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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Chosen Peoples, by Israel Zangwill
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Chosen Peoples
+       Being the First "Arthur Davis Memorial Lecture" delivered before the Jewish Historical Society at University College on Easter-Passover Sunday, 1918/5678
+
+
+Author: Israel Zangwill
+
+
+
+Release Date: February 19, 2007  [eBook #20631]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHOSEN PEOPLES***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Steven desJardins, Jeannie Howse, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net/c/)
+
+
+
+Works Of Israel Zangwill
+
+CHOSEN PEOPLES
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The American Jewish Book Company
+New York
+1921
+
+Chosen Peoples
+Copyright, 1919,
+By The MacMillan Company.
+
+Printed by
+The Lord Baltimore Press
+Baltimore, Md.
+
+
+
+
+CHOSEN PEOPLES
+
+Being the First "Arthur Davis Memorial Lecture"
+delivered before the Jewish Historical Society
+at University College on Easter-Passover
+Sunday, 1918/5678
+
+
+
+
+                              TO
+                  MRS. REDCLIFFE N. SALAMAN
+                   THIS LITTLE BOOK IN HER
+                       FATHER'S MEMORY
+
+
+
+
+NOTE
+
+
+The Arthur Davis Memorial Lecture was founded in 1917, under the
+auspices of the Jewish Historical Society of England, by his
+collaborators in the translation of "The Service of the Synagogue,"
+with the object of fostering Hebraic thought and learning in honour of
+an unworldly scholar. The Lecture is to be given annually in the
+anniversary week of his death, and the lectureship is to be open to
+men or women of any race or creed, who are to have absolute liberty in
+the treatment of their subject.
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+Mr. Arthur Davis, in whose memory has been founded the series of
+Lectures devoted to the fostering of Hebraic thought and learning, of
+which this is the first, was born in 1846 and died on the first day of
+Passover, 1906. His childhood was spent in the town of Derby, where
+there was then no Synagogue or Jewish minister or teacher of Hebrew.
+Spontaneously he developed a strong Jewish consciousness, and an
+enthusiasm for the Hebrew language, which led him to become one of its
+greatest scholars in this, or any other, country.
+
+He was able to put his learning to good use. He observed the wise
+maxim of Leonardo da Vinci, "Avoid studies of which the result dies
+with the worker." He was not one of those learned men, of whom there
+are many examples--a recent and conspicuous instance was the late Lord
+Acton--whose minds are so choked with the accumulations of the
+knowledge they have absorbed that they can produce little or nothing.
+His output, though not prolific, was substantial. In middle life he
+wrote a volume on "The Hebrew Accents of the Twenty-one Books of the
+Bible," which has become a classical authority on that somewhat
+recondite subject. It was he who originated and planned the new
+edition of the Festival Prayer Book in six volumes, and he wrote most
+of the prose translations. When he died, though only two volumes out
+of the six had been published, he left the whole of the text complete.
+To Mr. Herbert M. Adler, who had been his collaborator from the
+beginning, fell the finishing of the great editorial task.
+
+Not least of his services lay in the fact that he had transmitted much
+of his knowledge to his two daughters, who have worthily continued his
+tradition of Hebrew scholarship and culture.
+
+Arthur Davis's life work, then, was that of a student and interpreter
+of Hebrew. It is a profoundly interesting fact that, in our age,
+movements have been set on foot in more than one direction for the
+revival of languages which were dead or dying. We see before our eyes
+Welsh and Irish in process of being saved from extinction, with the
+hope perhaps of restoring their ancient glories in poetry and prose.
+Such movements show that our time is not so utilitarian and
+materialistic as is often supposed. A similar revivifying process is
+affecting Hebrew. For centuries it has been preserved as a ritual
+language, sheltered within the walls of the Synagogue; often not fully
+understood, and never spoken, by the members of the congregations. Now
+it is becoming in Palestine once more a living and spoken language.
+
+Hebrew is one example among many of a language outliving for purposes
+of ritual its use in ordinary speech. A ritual is regarded as a sacred
+thing, unchanging, and usually unchangeable, except as the result of
+some great religious upheaval. The language in which it is framed
+continues fixed, amid the slowly developing conditions of the workaday
+world. Often, indeed, the use of an ancient language, which has
+gradually fallen into disuse among the people, is deliberately
+maintained for the air of mystery and of awe which is conveyed by its
+use, and which has something of the same effect upon the intellect as
+the "dim religious light" of a cathedral has upon the emotions.
+Further, it reserves to the priesthood a kind of esoteric knowledge,
+which gives them an additional authority that they would desire to
+maintain. So we find that in the days of Marcus Aurelius an ancient
+Salian liturgy was used in the Roman temples which had become almost
+unintelligible to the worshippers. The ritual of the religion of Isis
+in Greece was, at the same period, conducted in an unknown tongue. In
+the present age Church Slavonic, the ecclesiastical language of the
+orthodox Slavs, is only just intelligible to the peasantry of Russia
+and the neighbouring Slav countries. The Buddhists of China conduct
+their services in Sanscrit, which neither the monks nor the people
+understand, and the services of the Buddhists in Japan are either in
+Sanscrit or in ancient Chinese. I believe it is a fact that in
+Abyssinia, again, the liturgy is in a language called Geez, which is
+no longer in use as a living tongue and is not understood.
+
+But we need not go to earlier centuries or to distant countries for
+examples. In any Roman Catholic church in London to-day you will find
+the service conducted in a language which, if understood at all by
+the general body of the congregation, has been learnt by them only for
+the purposes of the liturgy.
+
+Of all these ritual languages which have outlived their current use
+and have been preserved for religious purposes alone, Hebrew is, so
+far as I am aware, the only one which has ever showed signs of
+renewing its old vitality--like the roses of Jericho which appear to
+be dead and shrivelled but which, when placed in water, recover their
+vitality and their bloom. We may join in hoping that again in
+Palestine Hebrew may recover something of its old supremacy in the
+field of morals and of intellect.
+
+To render this possible the work of scholars such as Arthur Davis has
+contributed. To him this was a labour of love, and for love. He would
+receive no payment for any of his religious work or writings. Part of
+the profits that accrued from the publication of his edition of "The
+Services of the Synagogue" has been devoted to the formation of a fund
+from which will be defrayed the expenses--after the first--of a series
+of annual lectures on subjects of Jewish interest, to be delivered by
+men of various schools of thought. We are fortunate that the initial
+lecture is to be delivered to-day by the most distinguished of living
+Jewish men of letters.
+
+Arthur Davis was a man of much elevation and charm of character. He
+took an active part in the work of communal, and particularly
+educational, organizations. He was one of those men--not rare among
+Jews, though the rest of the world does not always recognize it--who
+are philanthropic in spirit, practical in action, modest,
+self-sacrificing, devoted to a fine family life, having in them much
+of the student and something even of the saint. It is fitting that his
+memory should be kept alive.
+
+                                                       HERBERT SAMUEL.
+
+
+
+
+CHOSEN PEOPLES
+
+I
+
+
+The claim that the Jews are a "Chosen People" has always irritated the
+Gentiles. "From olden times," wrote Philostratus in the third century,
+"the Jews have been opposed not only to Rome but to the rest of
+humanity." Even Julian the Apostate, who designed to rebuild their
+Temple, raged at the doctrine of their election. Sinai, said the
+Rabbis with a characteristic pun, has evoked _Sinah_ (hatred).
+
+In our own day, the distinguished ethical teacher, Dr. Stanton Coit,
+complains, like Houston Chamberlain, that our Bible has checked and
+blighted all other national inspiration: in his book "The Soul of
+America," he even calls upon me to repudiate unequivocally "the claim
+to spiritual supremacy over all the peoples of the world."
+
+The recent revelation of racial arrogance in Germany has provided our
+enemies with a new weapon. "Germanism is Judaism," says a writer in
+the American _Bookman_. The proposition contains just that dash of
+truth which is more dangerous than falsehood undiluted; and the saying
+ascribed to Von Tirpitz in 1915 that the Kaiser spent all his time
+praying and studying Hebrew may serve to give it colour. "As he talks
+to-day at Potsdam and Berlin," says Verhaeren, in his book "Belgium's
+Agony," "the Kings of Israel and their prophets talked six thousand
+years ago at Jerusalem." The chronology is characteristic of
+anti-Semitic looseness: six thousand years ago the world by Hebrew
+reckoning had not been created, and at any rate the then Kings of
+Jerusalem were not Jewish. But it is undeniable that Germanism, like
+Judaism, has evolved a doctrine of special election. Spiritual in the
+teaching of Fichte and Treitschke, the doctrine became gross and
+narrow in the _Deutsche Religion_ of Friedrich Lange. "The German
+people is the elect of God and its enemies are the enemies of the
+Lord." And this German God, like the popular idea of Jehovah, is a
+"Man of War" who demands "eye for eye, tooth for tooth," and cries
+with savage sublimity:--
+
+    I will render vengeance to Mine adversaries,
+    And will recompense them that hate Me,
+    I will make Mine arrows drunk with blood,
+    And my sword shall devour flesh.
+
+Judaism has even its Song of Hate, accompanied on the timbrel by
+Miriam. The treatment of the Amalekites and other Palestine tribes is
+a byword. "We utterly destroyed every city," Deuteronomy declares;
+"the men and the women and the little ones; we left none remaining;
+only the cattle we took for a prey unto ourselves with the spoil of
+the cities." David, who is promised of God that his seed shall be
+enthroned for ever, slew surrendered Moabites in cold blood, and Judas
+Maccabæus, the other warrior hero of the race, when the neutral city
+of Ephron refused his army passage, took the city, slew every male in
+it, and passed across its burning ruins and bleeding bodies. The
+prophet Isaiah pictures the wealth of nations--the phrase is his, not
+Adam Smith's--streaming to Zion by argosy and caravan. "For that
+nation and kingdom that will not serve thee shall perish.... Aliens
+shall build up thy walls, and their kings shall minister unto thee.
+Thou shalt suck the milk of nations." "The Lord said unto me," says
+the second Psalm, "Thou art My son, this day have I begotten thee. Ask
+of Me and I will give the nations for thine inheritance.... Thou shalt
+break them with a rod of iron."
+
+Nor are such ideas discarded by the synagogue of to-day. Every
+Saturday night the orthodox Jew repeats the prayer for material
+prosperity and the promise of ultimate glory: "Thou shalt lend unto
+many nations but thou shalt not borrow; and thou shalt rule over many
+nations but they shall not rule over thee." "Our Father, our King," he
+prays at the New Year, "avenge before our eyes the blood of Thy
+servants that has been spilt." And at the Passover Seder Service he
+still repeats the Psalmist's appeal to God to pour out His wrath on
+the heathen who have consumed Jacob and laid waste his dwelling.
+"Pursue them in anger and destroy them from under the heavens of the
+Lord!"
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+
+Much might, of course, be adduced to mitigate the seeming ferocity or
+egotism of these passages. It would be indeed strange if Prussia,
+which Napoleon wittily described as "hatched from a cannon-ball,"
+should be found really resembling Judæa, whose national greeting was
+"Peace"; whose prophet Ezekiel proclaimed in words of flame and
+thunder God's judgment upon the great military empires of antiquity;
+whose mediæval poet Kalir has left in our New Year liturgy what might
+be almost a contemporary picture of a brazen autocracy "that planned
+in secret, performed in daring." And, as a matter of fact, some of
+these passages are torn from their context. The pictures of Messianic
+prosperity, for example, are invariably set in an ethical framework:
+the all-dominant Israel is also to be all-righteous. The blood that is
+to be avenged is the blood of martyrs "who went through fire and water
+for the sanctification of Thy name."
+
+But let us take these passages at their nakedest. Let us ignore--as
+completely as Jesus did--that the legal penalty of "eye for eye" had
+been commuted into a money penalty by the great majority of early
+Pharisaic lawyers. Is not that very maxim to-day the clamoured policy
+of Christian multitudes? "Destroy them from under the heavens of the
+Lord!" When this is the imprecation of a Vehaeren or a Maeterlinck
+over Belgium and not of a mediæval Jew over the desolated home of
+Jacob, is it not felt as a righteous cry of the heart? Nay, only the
+other Sunday an Englishwoman in a country drawing-room assured me she
+would like to kill every German--man or woman--with her own hand!
+
+And here we see the absurdity of judging the Bible outside its
+historic conditions, or by standards not comparative. Said James
+Hinton, "The Bible needs interpreting by Nature even as Nature by it."
+And it is by this canon that we must interpret the concept of a Chosen
+People, and so much else in our Scriptures. It is Life alone that can
+give us the clue to the Bible. This is the only "Guide to the
+Perplexed," and Maimonides but made confusion worse confounded when
+by allegations of allegory and other devices of the apologist he
+laboured to reconcile the Bible with Aristotle. Equally futile was the
+effort of Manasseh ben Israel to reconcile it with itself. The
+_Baraitha_ of Rabbi Ishmael that when two texts are discrepant a third
+text must be found to reconcile them is but a temptation to that
+distorted dialectic known as _Pilpul_. The only true "Conciliador" is
+history, the only real reconciler human nature. An allegorizing
+rationalism like Rambam's leads nowhere--or rather everywhere. The
+same method that softened the Oriental amorousness of "The Song of
+Solomon" into an allegory of God's love for Israel became, in the
+hands of Christianity, an allegory of Christ's love for His Church.
+But if Reason cannot always--as Bachya imagined--_confirm_ tradition,
+it can explain it historically. It can disentangle the lower strands
+from the higher in that motley collection of national literature
+which, extending over many generations of authorship, streaked with
+strayed fragments of Aramaic, varying from the idyll of Ruth to the
+apocalyptic dreams of Daniel, and deprived by Job and Ecclesiastes of
+even a rambling epical unity, is naturally obnoxious to criticism when
+put forward as one uniform Book, still more when put forward as
+uniformly divine. For my part I am more lost in wonder over the people
+that produced and preserved and the Synagogue that selected and
+canonized so marvellous a literature, than dismayed because
+occasionally amid the organ-music of its Miltons and Wordsworths
+there is heard the primeval saga-note of heroic savagery.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+
+As Joseph Jacobs reminded us in his "Biblical Archæology" and as Sir
+James Frazer is just illustrating afresh, the whole of Hebrew ritual
+is permeated by savage survivals, a fact recognized by Maimonides
+himself when he declared that Moses adapted idolatrous practices to a
+purer worship. Israel was environed by barbarous practices and
+gradually rose beyond them. And it was the same with concepts as with
+practices. Judaism, which added to the Bible the fruits of centuries
+of spiritual evolution in the shape of the Talmud, has passed utterly
+beyond the more primitive stages of the Old Testament, even as it has
+replaced polygamy by monogamy. That Song of Hate at the Red Sea was
+wiped out, for example, by the oft-quoted Midrash in which God rebukes
+the angels who wished to join in the song. "How can ye sing when My
+creatures are perishing?" The very miracles of the Old Testament were
+side-tracked by the Rabbinic exposition that they were merely special
+creations antecedent to that unchangeable system of nature which went
+its course, however fools suffered. Our daily bread, said the sages,
+is as miraculous as the division of the Red Sea. And the dry retort of
+the soberest of Pharisaic Rabbis, when a voice from heaven interfered
+with the voting on a legal point, _en mashgîchin be-bathkol_--"We
+cannot have regard to the Bath Kol, the Torah is for earth, not
+heaven"--was a sign that, for one school of thought at least, reason
+and the democratic principle were not to be browbeaten, and that the
+era of miracles in Judaism was over. The very incoherence of the
+Talmud, its confusion of voices, is an index of free thinking.
+Post-biblical Israel has had a veritable galaxy of thinkers and
+saints, from Maimonides its Aquinas to Crescas its Duns Scotus, from
+Mendelssohn its Erasmus to the Baal-Shem its St. Francis. But it has
+been at once the weakness and the strength of orthodox Judaism never
+to have made a breach with its past; possibly out of too great a
+reverence for history, possibly out of over-consideration for the
+masses, whose mentality would in any case have transformed the new
+back again to the old. Thus it has carried its whole lumber piously
+forward, even as the human body is, according to evolutionists, "a
+veritable museum of relics," or as whales have vestiges of hind legs
+with now immovable, muscles. Already in the Persian period Judaism had
+begun to evolve "the service of the Synagogue," but it did not shed
+the animal sacrifices, and even when these were abruptly ended by the
+destruction of the Temple, and Jochanan ben Zaccai must needs
+substitute prayer and charity, Judaism still preserved through the
+ages the nominal hope of their restoration. So that even were the
+Jehovah of the Old Testament the fee-fi-fo-fum ogre of popular
+imagination, that tyrant of the heavens whose unfairness in choosing
+Israel was only equalled by its bad taste, it would not follow that
+Judaism had not silently replaced him by a nobler Deity centuries ago.
+The truth is, however, that it is precisely in the Old Testament that
+is reached the highest ethical note ever yet sounded, not only by
+Judaism but by man, and that this mass of literature is so saturated
+with the conception of a people chosen not for its own but for
+universal salvation, that the more material prophecies--evoked
+moreover in the bitterness of exile, as Belgian poets are now moved to
+foretell restoration and glory--are practically swamped. At the worst,
+we may say there are two conflicting currents of thought, as there are
+in the bosom of every nation, one primarily self-regarding, and the
+other setting towards the larger life of humanity. It may help us to
+understand the paradox of the junction of Israel's glory with God's,
+if we remember that the most inspired of mortals, those whose life is
+consecrated to an art, a social reform, a political redemption, are
+rarely able to separate the success of their mission from their own
+individual success or at least individual importance. Even Jesus
+looked forward to his twelve legions of angels and his seat at the
+right hand of Power. But in no other nation known to history has the
+balance of motives been cast so overwhelmingly on the side of
+idealism. An episode related by Josephus touching Pontius Pilate
+serves to illuminate the more famous episode in which he figures. When
+he brought the Roman ensigns with Cæsar's effigies to Jerusalem, the
+Jews so wearied him with their petitions to remove this defiling
+deification that at last he surrounded the petitioners with soldiers
+and menaced them with immediate death unless they ceased to pester and
+went home. "But they threw themselves upon the ground and laid their
+necks bare and said they would take their deaths very willingly rather
+than the wisdom of their laws should be transgressed." And Pilate,
+touched, removed the effigies. Such a story explains at once how the
+Jews could produce Jesus and why they could not worship him.
+
+"God's witnesses," "a light of the nations," "a suffering servant," "a
+kingdom of priests"--the old Testament metaphors for Israel's mission
+are as numerous as they are noble. And the lyrics in which they occur
+are unparalleled in literature for their fusion of ethical passion
+with poetical beauty. Take, for example, the forty-second chapter of
+Isaiah. (I quote as in gratitude bound the accurate Jewish version of
+the Bible we owe to America.)
+
+    Behold My servant whom I uphold;
+    Mine elect in whom My soul delighteth;
+    I have put My spirit upon him,
+    He shall make the right to go forth to the nations:
+    He shall not fail or be crushed
+    Till he have set the right on the earth,
+    And the isles shall wait for his teaching.
+    Thus saith God the LORD,
+    He that created the heavens, and stretched them forth,
+    He that spread forth the earth and that which cometh out of it,
+    He that giveth bread unto the people upon it,
+    And spirit to them that walk therein:
+    I the LORD have called thee in righteousness,
+    And have taken hold of thy hand,
+    And kept thee, and set thee for a covenant of the people,
+    For a light of the nations;
+    To open the blind eyes,
+    To bring out the prisoners from the dungeon,
+    And them that sit in darkness out of the prison-house.
+
+Never was ideal less tribal: it is still the dynamic impulse of all
+civilization. "Let justice well up as waters and righteousness as a
+mighty stream." "Nation shall not lift sword against nation, neither
+shall there be war any more."
+
+Nor does this mission march always with the pageantry of external
+triumph. "Despised and forsaken of men," Isaiah paints Israel. "Yet he
+bore the sin of many. And made intercession for the transgressors ...
+with his stripes we were healed."
+
+Happily all that is best in Christendom recognizes, with Kuenen or
+Matthew Arnold, the grandeur of the Old Testament ideal. But that
+this ideal penetrated equally to our everyday liturgy is less
+understood of the world. "Blessed art Thou, O Lord our God, who hast
+chosen Israel from all peoples and given him the Law." Here is no
+choice of a favourite but of a servant, and when it is added that
+"from Zion shall the Law go forth" it is obvious what that servant's
+task is to be. "What everlasting love hast Thou loved the house of
+Israel," says the Evening Prayer. But in what does this love consist?
+Is it that we have been pampered, cosseted? The contrary. "A Law, and
+commandments, statutes and judgments hast Thou taught us." Before
+these were thundered from Sinai, the historian of the Exodus records,
+Israel was explicitly informed that only by obedience to them could
+he enjoy peculiar favour. "Now therefore, if ye will hearken unto My
+voice indeed, and keep My covenant, then ye shall be Mine own treasure
+from among all peoples; for all the earth is Mine; and ye shall be
+unto Me a kingdom of priests, and a holy nation." A chosen people is
+really a choosing people. Not idly does Talmudical legend assert that
+the Law was offered first to all other nations and only Israel
+accepted the yoke.
+
+How far the discipline of the Law actually produced the Chosen People
+postulated in its conferment is a subtle question for pragmatists. Mr.
+Lucien Wolf once urged that "the yoke of the Torah" had fashioned a
+racial aristocracy possessing marked biological advantages over
+average humanity, as well as sociological superiorities of temperance
+and family life. And indeed the statistics of Jewish vitality and
+brain-power, and even of artistic faculty, are amazing enough to
+invite investigation from all eugenists, biologists, and statesmen.
+But whether this general superiority--a superiority not inconsistent
+with grave failings and drawbacks--is due to the rigorous selection of
+a tragic history, or whether it is, as Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu
+maintains, the heritage of a civilization older by thousands of years
+than that of Europe; whether the Torah made the greatness of the
+people, or the people--precisely because of its greatness--made the
+Torah; whether we have a case of natural election or artificial
+election to study, it is not in any self-sufficient superiority or
+aim thereat that the essence of Judaism lies, but in an apostolic
+altruism. The old Hebrew writers indeed--when one considers the
+impress the Bible was destined to make on the faith, art, and
+imagination of the world--might well be credited with the intuition of
+genius in attributing to their people a quality of election. And the
+Jews of to-day in attributing to themselves that quality would have
+the ground not only of intuition but of history. Nevertheless that
+election is, even by Jewish orthodoxy, conceived as designed solely
+for world-service, for that spiritual mission for which Israel when
+fashioned was exiled and scattered like wind-borne seeds, and of the
+consummation of which his ultimate repatriation and glory will be but
+the symbol. It is with _Alenu_ that every service ends--the prayer
+for the coming of the Kingdom of God, "when Thou wilt remove the
+abominations from the earth, and the idols will be utterly cut off,
+when the world will be perfected under the Kingdom of the Almighty and
+all the children of flesh will call upon Thy name, when Thou wilt turn
+unto Thyself all the wicked of the earth.... In that day the Lord
+shall be One and His name One." Israel disappears altogether in this
+diurnal aspiration.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+
+Israel disappears, too, in whole books of the Old Testament. What has
+the problem of Job, the wisdom of Proverbs, or the pessimism of
+Ecclesiastes to do with the Jew specifically? The Psalter would
+scarcely have had so universal an appeal had it been essentially
+rooted in a race.
+
+In the magnificent cosmic poem of Psalm civ--half Whitman, half St.
+Francis--not only his fellow-man but all creation comes under the
+benediction of the Hebrew poet's mood. "The high hills are for the
+wild goats; the rocks are a refuge for the conies.... The young lions
+roar after their prey, and seek their food from God ... man goeth
+forth unto his work, and to his labour until the evening." Even in a
+more primitive Hebrew poet the same cosmic universalism reveals
+itself. To the bard of Genesis the rainbow betokens not merely a
+covenant between God and man but a "covenant between God and every
+living creature of all flesh that is upon the earth."
+
+That the myth of the tribalism of the Jewish God should persist in
+face of such passages can only be explained by the fact that He shares
+in the unpopularity of His people. Mr. Wells, for example, in his
+finely felt but intellectually incoherent book, "God the Invisible
+King," dismisses Him as a malignant and partisan Deity, jealous and
+pettily stringent. At most one is entitled to say with Mr. Israel
+Abrahams in his profound little book on "Judaism" that "God, in the
+early literature a tribal, non-moral Deity, was in the later
+literature a righteous ruler, who, with Amos and Hosea, loved and
+demanded righteousness in man," and that there was an expansion from a
+national to a universal Ruler. But if "by early literature" anybody
+understand simply Genesis, if he imagines that the evolutionary
+movement in Judaism proceeds regularly from Abraham to Isaiah, he is
+grossly in error. No doubt all early gods are tribal, all early
+religions connected with the hearth and ancestor worship, but the God
+of Isaiah is already in Genesis, and the tribal God has to be exhumed
+from practically all parts of the Bible. But even in the crudities of
+Genesis or Judges that have escaped editorship I cannot find Mr.
+Wells's "malignant" Deity--_He_ is really "the invisible King." The
+very first time Jehovah appears in His tribal aspect (Genesis xii.)
+His promise to bless Abraham ends with the assurance--and it almost
+invariably accompanies all the repetitions of the promise--"And in
+thee shall all the families of the earth be blessed." Nay, as I
+pointed out in my essay on "The Gods of Germany," the very first words
+of the Bible, "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth,"
+strike a magnificent note of universalism, which is sustained in the
+derivation of all humanity from Adam, and again from Noah, with one
+original language. Nor is this a modern gloss, for the Talmud already
+deduces the interpretation. Racine's "Esther" in the noble lines
+lauded by Voltaire might be almost rebuking Mr. Wells:--
+
+    Ce Dieu, maître absolu de la terre et des cieux,
+    N'est point tel que l'erreur le figure à vos yeux:
+    L'Eternel est son nom, le monde est son ouvrage;
+    Il entend les soupirs de l'humble qu'on outrage,
+    Juge tous les mortels avec d'égales lois,
+    Et du haut de son trône interroge les rois.
+
+--there is the true Hebrew note, the note denounced of Nietzsche.
+
+Is this notorious "tribal God" the God of the Mesopotamian sheikh
+whose seed was so invidiously chosen? Well, but of this God Abraham
+asks--in what I must continue to call the epochal sentence in the
+Bible--"Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?" Abraham, in
+fact, bids God down as in some divine Dutch auction--Sodom is not to
+be destroyed if it holds fifty, forty-five, forty, thirty, twenty, nay
+ten righteous men. Compare this ethical development of the ancestor of
+Judaism with that of Pope Gregory XIII, in the sixteenth century, some
+thirty-one centuries later: _Civitas ista potest esse destrui quando
+in ea plures sunt hæretici_ ("A city may be destroyed when it harbours
+a number of heretics"). And this claim of man to criticize God Jehovah
+freely concedes. Thus the God of Abraham is no God of a tribe, but,
+like the God of the Rabbi who protested against the Bath-Kol, the God
+of Reason and Love. As clearly as for the nineteenth-century
+Martineau, "the seat of authority in Religion" has passed to the
+human conscience. God Himself appeals to it in that inversion of the
+Sodom story, the story of Jonah, whose teaching is far greater and
+more wonderful than its fish. And this Abrahamic tradition of free
+thought is continued by Moses, who boldly comes between Jehovah and
+the people He designs to destroy. "Wherefore should the Egyptians
+speak, saying, For evil did He bring them forth to slay them in the
+mountains...? Turn from Thy fierce wrath and repent of this evil
+against Thy people." Moses goes on to remind Him of the covenant, "And
+the Lord repented of the evil which He said He would do unto His
+people." In the same chapter, the people having made a golden calf,
+Moses offers his life for their sin; the Old Testament here, as in so
+many places, anticipating the so-called New, but rejecting the notion
+of vicarious atonement so drastically that the attempt of dogmatic
+Christianity to base itself on the Old Testament can only be described
+as text-blind. And the great answer of Jehovah to Moses's
+questioning--"I AM THAT I AM"--yields already the profound
+metaphysical Deity of Maimonides, that "invisible King" whom the
+anonymous New Year liturgist celebrates as:
+
+      Highest divinity,
+    Dynast of endlessness,
+    Timeless resplendency,
+    Worshipped eternally,
+      Lord of Infinity!
+
+And the fact that Moses himself was married to an Egyptian woman and
+that "a mixed multitude" went up with the Jews out of Egypt shows
+that the narrow tribalism of Ezra and Nehemiah, with the regrettable
+rejection of the Samaritans, was but a temporary political necessity;
+while the subsequent admission into the canon of the book of "Ruth,"
+with its moral of the descent of the Messiah himself from a Moabite
+woman, is an index that universalism was still unconquered. We have,
+in fact, the recurring clash of centripetal and centrifugal forces,
+and what assured the persistence and assures the ultimate triumph of
+the latter is that the race being one with the religion could not
+resist that religion's universal implications. If there were only a
+single God, and He a God of justice and the world, how could He be
+confined to Israel? The Mission could not but come. The true God,
+urges Mr. Wells, has no scorn or hatred for those who seek Him through
+idols. That is exactly what Ibn Gabirol said in 1050. But those blind
+seekers needed guiding. Religion, in fact, not race, has always been
+the governing principle in Jewish history. "I do not know the origin
+of the term Jew," says Dion Cassius, born in the second century. "The
+name is used, however, to designate all who observe the customs of
+this people, even though they be of different race." Where indeed lay
+the privilege of the Chosen People when the Talmud defined a
+non-idolater as a Jew, and ranked a Gentile learned in the Torah as
+greater than the High Priest? Such learned proselytes arose in Aquila
+and Theodotion each of whom made a Greek version of the Bible; while
+the orthodox Jew hardly regards his Hebrew text as complete unless
+accompanied by the Aramaic version popularly ascribed to the proselyte
+Onkelos. The disagreeable references to proselytes in Rabbinic
+literature, the difficulties thrown in their way, and the grotesque
+conception of their status towards their former families, cannot
+counterbalance the fact, established by Radin in his learned work,
+"The Jews Among the Greeks and Romans," that there was a carefully
+planned effort of propaganda. Does not indeed Jesus tell the
+Pharisees: "Ye compass sea and land to make one proselyte"? Do not
+Juvenal and Horace complain of this Judaising? Were not the Idumeans
+proselytised almost by force? "The Sabbath and the Jewish fasts,"
+says Lecky, doubtless following Josephus, "became familiar facts in
+all the great cities." And Josephus himself in that answer to Apion,
+which Judaism has strangely failed to rank as one of its greatest
+documents, declares in noble language: "There ought to be but one
+Temple for one God ... and this Temple common to all men, because He
+is the common God of all men."
+
+It would be a very tough tribal God that could survive worshippers of
+this temper. An ancient Midrash taught that in the Temple there were
+seventy sacrifices offered for the seventy nations. For the mediæval
+and rationalist Maimonides the election of Israel scarcely
+exists--even the Messiah is only to be a righteous Conqueror, whose
+success will be the test of his genuineness. And Spinoza--though he,
+of course, is outside the development of the Synagogue proper--refused
+to see in the Jew any superiority save of the sociological system for
+ensuring his eternity. The comparatively modern Chassidism,
+anticipating Mazzini, teaches that every nation and language has a
+special channel through which it receives God's gifts. Of contemporary
+Reform Judaism, the motto "Have we not one father, hath not one God
+created us?" was formally adopted as the motto of the Congress of
+Religions at Washington. "The forces of democracy _are_ Israel," cries
+the American Jew, David Lubin, in an ultra-modern adaptation of the
+Talmudic scale of values. There is, in fact, through our post-biblical
+literature almost a note of apology for the assumption of the Divine
+mission: perhaps it is as much the offspring of worldly prudence as of
+spiritual progress. The Talmud observed that the Law was only given to
+Israel because he was so peculiarly fierce he needed curbing. Abraham
+Ibn Daud at the beginning of the twelfth century urged that God had to
+reveal Himself to some nation to show that He did not hold Himself
+aloof from the universe, leaving its rule to the stars: it is the very
+argument as to the need for Christ employed by Mr. Balfour in his
+"Foundations of Belief." Crescas, in the fourteenth century,
+declared--like an earlier Buckle--that the excellence of the Jew
+sprang merely from the excellence of Palestine. Mr. Abelson, in his
+recent valuable book on Jewish mysticism, alleges that when Rabbi
+Akiba called the Jews "Sons of God" he meant only that all other
+nations were idolaters. But in reality Akiba meant what he said--what
+indeed had been said throughout the Bible from Deuteronomy downwards.
+In the words of Hosea:
+
+    When Israel was a child, then I loved him,
+    And out of Egypt I called My son.
+
+No evidence of the universalism of Israel's mission can away with the
+fact that it was still _his_ mission, the mission of a Chosen People.
+And this conviction, permeating and penetrating his whole literature
+and broidering itself with an Oriental exuberance of legendary
+fantasy, poetic or puerile, takes on in places an intimacy, sometimes
+touching in its tender mysticism, sometimes almost grotesque in its
+crude reminder to God that after all His own glory and reputation are
+bound up with His people's, and that He must not go too far in His
+chastisements lest the heathen mock. Reversed, this apprehension
+produced the concept of the _Chillul Hashem_, "the profanation of the
+Name." Israel, in his turn, was in honour bound not to lower the
+reputation of the Deity, who had chosen him out. On the contrary, he
+was to promote the _Kiddush Hashem_ "the sanctification of the Name."
+Thus the doctrine of election made not for arrogance but for a sense
+of _Noblesse oblige_. As the "Hymn of Glory" recited at New Year says
+in a more poetic sense: "His glory is on me and mine on Him." "He
+loves His people," says the hymn, "and inhabits their praises."
+Indeed, according to Schechter, the ancient Rabbis actually conceived
+God as existing only through Israel's continuous testimony and ceasing
+were Israel--_per impossibile_--to disappear. It is a mysticism not
+without affinity to Mr. Wells's. A Chassidic Rabbi, quoted by Mr.
+Wassilevsky, teaches in the same spirit that God and Israel, like
+Father and Son, are each incomplete without the other. In another
+passage of Hosea--a passage recited at the everyday winding of
+phylacteries--the imagery is of wedded lovers. "I will betroth thee
+unto Me for ever, Yea I will betroth thee unto Me in righteousness and
+in judgment and in loving-kindness and in mercy."
+
+But it is in the glowing, poetic soul of Jehuda Ha-Levi that this
+election of Israel, like the passion for Palestine, finds its supreme
+and uncompromising expression. "Israel," declares the author of the
+"Cuzari" in a famous dictum, "is among the nations like the heart
+among the limbs." Do not imagine he referred to the heart as a pump,
+feeding the veins of the nations--Harvey was still five centuries in
+the future--he meant the heart as the centre of feeling and the symbol
+of the spirit. And examining the question why Israel had been thus
+chosen, he declares plumply that it is as little worthy of
+consideration as why the animals had not been created men. This is, of
+course, the only answer. The wind of creation and inspiration bloweth
+where it listeth. As Tennyson said in a similar connection:
+
+    And if it is so, so it is, you know,
+    And if it be so, so be it!
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+
+But although, as with all other manifestations of genius, Science
+cannot tell us why the Jewish race was so endowed spiritually, it can
+show us by parallel cases that there is nothing unique in considering
+yourself a Chosen People--as indeed the accusation with which we began
+reminds us. And it can show us that a nation's assignment of a mission
+to itself is not a sudden growth. "Unlike any other nation," says the
+learned and saintly leader of Reform Judaism, Dr. Kohler, in his
+article on "Chosen People" in the _Jewish Encyclopædia_, "the Jewish
+people began their career conscious of their life-purpose and
+world-duty as the priests and teachers of a universal religious
+truth." This is indeed a strange statement, and only on the theory
+that its author was expounding the biblical standpoint, and not his
+own, can it be reconciled with his general doctrine of progress and
+evolution in Hebrew thought. It would seem to accept the Sinaitic
+Covenant as a literal episode, and even to synchronise the Mission
+with it. But an investigation of the history of other Chosen Peoples
+will, I fear, dissipate any notion that the Sinaitic Covenant was
+other than a symbolic summary of the national genius for religion, a
+sublime legend retrospectively created. And the mission to other
+nations must have been evolved still later. "The conception or feeling
+of a mission grew up and was developed by slow degrees," says Mr.
+Montefiore, and this sounds much nearer the truth. For, as I said,
+history is the sole clue to the Bible--history, which according to
+Bacon, is "philosophy teaching by example." And the more modern the
+history is, and the nearer in time, the better we can understand it.
+We have before our very eyes the moving spectacle of the newest of
+nations setting herself through a President-Prophet the noblest
+mission ever formulated outside the Bible. Through another great
+prophet--sprung like Amos from the people--through Abraham Lincoln,
+America had already swept away slavery. I do not know exactly when she
+began to call herself "God's own country," but her National Anthem,
+"My Country, 'tis of thee," dating from 1832, fixes the date when
+America, soon after the second war with England, which ended in 1814,
+consciously felt herself as a Holy Land; far as visitors like Dickens
+felt her from the perfection implied in her soaring Spread-Eagle
+rhetoric. The Pilgrim Fathers went to America merely for their own
+freedom of religious worship: they were actually intolerant to others.
+From a sectarian patriotism developed what I have called "The Melting
+Pot," with its high universal mission, first at home and now over the
+world at large.
+
+The stages of growth are still more clearly marked in English history.
+That national self-consciousness which to-day gives itself the mission
+of defending the liberties of mankind, and which stands in the breach
+undaunted and indomitable, began with that mere insular patriotism
+which finds such moving expression in the pæan of Shakespeare:
+
+    This happy breed of men, this little world,
+    This precious stone set in the silver sea,
+         .     .     .     .     .     .     .
+    This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England,
+         .     .     .     .     .     .     .
+    This land of such dear souls, this dear, dear land.
+
+This sense of itself had been born only in the thirteenth century, and
+at first the growing consciousness of national power, though it soon
+developed an assurance of special protection--"the favour of the love
+of Heaven," wrote Milton in his "Areopagitica," "we have great
+argument to think in a peculiar manner propitious and propending
+towards us"--was tempered by that humility still to be seen in the
+liturgy of its Church, which ascribes its victories not to the might
+of the English arm, but to the favour of God. But one hundred and
+twenty-five years after Shakespeare, the land which the Elizabethan
+translators of the Bible called "Our Sion," and whose mission,
+according to Milton, had been to sound forth "the first tidings and
+trumpet of reformation to all Europe," had sunk to the swaggering
+militarism that found expression in "Rule, Britannia."
+
+    When Britain first at Heaven's command
+      Arose from out the azure main,
+    This was the charter of the land,
+      And guardian angels sung this strain:
+        Rule, Britannia, rule the waves;
+        Britons never will be slaves.
+
+    The nations not so blest as thee
+      Must in their turn to tyrants fall;
+    While thou shalt flourish, great and free,
+      The dread and envy of them all.
+
+    To thee belongs the rural reign,
+      Thy cities shall with commerce shine:
+    All thine shall be the subject main,
+      And every shore it circles, thine.
+
+It is the true expression of its period--a period which Sir John
+Seeley in his "Expansion of England" characterizes as the period of
+the struggle with France for the possession of India and the New
+World: there were no less than seven wars with France, for France had
+replaced Spain in that great competition of the five western maritime
+States of Europe for Transatlantic trade and colonies, in which Seeley
+sums up the bulk of two centuries of European history. Well may Mr.
+Chesterton point to the sinking of the Armada as the date when an Old
+Testament sense of being "answered in stormy oracles of air and sea"
+lowered Englishmen into a Chosen People. Shakespeare saw the sea
+serving England in the modest office of a moat: it was now to be the
+high-road of Empire. The Armada was shattered in 1588. In 1600 the
+East India Company is formed to trade all over the world. In 1606 is
+founded the British colony of Virginia and in 1620 New England. It
+helps us to understand the dual and conflicting energies stimulated in
+the atmosphere of celestial protection, if we recall that it was in
+1604 that was initiated the great Elizabethan translation of the
+Bible.
+
+In Cromwell, that typical Englishman, these two strands of impulse
+are seen united. Ever conceiving himself the servant of God, he seized
+Jamaica in a time of profound peace and in defiance of treaty. Was not
+Catholic Spain the enemy of God? _Delenda est Carthago_ is his feeling
+towards the rival Holland. Miracles attend his battle. "The Lord by
+his Providence put a cloud over the Moon, thereby giving us the
+opportunity to draw off those horse." Yet this elect of God ruthlessly
+massacres surrendered Irish garrisons. "Sir," he writes with almost
+childish naïveté, "God hath taken away your eldest son by a cannon
+shot." We do not need Carlyle's warning that he was not a hypocrite.
+Does not Marvell, lamenting his death, record in words curiously like
+Bismarck's that his deceased hero
+
+    The soldier taught that inward mail to wear
+    And fearing God, how they should nothing fear?
+
+The fact is that great and masterful souls identify themselves with
+the universe. And so do great and masterful nations. It is a dangerous
+tendency.
+
+At the death of Queen Anne England stood at the top of the nations.
+But it was a greatness tainted by the slave-trade abroad, and poverty,
+ignorance, and gin-drinking at home. We recapture the atmosphere of
+"Rule, Britannia" when we recall that Thomson wrote it to the peals of
+the joy-bells and the flare of the bonfires by which the mob
+celebrated its forcing Walpole into a war to safeguard British trade
+in the Spanish main. Seeley claims, indeed, that the growth of the
+Empire was always sub-conscious or semi-conscious at its best. This is
+not wholly true, for in "The Masque of Alfred" in which "Rule,
+Britannia" is enshrined, Thomson displays as keen and exact a sense of
+the lines of England's destiny as Seeley acquired by painful historic
+excogitation. For after a vision which irresistibly recalls the
+grosser Hebrew prophecies:
+
+    I see thy commerce, Britain, grasp the world:
+    All nations serve thee; every foreign flood,
+    Subjected, pays its tribute to the Thames,
+
+he points to the virgin shores "beyond the vast Atlantic surge" and
+cries:
+
+                              This new world,
+    Shook to its centre, trembles at her name:
+    And there her sons, with aim exalted, sow
+    The seeds of rising empire, arts, and arms.
+
+    Britons, proceed, the subject deep command,
+    Awe with your navies every hostile land.
+    Vain are their threats, their armies all are vain:
+    They rule the balanced world who rule the main.
+
+But you have only to remember that Seeley's famous book was written
+expressly to persuade the England of 1883 _not_ to give up India and
+the Colonies, to see how little "Rule, Britannia" expressed the truer
+soul of Britain. The purification of England which the Methodist
+movement began and which manifested itself, among other things, in
+sweeping away the slave-trade, necessitated a less crude formula for
+the still invincible instinct of expansion, and in Kipling a prophet
+arose, of a genius akin to that of the Old Testament, to spiritualize
+the doctrine of the Chosen People. The mission which in Thomson is
+purely self-centred becomes in Kipling almost as universal as the
+visions of the Hebrew bards.
+
+    The Lord our God Most High,
+    He hath made the deep as dry,
+    He hath smote for us a pathway to the ends of all the earth.
+
+But it is only as the instrument of His purpose, and that purpose is
+characteristically practical.
+
+    Keep ye the Law--be swift in all obedience;
+    Clear the land of evil, drive the road and bridge the ford,
+        Make ye sure to each his own,
+        That he reap where he hath sown;
+    By the peace among our peoples let men know we serve the Lord.
+
+And it is a true picture of British activities. Even thus has England
+on the whole ruled the territories into which adventure or economic
+motives drew her. The very Ambassador from Germany, Prince Lichnowsky,
+agrees with Rhodes that the salvation of mankind lies in British
+imperialism. But note how the less spiritual factors are ignored, how
+the prophet presents his people as a nation of pioneer martyrs, how
+the mission, finally become conscious of itself, gilds with backward
+rays the whole path of national advance, as the trail of light from
+the stern of a vessel gives the illusion that it has come by a shining
+road. Missions are not discovered till they are already in action. Not
+unlike those archers of whom the Talmud wittily says, they first shoot
+the arrow and then fix the target, nations ascribe to themselves
+purposes of which they were originally unconscious. First comes the
+tingling consciousness of achievement and power, then a glamour of
+retrospective legend to explain and justify it. Thus it is that that
+great struggle for sea-power to which Spain, Portugal, Holland,
+England, and France all contributed maritime genius and boundless
+courage, becomes transformed under the half-accidental success of one
+nation into an almost religious epic of a destined wave-ruler. There
+could not be a finer British spirit than Mr. Chesterton's fallen
+friend, the poet Vernède, yet even he writes:--
+
+    God grant to us the old Armada weather.
+
+Thomson was not poet enough--nor the eighteenth century naïve
+enough--to create a legend in sober earnest. But the fact that he
+throws "Rule, Britannia" eight centuries back to the time of Alfred
+the Great, before whom this glorious pageant of his country's future
+is prophetically unrolled, serves to illustrate the retrospective
+habit of national missions.
+
+The history of England is brief, and the mission evolved in her seven
+centuries has not yet finally shaped itself, is indeed now shaping
+itself afresh in the furnace of war. Her poets have not always
+troubled with the soul of her. They have often, as Courthope
+complained of Keats, turned away from her destinies to
+
+    Magic casements opening on the foam
+    Of faëry lands in perilous seas forlorn.
+
+But Israel had abundant time to perfect her conception of herself.
+From Moses to Ezra was over a thousand years, and the roots of the
+race are placed still earlier. Can we doubt it was by a process
+analogous to that we see at work in England, that Israel evolved into
+a People chosen for world-service? The Covenant of Israel was
+inscribed slowly in the Jewish heart: it had no more existence
+elsewhere than the New Covenant which Jeremiah announced the Lord
+would write there, no more objective reality than the Charter which
+Britain received when "first at Heaven's command" she "rose from out
+the azure main," or than that _Contrat Social_ by which Rousseau
+expressed the rights of the individual in society. But to say this is
+not to make the mission false. Ibsen might label these vitalizing
+impulses "Life-illusions," but the criteria of objective truth do not
+apply to volitional verities. National missions become false only when
+nations are false to them. Nor does the gradualness of their evolution
+rob them of their mystery. _Hamlet_ is not less inspired because
+Shakespeare began as a writer of pothooks and hangers.
+
+If it is suggested that to explain the Bible by men and nations under
+its spell is to reason in a circle, the answer is that the biblical
+vocabulary merely provides a medium of expression for a universal
+tendency. Claudian, addressing the Emperor Theodosius, wrote:--
+
+    O nimium dilecte deo, cui militat æther.
+
+The Egyptian god Ammon, in the great battle epic of Rameses II,
+assured the monarch:--
+
+    Lo, I am with thee, my son; fear not, Ramessu Miammon!
+    Ra, thy father, is with thee, his hand shall uphold thee in danger,
+    More am I worth unto thee than thousands and thousands of soldiers.
+
+The preamble to the modern Japanese Constitution declares it to be "in
+pursuance of a great policy co-extensive with the Heavens and the
+Earth."
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+
+Returning now finally to our starting-point, the proposition that
+"Germanism is Judaism," we are able to see its full grotesqueness. If
+Germanism resembles Judaism, it is as a monkey resembles a man. Where
+it does suggest Judaism is in the sense it gives the meanest of its
+citizens that they form part of a great historic organism, which moves
+to great purposes: a sense which the poorer Englishman has
+unfortunately lacked, and which is only now awakening in the common
+British breast. But even here the affinities of Germany are rather
+with Japan than with Judæa. For in Japan, too, beneath all the
+romance of Bushido and the Samurai, lies the asphyxiation of the
+individual and his sacrifice to the State. It is the resurrection of
+those ancient Pagan Constitutions for which individuality scarcely
+existed, which could expose infants or kill off old men because the
+State was the supreme ethical end; it is the revival on a greater
+scale of the mediæval city commune, which sucked its vigorous life
+from the veins of its citizens. Even so Prussia, by welding its
+subservient citizens into one gigantic machine of aggression, has
+given a new reading to the Gospel: "Blessed are the meek, for they
+shall inherit the earth."
+
+Nietzsche, who, though he strove to upset the old Hebrew values, saw
+clearly through the real Prussian peril, defined such a State as that
+"in which the slow suicide of all is called Life," and "a welcome
+service unto all preachers of death"--a cold, ill-smelling, monstrous
+idol. Nor is this the only affinity between Prussia and Japan. "We
+are," boasts a Japanese writer, "a people of the present and the
+Tangible, of the Broad Daylight and the Plainly Visible."
+
+But Germany was not always thus. "High deeds, O Germans, are to come
+from you," wrote Wordsworth in his "Sonnets dedicated to Liberty." And
+it throws light upon the nature of Missions to recall that when she
+lay at the feet of Napoleon after Jena, the mission proclaimed for her
+by Fichte was one of peace and righteousness--to penetrate the life of
+humanity by her religion--and he denounced the dreams of universal
+monarchy which would destroy national individuality. Calling on his
+people as "the consecrated and inspired ones of a Divine world-plan,"
+"To you," he says, "out of all other modern nations the germs of human
+perfection are especially committed. It is yours to found an empire of
+mind and reason--to destroy the dominion of rude physical power as the
+ruler of the world." And throwing this mission backwards, he sees in
+what the outer world calls the invasion of the Roman Empire by the
+Goths and Huns the proof that the Germans have always stemmed the tide
+of tyrant domination. But Fichte belonged to the generation of Kant
+and Beethoven. Hegel, coming a little later, though as non-nationalist
+as Goethe, and a welcomer of the Napoleonic invasion, yet prophesied
+that if the Germans were once forced to cast off their inertia, they,
+"by preserving in their contact with outward things the intensity of
+their inner life, will perchance surpass their teachers": and in
+curiously prophetic language he called for a hero "to realize by blood
+and iron the political regeneration of Germany."
+
+If Treitschke, too, believed in force, he had a high moral ideal for
+his nation. The other nations are feeble and decadent. Germany is to
+hold the sceptre of the nations, so as to ensure the peace of the
+world. It is only in Bernhardi that we find war in itself glorified as
+the stimulus of nations. Even this ideal has a perverted nobility; as
+Pol Arcas, a modern Greek writer, says: "If the devil knew he had
+horns the cherubim would offer him their place." And though it was only
+in the swelled head of the conqueror that the brutal philosophy of the
+Will-to-Power germinated, it was not so much the "blood and iron" of
+Junkerdom that perverted Prussia--Junkerdom still lives simply--as the
+gross industrial prosperity that followed on the victory of 1870. A
+modern German author describes his countrymen--it is true he has turned
+Mohammedan, probably out of disgust--as tragically degenerated and
+turned into a gold-greedy, pleasure-seeking, title-hungry pack. This
+industrial transformation of the nobler soul of Germany is by
+Verhaeren--attacking Judaism from another angle--ascribed to its Jews,
+so it is comforting to remember that when England started the East
+India Company there was scarcely a Jew in England. No, Germany is
+clearly where England was in the seventeenth century, and in Prussia
+England meets her past face to face. Her past, but infinitely more
+conscious and consequent than her "Rule, Britannia" period, with a
+ruthless logic that does not shrink from any conclusions. While
+England's right hand hardly knew what her left was doing, Germany's
+right hand is drawing up a philosophic justification of her sinister
+activities. There is in Henry James's posthumous novel--"The Sense of
+the Past"--a young man who gets locked up in the Past and cannot get
+back to his own era. This is the fate that now menaces civilization.
+Nor is the civilization that followed the struggle for America by the
+scramble for Africa entirely blameless. Germany, federated too late for
+the first mêlée and smarting under centuries of humiliation--did not
+Louis XIV insolently seize Strassburg?--is avenging on our century the
+sins of the seventeenth.
+
+So far from Germanism being synonymous with Judaism, its analogies are
+to be sought within the five maritime countries which preceded
+Germany, albeit less efficiently, in the path of militarism. It is the
+same alliance as prevailed everywhere between the traders and the
+armies and navies, and the Kaiser's crime consists mainly in turning
+back the movement of the world which through the Hague Conferences was
+approaching brotherhood, or at least a mitigation of the horrors of
+war. His blasphemies are no less archaic. He repeats Oliver Cromwell,
+but with less simplicity, while his artistic aspiration complicates
+the Puritan with the Cavalier. "From childhood," he is quoted as
+saying, "I have been under the influence of five men--Alexander,
+Julius Cæsar, Theodoric II, Frederick the Great, and Napoleon." No
+great man moulds himself thus like others. It is but a theatrical
+greatness. But anyhow none of these names are Jewish, and not thus
+were "the Kings of Jerusalem" even "six thousand years ago." Our kings
+had the dull duty of copying out and studying the Torah, and the
+Rabbis reminded monarchy that the Torah demands forty-eight
+qualifications, whereas royalty only thirty, and that the crown of a
+good name is the best of all. Compare the German National Anthem
+"Heil dir im Siegeskranz" with the noble prayer for the Jewish King in
+the seventy-second psalm, if you wish to understand the difference
+between Judaism and Germanism. This King, too, is to conquer his
+enemies, but he is also to redeem the needy from oppression and
+violence, "and precious will their blood be in his sight."
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+
+If I were asked to sum up in a word the essential difference between
+Judaism and Germanism, it would be the word "Recessional." While the
+prophets and historians of Germany monotonously glorify their nation,
+the Jewish writers as monotonously rebuke theirs. "You only have I
+known among all the families of the earth," says the message through
+Amos. "_Therefore_ I will visit upon you all your iniquities." The
+Bible, as I have said before, is an anti-Semitic book. "Israel is the
+villain, not the hero, of his own story." Alone among epics, it is out
+for truth, not high heroics. To flout the Pharisees was not reserved
+for Jesus. "Behold, ye fast for strife and contention," said Isaiah,
+"and to smite with the fist of wickedness." While some German writers,
+not content with the great men Germany has so abundantly produced,
+vaunt that all others, from Jesus to Dante, from Montaigne to Michael
+Angelo, are of Teuton blood, Jewish literature unflinchingly exposes
+the flaws even of a Moses and a David. It is this passion for veracity
+unknown among other peoples--is even Washington's story told without
+gloss?--that gives false colour to the legend of Israel's ancient
+savagery. "The title of a nation to its territory," says Seeley, "is
+generally to be sought in primitive times and would be found, if we
+could recover it, to rest upon violence and massacre." The
+dispossession of the Red Indian by America, of the Maori by New
+Zealand, is almost within living memory. But in national legends this
+universal process is sophisticated.
+
+    Tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento,
+
+the Æneid told the all-invading Roman, putting of course the
+contemporary ideal backwards--as all missons are put--and into the
+prophetic mouth of Jove:--
+
+    Hae tibi erunt artis, pacisque imponere morem,
+    Parcere subjectis et debelare superbos.
+
+It was for similarly exalted purposes that Israel was to occupy
+Palestine, yet with what unique denigration the Bible turns upon him:
+"Not for thy righteousness or for the uprightness of thy heart dost
+thou go to possess this land; but for the wickedness of these nations
+the Lord thy God doth drive them out from before thee."
+
+In English literature this note of "Recessional" was sounded long
+before Kipling. Milton, though he claimed that "God's manner" was to
+reveal himself "first to His Englishmen," added that they "mark not
+the methods of His counsel and are unworthy."
+
+"Is India free," wrote Cowper, "or do we grind her still?" "Secure from
+actual warfare," sang Coleridge, "we have loved to swell the
+war-whoop." For Wordsworth England was simply the least evil of the
+nations. And Mr. Chesterton has just written a "History of England" in
+the very spirit of a Micah flagellating the classes "who loved fields
+and seized them." But if in Germany a voice of criticism breaks the
+chorus of self-adoration, it is usually from a Jew like Maximilian
+Harden, for Jews, as Ambassador Gerard testifies, represent almost the
+only real culture in Germany. I have been at pains to examine the
+literature of the German Synagogue, which if Germanism were Judiasm,
+ought to show a double dose of original sin. But so far from finding
+any swagger of a Chosen People, whether Jewish or German, I find in its
+most popular work--Lazarus's "Soziale Ethik im Judentum"--published as
+late as November, 1913, by the League of German Jews--a grave
+indictment of militarism. For the venerable philosopher, while justly
+explaining the glamour of the army by its subordination of the
+individual to the communal weal, yet pointed out emphatically that
+what unites individuals separates nations. "The work of justice shall
+be peace," he quotes from Isaiah. I am far from supposing that the old
+Germany of Goethe and Schiller and Lessing is not still latent--indeed,
+we know that one Professor suggested at a recent Nietzsche anniversary
+that the Germans should try to rise not to Supermen but to Men, and
+that another now lies in prison for explaining in his "Biologie des
+Krieges" that the real objection to war is simply that it compels men
+to act unlike men. So that, when moreover we remember that the noblest
+and most practical treatise on "Perpetual Peace" came from that other
+German professor, Kant, the hope is not altogether _ausgechlossen_ that
+in the internal convulsion that must follow the war, there may be an
+upheaval of that finer Germanism of which we should be only too proud
+to say that it _is_ Judaism.
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+
+But meantime we are waiting, and the soul "waiteth for the Lord more
+than watchmen look for the morning, yea, more than watchmen for the
+morning." Again, as in earlier periods of history, the world lies in
+darkness, listening to the silence of God--a silence that can be felt.
+
+"Watchmen, what of the night?" Such a blackness fell upon the ancient
+Jews when Hadrian passed the plough over Mount Zion. But, turning from
+empty apocalyptic visions, they drew in on themselves and created an
+inner Jerusalem, which has solaced and safeguarded them ever since.
+Such a blackness fell on the ancient Christians when the Huns invaded
+Rome, and the young Christian world, robbed of its millennial hopes,
+began to wonder if perchance this was not the vengeance of the
+discarded gods. But drawing in on themselves, they learned from St.
+Augustine to create an inner "City of God." How shall humanity meet
+this blackest crisis of all? What new "City of God" can it build on
+the tragic wreckage of a thousand years of civilization? Has Israel no
+contribution to offer here but the old quarrel with Christianity? But
+that quarrel shrinks into comparative concord beside the common peril
+from the resurrected gods of paganism, from Thor and Odin and Priapus.
+And it was always an exaggerated quarrel--half misunderstanding, like
+most quarrels. Neither St. Augustine nor St. Anselm believed God was
+other than One. Jesus but applied to himself distributively--as
+logicians say--those conceptions of divine sonship and suffering
+service which were already assets of Judaism, and but for the theology
+of atonement woven by Paul under Greek influences, either of them
+might have carried Judaism forward on that path of universalism which
+its essential genius demands, and which even without them it only just
+missed. Is it not humiliating that Islam, whose Koran expressly
+recalls its obligation to our prophets, should have beaten them in the
+work of universalization? Maimonides acknowledged the good work done
+by Jesus and Mohammed in propagating the Bible. But if the
+universalism they achieved held faulty elements, is that any reason
+why the purer truth should shrink from universalization? Has Judaism
+less future than Buddhism--that religion of negation and
+monkery--whose sacred classics enjoin the Bhiksu to camp in and
+contemplate a cemetery? Has it less inspiration and optimism than that
+apocalyptic vision of the ultimate victory of Good which consoles the
+disciples of Zoroaster? If there is anything now discredited in its
+ancient Scriptures, the Synagogue can, as of yore, relegate it to the
+Apocrypha, even as it can enrich the canon with later expressions of
+the Hebrew genius. Its one possible rival, Islam, is, as Kuenen
+maintains, as sterile for the future as Buddhism, too irretrievably
+narrowed to the Arab mentality. But why, despite his magnificent
+tribute to Judaism, does this unfettered thinker imagine that the last
+word is with Christianity? Eucken, too, would call the future
+Christian, though he rejects the Incarnation and regards the Atonement
+as injurious to religion, and the doctrine of the Trinity as a
+stumbling-block rather than a help. Abraham Lincoln being only a plain
+man, was not able to juggle with himself like a German theologian, and
+with the simplicity of greatness he confessed: "I have never united
+myself to any Church, because I have found difficulty in giving my
+assent, without mental reservation, to the long, complicated
+statements of the Christian doctrine which characterize their Articles
+of Belief and Confessions of Faith." "When any church," he added,
+"will inscribe over its altar, as its sole qualification for
+membership, ... 'Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart,
+and with all thy soul, and with all thy might, and thy neighbour as
+thyself,' that church will I join with all my heart and with all my
+soul."
+
+Can one read this and not wonder what Judaism has been about that
+Lincoln did not even know there _was_ such a church? But call the
+coming religious reconstruction what you will, what do names matter
+when all humanity is crucified, what does anything matter but to save
+it from meaningless frictions and massacres? "Would that My people
+forgot Me and kept My commandments," says the Jerusalem Talmud. Too
+long has Israel been silent. "Who is blind," says the prophet, "but
+My servant, or deaf as My messenger?" He is not deaf to-day, he is
+only dumb. But the voice of Jerusalem must be heard again when the new
+world-order is shaping. The Chosen People must choose. To be or not to
+be. "The religion of the Jews is indeed a light," said Coleridge in
+his "Table Talk," "but it is as the light of the glow-worm which gives
+no heat and illumines nothing but itself." Why let a sun sink into a
+glow-worm? And even a glow-worm should turn. It does not even
+pay--that prudent maxim of the Babylonian Talmud, _Dina dimalchutha
+dina_ ("In Rome do as the Romans"). Despite every effort of Jews as
+individual citizens the world still tends to see them as Crabbe saw
+them a century ago in his "Borough":--
+
+    Nor war nor wisdom yields our Jews delight,
+    They will not study and they dare not fight.
+
+It is because they fight under no banner of their own. But the time
+has come when they must fight as Jews--fight that "mental fight" from
+which that greater English poet, Blake, declared he would not cease
+till he had "built Jerusalem in England's green and pleasant land." To
+build Jerusalem in every land--even in Palestine--that is the Jewish
+mission. As Nina Salaman sings--and I am glad to end with the words of
+a daughter of the lofty-souled scholar in whose honour this lecture is
+given--
+
+    Wherefore else our age-long life, our wandering landless,
+      Every land our home for ill or good?
+    Ours it was long since to join the hands of nations
+      Through the link of our own brotherhood.
+
+
+
+
+AFTERWORD
+
+
+DR. ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic
+Literature in the University of Cambridge, in seconding the vote of
+thanks to the speakers, moved by the President of the Jewish
+Historical Society (Sir Lionel Abrahams, K.C.B.), said that the
+Chairman had already paid a tribute to the memory of Arthur Davis. But
+a twice-told tale was not stale in repetition when the tale was told
+of such a man. He was a real scholar; not only in the general sense of
+one who loved great books, but also in the special sense that he
+possessed the technical knowledge of an expert. His "Hebrew Accents"
+reveals Arthur Davis in these two aspects. It shows mastery of an
+intricate subject, a subject not likely to attract the mere
+dilettante. But it also reveals his interest in the Bible as
+literature. He appreciated both the music of words and the melody of
+ideas. When the work appeared, a foreign scholar asked: "Who was his
+teacher?" The answer was: himself. There is a rather silly proverb
+that the self-taught man has a fool for his master. Certainly Arthur
+Davis had no fool for his pupil. And though he had no teacher, he had
+what is better, a fine capacity for comradeship in studies. "Acquire
+for thyself a companion," said the ancient Rabbi. There is no
+friendship equal to that which is made over the common study of books.
+At the Talmud meetings held at the house of Arthur Davis were founded
+lifelong intimacies. Unpretentious in their aim, there was in these
+gatherings a harmony of charm and earnestness; pervading them was the
+true "joy of service." Above all he loved the liturgy. Here the
+self-taught man must excel. Homer said:--
+
+    Dear to gods and men is sacred song.
+    Self-taught I sing: by Heaven and Heaven alone
+    The genuine seeds of poesy are sown.
+
+And, as the expression of his inmost self, he gave us the best edition
+of the Festival Prayers in any language: better than Sachs'--than
+which praise can go no higher. This Prayer Book is his true memorial,
+unless there be a truer still. Perhaps his feeling that he might
+after all have lost something because he had no teacher made him so
+wonderful a teacher of his own daughters. In their continuance of his
+work his personality endures. At the end of his book on Accents he
+quoted, in Hebrew, a sentence from Jeremiah, with a clever play on the
+double meaning of the word which signifies at once "accent" and
+"taste." Thinking of his record, and how his beautiful spirit animates
+those near and dear to him, we may indeed apply to him this same text:
+"His taste remaineth in him and his fragrance is not changed."
+
+
+
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+<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Chosen Peoples, by Israel Zangwill</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: Chosen Peoples</p>
+<p>       Being the First "Arthur Davis Memorial Lecture" delivered before the Jewish Historical Society at University College on Easter-Passover Sunday, 1918/5678</p>
+<p>Author: Israel Zangwill</p>
+<p>Release Date: February 19, 2007  [eBook #20631]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHOSEN PEOPLES***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3 class="pg">E-text prepared by Steven desJardins, Jeannie Howse,<br />
+    and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (http://www.pgdp.net/c/)</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="tr">
+<p class="cen" style="font-weight: bold;">Transcriber's Note:</p>
+<br />
+<p class="noin">A Table of Contents has been added to this document for the convenience of the reader.</p>
+</div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h1>WORKS<br />
+OF<br />
+ISRAEL ZANGWILL</h1>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h2>CHOSEN PEOPLES</h2>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h5>THE AMERICAN JEWISH BOOK COMPANY<br />
+NEW YORK<br />
+1921</h5>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h5>CHOSEN PEOPLES<br />
+<br />
+<span class="sc">Copyright</span>, 1919,<br />
+<span class="sc">By</span> THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.</h5>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h5>Printed by<br />
+<span class="smcap">The Lord Baltimore Press</span><br />
+Baltimore, Md.</h5>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h3>CHOSEN PEOPLES</h3>
+
+<h5>Being The First "Arthur Davis Memorial Lecture"<br />
+delivered before the Jewish Historical Society<br />
+at University College on Easter-Passover<br />
+Sunday, 1918/5678</h5>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h4 style="margin-bottom: -1px;">TO</h4>
+<h3 style="margin-bottom: -1px; margin-top: -1px;">MRS. REDCLIFFE N. SALAMAN</h3>
+<h4 style="margin-top: -1px;">THIS LITTLE BOOK IN HER<br />
+FATHER'S MEMORY</h4>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="toc" id="toc"></a><hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h3>CONTENTS</h3>
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="noin"><a href="#NOTE">NOTE</a><br />
+<a href="#FOREWORD">FOREWORD</a><br />
+<a href="#I">I</a><br />
+<a href="#II">II</a><br />
+<a href="#III">III</a><br />
+<a href="#IV">IV</a><br />
+<a href="#V">V</a><br />
+<a href="#VI">VI</a><br />
+<a href="#VII">VII</a><br />
+<a href="#VIII">VIII</a><br />
+<a href="#AFTERWORD">AFTERWORD</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="NOTE" id="NOTE"></a><hr />
+<br />
+
+<h3>NOTE</h3>
+<br />
+
+<div style="margin-left: 25%; margin-right: 25%;">
+<p>The Arthur Davis Memorial Lecture was founded in 1917, under the
+auspices of the Jewish Historical Society of England, by his
+collaborators in the translation of "The Service of the Synagogue,"
+with the object of fostering Hebraic thought and learning in honour of
+an unworldly scholar. The Lecture is to be given annually in the
+anniversary week of his death, and the lectureship is to be open to
+men or women of any race or creed, who are to have absolute liberty in
+the treatment of their subject.</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="FOREWORD" id="FOREWORD"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>FOREWORD</h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>Mr. Arthur Davis, in whose memory has been founded the series of
+Lectures devoted to the fostering of Hebraic thought and learning, of
+which this is the first, was born in 1846 and died on the first day of
+Passover, 1906. His childhood was spent in the town of Derby, where
+there was then no Synagogue or Jewish minister or teacher of Hebrew.
+Spontaneously he developed a strong Jewish consciousness, and an
+enthusiasm for the Hebrew language, which led him to become one of its
+greatest scholars in this, or any other, country.</p>
+
+<p>He was able to put his learning to good use. He observed the wise<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span>
+maxim of Leonardo da Vinci, "Avoid studies of which the result dies
+with the worker." He was not one of those learned men, of whom there
+are many examples&mdash;a recent and conspicuous instance was the late Lord
+Acton&mdash;whose minds are so choked with the accumulations of the
+knowledge they have absorbed that they can produce little or nothing.
+His output, though not prolific, was substantial. In middle life he
+wrote a volume on "The Hebrew Accents of the Twenty-one Books of the
+Bible," which has become a classical authority on that somewhat
+recondite subject. It was he who originated and planned the new
+edition of the Festival Prayer Book in six volumes, and he wrote most
+of the prose translations. When he <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span>died, though only two volumes out
+of the six had been published, he left the whole of the text complete.
+To Mr. Herbert M. Adler, who had been his collaborator from the
+beginning, fell the finishing of the great editorial task.</p>
+
+<p>Not least of his services lay in the fact that he had transmitted much
+of his knowledge to his two daughters, who have worthily continued his
+tradition of Hebrew scholarship and culture.</p>
+
+<p>Arthur Davis's life work, then, was that of a student and interpreter
+of Hebrew. It is a profoundly interesting fact that, in our age,
+movements have been set on foot in more than one direction for the
+revival of languages which were dead or dying. We see before our eyes
+Welsh and Irish in process of being saved from extinction, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span>with the
+hope perhaps of restoring their ancient glories in poetry and prose.
+Such movements show that our time is not so utilitarian and
+materialistic as is often supposed. A similar revivifying process is
+affecting Hebrew. For centuries it has been preserved as a ritual
+language, sheltered within the walls of the Synagogue; often not fully
+understood, and never spoken, by the members of the congregations. Now
+it is becoming in Palestine once more a living and spoken language.</p>
+
+<p>Hebrew is one example among many of a language outliving for purposes
+of ritual its use in ordinary speech. A ritual is regarded as a sacred
+thing, unchanging, and usually unchangeable, except as the result of
+some great religious upheaval. The language in which it is framed
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span>continues fixed, amid the slowly developing conditions of the workaday
+world. Often, indeed, the use of an ancient language, which has
+gradually fallen into disuse among the people, is deliberately
+maintained for the air of mystery and of awe which is conveyed by its
+use, and which has something of the same effect upon the intellect as
+the "dim religious light" of a cathedral has upon the emotions.
+Further, it reserves to the priesthood a kind of esoteric knowledge,
+which gives them an additional authority that they would desire to
+maintain. So we find that in the days of Marcus Aurelius an ancient
+Salian liturgy was used in the Roman temples which had become almost
+unintelligible to the worshippers. The ritual of the religion of Isis
+in Greece was, at <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span>the same period, conducted in an unknown tongue. In
+the present age Church Slavonic, the ecclesiastical language of the
+orthodox Slavs, is only just intelligible to the peasantry of Russia
+and the neighbouring Slav countries. The Buddhists of China conduct
+their services in Sanscrit, which neither the monks nor the people
+understand, and the services of the Buddhists in Japan are either in
+Sanscrit or in ancient Chinese. I believe it is a fact that in
+Abyssinia, again, the liturgy is in a language called Geez, which is
+no longer in use as a living tongue and is not understood.</p>
+
+<p>But we need not go to earlier centuries or to distant countries for
+examples. In any Roman Catholic church in London to-day you will find
+the service conducted in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span>a language which, if understood at all by
+the general body of the congregation, has been learnt by them only for
+the purposes of the liturgy.</p>
+
+<p>Of all these ritual languages which have outlived their current use
+and have been preserved for religious purposes alone, Hebrew is, so
+far as I am aware, the only one which has ever showed signs of
+renewing its old vitality&mdash;like the roses of Jericho which appear to
+be dead and shrivelled but which, when placed in water, recover their
+vitality and their bloom. We may join in hoping that again in
+Palestine Hebrew may recover something of its old supremacy in the
+field of morals and of intellect.</p>
+
+<p>To render this possible the work of scholars such as Arthur Davis has
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span>contributed. To him this was a labour of love, and for love. He would
+receive no payment for any of his religious work or writings. Part of
+the profits that accrued from the publication of his edition of "The
+Services of the Synagogue" has been devoted to the formation of a fund
+from which will be defrayed the expenses&mdash;after the first&mdash;of a series
+of annual lectures on subjects of Jewish interest, to be delivered by
+men of various schools of thought. We are fortunate that the initial
+lecture is to be delivered to-day by the most distinguished of living
+Jewish men of letters.</p>
+
+<p>Arthur Davis was a man of much elevation and charm of character. He
+took an active part in the work of communal, and particularly
+educational, organizations. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span>He was one of those men&mdash;not rare among
+Jews, though the rest of the world does not always recognize it&mdash;who
+are philanthropic in spirit, practical in action, modest,
+self-sacrificing, devoted to a fine family life, having in them much
+of the student and something even of the saint. It is fitting that his
+memory should be kept alive.</p>
+
+<p class="right sc">Herbert Samuel.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span><br />
+<a name="I" id="I"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h2>CHOSEN PEOPLES</h2>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span><br />
+<hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>CHOSEN PEOPLES</h3>
+
+<h3>I<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>The claim that the Jews are a "Chosen People" has always irritated the
+Gentiles. "From olden times," wrote Philostratus in the third century,
+"the Jews have been opposed not only to Rome but to the rest of
+humanity." Even Julian the Apostate, who designed to rebuild their
+Temple, raged at the doctrine of their election. Sinai, said the
+Rabbis with a characteristic pun, has evoked <i>Sinah</i> (hatred).</p>
+
+<p>In our own day, the distinguished ethical teacher, Dr. Stanton Coit,
+complains, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span>like Houston Chamberlain, that our Bible has checked and
+blighted all other national inspiration: in his book "The Soul of
+America," he even calls upon me to repudiate unequivocally "the claim
+to spiritual supremacy over all the peoples of the world."</p>
+
+<p>The recent revelation of racial arrogance in Germany has provided our
+enemies with a new weapon. "Germanism is Judaism," says a writer in
+the American <i>Bookman</i>. The proposition contains just that dash of
+truth which is more dangerous than falsehood undiluted; and the saying
+ascribed to Von Tirpitz in 1915 that the Kaiser spent all his time
+praying and studying Hebrew may serve to give it colour. "As he talks
+to-day at Potsdam and Berlin," says Verhaeren, in his <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span>book "Belgium's
+Agony," "the Kings of Israel and their prophets talked six thousand
+years ago at Jerusalem." The chronology is characteristic of
+anti-Semitic looseness: six thousand years ago the world by Hebrew
+reckoning had not been created, and at any rate the then Kings of
+Jerusalem were not Jewish. But it is undeniable that Germanism, like
+Judaism, has evolved a doctrine of special election. Spiritual in the
+teaching of Fichte and Treitschke, the doctrine became gross and
+narrow in the <i>Deutsche Religion</i> of Friedrich Lange. "The German
+people is the elect of God and its enemies are the enemies of the
+Lord." And this German God, like the popular idea of Jehovah, is a
+"Man of War" who demands "eye for eye, tooth for tooth," and cries
+with savage sublimity:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">I will render vengeance to Mine adversaries,<br /></span><span class='pn'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span>
+<span class="i0">And will recompense them that hate Me,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I will make Mine arrows drunk with blood,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And my sword shall devour flesh.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="noin">Judaism has even its Song of Hate, accompanied on the timbrel by
+Miriam. The treatment of the Amalekites and other Palestine tribes is
+a byword. "We utterly destroyed every city," Deuteronomy declares;
+"the men and the women and the little ones; we left none remaining;
+only the cattle we took for a prey unto ourselves with the spoil of
+the cities." David, who is promised of God that his seed shall be
+enthroned for ever, slew surrendered Moabites in cold blood, and Judas
+Maccab&aelig;us, the other warrior hero of the race, when the neutral city
+of Ephron refused his army passage, took the city, slew every male in
+it, and passed <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span>across its burning ruins and bleeding bodies. The
+prophet Isaiah pictures the wealth of nations&mdash;the phrase is his, not
+Adam Smith's&mdash;streaming to Zion by argosy and caravan. "For that
+nation and kingdom that will not serve thee shall perish.... Aliens
+shall build up thy walls, and their kings shall minister unto thee.
+Thou shalt suck the milk of nations." "The Lord said unto me," says
+the second Psalm, "Thou art My son, this day have I begotten thee. Ask
+of Me and I will give the nations for thine inheritance.... Thou shalt
+break them with a rod of iron."</p>
+
+<p>Nor are such ideas discarded by the synagogue of to-day. Every
+Saturday night the orthodox Jew repeats the prayer for material
+prosperity and the promise of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span>ultimate glory: "Thou shalt lend unto
+many nations but thou shalt not borrow; and thou shalt rule over many
+nations but they shall not rule over thee." "Our Father, our King," he
+prays at the New Year, "avenge before our eyes the blood of Thy
+servants that has been spilt." And at the Passover Seder Service he
+still repeats the Psalmist's appeal to God to pour out His wrath on
+the heathen who have consumed Jacob and laid waste his dwelling.
+"Pursue them in anger and destroy them from under the heavens of the
+Lord!"</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="II" id="II"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>II<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>Much might, of course, be adduced to mitigate the seeming ferocity or
+egotism of these passages. It would be indeed strange if Prussia,
+which Napoleon wittily described as "hatched from a cannon-ball,"
+should be found really resembling Jud&aelig;a, whose national greeting was
+"Peace"; whose prophet Ezekiel proclaimed in words of flame and
+thunder God's judgment upon the great military empires of antiquity;
+whose medi&aelig;val poet Kalir has left in our New Year liturgy what might
+be almost a contemporary picture of a brazen autocracy "that planned
+in secret, performed in daring." And, as <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span>a matter of fact, some of
+these passages are torn from their context. The pictures of Messianic
+prosperity, for example, are invariably set in an ethical framework:
+the all-dominant Israel is also to be all-righteous. The blood that is
+to be avenged is the blood of martyrs "who went through fire and water
+for the sanctification of Thy name."</p>
+
+<p>But let us take these passages at their nakedest. Let us ignore&mdash;as
+completely as Jesus did&mdash;that the legal penalty of "eye for eye" had
+been commuted into a money penalty by the great majority of early
+Pharisaic lawyers. Is not that very maxim to-day the clamoured policy
+of Christian multitudes? "Destroy them from under the heavens of the
+Lord!" When this is the imprecation of a Vehaeren <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span>or a Maeterlinck
+over Belgium and not of a medi&aelig;val Jew over the desolated home of
+Jacob, is it not felt as a righteous cry of the heart? Nay, only the
+other Sunday an Englishwoman in a country drawing-room assured me she
+would like to kill every German&mdash;man or woman&mdash;with her own hand!</p>
+
+<p>And here we see the absurdity of judging the Bible outside its
+historic conditions, or by standards not comparative. Said James
+Hinton, "The Bible needs interpreting by Nature even as Nature by it."
+And it is by this canon that we must interpret the concept of a Chosen
+People, and so much else in our Scriptures. It is Life alone that can
+give us the clue to the Bible. This is the only "Guide to the
+Perplexed," and Maimonides but made <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span>confusion worse confounded when
+by allegations of allegory and other devices of the apologist he
+laboured to reconcile the Bible with Aristotle. Equally futile was the
+effort of Manasseh ben Israel to reconcile it with itself. The
+<i>Baraitha</i> of Rabbi Ishmael that when two texts are discrepant a third
+text must be found to reconcile them is but a temptation to that
+distorted dialectic known as <i>Pilpul</i>. The only true "Conciliador" is
+history, the only real reconciler human nature. An allegorizing
+rationalism like Rambam's leads nowhere&mdash;or rather everywhere. The
+same method that softened the Oriental amorousness of "The Song of
+Solomon" into an allegory of God's love for Israel became, in the
+hands of Christianity, an allegory of Christ's love for His Church.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span>But if Reason cannot always&mdash;as Bachya imagined&mdash;<i>confirm</i> tradition,
+it can explain it historically. It can disentangle the lower strands
+from the higher in that motley collection of national literature
+which, extending over many generations of authorship, streaked with
+strayed fragments of Aramaic, varying from the idyll of Ruth to the
+apocalyptic dreams of Daniel, and deprived by Job and Ecclesiastes of
+even a rambling epical unity, is naturally obnoxious to criticism when
+put forward as one uniform Book, still more when put forward as
+uniformly divine. For my part I am more lost in wonder over the people
+that produced and preserved and the Synagogue that selected and
+canonized so marvellous a literature, than dismayed because
+occasionally amid <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span>the organ-music of its Miltons and Wordsworths
+there is heard the primeval saga-note of heroic savagery.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="III" id="III"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>III<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>As Joseph Jacobs reminded us in his "Biblical Arch&aelig;ology" and as Sir
+James Frazer is just illustrating afresh, the whole of Hebrew ritual
+is permeated by savage survivals, a fact recognized by Maimonides
+himself when he declared that Moses adapted idolatrous practices to a
+purer worship. Israel was environed by barbarous practices and
+gradually rose beyond them. And it was the same with concepts as with
+practices. Judaism, which added to the Bible the fruits of centuries
+of spiritual evolution in the shape of the Talmud, has passed utterly
+beyond the more primitive stages of the Old <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span>Testament, even as it has
+replaced polygamy by monogamy. That Song of Hate at the Red Sea was
+wiped out, for example, by the oft-quoted Midrash in which God rebukes
+the angels who wished to join in the song. "How can ye sing when My
+creatures are perishing?" The very miracles of the Old Testament were
+side-tracked by the Rabbinic exposition that they were merely special
+creations antecedent to that unchangeable system of nature which went
+its course, however fools suffered. Our daily bread, said the sages,
+is as miraculous as the division of the Red Sea. And the dry retort of
+the soberest of Pharisaic Rabbis, when a voice from heaven interfered
+with the voting on a legal point, <i>en mashg&icirc;chin be-bathkol</i>&mdash;"We
+cannot have regard to the Bath Kol, the Torah <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span>is for earth, not
+heaven"&mdash;was a sign that, for one school of thought at least, reason
+and the democratic principle were not to be browbeaten, and that the
+era of miracles in Judaism was over. The very incoherence of the
+Talmud, its confusion of voices, is an index of free thinking.
+Post-biblical Israel has had a veritable galaxy of thinkers and
+saints, from Maimonides its Aquinas to Crescas its Duns Scotus, from
+Mendelssohn its Erasmus to the Baal-Shem its St. Francis. But it has
+been at once the weakness and the strength of orthodox Judaism never
+to have made a breach with its past; possibly out of too great a
+reverence for history, possibly out of over-consideration for the
+masses, whose mentality would in any case have transformed the new
+back again to the old. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span>Thus it has carried its whole lumber piously
+forward, even as the human body is, according to evolutionists, "a
+veritable museum of relics," or as whales have vestiges of hind legs
+with now immovable, muscles. Already in the Persian period Judaism had
+begun to evolve "the service of the Synagogue," but it did not shed
+the animal sacrifices, and even when these were abruptly ended by the
+destruction of the Temple, and Jochanan ben Zaccai must needs
+substitute prayer and charity, Judaism still preserved through the
+ages the nominal hope of their restoration. So that even were the
+Jehovah of the Old Testament the fee-fi-fo-fum ogre of popular
+imagination, that tyrant of the heavens whose unfairness in choosing
+Israel was only equalled by its bad taste, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span>it would not follow that
+Judaism had not silently replaced him by a nobler Deity centuries ago.
+The truth is, however, that it is precisely in the Old Testament that
+is reached the highest ethical note ever yet sounded, not only by
+Judaism but by man, and that this mass of literature is so saturated
+with the conception of a people chosen not for its own but for
+universal salvation, that the more material prophecies&mdash;evoked
+moreover in the bitterness of exile, as Belgian poets are now moved to
+foretell restoration and glory&mdash;are practically swamped. At the worst,
+we may say there are two conflicting currents of thought, as there are
+in the bosom of every nation, one primarily self-regarding, and the
+other setting towards the larger life of humanity. It may help us to
+understand <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span>the paradox of the junction of Israel's glory with God's,
+if we remember that the most inspired of mortals, those whose life is
+consecrated to an art, a social reform, a political redemption, are
+rarely able to separate the success of their mission from their own
+individual success or at least individual importance. Even Jesus
+looked forward to his twelve legions of angels and his seat at the
+right hand of Power. But in no other nation known to history has the
+balance of motives been cast so overwhelmingly on the side of
+idealism. An episode related by Josephus touching Pontius Pilate
+serves to illuminate the more famous episode in which he figures. When
+he brought the Roman ensigns with C&aelig;sar's effigies to Jerusalem, the
+Jews so wearied him with their petitions to remove <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span>this defiling
+deification that at last he surrounded the petitioners with soldiers
+and menaced them with immediate death unless they ceased to pester and
+went home. "But they threw themselves upon the ground and laid their
+necks bare and said they would take their deaths very willingly rather
+than the wisdom of their laws should be transgressed." And Pilate,
+touched, removed the effigies. Such a story explains at once how the
+Jews could produce Jesus and why they could not worship him.</p>
+
+<p>"God's witnesses," "a light of the nations," "a suffering servant," "a
+kingdom of priests"&mdash;the old Testament metaphors for Israel's mission
+are as numerous as they are noble. And the lyrics in which they occur
+are unparalleled in literature <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span>for their fusion of ethical passion
+with poetical beauty. Take, for example, the forty-second chapter of
+Isaiah. (I quote as in gratitude bound the accurate Jewish version of
+the Bible we owe to America.)</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Behold My servant whom I uphold;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mine elect in whom My soul delighteth;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I have put My spirit upon him,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He shall make the right to go forth to the nations:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He shall not fail or be crushed<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Till he have set the right on the earth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the isles shall wait for his teaching.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thus saith God the LORD,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He that created the heavens, and stretched them forth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He that spread forth the earth and that which cometh out of it,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He that giveth bread unto the people upon it,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And spirit to them that walk therein:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I the LORD have called thee in righteousness,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And have taken hold of thy hand,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And kept thee, and set thee for a covenant of the people,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For a light of the nations;<br /></span><span class='pn'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span>
+<span class="i0">To open the blind eyes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To bring out the prisoners from the dungeon,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And them that sit in darkness out of the prison-house.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Never was ideal less tribal: it is still the dynamic impulse of all
+civilization. "Let justice well up as waters and righteousness as a
+mighty stream." "Nation shall not lift sword against nation, neither
+shall there be war any more."</p>
+
+<p>Nor does this mission march always with the pageantry of external
+triumph. "Despised and forsaken of men," Isaiah paints Israel. "Yet he
+bore the sin of many. And made intercession for the transgressors ...
+with his stripes we were healed."</p>
+
+<p>Happily all that is best in Christendom recognizes, with Kuenen or
+Matthew <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span>Arnold, the grandeur of the Old Testament ideal. But that
+this ideal penetrated equally to our everyday liturgy is less
+understood of the world. "Blessed art Thou, O Lord our God, who hast
+chosen Israel from all peoples and given him the Law." Here is no
+choice of a favourite but of a servant, and when it is added that
+"from Zion shall the Law go forth" it is obvious what that servant's
+task is to be. "What everlasting love hast Thou loved the house of
+Israel," says the Evening Prayer. But in what does this love consist?
+Is it that we have been pampered, cosseted? The contrary. "A Law, and
+commandments, statutes and judgments hast Thou taught us." Before
+these were thundered from Sinai, the historian of the Exodus records,
+Israel was explicitly <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span>informed that only by obedience to them could
+he enjoy peculiar favour. "Now therefore, if ye will hearken unto My
+voice indeed, and keep My covenant, then ye shall be Mine own treasure
+from among all peoples; for all the earth is Mine; and ye shall be
+unto Me a kingdom of priests, and a holy nation." A chosen people is
+really a choosing people. Not idly does Talmudical legend assert that
+the Law was offered first to all other nations and only Israel
+accepted the yoke.</p>
+
+<p>How far the discipline of the Law actually produced the Chosen People
+postulated in its conferment is a subtle question for pragmatists. Mr.
+Lucien Wolf once urged that "the yoke of the Torah" had fashioned a
+racial aristocracy possessing marked biological advantages over
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span>average humanity, as well as sociological superiorities of temperance
+and family life. And indeed the statistics of Jewish vitality and
+brain-power, and even of artistic faculty, are amazing enough to
+invite investigation from all eugenists, biologists, and statesmen.
+But whether this general superiority&mdash;a superiority not inconsistent
+with grave failings and drawbacks&mdash;is due to the rigorous selection of
+a tragic history, or whether it is, as Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu
+maintains, the heritage of a civilization older by thousands of years
+than that of Europe; whether the Torah made the greatness of the
+people, or the people&mdash;precisely because of its greatness&mdash;made the
+Torah; whether we have a case of natural election or artificial
+election to study, it is not in any <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span>self-sufficient superiority or
+aim thereat that the essence of Judaism lies, but in an apostolic
+altruism. The old Hebrew writers indeed&mdash;when one considers the
+impress the Bible was destined to make on the faith, art, and
+imagination of the world&mdash;might well be credited with the intuition of
+genius in attributing to their people a quality of election. And the
+Jews of to-day in attributing to themselves that quality would have
+the ground not only of intuition but of history. Nevertheless that
+election is, even by Jewish orthodoxy, conceived as designed solely
+for world-service, for that spiritual mission for which Israel when
+fashioned was exiled and scattered like wind-borne seeds, and of the
+consummation of which his ultimate repatriation and glory will be but
+the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span>symbol. It is with <i>Alenu</i> that every service ends&mdash;the prayer
+for the coming of the Kingdom of God, "when Thou wilt remove the
+abominations from the earth, and the idols will be utterly cut off,
+when the world will be perfected under the Kingdom of the Almighty and
+all the children of flesh will call upon Thy name, when Thou wilt turn
+unto Thyself all the wicked of the earth.... In that day the Lord
+shall be One and His name One." Israel disappears altogether in this
+diurnal aspiration.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="IV" id="IV"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>IV<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>Israel disappears, too, in whole books of the Old Testament. What has
+the problem of Job, the wisdom of Proverbs, or the pessimism of
+Ecclesiastes to do with the Jew specifically? The Psalter would
+scarcely have had so universal an appeal had it been essentially
+rooted in a race.</p>
+
+<p>In the magnificent cosmic poem of Psalm civ&mdash;half Whitman, half St.
+Francis&mdash;not only his fellow-man but all creation comes under the
+benediction of the Hebrew poet's mood. "The high hills are for the
+wild goats; the rocks are a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span>refuge for the conies.... The young lions
+roar after their prey, and seek their food from God ... man goeth
+forth unto his work, and to his labour until the evening." Even in a
+more primitive Hebrew poet the same cosmic universalism reveals
+itself. To the bard of Genesis the rainbow betokens not merely a
+covenant between God and man but a "covenant between God and every
+living creature of all flesh that is upon the earth."</p>
+
+<p>That the myth of the tribalism of the Jewish God should persist in
+face of such passages can only be explained by the fact that He shares
+in the unpopularity of His people. Mr. Wells, for example, in his
+finely felt but intellectually incoherent book, "God the Invisible
+King," dismisses Him as a malignant and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span>partisan Deity, jealous and
+pettily stringent. At most one is entitled to say with Mr. Israel
+Abrahams in his profound little book on "Judaism" that "God, in the
+early literature a tribal, non-moral Deity, was in the later
+literature a righteous ruler, who, with Amos and Hosea, loved and
+demanded righteousness in man," and that there was an expansion from a
+national to a universal Ruler. But if "by early literature" anybody
+understand simply Genesis, if he imagines that the evolutionary
+movement in Judaism proceeds regularly from Abraham to Isaiah, he is
+grossly in error. No doubt all early gods are tribal, all early
+religions connected with the hearth and ancestor worship, but the God
+of Isaiah is already in Genesis, and the tribal God has to be exhumed
+from practically all <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span>parts of the Bible. But even in the crudities of
+Genesis or Judges that have escaped editorship I cannot find Mr.
+Wells's "malignant" Deity&mdash;<i>He</i> is really "the invisible King." The
+very first time Jehovah appears in His tribal aspect (Genesis xii.)
+His promise to bless Abraham ends with the assurance&mdash;and it almost
+invariably accompanies all the repetitions of the promise&mdash;"And in
+thee shall all the families of the earth be blessed." Nay, as I
+pointed out in my essay on "The Gods of Germany," the very first words
+of the Bible, "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth,"
+strike a magnificent note of universalism, which is sustained in the
+derivation of all humanity from Adam, and again from Noah, with one
+original <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span>language. Nor is this a modern gloss, for the Talmud already
+deduces the interpretation. Racine's "Esther" in the noble lines
+lauded by Voltaire might be almost rebuking Mr. Wells:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Ce Dieu, ma&icirc;tre absolu de la terre et des cieux,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">N'est point tel que l'erreur le figure &agrave; vos yeux:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">L'Eternel est son nom, le monde est son ouvrage;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Il entend les soupirs de l'humble qu'on outrage,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Juge tous les mortels avec d'&eacute;gales lois,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Et du haut de son tr&ocirc;ne interroge les rois.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="noin">&mdash;there is the true Hebrew note, the note denounced of Nietzsche.</p>
+
+<p>Is this notorious "tribal God" the God of the Mesopotamian sheikh
+whose seed was so invidiously chosen? Well, but of this God Abraham
+asks&mdash;in what I must continue to call the epochal sentence in the
+Bible&mdash;"Shall not the Judge of all the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span>earth do right?" Abraham, in
+fact, bids God down as in some divine Dutch auction&mdash;Sodom is not to
+be destroyed if it holds fifty, forty-five, forty, thirty, twenty, nay
+ten righteous men. Compare this ethical development of the ancestor of
+Judaism with that of Pope Gregory XIII, in the sixteenth century, some
+thirty-one centuries later: <i>Civitas ista potest esse destrui quando
+in ea plures sunt h&aelig;retici</i> ("A city may be destroyed when it harbours
+a number of heretics"). And this claim of man to criticize God Jehovah
+freely concedes. Thus the God of Abraham is no God of a tribe, but,
+like the God of the Rabbi who protested against the Bath-Kol, the God
+of Reason and Love. As clearly as for the nineteenth-century
+Martineau, "the seat of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span>authority in Religion" has passed to the
+human conscience. God Himself appeals to it in that inversion of the
+Sodom story, the story of Jonah, whose teaching is far greater and
+more wonderful than its fish. And this Abrahamic tradition of free
+thought is continued by Moses, who boldly comes between Jehovah and
+the people He designs to destroy. "Wherefore should the Egyptians
+speak, saying, For evil did He bring them forth to slay them in the
+mountains...? Turn from Thy fierce wrath and repent of this evil
+against Thy people." Moses goes on to remind Him of the covenant, "And
+the Lord repented of the evil which He said He would do unto His
+people." In the same chapter, the people having made a golden calf,
+Moses offers his life for their sin; the Old <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span>Testament here, as in so
+many places, anticipating the so-called New, but rejecting the notion
+of vicarious atonement so drastically that the attempt of dogmatic
+Christianity to base itself on the Old Testament can only be described
+as text-blind. And the great answer of Jehovah to Moses's
+questioning&mdash;"I AM THAT I AM"&mdash;yields already the profound
+metaphysical Deity of Maimonides, that "invisible King" whom the
+anonymous New Year liturgist celebrates as:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">Highest divinity,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dynast of endlessness,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Timeless resplendency,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Worshipped eternally,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Lord of Infinity!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>And the fact that Moses himself was married to an Egyptian woman and
+that <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span>"a mixed multitude" went up with the Jews out of Egypt shows
+that the narrow tribalism of Ezra and Nehemiah, with the regrettable
+rejection of the Samaritans, was but a temporary political necessity;
+while the subsequent admission into the canon of the book of "Ruth,"
+with its moral of the descent of the Messiah himself from a Moabite
+woman, is an index that universalism was still unconquered. We have,
+in fact, the recurring clash of centripetal and centrifugal forces,
+and what assured the persistence and assures the ultimate triumph of
+the latter is that the race being one with the religion could not
+resist that religion's universal implications. If there were only a
+single God, and He a God of justice and the world, how could He be
+confined to Israel? The Mission could <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span>not but come. The true God,
+urges Mr. Wells, has no scorn or hatred for those who seek Him through
+idols. That is exactly what Ibn Gabirol said in 1050. But those blind
+seekers needed guiding. Religion, in fact, not race, has always been
+the governing principle in Jewish history. "I do not know the origin
+of the term Jew," says Dion Cassius, born in the second century. "The
+name is used, however, to designate all who observe the customs of
+this people, even though they be of different race." Where indeed lay
+the privilege of the Chosen People when the Talmud defined a
+non-idolater as a Jew, and ranked a Gentile learned in the Torah as
+greater than the High Priest? Such learned proselytes arose in Aquila
+and Theodotion each of whom made a Greek <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span>version of the Bible; while
+the orthodox Jew hardly regards his Hebrew text as complete unless
+accompanied by the Aramaic version popularly ascribed to the proselyte
+Onkelos. The disagreeable references to proselytes in Rabbinic
+literature, the difficulties thrown in their way, and the grotesque
+conception of their status towards their former families, cannot
+counterbalance the fact, established by Radin in his learned work,
+"The Jews Among the Greeks and Romans," that there was a carefully
+planned effort of propaganda. Does not indeed Jesus tell the
+Pharisees: "Ye compass sea and land to make one proselyte"? Do not
+Juvenal and Horace complain of this Judaising? Were not the Idumeans
+proselytised almost by force? "The Sabbath and the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span>Jewish fasts,"
+says Lecky, doubtless following Josephus, "became familiar facts in
+all the great cities." And Josephus himself in that answer to Apion,
+which Judaism has strangely failed to rank as one of its greatest
+documents, declares in noble language: "There ought to be but one
+Temple for one God ... and this Temple common to all men, because He
+is the common God of all men."</p>
+
+<p>It would be a very tough tribal God that could survive worshippers of
+this temper. An ancient Midrash taught that in the Temple there were
+seventy sacrifices offered for the seventy nations. For the medi&aelig;val
+and rationalist Maimonides the election of Israel scarcely
+exists&mdash;even the Messiah is only to be a righteous Conqueror, whose
+success will be the test of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span>his genuineness. And Spinoza&mdash;though he,
+of course, is outside the development of the Synagogue proper&mdash;refused
+to see in the Jew any superiority save of the sociological system for
+ensuring his eternity. The comparatively modern Chassidism,
+anticipating Mazzini, teaches that every nation and language has a
+special channel through which it receives God's gifts. Of contemporary
+Reform Judaism, the motto "Have we not one father, hath not one God
+created us?" was formally adopted as the motto of the Congress of
+Religions at Washington. "The forces of democracy <i>are</i> Israel," cries
+the American Jew, David Lubin, in an ultra-modern adaptation of the
+Talmudic scale of values. There is, in fact, through our post-biblical
+literature almost a note of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span>apology for the assumption of the Divine
+mission: perhaps it is as much the offspring of worldly prudence as of
+spiritual progress. The Talmud observed that the Law was only given to
+Israel because he was so peculiarly fierce he needed curbing. Abraham
+Ibn Daud at the beginning of the twelfth century urged that God had to
+reveal Himself to some nation to show that He did not hold Himself
+aloof from the universe, leaving its rule to the stars: it is the very
+argument as to the need for Christ employed by Mr. Balfour in his
+"Foundations of Belief." Crescas, in the fourteenth century,
+declared&mdash;like an earlier Buckle&mdash;that the excellence of the Jew
+sprang merely from the excellence of Palestine. Mr. Abelson, in his
+recent valuable book on Jewish mysticism, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span>alleges that when Rabbi
+Akiba called the Jews "Sons of God" he meant only that all other
+nations were idolaters. But in reality Akiba meant what he said&mdash;what
+indeed had been said throughout the Bible from Deuteronomy downwards.
+In the words of Hosea:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">When Israel was a child, then I loved him,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And out of Egypt I called My son.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>No evidence of the universalism of Israel's mission can away with the
+fact that it was still <i>his</i> mission, the mission of a Chosen People.
+And this conviction, permeating and penetrating his whole literature
+and broidering itself with an Oriental exuberance of legendary
+fantasy, poetic or puerile, takes on in places an intimacy, sometimes
+touching in its tender mysticism, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span>sometimes almost grotesque in its
+crude reminder to God that after all His own glory and reputation are
+bound up with His people's, and that He must not go too far in His
+chastisements lest the heathen mock. Reversed, this apprehension
+produced the concept of the <i>Chillul Hashem</i>, "the profanation of the
+Name." Israel, in his turn, was in honour bound not to lower the
+reputation of the Deity, who had chosen him out. On the contrary, he
+was to promote the <i>Kiddush Hashem</i> "the sanctification of the Name."
+Thus the doctrine of election made not for arrogance but for a sense
+of <i>Noblesse oblige</i>. As the "Hymn of Glory" recited at New Year says
+in a more poetic sense: "His glory is on me and mine on Him." "He
+loves His people," says the hymn, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span>"and inhabits their praises."
+Indeed, according to Schechter, the ancient Rabbis actually conceived
+God as existing only through Israel's continuous testimony and ceasing
+were Israel&mdash;<i>per impossibile</i>&mdash;to disappear. It is a mysticism not
+without affinity to Mr. Wells's. A Chassidic Rabbi, quoted by Mr.
+Wassilevsky, teaches in the same spirit that God and Israel, like
+Father and Son, are each incomplete without the other. In another
+passage of Hosea&mdash;a passage recited at the everyday winding of
+phylacteries&mdash;the imagery is of wedded lovers. "I will betroth thee
+unto Me for ever, Yea I will betroth thee unto Me in righteousness and
+in judgment and in loving-kindness and in mercy."</p>
+
+<p>But it is in the glowing, poetic soul of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span>Jehuda Ha-Levi that this
+election of Israel, like the passion for Palestine, finds its supreme
+and uncompromising expression. "Israel," declares the author of the
+"Cuzari" in a famous dictum, "is among the nations like the heart
+among the limbs." Do not imagine he referred to the heart as a pump,
+feeding the veins of the nations&mdash;Harvey was still five centuries in
+the future&mdash;he meant the heart as the centre of feeling and the symbol
+of the spirit. And examining the question why Israel had been thus
+chosen, he declares plumply that it is as little worthy of
+consideration as why the animals had not been created men. This is, of
+course, the only answer. The wind of creation and inspiration bloweth
+where it listeth. As <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">65</a></span>Tennyson said in a similar connection:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And if it is so, so it is, you know,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And if it be so, so be it!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="V" id="V"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>V<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>But although, as with all other manifestations of genius, Science
+cannot tell us why the Jewish race was so endowed spiritually, it can
+show us by parallel cases that there is nothing unique in considering
+yourself a Chosen People&mdash;as indeed the accusation with which we began
+reminds us. And it can show us that a nation's assignment of a mission
+to itself is not a sudden growth. "Unlike any other nation," says the
+learned and saintly leader of Reform Judaism, Dr. Kohler, in his
+article on "Chosen People" in the <i>Jewish Encyclop&aelig;dia</i>, "the Jewish
+people began their career conscious of their <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">67</a></span>life-purpose and
+world-duty as the priests and teachers of a universal religious
+truth." This is indeed a strange statement, and only on the theory
+that its author was expounding the biblical standpoint, and not his
+own, can it be reconciled with his general doctrine of progress and
+evolution in Hebrew thought. It would seem to accept the Sinaitic
+Covenant as a literal episode, and even to synchronise the Mission
+with it. But an investigation of the history of other Chosen Peoples
+will, I fear, dissipate any notion that the Sinaitic Covenant was
+other than a symbolic summary of the national genius for religion, a
+sublime legend retrospectively created. And the mission to other
+nations must have been evolved still later. "The conception or feeling
+of a mission grew up and was <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span>developed by slow degrees," says Mr.
+Montefiore, and this sounds much nearer the truth. For, as I said,
+history is the sole clue to the Bible&mdash;history, which according to
+Bacon, is "philosophy teaching by example." And the more modern the
+history is, and the nearer in time, the better we can understand it.
+We have before our very eyes the moving spectacle of the newest of
+nations setting herself through a President-Prophet the noblest
+mission ever formulated outside the Bible. Through another great
+prophet&mdash;sprung like Amos from the people&mdash;through Abraham Lincoln,
+America had already swept away slavery. I do not know exactly when she
+began to call herself "God's own country," but her National Anthem,
+"My Country, 'tis of thee," dating from <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span>1832, fixes the date when
+America, soon after the second war with England, which ended in 1814,
+consciously felt herself as a Holy Land; far as visitors like Dickens
+felt her from the perfection implied in her soaring Spread-Eagle
+rhetoric. The Pilgrim Fathers went to America merely for their own
+freedom of religious worship: they were actually intolerant to others.
+From a sectarian patriotism developed what I have called "The Melting
+Pot," with its high universal mission, first at home and now over the
+world at large.</p>
+
+<p>The stages of growth are still more clearly marked in English history.
+That national self-consciousness which to-day gives itself the mission
+of defending the liberties of mankind, and which stands in the breach
+undaunted and indomitable, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span>began with that mere insular patriotism
+which finds such moving expression in the p&aelig;an of Shakespeare:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">This happy breed of men, this little world,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This precious stone set in the silver sea,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This land of such dear souls, this dear, dear land.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>This sense of itself had been born only in the thirteenth century, and
+at first the growing consciousness of national power, though it soon
+developed an assurance of special protection&mdash;"the favour of the love
+of Heaven," wrote Milton in his "Areopagitica," "we have great
+argument to think in a peculiar manner propitious and propending
+towards us"&mdash;was tempered <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span>by that humility still to be seen in the
+liturgy of its Church, which ascribes its victories not to the might
+of the English arm, but to the favour of God. But one hundred and
+twenty-five years after Shakespeare, the land which the Elizabethan
+translators of the Bible called "Our Sion," and whose mission,
+according to Milton, had been to sound forth "the first tidings and
+trumpet of reformation to all Europe," had sunk to the swaggering
+militarism that found expression in "Rule, Britannia."</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">When Britain first at Heaven's command<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Arose from out the azure main,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This was the charter of the land,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And guardian angels sung this strain:<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Rule, Britannia, rule the waves;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Britons never will be slaves.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The nations not so blest as thee<br /></span><span class='pn'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">72</a></span>
+<span class="i2">Must in their turn to tyrants fall;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While thou shalt flourish, great and free,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The dread and envy of them all.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">To thee belongs the rural reign,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Thy cities shall with commerce shine:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All thine shall be the subject main,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And every shore it circles, thine.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>It is the true expression of its period&mdash;a period which Sir John
+Seeley in his "Expansion of England" characterizes as the period of
+the struggle with France for the possession of India and the New
+World: there were no less than seven wars with France, for France had
+replaced Spain in that great competition of the five western maritime
+States of Europe for Transatlantic trade and colonies, in which Seeley
+sums up the bulk of two centuries of European history. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">73</a></span>Well may Mr.
+Chesterton point to the sinking of the Armada as the date when an Old
+Testament sense of being "answered in stormy oracles of air and sea"
+lowered Englishmen into a Chosen People. Shakespeare saw the sea
+serving England in the modest office of a moat: it was now to be the
+high-road of Empire. The Armada was shattered in 1588. In 1600 the
+East India Company is formed to trade all over the world. In 1606 is
+founded the British colony of Virginia and in 1620 New England. It
+helps us to understand the dual and conflicting energies stimulated in
+the atmosphere of celestial protection, if we recall that it was in
+1604 that was initiated the great Elizabethan translation of the
+Bible.</p>
+
+<p>In Cromwell, that typical Englishman, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span>these two strands of impulse
+are seen united. Ever conceiving himself the servant of God, he seized
+Jamaica in a time of profound peace and in defiance of treaty. Was not
+Catholic Spain the enemy of God? <i>Delenda est Carthago</i> is his feeling
+towards the rival Holland. Miracles attend his battle. "The Lord by
+his Providence put a cloud over the Moon, thereby giving us the
+opportunity to draw off those horse." Yet this elect of God ruthlessly
+massacres surrendered Irish garrisons. "Sir," he writes with almost
+childish na&iuml;vet&eacute;, "God hath taken away your eldest son by a cannon
+shot." We do not need Carlyle's warning that he was not a hypocrite.
+Does not Marvell, lamenting his death, record in words <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">75</a></span>curiously like
+Bismarck's that his deceased hero</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The soldier taught that inward mail to wear<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And fearing God, how they should nothing fear?<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The fact is that great and masterful souls identify themselves with
+the universe. And so do great and masterful nations. It is a dangerous
+tendency.</p>
+
+<p>At the death of Queen Anne England stood at the top of the nations.
+But it was a greatness tainted by the slave-trade abroad, and poverty,
+ignorance, and gin-drinking at home. We recapture the atmosphere of
+"Rule, Britannia" when we recall that Thomson wrote it to the peals of
+the joy-bells and the flare of the bonfires by which the mob
+celebrated its <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">76</a></span>forcing Walpole into a war to safeguard British trade
+in the Spanish main. Seeley claims, indeed, that the growth of the
+Empire was always sub-conscious or semi-conscious at its best. This is
+not wholly true, for in "The Masque of Alfred" in which "Rule,
+Britannia" is enshrined, Thomson displays as keen and exact a sense of
+the lines of England's destiny as Seeley acquired by painful historic
+excogitation. For after a vision which irresistibly recalls the
+grosser Hebrew prophecies:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">I see thy commerce, Britain, grasp the world:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All nations serve thee; every foreign flood,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Subjected, pays its tribute to the Thames,<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="noin">he points to the virgin shores "beyond the vast Atlantic surge" and
+cries:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">This new world,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shook to its centre, trembles at her name:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And there her sons, with aim exalted, sow<br /></span><span class='pn'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">77</a></span>
+<span class="i0">The seeds of rising empire, arts, and arms.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Britons, proceed, the subject deep command,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Awe with your navies every hostile land.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Vain are their threats, their armies all are vain:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They rule the balanced world who rule the main.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>But you have only to remember that Seeley's famous book was written
+expressly to persuade the England of 1883 <i>not</i> to give up India and
+the Colonies, to see how little "Rule, Britannia" expressed the truer
+soul of Britain. The purification of England which the Methodist
+movement began and which manifested itself, among other things, in
+sweeping away the slave-trade, necessitated a less crude formula for
+the still invincible instinct of expansion, and in Kipling a prophet
+arose, of a genius akin to that of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">78</a></span>the Old Testament, to spiritualize
+the doctrine of the Chosen People. The mission which in Thomson is
+purely self-centred becomes in Kipling almost as universal as the
+visions of the Hebrew bards.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The Lord our God Most High,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He hath made the deep as dry,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He hath smote for us a pathway to the ends of all the earth.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="noin">But it is only as the instrument of His purpose, and that purpose is
+characteristically practical.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Keep ye the Law&mdash;be swift in all obedience;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Clear the land of evil, drive the road and bridge the ford,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Make ye sure to each his own,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">That he reap where he hath sown;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By the peace among our peoples let men know we serve the Lord.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="noin">And it is a true picture of British activities. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">79</a></span>Even thus has England
+on the whole ruled the territories into which adventure or economic
+motives drew her. The very Ambassador from Germany, Prince Lichnowsky,
+agrees with Rhodes that the salvation of mankind lies in British
+imperialism. But note how the less spiritual factors are ignored, how
+the prophet presents his people as a nation of pioneer martyrs, how
+the mission, finally become conscious of itself, gilds with backward
+rays the whole path of national advance, as the trail of light from
+the stern of a vessel gives the illusion that it has come by a shining
+road. Missions are not discovered till they are already in action. Not
+unlike those archers of whom the Talmud wittily says, they first shoot
+the arrow and then fix the target, nations ascribe to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">80</a></span>themselves
+purposes of which they were originally unconscious. First comes the
+tingling consciousness of achievement and power, then a glamour of
+retrospective legend to explain and justify it. Thus it is that that
+great struggle for sea-power to which Spain, Portugal, Holland,
+England, and France all contributed maritime genius and boundless
+courage, becomes transformed under the half-accidental success of one
+nation into an almost religious epic of a destined wave-ruler. There
+could not be a finer British spirit than Mr. Chesterton's fallen
+friend, the poet Vern&egrave;de, yet even he writes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">God grant to us the old Armada weather.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Thomson was not poet enough&mdash;nor the eighteenth century na&iuml;ve
+enough&mdash;to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">81</a></span>create a legend in sober earnest. But the fact that he
+throws "Rule, Britannia" eight centuries back to the time of Alfred
+the Great, before whom this glorious pageant of his country's future
+is prophetically unrolled, serves to illustrate the retrospective
+habit of national missions.</p>
+
+<p>The history of England is brief, and the mission evolved in her seven
+centuries has not yet finally shaped itself, is indeed now shaping
+itself afresh in the furnace of war. Her poets have not always
+troubled with the soul of her. They have often, as Courthope
+complained of Keats, turned away from her destinies to</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Magic casements opening on the foam<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of fa&euml;ry lands in perilous seas forlorn.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>But Israel had abundant time to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">82</a></span>perfect her conception of herself.
+From Moses to Ezra was over a thousand years, and the roots of the
+race are placed still earlier. Can we doubt it was by a process
+analogous to that we see at work in England, that Israel evolved into
+a People chosen for world-service? The Covenant of Israel was
+inscribed slowly in the Jewish heart: it had no more existence
+elsewhere than the New Covenant which Jeremiah announced the Lord
+would write there, no more objective reality than the Charter which
+Britain received when "first at Heaven's command" she "rose from out
+the azure main," or than that <i>Contrat Social</i> by which Rousseau
+expressed the rights of the individual in society. But to say this is
+not to make the mission false. Ibsen might label these <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">83</a></span>vitalizing
+impulses "Life-illusions," but the criteria of objective truth do not
+apply to volitional verities. National missions become false only when
+nations are false to them. Nor does the gradualness of their evolution
+rob them of their mystery. <i>Hamlet</i> is not less inspired because
+Shakespeare began as a writer of pothooks and hangers.</p>
+
+<p>If it is suggested that to explain the Bible by men and nations under
+its spell is to reason in a circle, the answer is that the biblical
+vocabulary merely provides a medium of expression for a universal
+tendency. Claudian, addressing the Emperor Theodosius, wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O nimium dilecte deo, cui militat &aelig;ther.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="noin">The Egyptian god Ammon, in the great <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">84</a></span>battle epic of Rameses II,
+assured the monarch:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Lo, I am with thee, my son; fear not, Ramessu Miammon!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ra, thy father, is with thee, his hand shall uphold thee in danger,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">More am I worth unto thee than thousands and thousands of soldiers.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The preamble to the modern Japanese Constitution declares it to be "in
+pursuance of a great policy co-extensive with the Heavens and the
+Earth."</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="VI" id="VI"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">85</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>VI<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>Returning now finally to our starting-point, the proposition that
+"Germanism is Judaism," we are able to see its full grotesqueness. If
+Germanism resembles Judaism, it is as a monkey resembles a man. Where
+it does suggest Judaism is in the sense it gives the meanest of its
+citizens that they form part of a great historic organism, which moves
+to great purposes: a sense which the poorer Englishman has
+unfortunately lacked, and which is only now awakening in the common
+British breast. But even here the affinities of Germany are rather
+with Japan than with Jud&aelig;a. For in Japan, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">86</a></span>too, beneath all the
+romance of Bushido and the Samurai, lies the asphyxiation of the
+individual and his sacrifice to the State. It is the resurrection of
+those ancient Pagan Constitutions for which individuality scarcely
+existed, which could expose infants or kill off old men because the
+State was the supreme ethical end; it is the revival on a greater
+scale of the medi&aelig;val city commune, which sucked its vigorous life
+from the veins of its citizens. Even so Prussia, by welding its
+subservient citizens into one gigantic machine of aggression, has
+given a new reading to the Gospel: "Blessed are the meek, for they
+shall inherit the earth."</p>
+
+<p>Nietzsche, who, though he strove to upset the old Hebrew values, saw
+clearly through the real Prussian peril, defined <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">87</a></span>such a State as that
+"in which the slow suicide of all is called Life," and "a welcome
+service unto all preachers of death"&mdash;a cold, ill-smelling, monstrous
+idol. Nor is this the only affinity between Prussia and Japan. "We
+are," boasts a Japanese writer, "a people of the present and the
+Tangible, of the Broad Daylight and the Plainly Visible."</p>
+
+<p>But Germany was not always thus. "High deeds, O Germans, are to come
+from you," wrote Wordsworth in his "Sonnets dedicated to Liberty." And
+it throws light upon the nature of Missions to recall that when she
+lay at the feet of Napoleon after Jena, the mission proclaimed for her
+by Fichte was one of peace and righteousness&mdash;to penetrate the life of
+humanity by her religion&mdash;and he <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span>denounced the dreams of universal
+monarchy which would destroy national individuality. Calling on his
+people as "the consecrated and inspired ones of a Divine world-plan,"
+"To you," he says, "out of all other modern nations the germs of human
+perfection are especially committed. It is yours to found an empire of
+mind and reason&mdash;to destroy the dominion of rude physical power as the
+ruler of the world." And throwing this mission backwards, he sees in
+what the outer world calls the invasion of the Roman Empire by the
+Goths and Huns the proof that the Germans have always stemmed the tide
+of tyrant domination. But Fichte belonged to the generation of Kant
+and Beethoven. Hegel, coming a little later, though as non-nationalist
+as Goethe, and a welcomer <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">89</a></span>of the Napoleonic invasion, yet prophesied
+that if the Germans were once forced to cast off their inertia, they,
+"by preserving in their contact with outward things the intensity of
+their inner life, will perchance surpass their teachers": and in
+curiously prophetic language he called for a hero "to realize by blood
+and iron the political regeneration of Germany."</p>
+
+<p>If Treitschke, too, believed in force, he had a high moral ideal for
+his nation. The other nations are feeble and decadent. Germany is to
+hold the sceptre of the nations, so as to ensure the peace of the
+world. It is only in Bernhardi that we find war in itself glorified as
+the stimulus of nations. Even this ideal has a perverted nobility; as
+Pol Arcas, a modern Greek writer, says: "If the devil knew <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">90</a></span>he had
+horns the cherubim would offer him their place." And though it was only
+in the swelled head of the conqueror that the brutal philosophy of the
+Will-to-Power germinated, it was not so much the "blood and iron" of
+Junkerdom that perverted Prussia&mdash;Junkerdom still lives simply&mdash;as the
+gross industrial prosperity that followed on the victory of 1870. A
+modern German author describes his countrymen&mdash;it is true he has turned
+Mohammedan, probably out of disgust&mdash;as tragically degenerated and
+turned into a gold-greedy, pleasure-seeking, title-hungry pack. This
+industrial transformation of the nobler soul of Germany is by
+Verhaeren&mdash;attacking Judaism from another angle&mdash;ascribed to its Jews,
+so it is comforting to remember that when England started the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">91</a></span>East
+India Company there was scarcely a Jew in England. No, Germany is
+clearly where England was in the seventeenth century, and in Prussia
+England meets her past face to face. Her past, but infinitely more
+conscious and consequent than her "Rule, Britannia" period, with a
+ruthless logic that does not shrink from any conclusions. While
+England's right hand hardly knew what her left was doing, Germany's
+right hand is drawing up a philosophic justification of her sinister
+activities. There is in Henry James's posthumous novel&mdash;"The Sense of
+the Past"&mdash;a young man who gets locked up in the Past and cannot get
+back to his own era. This is the fate that now menaces civilization.
+Nor is the civilization that followed the struggle for <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">92</a></span>America by the
+scramble for Africa entirely blameless. Germany, federated too late for
+the first m&ecirc;l&eacute;e and smarting under centuries of humiliation&mdash;did not
+Louis XIV insolently seize Strassburg?&mdash;is avenging on our century the
+sins of the seventeenth.</p>
+
+<p>So far from Germanism being synonymous with Judaism, its analogies are
+to be sought within the five maritime countries which preceded
+Germany, albeit less efficiently, in the path of militarism. It is the
+same alliance as prevailed everywhere between the traders and the
+armies and navies, and the Kaiser's crime consists mainly in turning
+back the movement of the world which through the Hague Conferences was
+approaching brotherhood, or at least a mitigation of the horrors of
+war. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">93</a></span>His blasphemies are no less archaic. He repeats Oliver Cromwell,
+but with less simplicity, while his artistic aspiration complicates
+the Puritan with the Cavalier. "From childhood," he is quoted as
+saying, "I have been under the influence of five men&mdash;Alexander,
+Julius C&aelig;sar, Theodoric II, Frederick the Great, and Napoleon." No
+great man moulds himself thus like others. It is but a theatrical
+greatness. But anyhow none of these names are Jewish, and not thus
+were "the Kings of Jerusalem" even "six thousand years ago." Our kings
+had the dull duty of copying out and studying the Torah, and the
+Rabbis reminded monarchy that the Torah demands forty-eight
+qualifications, whereas royalty only thirty, and that the crown of a
+good name is the best of all. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">94</a></span>Compare the German National Anthem
+"Heil dir im Siegeskranz" with the noble prayer for the Jewish King in
+the seventy-second psalm, if you wish to understand the difference
+between Judaism and Germanism. This King, too, is to conquer his
+enemies, but he is also to redeem the needy from oppression and
+violence, "and precious will their blood be in his sight."</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="VII" id="VII"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">95</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>VII<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>If I were asked to sum up in a word the essential difference between
+Judaism and Germanism, it would be the word "Recessional." While the
+prophets and historians of Germany monotonously glorify their nation,
+the Jewish writers as monotonously rebuke theirs. "You only have I
+known among all the families of the earth," says the message through
+Amos. "<i>Therefore</i> I will visit upon you all your iniquities." The
+Bible, as I have said before, is an anti-Semitic book. "Israel is the
+villain, not the hero, of his own story." Alone among epics, it is out
+for truth, not high heroics. To flout the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">96</a></span>Pharisees was not reserved
+for Jesus. "Behold, ye fast for strife and contention," said Isaiah,
+"and to smite with the fist of wickedness." While some German writers,
+not content with the great men Germany has so abundantly produced,
+vaunt that all others, from Jesus to Dante, from Montaigne to Michael
+Angelo, are of Teuton blood, Jewish literature unflinchingly exposes
+the flaws even of a Moses and a David. It is this passion for veracity
+unknown among other peoples&mdash;is even Washington's story told without
+gloss?&mdash;that gives false colour to the legend of Israel's ancient
+savagery. "The title of a nation to its territory," says Seeley, "is
+generally to be sought in primitive times and would be found, if we
+could recover it, to rest upon violence and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">97</a></span>massacre." The
+dispossession of the Red Indian by America, of the Maori by New
+Zealand, is almost within living memory. But in national legends this
+universal process is sophisticated.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento,<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="noin">the &AElig;neid told the all-invading Roman, putting of course the
+contemporary ideal backwards&mdash;as all missons are put&mdash;and into the
+prophetic mouth of Jove:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Hae tibi erunt artis, pacisque imponere morem,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Parcere subjectis et debelare superbos.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>It was for similarly exalted purposes that Israel was to occupy
+Palestine, yet with what unique denigration the Bible turns upon him:
+"Not for thy righteousness or for the uprightness of thy heart dost
+thou <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">98</a></span>go to possess this land; but for the wickedness of these nations
+the Lord thy God doth drive them out from before thee."</p>
+
+<p>In English literature this note of "Recessional" was sounded long
+before Kipling. Milton, though he claimed that "God's manner" was to
+reveal himself "first to His Englishmen," added that they "mark not
+the methods of His counsel and are unworthy."</p>
+
+<p>"Is India free," wrote Cowper, "or do we grind her still?" "Secure from
+actual warfare," sang Coleridge, "we have loved to swell the
+war-whoop." For Wordsworth England was simply the least evil of the
+nations. And Mr. Chesterton has just written a "History of England" in
+the very spirit of a Micah flagellating the classes "who loved fields
+and seized them." <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">99</a></span>But if in Germany a voice of criticism breaks the
+chorus of self-adoration, it is usually from a Jew like Maximilian
+Harden, for Jews, as Ambassador Gerard testifies, represent almost the
+only real culture in Germany. I have been at pains to examine the
+literature of the German Synagogue, which if Germanism were Judiasm,
+ought to show a double dose of original sin. But so far from finding
+any swagger of a Chosen People, whether Jewish or German, I find in its
+most popular work&mdash;Lazarus's "Soziale Ethik im Judentum"&mdash;published as
+late as November, 1913, by the League of German Jews&mdash;a grave
+indictment of militarism. For the venerable philosopher, while justly
+explaining the glamour of the army by its subordination of the
+individual to the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">100</a></span>communal weal, yet pointed out emphatically that
+what unites individuals separates nations. "The work of justice shall
+be peace," he quotes from Isaiah. I am far from supposing that the old
+Germany of Goethe and Schiller and Lessing is not still latent&mdash;indeed,
+we know that one Professor suggested at a recent Nietzsche anniversary
+that the Germans should try to rise not to Supermen but to Men, and
+that another now lies in prison for explaining in his "Biologie des
+Krieges" that the real objection to war is simply that it compels men
+to act unlike men. So that, when moreover we remember that the noblest
+and most practical treatise on "Perpetual Peace" came from that other
+German professor, Kant, the hope is not altogether <i>ausgechlossen</i> that
+in the internal <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">101</a></span>convulsion that must follow the war, there may be an
+upheaval of that finer Germanism of which we should be only too proud
+to say that it <i>is</i> Judaism.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="VIII" id="VIII"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">102</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>VIII<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>But meantime we are waiting, and the soul "waiteth for the Lord more
+than watchmen look for the morning, yea, more than watchmen for the
+morning." Again, as in earlier periods of history, the world lies in
+darkness, listening to the silence of God&mdash;a silence that can be felt.</p>
+
+<p>"Watchmen, what of the night?" Such a blackness fell upon the ancient
+Jews when Hadrian passed the plough over Mount Zion. But, turning from
+empty apocalyptic visions, they drew in on themselves and created an
+inner Jerusalem, which has solaced and safeguarded them ever since.
+Such a blackness fell on the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">103</a></span>ancient Christians when the Huns invaded
+Rome, and the young Christian world, robbed of its millennial hopes,
+began to wonder if perchance this was not the vengeance of the
+discarded gods. But drawing in on themselves, they learned from St.
+Augustine to create an inner "City of God." How shall humanity meet
+this blackest crisis of all? What new "City of God" can it build on
+the tragic wreckage of a thousand years of civilization? Has Israel no
+contribution to offer here but the old quarrel with Christianity? But
+that quarrel shrinks into comparative concord beside the common peril
+from the resurrected gods of paganism, from Thor and Odin and Priapus.
+And it was always an exaggerated quarrel&mdash;half misunderstanding, like
+most quarrels. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">104</a></span>Neither St. Augustine nor St. Anselm believed God was
+other than One. Jesus but applied to himself distributively&mdash;as
+logicians say&mdash;those conceptions of divine sonship and suffering
+service which were already assets of Judaism, and but for the theology
+of atonement woven by Paul under Greek influences, either of them
+might have carried Judaism forward on that path of universalism which
+its essential genius demands, and which even without them it only just
+missed. Is it not humiliating that Islam, whose Koran expressly
+recalls its obligation to our prophets, should have beaten them in the
+work of universalization? Maimonides acknowledged the good work done
+by Jesus and Mohammed in propagating the Bible. But if the
+universalism they achieved held <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">105</a></span>faulty elements, is that any reason
+why the purer truth should shrink from universalization? Has Judaism
+less future than Buddhism&mdash;that religion of negation and
+monkery&mdash;whose sacred classics enjoin the Bhiksu to camp in and
+contemplate a cemetery? Has it less inspiration and optimism than that
+apocalyptic vision of the ultimate victory of Good which consoles the
+disciples of Zoroaster? If there is anything now discredited in its
+ancient Scriptures, the Synagogue can, as of yore, relegate it to the
+Apocrypha, even as it can enrich the canon with later expressions of
+the Hebrew genius. Its one possible rival, Islam, is, as Kuenen
+maintains, as sterile for the future as Buddhism, too irretrievably
+narrowed to the Arab mentality. But why, despite his <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">106</a></span>magnificent
+tribute to Judaism, does this unfettered thinker imagine that the last
+word is with Christianity? Eucken, too, would call the future
+Christian, though he rejects the Incarnation and regards the Atonement
+as injurious to religion, and the doctrine of the Trinity as a
+stumbling-block rather than a help. Abraham Lincoln being only a plain
+man, was not able to juggle with himself like a German theologian, and
+with the simplicity of greatness he confessed: "I have never united
+myself to any Church, because I have found difficulty in giving my
+assent, without mental reservation, to the long, complicated
+statements of the Christian doctrine which characterize their Articles
+of Belief and Confessions of Faith." "When any church," he added,
+"will inscribe over <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">107</a></span>its altar, as its sole qualification for
+membership, ... 'Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart,
+and with all thy soul, and with all thy might, and thy neighbour as
+thyself,' that church will I join with all my heart and with all my
+soul."</p>
+
+<p>Can one read this and not wonder what Judaism has been about that
+Lincoln did not even know there <i>was</i> such a church? But call the
+coming religious reconstruction what you will, what do names matter
+when all humanity is crucified, what does anything matter but to save
+it from meaningless frictions and massacres? "Would that My people
+forgot Me and kept My commandments," says the Jerusalem Talmud. Too
+long has Israel been silent. "Who is blind," says the prophet, "but
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">108</a></span>My servant, or deaf as My messenger?" He is not deaf to-day, he is
+only dumb. But the voice of Jerusalem must be heard again when the new
+world-order is shaping. The Chosen People must choose. To be or not to
+be. "The religion of the Jews is indeed a light," said Coleridge in
+his "Table Talk," "but it is as the light of the glow-worm which gives
+no heat and illumines nothing but itself." Why let a sun sink into a
+glow-worm? And even a glow-worm should turn. It does not even
+pay&mdash;that prudent maxim of the Babylonian Talmud, <i>Dina dimalchutha
+dina</i> ("In Rome do as the Romans"). Despite every effort of Jews as
+individual citizens the world still tends to see them as Crabbe saw
+them a century ago in his "Borough":&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Nor war nor wisdom yields our Jews delight,<br /></span><span class='pn'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">109</a></span>
+<span class="i0">They will not study and they dare not fight.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="noin">It is because they fight under no banner of their own. But the time
+has come when they must fight as Jews&mdash;fight that "mental fight" from
+which that greater English poet, Blake, declared he would not cease
+till he had "built Jerusalem in England's green and pleasant land." To
+build Jerusalem in every land&mdash;even in Palestine&mdash;that is the Jewish
+mission. As Nina Salaman sings&mdash;and I am glad to end with the words of
+a daughter of the lofty-souled scholar in whose honour this lecture is
+given&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Wherefore else our age-long life, our wandering landless,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Every land our home for ill or good?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ours it was long since to join the hands of nations<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Through the link of our own brotherhood.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">110</a></span><br />
+<a name="AFTERWORD" id="AFTERWORD"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">111</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h2>AFTERWORD</h2>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">112</a></span><br />
+<hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">113</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>AFTERWORD<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+<br />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Israel Abrahams</span>, Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic
+Literature in the University of Cambridge, in seconding the vote of
+thanks to the speakers, moved by the President of the Jewish
+Historical Society (Sir Lionel Abrahams, K.C.B.), said that the
+Chairman had already paid a tribute to the memory of Arthur Davis. But
+a twice-told tale was not stale in repetition when the tale was told
+of such a man. He was a real scholar; not only in the general sense of
+one who loved great books, but also in the special sense that he
+possessed the technical knowledge of an expert. His "Hebrew Accents"
+reveals <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">114</a></span>Arthur Davis in these two aspects. It shows mastery of an
+intricate subject, a subject not likely to attract the mere
+dilettante. But it also reveals his interest in the Bible as
+literature. He appreciated both the music of words and the melody of
+ideas. When the work appeared, a foreign scholar asked: "Who was his
+teacher?" The answer was: himself. There is a rather silly proverb
+that the self-taught man has a fool for his master. Certainly Arthur
+Davis had no fool for his pupil. And though he had no teacher, he had
+what is better, a fine capacity for comradeship in studies. "Acquire
+for thyself a companion," said the ancient Rabbi. There is no
+friendship equal to that which is made over the common study of books.
+At the Talmud <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">115</a></span>meetings held at the house of Arthur Davis were founded
+lifelong intimacies. Unpretentious in their aim, there was in these
+gatherings a harmony of charm and earnestness; pervading them was the
+true "joy of service." Above all he loved the liturgy. Here the
+self-taught man must excel. Homer said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Dear to gods and men is sacred song.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Self-taught I sing: by Heaven and Heaven alone<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The genuine seeds of poesy are sown.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="noin">And, as the expression of his inmost self, he gave us the best edition
+of the Festival Prayers in any language: better than Sachs'&mdash;than
+which praise can go no higher. This Prayer Book is his true memorial,
+unless there be a truer still. Perhaps his feeling that he might
+after <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">116</a></span>all have lost something because he had no teacher made him so
+wonderful a teacher of his own daughters. In their continuance of his
+work his personality endures. At the end of his book on Accents he
+quoted, in Hebrew, a sentence from Jeremiah, with a clever play on the
+double meaning of the word which signifies at once "accent" and
+"taste." Thinking of his record, and how his beautiful spirit animates
+those near and dear to him, we may indeed apply to him this same text:
+"His taste remaineth in him and his fragrance is not changed."</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h4>PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</h4>
+
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Chosen Peoples, by Israel Zangwill
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Chosen Peoples
+       Being the First "Arthur Davis Memorial Lecture" delivered before the Jewish Historical Society at University College on Easter-Passover Sunday, 1918/5678
+
+
+Author: Israel Zangwill
+
+
+
+Release Date: February 19, 2007  [eBook #20631]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHOSEN PEOPLES***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Steven desJardins, Jeannie Howse, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net/c/)
+
+
+
+Works Of Israel Zangwill
+
+CHOSEN PEOPLES
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The American Jewish Book Company
+New York
+1921
+
+Chosen Peoples
+Copyright, 1919,
+By The MacMillan Company.
+
+Printed by
+The Lord Baltimore Press
+Baltimore, Md.
+
+
+
+
+CHOSEN PEOPLES
+
+Being the First "Arthur Davis Memorial Lecture"
+delivered before the Jewish Historical Society
+at University College on Easter-Passover
+Sunday, 1918/5678
+
+
+
+
+                              TO
+                  MRS. REDCLIFFE N. SALAMAN
+                   THIS LITTLE BOOK IN HER
+                       FATHER'S MEMORY
+
+
+
+
+NOTE
+
+
+The Arthur Davis Memorial Lecture was founded in 1917, under the
+auspices of the Jewish Historical Society of England, by his
+collaborators in the translation of "The Service of the Synagogue,"
+with the object of fostering Hebraic thought and learning in honour of
+an unworldly scholar. The Lecture is to be given annually in the
+anniversary week of his death, and the lectureship is to be open to
+men or women of any race or creed, who are to have absolute liberty in
+the treatment of their subject.
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+Mr. Arthur Davis, in whose memory has been founded the series of
+Lectures devoted to the fostering of Hebraic thought and learning, of
+which this is the first, was born in 1846 and died on the first day of
+Passover, 1906. His childhood was spent in the town of Derby, where
+there was then no Synagogue or Jewish minister or teacher of Hebrew.
+Spontaneously he developed a strong Jewish consciousness, and an
+enthusiasm for the Hebrew language, which led him to become one of its
+greatest scholars in this, or any other, country.
+
+He was able to put his learning to good use. He observed the wise
+maxim of Leonardo da Vinci, "Avoid studies of which the result dies
+with the worker." He was not one of those learned men, of whom there
+are many examples--a recent and conspicuous instance was the late Lord
+Acton--whose minds are so choked with the accumulations of the
+knowledge they have absorbed that they can produce little or nothing.
+His output, though not prolific, was substantial. In middle life he
+wrote a volume on "The Hebrew Accents of the Twenty-one Books of the
+Bible," which has become a classical authority on that somewhat
+recondite subject. It was he who originated and planned the new
+edition of the Festival Prayer Book in six volumes, and he wrote most
+of the prose translations. When he died, though only two volumes out
+of the six had been published, he left the whole of the text complete.
+To Mr. Herbert M. Adler, who had been his collaborator from the
+beginning, fell the finishing of the great editorial task.
+
+Not least of his services lay in the fact that he had transmitted much
+of his knowledge to his two daughters, who have worthily continued his
+tradition of Hebrew scholarship and culture.
+
+Arthur Davis's life work, then, was that of a student and interpreter
+of Hebrew. It is a profoundly interesting fact that, in our age,
+movements have been set on foot in more than one direction for the
+revival of languages which were dead or dying. We see before our eyes
+Welsh and Irish in process of being saved from extinction, with the
+hope perhaps of restoring their ancient glories in poetry and prose.
+Such movements show that our time is not so utilitarian and
+materialistic as is often supposed. A similar revivifying process is
+affecting Hebrew. For centuries it has been preserved as a ritual
+language, sheltered within the walls of the Synagogue; often not fully
+understood, and never spoken, by the members of the congregations. Now
+it is becoming in Palestine once more a living and spoken language.
+
+Hebrew is one example among many of a language outliving for purposes
+of ritual its use in ordinary speech. A ritual is regarded as a sacred
+thing, unchanging, and usually unchangeable, except as the result of
+some great religious upheaval. The language in which it is framed
+continues fixed, amid the slowly developing conditions of the workaday
+world. Often, indeed, the use of an ancient language, which has
+gradually fallen into disuse among the people, is deliberately
+maintained for the air of mystery and of awe which is conveyed by its
+use, and which has something of the same effect upon the intellect as
+the "dim religious light" of a cathedral has upon the emotions.
+Further, it reserves to the priesthood a kind of esoteric knowledge,
+which gives them an additional authority that they would desire to
+maintain. So we find that in the days of Marcus Aurelius an ancient
+Salian liturgy was used in the Roman temples which had become almost
+unintelligible to the worshippers. The ritual of the religion of Isis
+in Greece was, at the same period, conducted in an unknown tongue. In
+the present age Church Slavonic, the ecclesiastical language of the
+orthodox Slavs, is only just intelligible to the peasantry of Russia
+and the neighbouring Slav countries. The Buddhists of China conduct
+their services in Sanscrit, which neither the monks nor the people
+understand, and the services of the Buddhists in Japan are either in
+Sanscrit or in ancient Chinese. I believe it is a fact that in
+Abyssinia, again, the liturgy is in a language called Geez, which is
+no longer in use as a living tongue and is not understood.
+
+But we need not go to earlier centuries or to distant countries for
+examples. In any Roman Catholic church in London to-day you will find
+the service conducted in a language which, if understood at all by
+the general body of the congregation, has been learnt by them only for
+the purposes of the liturgy.
+
+Of all these ritual languages which have outlived their current use
+and have been preserved for religious purposes alone, Hebrew is, so
+far as I am aware, the only one which has ever showed signs of
+renewing its old vitality--like the roses of Jericho which appear to
+be dead and shrivelled but which, when placed in water, recover their
+vitality and their bloom. We may join in hoping that again in
+Palestine Hebrew may recover something of its old supremacy in the
+field of morals and of intellect.
+
+To render this possible the work of scholars such as Arthur Davis has
+contributed. To him this was a labour of love, and for love. He would
+receive no payment for any of his religious work or writings. Part of
+the profits that accrued from the publication of his edition of "The
+Services of the Synagogue" has been devoted to the formation of a fund
+from which will be defrayed the expenses--after the first--of a series
+of annual lectures on subjects of Jewish interest, to be delivered by
+men of various schools of thought. We are fortunate that the initial
+lecture is to be delivered to-day by the most distinguished of living
+Jewish men of letters.
+
+Arthur Davis was a man of much elevation and charm of character. He
+took an active part in the work of communal, and particularly
+educational, organizations. He was one of those men--not rare among
+Jews, though the rest of the world does not always recognize it--who
+are philanthropic in spirit, practical in action, modest,
+self-sacrificing, devoted to a fine family life, having in them much
+of the student and something even of the saint. It is fitting that his
+memory should be kept alive.
+
+                                                       HERBERT SAMUEL.
+
+
+
+
+CHOSEN PEOPLES
+
+I
+
+
+The claim that the Jews are a "Chosen People" has always irritated the
+Gentiles. "From olden times," wrote Philostratus in the third century,
+"the Jews have been opposed not only to Rome but to the rest of
+humanity." Even Julian the Apostate, who designed to rebuild their
+Temple, raged at the doctrine of their election. Sinai, said the
+Rabbis with a characteristic pun, has evoked _Sinah_ (hatred).
+
+In our own day, the distinguished ethical teacher, Dr. Stanton Coit,
+complains, like Houston Chamberlain, that our Bible has checked and
+blighted all other national inspiration: in his book "The Soul of
+America," he even calls upon me to repudiate unequivocally "the claim
+to spiritual supremacy over all the peoples of the world."
+
+The recent revelation of racial arrogance in Germany has provided our
+enemies with a new weapon. "Germanism is Judaism," says a writer in
+the American _Bookman_. The proposition contains just that dash of
+truth which is more dangerous than falsehood undiluted; and the saying
+ascribed to Von Tirpitz in 1915 that the Kaiser spent all his time
+praying and studying Hebrew may serve to give it colour. "As he talks
+to-day at Potsdam and Berlin," says Verhaeren, in his book "Belgium's
+Agony," "the Kings of Israel and their prophets talked six thousand
+years ago at Jerusalem." The chronology is characteristic of
+anti-Semitic looseness: six thousand years ago the world by Hebrew
+reckoning had not been created, and at any rate the then Kings of
+Jerusalem were not Jewish. But it is undeniable that Germanism, like
+Judaism, has evolved a doctrine of special election. Spiritual in the
+teaching of Fichte and Treitschke, the doctrine became gross and
+narrow in the _Deutsche Religion_ of Friedrich Lange. "The German
+people is the elect of God and its enemies are the enemies of the
+Lord." And this German God, like the popular idea of Jehovah, is a
+"Man of War" who demands "eye for eye, tooth for tooth," and cries
+with savage sublimity:--
+
+    I will render vengeance to Mine adversaries,
+    And will recompense them that hate Me,
+    I will make Mine arrows drunk with blood,
+    And my sword shall devour flesh.
+
+Judaism has even its Song of Hate, accompanied on the timbrel by
+Miriam. The treatment of the Amalekites and other Palestine tribes is
+a byword. "We utterly destroyed every city," Deuteronomy declares;
+"the men and the women and the little ones; we left none remaining;
+only the cattle we took for a prey unto ourselves with the spoil of
+the cities." David, who is promised of God that his seed shall be
+enthroned for ever, slew surrendered Moabites in cold blood, and Judas
+Maccabaeus, the other warrior hero of the race, when the neutral city
+of Ephron refused his army passage, took the city, slew every male in
+it, and passed across its burning ruins and bleeding bodies. The
+prophet Isaiah pictures the wealth of nations--the phrase is his, not
+Adam Smith's--streaming to Zion by argosy and caravan. "For that
+nation and kingdom that will not serve thee shall perish.... Aliens
+shall build up thy walls, and their kings shall minister unto thee.
+Thou shalt suck the milk of nations." "The Lord said unto me," says
+the second Psalm, "Thou art My son, this day have I begotten thee. Ask
+of Me and I will give the nations for thine inheritance.... Thou shalt
+break them with a rod of iron."
+
+Nor are such ideas discarded by the synagogue of to-day. Every
+Saturday night the orthodox Jew repeats the prayer for material
+prosperity and the promise of ultimate glory: "Thou shalt lend unto
+many nations but thou shalt not borrow; and thou shalt rule over many
+nations but they shall not rule over thee." "Our Father, our King," he
+prays at the New Year, "avenge before our eyes the blood of Thy
+servants that has been spilt." And at the Passover Seder Service he
+still repeats the Psalmist's appeal to God to pour out His wrath on
+the heathen who have consumed Jacob and laid waste his dwelling.
+"Pursue them in anger and destroy them from under the heavens of the
+Lord!"
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+
+Much might, of course, be adduced to mitigate the seeming ferocity or
+egotism of these passages. It would be indeed strange if Prussia,
+which Napoleon wittily described as "hatched from a cannon-ball,"
+should be found really resembling Judaea, whose national greeting was
+"Peace"; whose prophet Ezekiel proclaimed in words of flame and
+thunder God's judgment upon the great military empires of antiquity;
+whose mediaeval poet Kalir has left in our New Year liturgy what might
+be almost a contemporary picture of a brazen autocracy "that planned
+in secret, performed in daring." And, as a matter of fact, some of
+these passages are torn from their context. The pictures of Messianic
+prosperity, for example, are invariably set in an ethical framework:
+the all-dominant Israel is also to be all-righteous. The blood that is
+to be avenged is the blood of martyrs "who went through fire and water
+for the sanctification of Thy name."
+
+But let us take these passages at their nakedest. Let us ignore--as
+completely as Jesus did--that the legal penalty of "eye for eye" had
+been commuted into a money penalty by the great majority of early
+Pharisaic lawyers. Is not that very maxim to-day the clamoured policy
+of Christian multitudes? "Destroy them from under the heavens of the
+Lord!" When this is the imprecation of a Vehaeren or a Maeterlinck
+over Belgium and not of a mediaeval Jew over the desolated home of
+Jacob, is it not felt as a righteous cry of the heart? Nay, only the
+other Sunday an Englishwoman in a country drawing-room assured me she
+would like to kill every German--man or woman--with her own hand!
+
+And here we see the absurdity of judging the Bible outside its
+historic conditions, or by standards not comparative. Said James
+Hinton, "The Bible needs interpreting by Nature even as Nature by it."
+And it is by this canon that we must interpret the concept of a Chosen
+People, and so much else in our Scriptures. It is Life alone that can
+give us the clue to the Bible. This is the only "Guide to the
+Perplexed," and Maimonides but made confusion worse confounded when
+by allegations of allegory and other devices of the apologist he
+laboured to reconcile the Bible with Aristotle. Equally futile was the
+effort of Manasseh ben Israel to reconcile it with itself. The
+_Baraitha_ of Rabbi Ishmael that when two texts are discrepant a third
+text must be found to reconcile them is but a temptation to that
+distorted dialectic known as _Pilpul_. The only true "Conciliador" is
+history, the only real reconciler human nature. An allegorizing
+rationalism like Rambam's leads nowhere--or rather everywhere. The
+same method that softened the Oriental amorousness of "The Song of
+Solomon" into an allegory of God's love for Israel became, in the
+hands of Christianity, an allegory of Christ's love for His Church.
+But if Reason cannot always--as Bachya imagined--_confirm_ tradition,
+it can explain it historically. It can disentangle the lower strands
+from the higher in that motley collection of national literature
+which, extending over many generations of authorship, streaked with
+strayed fragments of Aramaic, varying from the idyll of Ruth to the
+apocalyptic dreams of Daniel, and deprived by Job and Ecclesiastes of
+even a rambling epical unity, is naturally obnoxious to criticism when
+put forward as one uniform Book, still more when put forward as
+uniformly divine. For my part I am more lost in wonder over the people
+that produced and preserved and the Synagogue that selected and
+canonized so marvellous a literature, than dismayed because
+occasionally amid the organ-music of its Miltons and Wordsworths
+there is heard the primeval saga-note of heroic savagery.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+
+As Joseph Jacobs reminded us in his "Biblical Archaeology" and as Sir
+James Frazer is just illustrating afresh, the whole of Hebrew ritual
+is permeated by savage survivals, a fact recognized by Maimonides
+himself when he declared that Moses adapted idolatrous practices to a
+purer worship. Israel was environed by barbarous practices and
+gradually rose beyond them. And it was the same with concepts as with
+practices. Judaism, which added to the Bible the fruits of centuries
+of spiritual evolution in the shape of the Talmud, has passed utterly
+beyond the more primitive stages of the Old Testament, even as it has
+replaced polygamy by monogamy. That Song of Hate at the Red Sea was
+wiped out, for example, by the oft-quoted Midrash in which God rebukes
+the angels who wished to join in the song. "How can ye sing when My
+creatures are perishing?" The very miracles of the Old Testament were
+side-tracked by the Rabbinic exposition that they were merely special
+creations antecedent to that unchangeable system of nature which went
+its course, however fools suffered. Our daily bread, said the sages,
+is as miraculous as the division of the Red Sea. And the dry retort of
+the soberest of Pharisaic Rabbis, when a voice from heaven interfered
+with the voting on a legal point, _en mashgichin be-bathkol_--"We
+cannot have regard to the Bath Kol, the Torah is for earth, not
+heaven"--was a sign that, for one school of thought at least, reason
+and the democratic principle were not to be browbeaten, and that the
+era of miracles in Judaism was over. The very incoherence of the
+Talmud, its confusion of voices, is an index of free thinking.
+Post-biblical Israel has had a veritable galaxy of thinkers and
+saints, from Maimonides its Aquinas to Crescas its Duns Scotus, from
+Mendelssohn its Erasmus to the Baal-Shem its St. Francis. But it has
+been at once the weakness and the strength of orthodox Judaism never
+to have made a breach with its past; possibly out of too great a
+reverence for history, possibly out of over-consideration for the
+masses, whose mentality would in any case have transformed the new
+back again to the old. Thus it has carried its whole lumber piously
+forward, even as the human body is, according to evolutionists, "a
+veritable museum of relics," or as whales have vestiges of hind legs
+with now immovable, muscles. Already in the Persian period Judaism had
+begun to evolve "the service of the Synagogue," but it did not shed
+the animal sacrifices, and even when these were abruptly ended by the
+destruction of the Temple, and Jochanan ben Zaccai must needs
+substitute prayer and charity, Judaism still preserved through the
+ages the nominal hope of their restoration. So that even were the
+Jehovah of the Old Testament the fee-fi-fo-fum ogre of popular
+imagination, that tyrant of the heavens whose unfairness in choosing
+Israel was only equalled by its bad taste, it would not follow that
+Judaism had not silently replaced him by a nobler Deity centuries ago.
+The truth is, however, that it is precisely in the Old Testament that
+is reached the highest ethical note ever yet sounded, not only by
+Judaism but by man, and that this mass of literature is so saturated
+with the conception of a people chosen not for its own but for
+universal salvation, that the more material prophecies--evoked
+moreover in the bitterness of exile, as Belgian poets are now moved to
+foretell restoration and glory--are practically swamped. At the worst,
+we may say there are two conflicting currents of thought, as there are
+in the bosom of every nation, one primarily self-regarding, and the
+other setting towards the larger life of humanity. It may help us to
+understand the paradox of the junction of Israel's glory with God's,
+if we remember that the most inspired of mortals, those whose life is
+consecrated to an art, a social reform, a political redemption, are
+rarely able to separate the success of their mission from their own
+individual success or at least individual importance. Even Jesus
+looked forward to his twelve legions of angels and his seat at the
+right hand of Power. But in no other nation known to history has the
+balance of motives been cast so overwhelmingly on the side of
+idealism. An episode related by Josephus touching Pontius Pilate
+serves to illuminate the more famous episode in which he figures. When
+he brought the Roman ensigns with Caesar's effigies to Jerusalem, the
+Jews so wearied him with their petitions to remove this defiling
+deification that at last he surrounded the petitioners with soldiers
+and menaced them with immediate death unless they ceased to pester and
+went home. "But they threw themselves upon the ground and laid their
+necks bare and said they would take their deaths very willingly rather
+than the wisdom of their laws should be transgressed." And Pilate,
+touched, removed the effigies. Such a story explains at once how the
+Jews could produce Jesus and why they could not worship him.
+
+"God's witnesses," "a light of the nations," "a suffering servant," "a
+kingdom of priests"--the old Testament metaphors for Israel's mission
+are as numerous as they are noble. And the lyrics in which they occur
+are unparalleled in literature for their fusion of ethical passion
+with poetical beauty. Take, for example, the forty-second chapter of
+Isaiah. (I quote as in gratitude bound the accurate Jewish version of
+the Bible we owe to America.)
+
+    Behold My servant whom I uphold;
+    Mine elect in whom My soul delighteth;
+    I have put My spirit upon him,
+    He shall make the right to go forth to the nations:
+    He shall not fail or be crushed
+    Till he have set the right on the earth,
+    And the isles shall wait for his teaching.
+    Thus saith God the LORD,
+    He that created the heavens, and stretched them forth,
+    He that spread forth the earth and that which cometh out of it,
+    He that giveth bread unto the people upon it,
+    And spirit to them that walk therein:
+    I the LORD have called thee in righteousness,
+    And have taken hold of thy hand,
+    And kept thee, and set thee for a covenant of the people,
+    For a light of the nations;
+    To open the blind eyes,
+    To bring out the prisoners from the dungeon,
+    And them that sit in darkness out of the prison-house.
+
+Never was ideal less tribal: it is still the dynamic impulse of all
+civilization. "Let justice well up as waters and righteousness as a
+mighty stream." "Nation shall not lift sword against nation, neither
+shall there be war any more."
+
+Nor does this mission march always with the pageantry of external
+triumph. "Despised and forsaken of men," Isaiah paints Israel. "Yet he
+bore the sin of many. And made intercession for the transgressors ...
+with his stripes we were healed."
+
+Happily all that is best in Christendom recognizes, with Kuenen or
+Matthew Arnold, the grandeur of the Old Testament ideal. But that
+this ideal penetrated equally to our everyday liturgy is less
+understood of the world. "Blessed art Thou, O Lord our God, who hast
+chosen Israel from all peoples and given him the Law." Here is no
+choice of a favourite but of a servant, and when it is added that
+"from Zion shall the Law go forth" it is obvious what that servant's
+task is to be. "What everlasting love hast Thou loved the house of
+Israel," says the Evening Prayer. But in what does this love consist?
+Is it that we have been pampered, cosseted? The contrary. "A Law, and
+commandments, statutes and judgments hast Thou taught us." Before
+these were thundered from Sinai, the historian of the Exodus records,
+Israel was explicitly informed that only by obedience to them could
+he enjoy peculiar favour. "Now therefore, if ye will hearken unto My
+voice indeed, and keep My covenant, then ye shall be Mine own treasure
+from among all peoples; for all the earth is Mine; and ye shall be
+unto Me a kingdom of priests, and a holy nation." A chosen people is
+really a choosing people. Not idly does Talmudical legend assert that
+the Law was offered first to all other nations and only Israel
+accepted the yoke.
+
+How far the discipline of the Law actually produced the Chosen People
+postulated in its conferment is a subtle question for pragmatists. Mr.
+Lucien Wolf once urged that "the yoke of the Torah" had fashioned a
+racial aristocracy possessing marked biological advantages over
+average humanity, as well as sociological superiorities of temperance
+and family life. And indeed the statistics of Jewish vitality and
+brain-power, and even of artistic faculty, are amazing enough to
+invite investigation from all eugenists, biologists, and statesmen.
+But whether this general superiority--a superiority not inconsistent
+with grave failings and drawbacks--is due to the rigorous selection of
+a tragic history, or whether it is, as Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu
+maintains, the heritage of a civilization older by thousands of years
+than that of Europe; whether the Torah made the greatness of the
+people, or the people--precisely because of its greatness--made the
+Torah; whether we have a case of natural election or artificial
+election to study, it is not in any self-sufficient superiority or
+aim thereat that the essence of Judaism lies, but in an apostolic
+altruism. The old Hebrew writers indeed--when one considers the
+impress the Bible was destined to make on the faith, art, and
+imagination of the world--might well be credited with the intuition of
+genius in attributing to their people a quality of election. And the
+Jews of to-day in attributing to themselves that quality would have
+the ground not only of intuition but of history. Nevertheless that
+election is, even by Jewish orthodoxy, conceived as designed solely
+for world-service, for that spiritual mission for which Israel when
+fashioned was exiled and scattered like wind-borne seeds, and of the
+consummation of which his ultimate repatriation and glory will be but
+the symbol. It is with _Alenu_ that every service ends--the prayer
+for the coming of the Kingdom of God, "when Thou wilt remove the
+abominations from the earth, and the idols will be utterly cut off,
+when the world will be perfected under the Kingdom of the Almighty and
+all the children of flesh will call upon Thy name, when Thou wilt turn
+unto Thyself all the wicked of the earth.... In that day the Lord
+shall be One and His name One." Israel disappears altogether in this
+diurnal aspiration.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+
+Israel disappears, too, in whole books of the Old Testament. What has
+the problem of Job, the wisdom of Proverbs, or the pessimism of
+Ecclesiastes to do with the Jew specifically? The Psalter would
+scarcely have had so universal an appeal had it been essentially
+rooted in a race.
+
+In the magnificent cosmic poem of Psalm civ--half Whitman, half St.
+Francis--not only his fellow-man but all creation comes under the
+benediction of the Hebrew poet's mood. "The high hills are for the
+wild goats; the rocks are a refuge for the conies.... The young lions
+roar after their prey, and seek their food from God ... man goeth
+forth unto his work, and to his labour until the evening." Even in a
+more primitive Hebrew poet the same cosmic universalism reveals
+itself. To the bard of Genesis the rainbow betokens not merely a
+covenant between God and man but a "covenant between God and every
+living creature of all flesh that is upon the earth."
+
+That the myth of the tribalism of the Jewish God should persist in
+face of such passages can only be explained by the fact that He shares
+in the unpopularity of His people. Mr. Wells, for example, in his
+finely felt but intellectually incoherent book, "God the Invisible
+King," dismisses Him as a malignant and partisan Deity, jealous and
+pettily stringent. At most one is entitled to say with Mr. Israel
+Abrahams in his profound little book on "Judaism" that "God, in the
+early literature a tribal, non-moral Deity, was in the later
+literature a righteous ruler, who, with Amos and Hosea, loved and
+demanded righteousness in man," and that there was an expansion from a
+national to a universal Ruler. But if "by early literature" anybody
+understand simply Genesis, if he imagines that the evolutionary
+movement in Judaism proceeds regularly from Abraham to Isaiah, he is
+grossly in error. No doubt all early gods are tribal, all early
+religions connected with the hearth and ancestor worship, but the God
+of Isaiah is already in Genesis, and the tribal God has to be exhumed
+from practically all parts of the Bible. But even in the crudities of
+Genesis or Judges that have escaped editorship I cannot find Mr.
+Wells's "malignant" Deity--_He_ is really "the invisible King." The
+very first time Jehovah appears in His tribal aspect (Genesis xii.)
+His promise to bless Abraham ends with the assurance--and it almost
+invariably accompanies all the repetitions of the promise--"And in
+thee shall all the families of the earth be blessed." Nay, as I
+pointed out in my essay on "The Gods of Germany," the very first words
+of the Bible, "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth,"
+strike a magnificent note of universalism, which is sustained in the
+derivation of all humanity from Adam, and again from Noah, with one
+original language. Nor is this a modern gloss, for the Talmud already
+deduces the interpretation. Racine's "Esther" in the noble lines
+lauded by Voltaire might be almost rebuking Mr. Wells:--
+
+    Ce Dieu, maitre absolu de la terre et des cieux,
+    N'est point tel que l'erreur le figure a vos yeux:
+    L'Eternel est son nom, le monde est son ouvrage;
+    Il entend les soupirs de l'humble qu'on outrage,
+    Juge tous les mortels avec d'egales lois,
+    Et du haut de son trone interroge les rois.
+
+--there is the true Hebrew note, the note denounced of Nietzsche.
+
+Is this notorious "tribal God" the God of the Mesopotamian sheikh
+whose seed was so invidiously chosen? Well, but of this God Abraham
+asks--in what I must continue to call the epochal sentence in the
+Bible--"Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?" Abraham, in
+fact, bids God down as in some divine Dutch auction--Sodom is not to
+be destroyed if it holds fifty, forty-five, forty, thirty, twenty, nay
+ten righteous men. Compare this ethical development of the ancestor of
+Judaism with that of Pope Gregory XIII, in the sixteenth century, some
+thirty-one centuries later: _Civitas ista potest esse destrui quando
+in ea plures sunt haeretici_ ("A city may be destroyed when it harbours
+a number of heretics"). And this claim of man to criticize God Jehovah
+freely concedes. Thus the God of Abraham is no God of a tribe, but,
+like the God of the Rabbi who protested against the Bath-Kol, the God
+of Reason and Love. As clearly as for the nineteenth-century
+Martineau, "the seat of authority in Religion" has passed to the
+human conscience. God Himself appeals to it in that inversion of the
+Sodom story, the story of Jonah, whose teaching is far greater and
+more wonderful than its fish. And this Abrahamic tradition of free
+thought is continued by Moses, who boldly comes between Jehovah and
+the people He designs to destroy. "Wherefore should the Egyptians
+speak, saying, For evil did He bring them forth to slay them in the
+mountains...? Turn from Thy fierce wrath and repent of this evil
+against Thy people." Moses goes on to remind Him of the covenant, "And
+the Lord repented of the evil which He said He would do unto His
+people." In the same chapter, the people having made a golden calf,
+Moses offers his life for their sin; the Old Testament here, as in so
+many places, anticipating the so-called New, but rejecting the notion
+of vicarious atonement so drastically that the attempt of dogmatic
+Christianity to base itself on the Old Testament can only be described
+as text-blind. And the great answer of Jehovah to Moses's
+questioning--"I AM THAT I AM"--yields already the profound
+metaphysical Deity of Maimonides, that "invisible King" whom the
+anonymous New Year liturgist celebrates as:
+
+      Highest divinity,
+    Dynast of endlessness,
+    Timeless resplendency,
+    Worshipped eternally,
+      Lord of Infinity!
+
+And the fact that Moses himself was married to an Egyptian woman and
+that "a mixed multitude" went up with the Jews out of Egypt shows
+that the narrow tribalism of Ezra and Nehemiah, with the regrettable
+rejection of the Samaritans, was but a temporary political necessity;
+while the subsequent admission into the canon of the book of "Ruth,"
+with its moral of the descent of the Messiah himself from a Moabite
+woman, is an index that universalism was still unconquered. We have,
+in fact, the recurring clash of centripetal and centrifugal forces,
+and what assured the persistence and assures the ultimate triumph of
+the latter is that the race being one with the religion could not
+resist that religion's universal implications. If there were only a
+single God, and He a God of justice and the world, how could He be
+confined to Israel? The Mission could not but come. The true God,
+urges Mr. Wells, has no scorn or hatred for those who seek Him through
+idols. That is exactly what Ibn Gabirol said in 1050. But those blind
+seekers needed guiding. Religion, in fact, not race, has always been
+the governing principle in Jewish history. "I do not know the origin
+of the term Jew," says Dion Cassius, born in the second century. "The
+name is used, however, to designate all who observe the customs of
+this people, even though they be of different race." Where indeed lay
+the privilege of the Chosen People when the Talmud defined a
+non-idolater as a Jew, and ranked a Gentile learned in the Torah as
+greater than the High Priest? Such learned proselytes arose in Aquila
+and Theodotion each of whom made a Greek version of the Bible; while
+the orthodox Jew hardly regards his Hebrew text as complete unless
+accompanied by the Aramaic version popularly ascribed to the proselyte
+Onkelos. The disagreeable references to proselytes in Rabbinic
+literature, the difficulties thrown in their way, and the grotesque
+conception of their status towards their former families, cannot
+counterbalance the fact, established by Radin in his learned work,
+"The Jews Among the Greeks and Romans," that there was a carefully
+planned effort of propaganda. Does not indeed Jesus tell the
+Pharisees: "Ye compass sea and land to make one proselyte"? Do not
+Juvenal and Horace complain of this Judaising? Were not the Idumeans
+proselytised almost by force? "The Sabbath and the Jewish fasts,"
+says Lecky, doubtless following Josephus, "became familiar facts in
+all the great cities." And Josephus himself in that answer to Apion,
+which Judaism has strangely failed to rank as one of its greatest
+documents, declares in noble language: "There ought to be but one
+Temple for one God ... and this Temple common to all men, because He
+is the common God of all men."
+
+It would be a very tough tribal God that could survive worshippers of
+this temper. An ancient Midrash taught that in the Temple there were
+seventy sacrifices offered for the seventy nations. For the mediaeval
+and rationalist Maimonides the election of Israel scarcely
+exists--even the Messiah is only to be a righteous Conqueror, whose
+success will be the test of his genuineness. And Spinoza--though he,
+of course, is outside the development of the Synagogue proper--refused
+to see in the Jew any superiority save of the sociological system for
+ensuring his eternity. The comparatively modern Chassidism,
+anticipating Mazzini, teaches that every nation and language has a
+special channel through which it receives God's gifts. Of contemporary
+Reform Judaism, the motto "Have we not one father, hath not one God
+created us?" was formally adopted as the motto of the Congress of
+Religions at Washington. "The forces of democracy _are_ Israel," cries
+the American Jew, David Lubin, in an ultra-modern adaptation of the
+Talmudic scale of values. There is, in fact, through our post-biblical
+literature almost a note of apology for the assumption of the Divine
+mission: perhaps it is as much the offspring of worldly prudence as of
+spiritual progress. The Talmud observed that the Law was only given to
+Israel because he was so peculiarly fierce he needed curbing. Abraham
+Ibn Daud at the beginning of the twelfth century urged that God had to
+reveal Himself to some nation to show that He did not hold Himself
+aloof from the universe, leaving its rule to the stars: it is the very
+argument as to the need for Christ employed by Mr. Balfour in his
+"Foundations of Belief." Crescas, in the fourteenth century,
+declared--like an earlier Buckle--that the excellence of the Jew
+sprang merely from the excellence of Palestine. Mr. Abelson, in his
+recent valuable book on Jewish mysticism, alleges that when Rabbi
+Akiba called the Jews "Sons of God" he meant only that all other
+nations were idolaters. But in reality Akiba meant what he said--what
+indeed had been said throughout the Bible from Deuteronomy downwards.
+In the words of Hosea:
+
+    When Israel was a child, then I loved him,
+    And out of Egypt I called My son.
+
+No evidence of the universalism of Israel's mission can away with the
+fact that it was still _his_ mission, the mission of a Chosen People.
+And this conviction, permeating and penetrating his whole literature
+and broidering itself with an Oriental exuberance of legendary
+fantasy, poetic or puerile, takes on in places an intimacy, sometimes
+touching in its tender mysticism, sometimes almost grotesque in its
+crude reminder to God that after all His own glory and reputation are
+bound up with His people's, and that He must not go too far in His
+chastisements lest the heathen mock. Reversed, this apprehension
+produced the concept of the _Chillul Hashem_, "the profanation of the
+Name." Israel, in his turn, was in honour bound not to lower the
+reputation of the Deity, who had chosen him out. On the contrary, he
+was to promote the _Kiddush Hashem_ "the sanctification of the Name."
+Thus the doctrine of election made not for arrogance but for a sense
+of _Noblesse oblige_. As the "Hymn of Glory" recited at New Year says
+in a more poetic sense: "His glory is on me and mine on Him." "He
+loves His people," says the hymn, "and inhabits their praises."
+Indeed, according to Schechter, the ancient Rabbis actually conceived
+God as existing only through Israel's continuous testimony and ceasing
+were Israel--_per impossibile_--to disappear. It is a mysticism not
+without affinity to Mr. Wells's. A Chassidic Rabbi, quoted by Mr.
+Wassilevsky, teaches in the same spirit that God and Israel, like
+Father and Son, are each incomplete without the other. In another
+passage of Hosea--a passage recited at the everyday winding of
+phylacteries--the imagery is of wedded lovers. "I will betroth thee
+unto Me for ever, Yea I will betroth thee unto Me in righteousness and
+in judgment and in loving-kindness and in mercy."
+
+But it is in the glowing, poetic soul of Jehuda Ha-Levi that this
+election of Israel, like the passion for Palestine, finds its supreme
+and uncompromising expression. "Israel," declares the author of the
+"Cuzari" in a famous dictum, "is among the nations like the heart
+among the limbs." Do not imagine he referred to the heart as a pump,
+feeding the veins of the nations--Harvey was still five centuries in
+the future--he meant the heart as the centre of feeling and the symbol
+of the spirit. And examining the question why Israel had been thus
+chosen, he declares plumply that it is as little worthy of
+consideration as why the animals had not been created men. This is, of
+course, the only answer. The wind of creation and inspiration bloweth
+where it listeth. As Tennyson said in a similar connection:
+
+    And if it is so, so it is, you know,
+    And if it be so, so be it!
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+
+But although, as with all other manifestations of genius, Science
+cannot tell us why the Jewish race was so endowed spiritually, it can
+show us by parallel cases that there is nothing unique in considering
+yourself a Chosen People--as indeed the accusation with which we began
+reminds us. And it can show us that a nation's assignment of a mission
+to itself is not a sudden growth. "Unlike any other nation," says the
+learned and saintly leader of Reform Judaism, Dr. Kohler, in his
+article on "Chosen People" in the _Jewish Encyclopaedia_, "the Jewish
+people began their career conscious of their life-purpose and
+world-duty as the priests and teachers of a universal religious
+truth." This is indeed a strange statement, and only on the theory
+that its author was expounding the biblical standpoint, and not his
+own, can it be reconciled with his general doctrine of progress and
+evolution in Hebrew thought. It would seem to accept the Sinaitic
+Covenant as a literal episode, and even to synchronise the Mission
+with it. But an investigation of the history of other Chosen Peoples
+will, I fear, dissipate any notion that the Sinaitic Covenant was
+other than a symbolic summary of the national genius for religion, a
+sublime legend retrospectively created. And the mission to other
+nations must have been evolved still later. "The conception or feeling
+of a mission grew up and was developed by slow degrees," says Mr.
+Montefiore, and this sounds much nearer the truth. For, as I said,
+history is the sole clue to the Bible--history, which according to
+Bacon, is "philosophy teaching by example." And the more modern the
+history is, and the nearer in time, the better we can understand it.
+We have before our very eyes the moving spectacle of the newest of
+nations setting herself through a President-Prophet the noblest
+mission ever formulated outside the Bible. Through another great
+prophet--sprung like Amos from the people--through Abraham Lincoln,
+America had already swept away slavery. I do not know exactly when she
+began to call herself "God's own country," but her National Anthem,
+"My Country, 'tis of thee," dating from 1832, fixes the date when
+America, soon after the second war with England, which ended in 1814,
+consciously felt herself as a Holy Land; far as visitors like Dickens
+felt her from the perfection implied in her soaring Spread-Eagle
+rhetoric. The Pilgrim Fathers went to America merely for their own
+freedom of religious worship: they were actually intolerant to others.
+From a sectarian patriotism developed what I have called "The Melting
+Pot," with its high universal mission, first at home and now over the
+world at large.
+
+The stages of growth are still more clearly marked in English history.
+That national self-consciousness which to-day gives itself the mission
+of defending the liberties of mankind, and which stands in the breach
+undaunted and indomitable, began with that mere insular patriotism
+which finds such moving expression in the paean of Shakespeare:
+
+    This happy breed of men, this little world,
+    This precious stone set in the silver sea,
+         .     .     .     .     .     .     .
+    This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England,
+         .     .     .     .     .     .     .
+    This land of such dear souls, this dear, dear land.
+
+This sense of itself had been born only in the thirteenth century, and
+at first the growing consciousness of national power, though it soon
+developed an assurance of special protection--"the favour of the love
+of Heaven," wrote Milton in his "Areopagitica," "we have great
+argument to think in a peculiar manner propitious and propending
+towards us"--was tempered by that humility still to be seen in the
+liturgy of its Church, which ascribes its victories not to the might
+of the English arm, but to the favour of God. But one hundred and
+twenty-five years after Shakespeare, the land which the Elizabethan
+translators of the Bible called "Our Sion," and whose mission,
+according to Milton, had been to sound forth "the first tidings and
+trumpet of reformation to all Europe," had sunk to the swaggering
+militarism that found expression in "Rule, Britannia."
+
+    When Britain first at Heaven's command
+      Arose from out the azure main,
+    This was the charter of the land,
+      And guardian angels sung this strain:
+        Rule, Britannia, rule the waves;
+        Britons never will be slaves.
+
+    The nations not so blest as thee
+      Must in their turn to tyrants fall;
+    While thou shalt flourish, great and free,
+      The dread and envy of them all.
+
+    To thee belongs the rural reign,
+      Thy cities shall with commerce shine:
+    All thine shall be the subject main,
+      And every shore it circles, thine.
+
+It is the true expression of its period--a period which Sir John
+Seeley in his "Expansion of England" characterizes as the period of
+the struggle with France for the possession of India and the New
+World: there were no less than seven wars with France, for France had
+replaced Spain in that great competition of the five western maritime
+States of Europe for Transatlantic trade and colonies, in which Seeley
+sums up the bulk of two centuries of European history. Well may Mr.
+Chesterton point to the sinking of the Armada as the date when an Old
+Testament sense of being "answered in stormy oracles of air and sea"
+lowered Englishmen into a Chosen People. Shakespeare saw the sea
+serving England in the modest office of a moat: it was now to be the
+high-road of Empire. The Armada was shattered in 1588. In 1600 the
+East India Company is formed to trade all over the world. In 1606 is
+founded the British colony of Virginia and in 1620 New England. It
+helps us to understand the dual and conflicting energies stimulated in
+the atmosphere of celestial protection, if we recall that it was in
+1604 that was initiated the great Elizabethan translation of the
+Bible.
+
+In Cromwell, that typical Englishman, these two strands of impulse
+are seen united. Ever conceiving himself the servant of God, he seized
+Jamaica in a time of profound peace and in defiance of treaty. Was not
+Catholic Spain the enemy of God? _Delenda est Carthago_ is his feeling
+towards the rival Holland. Miracles attend his battle. "The Lord by
+his Providence put a cloud over the Moon, thereby giving us the
+opportunity to draw off those horse." Yet this elect of God ruthlessly
+massacres surrendered Irish garrisons. "Sir," he writes with almost
+childish naivete, "God hath taken away your eldest son by a cannon
+shot." We do not need Carlyle's warning that he was not a hypocrite.
+Does not Marvell, lamenting his death, record in words curiously like
+Bismarck's that his deceased hero
+
+    The soldier taught that inward mail to wear
+    And fearing God, how they should nothing fear?
+
+The fact is that great and masterful souls identify themselves with
+the universe. And so do great and masterful nations. It is a dangerous
+tendency.
+
+At the death of Queen Anne England stood at the top of the nations.
+But it was a greatness tainted by the slave-trade abroad, and poverty,
+ignorance, and gin-drinking at home. We recapture the atmosphere of
+"Rule, Britannia" when we recall that Thomson wrote it to the peals of
+the joy-bells and the flare of the bonfires by which the mob
+celebrated its forcing Walpole into a war to safeguard British trade
+in the Spanish main. Seeley claims, indeed, that the growth of the
+Empire was always sub-conscious or semi-conscious at its best. This is
+not wholly true, for in "The Masque of Alfred" in which "Rule,
+Britannia" is enshrined, Thomson displays as keen and exact a sense of
+the lines of England's destiny as Seeley acquired by painful historic
+excogitation. For after a vision which irresistibly recalls the
+grosser Hebrew prophecies:
+
+    I see thy commerce, Britain, grasp the world:
+    All nations serve thee; every foreign flood,
+    Subjected, pays its tribute to the Thames,
+
+he points to the virgin shores "beyond the vast Atlantic surge" and
+cries:
+
+                              This new world,
+    Shook to its centre, trembles at her name:
+    And there her sons, with aim exalted, sow
+    The seeds of rising empire, arts, and arms.
+
+    Britons, proceed, the subject deep command,
+    Awe with your navies every hostile land.
+    Vain are their threats, their armies all are vain:
+    They rule the balanced world who rule the main.
+
+But you have only to remember that Seeley's famous book was written
+expressly to persuade the England of 1883 _not_ to give up India and
+the Colonies, to see how little "Rule, Britannia" expressed the truer
+soul of Britain. The purification of England which the Methodist
+movement began and which manifested itself, among other things, in
+sweeping away the slave-trade, necessitated a less crude formula for
+the still invincible instinct of expansion, and in Kipling a prophet
+arose, of a genius akin to that of the Old Testament, to spiritualize
+the doctrine of the Chosen People. The mission which in Thomson is
+purely self-centred becomes in Kipling almost as universal as the
+visions of the Hebrew bards.
+
+    The Lord our God Most High,
+    He hath made the deep as dry,
+    He hath smote for us a pathway to the ends of all the earth.
+
+But it is only as the instrument of His purpose, and that purpose is
+characteristically practical.
+
+    Keep ye the Law--be swift in all obedience;
+    Clear the land of evil, drive the road and bridge the ford,
+        Make ye sure to each his own,
+        That he reap where he hath sown;
+    By the peace among our peoples let men know we serve the Lord.
+
+And it is a true picture of British activities. Even thus has England
+on the whole ruled the territories into which adventure or economic
+motives drew her. The very Ambassador from Germany, Prince Lichnowsky,
+agrees with Rhodes that the salvation of mankind lies in British
+imperialism. But note how the less spiritual factors are ignored, how
+the prophet presents his people as a nation of pioneer martyrs, how
+the mission, finally become conscious of itself, gilds with backward
+rays the whole path of national advance, as the trail of light from
+the stern of a vessel gives the illusion that it has come by a shining
+road. Missions are not discovered till they are already in action. Not
+unlike those archers of whom the Talmud wittily says, they first shoot
+the arrow and then fix the target, nations ascribe to themselves
+purposes of which they were originally unconscious. First comes the
+tingling consciousness of achievement and power, then a glamour of
+retrospective legend to explain and justify it. Thus it is that that
+great struggle for sea-power to which Spain, Portugal, Holland,
+England, and France all contributed maritime genius and boundless
+courage, becomes transformed under the half-accidental success of one
+nation into an almost religious epic of a destined wave-ruler. There
+could not be a finer British spirit than Mr. Chesterton's fallen
+friend, the poet Vernede, yet even he writes:--
+
+    God grant to us the old Armada weather.
+
+Thomson was not poet enough--nor the eighteenth century naive
+enough--to create a legend in sober earnest. But the fact that he
+throws "Rule, Britannia" eight centuries back to the time of Alfred
+the Great, before whom this glorious pageant of his country's future
+is prophetically unrolled, serves to illustrate the retrospective
+habit of national missions.
+
+The history of England is brief, and the mission evolved in her seven
+centuries has not yet finally shaped itself, is indeed now shaping
+itself afresh in the furnace of war. Her poets have not always
+troubled with the soul of her. They have often, as Courthope
+complained of Keats, turned away from her destinies to
+
+    Magic casements opening on the foam
+    Of faery lands in perilous seas forlorn.
+
+But Israel had abundant time to perfect her conception of herself.
+From Moses to Ezra was over a thousand years, and the roots of the
+race are placed still earlier. Can we doubt it was by a process
+analogous to that we see at work in England, that Israel evolved into
+a People chosen for world-service? The Covenant of Israel was
+inscribed slowly in the Jewish heart: it had no more existence
+elsewhere than the New Covenant which Jeremiah announced the Lord
+would write there, no more objective reality than the Charter which
+Britain received when "first at Heaven's command" she "rose from out
+the azure main," or than that _Contrat Social_ by which Rousseau
+expressed the rights of the individual in society. But to say this is
+not to make the mission false. Ibsen might label these vitalizing
+impulses "Life-illusions," but the criteria of objective truth do not
+apply to volitional verities. National missions become false only when
+nations are false to them. Nor does the gradualness of their evolution
+rob them of their mystery. _Hamlet_ is not less inspired because
+Shakespeare began as a writer of pothooks and hangers.
+
+If it is suggested that to explain the Bible by men and nations under
+its spell is to reason in a circle, the answer is that the biblical
+vocabulary merely provides a medium of expression for a universal
+tendency. Claudian, addressing the Emperor Theodosius, wrote:--
+
+    O nimium dilecte deo, cui militat aether.
+
+The Egyptian god Ammon, in the great battle epic of Rameses II,
+assured the monarch:--
+
+    Lo, I am with thee, my son; fear not, Ramessu Miammon!
+    Ra, thy father, is with thee, his hand shall uphold thee in danger,
+    More am I worth unto thee than thousands and thousands of soldiers.
+
+The preamble to the modern Japanese Constitution declares it to be "in
+pursuance of a great policy co-extensive with the Heavens and the
+Earth."
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+
+Returning now finally to our starting-point, the proposition that
+"Germanism is Judaism," we are able to see its full grotesqueness. If
+Germanism resembles Judaism, it is as a monkey resembles a man. Where
+it does suggest Judaism is in the sense it gives the meanest of its
+citizens that they form part of a great historic organism, which moves
+to great purposes: a sense which the poorer Englishman has
+unfortunately lacked, and which is only now awakening in the common
+British breast. But even here the affinities of Germany are rather
+with Japan than with Judaea. For in Japan, too, beneath all the
+romance of Bushido and the Samurai, lies the asphyxiation of the
+individual and his sacrifice to the State. It is the resurrection of
+those ancient Pagan Constitutions for which individuality scarcely
+existed, which could expose infants or kill off old men because the
+State was the supreme ethical end; it is the revival on a greater
+scale of the mediaeval city commune, which sucked its vigorous life
+from the veins of its citizens. Even so Prussia, by welding its
+subservient citizens into one gigantic machine of aggression, has
+given a new reading to the Gospel: "Blessed are the meek, for they
+shall inherit the earth."
+
+Nietzsche, who, though he strove to upset the old Hebrew values, saw
+clearly through the real Prussian peril, defined such a State as that
+"in which the slow suicide of all is called Life," and "a welcome
+service unto all preachers of death"--a cold, ill-smelling, monstrous
+idol. Nor is this the only affinity between Prussia and Japan. "We
+are," boasts a Japanese writer, "a people of the present and the
+Tangible, of the Broad Daylight and the Plainly Visible."
+
+But Germany was not always thus. "High deeds, O Germans, are to come
+from you," wrote Wordsworth in his "Sonnets dedicated to Liberty." And
+it throws light upon the nature of Missions to recall that when she
+lay at the feet of Napoleon after Jena, the mission proclaimed for her
+by Fichte was one of peace and righteousness--to penetrate the life of
+humanity by her religion--and he denounced the dreams of universal
+monarchy which would destroy national individuality. Calling on his
+people as "the consecrated and inspired ones of a Divine world-plan,"
+"To you," he says, "out of all other modern nations the germs of human
+perfection are especially committed. It is yours to found an empire of
+mind and reason--to destroy the dominion of rude physical power as the
+ruler of the world." And throwing this mission backwards, he sees in
+what the outer world calls the invasion of the Roman Empire by the
+Goths and Huns the proof that the Germans have always stemmed the tide
+of tyrant domination. But Fichte belonged to the generation of Kant
+and Beethoven. Hegel, coming a little later, though as non-nationalist
+as Goethe, and a welcomer of the Napoleonic invasion, yet prophesied
+that if the Germans were once forced to cast off their inertia, they,
+"by preserving in their contact with outward things the intensity of
+their inner life, will perchance surpass their teachers": and in
+curiously prophetic language he called for a hero "to realize by blood
+and iron the political regeneration of Germany."
+
+If Treitschke, too, believed in force, he had a high moral ideal for
+his nation. The other nations are feeble and decadent. Germany is to
+hold the sceptre of the nations, so as to ensure the peace of the
+world. It is only in Bernhardi that we find war in itself glorified as
+the stimulus of nations. Even this ideal has a perverted nobility; as
+Pol Arcas, a modern Greek writer, says: "If the devil knew he had
+horns the cherubim would offer him their place." And though it was only
+in the swelled head of the conqueror that the brutal philosophy of the
+Will-to-Power germinated, it was not so much the "blood and iron" of
+Junkerdom that perverted Prussia--Junkerdom still lives simply--as the
+gross industrial prosperity that followed on the victory of 1870. A
+modern German author describes his countrymen--it is true he has turned
+Mohammedan, probably out of disgust--as tragically degenerated and
+turned into a gold-greedy, pleasure-seeking, title-hungry pack. This
+industrial transformation of the nobler soul of Germany is by
+Verhaeren--attacking Judaism from another angle--ascribed to its Jews,
+so it is comforting to remember that when England started the East
+India Company there was scarcely a Jew in England. No, Germany is
+clearly where England was in the seventeenth century, and in Prussia
+England meets her past face to face. Her past, but infinitely more
+conscious and consequent than her "Rule, Britannia" period, with a
+ruthless logic that does not shrink from any conclusions. While
+England's right hand hardly knew what her left was doing, Germany's
+right hand is drawing up a philosophic justification of her sinister
+activities. There is in Henry James's posthumous novel--"The Sense of
+the Past"--a young man who gets locked up in the Past and cannot get
+back to his own era. This is the fate that now menaces civilization.
+Nor is the civilization that followed the struggle for America by the
+scramble for Africa entirely blameless. Germany, federated too late for
+the first melee and smarting under centuries of humiliation--did not
+Louis XIV insolently seize Strassburg?--is avenging on our century the
+sins of the seventeenth.
+
+So far from Germanism being synonymous with Judaism, its analogies are
+to be sought within the five maritime countries which preceded
+Germany, albeit less efficiently, in the path of militarism. It is the
+same alliance as prevailed everywhere between the traders and the
+armies and navies, and the Kaiser's crime consists mainly in turning
+back the movement of the world which through the Hague Conferences was
+approaching brotherhood, or at least a mitigation of the horrors of
+war. His blasphemies are no less archaic. He repeats Oliver Cromwell,
+but with less simplicity, while his artistic aspiration complicates
+the Puritan with the Cavalier. "From childhood," he is quoted as
+saying, "I have been under the influence of five men--Alexander,
+Julius Caesar, Theodoric II, Frederick the Great, and Napoleon." No
+great man moulds himself thus like others. It is but a theatrical
+greatness. But anyhow none of these names are Jewish, and not thus
+were "the Kings of Jerusalem" even "six thousand years ago." Our kings
+had the dull duty of copying out and studying the Torah, and the
+Rabbis reminded monarchy that the Torah demands forty-eight
+qualifications, whereas royalty only thirty, and that the crown of a
+good name is the best of all. Compare the German National Anthem
+"Heil dir im Siegeskranz" with the noble prayer for the Jewish King in
+the seventy-second psalm, if you wish to understand the difference
+between Judaism and Germanism. This King, too, is to conquer his
+enemies, but he is also to redeem the needy from oppression and
+violence, "and precious will their blood be in his sight."
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+
+If I were asked to sum up in a word the essential difference between
+Judaism and Germanism, it would be the word "Recessional." While the
+prophets and historians of Germany monotonously glorify their nation,
+the Jewish writers as monotonously rebuke theirs. "You only have I
+known among all the families of the earth," says the message through
+Amos. "_Therefore_ I will visit upon you all your iniquities." The
+Bible, as I have said before, is an anti-Semitic book. "Israel is the
+villain, not the hero, of his own story." Alone among epics, it is out
+for truth, not high heroics. To flout the Pharisees was not reserved
+for Jesus. "Behold, ye fast for strife and contention," said Isaiah,
+"and to smite with the fist of wickedness." While some German writers,
+not content with the great men Germany has so abundantly produced,
+vaunt that all others, from Jesus to Dante, from Montaigne to Michael
+Angelo, are of Teuton blood, Jewish literature unflinchingly exposes
+the flaws even of a Moses and a David. It is this passion for veracity
+unknown among other peoples--is even Washington's story told without
+gloss?--that gives false colour to the legend of Israel's ancient
+savagery. "The title of a nation to its territory," says Seeley, "is
+generally to be sought in primitive times and would be found, if we
+could recover it, to rest upon violence and massacre." The
+dispossession of the Red Indian by America, of the Maori by New
+Zealand, is almost within living memory. But in national legends this
+universal process is sophisticated.
+
+    Tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento,
+
+the AEneid told the all-invading Roman, putting of course the
+contemporary ideal backwards--as all missons are put--and into the
+prophetic mouth of Jove:--
+
+    Hae tibi erunt artis, pacisque imponere morem,
+    Parcere subjectis et debelare superbos.
+
+It was for similarly exalted purposes that Israel was to occupy
+Palestine, yet with what unique denigration the Bible turns upon him:
+"Not for thy righteousness or for the uprightness of thy heart dost
+thou go to possess this land; but for the wickedness of these nations
+the Lord thy God doth drive them out from before thee."
+
+In English literature this note of "Recessional" was sounded long
+before Kipling. Milton, though he claimed that "God's manner" was to
+reveal himself "first to His Englishmen," added that they "mark not
+the methods of His counsel and are unworthy."
+
+"Is India free," wrote Cowper, "or do we grind her still?" "Secure from
+actual warfare," sang Coleridge, "we have loved to swell the
+war-whoop." For Wordsworth England was simply the least evil of the
+nations. And Mr. Chesterton has just written a "History of England" in
+the very spirit of a Micah flagellating the classes "who loved fields
+and seized them." But if in Germany a voice of criticism breaks the
+chorus of self-adoration, it is usually from a Jew like Maximilian
+Harden, for Jews, as Ambassador Gerard testifies, represent almost the
+only real culture in Germany. I have been at pains to examine the
+literature of the German Synagogue, which if Germanism were Judiasm,
+ought to show a double dose of original sin. But so far from finding
+any swagger of a Chosen People, whether Jewish or German, I find in its
+most popular work--Lazarus's "Soziale Ethik im Judentum"--published as
+late as November, 1913, by the League of German Jews--a grave
+indictment of militarism. For the venerable philosopher, while justly
+explaining the glamour of the army by its subordination of the
+individual to the communal weal, yet pointed out emphatically that
+what unites individuals separates nations. "The work of justice shall
+be peace," he quotes from Isaiah. I am far from supposing that the old
+Germany of Goethe and Schiller and Lessing is not still latent--indeed,
+we know that one Professor suggested at a recent Nietzsche anniversary
+that the Germans should try to rise not to Supermen but to Men, and
+that another now lies in prison for explaining in his "Biologie des
+Krieges" that the real objection to war is simply that it compels men
+to act unlike men. So that, when moreover we remember that the noblest
+and most practical treatise on "Perpetual Peace" came from that other
+German professor, Kant, the hope is not altogether _ausgechlossen_ that
+in the internal convulsion that must follow the war, there may be an
+upheaval of that finer Germanism of which we should be only too proud
+to say that it _is_ Judaism.
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+
+But meantime we are waiting, and the soul "waiteth for the Lord more
+than watchmen look for the morning, yea, more than watchmen for the
+morning." Again, as in earlier periods of history, the world lies in
+darkness, listening to the silence of God--a silence that can be felt.
+
+"Watchmen, what of the night?" Such a blackness fell upon the ancient
+Jews when Hadrian passed the plough over Mount Zion. But, turning from
+empty apocalyptic visions, they drew in on themselves and created an
+inner Jerusalem, which has solaced and safeguarded them ever since.
+Such a blackness fell on the ancient Christians when the Huns invaded
+Rome, and the young Christian world, robbed of its millennial hopes,
+began to wonder if perchance this was not the vengeance of the
+discarded gods. But drawing in on themselves, they learned from St.
+Augustine to create an inner "City of God." How shall humanity meet
+this blackest crisis of all? What new "City of God" can it build on
+the tragic wreckage of a thousand years of civilization? Has Israel no
+contribution to offer here but the old quarrel with Christianity? But
+that quarrel shrinks into comparative concord beside the common peril
+from the resurrected gods of paganism, from Thor and Odin and Priapus.
+And it was always an exaggerated quarrel--half misunderstanding, like
+most quarrels. Neither St. Augustine nor St. Anselm believed God was
+other than One. Jesus but applied to himself distributively--as
+logicians say--those conceptions of divine sonship and suffering
+service which were already assets of Judaism, and but for the theology
+of atonement woven by Paul under Greek influences, either of them
+might have carried Judaism forward on that path of universalism which
+its essential genius demands, and which even without them it only just
+missed. Is it not humiliating that Islam, whose Koran expressly
+recalls its obligation to our prophets, should have beaten them in the
+work of universalization? Maimonides acknowledged the good work done
+by Jesus and Mohammed in propagating the Bible. But if the
+universalism they achieved held faulty elements, is that any reason
+why the purer truth should shrink from universalization? Has Judaism
+less future than Buddhism--that religion of negation and
+monkery--whose sacred classics enjoin the Bhiksu to camp in and
+contemplate a cemetery? Has it less inspiration and optimism than that
+apocalyptic vision of the ultimate victory of Good which consoles the
+disciples of Zoroaster? If there is anything now discredited in its
+ancient Scriptures, the Synagogue can, as of yore, relegate it to the
+Apocrypha, even as it can enrich the canon with later expressions of
+the Hebrew genius. Its one possible rival, Islam, is, as Kuenen
+maintains, as sterile for the future as Buddhism, too irretrievably
+narrowed to the Arab mentality. But why, despite his magnificent
+tribute to Judaism, does this unfettered thinker imagine that the last
+word is with Christianity? Eucken, too, would call the future
+Christian, though he rejects the Incarnation and regards the Atonement
+as injurious to religion, and the doctrine of the Trinity as a
+stumbling-block rather than a help. Abraham Lincoln being only a plain
+man, was not able to juggle with himself like a German theologian, and
+with the simplicity of greatness he confessed: "I have never united
+myself to any Church, because I have found difficulty in giving my
+assent, without mental reservation, to the long, complicated
+statements of the Christian doctrine which characterize their Articles
+of Belief and Confessions of Faith." "When any church," he added,
+"will inscribe over its altar, as its sole qualification for
+membership, ... 'Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart,
+and with all thy soul, and with all thy might, and thy neighbour as
+thyself,' that church will I join with all my heart and with all my
+soul."
+
+Can one read this and not wonder what Judaism has been about that
+Lincoln did not even know there _was_ such a church? But call the
+coming religious reconstruction what you will, what do names matter
+when all humanity is crucified, what does anything matter but to save
+it from meaningless frictions and massacres? "Would that My people
+forgot Me and kept My commandments," says the Jerusalem Talmud. Too
+long has Israel been silent. "Who is blind," says the prophet, "but
+My servant, or deaf as My messenger?" He is not deaf to-day, he is
+only dumb. But the voice of Jerusalem must be heard again when the new
+world-order is shaping. The Chosen People must choose. To be or not to
+be. "The religion of the Jews is indeed a light," said Coleridge in
+his "Table Talk," "but it is as the light of the glow-worm which gives
+no heat and illumines nothing but itself." Why let a sun sink into a
+glow-worm? And even a glow-worm should turn. It does not even
+pay--that prudent maxim of the Babylonian Talmud, _Dina dimalchutha
+dina_ ("In Rome do as the Romans"). Despite every effort of Jews as
+individual citizens the world still tends to see them as Crabbe saw
+them a century ago in his "Borough":--
+
+    Nor war nor wisdom yields our Jews delight,
+    They will not study and they dare not fight.
+
+It is because they fight under no banner of their own. But the time
+has come when they must fight as Jews--fight that "mental fight" from
+which that greater English poet, Blake, declared he would not cease
+till he had "built Jerusalem in England's green and pleasant land." To
+build Jerusalem in every land--even in Palestine--that is the Jewish
+mission. As Nina Salaman sings--and I am glad to end with the words of
+a daughter of the lofty-souled scholar in whose honour this lecture is
+given--
+
+    Wherefore else our age-long life, our wandering landless,
+      Every land our home for ill or good?
+    Ours it was long since to join the hands of nations
+      Through the link of our own brotherhood.
+
+
+
+
+AFTERWORD
+
+
+DR. ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic
+Literature in the University of Cambridge, in seconding the vote of
+thanks to the speakers, moved by the President of the Jewish
+Historical Society (Sir Lionel Abrahams, K.C.B.), said that the
+Chairman had already paid a tribute to the memory of Arthur Davis. But
+a twice-told tale was not stale in repetition when the tale was told
+of such a man. He was a real scholar; not only in the general sense of
+one who loved great books, but also in the special sense that he
+possessed the technical knowledge of an expert. His "Hebrew Accents"
+reveals Arthur Davis in these two aspects. It shows mastery of an
+intricate subject, a subject not likely to attract the mere
+dilettante. But it also reveals his interest in the Bible as
+literature. He appreciated both the music of words and the melody of
+ideas. When the work appeared, a foreign scholar asked: "Who was his
+teacher?" The answer was: himself. There is a rather silly proverb
+that the self-taught man has a fool for his master. Certainly Arthur
+Davis had no fool for his pupil. And though he had no teacher, he had
+what is better, a fine capacity for comradeship in studies. "Acquire
+for thyself a companion," said the ancient Rabbi. There is no
+friendship equal to that which is made over the common study of books.
+At the Talmud meetings held at the house of Arthur Davis were founded
+lifelong intimacies. Unpretentious in their aim, there was in these
+gatherings a harmony of charm and earnestness; pervading them was the
+true "joy of service." Above all he loved the liturgy. Here the
+self-taught man must excel. Homer said:--
+
+    Dear to gods and men is sacred song.
+    Self-taught I sing: by Heaven and Heaven alone
+    The genuine seeds of poesy are sown.
+
+And, as the expression of his inmost self, he gave us the best edition
+of the Festival Prayers in any language: better than Sachs'--than
+which praise can go no higher. This Prayer Book is his true memorial,
+unless there be a truer still. Perhaps his feeling that he might
+after all have lost something because he had no teacher made him so
+wonderful a teacher of his own daughters. In their continuance of his
+work his personality endures. At the end of his book on Accents he
+quoted, in Hebrew, a sentence from Jeremiah, with a clever play on the
+double meaning of the word which signifies at once "accent" and
+"taste." Thinking of his record, and how his beautiful spirit animates
+those near and dear to him, we may indeed apply to him this same text:
+"His taste remaineth in him and his fragrance is not changed."
+
+
+
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