad to get sufficient money wherewith to purchase a cup of coffee
+and a crust of bread. He studied Spanish, and when he had so mastered
+the language as to be able to translate fluently, his publisher said
+that on second consideration he would prefer to receive original
+contributions. And now commenced a period in Griffin's life, which, for
+exceptional want and misery, might claim a certain pre-eminence in the
+long list of hapless victims, who made up the literary hecatomb of the
+Johnsonian era. Without the grosser elements, which enter into their
+methods of living and disfigure their character, the abject squalor of
+vulgar surroundings, the love for pot-houses and low companionships, the
+utter disregard for personal respect, he otherwise underwent all the
+pain, the want and uncertainty of their impoverished condition. But the
+roughness of the road was unthought of in the anticipation of a rich
+reward at the end of his journey. He would redouble his efforts to
+ensure its nearer approach. He abandoned old companionships; invitations
+to dinners and literary soirees, which came from his friends Banim and
+McGinn, were politely declined. He locked himself in his lonely room and
+wrote through the hours of an unbroken day. Only at night when the lamps
+were lit, and the crowds had left the street, would he venture out of
+doors, and then merely to take a ten minutes' walk to ease his aching
+head, and to rest his wearied eyes. Once he remained three whole days
+without tasting food, till a friend accidently came to see him and found
+him pale and faint but still writing. Yet in all the sunless gloom of
+this dreadful time his letters home were most cheerful. The want of
+actual nourishment he felt, the evil influences by which he was
+surrounded, the chances of certain success which awaited him if he would
+but do violence to a certain portion of his scrupulous orthodoxy,
+counted for nothing with one whose good sense could see no grave
+inconsistency between temporary poverty and the first efforts of
+struggling genius. Nor is poverty so fatal to the efforts of genius as a
+superficial thinker would suppose it to be. To a noble nature it
+presents no feature of degradation or terror. Its supposed evils are,
+for the most part, begotten of the pride of those who are its victims.
+
+If it forbade Griffin to ask or receive favors from those who were able
+and willing to help him, it thereby conferred self-independence and
+ceaseless energy, the constant forerunners of inevitable success. His
+industry was speedily rewarded, and in a manner which seemed the result
+rather of good luck than of strenuous effort or personal merit. One day
+Gerald made bold to write an article after the manner of those in the
+great reviews. He sent it anonymously to the proprietor of a leading
+periodical, and in return received unsolicited a cheque for a handsome
+sum of money, with an invitation to continue sending contributions of a
+similar kind. This was the first hopeful speck in the horizon of a
+brilliant future. The benevolence of the kindly publisher did not end
+here. He sought out the anonymous writer, invited him to dinner, treated
+him handsomely, and obtained for him the editorship of a new
+publication. "It never rains but it pours," is a true old maxim
+attributable with equal propriety to good and evil happenings. Hitherto
+he had been unable to make his time profitable either in a literary or
+pecuniary sense. His later contributions had all at once begun to
+attract attention, and the amount of time at his disposal seemed too
+short to enable him to satisfy all the requirements of numerous
+engagements. He was employed as a parliamentary reporter and as a writer
+of short plays for the English Opera House. He reviewed books which
+were published, and revised books which were unpublished. He contributed
+essays, stories and poetry to the _News of Literature_, the _European
+Review_, and the _London Magazine_, for the smallest one of which he
+received more money than for the huge translation of Prevot two years
+previous. He was now enabled to take more comfortable chambers; but he
+miscalculated his powers of endurance; when in such a stage of mental
+anxiety and mental application he would remain up at literary work till
+he heard the church clocks strike four in the morning. The evil results
+of this abuse of health soon made themselves manifest. He had lost all
+appetite for food. His rest was broken by fits of insomnia, during which
+his heart would beat so loud as to be distinctly heard by his brother in
+the same room. In the streets he would be suddenly attacked by swooning
+fits, during which he would have to support himself by leaning on gate
+posts and sitting on door-steps. At the earnest solicitation of his good
+brother he set out for Ireland with the hope of recruiting his failing
+energies by a few months' leave of absence. His vacation was productive
+of literary as well as of sanitary results.
+
+He returned to London with a volume of stories for the press, and sold
+the copyright to the Messrs. Simpkin Marshall & Co., for L70. The work
+appeared in December 1826, under the title of "Hollandtide Tales." It
+was well received. The style was original, graceful and easy. The three
+novels, which comprised the series, were interesting and free from the
+taint of grossness and immorality, so erroneously deemed essential when
+describing the habits and customs of the poorer classes. It was an
+eloquent vindication of a much-wronged portion of the Irish peasantry,
+and like Banim's contemporary writings, it was hailed with universal
+exultation in Irish literary circles. The success of his first work was
+so immediate and decisive that he resigned his editorship, abandoned the
+magazines and reviews, and continued with few interruptions to appear
+annually before the public as a novelist. "Tales of the Munster
+Festivals," which appeared in two series, and for which he received
+L250, was the title of his next work. In 1858 appeared "The Collegians"
+which placed him with one bound in the fore front of the great writers
+of his country. It was not only the best Irish novel that had appeared
+previous to its first publication, but is admittedly the best that has
+ever been written since.[C] "The Invasion," "The Rivals," "The Duke of
+Monmouth," and others which he wrote subsequently, are all far inferior
+when placed side by side with this great master-piece of fiction. In it
+may be seen to best advantage the wonderful power and versatility of
+Griffin's genius as a great novelist, for within its single compass he
+has touched with a master hand the whole gamut of human passion and
+human affections. As a literary artist of the "dark and touching mode of
+painting," which Carleton has set down as the chief characteristic of
+his brother novelist, Griffin has few equals and no superior. To depict
+the more sombre tints of human nature, to trace the unbroken events
+linked together in a career of crime, from the first commission of evil
+till its last expiation in the felon ship, or on the gallows, he
+especially delights. He does not delay the progress of the plot to
+impress upon his reader the exact frame of mind in which his hero felt
+at certain trying conjunctures. This suggests itself unconsciously, in
+occasional snatches of vague and emotional distraction, in half uttered
+replies, in the joke that mechanically escapes the lips, in the
+capricious laugh that best discovers the anguish preying on the mind and
+the despair eating at the heart. But it is in the ingenuity with which
+he makes local surroundings play such an important part in the drama of
+human destiny, that Griffin excels to a remarkable extent. What reader
+of the "Collegians" has not realized all the perils of the windy night
+and the stormy sea with trepidation and horror scarcely surpassed by the
+occupants of the little craft tossing amid the boiling breakers--Eily,
+the hapless runaway, Danny, the elfin hunchback, and Hardress, the
+conscience-stricken victim of conflicting thoughts and passionate
+impulses? How much more tragic the finding of the dead body of Eily, the
+"pride of Garryowen," since it occurs on the hunting field, surrounded
+by the half maudlin squires, and before the bloodless face of the
+horrified murderer? But Griffin deserves mention other than as a
+dramatist and novelist. It is saddening to know that in an age where so
+much weak sentiment, scarcely discernible in its wealth of verbose
+ornamentation, is so easily imposed upon the public under the name of
+poetry, that so much really good poetry should be forgotten and unread.
+One is often provoked to regret that the scalping knife has become
+blunted in the hands of the "buff and blue," and that the race of useful
+parodists should seem to have expired with the wits of "Fraser." As a
+poet Griffin is comparatively little known; and yet, to make a seeming
+paradox, few poets have been more universally popular. The exquisite
+songs, "A Place in Thy Memory," "Schule Agrah" and "Aileen Aroon" have
+been read and sung wherever the English language is spoken. Yet very few
+young Irish ladies and gentlemen are aware that Gerald Griffin is the
+author. The religious spirit which exhibits its moral influence through
+the thread of his stories appears more extensively and more perceptibly
+in his poetry. If his shorter poems are the best of all he has written,
+the best of all his short poems are those which breathe a religious
+spirit. To verify our assertion we need only mention, "Old Times, Old
+Times!" "The Mother's Lament," "O'Brazil" and "The Sister of Charity."
+It is a matter for much regret that Griffin should have written so
+little poetry. Had he devoted more exclusive attention to this
+department of literature, he would undoubtedly have become the Burns of
+his country; for his muse had taught him a kindred song, and given him
+to write with equal tenderness and simplicity.
+
+In the year 1838, Gerald Griffin had attained a popularity which would
+have satisfied the wishes of the most ardent literary enthusiast. He was
+no longer the literary hack, the despised minion, the swindled victim at
+the mercy of harpy publishers and newspaper knaves. He could now write
+at his leisure, and be handsomely rewarded for his labor. Positions from
+which much emolument might be derived were offered him, but he answered
+them with a polite refusal. Contributions were solicited to no purpose.
+The desultory articles written under pressure of hunger in the
+confinement of the garret near St. Paul's were hunted for by publishers,
+who were too happy to pay a handsome premium for any thing printed over
+the name of the now popular author. To those who have never tried to
+realize the working of divine grace in the hearts of the pure and
+virtuous, Gerald Griffin would now seem to have nothing more to wish
+for, no unacquired honor to enkindle a new aspiration, no need of money
+to compel him once more to write for a living. The wisdom of advanced
+years, and a religious discernment guided by the spirit of God, and
+becoming more devotional day by day, began at last to discover the
+sophistry and the deceit of human glory and human praise. He still
+yearned after a mysterious something which he began to realize could
+never be found amid the jarring discord and empty distractions of the
+secular world. A new light irradiated the thick gloom by which he had
+long been encompassed. Gradually the mist and shadow of doubt and
+difficulty rolled away, disclosing at length the gray walls of a silent
+monastery in spirit of unpretentious work and pious exercise, far
+sequestered from the busy haunts of worldly men. Step by step he was
+approaching the humble cell of recollection and prayer, in the religious
+solitude of which he was to find true peace and lasting happiness. From
+the cottage cradled on the Shannon's breast to his later home in the
+poetic solitude of sweet Adare; from the three-cornered garret in the
+London back street to the tables of the rich and the titled, he had
+experienced every vicissitude between the antithetical extremes of joy
+and sorrow. When, at length, the final step was taken, it was not the
+rash or eccentric choice of momentary impulse, but the matured result of
+wise and cautious deliberation. He prepared to enter the noble order of
+the Christian Brothers, whose humble office it is to instruct the
+children of the poor, and whose labors in the cause of Christian
+education have been of incalculable benefit to the Irish race. One
+morning previous to Gerald's final departure, an elder brother entered
+his bedroom. He found him in a kneeling posture holding the last
+fragment of a charred heap of manuscript over the blazing fire. He had
+made the final sacrifice to God of all that could wed his heart to
+future worldly honors. In the year 1838 he entered the Christian
+Brothers at Cork, and after a short novitiate received the habit and the
+vows by which these holy men consecrate themselves to the service of
+their Maker and the spiritual welfare of their fellow men. But the
+splendid genius of the new Brother was not destined to remain idle. It
+was now to be exercised more energetically than ever, consecrated as it
+had been to the service of religion and the glory of God. He had just
+completed a small number of Catholic tales, written in his happiest
+vein, when a fatal attack of malignant fever struck the pen from his
+hand. Every remedy that the skill of great physicians could devise,
+every attention that loving confreres could bestow was procured for him
+during his last illness. But the invisible decree had gone forth, and
+the near passing was inevitable. He lingered but a few days, edifying
+his attendants by his fervent piety and resignation under suffering. He
+died consoled by the rites of Holy Church on the 12th of June, 1840. In
+the humble cemetery, of the monastery at Cork, a modest grave, unnoticed
+amid rows of similar ones, is surmounted by a small cross. The cross
+bears the name of Brother Joseph, the grave holds all that was mortal of
+the good and gifted Gerald Griffin.
+
+Oxford, N. J.
+
+                    JAMES H. GAVIN.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[C] Mr. Justin McCarthy, speaking of "Irish Novelists" at Cork, in
+September, 1884, said: "We have some Irish novels which ought to be
+classic, and about which I have over and over again taxed all the
+critical experience I can summon up why they have failed to become
+classic in the sense of Sir Walter Scott's novels. I cannot understand
+why Gerald Griffin's 'Collegians' fails to take a place in the public
+estimation beside the best of the novels of Sir Walter Scott."
+
+
+
+
+Rev. Father Fulton, S. J.,
+
+
+Condescended to notice the ravings of Mr. Robert Ingersoll, at Boston
+College Hall, on the evening of the 11th of November. We should be
+pleased to publish a full report of the lecture, but our limits will not
+permit us to do so. We merely give a few extracts: "Once upon a time
+there was a person named Scholasticus, who suffered by death the loss of
+his child, to whose obsequies came the people in great throngs. But our
+friend, instead of receiving their expressions of condolence, hid
+himself blushing in a corner, and, on being expostulated with, and asked
+why he was ashamed, replied: 'To bury so small a child before so large
+an assembly.' This lecture is the child, and the concourse is the
+audience before me. I have been engaged on matters foreign to literary
+and scientific pursuits, and have had no time to prepare a regular
+lecture, but I think it will not need much time to demolish Mr.
+Ingersoll. I will take his book on 'Orthodoxy,' in which he declares
+that 'he knows that the clergy know that they know nothing.' Mr.
+Ingersoll is not a philosopher, nor a theologian, though he may be, as
+we hear, an orator of matchless voice and gesticulation. He is witty, as
+any one may easily be who attacks what we most revere. Let us look at
+his scholarship. He has no argument whatever, except the old objections
+brought up in the schools. In the whole book there have been no
+references nor authorities cited. His only method of reasoning is that
+by interrogation, why? why? why? Suppose I answer I don't know! The
+proper test of an argument is to put it in syllogistic form, which is
+impossible with Mr. Ingersoll's arguments. Again, the very importance of
+the subject demands a respectful and reverential treatment, which Mr.
+Ingersoll denies it. I will try to make a synopsis of the work. Mr.
+Ingersoll declares himself sincere in his belief, thereby insinuating
+that they who believe in Christianity are hypocrites. Then follows an
+examination of the Congregational and Presbyterian creeds, under the
+supposition, absurdly false, '_ex uno disce omnes_.' 'Infidelity,' says
+Mr. Ingersoll, 'will prevail over Christianity.' This does not prove
+that Christianity is not the true religion, for infidelity may triumph
+only because the intellect is obscured by passion. 'The Christian
+religion,' says he, 'is supported only because of the contributions of
+some men.' Would those men have supported it had they not firmly
+believed in it? Again, Mr. Ingersoll says the Christian religion was
+destroyed by Mohammed, and yet no one knows it. Nor were the crusades
+unjust and destructive wars, for the land which they fought for was one
+dearest to them; their Saviour died there. Was it not a just war? And
+this war saved all Europe, for the power of Mohammed was rising rapidly
+and was about to inundate all Europe. But the war was carried into the
+enemy's country, and by the attack all Europe was saved. Again, we were
+freed from the ignorance of the dark ages (dark, as I may say, only
+because we have no light on them), by the introduction into Italy of
+some manuscripts, according to Mr. Ingersoll. But the truth is, all the
+learning of that period was centred in the church, and by her alone were
+erected seats of learning. It was from the barbarian that this ignorance
+arose. Nor has the church been inimical to the sciences, more
+particularly to astronomy and its promoters, for among the most able
+astronomers of Europe are to be found Catholic priests." The lecture was
+delivered to a large audience completely filling the College Hall.
+
+
+
+
+Private Judgment a Failure.
+
+
+It is a common fallacy of Protestants that the scepticism, which is so
+prevalent, affects the Catholic Church equally with Protestant sects.
+Now, this is a great and pernicious error, for it tends to divert
+sincere inquirers from seeking true, infallible doctrine in the church.
+When I witness the strenuous efforts made by Protestant writers against
+scepticism, and their ill success, I am led to execrate the miscalled
+"Reformation." Had that horrible event not taken place, instead of the
+desultory warfare by detached guerillas, we should have had the full
+strength and power of an organized, disciplined, compact army, against
+scepticism. To speak even of the learning displayed by Protestant
+writers is to suggest how much more vast the learning, that would now be
+the portion of England, if the church property were in the hands of the
+Abbots of former days instead of being held by its present possessors.
+In force of reasoning, too, Protestant vindicators of religion are at an
+immense disadvantage. They are hampered by principles, which they should
+never have adopted. Private judgment is to them what Saul's armor was to
+David, ill-fitting, and cumbersome. To borrow an illustration from
+Archbishop Whately, "They are obliged to fight infidelity with their
+left hand; their right hand being tied behind them." One of the
+specialties of this age is "historical research." The application of the
+historical criticism inaugurated by Niebuhr has dealt Protestism a fatal
+blow, while, on the other hand, it has been favorable to the cause of
+Catholicity. This has happened for the reason that the Catholic Church
+is not founded exclusively on the Bible, as Protestantism is. Catholics
+take the Bible as an authentic history. This authentic history
+establishes the divine mission of our Lord, and the institution of the
+church by His divine authority. This church, "the pillar and ground of
+truth," attests the divine authority of Holy Scripture. There is no
+_circulus vitiosus_ in our argument. With us the individual must bow to
+the collective wisdom of the church, divinely established. Protestants
+cut a pretty figure with private judgment. In political elections, and
+in clubs, meetings, and so forth, the Protestant very properly allows
+that the voice of the majority must prevail. This is common sense; and
+yet in religious matters forsooth, the private judgment of an ignorant
+and illiterate individual must be permitted to overrule the decision of
+the collective wisdom of learned theologians. This shows how far men are
+liable to be blinded by prejudice. In fact, if men had an interest in
+denying that "two and two make four," they would unquestionably do so.
+We may also deduce from this violent aberration in religion an argument
+to prove the doctrine of original sin, and the existence of evil spirits
+exercising a malignant influence on the souls and minds of men.
+
+Physicists experience that longing for religion natural to man; and
+hence they endeavor to patch up some sort of a religion from the shreds
+of truth that are found in physical science, "_rari nantes in gurgite
+vasto_." Unfortunately, they are unacquainted with Catholic doctrine,
+and they see in the conflicting sects of Protestantism no good ground to
+base their faith upon. Accustomed to deal with matter, they are unable
+to elevate their minds to the supernatural. They dissect the human
+corpse, and stupidly wonder that in a dead body they cannot discover a
+living soul; they search the empty tomb for the resurrected Saviour.
+
+The minds of those men are set in a wooden, mechanical way. They are
+impervious to logic at the very time that they are asserting their loyal
+adherence to its rules. They have a horror of Catholic conclusions as,
+it may be also remarked, have Protestants likewise. On this account,
+both classes prefer rather to accept the most untrustworthy theories of
+physical science, even when they verge on gross and laughable absurdity,
+than to grant the conclusions of Catholic theologians.
+
+It must be borne in mind that the Bible is not one book, as popular
+Protestantism regards it. It is seen now in the light of historical
+criticism, that the amount of knowledge requisite for the proper
+exercise of private judgment on the Bible is immense, and such as can
+only be acquired by a few, comparatively speaking. Protestantism is,
+therefore, moribund. Infidelity is to be combated by the church; by this
+only can it be conquered. Nor is it hard to conquer. We should see it
+disposed of very soon, if it ventured to put forth a system. But its
+strength lies in grumbling. It asks, like Pontius Pilate, What is truth?
+And goes away without waiting for an answer.
+
+Burlington, N. J.
+
+                    REV. P. A. TREACY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HIS Holiness the Pope having written a letter to the Mikado of Japan
+thanking him for the kindness extended by him to the Catholic
+missionaries, his Majesty has replied in cordial terms, assuring the
+Holy Father that he would continue to afford them protection, and
+announcing the despatch of a Japanese mission to the Vatican.
+
+
+
+
+Priests and People Mourning.
+
+The Great and Gifted Redemptorist Father, Rev. John O'Brien,
+Deceased--Beautiful and Appropriate Tributes to his Memory.
+
+
+A pillar of the Lord's temple, a lustrous light of faith departed, a
+glorious soldier of the church militant on earth, is the sorrowful, but
+withal grateful, subject of our memoir. Taken from this life suddenly in
+the very bloom of a magnificent manhood, and from the career of his
+saintly priesthood, fragrant with thousands of tests of the divinity of
+his ordination; aye, taken from the multitudes who so much needed his
+spiritual guidance and support, may we well exclaim that the ways of our
+Almighty Father are wondrously mysterious and hidden beyond the ken of
+our feeble understanding. The great and gifted young priest was truly of
+that royal race of him, Boroimhe, who was slaughtered by the hand of a
+desperate assassin, as he prayerfully knelt in his tent, on the
+battle-field, offering thanks to the Lord of Hosts for victory over the
+hordes of northern barbarian invaders. He of Clontarf was king, soldier
+and saintly Christian. His descendant, transplanted in his youth, as if
+by divine ordination, from Ireland to America, was soldier, Christian,
+king of hearts and saver of souls. Majestic in person, gentle in
+deportment, tender of heart, Rev. John O'Brien, C. SS. R. through
+wondrous graces of mind and soul won upon all; brought the wayward into
+the paths of holy places, and readily summoned sinners to repentance. He
+achieved miracles, temporal as well as spiritual. It will be recollected
+how agreeably our whole community was startled by the corroborated
+recital, not so very long since, that the young daughter of Col. P. T.
+Hanley, of Boston Highlands, was healed of her chronic lame infirmity
+through the efficacy of his ministrations and her own pure prayers and
+strong faith. How heroic he was in "apostolic zeal and saintly fervor,"
+like one of those heroic, primitive soldiers of the Cross, the martyrs
+of the catacombs, his reverend and eloquent panegyrist attests, when he
+reminds us how little terrors for him and his pious associates had the
+murderously-inclined orangemen and other bigots of Newfoundland, when
+these Fathers were there not long ago on the mission.
+
+Rev. Father O'Brien had been for some years connected with the
+Redemptorists' Church of Our Lady of Perpetual Help, at Boston
+Highlands. He was in his thirty-sixth year at the time of his decease,
+which occurred suddenly on November 8th, from rheumatism of the heart,
+at Ilchester, Md., the parent house of the order. He had, only a few
+days previous to his death, closed a most arduous but successful mission
+in Philadelphia, where, but a short time previously, Rev. Father
+McGivern was taken with his fatal illness through overwork in his
+missionary labors. The remains of Father O'Brien were conveyed here by
+Mr. Cleary, one of our undertakers, and reposed in the main aisle
+fronting the altar of the Tremont Street basilica, during the evening
+and night of November 11, where many thousands visited them in tears,
+and rendered upward their silent and heartfelt prayers for the purposes
+which animated his sanctified soul. The emblems of mourning in the
+edifice, the varied and beautiful and artistic floral tributes, the
+grief depicted on the features of young and old of the people, and many
+other evidences, attested most unerringly the great bereavement which
+the Catholics of Boston sustain by his death.
+
+[Illustration: THE LATE REV. JOHN O'BRIEN, C. S.S. R.]
+
+On the morning of the 12th, at 9 o'clock, the Redemptorist Fathers'
+Church was thronged with a great congregation, and hundreds were unable
+to get in when the office of the dead was recited. Over fifty priests
+participated in the sanctuary devotions. The clergymen offering up the
+Solemn High Mass of Requiem were as follows: Celebrant, Rev. Father
+Welsh, C. SS. R.; deacon, Rev. Father Wynn, C. SS. R.; sub-deacon, Rev.
+Father Lutz, C. SS. R.; master of ceremonies, Rev. Father Licking, C.
+SS. R.; Father Licking also preached the panegyric. The Reverend Father
+took for his text:
+
+     ECCLESIASTES xii. 5 and 7. "Man shall enter into the house of
+     his eternity, and the mourners shall go roundabout in the
+     street.... And the dust shall return to the earth from whence
+     it was, and the spirit shall return to God who gave it."
+
+He began most impressively and substantially as follows: "What shall I
+say to you on this sad occasion? How shall I find words to express the
+sorrow and sadness, which I see depicted on your countenances? The
+zealous, the learned, the whole-souled Redemptorist, Rev. John O'Brien,
+is laid low on the bier of death. A young warrior has fallen on the
+battle-field of duty. A strong worker has sunk beside the vines he was
+preparing for the heavenly kingdom.
+
+"Oh, brother, if thou hadst not died in the prime of youth! If thou
+hadst not within thee the strength and energy to labor long and
+successfully in thy sublime vocation! If thou hadst grown gray in the
+service of God, I should congratulate you on this day, the day of thy
+espousals to Jesus Christ. I should say to thee: well done thou faithful
+servant, thou hast labored long and well in the service of thy maker.
+Thou hast gone to thy well-merited reward." Father Licking continued at
+some length in this strong strain of apostrophe to the name and memory
+of his beloved brother, and then entered into reminiscences, in which he
+said, "I remember well when first I met the departed. It was in the year
+1870. We were then students at the preparatory college of the
+Redemptorist order. He was even then the picture of health, and a model
+for every student. Never was he known to infringe upon the slightest
+rule of the institute; never (and this is saying a great thing), never
+did he lose a single moment of time. Always at his books by day and by
+night, even stealing from his well-merited rest some hours in order to
+acquire knowledge which he might employ in after years in the service of
+God and for the good of souls. So well pleased were his superiors with
+his conduct, that they appointed him, together with the late lamented
+Rev. Father McGivern, overseer of the college boys in the absence of
+their superiors."
+
+He received the habit of the order in 1875, with Rev. Fathers Beal and
+Licking. The panegyrist made most feeling allusion to the occasion, when
+the lamented dead took "the profession of those holy vows, those
+tremendous vows, those eternal vows of poverty, chastity, and
+obedience.... Thank God, he kept those vows to the end."
+
+Father O'Brien was next sent to the Redemptorist Theological Seminary of
+Ilchester, Md., to further pursue the great studies that fitted him for
+his calling.
+
+"It often required an express command of his superiors to take him from
+his books that his body might not succumb, and the mind gain the
+necessary rest. So exact was he in all his ways, that we, his fellow
+students, could, at any hour of the day, point out the very spot where
+he might be found, either going through the Way of the Cross, or praying
+before the Blessed Sacrament, or reciting his rosary, or studying at his
+books. Is it a wonder, then, that God should allow him to die on a spot
+which had so often been the witness of so much piety and so many of his
+good works."
+
+He was ordained priest in 1880, and the following February found him at
+the Boston Highlands in the Church of Our Lady of Perpetual Help. Here
+he administered for the first time the Sacrament of Penance; here he
+preached from the pulpit of his panegyrist his first sermon; here he
+entered upon "that career of zeal and usefulness which made his name
+proverbial in every family of the parish." ... "He possessed a powerful
+and comprehensive mind, a prodigious memory, and a most fertile
+imagination; and, above all, a most generous spirit and tender heart.
+Graced besides with every form of manly beauty, strength and vigor, of a
+powerful frame, nothing seemed wanting to him. It might be said of him
+as the poet sang of the ancient hero:
+
+    "'He was a combination and a form indeed,
+    Where God did seem to set his very seal,
+    To give the world the picture of a man.'"
+
+Father Licking dwelt at length upon the great extent of the work done in
+the parish by the beloved deceased. "Every interest in the large parish
+received his particular attention." All were participants of his zeal
+and charity. In 1883 he passed through his second novitiate after a
+retirement of six months, which fully equipped him for the missions.
+"And now his soul rejoiced, indeed, in the Lord."
+
+"It is related," said the preacher, "of a Southern officer, that when he
+returned from a successful expedition, the first question he put to his
+general always was: 'Where is the next blow to be struck? Send me
+there!' So it was with the young warrior of the Cross, whose death we
+mourn. His zeal knew no bounds except those of obedience. Hardly had one
+mission been finished when he hastened to another.... North, South, East
+and West were witnesses of his Apostolic zeal and saintly fervor. The
+cold weather, the fierce storms, and still fiercer spirits of hostile
+sects in Newfoundland, had not terrors enough to deter him, and the
+hottest sun of July and August could not draw from him a single word of
+complaint, when engaged in arduous task of giving retreats. And though
+comparatively a young man, when only four years had elapsed since his
+ordination, his superiors trusting in his zeal, his prudence, and his
+wisdom, selected him, from out of many, to the important office of
+giving retreats to the clergy of the land." ... "I see among the floral
+tributes one bearing the letters 'Apostolic Zeal.' It shows me that you
+have understood his spirit."
+
+In the panegyrist's recital it was told that six weeks before his death
+he was returning from missions in Pennsylvania. He saw in New York the
+very Rev. Provincial, who told him that the Fathers at work on the
+missions at Philadelphia were becoming exhausted, and that even then the
+Rev. Father McGivern was on a dying bed there. Father O'Brien stood up,
+and stretching himself to the full height of his massive frame, he
+exclaimed, "Look at me! Am I not a strong man? Send me. I'll do the work
+for them!" "Does it not remind you of the brave general who said, 'Where
+is the next blow to be struck. Send me there.'" When that, his last
+mission, closed, the Fathers had heard thirty-five hundred confessions,
+and he retired to Ilchester for a cursory visit, where the joy he
+experienced in meeting his old Alma Mater superiors was beyond
+description. While there he remarked: "Father, this would be a nice,
+quiet and holy place to die in." That night he was attacked with the
+fatal malady. His limbs became racked with pain. The rheumatism reached
+his great heart, and he is found at five o'clock in the morning
+insensible. The last sacraments were administered, and at seven o'clock
+his noble soul took its flight from its mortal abode.
+
+With an eloquent peroration, Rev. Father Licking closed by craving the
+prayers of the faithful for the departed hero of the Cross.
+
+The pathetic musical services were rendered by the regular choir of the
+church, and comprised the Gregorian Requiem Mass, Miss Nellie M.
+McGowan, organist. The twelve pall-bearers were Colonel P. T. Hanley,
+Frank Ford, John J. Kennedy, M. H. Farrell, Thomas Kelly, E. J. Lynch,
+James McCormack, Thomas O'Leary, James B. Hand, William S. McGowan, John
+Reardon and Timothy McCarthy. Mount Calvary Cemetery was the place
+selected for the interment. In His Grace Archbishop Williams' vault the
+body will repose until the completion of work now in progress on a lot
+specially intended for Father O'Brien. It is estimated that the services
+at the church were attended by over twenty-five hundred people, and the
+funeral was likewise largely attended. Every kind attention was paid to
+his bereaved mother, father, and sister, who came on here from New York
+State.
+
+
+
+
+SLEEP ON.
+
+In Memory of Father John O'Brien, C. SS. R.
+
+
+    How short is life, a flitting cloud
+      Before the blast.
+    The storm wind roars, the thunder rolls
+      Then, peace at last.
+
+    Oh! Brother, life to thee was short;
+      A summer's morn
+    A floweret blooming in the sun,
+      Then, left forlorn.
+
+    Thy heart was fired with zealous love,
+      Thy courage high.
+    But list! Thy Captain softly calls
+      And thou must die.
+
+    No more thou'lt lead His forces on
+      To victory grand;
+    No more thou'lt join with beating heart
+      That glorious band.
+
+    Thou'rt fallen on the battle field
+      With burnished arms.
+    O soldier, sleep in peace, secure
+      From war's alarms.
+
+    O glorious life! Thy heart was free
+      From aught of earth,
+    From glittering gold, or bauble fair
+      Of little worth.
+
+    Thy gaze was fixed on Heaven's courts,
+      Thy heart's desire
+    On Calvary's top where Jesus burnt
+      In love's fierce fire.
+
+    O noble champion of the cross,
+      Thy course is run.
+    Like heaven's light, thy soul returns
+      To heaven's Sun.
+
+    O beauteous death! No worldly grief
+      Is blustering there,
+    The Church's voice, her tender plaint
+      Scents all the air.
+
+    How sweet to die, when voice of prayer
+      Doth rend the skies.
+    Released from earth, the soul ascends
+      In glad surprise.
+
+    And what is left? The house of clay
+      Where dwelt the soul.
+    That temple grand, where hymns to God
+      Did often roll.
+
+    Ah! guard it well, its blessed walls
+      Will rise again.
+    Again the soul in heaven will chant
+      Its glad refrain.
+
+    His tomb will blossom fair with flowers--
+      A mother's tears.
+    In memory's halls, his name will live
+      Through countless years.
+
+    Sleep on, brave soldier, sleep
+      And take thy rest.
+    Like John thou sleepest now
+      On Jesus' breast.
+
+
+
+
+Crown and Crescent.
+
+
+A great event was witnessed on the evening of Monday, November 23, when
+the new electric crown and crescent, which adorn the statue of Our Lady
+on the dome of the university, were lit up for the first time. There,
+lifted high in the air--two hundred feet above the ground--the grand,
+colossal figure of the Mother of God appeared amid the darkness of the
+night in a blaze of light, with its diadem of twelve electric stars, and
+under its feet the crescent moon formed of twenty-seven electric lights.
+Truly, it was a grand sight; and one, which, though it is becoming
+familiar to the inmates of Notre Dame, must ever strike the beholder
+with awe and reverence, realizing as it does, the most perfect
+expression, in a material representation, of the prophetic declaration
+of Holy Writ: _And there appeared a great wonder in heaven: a woman
+clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and on her head a
+crown of twelve stars._
+
+It must, indeed, have been an inspiration, or a prophetic foresight of
+the great advance soon to be made in the domain of science, that, a few
+years ago, caused the venerable founder of Notre Dame to conceive the
+grand idea which to-day we see so perfectly realized. In 1879, when the
+new Notre Dame was being raised upon the ruins of the old, comparatively
+little progress had as yet been made in electric lighting. In
+particular, the great problem of the minute subdivision of the light
+remained unsolved. Edison had not then begun his experiments, and the
+incandescent light was not even dreamed of. To employ the arc light
+around the statue was out of the question, not only because the
+necessary appliances would detract from the beauty of the figure, but
+also on account of the daily attention which the lamps would require.
+
+But the idea had taken possession of the mind of Very Rev. Father Sorin,
+and was tenaciously clung to, in spite of discouraging report through
+the years that followed, until, at length, the success of subsequent
+experiments, and the invention of incandescent electric lighting,
+revealed the complete practicability of carrying out the grand design of
+the venerable founder.
+
+Now, twelve of the Edison incandescent lamps encircle the head of the
+statue, while at the base are three semi-circles of nine lamps in each,
+which form the crescent moon. These, together with the lights in the
+halls of the college, are fed with the electric current by a powerful
+dynamo, situated in the rear of the building. Thus the visitor to Notre
+Dame, as he comes up the avenue at night, or the wayfarer for miles
+around, can realize and revere that glorious tribute to the Queen of
+Heaven, the Protectress of Notre Dame, as he sees her figure surrounded
+with its halo of light, typifying the watchful care she constantly
+exercises, by night as well as by day, over the inmates of this home of
+religion and science, which has been specially dedicated to her honor.
+
+                                      _Notre Dame_ (Ia.) _Scholastic_.
+
+
+
+
+Four Thousand Years.
+
+
+    Four thousand years earth waited,
+      Four thousand years men prayed,
+    Four thousand years the nations sighed,
+      That their King delayed.
+
+    The prophets told His coming,
+      The saintly for Him sighed,
+    And the Star of the Babe of Bethlehem
+      Shone o'er them when they died.
+
+    Their faces toward the future,
+      They longed to hail the light,
+    That in after centuries
+      Would rise on Christmas nights.
+
+    But still the Saviour tarried
+      In His Father's home,
+    And the nations wept and wondered why
+      The promised had not come.
+
+    At last earth's prayer was granted,
+      And God was a child of earth,
+    And a thousand angels chanted
+      The lowly midnight birth.
+
+    Ah! Bethlehem was grander
+      That hour, than Paradise;
+    And the light of earth, that night, eclipsed
+      The splendors of the skies.
+
+                    ABRAM J. RYAN.
+
+
+
+
+Abolishing Barmaids.
+
+
+A bill "for the Abolition of Barmaids" sounds like a joke from "Alice in
+Wonderland," or from one of Mr. Gilbert's burlesques. Nevertheless it is
+a serious legislative proposal now pending before the Parliament of
+Victoria. It is actually in print, and makes it penal for any keeper of
+a public house to employ women behind the counter. Of course, the
+advocates of this astonishing idea have their arguments. They do not go
+quite as far as Sir Wilfrid Lawson, who would disestablish not only
+barmaids, but barmen and bars; they would not shut up all dram-shops;
+but they would make them as dreary as possible, so as to repel
+impressionable young men. In Gothenburg the spirit-drinker is served by
+a policeman, who keeps an eagle eye upon him that he may know him again,
+and refuse him a second glass if he asks for it before a certain
+interval has expired. The Victorian reformers have a corresponding idea
+of diminishing the attractions of intoxication by surrounding the
+initial stages with repellent rather than enticing accessories. Instead
+of the smiling Hebes who have fascinated the golden youth of the colony,
+men will serve as tapsters, and without note or comment hand across the
+counter the required draught. The effect may be considerable, as male
+drinkers do undoubtedly take a delight in the pleasant looks and bright
+talk of the young ladies who, as the French say, "preside" at these
+establishments. But should not the Victorian apostles of abstinence go
+further? It is well to replace girls by men, and thus subdue the bar to
+masculine dullness; but could not the Act of Parliament go on to declare
+that none save plain, grim-visaged males should be tolerated as
+assistants? The most inveterate toper might hesitate to enter twice if
+he were always met by the ugly aspect of some dark, forbidding
+countenance. A kind of competition might take place for the posts,
+which might be given to the most repulsive people the Government could
+select. Fearful squint would be at a premium; scowls would be valued
+according to their blackness and depth; a ghastly grin would be
+desirable; while a general cadaverousness might be utilized as
+suggesting to drunkards the probable end of their career. The gods of
+Olympus laughed loudly when the swart, ungainly Vulcan for once replaced
+Hebe as their cup-bearer; but it would be no joke for the young idlers
+of Melbourne to find stern, grim men frowning over the counters where
+once they were received with "nods and becks and wreathed smiles."
+
+
+
+
+Christianity in China.
+
+
+The arrangement which the Pope has made with the Emperor of China
+promises to be productive of the happiest results, and to open the
+Flowery Kingdom fully to the spread of the gospel. For many years the
+French assumed the position of protectors of Christian missionaries in
+barbarous countries. The first expedition to Annam was avowedly sent to
+put an end to the murders of missionaries and converts so frequent in
+that country; and for a time it did serve to put a check on the ferocity
+of government and people. In the treaty of Tienstin it was stipulated
+that the French Government should have the right to protect missionaries
+in China. For a time that seemed to work well. But the many complaints
+made through the French consuls, and the punishments inflicted on
+Mandarins at their demand, served to irritate the Mandarins and the
+populace. The indiscretion of some French missionaries, who interposed
+to protect converts not always deserving of protection, and who flaunted
+the flag of France in the faces of the Mandarins in their own courts,
+increased the irritation. Some of the missionaries boasted also in
+letters, which the Chinese saw when published, of the respect for France
+which they instilled into their converts. The consequence was, that,
+although the missionaries are from all nations, the Chinese learned to
+regard them as French; and when the French made the late war on China,
+to regard all Chinese Christians as traitors. Formerly the government
+persecuted the Christians. Latterly Chinese mobs massacred the
+Christians and destroyed their churches, convents, schools, etc., and
+the French scarcely made an effort to protect them even in Tonquin. The
+Holy Father, in the letter which we published some time ago, assured the
+Emperor that the missionaries who are of all nations are of no politics
+and desire only to preach the Christian religion, and begged the Emperor
+to protect them. It has now been arranged that the Pope shall hereafter
+be represented by a Legate at Pekin to whom the rank, etc., of an
+ambassador will be given, and who will receive any complaints the
+missionaries may have to make and will seek redress for them. Thus the
+interests of religion will, in the minds of the Chinese, be entirely
+dissociated from the interests of all foreign countries, and the
+feelings which now prevail will subside in time. The French Government
+infidel, though it is, will not like, it is thought, to be thus put
+aside; but if the missionaries cease to appeal to its agents it will be
+powerless.
+
+
+
+
+"Faro's Daughters."
+
+
+There was plenty of gambling in London at the end of the last century,
+and ladies took a prominent part in it. Faro was then a favorite game,
+and ladies who were in the habit of keeping a bank used to be called
+"Faro's Daughters." Of these, Lady Archer and Lady Buckinghamshire were
+the most notorious, and Mrs. Sturt, Mrs. Hobart, and Mrs. Concannon were
+also noted gamblers. The usual method was for some great lady to give an
+entertainment at which faro was played, when the lady who took the bank
+gave her L25 towards the expenses. St. James's Square was the scene of
+many of these revels. The _Times_ of April 2, 1794, stated that "one of
+the Faro Banks in St. James's Square lost L7000 last year by bad debts."
+The same number tells us that "Lady Buckinghamshire, Mrs. Sturt, and
+Mrs. Concannon alternately divide the _beau-monde_ at their respective
+houses. Instead of having two different hot suppers, at one and three in
+the morning, the Faro Banks will now scarcely afford bread and cheese
+and porter." The lady gamblers were considerably alarmed at certain
+hints they received, that they would be prosecuted; and in 1796 the
+_Times_ said, "We state it as a fact, within our own knowledge, that two
+ladies of fashion, who keep open houses for gaming at the West End of
+the Town, have lately paid large douceurs to ward off the hand of
+justice." But in the following year Lady Buckinghamshire, Lady Elizabeth
+Lutterell, and Mrs. Sturt were each fined L50 for playing faro at the
+house of the first named. The evidence proved that the "defendants had
+gaming parties at their different houses by rotation," and that they
+played until four or five in the morning. The fines seemed light enough,
+for an extract from the _Times_ in the same year says:--"The expense of
+entertainments at the Gaming House of the highest class, in St. James's
+Square, during the eight months of last season, has been said to exceed
+6,000 guineas! What must be the profits to afford such a profusion?" In
+modern times backgammon is not usually associated with very desperate
+gambling; but a captain in the guards is said to have lost thirteen
+thousand guineas at that game at one sitting in 1796. He revenged
+himself, however, by winning forty-five thousand guineas at billiards in
+a single night shortly afterwards.--_Saturday Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEVER use water that has stood in a lead pipe over night. Not less than
+a wooden bucketful should be allowed to run.
+
+
+
+
+Juvenile Department.
+
+
+A CHILD'S DAY.
+
+    When I was a little child
+      It was always golden weather.
+    My days stretched out so long
+      From rise to set of sun,
+    I sang and danced and smiled--
+      My light heart like a feather--
+    From morn to even-song;
+      But the child's days are done.
+
+    I used to wake with the birds--
+      The little birds wake early,
+    For the sunshine leaps and plays
+      On the mother's head and wing;
+    And the clouds were white as curds;
+      The apple trees stood pearly;
+    I always think of the child's days
+      As one unending spring.
+
+    I knew where all flowers grew.
+      I used to lie in the meadow
+    Ere reaping-time and mowing-time
+      And carting home the hay.
+    And, oh, the skies were blue!
+      Oh, drifting light and shadow!
+    It was another time and clime--
+      The little child's sweet day.
+
+    And in the long days waning
+      The skies grew rose and amber
+    And palest green and gold,
+      With a moon's white flame.
+    And if came wind and raining,
+      Gray hours I don't remember;
+    Nor how the warm year waxed cold,
+      And deathly autumn came.
+
+    Only of that young time
+      The bright things I remember:
+    How orchard bows were laden red,
+      And blackberries so brave
+    Came ere the frost and rime--
+      Ere the dreary, dark November,
+    With dripping black boughs overhead,
+      And dead leaves on a grave.
+
+    The years have come and gone,
+      And brought me many a pleasure,
+    And many a gift and gain
+      From near and from afar,
+    And dear work gladly done,
+      And dear love without measure,
+    And sunshine after rain,
+      And in the night a star.
+
+    The years have come and gone,
+      And one hath brought me sorrow;
+    Yet I shall sing to ease my pain
+      For the hours I must stay.
+    They are passing one by one,
+      And I wait with hope the morrow;
+    But indeed I am not fain
+      Of a long, long day.
+
+    It is well for a little child
+      Whose heart is blithe and merry
+    To find too short its golden day--
+      Long morn and afternoon.
+    So many flowers grow wild,
+      And many a fruit and berry:
+    Long day, too short for work and play,--
+      The night comes too soon.
+
+    It was well for that little child;
+      But its day is gone forever,
+    And a wounded heart will ache
+      In the sunlight gold and gay.
+    Oh, the night is cool and mild
+      To all things that smart with fever!
+    The older heart had time to break
+      In the little child's long day.
+
+                    KATHARINE TYNAN, in _Merry England_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WHEN little Willie L. first heard the braying of a mule in the South, he
+was greatly frightened; but, after thinking a minute, he smiled at his
+fear, saying, "Mamma, just hear that poor horse with the
+whooping-cough!"
+
+A LITTLE grammar is a dangerous thing: "Johnny, be a good boy, and I
+will take you to the circus next year."--"Take me now, pa; the circus is
+in the present tents."
+
+
+THE CHRISTMAS TURKEY.
+
+Grandfather Patrick lived a long time ago; in the days when all the
+grandfathers wore white wigs with little tails sticking out behind.
+
+One day he went into the back yard where an old Turkey Gobbler lived,
+and said to him:
+
+"Mr. Turkey Gobbler: Next week comes Christmas and I want you to come
+into the house with me, and help us have a good time. You are such a
+fine, fat fowl, I am sure you will be just the one we want."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Mr. Turkey Gobbler was a vain bird, and when he heard Grandfather
+Patrick say this, he spread out his tail, stuck up his feathers, and
+stretched his wings down to the ground. Then he said: "Yes, I know I am
+a fine fowl, and I want to get away from this low, mean yard, into the
+grand house, among grand people, where I think I belong."
+
+"And so you shall," said Grandfather Patrick. "You shall leave this cold
+yard and come in to the stove where it is warm. You shall come to the
+table with us all on Christmas Day. You shall be at the head of the
+table, and the boys and girls will be glad to see you, and they will say
+how fat you are, and how good you are, and how they wish they could have
+you at the table every day."
+
+Mr. Turkey Gobbler was so pleased at all this that he went into the
+house with Grandfather Patrick and Aunt Bridget.
+
+And all the little chickens looked on, and they said to each other: "Why
+cannot we go into the grand house, and come to the table the same as Mr.
+Turkey Gobbler? We are just as fine as he."
+
+"Be patient," said Grandfather Patrick; "your time will come."
+
+
+THE CHRISTMAS STOCKING.
+
+                             "Dear Santa Claus," wrote
+                           little Will in letters truly
+                           shocking, "I's been a good
+                          boy, so please fill a heapen
+                         up this stocking. I want
+                        a drum to make pa sick
+                      and drive my mamma cra-
+                     zy. I want a doggie I can
+                     kick so he will not get
+                    lazy. I want a powder
+                   gun to shoot right at my
+                   sister Annie, and a big
+                    trumpet I can toot just
+                     awful loud at granny. I
+                     want a dreffle big false
+                  face to scare in fits our ba-
+                     by. I want a pony I can
+                      race around the parlor,
+                     maybe. I want a little
+                     hatchet, too, so I can do
+                     some chopping upon our
+                     grand piano new, when
+                     mamma goes a-shopping.
+                     I want a nice hard rub-
+                     ber ball to smash all
+                      into flinders, the
+                       great big mirror
+                       in the hall an'
+                       lots an' lots of
+                        winders. An'
+                       candy that'll
+                        make me
+                        sick, so ma
+                      all night will
+                     hold me an'
+                    make pa get the
+                   doctor quick an'
+                  never try to scold
+                 me. An' Santa Claus,
+              if pa says I'm naughty
+           it's a story. Jus' say
+        if she whips me I'll
+      die an' surely go to
+    glory."
+
+
+THE CHRISTMAS CRIB.
+
+From the French of J. Grange, by Th. Xr. K.
+
+There still subsist, in certain provinces of France, old religious
+customs which are full of charming simplicity. May they endure and ever
+hold out against the icy breath of skepticism, the cold rules of the
+beautiful, and the wearisome level of uniformity.
+
+In the churches of Limousin, between Christmas and the Purification, is
+found a rustic monument called crib. The crib is generally a straw hut,
+thatched with branches of holly and pine; on these branches are
+scattered little patches of white wadding, which look like snowflakes.
+Inside the house, on a bed of straw, lies an Infant Jesus made of wax.
+All these Infants look alike and are charming; they have blond hair,
+blue eyes, pink cheeks, and a silk or brocade gown, with gold and silver
+spangles. To the right of the Child is the Blessed Virgin; to the left,
+St. Joseph. These are of wax or even of colored pasteboard. A little
+behind the Holy Family, and forming two distinct groups, may be seen the
+kings and the shepherds. The shepherds are like peasants of that part of
+the country, with long hair, big felt hats, and blue drugget vests. Most
+of them carry in their hands, or in baskets, dairy or farm
+presents,--fruits, eggs, honey-comb, a pair of doves. As for the kings,
+they are superbly clothed in long gowns, whose trail is carried by
+dwarfs. One of them, called the king of Ethiopia, is black and has kinky
+hair.
+
+In certain cribs, simplicity and exactness are pushed to such lengths,
+as to represent the ox and the ass, with the rack full of hay. There may
+be also seen, but less frequently, in the kings' group, camels and
+dromedaries, covered with rich harness, and led by the bridle by slaves.
+If you want to do things right and leave nothing out, you must skilfully
+arrange above the crib a yellow-colored glass in which burns a flame,
+which represents the star that the Magi perceived and which stopped over
+the grotto at Bethlehem. Candles and tapers burn before the crib, which
+is surrounded by some pious women, and a number of children, who never
+grow weary of admiring the Holy Family and its brilliant retinue.
+
+I was one day in a church where there was one of these cribs. I was
+hidden by a column and was a witness, without any wish of mine, of the
+impressions which the little monument made on visitors.
+
+A gentleman, a stranger in the locality, entered the church with a young
+lady, about eighteen years of age, who seemed to be his daughter. The
+gentleman took off his hat, put on a smoking cap, and began to visit the
+church with as much carelessness of demeanor as though it were a
+provincial museum. The young lady dipped the tips of her fingers in the
+holy water, sped through a short prayer, and hastened to rejoin her
+father, with whom she began to chat and laugh.
+
+When they came in front of the crib, the father adjusted his
+eye-glasses, the daughter took her opera-glass, and for a few minutes
+they gazed on this scene, new to them.
+
+After gazing a little while, the gentleman shrugged his shoulders and
+asked:
+
+"What are all those dolls?"
+
+"Papa," replied the daughter, "that is the Stable of Bethlehem, and a
+simple representation of the birth of Jesus Christ."
+
+"Simple?" exclaimed the father, "you're indulgent to-day, Azemia; you
+should say grotesque and buffoonish; that it should be possible to push
+bad taste so far! It is not enough that their mysteries are
+incomprehensible; here they're trying to make them ridiculous!"
+
+"Goodness, papa," said the young lady; "just think! for the common
+people and peasants"--
+
+"I tell you, Azemia, that it is absurd and shocking, and that the
+peasants and the natives themselves must laugh at it. Let us go! I feel
+myself catching cold here, and dinner must be ready."
+
+They had hardly left the church, when a lady entered with a charming
+four-year-old baby. The child ran to the crib where the mother joined
+him after a prayer which seemed to me less summary and more serious than
+that which the young lady had said.
+
+"Oh! mamma," the child said half aloud; "look at the little Jesus, and
+the Blessed Virgin, and St. Joseph. See the kings and the shepherds. Oh!
+mamma, see the star the kings followed and that stopped over the Stable
+of Bethlehem."
+
+And the child stood on tip-toe and looked with wide-open eyes.
+
+"Mamma," he went on, "see the ass and the ox that were in the stable
+when the little Jesus came into the world. Oh! the beautiful gray ass!
+and that ox that is all red; it looks like an ox for sure, like those in
+the fields. Say, little mother, could I throw a kiss to little Jesus?"
+
+And the child, putting his finger-tips to his lips, made a delightfully
+naive salute.
+
+The mother silently kissed her child, and it seemed to me that she was
+weeping.
+
+"Now, darling," she said, "now that you've seen everything, say to the
+little Jesus the prayer you say every night before going to bed."
+
+The child seemed to hesitate.
+
+"You see there is nobody here but the good God and us; then you can say
+it low."
+
+"My God," said the child; "I love you. Keep me during my sleep; keep
+little father and little mother too, good papa and good mamma, my sister
+Mary, who is at boarding-school, and all my relatives, living and dead.
+Jesus, Mary, Joseph, I give you my heart."
+
+The mother and the child left. And I who had heard these things, I
+thought of the sacred texts:--
+
+"Blessed are the pure of heart, for they shall see God."
+
+"I thank Thee, Father, because Thou hast hidden these things from the
+wise and prudent, and hast revealed them to the little ones."
+
+"Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings Thou hast perfected praise."
+
+
+CHRISTMAS GIFTS FOR THE BOYS.
+
+"Please suggest a suitable Christmas present for a boy of nine."
+
+The above, addressed to the _New York Sun_, elicited the following
+reply, which may be read with much profit by all parents of young
+hopefuls.
+
+If your nine-year-old has developed any mechanical taste, gratify it by
+a small kit of tools. The chests of cheap tools sold in the stores are
+not good for much. Select a few tools of good quality at a hardware
+store, and put a substantial work bench, such as carpenters use, in the
+play room. Never mind an occasional cut finger.
+
+Pet animals or birds, which may be found in great variety in the bird
+fanciers' stores, always delight the boys. But city boys do not always
+have room to keep them.
+
+An aquarium of moderate dimensions, stocked with half a dozen varieties
+of fish, turtles, snails, seaweed, etc., is a very useful and
+interesting present for any boy or girl. In the spring add a few
+pollywogs, and watch them in their evolution into frogs. You will be
+interested in the process yourself.
+
+What do you say to a microscope?
+
+If your boy lacks muscular development for his years, get him a set of
+apparatus for parlor gymnastics. He will have lots of fun and it will do
+him good. A bicycle isn't bad either.
+
+If he hasn't learned to skate yet it is time to start in. Get him a good
+pair of steel runners.
+
+Of course he has a sled?
+
+Perhaps he has all of the things we mention. If so, get the housemaid,
+or some other person whom he would not suspect, to ask him what he would
+like best for Christmas, and get that if it is within the bounds of
+reason.
+
+Throw in a book. There are plenty of them.
+
+Don't give him a toy pistol.
+
+
+ROBIN REDBREAST.
+
+All over Great Britain and Ireland the redbreast's nest is spared, while
+those of other birds are robbed without ceremony; and his life is
+equally sacred. No schoolboy who has ever killed a robin can forget the
+dire remorse and fear that followed the deed. And little wonder, for
+terrible are the punishments said to overtake those who persecute this
+little bird. Generally such a crime is believed to be expiated by the
+death of a friend. Sometimes the punishment is more trivial. In some
+parts of England it is believed that even the weasel and the wildcat
+will spare him.
+
+In Brittany, the native place of the legend, it is needless to say, the
+redbreast is thoroughly popular, and his life and nest are both
+respected. In Cornouaille the people say he will live till the day of
+judgment, and every year will make some young women rich and happy. In
+some parts of England and Scotland his appearance is considered an omen
+of death. In Northamptonshire he is said to tap three times at the
+window of a dying person's room. In the Haute Marne district of France
+he is also thought a bird of ill omen, and is called Beznet--meaning
+"the evil eye."
+
+In Central Europe, where there is also no trace of a passion legend
+attached to the redbreast, he is held none the less sacred. Mischief is
+sure to follow the violator of his nest. But by far the most prevalent
+belief, and especially in Germany, is that the man who injures a
+redbreast or its nest will have his house struck by lightning, and that
+a redbreast's nest near a house will protect it from lightning.
+
+These robins are very rarely seen on this side of the Atlantic. Several
+of them were brought to this country a few weeks ago from Larne, county
+Antrim, Ireland, and were landed in New York.
+
+They are the tamest of all the birds in the British Isles, and are utter
+strangers to the timidity which our robin displays toward man. At the
+same time they are not pert and presumptuous like the sparrow, but seem
+to feel that their innocent confidence in man has gained for them
+immunity from the danger of being stoned or shot at, to which nearly
+every other bird is subjected to without compunction. The most
+mischievous schoolboy in those countries never thinks of throwing a
+stone at a robin, although he regards any other bird as an entirely
+proper object for his aim. Like every other songster of the feathered
+tribe, their age depends on how old they are when captured. If taken
+from the nest they will live for years in a cage, but should they have
+enjoyed some years of freedom they pine away soon, and in such cases
+refuse to sing. The nest bird, however, sings in captivity, though its
+notes might lack the sweetness and duration of the free bird. In
+appearance the little robin bears scarcely any resemblance to its
+namesake of this continent, being much smaller in size, and having a
+breast of far rosier hue.
+
+
+FOOLISH GIRLS.
+
+While the great majority of our girls are sensible and wise, not a few
+are silly victims of sensational story papers. Their minds become
+corrupted, and their imaginations attain an unhealthy development. They
+picture to themselves an ideal hero, and easily fall victims to
+designing knaves, who induce them to elope. The spice of romance in an
+elopement takes their fancy, and they leave the homes of happy childhood
+to wander in the paths of pleasure. It has been well remarked that
+nothing good is ever heard of a girl who elopes. Now and then she
+figures in the divorce courts either as plaintiff or defendant, but
+ordinarily the world moves on, and leaves her to her fate. Occasionally
+the police records give a fragment of her life when the heyday of her
+youth and life has fled, and the man with whom she has eloped has taken
+to beating her in order to get up an appetite for breakfast. Here and
+there the workhouse or charitable home opens its doors to receive her,
+when she wearies of the life she gladly assumed, and is too proud to beg
+for forgiveness at home.
+
+
+LITTLE QUEEN PET AND HER KINGDOM.
+
+There was once a little queen who was born to reign over a great rich
+kingdom called Goldenlands. She had twelve nurses and a hundred and
+fifty beautiful names: only unfortunately on the day of the christening
+there was so much confusion and excitement that all the names were lost
+as they fell out of the bishop's mouth. Nobody saw where they vanished
+to, and as nobody could find them, the poor little baby had to return to
+the palace nursery without anything to be called by. They could not
+christen her over again, so the king offered a reward to the person who
+should discover the princess's names within the next fifteen years.
+Every one cried "Poor pet, poor pet!" over the nameless baby, who soon
+became known as the Princess Pet. But her father and mother took the
+accident so much to heart that they both died soon after.
+
+Of course, little Pet was considered too young to manage the affairs of
+her own kingdom, and so she had a great, powerful Government to do it
+for her. This Government was a most peculiar monster, with nine hundred
+and ninety-nine heads and scarcely any heart; and when anything was to
+be decided upon, all the heads had to be laid together, so that it took
+a long time to make up its mind. It was not at all good to the kingdom,
+but little Pet did not know anything about that, as she was kept away in
+her splendid nursery, with all her nurses watching her, while she played
+with the most wonderful toys. Sometimes she was taken out to walk in the
+gardens, with three nurses holding a parasol over her head, a page
+carrying her embroidered train, three nurses walking before, fanning
+her, and six nurses following behind; but she never had any playfellows,
+and nothing ever happened at all different from everything else. The
+only variety in her life was made by startling sounds, which often came
+echoing to the nursery, of the gate-bell of the palace ringing loudly.
+
+"Why does the bell ring so?" little Pet would cry, and the nurses would
+answer:
+
+"Oh, it is only the poor!"
+
+"Who are the poor?" asked Pet.
+
+"People who are born to torment respectable folks!" said the head nurse.
+
+"They must be very naughty people!" lisped Pet, and went on with her
+play.
+
+When Pet grew a little older she became very tired of dolls and
+skipping-ropes, and she really did not know what to do with herself; so
+one day, when all the nurses had gone down to dinner at the same time,
+she escaped from her nursery and tripped down the passages, peering into
+the corners on every side. After wandering about a long time she came to
+a staircase, and descending it very quickly she reached a suite of
+beautiful rooms which had been occupied by her mother. They remained
+just as the good queen had left them; even the faded roses were turning
+into dust in the jars. Pet was walking through the rooms very soberly,
+peering at, and touching everything, when she heard a queer little
+sound of moaning and whispering and complaining, which came like little
+piping gusts of wind from somewhere or other.
+
+"Fiss-whiss, whiss, whiss, whiss!" went the little whispers; and "Ah!"
+and "Ai!" and "Oh!" came puffing after them, like the strangest little
+sighs.
+
+"Oh, dear, what _can_ it be?" thought Pet, standing in the middle of the
+room and gazing all round. "I declare I do think it is coming out of the
+wardrobe!"
+
+An ancient carved wardrobe extended all along one side of the room, and
+indeed the little sounds seemed to be whistling out through its chinks
+and keyholes. Pet walked up to it rather timidly; but taking courage,
+put her ear to the lock. Then she heard distinctly:
+
+    "Here we hang in a row,
+      In a row!
+    And we ought to have been given
+      To the poor long ago!"
+
+And besides this strange complaint she caught other little bits grumbles
+floating about, such as
+
+    "Fiss, whiss, whiss!
+      Did ever I think
+    I should have come to this?"
+
+And:
+
+    "Alack, and well-a-day!
+      Will _nobody_ come
+    To take us away?"
+
+As soon as she had recovered from her amazement, Pet opened the
+wardrobe, and there she saw a long row of gowns, hanging in all sorts of
+despondent attitudes, some hooked up by their sleeves, others caught by
+the waist with their bodies doubled together.
+
+"Here is somebody at last, thank goodness!" cried a dark-brown silk
+which was greatly crumpled, and looked very uncomfortable hanging up by
+its shoulder.
+
+"Oh, gowns, gowns!" cried Pet, staring at these strange grumblers with
+her round, blue eyes, "whatever do you want?"
+
+"_Want_?" cried the brown silk; "why, of course, to be taken out and
+given to the poor."
+
+"The poor again!" cried Pet. "Who can these poor be at all, I wonder?"
+
+"People who cannot buy clothing enough for themselves," said the brown
+silk. "When your dear mother was alive she always gave her old gowns to
+the poor. Only think how nice I should be for the respectable mother of
+a family to go to church in on Sundays, instead of being rumpled in here
+out of the daylight with the moths eating me."
+
+"And I," cried a pink muslin, "what a pretty holiday frock I should make
+for the industrious young school-mistress who supports her poor
+grandfather and grandmother."
+
+"And I! and I! and I!" shrieked many little rustling voices, each
+describing the possible usefulness of a particular gown.
+
+"Yes! we should all turn to account," continued the brown silk, "all
+except, perhaps, one or two very grand, stiff old fogies in velvet and
+brocade and cloth-of-gold; and even these might be cut up into jackets
+for the old clown who tumbles on the village green for the children's
+amusement."
+
+"My breath is quite taken away," cried Pet. "I shall certainly see that
+you are all taken out and given to the poor immediately."
+
+"She is her mother's daughter after all;" said the brown silk,
+triumphantly; and Pet closed the door upon a chorus of little murmurs of
+satisfaction from the imprisoned gowns.
+
+"This is a very curious adventure," thought the little queen, as she
+trotted on, fancying she saw faces grinning at her out of the furniture
+and down from the ceiling; and then she stopped again, quite sure she
+heard very peculiar sounds coming out of an antique bureau which stood
+in a corner. After her conversation with the gowns this did not surprise
+her much at all, and she put her ear to the keyhole at once.
+
+    "Clink! Clink!
+    What do you think?
+    Here we are
+    Shut up in a drawer,"
+
+cried the queer little voices coming out of the bureau.
+
+"What can _this_ be about, I wonder?" said Pet, and turning the key,
+peeped in. There she beheld a whole heap of gold and silver lying in the
+depths of the bureau, all the guineas and shillings hopping about and
+clinking against each other and singing:
+
+    "Take us out
+      And give us about,
+    And then we shall do
+      Some good, no doubt!"
+
+"Why, what do you want to get out for?" asked Pet, looking down at them.
+
+"To help the poor, of course!" said the money. "We were put in here by
+the good queen, your mother, and saved up for the poor who deserve to be
+assisted. But now every one has forgotten us, and we are rusting away
+while there is so much distress in the kingdom."
+
+"Well," said Pet, "I shall see to your case; for I promise you I am
+going to know more about these wonderful poor."
+
+She shut up the bureau, and went on further exploring the rooms, and now
+you may be pretty sure her ears were wide open for every sound. It was
+not long before she heard a creaking and squeaking that came from a
+large wicker-basket which was twisting about in the most discontented
+manner.
+
+    "Once on a time I was filled with bread,
+    But now I stand as if I were dead,"
+
+mourned the basket.
+
+"And why were you filled with bread?" asked Pet.
+
+"Your mother used to fill me," squeaked the basket, "and give the bread
+out of me to feed the poor."
+
+"Why! do you mean to say that the poor have no bread to eat?" asked
+Pet. "That is really a most dreadful thing. I must speak to my
+Government about these poor immediately. Whatever my mother did must
+have been perfectly right at all events, and I shall do the same!"
+
+And off she went back towards her nursery, meeting all her twelve nurses
+flying along the corridors to look for her.
+
+"Go directly and tell my Government that I want to speak to it," said
+Queen Pet, quite grandly; and she was brought down to the great Council
+Chamber.
+
+"Your Majesty has had too much plum-pudding and a bad dream afterwards!"
+said the Government when Pet had told the whole story about the gowns,
+and the money, and the bread-basket, and the poor; and then the
+Government took a pinch of snuff and sent Queen Pet back to her nursery.
+
+The next day, when all the nurses had gone to their dinner again, Pet
+was leaning out of her nursery window, with her two elbows on the sills
+and her face between her hands, and she was gazing down on the charming
+gardens below, and away off over the fields and hills of her beautiful
+kingdom of Goldenlands. "Where do the poor live, I wonder?" she thought;
+"and I wonder what they are like? Oh, that I could be a good queen like
+my mother, and be of use to my people! How I wish that I had a ladder to
+reach down into the garden, and then I could run away all over my
+kingdom and find things out for myself."
+
+Just as she thought thus an exquisite butterfly perched on her finger
+and said gaily,--
+
+    "A thousand spiders
+      All weaving in a row,
+    Can weave you a ladder
+      To fit your little toe."
+
+"Can they, indeed?" cried Pet; "and are you acquainted with the
+spiders?"
+
+"I should think so, indeed," said the butterfly; "I am engaged to be
+married to a spider; I have been engaged ever since I was a
+caterpillar."
+
+"Well, just ask them to be so good!" said Pet, and away flew the
+butterfly, coming back in a moment with a whole cloud of spiders
+following her.
+
+"Be as quick as you can, please, lest my nurses should come back from
+dinner," said Pet, as the spiders worked away. "Fortunately they have
+all good appetites, and cannot bear to leave table without their six
+helpings of pudding."
+
+The ladder being finished, Pet tripped down it into the garden, where
+she was hidden at once in a wilderness of roses, out of which she made
+her way through a wood, and across a stream quite far into the open
+country of her kingdom.
+
+She was running very fast, with her head down, when she heard a step
+following her, and a voice speaking to her, and looking round, saw a
+very extraordinary person indeed. He was very tall and all made of
+loose, clanking bones; he carried a scythe in one hand, and an hourglass
+in the other, and he had a pleasant voice, which made Pet not so much
+afraid of him as she otherwise might have been.
+
+"It is no use trying to run away from me," said this person. "Besides, I
+wish to do you a good turn. My name is Time."
+
+Pet dropped a trembling courtesy.
+
+"You need not be afraid of me," continued the stranger, "as you have
+never yet abused me. It is only those who are trying to kill me who have
+cause to fear me."
+
+"Indeed, sir, I wish to be good to every person," said Pet.
+
+"I know you do," said Time, "and that is why I am bound to help you. The
+thing you want most is a precious jewel called Experience. You are going
+now in search of it; yes, you are, though you do not know anything about
+it as yet. You will know it after you have found it. Now, I am going to
+give you some instructions."
+
+"Thank you, sir," said Pet, who was delighted to find that he was not a
+government, and had no intention of bringing her back to her nursery.
+
+"First of all I must tell you," said Time, "that you have a precious
+gift which was born with you: it is the power of entering into other
+people whenever you wish, living their lives, thinking their thoughts,
+and seeing everything as they see it."
+
+"How nice!" cried Pet.
+
+"It is a most useful gift if properly cultivated," said Time, "and it
+will certainly help you to gain your jewel. Now, whenever you find a
+person whose life you would wish to know all about for your own
+instruction, you have only to wish, and immediately your existence will
+pass into theirs."
+
+"And shall I ever get out again?" asked Pet, who had an inveterate
+dislike of all imprisonment.
+
+"I am going to tell you about that," said Time. "You must not remain too
+long locked up in anybody. Here is a curious tiny clock, with a little
+gold key, and you must take them with you and be very careful of them.
+Whenever you find that you have passed into somebody else, you must at
+once wind up your clock and hang it somewhere so that you can see it as
+you go about. The clock will go for a month, and as soon as it runs down
+and stops, you will be changed back into your separate self again. A
+month will be long enough for you to live in each person."
+
+"Oh, thank you, thank you," cried Pet, seizing the clock.
+
+"One thing you must be sure not to forget," said Time, "so attend to me
+well. There is a mysterious sympathy between you and the clock and the
+little gold key, and if you lose the key after the clock is wound up the
+clock will go on forever, or at least until you find the key again. So
+if you do not want to be shut up in somebody to the end of your life, be
+careful to keep guard of the key."
+
+"That I will," said Pet.
+
+"And now, good-by," said Time. "You can go on at this sort of thing as
+long as you like--until you are quite grown up, perhaps; and you
+couldn't have a better education."
+
+Conclusion next month.
+
+
+
+
+Useful Knowledge
+
+
+KNIVES and forks with ivory, bone or wooden handles should not be put
+into cold water. But we suggest that when our readers buy knives for the
+table they get those with silver-plated handles and blades. They need no
+bath brick to keep them bright, but only an occasional rub with whiting,
+and save "lots of trouble."
+
+LEMON PIE.--One cup of hot water, one tablespoonful of corn starch, one
+cup of white sugar, one tablespoonful of butter, the juice and grated
+rind of one lemon. Cook for a few minutes, add one egg, and bake with a
+top and bottom crust.
+
+STRAWBERRY SHORTCAKE.--One quart of flour sifted dry, with two large
+teaspoonfuls of baking powder, one tablespoonful of sugar, and a little
+salt. Add three tablespoonfuls of butter and sweet milk, enough to form
+a soft dough. Bake in a quick oven, and when partially cooked split
+open, spread with butter, and cover with a layer of strawberries well
+sprinkled with sugar; lay the other half on top, and spread in the same
+manner.
+
+A GOOD WAY TO USE COLD MEAT.--Take the remnants of any fresh roasted
+meat and cut in thin slices. Lay them in a dish with a little plain
+boiled macaroni, if you have it, and season thoroughly with pepper,
+salt, and a little walnut catsup. Fill a deep dish half full; add a very
+little finely chopped onion, and pour over half a can of tomatoes or
+tomatoes sliced, having previously saturated the meat with stock or
+gravy. Cover with a thick crust of mashed potato, and bake till this is
+brown in a not too hot oven, but neither let it be too slow.
+
+OMELET.--Take as many eggs as required, and add three teaspoonfuls of
+milk and a pinch of salt to each egg. Beat lightly for three or four
+minutes. Melt a teaspoonful of butter in a hot pan, and pour on the
+eggs. They will at once begin to bubble and rise up, and must be kept
+from sticking to the bottom of the pan with a knife. Cook two or three
+minutes. If desired, beat finely chopped ham or parsley with the eggs
+before cooking.
+
+AN experienced gardener says that a sure sign to find out if plants in
+pots require wetting is to rap on the side of the pot, near the middle,
+with the finger knuckle; if it give forth a hollow ring the plant needs
+water; but if there is a dull sound there is still moisture enough to
+sustain the plant.
+
+CAKES WITHOUT EGGS.--In a little book just issued from the press of
+Messrs. Scribner & Welford, New York, a large number of practical,
+though novel, receipts are given for making cakes of various kinds, from
+the informal griddle-cake to the stately bride-cake, without eggs, by
+the use of Royal Baking Powder. Experienced housekeepers inform us that
+this custom has already obtained large precedence over old-fashioned
+methods in economical kitchens, and that the product is frequently
+superior to that where eggs are used, and that less butter is also
+required for shortening purposes. The advantage is not alone in the
+saving effected, but in the avoidance of the trouble attendant upon
+securing fresh eggs and the annoyance of an occasional cake spoiled by
+the accidental introduction of an egg that has reached a little too
+nearly the incubatory period. The Royal Baking Power also invariably
+insures perfectly light, sweet and handsome cake, or when used for
+griddle cakes, to be eaten hot, enables their production in the shortest
+possible space of time, and makes them most tender and delicious, as
+well as entirely wholesome. There is no other preparation like it.
+
+FEEDING COOKED MATERIAL.--The feed for young chicks should always be
+cooked, for if this is done there will be less liability of bowel
+disease; but the adult stock should have whole grains a portion of the
+time. By cooking the food, one is better enabled to feed a variety, as
+potatoes, turnips, beets, carrots and such like, can be utilized with
+advantage. All such material as bran, corn meal, middlings, or ground
+oats should at least be scalded, if not cooked, which renders it more
+digestible and more quickly beneficial. Where shells or lime are not
+within reach, a substitute may be had by stirring a spoonful of ground
+chalk in the food of every six hens; but gravel must be provided where
+this method is adopted.
+
+
+
+
+The Humorist
+
+
+IN an argument with an irascible and not very learned man, Sydney Smith
+was victor, whereupon the defeated said, "If I had a son who was an
+idiot, I'd make a parson of him." Mr. Smith calmly replied, "Your father
+was of a different opinion."
+
+A BANANA skin lay on the grocer's floor. "What are you doing there?"
+asked the scales, peeking over the edge of the counter. "Oh, I'm lying
+in wait for the grocer."--"Pshaw!" said the scales: "I've been doing
+that for years."
+
+THE late Dr. Doyle was applied to on one occasion by a Protestant
+clergyman for a contribution towards the erection of a church. "I
+cannot," said the bishop, "consistently aid you in the erection of a
+Protestant church; but I will give you L10 towards the removal of the
+old one." Received with thanks.
+
+"WHAT is a curiosity, ma?" asked little Jimmy. "A curiosity is something
+that is very strange, my son."--"If pa bought you a sealskin sack this
+winter would that be a curiosity?"--"No, my son; that would be a
+miracle."
+
+A BRITISH and Yankee skipper were sailing side by side, and in the
+mutual chaff the English captain hoisted the Union Jack and cried
+out--"There's a leg of mutton for you." The Yankee unfurled the Stars
+and Stripes and shouted back, "And there is the gridiron which broiled
+it."
+
+A MR. FOLLIN became engaged to a fair maid whose acquaintance he formed
+on a transatlantic voyage last year. The girl's father consented to
+their union and while joining their hands he said to the would-be
+bridegroom, "Follin, love and esteem her."--"Of course, I will," was the
+reply. "Didn't I fall in love on a steamer?"
+
+MISS LILY, seeing a certain friend of the family arrive for dinner,
+showed her joy by all sorts of affectionate caresses. "You always seem
+glad when _I_ come to dinner," said the invited guest. "Oh, yes,"
+replied the little girl. "You love me a great deal, then?"--"Oh, it
+isn't for that," was the candid reply. "But when you come we always have
+chocolate creams, you know."
+
+PIETY THAT PAID.--"How does it happen that you joined the Methodist
+church?" asked a man of a dealer in ready-made clothing. "Vell, pecause
+mine brudder choined der Bresbyterians. I vas not vant der let haem git
+advantage mit me."--"How get the advantage?"--"Mine brudder noticed dot
+he was ein shoemaker und dot der Bresbyterians shtood oop ven dey bray.
+He see dot dey vare der shoes oud in dot vay und he choins dot shurch to
+hold dot trade, und prospers; so I choined der Methodists."--"What did
+you gain by that?"--"Vy, der Methodists kneel down unt vare der pritches
+at der knees out ven dey bray, unt dey bray long unt vare pig holes in
+dem pritches. Vell, I sells clothes to dem Methodists unt makes
+monish."--"But don't you have to donate considerable to the support of
+the church?"--"Yah, I puts much money in dot shurch basket, but efery
+time I denotes to dot shurch I marks pritches oop ten per cent, und gets
+more as even."
+
+PROSE AND POETRY.--"Yes," she said dreamily, as she thrust her snowy
+fingers between the pages of the last popular novel; "life is full of
+tender regrets." "My tenderest regret is that I haven't the funds to
+summer us at Newport," he replied, without taking his eye off the
+butcher, who was softly oozing through the front gate with the bill in
+his hand. "Ah, Newport," she lisped, with a languid society sigh; "I
+often think of Newport by the sea, and water my dreams with the tender
+dews of memory." She leaned back in the hammock, and he continued: "I
+wish I could water the radishes and mignonette with the tender dews of
+memory."--"Why?" she asked, clasping her hands together. "Why, because
+it almost breaks my back handling the water-pot, and half the water goes
+on my feet, and it takes about half an hour to pump that pail of water,
+and it requires something like a dozen pailfuls to do the business. What
+effect do you think the tender dews of memory would have on a good
+drumhead cabbage?" But she had turned her head and was looking over the
+daisy-dappled fields, and she placed her fingers in her ears, while the
+prosaic butcher, who had just arrived, was talking about the price of
+pork.
+
+
+
+
+DONAHOE'S MAGAZINE.
+
+BOSTON, JANUARY, 1886.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Notes on Current Topics.
+
+
+"IT IS FASHIONABLE TO BE IRISH, NOW."
+
+Hon. Hugh O'Brien's Magnificent Record as Mayor of Boston.
+
+Hon. Hugh O'Brien, Mayor of Boston, has made one of the ablest chief
+executives that the city has ever possessed. Indeed, few past Mayors can
+at all compare with him either in personal impressiveness or financial
+acumen. No man living understands Boston's true interests better than
+he, and no one has the future prosperity of the New England metropolis
+more sincerely at heart. Possessing an earnest desire for the public
+welfare, he has, with characteristic vigor, energy and broadmindedness,
+advocated measures calculated to redound to the immense benefit of the
+capital of the old Bay State. His name will live in the history of the
+great city, as that of one of far-seeing judgment, great administrative
+ability and unsurpassed intellectual accomplishments.
+
+"It is fashionable to be Irish, now!" said a gentlemen at a meeting a
+short time since, and in a great measure the assertion will stand the
+test. When Hugh O'Brien sought the suffrages of his fellow-citizens, a
+year ago, for the mayorality, thousands, who then malignantly sneered at
+his candidacy, were this year found among his most earnest supporters
+for re-election. His brilliant administration, thorough impartiality and
+manifest sound judgment has entirely removed the prejudice and bias from
+a very large number of honest, well-meaning citizens, who had previously
+regarded the idea of an "Irish" Mayor with profound distrust. Mayor
+O'Brien's friends and supporters are not now confined to any one
+particular party, but have given evidence of their existence in other
+political camps. A Democrat in politics, and nominated originally by the
+Democrats, Hugh O'Brien has not only proved entirely satisfactory to his
+own party, but has also earned the confidence and esteem of a large
+portion of the Republican element. At a recent Republican meeting, Otis
+D. Dana, strongly advocated the nomination of Mr. O'Brien by that party
+on the ground that as a matter of party expediency and for the good of
+the entire city, Mr. O'Brien should receive Republican indorsement, and
+thus be given an opportunity "to act even more independently than he has
+this year." This is but an instance of Mayor O'Brien's popularity with
+men of all parties. The world moves, and the re-election of Hugh O'Brien
+to the mayorality may be considered cumulative evidence of the truth of
+the quotation made above, that "It is fashionable to be Irish, now."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A NEW YEAR'S PRESENT.--No better present can be given to a friend than a
+copy of our MAGAZINE. Any of our present subscribers getting a new one
+will get both for $3.00 (one for himself and another for his friend),
+sent to separate addresses.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A NEW DEPUTY COLLECTOR FOR BOSTON.--We endorse with pleasure this from
+the _Connecticut Catholic_: We congratulate Thomas Flatley, secretary of
+the Land League, under the presidency of Hon. P. A. Collins, on his
+appointment as deputy collector of the custom house in Boston. He is a
+whole-souled gentleman of ability, and Democratic to the core. His
+elevation will please thousands of Irish-Americans in many States
+besides Massachusetts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT.--As we have electrotyped our MAGAZINE, we can
+supply any number of this issue.
+
+
+Mr. P. J. Maguire for Alderman.
+
+The Democracy of Wards 19 and 22, constituting the 9th district, have
+unanimously voted to support Mr. P. James Maguire for alderman at the
+ensuing election. This, no doubt, secures for Mr. Maguire the cordial
+support of the Democratic City Committee, and as the two wards are
+democratic in politics, it ought to be an election for that gentleman
+without any doubts thrown in. Mr. Maguire has had a varied experience in
+municipal legislation, in which he has proved himself a most useful and
+capable servant of the people. He served six years in the Boston City
+Government, that is, from 1879 to 1884 inclusive. During this time he
+was on the committee on public buildings, also on the committee on the
+assessors department, on committees on Stony Brook, public parks,
+claims, police, and several others of more or less special importance,
+in all of which he showed a fine business efficiency and discriminating
+capacity highly laudable. He has also served as a Director of Public
+Institutions. Last year he had to contend against the forces of a big
+corporation, and other organized oppositions, in favor of the Republican
+nominee for alderman, which are not likely to avail against him in this
+campaign. The gentleman is of the highly respected firm of Maguire &
+Sullivan, merchant and military tailors, 243 Washington Street, between
+Williams Court and the _Herald_ office, one of the busiest sections of
+the city. Their trade, it should be said embraces considerable patronage
+from the reverend clergy for cassocks and other wearing apparel.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WE give our readers this month sixteen additional pages of reading
+matter. Should our circulation increase to warrant a continuance of this
+addition--say one hundred and ninety-two pages a year--we will continue
+the addition. Come, friends, and enable us to benefit you as well as
+ourselves. Let each subscriber send us a new one.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A FAIR in aid of Fr. Roche's working Boys' Home will be held in the new
+building on Bennet Street, commencing Easter Monday night.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE KING OF SPAIN, Alphonso XII., died at his palace in Madrid, on the
+morning of the 25th of November, in his 28th year.
+
+
+Death of the Vice-President.
+
+The eventful political and professional career of Hon. Thomas Andrews
+Hendricks, Vice-President of the United States, came to an abrupt end
+towards evening, on the 25th of November, at his home in Indianapolis,
+Ind. The event was sudden and unexpected. There was no one at his
+bedside at the time, for his wife, who had been there all day, had left
+for a few minutes to see a caller, and it was she who first made the
+discovery of his death. For more than two years Mr. Hendricks had been
+in ill health, and recently the apprehension had been growing on him
+that his death was likely to occur at most any time. He had a gangrenous
+attack arising from a disabled foot in 1882, when, for a time, it was
+feared he would die of blood-poisoning. After his recovery from this he
+was frequently troubled with pains in his head and breast, and to those
+with whom he was on confidential terms he frequently expressed himself
+as apprehensive of a sudden demise from paralysis; but he said that when
+death came he hoped it would come quickly and painlessly. He was at
+Chicago the previous week, and upon his return he complained of the
+recurrence of the physical troubles to which he was subject. His
+indisposition, however, did not prevent him from attending to business
+as usual. The night previous he attended a reception given at the
+residence of Hon. John J. Cooper, treasurer of the State. The death
+following so soon after that of the late ex-President Grant, has cast a
+gloom over the whole country. His age was sixty-seven years. The
+interment took place on the first of December, at the family grave in
+his own town. There were present members of the Cabinet and
+representatives from every part of the country. None will regret his
+loss more than the friends of Ireland, at home and abroad. His recent
+speech on Irish affairs, which was published in the November issue of
+our MAGAZINE, had more influence on the stirring events in England and
+Ireland than any other utterance for years. The nation laments his loss,
+and the Irish people throughout the world join the mourning.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SOUTHERN SKETCHES.--We are obliged to lay over the interesting "Southern
+Sketches." The next will be a description of Havana, Cuba.
+
+CONVERSIONS.--The Rev. Wm. Sutherden, Curate of St. John's, Torquay, and
+the Rev. W. B. Drewe, M. A. (Oxon), who for twenty-three years held the
+Vicarage of Longstock, Stockbridge, Hants, have been received into the
+Church--the former by the Cardinal-Archbishop at Archbishop's House,
+Westminster; the latter by the Very Rev. Canon Mount, at St. Joseph's,
+Southampton.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PARTICULAR NOTICE.--This issue of our MAGAZINE commences the eighth year
+of its publication. There are some dear, good souls who have forgotten
+that it requires money to run the publication. They surely would not
+like to hear that we were unable to pay the printer, bookbinder, clerks,
+paper-maker, etc. Without their aid we cannot fulfil our obligations to
+those we employ. This notice has reference only to those who owe us for
+one, and many for two, years. Let not the sun go down, after reading
+this notice, without paying what you owe us.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+COLLEGE IN HOLLAND.--There lately arrived in Rome Rev. Andrew Jansen,
+Rector of the College of Steil, in Holland. This College is German,
+established in Holland to avoid the Kulturkampf persecutions. It is in a
+most flourishing condition, having at present 130 students preparing
+themselves for the foreign missions. Father Jansen is accompanied by the
+renowned missionary Anser. Two years ago, the latter was in the Province
+of Chang-tong, China, and one day, travelling alone, he was surprised by
+a band of ferocious idolaters, taken and stripped, and tied by the arms
+to a tree. They then beat him most unmercifully with rods, broke one arm
+and one leg, and left him bleeding, and, as they thought, dying. Some
+Chinese, passing by shortly afterwards, found him still alive; took him
+to a neighboring hut, and by assiduous care, skill, and nursing, healed
+him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ILLUSTRATED ALMANAC.--The Angel Guardian Annual, in a new garb, is
+announced. The friends of this admirable Institution, will find this
+year's issue particularly interesting. It contains 16 additional pages
+and has several splendid illustrations. No Catholic family in the city
+should be without it. It costs only 10 cents. Look at the announcement
+and order at once. Orders filled by Brother Joseph, Treasurer House of
+Angel Guardian, 85 Vernon Street, or by Messrs. T. B. Noonan & Co.,
+Boylston Street, Boston, Mass.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE Encyclical we have used is _The London Tablet's_ translation.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE _Catholic Citizen_, Milwaukee, Wis., has entered upon its sixteenth
+year. We are pleased to see it is well sustained, as it deserves to be
+long up to the _Citizen_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE Forty-Ninth Congress of the United States, assembled at Washington
+on the 7th of December.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE fair held at Mechanic Building, Sept. 3d, in aid of the Carney
+Hospital, netted $2,803.38. The largest amount realized by one table was
+$347.45 taken by the Immaculate Conception table, under charge of Miss
+A. L. Murphy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SALT LAKE CITY has a population of about 25,000 inhabitants, with a good
+brick Catholic church and three resident priests. There is also a
+convent and sister's hospital. The latter is a fine building and looks
+as big and firm as the mountains themselves, the cost of which is
+estimated at $70,000. It would be an ornament to the largest city in the
+United States.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHINA AND JAPAN.--The important and successful communications between
+the Vatican and Pekin have been followed by the opening of similar
+relations with Japan. The Sovereign Pontiff has written a letter to the
+Mikado, thanking him for the favor extended to Missionaries and the
+Mikado replies in most cordial terms, assuring the Pope that he would
+continue to afford protection to Catholics, and announcing the despatch
+of a Japanese mission to the Vatican.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE will of the Rev. Michael. M. Green, of Newton, Mass., which is on
+file at the Middlesex Probate Court, bequeaths his house and land on
+Adams and Washington Streets, Newton, to the Home for Catholic Destitute
+Children, at Boston; his household furniture to St. Mary's Infant Asylum
+of Boston: his horse and carriage and garden implements to the Little
+Sisters of the Poor and the Carney Hospital; his library to Rev. Robert
+P. Stack in trust to the Catholic Seminary of the Archdiocese of
+Boston, and to the Church of Our Lady Help of Christians at Newton; his
+gold watch to the Young Ladies' Sodality of Our Lady Help of Christians
+at Newton. Rev. Robert P. Stack, of Watertown, is the executor.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A WELCOME HOME.--The people of St. Augustine's parish, South Boston,
+gave to their beloved pastor, Father O'Callaghan, on his return from a
+four months trip to Europe, a welcome that he can never forget. He
+arrived in Boston on Saturday, Nov. 21, and on Sunday he celebrated High
+Mass. In the afternoon the pastor was welcomed by the Sunday School and
+presented with a check for $300. The presentation speech was made by
+Master Philip Carroll, and feelingly responded to. An address was also
+made by Rev. James Keegan. In the evening the lecture-room was packed to
+overflowing at the reception given by the congregation. The welcoming
+speech was delivered by Judge Joseph D. Fallon. At the conclusion of the
+address the Judge, on behalf of the congregation, presented Father
+O'Callaghan with a check for $2,125. Father O'Callaghan was overcome,
+but responded with emotion, in a fitting manner expressing his
+gratification at the welcome he had received. Father O'Callaghan is in
+perfect health and spirits, and expressed himself delighted with his
+trip. A large number called at the parochial residence, in the evening,
+to pay their respects.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEW CHAPEL IN THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION.--The handsome new marble altars
+in the basement chapel of the Immaculate Conception were consecrated on
+the 20th of November, by Most Rev. Archbishop Williams. The central
+altar is the gift of the daughters of the late Mrs. Joseph Iasigi. The
+three beautiful stained glass windows in the sanctuary are the gift of
+the Married Men's Sodality. The altars and the stained glass windows in
+the side chapels, which are dedicated respectively to the Sacred Heart
+of Jesus, and to our Lady of Lourdes, are the gifts of the Married
+Ladies' Sodality, the Young Ladies' Sodality, and the Sunday School
+children. New Stations of the Cross have also been added. There is now
+probably no finer basement chapel in the country than that of the
+Immaculate Conception. The usual Masses, Sunday School, and evening
+services were held there for the first time last Sunday.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SADLIER'S CATHOLIC DIRECTORY and Ordo for the year 1886 will be issued
+immediately. Since it has passed under the editorial control of John
+Gilmary Shea, this work has been greatly improved and we hope that the
+forthcoming edition will possess such excellence that not only all the
+old customers of the Sadlier publications may purchase it, but that at
+least 10,000 new patrons may be found for it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WHAT THE PAPERS SAY.--_Chicago Citizen_: DONAHOE'S MAGAZINE (published
+by Patrick Donahoe, editor and proprietor, No. 21 Boylston Street,
+Boston, Mass.,) for December, has come to hand and is one of the best
+issues of that admirable Irish-American publication that we have seen.
+It contains, among other highly interesting papers, the following: "The
+Irish Apostle of Corinthia;" "Reminiscences of Our Ninth (Mass.)
+Regiment;" "Shan Pallas Castle," by Edward Cronin; "Southern Sketches,"
+by the Rev. Father Newman; "Dead Man's Island," by T. P. O'Connor, M.
+P.; a life of Hon. A. M. Keily, etc. The MAGAZINE is also replete with
+poetry, editorial and miscellaneous writings. It is, in short, a credit
+to Irish-American literature.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE Roman Catholic Protectorate, an educational institute for boys, at
+Glencoe, Mo., was burned recently. There were nine Christian Brothers
+and eighty-five boys in the building when the fire broke out, but no
+lives were lost. One Brother and two of the pupils, finding their escape
+cut off by the flames, were compelled to leap from a third-story window.
+All were hurt but will recover.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+EXECUTION OF RIEL.--Riel was hanged at Regina, on the morning of the
+16th of November, a few minutes after eight o'clock. Up to the very last
+moment many refused to believe that Sir John A. Macdonald would, merely
+to serve himself, or his party, hang a man who was undoubtably insane.
+Many also believed that as the Metis had been very cruelly and unjustly
+treated by the government, the recommendation attached to the verdict of
+guilty would have effect and the sentence would be commuted. But a
+faction on which Sir John A. Macdonald depends for existence ravened for
+the unfortunate man's blood, and Sir John judged it politic to gratify
+their thirst for vengeance, AND RIEL WAS HANGED.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Notre Dame Scholastic_:--Our great metropolis of the West may take a
+just pride in numbering amongst its citizens so true and talented an
+artist as Miss Eliza Allan Starr. This lady is one who has aided the
+accomplishments of a naturally gifted mind, and skilful pencil, by great
+and careful study, and extensive travel through the celebrated art
+centres of Europe. As a result, her contributions to Catholic literature
+have placed her in the first rank among the distinguished writers of the
+present day, while her lectures on art and art literature have been, for
+some years back, highly prized by the social circles of Chicago. It is
+with pleasure, therefore, that we learn that Miss Starr resumed, on the
+17th of November, her regular weekly lectures on Art Literature, to be
+continued throughout the winter and spring. This series will consider
+the wonderful treasures of the Eternal City, and will receive a fresh
+interest by reason of new illustrations received from Rome and Florence
+during last summer. It is our earnest wish that her efforts for the
+advancement of true artistic taste and culture may meet with the due
+appreciation they so well deserve.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A MARRIAGE has been arranged between the Duc de Montpensier's only
+surviving son, Antonio, and the Infanta Eulalie. The former was educated
+by Mgr. Dupanloup, and is two years younger than his fiancee, he having
+been born in Seville in 1866, and she in Madrid in 1864. The
+negotiations about the marriage settlements have been difficult. He will
+inherit at least half of the largest royal fortune in Europe. The
+Infanta Eulalie is of lively manners and agreeable physiognomy. She was
+educated by the Countess Soriente, a lady of New England birth, and is
+an accomplished player on the harp and guitar. Her instructor was the
+gifted Cuban negress, who used to perform at Queen Isabella's concerts
+at the Palais de Castille.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE FIRST PURCHASE of land by tenants in Ireland, under the Land
+Purchase Act of last session, was completed on Monday, the 9th of
+November, when Mr. George Fottrell, late Solicitor of the Land
+Commission, met some forty tenants, on an estate in the county of
+Tyrone, and got the deeds executed which make them fee-simple
+proprietors, subject only to the liabilities to pay, for forty-nine
+years, instalments materially less than their rent. The entire
+transaction, from the date of Mr. Fottrell's first meeting with the
+tenants at Tyrone to that of the execution of the deeds, occupied only
+one fortnight. Mr. Fottrell's exuberant energy is finding a vent in
+pushing on the work of land purchase in Ireland, and his large
+experience and keen interest in all that concerns the land question are
+recognized as extremely valuable at this moment. Not only has he, in an
+unusually rapid manner, carried out this first sale under the Purchase
+Act, but he has published what he calls a "Practical Guide to the Land
+Purchase Acts," a book which is likely to be of great practical utility
+to lawyers and other persons engaged in the work of carrying sales under
+the Acts into effect.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BURIED ALIVE.--Full particulars have come to hand from Bishop Puginier
+regarding the martyrdom of the Chinese priest Cap. For three days he
+suffered excruciating torments. On the fourth day the mandarin asked him
+to translate the Lord's Prayer. When he came to the third petition, "Thy
+kingdom come," he was asked of what kingdom he spoke. He replied, "Of
+God's kingdom." The mandarin immediately ordered him to be buried alive.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A Boston Merchant on the Irish Question.
+
+The following is a letter of Mr. A. Shuman, one of Boston's leading
+merchants, which was read at the great meeting in Faneuil Hall, and was
+received with cheers:
+
+                              BOSTON, MASS., Oct. 19.
+
+MY DEAR MR. O'REILLY:--I regret, exceedingly, that absence from the city
+will prevent my acceptance of your courteous invitation to be present at
+the meeting Monday evening, at Faneuil Hall, called to express practical
+sympathy with Ireland and the work of Parnell.
+
+It is natural for the American people, with their love of freedom and
+equity, to have fellow-feeling with struggling Ireland in any peaceful
+method they might adopt to secure their political rights and equality
+with Great Britain.
+
+Political freedom in Ireland, I am assured, combined with her natural
+position, would inaugurate an era of prosperity such as she had before
+from 1782 to 1800. Capital would be attracted, lands, now lying barren,
+would be utilized, and mills and factories would spring up.
+
+I think that the Irish question is an important American question. The
+many millions of dollars now sent annually from this country by kin to
+their struggling relations could remain here. Nine-tenths of the many
+hundred employees of our own firm were either born in Ireland, or are of
+Irish parentage, and all contribute, some more, some less, to the same
+purpose. This would be unnecessary, and Ireland could erect herself into
+a position of independence, and neither ask nor accept favors from the
+rest of the world.
+
+This condition of the country would be hastened could she choose, from
+the midst of her people, representatives who understand her wants and
+are in sympathy with her welfare. But, as the British Government does
+not pay its representatives, Ireland is deprived of many of her best men
+who have not the means of independent maintenance, but who would gladly
+serve their country and espouse her cause.
+
+Hence, the most practical thing, it seems to me, is to raise funds to
+assist members who otherwise could not afford to go.
+
+Being, therefore, in sympathy with the movement to that end, and
+believing that the election of such men will require the assistance of
+American merchants. I enclose, herewith, a check for $100, which please
+forward, and oblige,
+
+                Yours truly,
+
+                        A. SHUMAN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DR. JOHN G. MORRIS, son of our esteemed old citizen and patriot, Dr.
+Patrick Morris, has removed from South Boston to 1474 Washington Street,
+Boston. Dr. Morris won high honors in the Medical School of Harvard, and
+is sure to take a prominent place as a practising physician.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CONCERT AND REUNION OF THE HOLY NAME SOCIETY.--On the evening of Nov.
+23, in Union Park Hall, Boston, a vocal and instrumental concert took
+place under the direction of Mr. Calixta Lavallee, assisted by Miss
+Helen O'Reilly, soprano, and Mr. Charles E. McLaughlin, violinist.
+Dancing and refreshments followed. The society was present in full
+strength, and the entertainment was a notable success.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE parishioners of St. Francis de Sales' Church, Vernon Street, Boston
+Highlands, welcomed home their pastor, Rev. John Delahunty, who has just
+returned from Europe. A check for nearly $2,000 was presented to him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_The Notre Dame Scholastic_ says of _The Ave Maria_, which we endorse
+with all our heart:--Our esteemed contemporary, _The Ave Maria_, now
+appears in a new and attractive dress of type, which, while adding to
+the appearance of this popular magazine, must greatly increase its value
+to subscribers by reason of its legibility of character. The beauty and
+clearness of the type and printed page reflect credit alike on the
+type-founders and the printers. In this connection it may be proper to
+state that the enterprising editor of Our Lady's journal announces an
+enlargement of four pages for the volume beginning with January, 1886.
+This improvement, together with the fact that some of the best and most
+popular writers in the English language will continue to contribute to
+its pages, makes _The Ave Maria_ the cheapest and most valuable
+publication of its kind in the world.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+REV. FATHER SESTINI, who for twenty years has edited the _Messenger of
+the Sacred Heart_, and directed the Apostleship of Prayer in America,
+now retires from office on account of advanced age. He is succeeded by
+the Rev. R. S. Dewey, S. J., to whom, at Woodstock College, Md., all
+communications concerning the interests above-named shall be
+henceforward addressed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ST. ELIZABETH'S HOSPITAL.--The old Winson estate, West Brookline Street,
+Boston, purchased last year by the Sisters of St. Francis, has been
+enlarged by the addition of a four-story brick building and wing, and
+otherwise adapted to its new purpose. The Sisters in charge have spared
+no pains to have every detail arranged so as to secure the comfort and
+convenience of the patients. The house was opened on the feast of its
+patron, Saint Elizabeth, November 19, on which occasion Archbishop
+Williams celebrated Mass, and formally dedicated the institution.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A NEW port has been discovered in Guinea by the Missionaries of the
+Propaganda. They have given it the name of Port Leo, in honor of the
+reigning Pontiff.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Elections in England and Ireland.
+
+The contest between the two great parties--Liberal and Tory--is close.
+That is, the Tories and Parnellites are about equal to the Liberals. At
+the time of our writing there were several elections to be held. As
+things look, Parnell is master of the situation. The _London Times_
+declares that "that the only one certain result of the elections is the
+commanding position secured by Mr. Parnell. This is not an inference,
+but a fact that concerns parties alike."
+
+Mr. Parnell says: "It is very difficult to predict whether or not the
+Liberals will have a majority over the Tories and Nationalists, but
+neither the Liberals nor Tories, with the Nationalists, can have more
+than a majority of 10, and, therefore, I think the new Parliament can't
+last long. As to our policy, I can only say it will be guided by
+circumstances. We cannot say what our course is till we hear
+declarations by the English leaders on the Irish question. That question
+will be the question unless foreign complications arise."
+
+One of the most surprising features of the general election in Ireland
+is the complete collapse of the Liberal party. Not a single Liberal has
+returned for any constituency. Saturday's dispatches announced the
+defeat of Mr. Thomas Lea in West Donegal, and Mr. William Findlater in
+South Londonderry. That settles it. The list is closed. Every Liberal
+candidate who tried his fortune with an Irish constituency has suffered
+a signal discomfiture at the polls. Some of them have been beaten by
+Conservatives, others by Nationalists. In one way or another all have
+been sent back to private life.
+
+At the general election of 1880, Ireland returned to Parliament eighteen
+Liberals, and twenty-six Liberal Home Rulers, twenty-four Conservatives
+and thirty-five Parnellites. Thus, out of the one hundred and three
+Irish members, Mr. Gladstone could count forty-four supporters against
+sixty-nine Conservatives and Parnellites. In the present election the
+Conservatives will probably have eighteen seats, while the Parnellites
+will secure the remaining eighty-five seats. The Liberals and Liberal
+Home Rulers are wiped out to the last man. God save Ireland.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE LIVINGSTONS, in Ireland, lived on the land of the famous Con
+O'Neill, who once was rescued from prison by his wife in the oddest way
+imaginable. She hollowed out two small cheeses, concealed a rope in
+each, and sent them to her lord and master, who swung himself down from
+the castle window and struck a free foot upon the green grass beneath.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THERE are in the United States 400 Catholic priests bearing some one of
+the following nineteen well-known Irish names. The numbers following the
+names indicate the number of priests in this country: Brennan, 12;
+Brady, 22; Carroll, 13; Doherty, 16; Kelly, 25; Lynch, 21; McCarthy, 15;
+Maguire, 12; McManus, 14; Meagher, 14; Murphy, 33; O'Brien, 24;
+O'Connor, 14; O'Neill, 18; O'Reilly, 34; O'Sullivan, 18; Quinn, 16;
+Ryan, 31; and Walsh, 33.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PHILADELPHIA has established an excellent precedent for every other city
+and town in the Union. A few days ago the manager of a popular theatre
+there was fined $100 for advertising a spectacular exhibition by setting
+up indecent posters. It is high time this shocking breach of common
+propriety was corrected everywhere. The pictorial representations, by
+which the performances of the stage are introduced to the public, are
+often far worse than the living exhibitions.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEW YORK FAMILY JOURNAL.--A few days ago the Mugwumps thought they were
+as big and powerful as Hell Gate, with all its attachments, before
+General Newton blew it up. Now they are just where that obstruction was
+the day after the explosion. They thought they were the rooster, when
+they were only one of his smallest tail feathers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE ORANGE CROP of Florida for the season of 1884-5 was, as near as it
+could be definitely ascertained, 900,000 bushels. For the coming season
+the crop is estimated at a million and a quarter bushels. Of the last
+crop of 900,000 bushel crates, over one-half was shipped through
+Jacksonville.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE MANATEE, or Sea Cow, is still to be seen on the southeast coast of
+Florida. At the extreme southern end of Indian River, in the St. Lucie
+River, and in Hope Sound, are found the favorite feeding grounds of
+these rarest and shyest of North American marine curiosities.
+
+
+
+
+Personal.
+
+
+BISHOP GILMOUR, on his late visit to Rome, received the honor of
+Monsignore for his vicar-general, Father Boff.
+
+THE Hon. William J. Onahan has returned from a tour through the Irish
+Catholic colonies of Nebraska and Dakota. He reports them to be in a
+flourishing condition.
+
+IT is not generally known that the parish church of Eu, France, where
+the chateau of the Comte de Paris is situated, is dedicated to St.
+Laurence O'Toole.
+
+IT is reported that Lord William Nevill, who some months ago was
+received into the Catholic Church in Melbourne, and who has returned to
+England, contemplates entering the Priesthood.
+
+MISS ELEANOR C. DONNELLY has recently written a hymn for the Golden
+Jubilee of the Priesthood of His Holiness, Pope Leo XIII., which occurs
+December 23d, 1887. It has been set to music, and it has not only been
+translated into German, but into Italian by an eminent theological
+professor, and the hymn is now on its way to Rome to be presented to the
+Pope by a member of the Papal Court.
+
+MADAME SOPHIE MENTER, the famous pianist, now inhabits a castle in the
+Tyrol (Schloss Itter), where she has just received the Abbe Liszt, who
+passed several days there, getting up at 4 o'clock A. M., to work,
+attending mass at 7.30, and then continuing work until midday. The Abbe,
+who was received with guns and triumphal arches, has now left for Rome.
+
+THE friends of Dr. Thomas Dwight, Parkman Professor of Anatomy at
+Harvard University, will be pleased to learn that he has been made a
+member of the Philosophae-Medicae Society of Rome. A diploma has been
+issued by President J. M. Cornoldi, S. J. This society was founded by
+Dr. Travaglini, with the full sanction of the late Pope Pius IX. It is
+intended for the advancement of the sciences and philosophy, and it
+ranks among its members some of the greatest scientific men, doctors of
+medicine, and philosophers of Europe. The diploma is now on its way to
+America.
+
+REV. R. J. MEYER, S. J., rector of St. Louis University, of St. Louis,
+Mo., has been made Provincial of the western province of the Jesuit
+Order, vice Rev. Leopold Bushart, S. J.
+
+THE Right Rev. Louis De Goesbriand, D. D., Bishop of Burlington, Vt.,
+celebrated the thirty-second anniversary of his elevation to the
+episcopacy of the Catholic Church on Friday, October 30th, ultimo.
+
+RT. REV. JEREMIAH O'SULLIVAN, D. D., recently consecrated the fourth
+bishop of Mobile, Ala., was born in Kanturk, county Cork, Ireland, and
+is forty-one years old. At an early age he intended to devote himself to
+the Church, and made his preparatory studies in the schools of his
+native place. At the age of nineteen he came to America, entered St.
+Charles College, Howard County, Md., and finished his classics. The year
+following he entered St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore. Having completed
+his theological course, in that institution, he was ordained by Most
+Rev. Archbishop Spaulding in June, 1868. His first charge was in
+Barnesville, Montgomery County, Md., where he remained one year. He was
+transferred to Westernport, Md., where he remained nine years. During
+his stay he built a large church, and a convent for the Sisters of St.
+Joseph, whom he introduced to Western Maryland. In 1880, or 1881, Most
+Rev. Archbishop Gibbons selected Father O'Sullivan as the successor to
+the Rev. Father Walter as pastor of St. Patrick's, Washington, D. C.,
+the latter going to the Immaculate Conception parish. But an appeal
+being made to His Grace by St. Patrick's congregation for the retention
+of Father Walter, the change did not take place. On the removal of Rev.
+Father Boyle to St. Matthew's, Rev. Father O'Sullivan was called to take
+his place at St. Peter's. During his ministry there he displayed great
+ability in managing. He reduced the debt of the church from $47,000 to
+$12,000, besides, making expensive improvements in the church, schools
+and pastoral residence. He possesses administrative qualities to a high
+degree, and makes an impressive and forcible speaker.
+
+
+
+
+Notices of Recent Publications.
+
+
+_The Catholic Publication Society Co., N. Y._
+
+     THE ILLUSTRATED CATHOLIC FAMILY ANNUAL FOR 1886.
+
+For eighteen years this welcome annual visitor has been received by us.
+It seems to improve with age, for this is the best number yet issued.
+The illustrations, matter, printing and binding, are all excellent. We
+refer the reader to the advertisement for a description of its varied
+and excellent contents. The price is only 25 cents. Every subscriber to
+our MAGAZINE sending us, free of expense, their annual subscription ($2)
+will receive a copy of the Annual free. Send money at once.
+
+     THE KEYS OF THE KINGDOM; OR, THE UNFAILING PROMISE. By the Rev.
+     James J. Moriarty, LL.D., pastor of St. John's Church,
+     Syracuse; author of "Stumbling-Blocks made Stepping-Stones,"
+     "All for Love," etc. Price, $1.25 net.
+
+The subjects treated of in this book are: Is religion worthy of man's
+study? What rule of faith was laid down by Christ? The Church One. The
+Church Holy. The Church Catholic. The Church Apostolic. The various
+subjects are ably discussed in a pleasing and attractive manner by the
+learned author. The book is beautifully printed and bound. It is just
+the book to place in the hands of an inquiring Protestant friend as a
+Christmas present.
+
+     IRISH BIRTHDAY BOOK.
+
+The Catholic Publication Society Co. has published an American edition
+of this book. It contains pieces in prose and verse by all the leading
+Irish writers and speakers. It is bound in Irish linen, gilt edges, and
+sold for $1.
+
+     CAROLS FOR A MERRY CHRISTMAS AND A JOYOUS EASTER. The music by
+     the Rev. Alfred Young, Priest of the Congregation of St. Paul
+     the Apostle. Price, 50 cents.
+
+A very good book for the season. Buy it, all ye lovers of good music.
+
+
+_Benziger Bros., N. Y., Cin., and St. Louis._
+
+     CATHOLIC BELIEF: OR, A SHORT AND SIMPLE EXHIBITION OF CATHOLIC
+     DOCTRINE. By the Rev. Joseph Faa de Bruno, D.D., Rector General
+     of the Pious Society of Missions, etc. Author's American
+     edition edited by Rev. Louis A. Lambert, author of "Notes on
+     Ingersoll," etc. 35th edition. Price, 40 cents.
+
+It is now about a year since this book was published, and the enormous
+sale in that _short_ time is the _greatest testimonial_ it could
+possibly receive.
+
+
+_D. & J. Sadlier & Co., New York._
+
+     THE NATIVITY PLAY; OR, CHRISTMAS CANTATA. By Rev. Gabriel A.
+     Healy, Rector of St. Edward's Church, New York.
+
+This play, says the preface, has been received most favorably by large
+audiences in the hall of St. Bernard's Church, New York City. It is a
+Christmas play, and most suitable for the coming holidays. It has been
+witnessed by thousands of the clergy and laity. The author is indebted
+to Rev. Albany J. Christie, S. J., of London, Eng., Rev. Abram J. Ryan,
+poet-priest of the South, Miss Anna T. Sadlier, and others, whose
+beautiful thoughts can be found in the work. Father Healy continues: "It
+has often been a thought with me, as I suppose it has often been with
+many of my fellow priests, that it would be well for us and advantageous
+to our congregations, to revive some of the old mystery plays, which did
+so much to strengthen the faith of the faithful in the middle ages, and
+this has been one of the prevailing motives which induced me to complete
+the material for, and give the representation of, the nativity play."
+There are eight photographic views, representing the Annunciation, the
+Visitation, the Adoration, visit of the Magi to King Herod, etc. We
+recommend the book to the Rev. clergy, colleges and academies, and
+others, as a very interesting, edifying and appropriate performance not
+only for the holidays, but for all parts of the year. The book is gotten
+up by the Messrs. Sadlier in a handsome manner. It is a good Christmas
+gift for any of our young, or even for those advanced in years.
+
+
+_John Murphy & Co., Baltimore, Md._
+
+     THE STUDENTS' HANDBOOK OF BRITISH AND AMERICAN LITERATURE. With
+     selections from the writings of the most distinguished authors.
+     By Rev. O. L. Jenkins, A. M., S. S., late President of St.
+     Charles College, Ellicott City, Md. Edited by a member of the
+     Society of St. Sulpice. Third edition revised and brought to
+     date. Price, $1.25.
+
+The value of this book is already known to the presidents, teachers,
+etc., in our colleges, seminaries and academies. Messrs. Murphy & Co.
+have given us an excellent book, and at a very moderate price.
+
+_Ave Maria Press, Notre Dame, Ind._
+
+     THE MAD PENITENT OF TODI. By Mrs. Anna Hanson Dorsey.
+
+This is another of the Ave Maria series of interesting stories, and told
+by our old friend, Mrs. Dorsey, who was a contributor to the Pilot some
+forty odd years ago.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MISCELLANEOUS.
+
+CATHOLIC HISTORICAL RESEARCHES. Rev. A. A. Lambing, A. M., edits a
+magazine of extraordinary interest, entitled, "Catholic Historical
+Researches." It is published in Pittsburgh. It deserves the support of
+all who wish to see published and preserved the early labors of Catholic
+missionaries and settlers in America. Copies of valuable French
+manuscripts, bearing on our early history, lately received from the
+archives of Paris, will soon appear in this magazine, the admirable
+motto of which is from the address of the Fathers of the Third Plenary
+Council, of Baltimore: "Catholic parents teach your children to take a
+special interest in the history of our own country.... We must keep firm
+and solid the liberties of our country by keeping fresh the noble
+memories of the past."
+
+THE LIFE OF FATHER ISAAC JOGUES, Missionary Priest of the Society of
+Jesus, slain by the Indians in the State of New York in 1646, is having
+a good sale. The price is $1. The profits of the sale go towards the
+Shrine of Our Lady of Martyrs, at Auriesville, where Father Jogues and
+Rene Goupel were put to death.
+
+ADMIRERS of the popular Irish authoress Miss Rosa Mulholland, will be
+pleased to learn that Messrs. Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., of London, are
+about to bring out a collection of her poems.
+
+MR. SARSFIELD HUBERT BURKE, well known here as the author of
+"_Historical Portraits of the Tudor Dynasty_" and as a contributor to
+_The Catholic World_, will publish, in the spring, in London, a new work
+on the "_Tyranny and Oppression Practiced by the English Officials in
+Ireland_," from an early date down to 1830.
+
+PROF. LYONS intends to publish, at an early date, Christian Reid's
+admirable story, "A Child of Mary," which originally appeared as a
+serial in the pages of _The Ave Maria_.
+
+
+MUSIC.
+
+_From White, Smith & Co._
+
+_Vocal:_ "A Few More Years," words by Sam Lucas, music by H. J.
+Richardson. "Oh! Hush Thee," song by Chas. A. Gabriel. "I'll Meet Ole
+Massa There," song by G. Galloway. "Carol the Good Tidings," Christmas
+carol by E. H. Bailey.
+
+_Instrumental:_ "Under the Lime Tree," by G. Lange. "Fairy Voices
+Waltz," by A. G. Crowe, arranged for violin and piano. The same for
+violin alone. "Nanon," lanciers quadrille, by E. H. Bailey. "Walker's
+Dip Waltzes," by C. A. White. "Beauty Polka," by Wm. E. Gilmore.
+Potpourri from "Mikado." "Mikado' Lanciers," by E. H. Bailey.
+
+_Books:_ Gems from "Whitsuntide in Florence" opera, by Richard Genee and
+J. Rieger, music by Alfons Czibulkas. "Melodies of Ireland expressly
+arranged for piano and organ." This book is a well arranged collection
+of Irish instrumental music, both grave and gay, serious and comical,
+issued in very neat and attractive style, and sure to please. Published
+by Messrs. White, Smith & Co.
+
+
+_Oliver Ditson & Co., Boston._
+
+LEAVES OF SHAMROCK, a collection of melodies of Ireland newly arranged
+and adapted for the piano and organ.
+
+"Leaves of Shamrock" is a book of fine appearance, and the price is
+moderate. 80 cents, paper; $1.00, boards; $1.50, elegant cloth binding.
+Without being difficult, there is more to them than appears at first
+glance, and there is nothing so very easy. The poet Moore was so taken
+with the beauty of the ancient music of his country, that he composed
+poems, many of them very beautiful, to quite a number of the melodies.
+These are all given in "Leaves of Shamrock" which contains full as many
+more, or, in all, double the number that met the eye of the poet.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE FRENCH ELECTIONS.--The new Chamber will contain 381 Republicans and
+205 Catholics; but the colonies return 10 deputies, who will all
+probably be Republicans. The strength of parties will thus be 391 to
+205, whereas in the last Chamber it was 462 to 95. Fifty-six departments
+are represented exclusively by Republicans; twenty-six are represented
+exclusively by Catholics.
+
+
+
+
+Obituary.
+
+"After life's fitful fever they sleep well."
+
+
+BISHOP.
+
+THE FUNERAL of the late Most Rev. Dr. Dorrian took place on Friday, 13th
+of November, when the lamented bishop was interred in the vault under
+the episcopal throne in St. Patrick's Cathedral, in Belfast, amidst a
+vast crowd of his mourning flock. Dr. Dorrian's health had been failing
+for some time past, and about a fortnight before his death he was
+attacked severely by congestion of the lungs. From this he rallied, but
+was warned by his physician to be extremely careful. The good bishop,
+however, returned to his work with all his characteristic energy, and on
+the very day after the doctor's warning attended three funerals outside
+Belfast. Later, in the afternoon of the same day, he was seized with
+illness in his confessional, from which he had to be carried in a dying
+state. The last sacraments were administered on the same spot, and he
+was afterwards removed with great difficulty to his residence. During
+the following days he lay peacefully passing away, surrounded by his
+devoted priests; the Sisters of Mercy, among whom was the bishop's
+niece, remaining in his house till after he had breathed his last. His
+energy and love of labor were so extraordinary that almost to the very
+end he seemed to expect to recover and return to work. When told that he
+had not long to live, he said, "May the Lord's will be done," with the
+meekest submission. His mind was all along absorbed in heavenly
+thoughts, except when for a moment he would remember how the cause of
+Ireland was at stake, and asked what was being done towards the election
+of a nationalist M. P. for Belfast. Shortly before his death, he seemed
+to fancy that he was still hearing confessions, and went on giving
+imaginary absolutions, and admonishing poor sinners, till, without agony
+or pain, he went to his rest. While the seven o'clock Mass was being
+celebrated on the Feast of St. Malachy, in St. Malachy's Church, a
+messenger ascended the altar steps and spoke some words to the
+officiating priest, whereupon the congregation knew, by the manner in
+which the priest suddenly bowed his head, that all was over, and that
+their good pastor had departed from among them. The fact that the Bishop
+of Down and Connor had passed away on the Feast of St. Malachy was not
+unnoticed. A devoted priest, who had been Dr. Dorrian's friend from
+boyhood, and who had made a long journey to assist him in his last
+moments, remarked, "One would think that his holy patron had kept him
+for his own feast in order to conduct him on that day into heaven."
+
+
+CLERGYMEN.
+
+RT. REV MGR. SEARS, Vicar-Apostolic of Newfoundland, died on Nov. 7, at
+Stellarton, of dropsy. His history during the last seventeen years has
+been the history of Newfoundland. His services were recognized by the
+Pope, who four years ago invested him with the dignity of domestic
+prelate and the title of monsignor.
+
+THE LATE VERY REV. DR. FORAN.--The funeral of this most distinguished
+priest, who after a most edifying life and three weeks of painful
+illness, died a most edifying death, took place in the church of
+Ballingarry. His death has cast a gloom over the archdiocese, which in
+his demise has sustained a great, almost an irreparable, loss. He was
+its most highly-gifted, most highly-respected, and best-beloved priest,
+and upon the death of the late lamented and illustrious Dr. Leahy, if
+the great majority of the votes of his brother priests could have done
+it, he had been their archbishop. He was a man of great intellect, of
+great good sense, of vast and varied learning, and withal simple as a
+child, unselfish, unassuming, and inoffensive, meek and humble of heart;
+charitable in word and deed; sincere in his relations with God and man;
+tender to the poor and little ones; always attentive to his duties, ever
+zealous for God's glory, never caring to make display or to gain the
+applause of men. His whole life seemed regulated by the motto of the
+Imitation, "Sublime words do not make a man just and holy, but a
+virtuous life maketh him dear to God."
+
+DEATH OF THE VERY REV. JOHN CURTIS, S. J.--A venerable patriarch has
+just passed away to his reward. Father John Curtis died recently at the
+Presbytery, Upper Gardiner Street, Dublin. He was in his ninety-second
+year, and had been for some months failing in health. Father Curtis was
+born in 1794, of respectable parents, in the city of Waterford. Having
+been educated at Stonyhurst College, he entered the Society of Jesus at
+the age of 20. As novice and scholastic he passed with much merit and
+distinction through the various grades of probation and preparation by
+which the Jesuit is trained for his arduous work, and was ordained
+priest in the year 1825. Being a ripe scholar, well versed in
+literature, ancient and modern, an able theologian, a fluent and
+impressive speaker, he soon took a foremost place amongst the leading
+priests at his time.
+
+THE Very Rev. Canon Lyons, P.P.V.F., Spiddle, County Galway, died
+recently at the venerable age of seventy-four years. He was educated for
+the priesthood at St. Jarlath's College, Tuam, while yet that
+institution included a thorough theological course in its curriculum of
+studies. He was ordained in 1839, and speedily distinguished himself as
+a pastor of zeal and eloquence, indefatigable in his labors for the
+spiritual and temporal welfare of his flock. He built many churches and
+parochial schools, and was among the foremost of the clergymen who drove
+the infamous Souper plague from West Connaught. Canon Lyons was
+charitable to an extent that always left him poor in pocket but rich in
+the love of his people. He was buried within the walls of his parish
+church and the funeral was attended by priests and people from many
+miles around.
+
+THE death is announced of Rev. Francis Xavier Sadlier, S. J., at Holy
+Cross College, Worcester, Mass., after a brief illness. He was born in
+Montreal, in 1852, and was the son of the late James Sadlier, who, with
+his brother, the late Denis Sadlier, founded the well-known Catholic
+publishing house of D. & J. Sadlier & Co. His mother is the well-known
+Catholic authoress, Mary A. Sadlier. Father Sadlier was educated at
+Manhattan College, and after a brief but brilliant career in journalism
+decided to enter the priesthood. He was received into the Jesuit
+novitiate at Sault-au-Recolet, Canada, on the 1st of November, 1873, and
+had the happiness of being ordained at Woodstock last August. In the
+death of this gifted young priest the Society of Jesus has met with a
+loss which can only be accurately estimated by those to whom his perfect
+purity of heart, deeply intellectual mind and most lovable character
+have endeared him for many years. We deeply sympathize with his aged
+mother and family. His mother had not seen him since his ordination, but
+was present at the funeral, where she saw her loved son in death. Happy
+mother to have such a son before her in heaven, where we trust he is now
+enjoying the rewards of a well-spent life.
+
+REV. JOHN J. MCAULEY, S. J., professor of rhetoric at Holy Cross
+College, died suddenly of apoplexy, at the residence of Dr. L. A. O.
+Callaghan, Worcester, Mass., on the afternoon of December 2. Father
+McAuley went with a party of the students from the college to skate at
+Stillwater Pond, and during the recreation he broke through the ice and
+into the water. He returned to the college and changed his clothing, and
+not feeling very well, started off toward the city for a walk,
+accompanied by Father Langlois. He called on Dr. Callaghan, but before
+reaching his house he became ill and had to be carried inside, where he
+soon died, after the arrival of Rev. John J. McCoy, who, with Father
+Langlois, performed the last offices. The deceased has been, for several
+years, attached to Holy Cross College, and is distinguished among the
+Jesuits as a rhetorician of high order. His funeral will take place at
+the college. This is the second death at the college within one month.
+
+REV. FATHER RULAND, C. SS. R., Professor of Moral Theology at the
+Redemptorist College, at Ilchester, Md., died on the 20th of November,
+of apoplexy. The Rev. Father was a venerable and well-known priest. His
+loss will be keenly felt by the community as he was a man of deep
+learning and truly good.
+
+REV. THADDEUS P. WALSH, first pastor of Georgetown and Ridgefield
+parishes, Connecticut, departed this life on the 10th of November, at 3
+o'clock, in St. Catherine's Hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y., to which place he
+had been taken. Friday, October 30th, Father Walsh went to New Haven on
+business, and it was there that the first warning of sickness, and as it
+came out, of death, came to him. He had an apopletic stroke of paralysis
+which affected his left side, rendering it almost powerless. The
+following Saturday evening he received the last rites from the church,
+and on Tuesday morning he died. The funeral took place on the 13th of
+November. There were present Rt. Rev. Bp. McMahon, some sixty priests,
+and a large concourse of his afflicted friends. Father Walsh was born in
+Easkey, County Sligo, Ireland, about fifty-five years ago. He was
+ordained priest in St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, in 1880. His
+classical course was made in St. Charles College, Ellicott City, Md.,
+and was begun when he had reached the age of forty years. Before he went
+to college he lived in Meriden, where he saved money enough from daily
+toil to pay for an education. He was a good and faithful priest in every
+sense of the word, and was most devotedly attached to his sacred duties.
+
+THE Rev. Father Simon P. Lonergan, pastor of St. Mary's, Montreal, died
+there, November 11. Father Lonergan was very well known and exceedingly
+popular in that city, and, in fact, throughout the Dominion. He was a
+man of rare culture and experience, and through his death the Catholic
+Church in Canada loses one of its strongest pillars. Father Lonergan
+died of typhoid fever, and to his labors among the sick during this time
+of sad affliction in Montreal may be attributed the overwork which
+brought on the disease.
+
+MANY in Buffalo, says the _Catholic Union and Times_, will hear of
+Father Trudeau's death, recently in Lowell, Mass., with sincere sorrow.
+Deceased was a distinguished Oblate Father, who, while engaged in
+parochial duties at the Holy Angels, in this city, won the reverent
+affection of all who knew him by his priestly virtues and sunny nature.
+
+
+SISTER.
+
+THE death is announced of Mother Mary, the Foundress and first
+Superioress of the Sisters of Immaculate Conception, a Louisiana
+foundation, whose mother house is located at Labadieville. Known in the
+world as Miss Elvina Vienne, she belonged to one of the best Creole
+families in the State. She died in her 51st year, and the twelfth of her
+religious profession.
+
+
+LAY PEOPLE.
+
+MR. THOMAS COSGROVE, who, during the past half century, has occupied a
+prominent position in Providence, R. I., as a successful business man,
+died Sunday, Nov. 8th, at his residence on Somerset Street, in the
+eighty-first year of his age. The story of his life is a practical
+illustration of the success which rewards persistent endeavor and strict
+attention to business. He was born in county Wexford, Ireland, and after
+receiving the advantages of a common-school education of that time, he
+begun his life-work in the pursuit of various branches of business in
+Nova Scotia, Portsmouth, N. H., and Portland, Me. In the year 1837 he
+came to Providence, where his energy and business ability met with
+successful results. He occupied a prominent position among the members
+of the Catholic Church, and was a devout attendant at the services of
+the Cathedral. His wife died several years ago, and Mr. Cosgrove leaves
+four children. James M., who was formerly an active member of the legal
+profession in Providence, and has been prominently identified with the
+local Irish associations, is now an invalid. One of his daughters is the
+widow of the late Richard McNeeley, who was engaged in the dry goods'
+business on Westminister Street, Providence, many years ago. The other
+two daughters are unmarried and reside at his late home on Somerset
+Street. The funeral services of Mr. Thomas Cosgrove were held at the
+Pro-Cathedral. They were largely attended by the congregation, of which
+Mr. Cosgrove was one of the oldest and most prominent members, and by
+Catholics and business men from different parts of the State, completely
+filling the sacred edifice. A solemn Pontifical High Mass of Requiem was
+celebrated by Right Rev. Bishop Hendricken. At the conclusion of the
+Mass, the bishop, assisted by the officiating clergymen, pronounced the
+final absolution, and spoke a few words relative to the life of the
+deceased as a man and a Catholic.
+
+MR. JAMES WAUL, so long and favorably known to the Catholic public, in
+his office as sexton of the Church of the Immaculate Conception, died at
+his home in Boston on the evening of Saturday, Nov. 7th. He was a native
+of the county of Galway, Ireland, but came to this country when quite
+young. For the last fifteen years he had faithfully discharged the
+responsible duties of the office above referred to, making many friends
+through his uniform courtesy and kindly disposition. He will be sadly
+missed in the church with which he was so long connected. The prayers of
+those whose interests he cared for so earnestly will doubtless be
+fervently offered for his eternal rest. The funeral took place from the
+Church of the Immaculate Conception, on the morning of November 10th.
+The Rev. Father Quirk celebrated the Requiem Mass. The Rev. Father
+Boursaud, rector, and the Rev. Father Charlier accompanied the body to
+Calvary Cemetery. May he rest in peace!
+
+WE regret to chronicle the death of James Valentine Reddy, Esq., a
+well-known member of the Richmond bar, who died at his residence in that
+city, on Nov. 5, of pneumonia. He was about thirty-six years of age, and
+removed to that city from Alexandria, Va., where his relatives now
+reside. He was of Irish birth, and his love for the old sod of his
+forefathers was pure and strong. He was a member of the National League,
+and of several societies connected with St. Peter's Cathedral. He was
+devoted to the practice of his religious duties, and ere his spirit
+winged its flight received its last consolations. Deceased had more than
+common gifts of oratory and was a ready penman. His disposition was
+generous, and he was always ready to relieve distress when in his power.
+Mr. Reddy was a contributor to our MAGAZINE, and although we never saw
+him, we were led to esteem him highly. He was a great lover of Irish
+poetry and song, and had, perhaps, as fine a private collection of them
+as there is in this country. His heart was indeed wound up in the dear
+old land; but he did not forget in this love the allegiance and fealty
+he owed to the land of his adoption. His life is but another of the many
+examples of Irishmen, who, living at home under a government of giant's
+strength used as a giant would use it, would be called a rebel; but who
+under a government where all men are free and recognized becomes a
+worthy and faithful citizen, a good example for those around him. The
+deceased was born in the county of Kilkenny, near the village of
+Kilmacow, and about six miles from Waterford City. St. Patrick's Branch
+of the Catholic Knights of America, in their resolutions of condolement,
+say that he was a faithful, worthy and popular member, and they
+fittingly voice the sentiment of all the Catholic and Irish-American and
+other civic societies, with which he was associated, in thus placing on
+record this expression of their sorrow over his early demise, and also
+in giving utterance to their deepest sympathy for, and in behalf of, the
+bereaved wife and children thus unhappily deprived of the fond love and
+tender care of a devoted husband and affectionate father.
+
+MR. JOHN REILLY, a well-known and respected resident of Charlestown,
+Mass., died at his residence, 92 Washington Street, on Wednesday, Nov.
+4th, after an illness of nine months at the age of sixty-four years. He
+was perfectly conscious to the last, and bade each member of his family
+a fond farewell ere he closed his eyes in death. Mr. Reilly was a
+carpenter by trade, and in politics an active Democrat, being for a
+number of years a member of the Ward and City Committee. He was also a
+member of the Old Columbian Guards of Boston. He leaves a widow, two
+sons and two daughters to mourn his loss. The funeral services were held
+at St. Mary's Church on Saturday morning, Rev. Wm. Millerick
+officiating, and the burial took place in the family lot at Calvary, the
+following gentlemen acting as pall bearers: Messrs. Michael K. Mahoney,
+James Hearn, James H. Lombard, Thomas Hearn, Thomas B. Reilly and David
+Hearn.
+
+MR. JOHN NAGLE, a prominent member of the Cathedral parish, died of
+consumption at his residence in Boston, on Sunday, November 29. He
+leaves a family of five children. His funeral took place from the
+Cathedral on December 1. The Rev. Father Boland celebrated the Mass,
+Fathers O'Toole and Corcoran being, respectively, Deacon and Subdeacon.
+The friends of the deceased were present in large numbers.
+
+IN this city, on the 27th of November, Mrs. Catherine Daly, aged 74
+years. She; was born in Bandon, county Cork, in 1811. She had been a
+resident of Boston some forty years. Her death was peaceful as her life
+had been good and charitable. Her remains were interred from the Church
+of the Immaculate Conception, where a Mass of Requiem was said for the
+repose of her soul, which may God rest in peace. The interment took
+place at Calvary Cemetery.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BASHFULNESS.--Do not yield to bashfulness. Do not isolate yourself,
+sitting back in a corner, waiting for some one to come and talk with
+you. Step out; have something to say. Though you may not say it well,
+keep on. You will gain courage and improve. It is as much your duty to
+entertain others as theirs to amuse you.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Donahoe's Magazine, Volume 15, No. 1,
+January 1886, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DONAHOE'S, VOL. 15, NO. 1 ***
+
+***** This file should be named 21778.txt or 21778.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/2/1/7/7/21778/
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Josephine Paolucci
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/21778.zip b/21778.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..601002b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/21778.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a504261
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #21778 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/21778)