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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Handbook of the Trees of New England, by 
+Lorin Low Dame and Henry Brooks
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Handbook of the Trees of New England
+
+Author: Lorin Low Dame
+        Henry Brooks
+
+Release Date: January 28, 2007 [EBook #20467]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TREES OF NEW ENGLAND ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Janet Blenkinship, Joyce
+Wilson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  HANDBOOK OF THE
+  TREES OF NEW ENGLAND
+
+
+  _WITH RANGES THROUGHOUT THE
+  UNITED STATES AND CANADA_
+
+  BY
+  LORIN L. DAME, S.D.
+  AND
+  HENRY BROOKS
+
+  _PLATES FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS_
+  BY
+  ELIZABETH GLEASON BIGELOW
+
+  BOSTON, U.S.A.
+  GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS
+  The Athenæum Press
+  1904
+
+
+
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1901, BY
+  LORIN L. DAME AND HENRY BROOKS
+
+  ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+There is no lack of good manuals of botany in this country. There still
+seems place for an adequately illustrated book of convenient size for
+field use. The larger manuals, moreover, cover extensive regions and
+sometimes fail by reason of their universality to give a definite idea
+of plants as they grow within more limited areas. New England marks a
+meeting place of the Canadian and Alleghanian floras. Many southern
+plants, long after they have abandoned more elevated situations
+northward, continue to advance up the valleys of the Connecticut and
+Merrimac rivers, in which they ultimately disappear entirely or else
+reappear in the valley of the St. Lawrence; while many northern plants
+pushing southward maintain a more or less precarious existence upon the
+mountain summits or in the cold swamps of New England, and sometimes
+follow along the mountain ridges to the middle or southern states. In
+addition to these two floras, some southwestern and western species have
+invaded Vermont along the Champlain valley, and thrown out pickets still
+farther eastward.
+
+At or near the limit of a species, the size and habit of plants undergo
+great change; in the case of trees, to which this book is restricted,
+often very noticeable. There is no fixed, absolute dividing line between
+trees and shrubs. In accordance with the usual definition, a tree must
+have a single trunk, unbranched at or near the base, and must be at
+least fifteen feet in height.
+
+Trees that are native in New England, or native in other sections of the
+United States and thoroughly established in New England, are described
+and, for the most part, figured. Foreign trees, though locally
+established, are not figured. Trees may be occasionally spontaneous
+over a large area without really forming a constituent part of the
+flora. Even the apple and pear, when originating spontaneously and
+growing without cultivation, quickly become degenerate and show little
+tendency to possess themselves of the soil at the expense of the native
+growths. Gleditsia, for example, while clearly locally established, has
+with some hesitation been accorded pictorial representation.
+
+The geographical distribution is treated under three heads: Canada and
+Alaska; New England; south of New England and westward. With regard to
+the distribution outside of New England, the standard authorities have
+been followed. An effort extending through several years has been made
+to give the distribution as definitely as possible in each of the New
+England states, and while previous publications have been freely
+consulted, the present work rests mainly upon the observations of living
+botanists.
+
+All descriptions are based upon the habit of trees as they appear in New
+England, unless special mention is made to the contrary. The
+descriptions are designed to apply to trees as they grow in open land,
+with full space for the development of their characteristics under
+favorable conditions. In forest trees there is much greater uniformity;
+the trunks are more slender, taller, often unbranched to a considerable
+height, and the heads are much smaller.
+
+When the trunk tapers uniformly from the ground upward, the given
+diameter is taken at the base; when the trunk is reinforced at the base,
+the measurements are made above the swell of the roots; when reinforced
+at the ground and also at the branching point, as often in the American
+elm, the measurements are made at the smallest place between the swell
+of the roots and of the branches.
+
+A regular order has been followed in the description for the purpose of
+ready comparison. No explanation of the headings used seems necessary,
+except to state that the _habitat_ is used in the more customary present
+acceptation to indicate the place where a plant naturally grows, as in
+swamps or upon dry hillsides. Under the head of "Horticultural Value,"
+the requisite information is given for an intelligent choice of trees
+for ornamental purposes.
+
+The order and names of families follow, in the main, Engler and Prantl.
+In accordance with the general tendency of New England botanists to
+conform to the best usage until an authoritative agreement has been
+reached with regard to nomenclature by an international congress, the
+Berlin rule has been followed for genera, and priority under the genus
+for species. Other names in use at the present day are given as synonyms
+and included in the index.
+
+Only those common names are given which are actually used in some part
+of New England, whether or not the same name is applied to different
+trees. It seems best to record what is, and not what ought to be. Common
+names that are the creation of botanists have been disregarded
+altogether. Any attempt to displace a name in wide use, even by one that
+is more appropriate, is futile, if not mischievous.
+
+The plates are from original drawings by Mrs. Elizabeth Gleason Bigelow,
+in all cases from living specimens, and they have been carefully
+compared with the plates in other works. So far as practicable, the
+drawings were made of life size, with the exception of the dissected
+portions of small flowers, which were enlarged. In this way, though not
+on a perfectly uniform scale, they are, when reduced to the necessary
+space, distinct in all their parts.
+
+So far as consistent with due precision, popular terms have been used in
+description, but not when such usage involved tedious periphrase.
+
+Especial mention should be made of those botanists whose assistance has
+been essential to a knowledge of the distribution of species in the New
+England states: Maine,--Mr. M. L. Fernald; New Hampshire,--Mr. Wm. F.
+Flint, Report of Forestry Commission; Vermont,--President Ezra Brainerd;
+Massachusetts,--trees about Northampton, Mrs. Emily Hitchcock Terry;
+throughout the Connecticut river valley, Mr. E. L. Morris; Rhode
+Island,--Professor W. W. Bailey, Professor J. F. Collins;
+Connecticut,--Mr. C. H. Bissell, Mr. C. K. Averill, Mr. J. N. Bishop.
+Dr. B. L. Robinson has given advice in general treatment and in matters
+of nomenclature; Dr. C. W. Swan and Mr. Charles H. Morss have made a
+critical examination of the manuscript; Mr. Warren H. Manning has
+contributed the "Horticultural Values" throughout the work; and Miss M.
+S. E. James has prepared the index. To these and to all others who have
+given assistance in the preparation of this work, the grateful thanks of
+the authors are due.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                     PAGES
+  KEY TO THE TREES OF NEW ENGLAND      ix
+
+  LIST OF PLATES                       xi
+
+  AUTHORITIES                        xiii
+
+  ABBREVIATIONS                      xvii
+
+  TEXT AND PLATES                       1
+
+  APPENDIX                            171
+
+  GLOSSARY                            173
+
+  INDEX                               179
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO THE TREES OF NEW ENGLAND.
+
+  I. LEAVES SIMPLE.
+
+        =Leaves alternate=                            A
+            Outline entire                               A C
+            Outline slightly indented                    A D
+            Outline lobed                                A E
+              Lobes entire                             A E F
+              Lobes slightly indented                  A E G
+              Lobes coarsely toothed                   A E H
+        =Leaves opposite=                             B
+
+  A C    Ovate to oval, obscurely toothed                    Tupelo
+  A C    Ovate to oval                                    Persimmon
+  A C    Also 3-lobed                                     Sassafras
+  A C    Sometimes opposite, clustered at the ends of
+          the branchlets                                   Dogwoods
+  A D    Tremulous habit, oval                              Poplars
+  A D    Lanceolate, finely serrate, sometimes entire       Willows
+  A D    Ovate-oval, serrate, doubly serrate            { Birches
+                                                        { Hornbeams
+  A D    Oval, serrate, oblong-lanceolate, veins        { Beeches
+          terminating in teeth                          { Chestnut
+  A D    Ovate-oblong, doubly serrate, surface rough           Elms
+  A D    Ovate to ovate-lanceolate, serrate, surface
+          slightly rough                                  Hackberry
+  A D    Outline variable, ovate-oval, sometimes lobed
+          (3-7), serrate-dentate                           Mulberry
+  A D    Ovate, serrate, oblong                        { Shadbush
+                                                       { Plums
+                                                       { Cherries
+  A D    Oval or oval-oblong, spines, evergreen               Holly
+  A D    Broad-ovate, one-sided, serrate                     Linden
+  A D    Obovate, oval, lanceolate, oblong            Chestnut oaks
+  A D    Broad-ovate to broad-elliptical, thorny             Thorns
+  A E F  Lobes rounded                                    Sassafras
+  A E F  Base truncate or heart-shaped                   Tulip tree
+  A E F  Obtuse, rounded lobes                           White oaks
+  A E F  3-5-lobed, white-tomentose to glabrous
+          beneath                                      White poplar
+  A E G  5-lobed, finely serrate                          Sweet gum
+  A E G  Irregularly 3-7-lobed, serrate-dentate with
+          equal teeth                                     Mulberry
+  A E H  Pointed or bristle-tipped lobes                 Black oaks
+  A E H  Coarse-toothed or pinnate-lobed, short lobes
+          ending in sharp point                            Sycamore
+  B      Outline entire, ovate, veins prominent   Flowering dogwood
+  B      Outline serrate, apex often tapering           Sheep berry
+  B      Outline lobed                                       Maples
+
+
+
+  II. LEAVES COMPOUND.
+
+      =Leaves pinnately compound=                    I
+          Leaflets alternate                         I A
+            Outlines of leaflets entire              I A C
+          Leaflets opposite                          I B
+      =Leaves bi-pinnately compound=                 J
+
+  I A    Outlines of leaflets with two or three teeth at base.   Ailanthus
+  IA     Outlines of leaflets   serrate    { Sumacs (except Poison sumac)
+                                   { Mountain ashes
+                                   { Walnuts
+                                   { Hickories
+  I A C  Leaflets oval, apex obtuse   Locusts (except Honey locust)
+  I A C  Leaflets oblong, apex acute                   Poison sumac
+  I B    Outlines of leaflets entire  Ashes (except Mountain ashes)
+  I B    Outlines of leaflets serrate   Ashes (except Mountain ashes)
+  I B    Leaflets irregularly or coarsely toothed, 3-lobed or nearly
+          entire     Box elder
+  J      Irregularly bi-pinnate, outlines of leaflets entire, thorns
+          on stem and trunk    Honey locust
+
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF PLATES.
+
+
+  PLATE                                                             PAGE
+
+  I. Larix Americana                                                   4
+  II. Pinus Strobus                                                    6
+  III. Pinus rigida                                                    7
+  IV. Pinus Banksiana                                                  9
+  V. Pinus resinosa                                                   11
+  VI. Picea nigra                                                     14
+  VII. Picea rubra                                                    16
+  VIII. Picea alba                                                    18
+  IX. Tsuga Canadensis                                                20
+  X. Abies balsamea                                                   22
+  XI. Thuja occidentalis                                              24
+  XII. Cupressus thyoides                                             26
+  XIII. Juniperus Virginiana                                          28
+  XIV. Populus tremuloides                                            30
+  XV. Populus grandidentata                                           32
+  XVI. Populus heterophylla                                           34
+  XVII. Populus deltoides                                             35
+  XVIII. Populus balsamifera                                          37
+  XIX. Populus candicans                                              39
+  XX. Salix discolor                                                  41
+  XXI. Salix nigra                                                    43
+  XXII. Juglans cinerea                                               47
+  XXIII. Juglans nigra                                                49
+  XXIV. Carya alba                                                    51
+  XXV. Carya tomentosa                                                53
+  XXVI. Carya porcina                                                 55
+  XXVII. Carya amara                                                  57
+  XXVIII. Ostrya Virginica                                            58
+  XXIX. Carpinus Caroliniana                                          60
+  XXX. Betula lenta                                                   62
+  XXXI. Betula lutea                                                  64
+  XXXII. Betula nigra                                                 66
+  XXXIII. Betula populifolia                                          68
+  XXXIV. Betula papyrifera                                            70
+  XXXV. Fagus ferruginea                                              72
+  XXXVI. Castanea sativa, var. Americana                              74
+  XXXVII. Quercus alba                                                77
+  XXXVIII. Quercus stellata                                           78
+  XXXIX. Quercus macrocarpa                                           80
+  XL. Quercus bicolor                                                 82
+  XLI. Quercus Prinus                                                 84
+  XLII. Quercus Muhlenbergii                                          85
+  XLIII. Quercus rubra                                                87
+  XLIV. Quercus coccinea                                              89
+  XLV. Quercus velutina                                               91
+  XLVI. Quercus palustris                                             93
+  XLVII. Quercus ilicifolia                                           94
+  XLVIII. Ulmus Americana                                             97
+  XLIX.  Ulmus fulva                                                  98
+  L. Ulmus racemosa                                                  100
+  LI. Celtis occidentalis                                            102
+  LII. Morus rubra                                                   103
+  LIII.  Liriodendron Tulipifera                                     103
+  LIV. Sassafras officinale                                          108
+  LV. Liquidambar Styraciflua                                        109
+  LVI. Platanus occidentalis                                         111
+  LVII. Pyrus Americana                                              113
+  LVIII. Pyrus sambucifolia                                          115
+  LIX. Amelanchier Canadensis                                        117
+  LX. Cratægus mollis                                                121
+  LXI. Prunus nigra                                                  123
+  LXII. Prunus Americana                                             124
+  LXIII. Prunus Pennsylvanica                                        125
+  LXIV. Prunus Virginiana                                            126
+  LXV.  Prunus serotina                                              128
+  LXVI. Gleditsia triacanthos                                        130
+  LXVII.  Robinia Pseudacacia                                        132
+  LXVIII. Rhus typhina                                               135
+  LXIX. Rhus Vernix                                                  137
+  LXX.  Ilex opaca                                                   140
+  LXXI.  Acer rubrum                                                 142
+  LXXII. Acer saccharinum                                            144
+  LXXIII. Acer Saccharum                                             146
+  LXXIV.  Acer Saccharum var. nigrum                                 147
+  LXXV. Acer spicatum                                                149
+  LXXVI. Acer Pennsylvanicum                                         151
+  LXXVII. Acer Negundo                                               153
+  LXXVIII. Tilia Americana                                           155
+  LXXIX. Cornus florida                                              157
+  LXXX. Cornus alternifolia                                          158
+  LXXXI. Nyssa sylvatica                                             160
+  LXXXII. Diospyros Virginiana                                       162
+  LXXXIII. Fraxinus Americana                                        164
+  LXXXIV. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica                                     165
+  LXXXV. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica. var. lanceolata                     166
+  LXXXVI. Fraxinus nigra                                             168
+  LXXXVII. Viburnum Lentago                                          169
+
+
+
+
+BOTANICAL AUTHORITIES.
+
+
+
+
+                                                                     PAGE
+ATKINS, C. G.             Pinus Banksiana, Lamb                        8
+
+AVERILL, C. K.                                                         v
+
+                          Populus balsamifera, L.
+                             (_Rhodora_, II, 35)                      36
+
+                          Prunus Americana, Marsh.                   123
+
+                          Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm.               84
+
+BAILEY, L. H.             Populus candicans, Ait.                     37
+
+BAILEY, W. W.             Celtis occidentalis, L.                    100
+
+                          Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, _var._
+                             lanceolata, Sarg.                       166
+
+BARTRAM, WILLIAM          Quercus tinctoria (1791)                    89
+
+BATCHELDER, F. W.         Betula nigra, L.                            65
+
+                          Salix discolor, Muhl.
+                               (Laconia, N. H.)                       41
+
+BATES, J. A.              Pinus Banksiana, Lamb                        8
+
+                          Sassafras officinale, Nees                 106
+
+BISHOP, J. N.                                                          v
+
+                          Celtis occidentalis, L.                    100
+
+                          Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.             164
+
+                          Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, _var._
+                             lanceolata, Sarg.                       166
+
+                          Juglans nigra, L.
+                             (_in lit._, 1896)                        48
+
+                          Morus rubra, L.                            102
+
+                          Populus heterophylla, L.                    33
+
+                          Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm.               84
+
+                          Thuja occidentalis, L.                      23
+
+BISSELL, C. H.                                                         v
+
+                          Cratægus Crus-Galli, L.                    117
+
+                          Pinus sylvestris, L.
+                             (_in lit._, 1899)                        12
+
+                          Prunus Americana, Marsh.
+                             (_in lit._, 1900)                       123
+
+                          Rhus copallina                             137
+
+BRAINERD, EZRA            Carya porcina, Nutt.                        53
+
+                          Cratægus punctata, Jacq.                   118
+
+                          Ulmus racemosa, Thomas                      99
+
+BREWSTER, WILLIAM         Pinus Banksiana, Lamb                        8
+
+BRITTON, NATHANIEL LORD   Acer Saccharum, _var._ nigrum              172
+
+BROWNE, D. T.             Ilex opaca (_Trees of North
+                             America_, 1846)                         139
+
+_Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club_, XVIII, 150
+
+Pinus Banksiana, Lamb                                                  8
+
+CHAMBERLAIN, E. B.     Ulmus fulva, Michx. (1898)                     97
+
+CHURCHILL, J. R.       Prunus Americana, Marsh.                      123
+
+COLLINS, J. F.                                                         v
+                               Gleditsia triacanthos, L.             129
+
+DAME. L. L.           Cratægus Crus-Galli, L.                        171
+                               Salix fragilis, L. (_Typical Elms and
+                                  other Trees of Massachusetts_,
+                                  p. 85)                              44
+
+DAY, F. M.               Pinus Banksiana, Lamb                         8
+
+DEANE, WALTER            Sassafras officinale, Nees (1895)           106
+
+DUDLEY, W. R.            Populus heterophylla, L.                     33
+
+EGGLESTON, W.W.          Carya porcina, Nutt.                         53
+                                  Celtis occidentalis, L.            100
+                                  Morus rubra, L.                    102
+                                  Platanus occidentalis, L.          110
+                                  Populus deltoides, Marsh.           34
+                                  Sassafras officinale, Nees.        106
+                                  Ulmus racemosa, Thomas.             99
+
+ENGLER, ADOLPH                                           v
+
+FERNALD, M. L.           Fraxinus Pennsylvania, Marsh, _var._
+                                  lanceolata, Sarg. (_in lit._, Sept.,
+                                   1901)                             172
+                                  Gleditsia triacanthos, L.          129
+                                  Populus balsamifera, L. _var._
+                                   candicans, Gray (_Rhodora_.
+                                   III, 233)                         171
+                                  Salix balsamifera, Barratt.        171
+                                  Salix discolor, Muhl.
+                                  (_in lit._, Sept., 1901)           171
+
+FLAGG                    Morus rubra, L.                             102
+
+FLINT, W. F.                                                           v
+                                  Acer Negundo, L.                   151
+                                  Quercus alba, L.                    75
+
+_Flora of Vermont_           Betula lenta, L. (1900)                  61
+                                  Cratægus Crus-Galli, L. (1900)     117
+                                  Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.
+                                      (1900)                         164
+                                  Picea nigra, Link (1900)            12
+                                  Pinus rigida, Mill (1900)            6
+                                  Populus deltoides, Marsh. (1900)    34
+                                  Quercus alba, L. (1900)             75
+
+FURBISH, MISS KATE       Cratægus coccinea, L. (May, 1899)           119
+                                  Pinus Banksiana, Lamb                8
+
+GOODALE, G. L.           Pinus Banksiana. Lamb                         8
+
+GRANT                    Sassafras officinale, Nees                  106
+
+GRAY, ASA                Ilex opaca, Ait. (_Manual of
+                                   Botany_, 6th ed.)                 138
+
+HAINES, MRS.             Pinus Banksiana, Lamb                         8
+
+HARGER, E. B.            Picea nigra (_Rhodora_, II, 126)             13
+
+HARPER, R. M.            Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. (_Rhodora_
+                          II, 122)                                   104
+
+HARRINGTON, A. K.        Picea alba, Link                             17
+
+HASKINS, T. H.           Ulmus racemosa, Thomas (_Garden and
+                          Forest_, V, 86)                             99
+
+HOLMES, DR. EZEKIEL      Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh                      159
+
+HOSFORD, F. H.           Cratægus mollis, Scheele                    120
+
+HOYT, MISS FANNY E.      Pinus Banksiana, Lamb                         8
+
+HUMPHREY, J. E.          Picea alba, Link                             17
+                         Quercus palustris, Du Roi
+                          (_Amherst Trees_)                           91
+
+JACK, J. G.              Cratægus coccinea, L. (1899-1900)           119
+
+JESSUP, HENRY GRISWOLD   Carya amara, Nutt                            55
+                                  Ulmus racemosa, Thomas              99
+
+JOSSELYN, JOHN           Sassafras officinale, Nees (_New England
+                          Rarities_, 1672)                           106
+
+KNOWLTON, C. H.          Pinus rigida, Mill. (_Rhodora_, II, 124)      6
+
+MANNING, WARREN H.                                                    vi
+
+MATTHEWS, F. SCHUYLER    Morus rubra. L.                             102
+
+MICHAUX, FILS, FRANÇOIS ANDRÉ   Ulmus fulva (_Sylva of North
+                                 America_, III, ed. 1853)             97
+
+MORRIS, E. L.                                                          v
+
+MORSS, CHARLES H.                                                     vi
+
+OAKES, WILLIAM           Morus rubra, L.                             102
+
+PARLIN, J. C.            Sassafras officinale, Nees (1896)           106
+
+PRANTL, KARL VON                                                       v
+
+PRINGLE, C. G.           Pinus Banksiana, Lamb                         8
+                                  Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham.
+                                   & Schlecht                        113
+                                  Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm        84
+
+RAND, E. L.              Pinus Banksiana                               8
+
+_Rhodora_, III, 234    Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var._ barbatum,
+                          Trelease                                   172
+                         Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var._ nigrum,
+                          Britton                                    172
+
+_Rhodora_, III, 58           Ilex opaca, Ait.                        139
+
+_Rhodora_, III, 234          Prunus Americana, Marsh                 171
+
+ROBBINS, JAMES W.        Sassafras officinale, Nees                  106
+                                  Ulmus racemosa, Thomas              99
+
+ROBINSON, DR. B. L.                                                   vi
+
+ROBINSON, JOHN           Cratægus coccinea, L. (1900)                119
+
+ROBINSON, R. E.         Pinus Banksiana, Lamb                          8
+
+RUSSELL, L. W.         Diospyros Virginiana. L.                      161
+                                Quercus palustris, Du Roi             92
+                                Quercus stellata. Wang                77
+
+SARGENT, CHARLES S.   Cratægus coccinea, L. (_Botanical
+                       Gazette_, XXXI, 12, 1901, by permission)      119
+                          Cratægus mollis, Scheele
+                           (_Botanical Gazette_. XXXI, 7, 223, 1901) 121
+
+SETCHELL, W. A.        Populus heterophylla. L.                       33
+
+STONE, W. E.           Quercus palustris.
+                        Du Roi (_Bull. Torr. Club_, IX, 57)           91
+
+SWAN, DR. C. W.                                                       vi
+
+TERRY, MRS. EMILY H.   Picea alba. Link                               17
+
+TRELEASE, WILLIAM      Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var._ barbatum       172
+
+TUCKERMAN, EDWARD      Betula papyrifera, _var._ minor, Marsh.        68
+
+WAGHORNE, A. C.        Cratægus coccinea, L. (1894)                  119
+
+
+
+
+ABBREVIATIONS.
+
+  Ait.--Aiton, William.
+
+  Barratt, Joseph.
+  B. S. P.--Britton, Nathaniel Lord, Sterns, E. E., and Poggenburg,
+    Justus F.
+  Borkh.--Borkhausen, M. B.
+
+  Carr.--Carrière, Éli Abel.
+  Cham.--Chamisso, Adelbert von.
+  Coulter, John Merle.
+
+  DC.--De  Candolle,  Augustin Pyramus.
+  Desf.--Desfontaines, René Louiche.
+  Du Roi, Johann Philip.
+
+  Ehrh.--Ehrhart, Friedrich.
+  Engelm.--Engelmann, George.
+
+  Gray, Asa.
+
+  Jacq.--Jacquin, Nicholaus Joseph.
+
+  Karst.--Karsten, Hermann Gustav Karl Wilhelm.
+  Koch, Wilhelm Daniel Joseph.
+
+  L.--Linnæus, Carolus.
+  L. f.--Linnæus, fils, Carl von.
+  Lam.--Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de Monet.
+  Lamb, Aylmer Bourke.
+  Link, Heinrich Friedrich.
+
+  Marsh.--Marshall, Humphrey.
+  Medic.--Medicus, Friedrich Casimir.
+  Michx.--Michaux, André.
+  Michaux, fils.--François André.
+  Mill.--Miller, Philip.
+  Moench, Konrad.
+  Muhl.--Muhlenberg, H. Ernst.
+
+  Nees--Nees von Esenbeck, C. G.
+  Nutt.--Nuttall, Thomas.
+
+  Peck, Charles H.
+  Poggenburg, Justus F.
+  Pursh, Friedrich Trangott.
+
+  Roem.--Roemer, Johann Jacob.
+
+  Sarg.--Sargent, Charles S.
+  Scheele, A.
+  Schlecht--Schlechtendal, D. F. L. von.
+  Schr.--Schrader, Heinrich A.
+  Spach, Eduard.
+  Sterns, E. E.
+  Sudw.--Sudworth, George B.
+  Sweet, Robert.
+
+  T. and G.--Torrey, John, and Gray, Asa.
+  Thomas, David.
+
+  Vent.--Ventenat, Étienne Pierre.
+
+  Walt.--Walter, Thomas.
+  Wang.--Wangenheim, F. A. J. von.
+  Watson, Sereno.
+  Waugh, Frank A.
+  Willd.--Willdenow, Carl Ludwig.
+
+
+
+
+TREES OF NEW ENGLAND.
+
+
+
+
+PINOIDEÆ. PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS.
+
+
+ABIETACEÆ. CUPRESSACEÆ.
+
+Trees or shrubs, resinous; leaves simple, mostly evergreen, relatively
+small, entire, needle-shaped, awl-shaped, linear, or scale-like;
+stipules none; flowers catkin-like; calyx none; corolla none; ovary
+represented by a scale (ovuliferous scale) bearing the naked ovules on
+its surface.
+
+
+ABIETACEÆ.
+
+LARIX. PINUS. PICEA. TSUGA. ABIES.
+
+Buds scaly; leaves evergreen and persistent for several years (except in
+_Larix_), scattered along the twigs, spirally arranged or tufted,
+linear, needle-shaped, or scale-like; sterile and fertile flowers
+separate upon the same plant; stamens (subtended by scales) spirally
+arranged upon a central axis, each bearing two pollen-sacs surmounted by
+a broad-toothed connective; fertile flowers composed of spirally
+arranged bracts or cover-scales, each bract subtending an ovuliferous
+scale; cover-scale and ovuliferous scale attached at their bases;
+cover-scale usually remaining small, ovuliferous scale enlarging,
+especially after fertilization, gradually becoming woody or leathery and
+bearing two ovules at its base; cones maturing (except in _Pinus_) the
+first year; ovuliferous scales in fruit usually known as cone-scales;
+seeds winged; roots mostly spreading horizontally at a short distance
+below the surface.
+
+
+CUPRESSACEÆ.
+
+THUJA. CUPRESSUS. JUNIPERUS.
+
+Leaf-buds not scaly; leaves evergreen and persistent for several years,
+opposite, verticillate, or sometimes scattered, scale-like, often
+needle-shaped in seedlings and sometimes upon the branches of older
+plants; flowers minute; stamens and pistils in separate blossoms upon
+the same plant or upon different plants; stamens usually bearing 3-5
+pollen-sacs on the underside; scales of fertile aments few, opposite or
+ternate; fruit small cones, or berries formed by coalescence of the
+fleshy cone-scales; otherwise as in _Abietaceæ_.
+
+
+Larix Americana, Michx.
+
+_Larix laricina, Koch._
+
+TAMARACK. HACMATACK. LARCH. JUNIPER.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low lands, shaded hillsides, borders of ponds; in
+New England preferring cold swamps; sometimes far up mountain slopes.
+
+     Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, west to the Rocky
+     mountains; from the Rockies through British Columbia, northward
+     along the Yukon and Mackenzie systems, to the limit of tree growth
+     beyond the Arctic circle.
+
+Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont,--abundant, filling swamps acres in
+extent, alone or associated with other trees, mostly black spruce;
+growing depressed and scattered on Katahdin at an altitude of 4000 feet;
+Massachusetts,--rather common, at least northward; Rhode Island,--not
+reported; Connecticut,--occasional in the northern half of the state;
+reported as far south as Danbury (Fairfield county).
+
+     South along the mountains to New Jersey and Pennsylvania; west to
+     Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--The only New England conifer that drops its leaves in the
+fall; a tree 30-70 feet high, reduced at great elevations to a height of
+1-2 feet, or to a shrub; trunk 1-3 feet in diameter, straight, slender;
+branches very irregular or in indistinct whorls, for the most part
+nearly horizontal; often ending in long spire-like shoots; branchlets
+numerous, head conical, symmetrical while the tree is young, especially
+when growing in open swamps; when old extremely variable, occasionally
+with contorted or drooping limbs; foliage pale green, turning to a dull
+yellow in autumn.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk reddish or grayish brown, separating at the
+surface into small roundish scales in old trees, in young trees smooth;
+season's shoots gray or light brown in autumn.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, globular, reddish.
+
+Leaves simple, scattered along the season's shoots, clustered on the
+short, thick dwarf branches, about an inch long, pale green,
+needle-shaped; apex obtuse; sessile.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--March to April. Flowers lateral, solitary, erect; the
+sterile from leafless, the fertile from leafy dwarf branches; sterile
+roundish, sessile; anthers yellow: fertile oblong, short-stalked; bracts
+crimson or red.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones upon dwarf branches, erect or inclining upwards, ovoid
+to cylindrical, 1/2-3/4 of an inch long, purplish or reddish brown while
+growing, light brown at maturity, persistent for at least a year; scales
+thin, obtuse to truncate; edge entire, minutely toothed or erose; seeds
+small, winged.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; grows in any good soil,
+preferring moist locations; the formal outline of the young trees
+becomes broken, irregular, and picturesque with age, making the mature
+tree much more attractive than the European species common to
+cultivation. Rarely for sale in nurseries, but obtainable from
+collectors. To be successfully transplanted, it must be handled when
+dormant. Propagated from seed.
+
+     =Note.=--The European species, with which the mature plant is often
+     confused, has somewhat longer leaves and larger cones; a form
+     common in cultivation has long, pendulous branches.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE I.--Larix Americana.]
+
+  1. Branch with sterile and fertile flowers.
+  2. Sterile flowers.
+  3. Different views of stamens.
+  4. Ovuliferous scale with ovules.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+  6. Open cone.
+  7. Cone-scale with seeds.
+  8. Leaf.
+  9. Cross-section of leaf.
+
+
+PINUS.
+
+The leaves are of two kinds, primary and secondary; the primary are
+thin, deciduous scales, in the axils of which the secondary leaf-buds
+stand; the inner scales of those leaf-buds form a loose, deciduous
+sheath which encloses the secondary or foliage leaves, which in our
+species are all minutely serrulate.
+
+
+Pinus Strobus, L.
+
+WHITE PINE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In fertile soils; moist woodlands or dry uplands.
+
+     Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, through Quebec and Ontario, to Lake
+     Winnipeg.
+
+New England,--common, from the vicinity of the seacoast to altitudes of
+2500 feet, forming extensive forests.
+
+     South along the mountains to Georgia, ascending to 2500 feet in the
+     Adirondacks and to 4300 in North Carolina; west to Minnesota and
+     Iowa.
+
+=Habit.=--The tallest tree and the stateliest conifer of the New England
+forest, ordinarily from 50 to 80 feet high and 2-4 feet in diameter at
+the ground, but in northern New England, where patches of the primeval
+forest still remain, attaining a diameter of 3-7 feet and a height
+ranging from 100 to 150 feet, rising in sombre majesty far above its
+deciduous neighbors; trunk straight, tapering very gradually; branches
+nearly horizontal, wide-spreading, in young trees in whorls usually of
+five, the whorls becoming more or less indistinct in old trees;
+branchlets and season's shoots slender; head cone-shaped, broad at the
+base, clothed with soft, delicate, bluish-green foliage; roots running
+horizontally near the surface, taking firm hold in rocky situations,
+extremely durable when exposed.
+
+=Bark.=--On trunks of old trees thick, shallow-channeled, broad-ridged;
+on stems of young trees and upon branches smooth, greenish; season's
+shoots at first rusty-scurfy or puberulent, in late autumn becoming
+smooth and light russet brown.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leading branch-buds 1/4-1/2 inch long, oblong
+or ovate-oblong, sharp-pointed; scales yellowish-brown.
+
+Foliage leaves in clusters of five, slender, 3-5 inches long, soft
+bluish-green, needle-shaped, 3-sided, mucronate, each with a single
+fibrovascular bundle, sessile.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--June. Sterile flowers at the base of the season's
+shoots, in clusters, each flower about one inch long, oval, light brown;
+stamens numerous; connectives scale-like: fertile flowers near the
+terminal bud of the season's shoots, long-stalked, cylindrical; scales
+pink-margined.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones, 4-6 inches long, short-stalked, narrow-cylindrical,
+often curved, finally pendent, green, maturing the second year; scales
+rather loose, scarcely thickened at the apex, not spiny; seeds winged,
+smooth.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; free from disease;
+grows well in almost any soil, but prefers a light fertile loam; in open
+ground retains its lower branches for many years. Good plants, grown
+from seed, are usually readily obtainable in nurseries; small collected
+plants from open ground can be moved in sods with little risk.
+
+Several horticultural forms are occasionally cultivated which are
+distinguished by variations in foliage, trailing branches, dense and
+rounded heads, and dwarfed or cylindrical habits of growth.
+
+  PLATE II.  PINUS STROBUS.
+
+  1. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  2. Stamen.
+  3. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  4. Bract and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
+  5. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
+  6. Branch with cones.
+  7. Cross-section of leaf.
+
+
+Pinus rigida, Mill.
+
+PITCH PINE. HARD PINE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Most common in dry, sterile soils, occasional in
+swamps.
+
+     New Brunswick to Lake Ontario.
+
+Maine,--mostly in the southwestern section near the seacoast; as far
+north as Chesterville, Franklin county (C. H. Knowlton, _Rhodora_, II,
+124); scarcely more than a shrub near its northern limits; New
+Hampshire,--most common along the Merrimac valley to the White mountains
+and up the Connecticut valley to the mouth of the Passumpsic, reaching
+an altitude of 1000 feet above the sea level; Vermont,--common in the
+northern Champlain valley, less frequent in the Connecticut valley
+(_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); common in the other New England states,
+often forming large tracts of woodland, sometimes exclusively occupying
+extensive areas.
+
+     South to Virginia and along the mountains to northern Georgia; west
+     to western New York, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee.
+
+=Habit.=--Usually a low tree, from 30 to 50 feet high, with a diameter
+of 1-2 feet at the ground, but not infrequently rising to 70-80 feet,
+with a diameter of 2-4 feet; trunk straight or more or less tortuous,
+tapering rather rapidly; branches rising at a wide angle with the stem,
+often tortuous, and sometimes drooping at the extremities, distinctly
+whorled in young trees, but gradually losing nearly every trace of
+regularity; roughest of our pines, the entire framework rough at every
+stage of growth; head variable, open, often scraggly, widest near the
+base and sometimes dome-shaped in young trees; branchlets stout,
+terminating in rigid, spreading tufts of foliage.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE II.--Pinus Strobus.]
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees thick, deeply furrowed, with broad
+connecting ridges, separating on the surface into coarse dark grayish or
+reddish brown scales; younger stems and branches very rough, separating
+into scales; season's shoots rough to the tips.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leading branch-buds 1/2-3/4 inch long,
+narrow-cylindrical or ovate, acute at the apex, resin-coated; scales
+brownish.
+
+Foliage leaves in threes, 3-5 inches long, stout, stiff, dark
+yellowish-green, 3-sided, sharp-pointed, with two fibrovascular bundles;
+sessile; sheaths when young about 1/2 inch long.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Sterile flowers at the base of the season's shoots,
+clustered; stamens numerous; anthers yellow: fertile flowers at a slight
+angle with and along the sides of the season's shoots, single or
+clustered.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones lateral, single or in clusters, nearly or quite sessile,
+finally at right angles to the stem or twisted slightly downward, ovoid,
+ovate-conical; subspherical when open, ripening the second season;
+scales thickened at the apex, armed with stout, straight or recurved
+prickles.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; well adapted to
+exposed situations on highlands or along the seacoast; grows in almost
+any soil, but thrives best in sandy or gravelly moist loams; valuable
+among other trees for color-effects and occasional picturesqueness of
+outline; mostly uninteresting and of uncertain habit; subject to the
+loss of the lower limbs, and not readily transplanted; very seldom
+offered in quantity by nurserymen; obtainable from collectors, but
+collected plants are seldom successful. Usually propagated from the
+seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE III.--Pinus rigida.]
+
+  1. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  2. Stamen, front view.
+  3. Stamen, top view.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  5. Fertile flower showing bract and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
+  6. Fertile flower showing ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
+  7. Fruiting branch with cones one and two years old.
+  8. Open cone.
+  9. Seed.
+  10. Cross-section of leaf.
+
+
+=Pinus Banksiana, Lamb.=
+
+_Pinus divaricata. Sudw._
+
+SCRUB PINE. GRAY PINE. SPRUCE PINE. JACK PINE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Sterile, sandy soil: lowlands, boggy plains, rocky
+slopes.
+
+     Nova Scotia, northwesterly to the Athabasca river, and northerly
+     down the Mackenzie to the Arctic circle.
+
+Maine,--Traveller mountain and Grand lake (G. L. Goodale); Beal's island
+on Washington county coast, Harrington, Orland, and Cape Rosier (C. G.
+Atkins); Schoodic peninsula in Gouldsboro, a forest 30 feet high (F. M.
+Day, E. L. Rand, _et al._); Flagstaff (Miss Kate Furbush); east branch
+of Penobscot (Mrs. Haines); the Forks (Miss Fanny E. Hoyt); Lake Umbagog
+(Wm. Brewster); New Hampshire,--around the shores of Lake Umbagog, on
+points extending into the lake, rare (Wm. Brewster _in lit._, 1899);
+Welch mountains (_Bull. Torr. Bot. Club_, XVIII, 150); Vermont,--rare,
+but few trees at each station; Monkton in Addison county (R. E.
+Robinson); Fairfax, Franklin county (Bates); Starkesboro (Pringle).
+
+     West through northern New York, northern Illinois, and Michigan to
+     Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--Usually a low tree, 15-30 feet high and 6-8 inches in diameter
+at the ground, but under favorable conditions, as upon the wooded points
+and islands of Lake Umbagog, attaining a height of 50-60 feet, with a
+diameter of 10-15 inches. Extremely variable in habit. In thin soils and
+upon bleak sites the trunk is for the most part crooked and twisted, the
+head scrubby, stunted, and variously distorted, resembling in shape and
+proportions the pitch pine under similar conditions. In deeper soils,
+and in situations protected from the winds, the stem is erect, slender,
+and tapering, surmounted by a stately head with long, flexible branches,
+scarcely less regular in outline than the spruce. Foliage
+yellowish-green, bunched at the ends of the branchlets.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees dark brown, rounded-ridged,
+rough-scaly at the surface; branchlets dark purplish-brown, rough with
+the persistent bases of the fallen leaves; season's shoots
+yellowish-green, turning to reddish-brown.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Branch-buds light brown, ovate, apex acute or
+rounded, usually enclosed in resin.
+
+Leaves in twos, divergent from a short close sheath, about 1 inch in
+length and scarcely 1/12 inch in width, yellowish-green, numerous,
+stiff, curved or twisted, cross-section showing two fibrovascular
+bundles; outline narrowly linear; apex sharp-pointed; outer surface
+convex, inner concave or flat.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--June. Sterile flowers at the base of the season's
+shoots, clustered, oblong-rounded: fertile flowers along the sides or
+about the terminal buds of the season's shoots, single, in twos or in
+clusters; bracts ovate, roundish, purplish.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones often numerous, 1-2 inches long, pointing in the general
+direction of the twig on which they grow, frequently curved at the tip,
+whitish-yellow when young, and brown at maturity; scales when mature
+without prickles, thickened at the apex; outline very irregular but in
+general oblong-conical. The open cones, which are usually much
+distorted, with scales at base closed, have a similar outline.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; slow growing and hard to
+transplant; useful in poor soil; seldom offered by nurserymen or
+collectors. Propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IV.--Pinus Banksiana.]
+
+  1. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  2. Stamen, front view.
+  3. Stamen, top view.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  5. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+  7. Open cone.
+  8, 9. Variant leaves.
+  10, 11. Cross-sections of leaves.
+
+
+Pinus resinosa, Ait.
+
+RED PINE. NORWAY PINE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In poor soils: sandy plains, dry woods.
+
+     Newfoundland and New Brunswick, throughout Quebec and Ontario, to
+     the southern end of Lake Winnipeg.
+
+Maine,--common, plains, Brunswick (Cumberland county); woods, Bristol
+(Lincoln county); from Amherst (western part of Hancock county) and
+Clifton (southeastern part of Penobscot county) northward just east of
+the Penobscot river the predominant tree, generally on dry ridges and
+eskers, but in Greenbush and Passadumkeag growing abundantly on peat
+bogs with black spruce; hillsides and lower mountains about Moosehead,
+scattered; New Hampshire,--ranges with the pitch pine as far north as
+the White mountains, but is less common, usually in groves of a few to
+several hundred acres in extent; Vermont,--less common than _P. Strobus_
+or _P. rigida_, but not rare; Massachusetts,--still more local, in
+stations widely separated, single trees or small groups; Rhode
+Island,--occasional; Connecticut,--not reported.
+
+     South to Pennsylvania; west through Michigan and Wisconsin to
+     Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--The most beautiful of the New England pines, 50-75 feet high,
+with a diameter of 2-3 feet at the ground; reaching in Maine a height of
+100 feet and upwards; trunk straight, scarcely tapering; branches low,
+stout, horizontal or scarcely declined, forming a broad-based, rounded
+or conical head of great beauty when young, becoming more or less
+irregular with age; foliage of a rich dark green, in long dense tufts at
+the ends of the branches.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk reddish-brown, in old trees marked by flat ridges
+which separate on the surface into thin, flat, loose scales; branchlets
+rough with persistent bases of leaf buds; season's shoots stout,
+orange-brown, smooth.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leading branch-buds conical, about 3/4
+inch long, tapering to a sharp point, reddish-brown, invested with
+rather loose scales.
+
+Foliage leaves in twos, from close, elongated, persistent, and
+conspicuous sheaths, about 6 inches long, dark green, needle-shaped,
+straight, sharply and stiffly pointed, the outer surface round and the
+inner flattish, both surfaces marked by lines of minute pale dots.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Sterile flowers clustered at the base of the season's
+shoots, oblong, 1/2-3/4 inch long: fertile flowers single or few, at the
+ends of the season's shoots.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones near extremity of shoot, at right angles to the stem,
+maturing the second year, 1-3 inches long, ovate to oblong conical; when
+opened broadly oval or roundish; scales not hooked or pointed, thickened
+at the apex.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; a tall, dark-foliaged
+evergreen, for which there is no substitute; grows rapidly in all
+well-drained soils and in exposed inland or seashore situations; seldom
+disfigured by insects or disease; difficult to transplant and not common
+in nurseries. Propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE V.--Pinus resinosa.]
+
+  1. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  2. Stamen, front view.
+  3. Stamen, top view.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers and one-year-old cones.
+  5. Bract and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
+  6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
+  7. Fruiting branch showing cones of three different seasons.
+  8. Seeds with cone-scale.
+  9, 10. Cross-sections of leaves.
+
+
+= Pinus sylvestris, L.=
+
+SCOTCH PINE (sometimes incorrectly called the Scotch fir).
+
+Indigenous in the northern parts of Scotland and in the Alps, and from
+Sweden and Norway, where it forms large forests eastward throughout
+northern Europe and Asia.
+
+At Southington, Conn., many of these trees, probably originating from an
+introduced pine in the vicinity, were formerly scattered over a rocky
+pasture and in the adjoining woods, a tract of about two acres in
+extent. Most of these were cut down in 1898, but the survivors, if left
+to themselves, will doubtless multiply rapidly, as the conditions have
+proved very favorable (C. H. Bissell _in lit._, 1899).
+
+Like _P. resinosa_ and _P. Banksiana_, it has its foliage leaves in
+twos, with neither of which, however, is it likely to be confounded;
+aside from the habit, which is quite different, it may be distinguished
+from the former by the shortness of its leaves, which are less than 2
+inches long, while those of _P. resinosa_ are 5 or 6; and from the
+latter by the position of its cones, which point outward and downward at
+maturity, while those of _P. Banksiana_ follow the direction of the
+twig.
+
+
+Picea nigra, Link.
+
+_Picea Mariana, B. S. P. (including Picea brevifolia, Peck)._
+
+BLACK SPRUCE. SWAMP SPRUCE. DOUBLE SPRUCE. WATER SPRUCE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Swamps, sphagnum bogs, shores of rivers and ponds,
+wet, rocky hillsides; not uncommon, especially northward, on dry uplands
+and mountain slopes.
+
+     Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, westward beyond the Rocky
+     mountains, extending northward along the tributaries of the Yukon
+     in Alaska.
+
+Maine,--common throughout, covering extensive areas almost to the
+exclusion of other trees in the central and northern sections,
+occasional on the top of Katahdin (5215 feet); New Hampshire and
+Vermont,--common in sphagnum swamps of low and high altitudes; the dwarf
+form, var. _semi-prostrata_, occurs on the summit of Mt. Mansfield
+(_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); Massachusetts,--frequent; Rhode Island,--not
+reported; Connecticut,--rare; on north shore of Spectacle ponds in Kent
+(Litchfield county), at an elevation of 1200 feet; Newton (Fairfield
+county), a few scattered trees in a swamp at an altitude of 400 feet:
+(New Haven county) a few small trees at Bethany; at Middlebury abundant
+in a swamp of five acres (E. B. Harger, _Rhodora_, II, 126).
+
+     South along the mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee; west
+     through the northern tier of states to Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--In New England, usually a small, slender tree, 10-30 feet high
+and 5-8 inches in diameter; attaining northward and westward much
+greater dimensions; reduced at high elevation to a shrub or dwarf tree,
+2 or 3 feet high; trunk tapering very slowly, forming a narrow-based,
+conical, more or less irregular head; branches rather short, scarcely
+whorled, horizontal or more frequently declining with an upward tendency
+at the ends, often growing in open swamps almost to the ground, the
+lowest prostrate, sometimes rooting at their tips and sending up shoots;
+spray stiff and rather slender; foliage dark bluish-green or glaucous.
+This tree often begins to blossom after attaining a height of 2-5 feet,
+the terminal cones each season remaining persistent at the base of the
+branches, sometimes for many years.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk grayish-brown, separating into rather close, thin
+scales; branchlets roughened with the footstalks of the fallen leaves;
+twigs in autumn dull reddish-brown with a minute, erect, pale, rusty
+pubescence, or nearly smooth.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds scaly, ovate, pointed, reddish-brown.
+Leaves scattered, needle-shaped, dark bluish-green, the upper sides
+becoming yellowish in the sunlight, the faces marked by parallel rows of
+minute bluish dots which sometimes give a glaucous effect to the lower
+surface or even the whole leaf on the new shoots, 4-angled, 1/4-3/4 of
+an inch long, straight or slightly incurved, blunt at the apex, abruptly
+tipped or mucronate, sessile on persistent, decurrent footstalks.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May, a week or two earlier than the red
+spruce; sterile flowers terminal or axillary, on wood of the preceding
+year; about 3/8 inch long, ovate; anthers madder-red: fertile flowers at
+or near end of season's shoots, erect; scales madder-red, spirally
+imbricated, broader than long, margin erose, rarely entire.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones, single or clustered at or near ends of the season's
+shoots, attached to the upper side of the twig, but turning downward by
+the twisting of the stout stalk, often persistent for years; 1/2-1-1/2
+inches long; purplish or grayish brown at the end of the first season,
+finally becoming dull reddish or grayish brown, ovate, ovate-oval, or
+nearly globular when open; scales rigid, thin, reddish on the inner
+surface; margin rounded, uneven, eroded, bifid, or rarely entire.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Best adapted to cool, moist soils; of little
+value under cultivation; young plants seldom preserving the broad-based,
+cone-like, symmetrical heads common in the spruce swamps, the lower
+branches dying out and the whole tree becoming scraggly and unsightly.
+Seldom offered by nurserymen.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VI.--Picea nigra.]
+
+  1. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  2. Stamen, front view.
+  3. Stamen, side view.
+  4. Stamen, top view.
+  5. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  6. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
+  7. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
+  8. Fruiting branch.
+  9. Seed.
+  10. Leaf.
+  11. Cross-sections of leaves.
+
+
+=Picea rubra, Link.=
+
+_Picea rubens, Sarg. Picea nigra, var. rubra, Engelm._
+
+RED SPRUCE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Cool, rich woods, well-drained valleys, slopes of
+mountains, not infrequently extending down to the borders of swamps.
+
+     Prince Edward island and Nova Scotia, along the valley of the St.
+     Lawrence.
+
+Maine,--throughout: most common towards the coast and in the
+extreme north, thus forming a belt around the central area, where
+it is often quite wanting except on cool or elevated slopes; New
+Hampshire,--throughout; the most abundant conifer of upper Coos, the
+White mountain region where it climbs to the alpine area, and the higher
+parts of the Connecticut-Merrimac watershed; Vermont,--throughout; the
+common spruce of the Green mountains, often in dense groves on rocky
+slopes with thin soil; Massachusetts,--common in the mountainous regions
+of Berkshire county and on uplands in the northern sections, occasional
+southward; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--not reported.
+
+     South along the Alleghanies to Georgia, ascending to an altitude of
+     4500 feet in the Adirondacks, and 4000-5000 feet in West Virginia;
+     west through the northern tier of states to Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--A hardy tree, 40-75 feet high; trunk 1-2-1/2 feet in diameter,
+straight, tapering very slowly; branches longer than those of the black
+spruce, irregularly whorled or scattered, the lower often declined,
+sometimes resting on the ground, the upper rising toward the light,
+forming while the tree is young a rather regular, narrow, conical head,
+which in old age and in bleak mountain regions becomes, by the loss of
+branches, less symmetrical but more picturesque; foliage dark
+yellowish-green.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk smoothish and mottled on young trees, at length
+separating into small, thin, flat, reddish scales; in old trees striate
+with shallow sinuses, separating into ashen-white plates, often
+partially detached; spray reddish or yellowish white in autumn with
+minute, erect, pale rusty pubescence.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds scaly, conical, brownish, 1/3 inch long.
+Leaves solitary, at first closely appressed around the young shoots,
+ultimately pointing outward, those on the underside often twisting
+upward, giving a brush-like appearance to the twig, 1/2-3/4 inch long,
+straight or curved (curvature more marked than in _P. nigra_),
+needle-shaped, dark yellowish-green, 4-angled; apex blunt or more or
+less pointed, often mucronate; base blunt; sessile on persistent
+leaf-cushions.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile flowers terminal or axillary on wood of
+the preceding year, 1/2-3/4 inch long, cylindrical; anthers pinkish-red:
+fertile flowers lateral along previous season's shoots, erect; scales
+madder-purple, spirally imbricated, broader than long, margin entire or
+slightly erose.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones; single or clustered, lateral along the previous
+season's shoots, recurved, mostly pointing downward at various angles,
+on short stalks, falling the first autumn but sometimes persistent a
+year longer, 1-2 inches long (usually larger than those of _P. nigra_),
+reddish-brown, mostly ovate; scales thin, stiff, rounded; margin entire
+or slightly irregular.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; adapts itself to a
+great variety of soils and lives to a great age. Its narrow-based
+conical form, dense foliage, and yellow green coloring form an effective
+contrast with most other evergreens. It grows, however, slowly, is
+subject to the loss of its lower branches and to disfigurement by
+insects. Seldom offered in nurseries.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VII.--Picea rubra.]
+
+  1. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  2. Stamen, front view.
+  3. Stamen, side view.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  5. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
+  6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
+  7. Fruiting branch with cones of two seasons.
+  8. Seed.
+  9. Leaf.
+  10. Cross-sections of leaves.
+
+
+=Picea alba, Link.=
+
+_Picea Canadensis, B. S. P._
+
+WHITE SPRUCE. CAT SPRUCE.[1] SKUNK SPRUCE.[2] LABRADOR SPRUCE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, damp, but not wet woods; dry, sandy soils,
+high rocky slopes and exposed hilltops, often in scanty soil.
+
+[Footnote 1, 2: So called from the peculiarly unpleasant odor of the
+crushed foliage and young shoots,--a characteristic which readily
+distinguishes it from the _P. nigra_ and _P. rubra_.]
+
+     Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, through the provinces of Quebec and
+     Ontario to Manitoba and British Columbia, northward beyond all
+     other trees, within 20 miles of the Arctic sea.
+
+Maine,--frequent in sandy soils, often more common than _P. rubra_, as
+far south as the shores of Casco bay; New Hampshire,--abundant around
+the shores of the Connecticut river, disappearing southward at
+Fifteen-Mile falls; Vermont,--restricted mainly to the northern
+sections, more common in the northeast; Massachusetts,--occasional in
+the mountainous regions of Berkshire county; a few trees in Hancock (A.
+K. Harrington); as far south as Amherst (J. E. Humphrey) and Northampton
+(Mrs. Emily H. Terry), probably about the southern limit of the species;
+Rhode Island and Connecticut,--not reported.
+
+     West through the northern sections of the northern tier of states
+     to the Rocky mountains.
+
+=Habit.=--A handsome tree, 40-75 feet high, with a diameter of 1-2 feet
+at the ground, the trunk tapering slowly, throwing out numerous
+scattered or irregularly whorled, gently ascending or nearly horizontal
+branches, forming a symmetrical, rather broad conical head, with
+numerous branchlets and bluish-green glaucous foliage spread in dense
+planes; gum bitter.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk pale reddish-brown or light gray, on very old
+trees ash-white; not as flaky as the bark of the red spruce, the scales
+smaller and more closely appressed; young trees and small branches much
+smoother, pale reddish-brown or mottled brown and gray, resembling the
+fir balsam; branchlets glabrous; shoots from which the leaves have
+fallen marked by the scaly, persistent leaf-cushions; new shoots pale
+fawn-color at first, turning darker the second season; bark of the tree
+throughout decidedly lighter than that of the red or black spruces.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds scaly, ovoid or conical, about 1/4 inch
+long, light brown. Leaves scattered, stout as those of _P. rubra_ or
+very slender, those on the lower side straight or twisted so as to
+appear on the upper side, giving a brush-like appearance to the twig,
+about 3/4 of an inch long; bluish-green, glaucous on the new shoots,
+needle-shaped, 4-angled, slightly curved, bluntish or sharp-pointed,
+often mucronate, marked on each side with several parallel rows of dots,
+malodorous, especially when bruised.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Sterile flowers terminal or axillary, on
+wood of the preceding season; distinctly stalked; cylindrical, 1/2 an
+inch long; anthers pale red: fertile flowers at or near ends of season's
+shoots; scales pale red or green, spirally imbricated, broader than
+long; margin roundish, entire or nearly so; each scale bearing two
+ovules.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones short-stalked, at or near ends of branchlets, light
+green while growing, pale brownish when mature, spreading, 1-2-1/2
+inches long, when closed cylindrical, tapering towards the apex,
+cylindrical or ovate-cylindrical when open, mostly falling the first
+winter; scales broad, thin, smooth; margin rounded, sometimes
+straight-topped, usually entire.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--A beautiful tree, requiring cold winters for its
+finest development, the best of our New England spruces for ornamental
+and forest plantations in the northern sections; grows rapidly in moist
+or well-drained soils, in open sun or shade, and in exposed situations.
+The foliage is sometimes infested by the red spider. Propagated from
+seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VIII.--Picea alba.]
+
+  1. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  2. Stamen, front view.
+  3. Stamen, side view.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  5. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
+  6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
+  7. Fruiting branch.
+  8. Open cone.
+  9. Seed with ovuliferous scale.
+  10. Leaves.
+  11. Cross-sections of leaves.
+
+
+=Tsuga Canadensis, Carr.=
+
+HEMLOCK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Cold soils, borders of swamps, deep woods,
+ravines, mountain slopes.
+
+     Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, through Quebec and Ontario.
+
+Maine,--abundant, generally distributed in the southern and central
+portions, becoming rare northward, disappearing entirely in most of
+Aroostook county and the northern Penobscot region; New
+Hampshire,--abundant, from the sea to a height of 2000 feet in the White
+mountains, disappearing in upper Coos county; Vermont,--common,
+especially in the mountain forests; Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and
+Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to Delaware and along the mountains to Georgia and Alabama,
+     ascending to an altitude of 2000 feet in the Adirondacks; west to
+     Michigan and Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--A large handsome tree, 50-80 feet high; trunk 2-4 feet in
+diameter, straight, tapering very slowly; branches going out at right
+angles, not disposed in whorls, slender, brittle yet elastic, the lowest
+declined or drooping; head spreading, somewhat irregular, widest at the
+base; spray airy, graceful, plume-like, set in horizontal planes;
+foliage dense, extremely delicate, dark lustrous green above and silver
+green below, tipped in spring with light yellow green.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk reddish-brown, interior often cinnamon red,
+shallow-furrowed in old trees; young trunks and branches of large trees
+gray brown, smooth; season's shoots very slender, buff or light
+reddish-brown, minutely pubescent.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Winter buds minute, red brown. Leaves
+spirally arranged but brought by the twisting of the leafstalk into two
+horizontal rows on opposite sides of the twig, about 1/2 an inch long,
+yellow green when young, becoming at maturity dark shining green on the
+upper surface, white-banded along the midrib beneath, flat, linear,
+smooth, occasionally minutely toothed, especially in the upper half;
+apex obtuse; base obtuse; leafstalk slender, short but distinct,
+resting on a slightly projecting leaf-cushion.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Sterile flowers from the axils of the preceding year's
+leaves, consisting of globose clusters of stamens with spurred anthers:
+fertile catkins at ends of preceding year's branchlets, scales crimson.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones, on stout footstalks at ends of branchlets, pointing
+downward, ripening the first year, light brown, about 3/4 of an inch
+long, ovate-elliptical, pointed; scales rounded at the edge, entire or
+obscurely toothed.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows almost
+anywhere, but prefers a good, light, loamy or gravelly soil on moist
+slopes; a very effective tree single or in groups, useful in shady
+places, and a favorite hedge plant; not affected by rust or insect
+enemies; in open ground retains its lower branches for many years. About
+twenty horticultural forms, with variations in foliage, of columnar,
+densely globular, or weeping habit, are offered for sale in nurseries.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IX.--Tsuga Canadensis.]
+
+  1. Branch with flower-buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  3. Sterile flowers.
+  4. Spurred anther.
+  5. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  6. Ovuliferous scale with ovule, inner side.
+  7. Fruiting branch.
+  8. Cover-scales with seeds.
+  9. Leaf.
+  10. Cross-section of leaf.
+
+
+=Abies balsamea, Mill.=
+
+FIR BALSAM. BALSAM. FIR.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Rich, damp, cool woods, deep swamps, mountain
+slopes.
+
+     Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, northwest to the Great
+     Bear Lake region.
+
+Maine,--very generally distributed, ordinarily associated with white
+pine, black spruce, red spruce, and a few deciduous trees, growing at an
+altitude of 4500 feet upon Katahdin; New Hampshire,--common in upper
+Coos county and in the White mountains, where it climbs up to the alpine
+area; in the southern part of the state, in the extensive swamps
+around the sources of the Contoocook and Miller's rivers, it is the
+prevailing timber; Vermont,--common; not rare on mountain slopes and
+even summits; Massachusetts,--not uncommon on mountain slopes in the
+northwestern and central portions of the state, ranging above the red
+spruces upon Graylock; a few trees here and there in damp woods or cold
+swamps in the southern and eastern sections, where it has probably been
+accidentally introduced; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--not reported.
+
+     South to Pennsylvania and along high mountains to Virginia; west to
+     Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--A slender, handsome tree, the most symmetrical of the New
+England spruces, with a height of 25-60 feet, and a diameter of 1-2 feet
+at the ground, reduced to a shrub at high altitudes; branches in young
+trees usually in whorls; branchlets mostly opposite. The branches go out
+from the trunk at an angle varying to a marked degree even in trees of
+about the same size and apparent age; in some trees declined near the
+base, horizontal midway, ascending near the top; in others horizontal or
+ascending throughout; in others declining throughout like those of the
+Norway spruce; all these forms growing apparently under precisely the
+same conditions; head widest at the base and tapering regularly upward;
+foliage dark bright green; cones erect and conspicuous.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees a variegated ashen gray, appearing
+smooth at a short distance, but often beset with fine scales, with one
+edge scarcely revolute, giving a ripply aspect; branches and young trees
+mottled or striate, greenish-brown and very smooth; branchlets from
+which the leaves have fallen marked with nearly circular leaf-scars;
+season's shoots pubescent; bark of trunk in all trees except the oldest
+with numerous blisters, containing the Canada balsam of commerce.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, roundish, resinous, grouped on
+the leading shoots. Leaves scattered, spirally arranged in rows, at
+right angles to twig, or disposed in two ranks like the hemlock; 1/2-1
+inch long, dark glossy green on the upper surface, beneath silvery
+bluish-white, and traversed lengthwise by rows of minute dots, flat,
+narrowly linear; apex blunt, in young trees and upon vigorous shoots,
+often slightly but distinctly notched, or sometimes upon upper branches
+with a sharp, rigid point; sessile; aromatic.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Early spring. Lateral or terminal on shoots of the
+preceding season; sterile flowers oblong-cylindrical, 1/4 inch in
+length; anthers yellow, red-tinged: fertile flowers on the upper side of
+the twig, erect, cylindrical; cover-scales broad, much larger than the
+purple ovuliferous scales, terminating in a long, recurved tip.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones along the upper side of the branchlets, erect or nearly
+so in all stages of growth, purplish when young, 3-5 inches long, 1 inch
+or more wide; puberulous; cover-scales at maturity much smaller than
+ovuliferous scales, thin, obovate, serrulate, bristle-pointed;
+ovuliferous scales thin, broad, rounded; edge minutely erose, serrulate
+or entire; both kinds of scales falling from the axis at maturity; seeds
+winged, purplish.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England, but best adapted to the
+northern sections; grows rapidly in open or shaded situations,
+especially where there is cool, moist, rich soil; easily transplanted;
+suitable for immediate effects in forest plantations, but not desirable
+for a permanent ornamental tree, as it loses the lower branches at an
+early period. Nurserymen and collectors offer it in quantity at a low
+price. Propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE X.--Abies balsamea.]
+
+  1. Branch with flower-buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  3. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  4. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+  6. Ovuliferous scales with ovules at maturity, inner side.
+  7. Cone-scale and ovuliferous scale at maturity, outer side.
+  8-9. Leaves.
+  10-11. Cross-sections of leaves.
+
+
+=Thuja occidentalis, L.=
+
+ARBOR-VITÆ. WHITE CEDAR. CEDAR.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, swampy lands, rocky borders of rivers and
+ponds.
+
+     Southern Labrador to Nova Scotia; west to Manitoba.
+
+Maine,--throughout the state; most abundant in the central and northern
+portions, forming extensive areas known as "cedar swamps"; sometimes
+bordering a growth of black spruce at a lower level; New
+Hampshire,--mostly confined to the upper part of Coos county,
+disappearing at the White river narrows near Hanover; seen only in
+isolated localities south of the White mountains; Vermont,--common in
+swamps at levels below 1000 feet; Massachusetts,--Berkshire county;
+occasional in the northern sections of the Connecticut river valley;
+Rhode Island,--not reported; Connecticut,--East Hartford (J. N. Bishop).
+
+     South along the mountains to North Carolina and East Tennessee;
+     west to Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--Ordinarily 25-50 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet,
+in northern Maine occasionally 60-70 feet in height, with a diameter of
+3-5 feet; trunk stout, more or less buttressed in old trees, tapering
+rapidly, often divided, inclined or twisted, ramifying for the most part
+near the ground, forming a dense head, rather small for the size of the
+trunk; branches irregularly disposed and nearly horizontal, the lower
+often much declined; branchlets many, the flat spray disposed in
+fan-shaped planes at different angles; foliage bright, often
+interspersed here and there with yellow, faded leaves.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees a dead ash-gray, striate with broad
+and flat ridges, often conspicuously spirally twisted, shreddy at the
+edge; young stems and large branches reddish-brown, more or less striate
+and shreddy; branchlets ultimately smooth, shining, reddish-brown,
+marked by raised scars; season's twigs invested with leaves.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leaf-buds naked, minute. Leaves in opposite
+pairs, 4-ranked, closely adherent to the branchlet and completely
+covering it, keeled in the side pairs and flat in the others,
+scale-like, ovate (in seedlings needle-shaped), obtuse or pointed at the
+apex, glandular upon the back, exhaling when bruised a strong aromatic
+odor.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Flowers terminal, dark reddish-brown;
+sterile and fertile, usually on the same plant, rarely on separate
+plants; anthers opposite; filaments short; ovuliferous scales opposite,
+with slight projections near the base, usually 2-ovuled.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones, terminal on short branchlets, spreading or recurved,
+about 1/2 inch long, reddish-brown, loose-scaled, opening to the base at
+maturity; persistent through the first winter; scales 6-12, dry, oblong,
+not shield-shaped, not pointed; margin entire or nearly so; seeds winged
+all round.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; adapts itself to all soils
+and exposures, but prefers moist locations; grows slowly. Young trees
+have a narrowly conical outline, which spreads out at the base with age;
+retains its lower branches in open places, and is especially useful for
+hedges or narrow evergreen screens; little affected by insects; often
+disfigured, however, by dead branches and discolored leaves; is
+transplanted readily, and can be obtained in any quantity from
+nurserymen and collectors. The horticultural forms in cultivation range
+from thick, low, spreading tufts, through very dwarf, round, oval or
+conical forms, to tall, narrow, pyramidal varieties. Some have all the
+foliage tinged bright yellow, cream, or white; others have variegated
+foliage; another form has drooping branches. The bright summer foliage
+turns to a brownish color in winter. It is propagated from the seed and
+its horticultural forms from cuttings and layers.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XI.--Thuja occidentalis.]
+
+  1. Flowering branch with the preceding year's fruit.
+  2. Branch.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Stamen.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Scale with ovules.
+
+
+=Cupressus thyoides, L.=
+
+_Chamæcyparis sphæroidea, Spach. Chamæcyparis thyoides, B. S. P._
+
+WHITE CEDAR. CEDAR.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In deep swamps and marshes, which it often fills
+to the exclusion of other trees, mostly near the seacoast.
+
+     Cape Breton island and near Halifax, Nova Scotia, perhaps
+     introduced in both.
+
+Maine,--reported from the southern part of York county; New
+Hampshire,--limited to Rockingham county near the coast; Vermont,--no
+station known; Massachusetts,--occasional in central and eastern
+sections, very common in the southeast; Rhode Island,--common;
+Connecticut,--occasional in peat swamps.
+
+     Southward, coast region to Florida and west to Mississippi.
+
+=Habit.=--20-50 feet high and 1-2 feet in diameter at the ground,
+reaching in the southern states an altitude of 90 and a diameter of 4
+feet; trunk straight, tapering slowly, throwing out nearly horizontal,
+slender branches, forming a narrow, conical head often of great elegance
+and lightness; foliage light brownish-green; strong-scented; spray flat
+in planes disposed at different angles; wood permanently aromatic.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk thick, reddish, fibrous, shreddy, separating into
+thin scales, becoming more or less furrowed in old trees; branches
+reddish-brown; fine scaled; branches after fall of leaves, in the third
+or fourth year, smooth, purplish-brown; season's shoots at first
+greenish.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leaf-buds naked, minute. Leaves mostly
+opposite, 4-ranked, adherent to the branchlet and completely covering
+it; keeled in the side pairs and slightly convex in the others, dull
+green, pointed at apex or triangular awl-shaped, mostly with a minute
+roundish gland upon the back.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April. Flowers terminal, sterile and fertile, usually
+on the same plant, rarely on separate plants, fertile on short
+branchlets: sterile, globular or oblong, anthers opposite, filaments
+shield-shaped: fertile, oblong or globular; ovuliferous scales opposite,
+slightly spreading at top, dark reddish-brown.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones, variously placed, 1/2 inch in diameter, roundish,
+purplish-brown, opening towards the center, never to the base; scales
+shield-shaped, woody; seeds several under each scale, winged.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England, growing best in
+the southern sections. Young trees are graceful and attractive, but soon
+become thin and lose their lower branches; valued chiefly in landscape
+planting for covering low and boggy places where other trees do not
+succeed as well. Seldom for sale in nurseries, but easily procured from
+collectors. Several unimportant horticultural forms are grown.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XII.--Cupressus thyoides.]
+
+  1. Branch with flowers.
+  2. Sterile flower.
+  3. Stamen, back view.
+  4. Stamen, front view.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules.
+  7. Fruiting-branch.
+  8. Fruit.
+  9. Branch.
+
+
+=Juniperus Virginiana, L.=
+
+RED CEDAR. CEDAR. SAVIN.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Dry, rocky hills but not at great altitudes,
+borders of lakes and streams, sterile plains, peaty swamps.
+
+     Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Ontario.
+
+Maine,--rare, though it extends northward to the middle Kennebec valley,
+reduced almost to a shrub; New Hampshire,--most frequent in the
+southeast part of the state; sparingly in the Connecticut valley as far
+north as Haverhill (Grafton county); found also in Hart's location in
+the White mountain region; Vermont,--not abundant; occurs here and there
+on hills at levels less than 1000 feet; frequent in the Champlain and
+lower Connecticut valleys; Massachusetts,--west and center occasional,
+eastward common; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Indian
+     Territory.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 25-40 feet high, with a trunk diameter of
+8-20 inches, attaining much greater dimensions southward; extremely
+variable in outline; the lower branches usually nearly horizontal, the
+upper ascending; head when young very regular, narrow-based, close and
+conical; in old trees frequently rather open, wide-spreading, ragged,
+roundish or flattened. In very exposed situations, especially along the
+seacoast, the trunk sometimes rises a foot or two and then develops
+horizontally, forming a curiously contorted lateral head. Under such
+conditions it occasionally becomes a dwarf tree 2-3 feet high, with
+wide-spreading branches and a very dense dome; spray close, foliage a
+sombre green, sometimes tinged with a rusty brownish-red; wood pale red,
+aromatic.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk light reddish-brown, fibrous, shredding off, now
+and then, in long strips, exposing the smooth brown inner bark; season's
+shoots green.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leaf-buds naked, minute. Leaves dull green or
+brownish-red, of two kinds:
+
+1. Scale-like, mostly opposite, each pair overlapping the pair above,
+4-ranked, ovate, acute, sometimes bristle-tipped, more or less convex,
+obscurely glandular.
+
+2. Scattered, not overlapping, narrowly lanceolate or needle-shaped,
+sharp-pointed, spreading. The second form is more common in young trees,
+sometimes comprising all the foliage, but is often found on trees of all
+ages, sometimes aggregated in dense masses.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Early May. Flowers terminating short branches, sterile
+and fertile, more commonly on separate trees, often on the same tree;
+anthers in opposite pairs; ovuliferous scales in opposite pairs,
+slightly spreading, acute or obtuse; ovules 1-4.
+
+=Fruit.=--Berry-like from the coalescence of the fleshy cone-scales, the
+extremities of which are often visible, roundish, the size of a small
+pea, dark blue beneath a whitish bloom, 1-4-seeded.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers sunny
+slopes and a loamy soil, but grows well in poor, thin soils and upon
+wind-swept sites; young plants increase in height 1-2 feet yearly and
+have a very formal, symmetrical outline; old trees often become
+irregular and picturesque, and grow very slowly; a long-lived tree;
+usually obtainable in nurseries and from collectors, but must frequently
+be transplanted to be moved with safety. If a ball of earth can be
+retained about the roots of wild plants, they can often be moved
+successfully. There are horticultural forms distinguished by a slender
+weeping or distorted habit, and by variegated bluish or yellowish
+foliage, occasionally found in American nurseries. The type is usually
+propagated from the seed, the horticultural forms from cuttings or by
+grafting.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIII.--Juniperus Virginiana.]
+
+  1. Branch with sterile and fertile flowers.
+  2. Sterile flower.
+  3. Stamen with pollen-sacs.
+  4. Fertile flower.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+  6. Branch.
+  7. Branch with needle-shaped leaves.
+
+
+
+
+SALICACEÆ. WILLOW FAMILY.
+
+
+Trees or shrubs; leaves simple, alternate, undivided, with stipules
+either minute and soon falling or leafy and persistent; inflorescence
+from axillary buds of the preceding season, appearing with or before the
+leaves, in nearly erect, spreading or drooping catkins, sterile and
+fertile on separate trees; flowers one to each bract, without calyx
+or corolla; stamens one to many; style short or none; stigmas 2, entire
+or 2-4-lobed; fruit a 2-4-celled capsule.
+
+
+POPULUS.
+
+Inflorescence usually appearing before the leaves; flowers with lacerate
+bracts, disk cup-shaped and oblique-edged, at least in sterile flowers;
+stamens usually many, filaments distinct; stigmas mostly divided,
+elongated or spreading.
+
+
+SALIX.
+
+Inflorescence appearing with or before the leaves; flowers with entire
+bracts and one or two small glands; disks wanting; stamens few.
+
+
+=Populus tremuloides, Michx.=
+
+POPLAR. ASPEN.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In all soils and situations except in deep swamps,
+though more usual in dry uplands; sometimes springing up in great
+abundance in clearings or upon burnt lands.
+
+     Newfoundland, Labrador, and Nova Scotia to the Hudson bay region
+     and Alaska.
+
+New England,--common, reaching in the White mountain region an altitude
+of 3000 feet.
+
+     South to New Jersey, along the mountains in Pennsylvania and
+     Kentucky, ascending 3000 feet in the Adirondacks; west to the
+     slopes of the Rocky mountains, along which it extends to Mexico and
+     Lower California.
+
+=Habit.=--A graceful tree, ordinarily 35-40 feet and not uncommonly
+50-60 feet high; trunk 8-15 inches in diameter, tapering, surmounted by
+a very open, irregular head of small, spreading branches; spray sparse,
+consisting of short, stout, leafy rounded shoots set at a wide angle;
+distinguished by the slenderness of its habit, the light color of trunk
+and branches, the deep red of the sterile catkins in early spring, and
+the almost ceaseless flutter of the delicate foliage.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk pale green, smooth, dark-blotched below the branches,
+becoming ash-gray and roughish in old trees; season's shoots dark
+reddish-brown or green, shining; bitter.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds 1/8-1/4 inch long, reddish-brown and
+lustrous, usually smooth, ovate, acute, often slightly incurved at apex,
+the upper often appressed. Leaves 1-2-1/2 inches long, breadth usually
+equal to or exceeding the length, yellowish-green and ciliate when
+young, dark dull green above when mature, lighter beneath, glabrous on
+both sides, bright yellow in autumn; outline broadly ovate to orbicular,
+finely serrate or wavy-edged, with incurved, glandular-tipped teeth,
+apex rather abruptly acute or short-acuminate; base acute, truncate or
+slightly heart-shaped, 3-nerved; leafstalk slender, strongly flattened
+at right angles to the plane of the blade, bending to the slightest
+breath of air; stipules lanceolate, silky, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Sterile catkins 1-3 inches long, fertile
+at first about the same length, gradually elongating; bracts cut into
+several lanceolate or linear divisions, silky-hairy; stamens about 10;
+anthers red: ovary short-stalked; stigmas two, 2-lobed, red.
+
+=Fruit.=--June. Capsules, in elongated catkins, conical; seeds numerous,
+white-hairy.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England in the most exposed
+situations; grows almost anywhere, but prefers a moist, rich loam; grows
+rapidly; foliage and spray thin; generally short-lived; often used as a
+screen for slow-growing trees; type seldom found in nurseries, but one
+or two horticultural forms are occasionally offered. Propagated from
+seed or cuttings.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIV.--Populus tremuloides.]
+
+  1. Branch with sterile catkins.
+  2. Sterile flower.
+  3. Branch with fertile catkins.
+  4. Fertile flower.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+  6. Branch with mature leaves.
+  7. Variant leaves.
+
+
+=Populus grandidentata, Michx.=
+
+POPLAR. LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In rich or poor soils; woods, hillsides, borders
+of streams.
+
+     Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southern Quebec, and Ontario.
+
+New England,--common, occasional at altitudes of 2000 feet or more.
+
+     South to Pennsylvania and Delaware, along the mountains to
+     Kentucky, North Carolina, and Tennessee; west to Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--A tree 30-45 feet in height and 1 foot to 20 inches in
+diameter at the ground, sometimes attaining much greater dimensions;
+trunk erect, with an open, unsymmetrical, straggling head; branches
+distant, small and crooked; branchlets round; spray sparse, consisting
+of short, stout, leafy shoots; in time and manner of blossoming,
+constant motion of foliage, and general habit, closely resembling _P.
+tremuloides._
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk on old trees dark grayish-brown or blackish,
+irregularly furrowed, broad-ridged, the outer portions separated into
+small, thickish scales; trunk of young trees soft greenish-gray;
+branches greenish-gray, darker on the underside; branchlets dark
+greenish-gray, roughened with leaf-scars; season's twigs in fall dark
+reddish-brown, at first tomentose, becoming smooth and shining.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds 1/8 inch long, mostly divergent, light
+chestnut, more or less pubescent, dusty-looking, ovate, acute. Leaves
+3-5 inches long, two-thirds as wide, densely white-tomentose when
+opening, usually smooth on both sides when mature, dark green above,
+lighter beneath, bright yellow in autumn; outline roundish-ovate,
+coarsely and irregularly sinuate-toothed; teeth acutish; sinuses in
+shallow curves; apex acute; base truncate or slightly heart-shaped;
+leafstalks long, strongly flattened at right angles to the plane of the
+blade; stipules thread-like, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--March to April. Sterile catkins 1-3 inches long,
+fertile at first about the same length, but gradually elongating;
+bracts cut into several lanceolate divisions, silky-hairy; stamens about
+10; anthers red: ovaries short-stalked; stigmas two, 2-lobed, red.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruiting catkins at length 3-6 inches long; capsule conical,
+acute, roughish-scurfy, hairy at tip: seeds numerous, hairy.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows almost
+anywhere, but prefers moist, rich loam; grows rapidly and is safely
+transplanted, but is unsymmetrical, easily broken by the wind, and
+short-lived; seldom offered by nurserymen, but readily procured from
+northern collectors of native plants. Useful to grow for temporary
+effect with permanent trees, as it will fail by the time the desirable
+kinds are well established. Propagated from seed or cuttings.
+
+=Note.=--Points of difference between _P. tremuloides_ and _P.
+grandidentata_. These trees may be best distinguished in early spring by
+the color of the unfolding leaves. In the sunlight the head of _P.
+tremuloides_ appears yellowish-green, while that of _P. grandidentata_
+is conspicuously cotton white. The leaves of _P. grandidentata_ are
+larger and more coarsely toothed, and the main branches go off usually
+at a broader angle. The buds of _P. grandidentata_ are mostly divergent,
+dusty-looking, dull; of _P. tremuloides_, mostly appressed, highly
+polished with a resinous lustre.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XV.--Populus grandidentata.]
+
+  1. Branch with sterile catkins.
+  2. Sterile flower, back view,
+  3. Sterile flower, front view.
+  4. Branch with fertile catkins.
+  5. Bract of fertile flower.
+  6. Fertile flower, front view.
+  7. Fruiting branch with mature leaves.
+  8. Fruit.
+  9. Fruit.
+
+
+=Populus heterophylla, L.=
+
+POPLAR. SWAMP POPLAR. COTTONWOOD.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In or along swamps occasionally or often
+overflowed; rare, local, and erratically distributed.
+
+Connecticut,--frequent in the southern sections; Bozrah (J. N. Bishop);
+Guilford, in at least three wood-ponds (W. E. Dudley _in lit._), New
+Haven, and near Norwich (W. A. Setchell).
+
+     Following the eastern coast in wide belts from New York (Staten
+     island and Long island) south to Georgia; west along the Gulf coast
+     to western Louisiana, and northward along the Mississippi and Ohio
+     basins to Arkansas, Indiana, and Illinois.
+
+=Habit.=--A slender, medium-sized tree, attaining a height of 30-50
+feet, reaching farther south a maximum of 90 feet; trunk 9-18 inches in
+diameter, usually branching high up, forming a rather open hemispherical
+or narrow-oblong head; branches irregular, short, rising, except the
+lower, at a sharp angle; branchlets stout, roundish, varying in color,
+degree of pubescence, and glossiness, becoming rough after the first
+year with the raised leaf-scars; spray sparse.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk dark ash-gray, very rough, and broken into
+loosely attached narrow plates in old trees; in young trees light
+ash-gray, smooth at first, becoming in a few years roughish, low-ridged.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds conical, acute, more or less resinous.
+Leaves 3-6 inches long, two-thirds as wide, densely white-tomentose when
+young, at length dark green on the upper side, lighter beneath and
+smooth except along the veins; outline ovate, wavy-toothed; base
+heart-shaped, lobes often overlapping; apex obtuse; leafstalk long,
+round, downy; stipules soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Sterile catkins when expanded 3-4 inches
+long, at length pendent; scales cut into irregular divisions, reddish;
+stamens numerous, anthers oblong, dark red: fertile catkins spreading,
+few and loosely flowered, gradually elongating; scales reddish-brown;
+ovary short-stalked; styles 2-3, united at the base; stigmas 2-3,
+conspicuous.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruiting catkins spreading or drooping, 4-5 inches long:
+capsules usually erect, ovoid, acute, shorter than or equaling the
+slender pedicels: seeds numerous, white-hairy.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Not procurable in New England nurseries or from
+collectors; its usefulness in landscape gardening not definitely known.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVI.--Populus heterophylla.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile catkin.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Scale of sterile flower.
+  5. Branch with fertile catkin.
+  6. Fertile flower.
+  7. Fruiting branch with mature leaves.
+
+
+=Populus deltoides, Marsh.=
+
+_Populus monilifera, Ait._
+
+COTTONWOOD. POPLAR.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In moist soil; river banks and basins, shores of
+lakes, not uncommon in drier locations.
+
+     Throughout Quebec and Ontario to the base of the Rocky mountains.
+
+Maine,--not reported; New Hampshire,--restricted to the immediate
+vicinity of the Connecticut river, disappearing near the northern part
+of Westmoreland; Vermont,--western sections, abundant along the shores
+of the Hoosac river in Pownal and along Lake Champlain (W. W.
+Eggleston); in the Connecticut valley as far north as Brattleboro
+(_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); Massachusetts,--along the Connecticut and
+its tributaries; Rhode Island,--occasional; Connecticut,--occasional
+eastward, common along the Connecticut, Farmington, and Housatonic
+rivers.
+
+     South to Florida; west to the Rocky mountains.
+
+=Habit.=--A stately tree, 75-100 feet in height; trunk 3-5 feet in
+diameter, light gray, straight or sometimes slightly inclined, of nearly
+uniform size to the point of branching, surmounted by a noble,
+broad-spreading, open, symmetrical head, the lower branches massive,
+horizontal, or slightly ascending, more or less pendulous at the
+extremities, the upper coarse and spreading, rising at a sharper angle;
+branchlets stout; foliage brilliant green, easily set in motion; the
+sterile trees gorgeous in spring with dark red pendent catkins.
+
+=Bark.=--In old trees thick, ash-gray, separated into deep, straight
+furrows with rounded ridges; in young trees light yellowish-green,
+smooth; season's shoots greenish, marked with pale longitudinal lines.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds large, conical, smooth, shining. Leaves
+3-6 inches long, scarcely less in width, variable in color and shape,
+ordinarily dark green and shining above, lighter beneath, ribs raised on
+both sides; outline broadly ovate, irregularly crenate-toothed; apex
+abruptly acute or acuminate; base truncate, slightly heart-shaped or
+sometimes acute; stems long, slender, somewhat flattened at right angles
+to the plane of the blade; stipules linear, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. In solitary, densely flowered catkins;
+bracts lacerate-fringed, each bract subtending a cup-shaped scale;
+stamens very numerous; anthers longer than the filaments, dark red:
+fertile catkins elongating to 5 or 6 inches; ovary ovoid; stigmas 3 or
+4, nearly sessile, spreading.
+
+=Fruit.=--Capsules ovate, rough, short-stalked; seeds densely cottony.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in southern-central New England; grows
+rapidly in almost any soil and is readily obtainable in nurseries. Where
+an immediate effect is desired, the cottonwood serves the purpose
+excellently and frequently makes very fine large individual trees, but
+the wood is soft and likely to be broken by wind or ice. Usually
+propagated from cuttings.
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVII.--Populus deltoides.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile catkins.
+  3. Sterile flower, back view.
+  4. Sterile flower, front view.
+  5. Scale of sterile flower.
+  6. Fertile flower.
+  7. Fruiting catkin.
+  8. Branch with mature leaves.
+  9. Variant leaf.
+
+
+=Populus balsamifera, L.=
+
+BALSAM. POPLAR. BALM OF GILEAD.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Alluvial soils; river banks, valleys, borders of
+swamps, woods.
+
+     Newfoundland and Nova Scotia west to Manitoba; northward to the
+     coast of Alaska and along the Mackenzie river to the Arctic circle.
+
+Maine,--common; New Hampshire,--Connecticut river valley, generally near
+the river, becoming more plentiful northward; Vermont,--frequent;
+Massachusetts and Rhode Island,--not reported; Connecticut,--extending
+along the Housatonic river at New Milford for five or six miles, perhaps
+derived from an introduced tree (C. K. Averill, _Rhodora_, II, 35).
+
+     West through northern New York, Michigan, Minnesota, Dakota (Black
+     Hills), Montana, beyond the Rockies to the Pacific coast.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 30-75 feet high, trunk 1-3 feet in
+diameter, straight; branches horizontal or nearly so, slender for size
+of tree, short; head open, narrow-oblong or oblong-conical; branchlets
+mostly terete; foliage thin.
+
+=Bark.=--In old trees dark gray or ash-gray, firm-ridged, in young trees
+smooth; branchlets grayish; season's shoots reddish or greenish brown,
+sparsely orange-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds 3/4 inch long, appressed or slightly
+divergent, conical, slender, acute, resin-coated, sticky, fragrant when
+opening. Leaves 3-6 inches long, about one-half as wide, yellowish when
+young, when mature bright green, whitish below; outline ovate-lanceolate
+or ovate, finely toothed, gradually tapering to an acute or acuminate
+apex; base obtuse to rounded, sometimes truncate or heart-shaped;
+leafstalk much shorter than the blade, terete or nearly so; stipules
+soon falling. The leaves of var. _intermedia_ are obovate to oval; those
+of var. _latifolia_ closely approach the leaves of _P. candicans_.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April. Sterile 3-4 inches long, fertile at first about
+the same length, gradually elongating, loosely flowered; bracts
+irregularly and rather narrowly cut-toothed, each bract subtending a
+cup-shaped disk; stamens numerous; anthers red: ovary short-stalked;
+stigmas two, 2-lobed, large, wavy-margined.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruiting catkins drooping, 4-6 inches long: capsules ovoid,
+acute, longer than the pedicels, green: seeds numerous, hairy.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in all
+excepting very wet soils, in full sun or light shade, and in exposed
+situations; of rapid growth, but subject to the attacks of borers, which
+kill the branches and make the head unsightly; also spreads from the
+roots, and therefore not desirable for ornamental plantations; most
+useful in the formation of shelter-belts; readily transplanted but not
+common in nurseries. Propagated from cuttings.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVIII.--Populus balsamifera.]
+
+  1. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  2. Sterile flower, back view.
+  3. Sterile flower, side view.
+  4. Scales of sterile flower.
+  5. Branch with fertile catkins.
+  6. Fertile flower.
+  7. Fruiting catkins, mature.
+  8. Branch with mature leaves.
+
+
+=Populus candicans, Ait.=
+
+_Populus balsamifera_, var. _candicans, Gray._
+
+BALM OF GILEAD.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In a great variety of soils; usually in cultivated
+or pasture lands in the vicinity of dwellings; infrequently found in a
+wild state. The original site of this tree has not been definitely
+agreed upon. Professor L. H. Bailey reports that it is indigenous in
+Michigan, and northern collectors find both sexes in New Hampshire and
+Vermont; while in central and southern New England the staminate tree is
+rarely if ever seen, and the pistillate flowers seldom if ever mature
+perfect fruit. The evidence seems to indicate a narrow belt extending
+through northern New Hampshire, Vermont and Michigan, with the
+intermediate southern sections of the Province of Ontario as the home of
+the Balm of Gilead.
+
+     Nova Scotia and New Brunswick,--occasional; Ontario,--frequent.
+
+New England,--occasional throughout.
+
+     South to New Jersey; west to Michigan and Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 40-60 feet high; trunk 1-3 feet in
+diameter, straight or inclined, sometimes beset with a few crooked,
+bushy branchlets; head very variable in shape and size; solitary in open
+ground, commonly _broad-based, spacious, and pyramidal_, among other
+trees more often rather small; loosely and irregularly branched, with
+sparse, coarse, and often crooked spray; _foliage dark green, handsome,
+and abundant_; all parts characterized by a strong and peculiar resinous
+fragrance. A single tree multiplying by suckers often becomes parent of
+a grove covering half an acre, more or less, made up of trees of all
+ages and sizes.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and lower portions of large branches dark gray,
+rough, irregularly striate and firm in old trees; in young trees and
+upon smaller branches smooth, soft grayish-green, often flanged by
+prominent ridges running down the stalk from the vertices of the
+triangular leaf-scars; season's shoots often flanged, shining reddish or
+olive green, with occasional longitudinal gray lines, viscid.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds dark reddish-brown, rather closely set
+along the stalk, conical or somewhat angled, narrow, often falcate,
+sharp-pointed, resinous throughout, viscid, aromatic, exhaling a
+powerful odor when the scales expand, terminal about 3/4 inch long.
+Leaves 4-6 inches long and nearly as wide, yellowish-green at first,
+becoming dark green and smooth on the upper surface with the exception
+of a _minute pubescence along the veins_, dull light green beneath,
+finely serrate with incurved glandular points, usually ciliate with
+minute stiff, whitish hairs; base heart-shaped; apex short-pointed;
+petioles about 1-1-1/2 inches long, _more or less hairy_, somewhat
+flattened at right angles to the blade; stipules short, ovate, acute,
+soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Similar to that of _P. balsamifera_.
+
+=Fruit.=--Similar to that of _P. balsamifera_.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; has an attractive
+foliage and grows rapidly in all soils and situations, but the branches
+are easily broken by the wind, and its habit of suckering makes it
+objectionable in ornamental ground; occasionally offered by nurserymen
+and collectors. Propagated from cuttings.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIX.--Populus candicans.]
+
+  1. Winter bud.
+  2. Branch with fertile catkins.
+  3. Fertile flower.
+  4. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Populus alba, L.=
+
+ABELE. WHITE POPLAR. SILVER-LEAF POPLAR.
+
+=Range.=--Widely distributed in the Old World, extending in Europe from
+southern Sweden to the Mediterranean, throughout northern Africa, and
+eastward in Asia to the northwestern Himalayas. Introduced from England
+by the early settlers and soon established in the colonial towns, as in
+Plymouth and Duxbury, on the western shore of Massachusetts bay. Planted
+or spontaneous over a wide area.
+
+     New Brunswick and Nova Scotia,--occasional.
+
+New England,--occasional throughout, local, sometimes common.
+
+     Southward to Virginia.
+
+=Habit.=--A handsome tree, resembling _P. grandidentata_ more than any
+other American poplar, but of far nobler proportions; 40-75 feet high
+and 2-4 feet in diameter at the ground; growing much larger in England;
+head large, spreading; round-topped, in spring enveloped in a dazzling
+cloud of cotton white, which resolves itself later into two
+conspicuously contrasting surfaces of dark green and silvery white.
+
+=Bark.=--Light gray, smooth upon young trees, in old trees furrowed upon
+the trunk.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds not viscid, cottony. Leaves 1-4 inches
+long, densely white-tomentose while expanding, when mature dark green
+above and white-tomentose to glabrous beneath; outline ovate or deltoid,
+3-5-lobed and toothed or simply toothed, teeth irregular; base
+heart-shaped or truncate; apex acute to obtuse; leafstalk long, slender,
+compressed; stipules soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence and Fruit.=--April to May. Sterile catkins 2-4 inches
+long, cylindrical, fertile at first shorter,--stamens 6-16; anthers
+purple: capsules 1/4 inch long, narrow-ovoid; seeds hairy.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy. Thrives even in very poor soils and in
+exposed situations; grows rapidly in good soils; of distinctive value in
+landscape gardening but not adapted for planting along streets and upon
+lawns of limited area on account of its habit of throwing out numerous
+suckers and its liability to damage from heavy winds. The sides of
+country roads where the abele has been planted are sometimes obstructed
+for a considerable distance by the thrifty shoots from underground.
+
+
+=Salix discolor. Muhl.=
+
+PUSSY WILLOW. GLAUCOUS WILLOW.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, wet grounds; banks of streams, swamps, moist
+hillsides.
+
+     Nova Scotia to Manitoba.
+
+Maine,--abundant; common throughout the other New England states.
+
+     South to North Carolina; west to Illinois and Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--Mostly a tall shrub with several stems, but occasionally
+assuming a tree-like habit, with a height of 15-20 feet and trunk
+diameter of 5-10 inches; one tree reported at Laconia, N. H., 35 feet
+high (F. W. Batchelder); branches few, stout, ascending, forming a very
+open, hemispherical head.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk reddish-brown; branches dark-colored; branchlets light
+green, orange-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate-conical; apex obtuse to acute.
+Leaves simple, alternate, 2-4 inches long, smooth and bright green
+above, smooth and whitish beneath when fully grown; outline
+ovate-lanceolate to narrowly oblong-oval, crenulate-serrate to entire;
+apex acute, base acute and entire; leafstalk short; stipules toothed or
+entire.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--March to April. Appearing before the leaves in
+catkins, sterile and fertile on separate plants, occasionally both kinds
+on the same plant, sessile,--sterile spreading or erect,
+oblong-cylindrical, silky; calyx none; petals none; bracts entire,
+reddish-brown turning to black, oblong to oblong-obovate, with long,
+silky hairs; stamens 2; filaments distinct: fertile catkins spreading;
+bracts oblong to ovate, hairy; style short; stigma deeply 4-lobed.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruiting catkins somewhat declined: capsules ovate-conical,
+tomentose, stem two-thirds the length of the scale: seeds numerous.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Picturesque in blossom and fruit; its value
+dependent chiefly upon its matted roots for holding wet banks, and its
+ability to withstand considerable shade. Sold by plant collectors;
+easily propagated from cuttings.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XX.--Salix discolor.]
+
+  1. Leaf-buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile catkins.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Branch with fertile catkins.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+  7. Mature leaves.
+
+
+=Salix nigra, Marsh.=
+
+BLACK WILLOW
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In low grounds, along streams or ponds, river
+flats.
+
+     New Brunswick to western Ontario.
+
+New England,--occasional throughout, frequent along the larger streams.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian
+     territory, Louisiana, Texas, southern California, and south into
+     Mexico.
+
+=Habit.=--A large shrub or small tree, 25-40 feet high and 10-15 inches
+in trunk diameter, attaining great size in the Ohio and Mississippi
+valleys and the valley of the lower Colorado; trunk short, surmounted by
+an irregular, open, often roundish head, with stout, spreading branches,
+slender branchlets, and twigs brittle towards their base.
+
+_S. nigra_, var. _falcata_, Pursh., covers about the same range as the
+type and differs chiefly in its narrower, falcate leaves.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk rough, in young trees light brown, in old trees
+dark-colored or nearly black, deeply and irregularly ridged, separated
+on the surface into thick, plate-like scales; branchlets reddish-brown;
+twigs bronze olive.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds narrowly conical, acute. Leaves simple,
+alternate, appearing much later than those of _S. discolor_, 2-5 inches
+long, somewhat pubescent on both sides when young, when mature green and
+smooth above, paler and sometimes pubescent along the veins beneath;
+outline narrowly lanceolate, finely serrate; apex acute or acuminate,
+often curved; base acutish to rounded or slightly heart-shaped; petiole
+short, usually pubescent; stipules large and persistent, or small and
+soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Appearing with the leaves from the axils
+of the short, lateral shoots, in catkins, sterile and fertile on
+different trees, stalked,--sterile spreading, narrowly cylindrical;
+calyx none; corolla none; bracts entire, rounded to oblong, villous,
+ciliate; stamens about 5: fertile catkins spreading; calyx none; corolla
+none; bracts ovate to narrowly oblong, acute, villous; ovary
+short-stalked, with two small glands at its base, ovate-conical,
+sometimes obovate, smooth; stigmas 2, short.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fertile catkins drooping: capsules ovate-conical,
+short-stemmed, minutely granular; style very short: seeds numerous.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; grows rapidly in all
+soils, particularly useful in very wet situations; seriously affected by
+insects; occasionally offered in nurseries; transplanted readily;
+propagated from cuttings.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXI.--Salix nigra.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile catkins.
+  3. Sterile flower, side view.
+  4. Sterile flower, front view.
+  5. Branch with fertile catkins.
+  6. Fertile flower, side view.
+  7. Fertile flower, front view.
+  8. Fruiting branch.
+  9. Fruit enlarged.
+
+
+=Salix fragilis and Salix alba.=
+
+The _fragilis_ and _alba_ group of genus _Salix_ gives rise to puzzling
+questions of determination and nomenclature. Pure _fragilis_ and pure
+_alba_ are perfectly distinct plants, _fragilis_ occasional, locally
+rather common, and _alba_ rather rare within the limits of the United
+States. Each species has varieties; the two species hybridize with each
+other and with native species, and the hybrids themselves have varietal
+forms. This group affords a tempting field for the manufacture of
+species and varieties, about most of which so little is known that any
+attempt to assign a definite range would be necessarily imperfect and
+misleading. The range as given below in either species simply points out
+the limits within which any one of the various forms of that species
+appears to be spontaneous.
+
+
+=Salix fragilis, L.=
+
+CRACK WILLOW. BRITTLE WILLOW.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In low land and along river banks. Indigenous in
+southwestern Asia, and in Europe where it is extensively cultivated;
+introduced into America probably from England for use in basket-making,
+and planted at a very early date in many of the colonial towns; now
+extensively cultivated, and often spontaneous in wet places and along
+river banks, throughout New England and as far south as Delaware.
+
+=Habit.=--Tree often of great size; attaining a maximum height of 60-90
+feet; head open, wide-spreading; branches except the lowest rising at a
+broad angle; branchlets reddish or yellowish green, smooth and polished,
+very brittle at the base. In 1890 there was standing upon the Groome
+estate, Humphreys Street, Dorchester, Mass., a willow of this species
+about 60 feet high, 28 feet 2 inches in girth five feet from the ground,
+with a spread of 110 feet (_Typical Elms and other Trees of
+Massachusetts_, p. 85).
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of the trunk gray, smooth in young trees, in old trees
+very rough, irregularly ridged, sometimes cleaving off in large plates.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds about 1/3 inch long, reddish-brown,
+narrow-conical. Leaves simple, alternate, 2-6 inches long, smooth, dark
+green and shining above, pale or glaucous beneath and somewhat pubescent
+when young; outline lanceolate, glandular-serrate; apex long-acuminate;
+tapering to an acute or obtuse base; leafstalk short, glandular at the
+top; stipules half-cordate when present, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Catkins appearing with the leaves,
+spreading, stalked,--sterile 1-2 inches long; stamens 2-4, usually 2;
+filaments distinct, pubescent below; ovary abortive: fertile catkins
+slender; stigma nearly sessile; capsule long-conical, smooth,
+short-stalked.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows best near
+streams, but adapts itself readily to all rich, damp soils. A handsome
+ornamental tree when planted where its roots can find water, and its
+branches space for free development. Readily propagated from slips.
+
+
+SALIX ALBA, L.
+
+WHITE WILLOW.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, moist grounds; along streams. Probably
+indigenous throughout Europe, northern Africa, and Asia as far south as
+northwestern India. Extensively introduced in America, and often
+spontaneous over large areas.
+
+     New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Ontario.
+
+New England,--sparingly throughout.
+
+     South to Delaware; extensively introduced in the western states.
+
+=Habit.=--A large tree, 50-80 feet in height; trunk usually rather short
+and 2-7 feet in diameter; head large, not as broad-spreading as that of
+_S. fragilis_; branches numerous, mostly ascending.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees gray and coarsely ridged, in young
+trees smooth; twigs smooth, olive.
+
+=Leaves.=--Leaves simple, alternate, 2-4 inches long, _silky-hairy on
+both sides when young, when old still retaining more or less pubescence,
+especially on the paler under surface_; outline narrowly lanceolate or
+elliptic-lanceolate, glandular-serrate, tapering to a long pointed apex
+and to an acute base; leafstalk short, usually without glands; stipules
+ovate-lanceolate, soon falling.
+
+=Note.=--Var. _vitellina_, Koch., by far the most common form of this
+willow; mature leaves glabrous above; twigs _yellow_. Var. _cærulea_,
+Koch.; mature leaves bluish-green, glabrous above, glaucous beneath;
+twigs _olive_.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Catkins appearing with the leaves,
+slender, erect, stalked; scales linear; stamens 2; filaments distinct,
+hairy below the middle; stigma nearly sessile, deeply cleft; capsule
+glabrous, sessile or nearly so.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows best in
+moist localities; extensively cultivated to bind the soil along the
+banks of streams. Easily propagated from slips.
+
+
+
+
+JUGLANDACEÆ. WALNUT FAMILY.
+
+
+=Juglans cinerea, L.=
+
+BUTTERNUT. OILNUT. LEMON WALNUT.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Roadsides, rich woods, river valleys, fertile,
+moist hillsides, high up on mountain slopes.
+
+     New Brunswick, throughout Quebec and eastern Ontario.
+
+Maine,--common, often abundant; New Hampshire,--throughout the
+Connecticut valley, and along the Merrimac and its tributaries, to the
+base of the White mountains; Vermont,--frequent; Massachusetts,--common
+in the eastern and central portions, frequent westward; Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to Delaware, along the mountains to Georgia and Alabama; west
+     to Minnesota, Kansas, and Arkansas.
+
+=Habit.=--Usually a medium-sized tree, 20-45 feet in height, with a
+disproportionately large trunk, 1-4 feet in diameter; often attaining
+under favorable conditions much greater dimensions. It ramifies at a few
+feet from the ground and throws out long, rather stout, and nearly
+horizontal branches, the lower slightly drooping, forming for the height
+of the tree a very wide-spreading head, with a stout and stiffish spray.
+At its best the butternut is a picturesque and even beautiful tree.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk dark gray, rough, narrow-ridged and wide-furrowed
+in old trees, in young trees smooth, dark gray; branchlets brown gray,
+with gray dots and prominent leaf-scars; season's shoots greenish-gray,
+faint-dotted, with a clammy pubescence. The bruised bark of the nut
+stains the skin yellow.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds flattish or oblong-conical, few-scaled,
+2-4 buds often superposed, the uppermost largest and far above the
+axil. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, 1-1-1/2 feet long,
+viscid-pubescent throughout, at least when young; rachis enlarged at
+base; stipules none; leaflets 9-17, 2-4 inches long, about half as wide,
+upper surface rough, yellowish when unfolding in spring, becoming a dark
+green, lighter beneath, yellow in autumn; outline oblong-lanceolate,
+serrate; veins prominent beneath; apex acute to acuminate; base obtuse
+to rounded, somewhat inequilateral, sessile, except the terminal
+leaflet; stipels none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing while the leaves are unfolding, sterile
+and fertile flowers on the same tree,--the sterile from terminal or
+lateral buds of the preceding season, in single, unbranched, stout,
+green, cylindrical, drooping catkins 3-6 inches long; calyx irregular,
+mostly 6-lobed, borne on an oblong scale; corolla none; stamens 8-12,
+with brown anthers: fertile flowers sessile, solitary, or several on a
+common peduncle from the season's shoots; calyx hairy, 4-lobed, with 4
+small petals at the sinuses; styles 2, short; stigmas 2, large,
+feathery, diverging, rose red.
+
+=Fruit.=--Ripening in October, one or several from the same footstalk,
+about 3 inches long, oblong, pointed, green, downy, and sticky at first,
+dark brown when dry: shells sculptured, rough: kernel edible, sweet but
+oily.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in any
+well-drained soil, but prefers a deep, rich loam; seldom reaches its
+best under cultivation. Trees of the same age are apt to vary in vigor
+and size, dead branches are likely to appear early, and sound trees 8 or
+10 inches in diameter are seldom seen; the foliage is thin, appears late
+and drops early; planted in private grounds chiefly for its fruit; only
+occasionally offered in nurseries, collected plants seldom successful.
+Best grown from seed planted where the tree is to stand, as is evident
+from many trees growing spontaneously.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXII.--Juglans cinerea.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, side view.
+  4. Fertile flower.
+  5. Fruit.
+  6. Leaf.
+
+
+=Juglans nigra, L.=
+
+BLACK WALNUT.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Rich woods.
+
+Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont,--not reported native;
+Massachusetts,--rare east of the Connecticut river, occasional along the
+western part of the Connecticut valley to the New York line; Rhode
+Island,--doubtfully native, Apponaug (Kent county) and elsewhere;
+Connecticut,--frequent westward, Darien (Fairfield county); Plainville
+(Hartford county, J. N. Bishop _in lit._, 1896); in the central and
+eastern sections probably introduced.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Kansas, Arkansas, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A large tree, 50-75 feet high, with a diameter above the swell
+of the roots of 2-5 feet; attaining in the Ohio valley a height of 150
+feet and a diameter of 6-8 feet; trunk straight, slowly tapering,
+throwing out its lower branches nearly horizontally, the upper at a
+broad angle, forming an open, spacious, noble head.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees thick, blackish, and deeply
+furrowed; large branches rough and more or less furrowed; branchlets
+smooth; season's twigs downy.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, ovate or rounded, obtuse, more or
+less pubescent, few-scaled. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate; rachis
+smooth and swollen at base, but less so than that of the butternut;
+stipules none; leaflets 13-21 (the odd leaflet at the apex often
+wanting), opposite or alternate, 2-5 inches long, about half as wide;
+dark green and smooth above, lighter and slightly glandular-pubescent
+beneath, turning yellow in autumn; outline ovate-lanceolate; apex
+taper-pointed; base oblique, usually rounded or heart-shaped; stemless
+or nearly so, except the terminal leaflet; stipels none. Aromatic when
+bruised.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing while the leaves are unfolding, sterile
+and fertile flowers on the same tree,--the sterile along the sides or at
+the ends of the preceding year's branches, in single, unbranched,
+green, stout, cylindrical, pendulous catkins, 3-6 inches long; perianth
+of 6 rounded lobes, stamens numerous, filaments very short, anthers
+purple: fertile flowers in the axils of the season's shoots, sessile,
+solitary or several on a common peduncle; calyx 4-toothed, with 4 small
+petals at the sinuses; stigmas 2, reddish-green.
+
+=Fruit.=--Ripening in October at the ends of the branchlets, single, or
+two or more together; round, smooth, or somewhat roughish with uneven
+surface, not viscid, dull green turning to brown: husk not separating
+into sections: shell irregularly furrowed: kernel edible.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in central and southern New England; grows
+well in most situations, but in a deep rich soil it forms a large and
+handsome tree. Readily obtainable in western nurseries; transplants
+rather poorly, and collected plants are of little value. Its leaves
+appear late and drop early, and the fruit is often abundant. These
+disadvantages make it objectionable in many cases. Grown from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXIII.--Juglans nigra.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, front view.
+  4. Sterile flower, back view.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Carya alba, Nutt.=
+
+_Hicoria ovata, Britton._
+
+SHAGBARK. SHAGBARK OR SHELLBARK HICKORY. WALNUT.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In various soils and situations, fertile slopes,
+brooksides, rocky hills.
+
+     Valley of the St. Lawrence.
+
+Maine,--along or near the coast as far north as Harpswell (Cumberland
+county); New Hampshire,--common as far north as Lake Winnepesaukee;
+Vermont,--occasional along the Connecticut to Windsor, rather common in
+the Champlain valley and along the western slopes of the Green
+mountains; Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to Delaware and along the mountains to Florida; west to
+     Minnesota, Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--The tallest of the hickories and proportionally the most
+slender, from 50 to 75 feet in height, and not more than 2 feet in trunk
+diameter; rising to a great height in the Ohio and Indiana river
+bottoms. The trunk, shaggy in old trees, rises with nearly uniform
+diameter to the point of furcation, throwing out rather small branches
+of unequal length and irregularly disposed, forming an oblong or rounded
+head with frequent gaps in the continuity of the foliage.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk in young trees and in the smaller branches ash-gray,
+smoothish to seamy; in old trees, extremely characteristic, usually
+shaggy, the outer layers separating into long, narrow, unequal plates,
+free at one or both ends, easily detachable; branchlets smooth and gray,
+with conspicuous leaf-scars; season's shoots stout, more or less downy,
+numerous-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds tomentose, ovate to oblong, terminal
+buds large, much swollen before expanding; inner scales numerous,
+purplish-fringed, downy, enlarging to 5-6 inches in length as the leaves
+unfold. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, 12-20 inches long; petiole
+short, rough, and somewhat swollen at base; stipules none; leaflets
+usually 5, sometimes 3 or 7, 3-7 inches long, dark green above,
+yellowish-green and downy beneath when young, the three upper large,
+obovate to lanceolate, the two lower much smaller, oblong to
+oblong-lanceolate, all finely serrate and sharp-pointed; base obtuse,
+rounded or acute, mostly inequilateral; nearly sessile save the odd
+leaflet; stipels none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile and fertile flowers on the same tree,
+appearing when the leaves are fully grown,--sterile at the base of the
+season's shoots, in slender, green, pendulous catkins, 4-6 inches long,
+usually in threes, branching umbel-like from a common peduncle;
+flower-scales 3-parted, the middle lobe much longer than the other two,
+linear, tipped with long bristles; calyx adnate to scale; stamens
+mostly in fours, anthers yellow, bearded at the tip: fertile flowers
+single or clustered on peduncles at the ends of the season's shoots;
+calyx 4-toothed, hairy, adherent to ovary; corolla none; stigmas 2,
+large, fringed.
+
+=Fruit.=--October. Spherical, 3-6 inches in circumference: husks rather
+thin, firm, green turning to brown, separating completely into 4
+sections: nut variable in size, subglobose, white, usually 4-angled:
+kernel large, sweet, edible.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers light,
+well-drained, loamy soil; when well established makes a moderately rapid
+growth; difficult to transplant, rarely offered in nurseries; collected
+plants seldom survive; a fine tree for landscape gardening, but its nuts
+are apt to make trouble in public grounds. Propagated from a seed. A
+thin-shelled variety is in cultivation.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXIV.--Carya alba.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, front view.
+  4. Sterile flower, back view.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Carya tomentosa, Nutt.=
+
+_Hicoria alba, Britton._
+
+MOCKERNUT. WHITE-HEART HICKORY. WALNUT.
+
+Habitat and Range.--In various soils; woods, dry, rocky ridges, mountain
+slopes.
+
+    Niagara peninsula and westward.
+
+Maine and Vermont,--not reported; New Hampshire,--sparingly along the
+coast; Massachusetts,--rather common eastward; Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,--common.
+
+    South to Florida, ascending 3500 feet in Virginia; west to Kansas,
+    Nebraska, Missouri, Indian territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A tall and rather slender tree, 50-70 feet high, with a
+diameter above the swell of the roots of 2-3 feet; attaining much
+greater dimensions south and west; trunk erect, not shaggy, separating
+into a few rather large limbs and sending out its upper branches at a
+sharp angle, forming a handsome, wide-spreading, pyramidal head.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk dark gray, thick, hard, close, and rough,
+becoming narrow-rugged-furrowed; crinkly on small trunks and branches;
+leaf-scars prominent; season's shoots stout, brown, downy or dusty
+puberulent, dotted, resinous-scented.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds large, yellowish-brown, ovate, downy.
+Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, 15-20 inches long; rachis large,
+downy, swollen at the base; stipules none; leaflets 7-9, opposite,
+large, yellowish-green and smooth above, beneath paler and thick-downy,
+at least when young, turning to a clear yellow or russet brown in
+autumn, the three upper obovate, the two lower ovate, all the leaflets
+slightly serrate or entire, pointed, base acute to rounded, nearly
+sessile except the odd one. Aromatic when bruised.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile and fertile flowers on the same tree,
+appearing when the leaves are fully grown,--sterile at the base of the
+season's shoots, in slender, pendulous, downy catkins, 4-8 inches long,
+usually in threes, branching umbel-like from a common peduncle; scales
+3-lobed, hairy; calyx adnate; stamens 4 or 5, anthers red, bearded at
+the tip: fertile flowers on peduncles at the end of the season's shoots;
+calyx toothed, hairy, adherent to ovary; corolla none; stigmas 2, hairy.
+
+=Fruit.=--October. Generally sessile on terminal peduncles, single or in
+pairs, as large or larger than the fruit of the shagbark, or as small as
+that of the pignut, oblong-globose to globose: husk hard and thick,
+separating in 4 segments nearly to the base, strong-scented: nut
+globular, 4-ridged near the top, thick-shelled: kernel usually small,
+sweet, edible. The superior size of the fruit and the smallness of the
+kernel probably give rise to the common name, "mockernut."
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a rich,
+well-drained soil, but grows well in rocky, ledgy, exposed
+situations, and is seldom disfigured by insect enemies. Young trees have
+large, deep roots, and are difficult to transplant successfully unless
+they have been frequently transplanted in nurseries, from which,
+however, they are seldom obtainable. Propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXV.--Carya tomentosa.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, front view.
+  4. Sterile flower, side view.
+  5. Sterile flower, top view.
+  6. Fertile flower, side view.
+  7. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Carya porcina, Nutt.=
+
+_Hicoria glabra, Britton_.
+
+PIGNUT. WHITE HICKORY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Woods, dry hills, and uplands.
+
+    Niagara peninsula and along Lake Erie.
+
+Maine,--frequent in the southern corner of York county; New
+Hampshire,--common toward the coast and along the lower Merrimac valley;
+abundant on hills near the Connecticut river, but only occasional above
+Bellows Falls; Vermont,--Marsh Hill, Ferrisburgh (Brainerd); W.
+Castleton and Pownal (Eggleston); Massachusetts,--common eastward; along
+the Connecticut river valley and some of the tributary valleys more
+common than the shagbark; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--common.
+
+    South to the Gulf of Mexico; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas,
+    Indian territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A stately tree, 50-65 feet high, reaching in the Ohio basin a
+height of 120 feet; trunk 2-5 feet in diameter, gradually tapering,
+surmounted by a large, oblong, open, rounded, or pyramidal head, often
+of great beauty.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk dark ash-gray, uniformly but very coarsely
+roughened, in old trees smooth or broken into rough and occasionally
+projecting plates; branches gray; leaf-scars rather prominent; season's
+shoots smooth or nearly so, purplish changing to gray, with numerous
+dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Lateral buds smaller than in _C. tomentosa_,
+oblong, pointed; terminal, globular, with rounded apex; scales numerous,
+the inner reddish, lengthening to 1 or 2 inches, not dropping till after
+expansion of the leaves. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, 10-18
+inches long; petiole long and smooth; stipules none; leaflets 5-7,
+opposite, 2-5 inches long, yellowish-green above, paler beneath, turning
+to an orange brown in autumn, smooth on both sides; outline, the three
+upper obovate, the two lower oblong-lanceolate, all taper-pointed; base
+obtuse, sometimes acute, especially in the odd leaflet.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile and fertile flowers on the same tree,
+appearing when the leaves are fully grown,--sterile at the base of the
+season's shoots, in pendulous, downy, slender catkins, 3-5 inches long,
+usually in threes, branching umbel-like from a common peduncle; scales
+3-lobed, nearly glabrous, lobes of nearly equal length, pointed, the
+middle narrower; stamens mostly 4, anthers yellowish, beset with white
+hairs: fertile flowers at the ends of the season's shoots; calyx
+4-toothed, pubescent, adherent to the ovary; corolla none; stigmas 2.
+
+=Fruit.=--October. Single or in pairs, sessile on a short, terminal
+stalk, shape and size extremely variable, pear-shaped, oblong, round, or
+obovate, usually about 1-1/2 inches in diameter: husk thin, green
+turning to brown, when ripe parting in four sections to the center and
+sometimes nearly to the base: nut rather thick-shelled, not ridged, not
+sharp-pointed: kernel much inferior in flavor to that of the shagbark.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in all
+well-drained soils, but prefers a deep, rich loam; a desirable tree for
+ornamental plantations, especially in lawns, as the deep roots do not
+interfere with the growth of grass above them; ill-adapted, like all the
+hickories, for streets, as the nuts are liable to cause trouble; less
+readily obtainable in nurseries than the shellbark hickory and equally
+difficult to transplant. Propagated from the seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXVI.--Carya porcina.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3, 4. Sterile flower, back view.
+  5. Fertile flower, side view.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Carya amara, Nutt.=
+
+_Hicoria minima, Britton_.
+
+BITTERNUT. SWAMP HICKORY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In varying soils and situations; wet woods, low,
+damp fields, river valleys, along roadsides, occasional upon uplands and
+hill slopes.
+
+     From Montreal west to Georgian bay.
+
+Maine,--southward, rare; New Hampshire,--eastern limit in the
+Connecticut valley, where it ranges farther north than any other of our
+hickories, reaching Well's river (Jessup); Vermont,--occasional west of
+the Green mountains and in the southern Connecticut valley;
+Massachusetts,--rather common, abundant in the vicinity of Boston; Rhode
+Island and Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to Florida, ascending 3500 feet in Virginia; west to
+     Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A tall, slender tree, 50-75 feet high and 1 foot-2-1/2 feet in
+diameter at the ground, reaching greater dimensions southward. The
+trunk, tapering gradually to the point of branching, develops a
+capacious, spreading head, usually widest near the top, with lively
+green, finely cut foliage of great beauty, turning to a rich orange in
+autumn. Easily recognized in winter by its flat, yellowish buds.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk gray, close, smooth, rarely flaking off in thin
+plates; branches and branchlets smooth; leaf-scars prominent; season's
+shoots yellow, smooth, yellow-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Terminal buds long, yellow, flattish, often
+scythe-shaped, pointed, with a granulated surface; lateral buds much
+smaller, often ovate or rounded, pointed. Leaves pinnately compound,
+alternate, 12-15 inches long; rachis somewhat enlarged at base; stipules
+none; leaflets 5-11, opposite, 5-6 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, bright
+green and smooth above, paler and smooth or somewhat downy beneath,
+turning to orange yellow in autumn; outline lanceolate, or narrowly oval
+to oblong-obovate, serrate; apex taper-pointed to scarcely acute; base
+obtuse or rounded except that of the terminal leaflet, which is acute;
+sessile and inequilateral, except in terminal leaflet, which has a short
+stem and is equal-sided; sometimes scarcely distinguishable from the
+leaves of _C. porcina_; often decreasing regularly in size from the
+upper to the lower pair.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile and fertile flowers on the same tree,
+appearing when the leaves are fully grown,--sterile at the base of the
+season's shoots, or sometimes from the lateral buds of the preceding
+season, in slender, pendulous catkins, 3-4 inches long, usually in
+threes, branching umbel-like from a common peduncle; scale 3-lobed,
+hairy-glandular, middle lobe about the same length as the other two but
+narrower, considerably longer toward the end of the catkin; stamens
+mostly 5, anthers bearded at the tip: fertile flowers on peduncles at
+the end of the season's shoots; calyx 4-lobed, pubescent, adherent to
+the ovary; corolla none; stigmas 2.
+
+=Fruit.=--October. Single or in twos or threes at the ends of the
+branchlets, abundant, usually rather small, about 1 inch long, the width
+greater than the length; occasionally larger and somewhat pear-shaped:
+husk separating about to the middle into four segments, with sutures
+prominently winged at the top or almost to the base, or nearly wingless:
+nut usually thin-shelled: kernel white, sweetish at first, at length
+bitter.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows almost
+anywhere, but prefers a rich, loamy or gravelly soil. A most graceful
+and attractive hickory, which is transplanted more readily and grows
+rather more rapidly than the shagbark or pignut, but more inclined than
+either of these to show dead branches. Seldom for sale by nurserymen or
+collectors. Grown readily from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXVII.--Carya amara.]
+
+  1. Winter bud.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, back view.
+  4. Sterile flower, front view.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+BETULACEÆ. BIRCH FAMILY.
+
+
+=Ostrya Virginica, Willd.=
+
+_Ostrya Virginiana, Willd._
+
+HOP HORNBEAM. IRONWOOD. LEVERWOOD.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In rather open woods and along highlands.
+
+     Nova Scotia to Lake Superior.
+
+Common in all parts of New England.
+
+     Scattered throughout the whole country east of the Mississippi,
+     ranging through western Minnesota to Nebraska, Kansas, Indian
+     territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A small tree, 25-40 feet high and 8-12 inches in diameter at
+the ground, sometimes attaining, without much increase in height, a
+diameter of 2 feet; trunk usually slender; head irregular, often oblong
+or loosely and rather broadly conical; lower branches sometimes slightly
+declining at the extremities, but with branchlets mostly of an upward
+tendency; spray slender and rather stiff. Suggestive, in its habit, of
+the elm; in its leaves, of the black birch; and in its fruit, of
+clusters of hops.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk and large limbs light grayish-brown, very narrowly and
+longitudinally ridged, the short, thin segments in old trees often loose
+at the ends; the smaller branches, branchlets, and in late fall the
+season's shoots, dark reddish-brown.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, oblong, pointed, invested with
+reddish-brown scales. Leaves simple, alternate, roughish, 2-4 inches
+long, 1-2 inches wide, more or less appressed-pubescent on both sides,
+dark green above, lighter beneath; outline ovate to oblong-ovate,
+sharply and for the most part doubly serrate; apex acute to acuminate;
+base slightly and narrowly heart-shaped, rounded or truncate, mostly
+with unequal sides; leafstalks short, pubescent; stipules soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Sterile flowers from wood of the
+preceding season, lateral or terminal, in drooping, cylindrical catkins,
+usually in threes; scales broad, laterally rounded, sharp-pointed,
+ciliate, each subtending several nearly sessile stamens, filaments
+sometimes forked, with anthers bearded at the tip: fertile catkins about
+1 inch in length, on short leafy shoots, spreading; bracts lanceolate,
+tapering to a long point, ciliate, each subtending two ovaries, each
+ovary with adherent calyx, enclosed in a hairy bractlet; styles 2, long,
+linear.
+
+=Fruit.=--Early September. A small, smooth nut, enclosed in the
+distended bract; the aggregated fruit resembling a cluster of hops.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers dry or
+well-drained slopes in gravelly or rocky soil; graceful and attractive,
+but of rather slow growth; useful in shady situations and worthy of a
+place in ornamental plantations, but too small for street use. Seldom
+raised by nurserymen; collected plants moved with difficulty. Propagated
+from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXVIII.--Ostrya Virginica.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, back view.
+  4. Sterile flower, front view.
+  5. Fertile catkin.
+  6. Fertile flower.
+  7. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.=
+
+HORNBEAM. BLUE BEECH. IRONWOOD. WATER BEECH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, wet woods, and margins of swamps.
+
+     Province of Quebec to Georgian bay.
+
+Rather common throughout New England, less frequent towards the coast.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian
+     territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A low, spreading tree, 10-30 feet high, with a trunk diameter
+of 6-12 inches, rarely reaching 2 feet; trunk short, often given a
+fluted appearance by projecting ridges running down from the lower
+branches to the ground; in color and smoothness resembling the beech;
+lower branches often much declined, upper going out at various angles,
+often zigzag but keeping the same general direction; head wide, close,
+flat-topped to rounded, with fine, slender spray.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk smooth, close, dark bluish-gray; branchlets grayish;
+season's shoots light green turning brown, more or less hairy.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leaf-buds small, oval or ovoid, acute to
+obtuse. Leaves simple, alternate, 2-3 inches long, dull green above,
+lighter beneath, turning to scarlet or crimson in autumn; outline ovate
+or slightly obovate oblong or broadly oval, irregularly and sharply
+doubly serrate; veins prominent and pubescent beneath, at least when
+young; apex acuminate to acute; base rounded, truncate, acute, or
+slightly and unevenly heart-shaped; leafstalk rather short, slender,
+hairy; stipules pubescent, falling early.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile flowers from growth of the preceding
+season in short, stunted-looking, lateral catkins, mostly single; scales
+ovate or rounded, obtuse, each subtending several stamens; filaments
+very short, mostly 2-forked; anthers bearded at the tip: fertile flowers
+at the ends of leafy shoots of the season, in loose catkins; bractlets
+foliaceous, each subtending a green, ovate, acute, ciliate, deciduous
+scale, each scale subtending two pistils with long reddish styles.
+
+=Fruit.=--In terminal catkins made conspicuous by the pale green, much
+enlarged, and leaf-like 3-lobed bracts, each bract subtending a
+dark-colored, sessile, striate nutlet.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers moist,
+rich soil, near running water, on the edges of wet land or on rocky
+slopes in shade. Its irregular outline and curiously ridged trunk make
+it an interesting object in landscape plantations. It is not often used,
+however, because it is seldom grown in nurseries, and collected plants
+do not bear removal well. Propagated from the seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXIX.--Carpinus Caroliniana.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, back view.
+  4. Sterile flower, front view.
+  5. Fertile catkin.
+  6. Fertile flower.
+  7. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=BETULA.=
+
+Inflorescence.--In scaly catkins, sterile and fertile on the same tree,
+appearing with or before the leaves from shoots of the previous
+season,--sterile catkins terminal and lateral, formed in summer, erect
+or inclined in the bud, drooping when expanded in the following spring;
+sterile flowers usually 3, subtended by a shield-shaped bract with 2
+bractlets; each flower consisting of a 1-scaled calyx and 2 anthers,
+which appear to be 4 from the division of the filaments into two parts,
+each of which bears an anther cell: fertile catkins erect or inclined at
+the end of very short leafy branchlets; fertile flowers subtended by a
+3-lobed bract falling with the nuts; bractlets none; calyx none; corolla
+none; consisting of 2-3 ovaries crowned with 2 spreading styles.
+
+
+=Betula lenta, L.=
+
+BLACK BIRCH. CHERRY BIRCH. SWEET BIRCH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Moist grounds; rich woods, old pastures, fertile
+hill-slopes, banks of rivers.
+
+     Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to the Lake Superior region.
+
+Maine,--frequent; New Hampshire,--in the highlands of the southern
+section, and along the Connecticut river valley to a short distance
+north of Windsor; Vermont,--frequent in the western part of the state,
+and in the southern Connecticut valley (_Flora of Vermont_, 1900);
+Massachusetts and Rhode Island,--frequent throughout, especially in the
+highlands, less often near the coast; Connecticut,--widely distributed,
+especially in the Connecticut river valley, but not common.
+
+     South to Delaware, along the mountains to Florida; west to
+     Minnesota and Kansas.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized or rather large tree, 50-75 feet high, with a
+trunk diameter of 1-4 feet, often conspicuous along precipitous ledges,
+springing out of crevices in the rocks and assuming a variety of
+picturesque forms. In open ground the dark trunk develops a symmetrical,
+wide-spreading, hemispherical head broadest at its base, the lower limbs
+horizontal or drooping sometimes nearly to the ground. The limbs are
+long and slender, often more or less tortuous, and separated ultimately
+into a delicate, polished spray. Distinguished by its long
+purplish-yellow, pendulous catkins in spring, and in summer by its
+glossy, bright green, and abundant foliage, which becomes yellow in
+autumn.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk on old trees very dark, separating and cleaving
+off in large, thickish plates; on young trees and on branches a dark
+reddish-brown, not separating into thin layers, smooth, with numerous
+horizontal lines 1-3 inches long; branchlets reddish-brown, shining,
+with shorter lateral lines; season's shoots with small, pale dots. Inner
+bark very aromatic, having a strong checkerberry flavor,--hence the
+common name, "checkerberry birch"; called also "cherry birch," from the
+resemblance of its bark to that of the garden cherry.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds reddish-brown, oblong or conical,
+pointed, inner scales whitish, elongating as the bud opens. Leaves
+simple, in alternate pairs, 3-4 inches long and one-half as wide,
+shining green above and downy when young, paler beneath and
+silvery-downy along the prominent, straight veins; outline ovate-oval,
+ovate-oblong, or oval; sharply serrate to doubly serrate; apex acute to
+acuminate; base heart-shaped to obtuse; leafstalk short, often curved,
+hairy when young; stipules soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Sterile catkins 3-4 inches long,
+slender, purplish-yellow; scales fringed: fertile catkins erect or
+suberect, sessile or nearly so, 1/2-1 inch long, oblong-cylindrical;
+bracts pubescent; lateral lobes wider than in _B. lutea._
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruiting catkins oblong-cylindrical, nearly erect; bracts with
+3 short, nearly equal diverging lobes: nut obovate-oblong, wider than
+its wings; upper part of seed-body usually appressed-pubescent.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows everywhere
+from swamps to hilltops, but prefers moist rocky slopes and a loamy or
+gravelly soil; occasionally offered by nurserymen; both nursery and
+collected plants are moved without serious difficulty; apt to grow
+rather unevenly.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXX.--Betula lenta.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, back view.
+  4. Sterile flower, front view.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+  7. Fruit.
+  8. Mature leaf.
+
+
+=Betula lutea, Michx. f.=
+
+YELLOW BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, rich woodlands, mountain slopes.
+
+     Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Rainy river.
+
+New England,--abundant northward; common throughout, from borders of
+lowland swamps to 1000 feet above the sea level; more common at
+considerable altitudes, where it often occurs in extensive patches or
+belts.
+
+     South to the middle states, and along the mountains to Tennessee
+     and North Carolina; west to Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--A large tree, at its maximum in northern New England 60-90
+feet high and 2-4 feet in diameter at the base. In the forest the main
+trunk separates at a considerable height into a few large branches which
+rise at a sharp angle, curving slightly, forming a rather small,
+irregular head, widest near the top; while in open ground the head is
+broad-spreading, hemispherical, with numerous rather equal, long and
+slender branches, and a fine spray with drooping tendencies. In the
+sunlight the silvery-yellow feathering and the metallic sheen of trunk
+and branches make the yellow birch one of the most attractive trees of
+the New England forest.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunks and large limbs in old trees gray or blackish,
+lustreless, deep-seamed, split into thick plates, standing out at all
+sorts of angles; in trees 6-8 inches in diameter, scarf-bark lustrous,
+parted in ribbon-like strips, detached at one end and running up the
+trunk in delicate, tattered fringes; season's shoots light
+yellowish-green, minutely buff-dotted, woolly-pubescent, becoming in
+successive seasons darker and more lustrous, the dots elongating into
+horizontal lines. Aromatic but less so than the bark of the black birch;
+not readily detachable like the bark of the canoe birch.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds conical, 1/4 inch long, mostly
+appressed, tips of scales brownish. Leaves simple, in alternate pairs or
+scattered singly along the stem; 3-5 inches long, 1/2-2 inches wide,
+dull green on both sides, paler beneath and more or less pubescent on
+the straight veins; outline oval to oblong, for the most part doubly
+serrate; apex acuminate or acute; base heart-shaped, obtuse or truncate;
+leafstalk short, grooved, often pubescent or woolly; stipules soon
+falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Sterile catkins 3-4 inches long,
+purplish-yellow; scales fringed: fertile catkins sessile or nearly so,
+about 1 inch long, cylindrical; bracts 3-lobed, nearly to the middle,
+pubescent, lobes slightly spreading.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruiting catkins oblong or oblong-ovoid, about 1 inch long and
+two-thirds as thick, erect: nut oval to narrowly obovate, tapering at
+each end, pubescent on the upper part, about the width of its wing.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in wet or
+dry situations, but prefers wet, peaty soil, where its roots can find a
+constant supply of moisture; similar to the black birch, equally
+valuable in landscape-gardening, but less desirable as a street tree;
+transplanted without serious difficulty.
+
+Differences between black birch and yellow birch:
+
+=Black Birch.=--Bark reddish-brown, not separable into thin layers;
+leaves bright green above, finely serrate; fruiting catkins cylindrical;
+bark of twigs decidedly aromatic.
+
+=Yellow Birch.=--Bark yellow, separable into thin layers; leaves dull
+green above; serration coarser and more decidedly doubly serrate;
+fruiting catkins ovoid or oblong-ovoid; flavor of bark less distinctly
+aromatic.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXI.--Betula lutea.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flower-buds.
+  3. Flowering branch.
+  4-6. Sterile flowers.
+  7. Fertile flower.
+  8. Bract.
+  9. Fruiting branch.
+  10. Fruit.
+
+
+=Betula nigra, L.=
+
+RED BIRCH. RIVER BIRCH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Along rivers, ponds, and woodlands inundated a
+part of the year.
+
+     Doubtfully and indefinitely reported from Canada.
+
+No stations in Maine, Vermont, Rhode Island, or Connecticut; New
+Hampshire,--found sparingly along streams in the southern part of the
+state; abundant along the banks of Beaver brook, Pelham (F. W.
+Batchelder); Massachusetts,--along the Merrimac river and its
+tributaries, bordering swamps in Methuen and ponds in North Andover.
+
+     South, east of the Alleghany mountains, to Florida; west, locally
+     through the northern tier of states to Minnesota and along the Gulf
+     states to Texas; western limits, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian
+     territory, and Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 30-50 feet high, with a diameter at the
+ground of 1-1-1/2 feet; reaching much greater dimensions southward. The
+trunk, frequently beset with small, leafy, reflexed branchlets, and
+often only less frayed and tattered than that of the yellow birch,
+develops a light and feathery head of variable outline, with numerous
+slender branches, the upper long and drooping, the reddish spray clothed
+with abundant dark-green foliage.
+
+=Bark.=--Reddish, more or less separable into layers, fraying into
+shreddy, cinnamon-colored fringes; in old trees thick, dark
+reddish-brown, and deeply furrowed; branches dark red or cinnamon,
+giving rise to the name of "red birch"; season's shoots downy,
+pale-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, mostly appressed near the ends of
+the shoots, tapering at both ends. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-4 inches
+long, two-thirds as wide, dark green and smooth above, paler and
+soft-downy beneath, turning bright yellow in autumn; outline
+rhombic-ovate, with unequal and sharp double serratures; leafstalk short
+and downy; stipules soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Sterile catkins usually in threes, 2-4
+inches long, scales 2-3-flowered: fertile catkins bright green,
+cylindrical, stalked; bracts 3-lobed, the central lobe much the longest,
+tomentose, ciliate.
+
+=Fruit.=--June. Earliest of the birches to ripen its seed; fruiting
+catkins 1-2 inches long, cylindrical, erect or spreading; bracts with
+the 3 lobes nearly equal in width, spreading, the central lobe the
+longest: nut ovate to obovate, ciliate.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in all
+soils, but prefers a station near running water; young trees grow
+vigorously and become attractive objects in landscape plantations;
+especially useful along river banks to bind the soil; retains its lower
+branches better than the black or yellow birches. Seldom found in
+nurseries, and rather hard to transplant; collected plants do fairly
+well.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXII.--Betula nigra.]
+
+  1. Leaf-buds.
+  2. Flower-buds.
+  3. Branch with sterile and fertile catkins.
+  4. Sterile flower.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Scale of fertile flower.
+  7. Fruit.
+  8. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Betula populifolia, Marsh.=
+
+WHITE BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH. OLDFIELD BIRCH. POPLAR BIRCH. POVERTY
+BIRCH. SMALL WHITE BIRCH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Dry, gravelly soils, occasional in swamps and
+frequent along their borders, often springing up on burnt lands.
+
+     Nova Scotia to Lake Ontario.
+
+Maine,--abundant; New Hampshire,--abundant eastward, as far north as
+Conway, and along the Connecticut to Westmoreland; Vermont,--common in
+the western and frequent in the southern sections; Massachusetts, Rhode
+Island, and Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South, mostly in the coast region, to Delaware; west to Lake
+     Ontario.
+
+=Habit.=--A small tree, 20-35 feet high, with a diameter at the ground
+of 4-8 inches, occasionally much exceeding these dimensions; under
+favorable conditions, of extreme elegance. The slender, seldom erect
+trunk, continuous to the top of the tree, throws out numerous short,
+unequal branches, which form by repeated subdivisions a profuse, slender
+spray, disposed irregularly in tufts or masses, branches and branchlets
+often hanging vertically or drooping at the ends. Conspicuous in winter
+by the airy lightness of the narrow open head and by the contrast of the
+white trunk with the dark spray; in summer, when the sun shines and the
+air stirs, by the delicacy, tremulous movement, and brilliancy of the
+foliage.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk grayish-white, with triangular, dusty patches below the
+insertion of the branches; not easily separable into layers; branches
+dark brown or blackish; season's shoots brown, with numerous small round
+dots becoming horizontal lines and increasing in length with the age of
+the tree. The white of the bark does not readily come off upon clothing.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds somewhat diverging from the twig; narrow
+conical or cylindrical, reddish-brown. Leaves simple, alternate, single
+or in pairs, 3-4 inches long, two-thirds as wide, bright green above,
+paler beneath, smooth and shining on both sides, turning to a pale
+shining yellow in autumn, resinous, glandular-dotted when young; outline
+triangular, coarsely and irregularly doubly serrate; apex taper-pointed;
+base truncate, heart-shaped, or acute; leafstalks long and slender;
+stipules dropping early.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile catkins usually solitary or in pairs,
+slender-cylindrical, 2-3 inches long: fertile catkins erect, green,
+stalked; bracts minutely pubescent.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruiting catkins erect or spreading, cylindrical, about 1-1/4
+inches long and 1/2 inch in diameter, stalked; scales 3-parted above the
+center, side lobes larger, at right angles or reflexed: nuts small,
+ovate to obovate, narrower than the wings, combined wings from broadly
+obcordate to butterfly-shape, wider than long.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England, growing in every
+kind of soil, finest specimens in deep, rich loam. Were this tree not so
+common, its graceful habit and attractive bark would be more appreciated
+for landscape gardening; only occasionally grown by nurserymen, best
+secured through collectors; young collected plants, if properly
+selected, will nearly all live.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXIII.--Betula populifolia.]
+
+  1. Branch with sterile and fertile catkins.
+  2. Sterile flower, back view.
+  3. Fertile flower.
+  4. Scale of fertile flower.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+  6. Fruit.
+
+
+=Betula papyrifera, Marsh.=
+
+CANOE BIRCH. WHITE BIRCH. PAPER BIRCH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Deep, rich woods, river banks, mountain slopes.
+
+     Canada, Atlantic to Pacific, northward to Labrador and Alaska, to
+     the limit of deciduous trees.
+
+Maine,--abundant; New Hampshire,--in all sections, most common on
+highlands up to the alpine area of the White mountains, above the range
+of the yellow birch; Vermont,--common; Massachusetts,--common in the
+western and central sections, rare towards the coast; Rhode Island,--not
+reported; Connecticut,--occasional in the southern sections, frequent
+northward.
+
+     South to Pennsylvania and Illinois; west to the Rocky mountains and
+     Washington on the Pacific coast.
+
+Var. _minor_, Tuckerman, is a dwarf form found upon the higher mountain
+summits of northern New England.
+
+=Habit.=--A large tree, 50-75 feet high, with a diameter of 1-3 feet;
+occasionally of greater dimensions. The trunk develops a
+broad-spreading, open head, composed of a few large limbs ascending at
+an acute angle, with nearly horizontal secondary branches and a
+slender, flexible spray without any marked tendency to droop.
+Characterized by the dark metallic lustre of the branchlets, the dark
+green foliage, deep yellow in autumn, and the chalky whiteness of the
+trunk and large branches; a singularly picturesque tree, whether
+standing alone or grouped in forests.
+
+=Bark.=--Easily detachable in broad sheets and separable into thin,
+delicately colored, paper-like layers, impenetrable by water, outlasting
+the wood it covers. Bark of trunk and large branches chalky-white when
+fully exposed to the sun, lustreless, smooth or ragged-frayed, in very
+old forest trees encrusted with huge lichens, and splitting into broad
+plates; young trunks and smaller branches smooth, reddish or grayish
+brown, with numerous roundish buff dots which enlarge from year to year
+into more and more conspicuous horizontal lines. The white of the bark
+readily rubs off upon clothing.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, ovate, flattish, acute to
+rounded. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-5 inches long, two-thirds as wide,
+dark green and smooth above, beneath pale, hairy along the veins,
+sometimes in young trees thickly glandular-dotted on both sides; outline
+ovate, ovate-oblong, or ovate-orbicular, more or less doubly serrate;
+apex acute to acuminate; base somewhat heart-shaped, truncate or obtuse;
+leafstalk 1-2 inches long, grooved above, downy; stipules falling early.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Sterile catkins mostly in threes, 3-4
+inches long: fertile catkins 1-1-1/2 inches long, cylindrical,
+slender-peduncled, erect or spreading; bracts puberulent.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruiting catkins 1-2 inches long, cylindrical, short-stalked,
+spreading or drooping: nut obovate to oval, narrower than its wings;
+combined wings butterfly-shaped, nearly twice as wide as long.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a
+well-drained loam or gravelly soil, but does fairly well in almost any
+situation; young trees rapid growing and vigorous, but with the same
+tendency to grow irregularly that is shown by the black and yellow
+birches; transplanted without serious difficulty; not offered by many
+nurserymen, but may be obtained from northern collectors.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXIV.--Betula papyrifera.]
+
+  1. Leaf-buds.
+  2. Flower-buds.
+  3. Flowering branch.
+  4. Sterile flower, front view.
+  5. Fertile flower, front view.
+  6. Scale of fertile flower.
+  7. Fruiting branch.
+  8. Fruit.
+
+
+=Alnus glutinosa, Medic.=
+
+EUROPEAN ALDER.
+
+This is the common alder of Great Britain and central Europe southward,
+growing chiefly along water courses, in boggy grounds and upon moist
+mountain slopes; introduced into the United States and occasionally
+escaping from cultivation; sometimes thoroughly established locally. In
+Medford, Mass., there are many of these plants growing about two small
+ponds and upon the neighboring lowlands, most of them small, but among
+them are several trees 30-40 feet in height and 8-12 inches in diameter
+at the ground, distinguishable at a glance from the shrubby native
+alders by their greater size, more erect habit, and darker trunks.
+
+
+
+
+FAGACEÆ. BEECH FAMILY.
+
+
+=Fagus ferruginea, Ait.=
+
+_Fagus Americana, Sweet. Fagus atropunicea, Sudw._
+
+
+BEECH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Moist, rocky soil.
+
+Nova Scotia through Quebec and Ontario.
+
+Maine,--abundant; New Hampshire,--throughout the state; common on the
+Connecticut-Merrimac watershed, enters largely into the composition of
+the hardwood forests of Coos county; Vermont,--abundant;
+Massachusetts,--in western sections abundant, common eastward;
+Rhode Island and Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Wisconsin, Missouri, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A tree of great beauty, rising to a height of 50-75 feet, with
+a diameter at the ground of 1-1/2-4 feet; under favorable conditions
+attaining much greater dimensions; trunk remarkably smooth, sometimes
+fluted, in the forests tall and straight, in open situations short and
+stout; head symmetrical, of various shapes,--rounded, oblong, or even
+obovate; branches numerous, mostly long and slender, curving slightly
+upward at their tips, near the point of branching horizontal or slightly
+drooping, beset with short branchlets which form a flat, dense, and
+beautiful spray; roots numerous, light brown, long, and running near the
+surface. Tree easily distinguishable in winter by the dried
+brownish-white leaves, spear-like buds, and smooth bark.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk light blue gray, smooth, unbroken, slightly corrugated in
+old trees, often beautifully mottled in blotches or bands and invested
+by lichens; branches gray; branchlets dark brown and smooth; spray
+shining, reddish-brown; season's shoots a shining olive green,
+orange-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds conspicuous, long, very slender,
+tapering slowly to a sharp point; scales rich brown, lengthening as the
+bud opens. Leaves set in plane of the spray, simple, alternate, 3-5
+inches long, one-half as wide, silky-pubescent with fringed edges when
+young, nearly smooth when fully grown, green on both sides, turning to
+rusty yellows and browns in autumn, persistent till mid-winter; outline
+oval, serrate; apex acuminate; base rounded; veins strong, straight,
+terminating in the teeth; leafstalk short, hairy at first; stipules
+slender, silky, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing with the leaves from the season's
+shoots, sterile flowers from the lower axils, in heads suspended at the
+end of silky threads 1-2 inches long; calyx campanulate, pubescent,
+yellowish-green, mostly 6-lobed; petals none; stamens 6-16; anthers
+exserted; ovary wanting or abortive: fertile flowers from the upper
+axils, usually single or in pairs, at the end of a short peduncle;
+involucre 4-lobed, fringed with prickly scales; calyx with six
+awl-shaped lobes; ovary 3-celled; styles 3.
+
+=Fruit.=--A prickly bur, thick, 4-valved, splitting nearly to the base
+when ripe: nut sharply triangular, sweet, edible.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows well in any
+good soil, but prefers deep, rich, well-drained loam; usually obtainable
+in nurseries; when frequently transplanted, safely moved. Its clean
+trunk and limbs, deep shade, and freedom from insect pests make it one
+of the most attractive of our large trees for use, summer or winter, in
+landscape gardening; few plants, however, will grow beneath it; the bark
+is easily disfigured; it has a bad habit of throwing out suckers and is
+liable to be killed by any injury to the roots. Propagated from the
+seed. The purple beech, weeping beech, and fern-leaf beech are
+well-known horticultural forms.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXV.--Fagus ferruginea.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Fertile flower.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+  6. Section of fruit.
+   7. Nut.
+
+
+=Castanea sativa, var. Americana, Watson and Coulter.=
+
+_Castanea dentata, Borkh. Castanea vesca, var. Americana, Michx._
+
+
+CHESTNUT.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In strong, well-drained soil; pastures, rocky
+woods, and hillsides.
+
+     Ontario,--common.
+
+Maine,--southern sections, probably not indigenous north of latitude 44°
+20'; New Hampshire,--Connecticut valley near the river, as far north as
+Windsor, Vt.; most abundant in the Merrimac valley south of Concord, but
+occasional a short distance northward; Vermont,--common in the
+southern sections, especially in the Connecticut valley; occasional as
+far north as Windsor (Windsor county), West Rutland (Rutland county),
+Burlington (Chittenden county); Massachusetts,--rather common throughout
+the state, but less frequent near the sea; Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to Delaware, along the mountains to Alabama; west to
+     Michigan, Indiana, and Tennessee.
+
+=Habit.=--A tree of the first magnitude, rising to a height of 60-80
+feet and reaching a diameter of 5-6 feet above the swell of the roots,
+with a spread sometimes equaling or even exceeding the height; attaining
+often much greater proportions. The massive trunk separates usually a
+few feet from the ground into several stout horizontal or ascending
+branches, the limbs higher up, horizontal or rising at a broad angle,
+forming a stately, open, roundish, or inversely pyramidal head;
+branchlets slender; spray coarse and not abundant; foliage bright green,
+dense, casting a deep shade; flowers profuse, the long, sterile catkins
+upon their darker background of leaves conspicuous upon the hill
+slopes at a great distance. A tree that may well dispute precedence with
+the white or red oak.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees deeply cleft with wide ridges, hard,
+rough, dark gray; in young trees very smooth, often shining; season's
+shoots green or purplish-brown, white-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, ovate, brown, acutish. Leaves
+simple, alternate, 5-10 inches long, 1-3 inches wide, bright clear
+green above, paler beneath and smooth on both sides; outline
+oblong-lanceolate, sharply and coarsely serrate; veins straight,
+terminating in the teeth; apex acuminate; base acute or obtuse;
+leafstalk short; stipules soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--June to July. Appearing from the axils of the season's
+shoots, after the leaves have grown to their full size; sterile catkins
+numerous, clustered or single, erect or spreading, 4-10 inches long,
+slender, flowers pale yellowish-green or cream-colored; calyx pubescent,
+mostly 6-parted; stamens 15-20; odor offensive when the anthers are
+discharging their pollen: fertile flowers near the base of the upper
+sterile catkins or in separate axils, 1-3 in a prickly involucre; calyx
+6-toothed; ovary ovate, styles as many as the cells of the ovary,
+exserted.
+
+=Fruit.=--Burs round, thick, prickly, 2-4 inches in diameter, opening by
+4 valves: nuts 1-5, dark brown, covered with whitish down at apex, flat
+on one side when there are several in a cluster, ovate when only one,
+sweet and edible.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers fertile,
+well-drained, gravelly or rocky soil; rather difficult to transplant;
+usually obtainable in nurseries. Its vigorous and rapid growth, massive,
+broad-spreading head and attractive flowers make it a valuable tree for
+landscape gardening, but in public places the prickly burs and edible
+fruit are a serious disadvantage. Propagated from the seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXVI.--Castanea sativa, var. Americana.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Fertile flower.
+  5. Fruit.
+  6. Nut.
+
+
+=QUERCUS.=
+
+Inflorescence appearing with the leaves in spring; sterile catkins from
+terminal or lateral buds on shoots of the preceding year, bracted,
+usually several in a cluster, unbranched, long, cylindrical, pendulous;
+bracts of sterile flowers minute, soon falling; calyx parted or lobed;
+stamens 3-12, undivided: fertile flowers terminal or axillary upon the
+new shoots, single or few-clustered, bracted, erect; involucre scaly,
+becoming the cupule or cup around the lower part of the acorn; ovary
+3-celled; stigma 3-lobed.
+
+
+WHITE OAKS.
+
+Leaves with obtuse or rounded lobes or teeth; cup-scales thickened or
+knobbed at base; stigmas sessile or nearly so; fruit maturing the first
+year.
+
+
+BLACK OAKS.
+
+Leaves with pointed or bristle-tipped lobes and teeth; cup-scales flat;
+stigmas on spreading styles; fruit maturing the second year.
+
+
+=Quercus alba, L.=
+
+WHITE OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Light loams, sandy plains, and gravelly ridges,
+often constituting extensive tracts of forest.
+
+     Quebec and Ontario.
+
+Maine,--southern sections; New Hampshire,--most abundant eastward; in
+the Connecticut valley confined to the hills in the immediate vicinity
+of the river, extending up the tributary streams a short distance and
+disappearing entirely before reaching the mouth of the Passumpsic (W. F.
+Flint); Vermont,--common west of the Green mountains, less so in the
+southern Connecticut valley (_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); Massachusetts,
+Rhode Island, and Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to the Gulf of Mexico; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas,
+     Arkansas, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A tree of the first rank, 50-75 feet high and 1-6 feet in
+diameter above the swell of the roots, exhibiting considerable diversity
+in general appearance, trunk sometimes dissolving into branches like the
+American elm, and sometimes continuous to the top. The finest specimens
+in open land are characterized by a rather short, massive trunk, with
+stout, horizontal, far-reaching limbs, conspicuously gnarled and twisted
+in old age, forming a wide-spreading, open head of striking grandeur,
+the diameter at the base of which is sometimes two or three times the
+height of the tree.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk and larger branches light ash-gray, sometimes nearly
+white, broken into long, thin, loose, irregular, soft-looking flakes; in
+old trees with broad, flat ridges; inner bark light; branchlets
+ash-gray, mottled; young shoots grayish-green, roughened with minute
+rounded, raised dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds 1/8 to 1/4 inch long, round-ovate,
+reddish-brown. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-7 inches long, 2-4 inches
+wide, delicately reddish-tinted and pubescent upon both sides when
+young; at maturity glabrous, light dull or glossy green above, paler and
+somewhat glaucous beneath, turning to various reds in autumn; outline
+obovate to oval; lobes 5-9; ascending, varying greatly in different
+trees; when few, short and wide-based, with comparatively shallow
+sinuses; when more in number, ovate-oblong, with deeper sinuses, or
+somewhat linear-oblong, with sinuses reaching nearly to midrib; apex of
+lobe rounded; base of leaf tapering; leafstalks short; stipules linear,
+soon falling. The leaves of this species are often persistent till
+spring, especially in young trees.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing when the leaves are half grown; sterile
+catkins 2-3 inches long, with slender, usually pubescent thread; calyx
+yellow, pubescent; lobes 5-9, pointed: pistillate flowers sessile or
+short-peduncled, reddish, ovate-scaled.
+
+=Fruit.=--Maturing in the autumn of the first year, single, or more
+frequently in pairs, sessile or peduncled: cup hemispherical to deep
+saucer-shaped, rather thin; scales rough-knobby at base: acorn varying
+from 1/2 inch to an inch in length, oblong-ovoid: meat sweet and edible,
+said to be when boiled a good substitute for chestnuts.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; grows well in all except
+very wet soils, in all open exposures and in light shade; like all oaks,
+difficult to transplant unless prepared by frequent transplanting in
+nurseries, from which it is not readily obtainable in quantity; grows
+very slowly and nearly uniformly up to maturity; comparatively free
+from insect enemies but occasionally disfigured by fungous disease which
+attacks immature leaves in spring. Propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXVII.--Quercus alba.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3-4. Sterile flower, front view.
+  5. Fertile flower, side view.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+  7-8. Variant leaves.
+
+
+=Quercus stellata, Wang.=
+
+_Q. obtusiloba, Michx. Q. minor, Sarg_.
+
+POST OAK. BOX WHITE OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=
+
+     Doubtfully reported from southern Ontario.
+
+In New England, mostly in sterile soil near the sea-coast;
+Massachusetts,--southern Cape Cod from Falmouth to Brewster, the most
+northern station reported, occasional; the islands of Naushon, Martha's
+Vineyard where it is rather common, and Nantucket where it is rare;
+Rhode Island,--along the shore of the northern arm of Wickford harbor
+(L. W. Russell); Connecticut,--occasional along the shores of Long
+Island sound west of New Haven.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--Farther south, a tree of the first magnitude, reaching a
+height of 100 feet, with a trunk diameter of 4 feet; in southern New
+England occasionally attaining in woodlands a height of 50-60 feet; at
+its northern limit in Massachusetts, usually 10 to 35 feet in height,
+with a diameter at the ground of 6-12 inches. The trunk throws out
+stout, tough, and often conspicuously crooked branches, the lower
+horizontal or declining, forming a disproportionately large head, with
+dark green, dense foliage. Near the shore the limbs often grow very low,
+stretching along the ground as if from an underground stem.
+
+=Bark.=--Resembling that of the white oak, but rather a darker gray,
+rougher and firmer; upon old trunks furrowed and cut into oblongs; small
+limbs brownish-gray, rough-dotted; season's shoots densely
+tawny-tomentose.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, rounded or conical, brownish,
+scales minutely pubescent or scurfy. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-8
+inches long, two-thirds as wide, thickish, yellowish-green and tomentose
+upon both sides when young, becoming a deep, somewhat glossy green
+above, lighter beneath, both sides still somewhat scurfy; general
+outline of leaf and of lobes, and number and shape of the latter,
+extremely variable; type-form 5-lobed, all the lobes rounded, the three
+upper lobes much larger, more or less subdivided, often squarish, the
+two lower tapering to an acute, rounded, or truncate base; sinuses deep,
+variable, often at right angles to the midrib; leafstalk short,
+tomentose; stipules linear, pubescent, occasionally persistent till
+midsummer. The leaves are often arranged at the tips of the branches in
+star-shaped clusters, giving rise to the specific name _stellata_.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile catkins 1-3 inches long, connecting
+thread woolly; calyx 4-8 parted, lobes acute, densely pubescent, yellow;
+stamens 4-8, _anthers with scattered hairs_: pistillate flowers single
+or in clusters of 2, 3, or more, sessile or on a short stem; stigma red.
+
+=Fruit.=--Maturing the first season, single and sessile, or nearly so,
+or in clusters of 2, 3, or more, on short footstalks: cup top-shaped or
+cup-shaped, 1/3-1/2 the length of the acorn, about 3/4 inch wide, thin;
+scales smooth or sometimes hairy along the top, acutish or roundish,
+slightly thickened at base: acorn 1/2-1 inch long, sweet.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; prefers a good,
+well-drained, open soil; quite as slow-growing as the white oak; seldom
+found in nurseries and difficult to transplant. Propagated from the
+seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXVIII.--Quercus stellata.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, back view.
+  4. Sterile flower, front view.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.=
+
+BUR OAK. OVER-CUP OAK. MOSSY-CUP OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Deep, rich soil; river valleys.
+
+     Nova Scotia to Manitoba, not attaining in this region the size of
+     the white oak, nor covering as large areas.
+
+Maine,--known only in the valleys of the middle Penobscot (Orono)
+and the Kennebec (Winslow, Waterville); Vermont,--lowlands
+about Lake Champlain, especially in Addison county, not common;
+Massachusetts,--valley of the Ware river (Worcester county), Stockbridge
+and towns south along the Housatonic river (Berkshire county); Rhode
+Island,--no station reported; Connecticut,--probably introduced in
+central and eastern sections, possibly native near the northern border.
+
+     South to Pennsylvania and Tennessee; west to Montana, Nebraska,
+     Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 40-60 feet high, with a trunk diameter of
+1-3 feet; attaining great size in the Ohio and Mississippi river basins;
+trunk erect, branches often changing direction, ascending, save the
+lowest, which are often nearly horizontal; branchlets numerous, on the
+lowest branches often declined or drooping; head wide-spreading, rounded
+near the center, very rough in aspect; distinguished in summer by the
+luxuriance of the dark-green foliage and in autumn by the size of its
+acorns.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and branches ash-gray, but darker than that of
+the white oak, separating on old trees into rather firm, longitudinal
+ridges; bark of branches sometimes developed into conspicuous corky,
+wing-like layers; season's shoots yellowish-brown, minutely hairy, with
+numerous small, roundish, raised dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds brown, 1/16 to 1/8 inch long, conical,
+scattered along the shoots and clustered at the enlarged tips. Leaves
+simple, alternate, 6-9 inches long, 3-4 inches broad, smooth and dark
+green above, lighter and downy beneath; outline obovate to oblong,
+varying from irregularly and deeply sinuate-lobed, especially near the
+center, to nearly entire, base wedge-shaped; stalk short; stipules
+linear, pubescent.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile catkins 3-5 inches long; calyx mostly
+5-parted, yellowish-green; divisions linear-oblong, more or less
+persistent; stamens 10; anthers yellow, glabrous: pistillate flowers
+sessile or short-stemmed; scales reddish; stigma red.
+
+=Fruit.=--Maturing the first season; extremely variable; sessile or
+short-stemmed: cup top-shaped to hemispherical, 3/4-2 inches in
+diameter, with thick, close, pointed scales, the upper row often
+terminating in a profuse or sparing hairy or leafy fringe: acorn ovoid,
+often very large, sometimes sunk deeply and occasionally entirely in the
+cup.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; in general appearance
+resembling the swamp white oak, but better adapted to upland; grows
+rather slowly in any good, well-drained soil; difficult to transplant;
+seldom disfigured by insects or disease; occasionally grown in
+nurseries. Propagated from seed. A narrower-leafed form with small
+acorns (var. _olivæformis_) is occasionally offered.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXIX.--Quercus macrocarpa.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, back view.
+  4. Sterile flower, front view.
+  5. Fertile flowers.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Quercus bicolor, Willd.=
+
+_Quercus platanoides, Sudw._
+
+SWAMP WHITE OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In deep, rich soil; low, moist, fertile
+grounds, bordering swamps and along streams.
+
+     Quebec to Ontario, where it is known as the blue oak.
+
+Maine,--York county; New Hampshire,--Merrimac valley as far as the mouth
+of the Souhegan, and probably throughout Rockingham county;
+Vermont,--low grounds about Lake Champlain; Massachusetts,--frequent in
+the western and central sections, common eastward; Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to Delaware and along the mountains to northern Georgia; west
+     to Minnesota, Iowa, east Kansas, and Arkansas.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 40-60 feet high, with a trunk diameter of
+2-3 feet; attaining southward of the Great Lakes and in the Ohio basin
+much greater dimensions; roughest of all the oaks, except the bur oak,
+in general aspect; trunk erect, continuous, in young trees often beset
+at point of branching with down-growing, scraggly branchlets, surmounted
+by a rather regular pyramidal head, the lower branches horizontal or
+declining, often descending to the ground, with a short, stiff,
+abundant, and bushy spray; smaller twigs ridgy, widening beneath buds;
+foliage a dark shining green; heads of large trees less regular, rather
+open, with a general resemblance to the head of the white oak, but
+narrower at the base, with less contorted limbs.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and larger branches thick, dark grayish-brown,
+longitudinally striate, with flaky scales; bark of young stems,
+branches, and branchlets darker, separating in loose scales which curl
+back, giving the tree its shaggy aspect; season's shoots
+yellowish-green.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds brown, roundish-ovate, obtuse. Leaves
+simple, alternate, 3-8 inches long, 2-4 wide, downy on both sides when
+unfolding, at maturity thick and firm, smooth and dark shining green
+above, slightly to conspicuously whitish-downy beneath, in autumn
+brownish-yellow; obovate, coarsely and deeply crenate or obtusely
+shallow-lobed, when opening sometimes pointed and tapering to a
+wedge-shaped base, often constricted near the center; leafstalk short;
+stipules linear, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile catkins 2-3 inches long, thread hairy;
+calyx deeply 3-7-parted, pale yellow, hairy; stamens 5-8; anthers
+yellow, glabrous: pistillate flowers tomentose, on rather long, hairy
+peduncles; stigmas red.
+
+=Fruit.=--Variable, on stems 1-3 inches long, maturing the first season,
+single or frequently in twos: cup rounded, rather thin, deep, rough to
+mossy, often with fringed margins: acorn about 1 inch long,
+oblong-ovoid, more or less tapering: meat sweet, edible.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in any good
+soil, wet or dry, but prefers a position on the edge of moist or boggy
+land, where its roots can find a constant supply of water; growth fairly
+rapid; seldom affected by insects or disease; occasionally offered by
+nurserymen and rather less difficult to transplant than most of the
+oaks. Its sturdy, rugged habit and rich dark green foliage make it a
+valuable tree for ornamental plantations or even for streets.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XL.--Quercus bicolor.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, side view.
+  4. Sterile flower, front view.
+  5. Fertile flowers.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Quercus Prinus, L.=
+
+CHESTNUT OAK. ROCK CHESTNUT OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Woods, rocky banks, hill slopes.
+
+     Along the Canadian shore of Lake Erie.
+
+Maine,--Saco river and Mt. Agamenticus, near the southern coast (York
+county); New Hampshire,--belts or patches in the eastern part of the
+state and along the southern border, Hinsdale, Winchester, Brookline,
+Manchester, Hudson; Vermont,--western part of the state throughout, not
+common; abundant at Smoke mountain at an altitude of 1300 feet, and
+along the western flank of the Green mountains, at least in Addison
+county; Massachusetts,--eastern sections, Sterling, Lancaster, Russell,
+Middleboro, rare in Medford and Sudbury, frequent on the Blue hills;
+Rhode Island,--locally common; Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to Delaware and along the mountains to Georgia, extending
+     nearly to the summit of Mt. Pisgah in North Carolina; west to
+     Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama.
+
+=Habit.=--A small or medium-sized tree, 25-50 feet high, with a trunk
+diameter of 1-2-1/2 feet, assuming noble proportions southward, often
+reaching a height of 75-100 feet and trunk diameter of 5-6 feet; trunk
+tall, straight, continuous to the top of the tree, scarcely tapering to
+the point of ramification, surmounted by a spacious, open head.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and large branches deep gray to dark brown or
+blackish, in firm, broad, continuous ridges, with small, close surface
+scales; bark of young trees and of branchlets smooth, brown, and more or
+less lustrous; season's shoots light brown.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate to cylindrical, mostly acute,
+brownish. Leaves simple, alternate, 5-8 inches long, 2-5 inches wide,
+dark green and smooth above, paler and more or less downy beneath;
+outline obovate to oval, undulate-crenate; apex blunt-pointed; base
+wedge-shaped, obtuse or slightly rounded, often unequal-sided; veins
+straight, parallel, prominent beneath; leafstalk 1/2-1-1/2 inches long;
+stipules linear, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile catkins 2-3 inches long; calyx
+5-9-parted, yellow, hairy; divisions oblong, densely pubescent; stamens
+5-9; anthers yellow, glabrous: pistillate flowers with hairy scales and
+dark red stigmas.
+
+=Fruit.=--Seldom abundant, maturing the first season, variable in size,
+on stems usually equal to or shorter than the leaf-stems: cup thin,
+hemispheric or somewhat top-shaped, deep; scales small, knobby-thickened
+at the base: acorns 3/4-1-1/2 inches long, ovoid-conical, sweet.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a light
+gravelly or stony soil; rapid-growing and free from disease; more easily
+and safely transplanted than most oaks; occasionally offered by
+nurserymen, who propagate it from the seed. Its vigorous, clean habit of
+growth and handsome foliage should give it a place in landscape
+gardening and street use.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLI.--Quercus Prinus.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, back view.
+  4. Sterile flower, front view.
+  5. Fertile flowers.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+  7. Variant leaf.
+
+
+=Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm.=
+
+_Quercus acuminata, Sarg._
+
+CHESTNUT OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Dry hillsides, limestone ridges, rich bottoms.
+
+     Ontario.
+
+Vermont,--Gardner's island, Lake Champlain; Ferrisburg (Pringle);
+Connecticut,--frequent (J. N. Bishop, 1895); on the limestone formation
+in the neighborhood of Kent (Litchfield county, C. K. Averill); often
+confounded by collectors with _Q. Prinus_; probably there are other
+stations. Not authoritatively reported from the other New England
+states.
+
+     South to Delaware and District of Columbia, along the mountains to
+     northern Alabama; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian
+     territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 30-40 feet high, with a trunk diameter of
+1-2 feet, attaining much greater dimensions in the basins of the Ohio,
+Mississippi, and their tributaries; trunk in old trees enlarged at the
+base, erect, branches rather short for the genus, forming a narrow
+oblong or roundish head.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and large branches grayish or pale ash-colored,
+comparatively thin, flaky; branchlets grayish-brown; season's shoots in
+early summer purplish-green with pale dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate, acute to obtuse, brownish. Leaves
+simple, alternate; in the typical form as recognized by Muhlenburg, 3-6
+inches long, 1-1/2-2 inches wide, glossy dark green above, pale and
+minutely downy beneath; outline lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, with
+rather equal, coarse, sharp, and often inflexed teeth; apex acuminate;
+base wedge-shaped or acute; stipules soon falling. There is also a form
+of the species in which the leaves are much larger, 5-7 inches in length
+and 3-5 inches in width, broadly ovate or obovate, with rounded teeth;
+distinguishable from _Q. Prinus_ only by the bark and fruit.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing with the leaves; sterile catkins 2-4
+inches long; calyx yellow, hairy, segments 5-8, ciliate; stamens 5-8,
+anthers yellow: pistillate flowers sessile or on short spikes; stigma
+red.
+
+=Fruit.=--Maturing the first season, sessile or short-peduncled: cup
+covering about half the nut, thin, shallow, with small, rarely much
+thickened scales: acorn ovoid or globose, about 3/4 inch long.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; grows in all good dry or
+moist soils, in open or partly shaded situations; maintains a nearly
+uniform rate of growth till maturity, and is not seriously affected by
+insects. It forms a fine individual tree and is useful in forest
+plantations. Propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLII.--Quercus Muhlenbergii.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Fertile flowers.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Quercus prinoides, Willd.=
+
+SCRUB WHITE OAK. SCRUB CHESTNUT OAK.
+
+More or less common throughout the states east of the Mississippi;
+westward apparently grading into _Q. Muhlenbergii_, within the limits of
+New England mostly a low shrub, rarely assuming a tree-like habit. The
+leaves vary from rather narrow-elliptical to broadly obovate, are rather
+regularly and coarsely toothed, bright green and often lustrous on the
+upper surface.
+
+
+=Quercus rubra, L.=
+
+RED OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Growing impartially in a great variety of soils,
+but not on wet lands.
+
+     Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to divide west of Lake Superior.
+
+Maine,--common, at least south of the central portions; New
+Hampshire,--extending into Coos county, far north of the
+White mountains; Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and
+Connecticut,--common; probably in most parts of New England the most
+common of the genus; found higher up the slopes of mountains than the
+white oak.
+
+     South to Tennessee, Virginia, and along mountain ranges to Georgia;
+     reported from Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and
+     Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--The largest of the New England oaks, 50-85 feet high, with a
+diameter of 2-6 feet above the swell of the roots; occasionally
+attaining greater dimensions; trunk usually continuous to the top of the
+tree, often heavily buttressed; point of branching higher than in the
+white oak; branches large, less contorted, and rising at a sharper
+angle, the lower sometimes horizontal; branchlets rather slender; head
+extremely variable, in old trees with ample space for growth, open,
+well-proportioned, and imposing; sometimes oblong in outline, wider near
+the top, and sometimes symmetrically rounded, not so broad, however, as
+the head of the white oak; conspicuous in summer by its bright green,
+abundant foliage, which turns to dull purplish-red in autumn.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and lower parts of branches in old trees dark
+gray, firmly, coarsely, and rather regularly ridged, smooth elsewhere;
+in young trees greenish mottled gray, smooth throughout; season's shoots
+at first green, taking a reddish tinge in autumn, marked with pale,
+scattered dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate, conical, sharp-pointed. Leaves
+simple, alternate, 4-8 inches long, 3-5 inches broad, bright green
+above, paler beneath, dull brown in autumn; outline oval or obovate,
+sometimes scarcely distinguishable by the character of its lobing from
+_Q. tinctoria_; in the typical form, lobes broadly triangular or oblong,
+with parallel sides bristle-pointed; leafstalks short; stipules linear,
+soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Earliest of the oaks, appearing in late April or early
+May, when the leaves are half-grown; sterile catkins 3-5 inches long;
+calyx mostly 4-lobed; lobes rounded; stamens mostly 4; anthers yellow:
+pistillate flowers short-stemmed; calyx lobes mostly 3 or 4; stigmas
+long, spreading.
+
+=Fruit.=--Maturing in the second year, single or in pairs, sessile or
+short-stalked: cup sometimes turbinate, usually saucer-shaped with a
+flat or rounded base, often contracted at the opening and surmounted by
+a kind of border; scales closely imbricated, reddish-brown, more or less
+downy, somewhat glossy, triangular-acute to obtuse, pubescent: acorn
+nearly cylindrical or ovoid, tapering to a broad, rounded top.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in all
+well-drained soils, but prefers a rich, moist loam; more readily
+obtainable than most of our oaks; in common with other trees of the
+genus, nursery trees must be transplanted frequently to be moved with
+safety; grows rapidly and is fairly free from disfiguring insects; the
+oak-pruner occasionally lops off its twigs. When once established, it
+grows as rapidly as the sugar maple, and is worthy of much more extended
+use in street and landscape plantations. Propagated from the seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLIII.--Quercus rubra.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Fertile flowers, side view.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Quercus coccinea, Wang.=
+
+SCARLET OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Most common in dry soil.
+
+     Ontario.
+
+Maine,--valley of the Androscoggin, southward; New Hampshire and
+Vermont,--not authoritatively reported by recent observers;
+Massachusetts,--more common in the eastern than western sections,
+sometimes covering considerable areas; Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to the middle states and along the mountains to North
+     Carolina and Tennessee; reported from Florida; west to Minnesota,
+     Nebraska, and Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 30-50 feet high and 1-3 feet in trunk
+diameter; attaining greater dimensions southward; trunk straight and
+tapering, branches regular, long, comparatively slender, not contorted,
+the lower nearly horizontal, often declined at the ends; branchlets
+slender; head open, narrow-oblong or rounded, graceful; foliage deeply
+cut, shining green in summer and flaming scarlet in autumn; the most
+brilliant and most elegant of the New England oaks.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk in old trees dark gray, roughly and firmly ridged; inner
+bark red; young trees and branches smoothish, often marked with dull red
+seams and more or less mottled with gray.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, reddish-brown, ovate to oval,
+acutish, partially hidden by enlarged base of petiole. Leaves simple,
+alternate, extremely variable, more commonly 3-6 inches long, two-thirds
+as wide, bright green and shining above, paler beneath, smooth on both
+sides but often with a tufted pubescence on the axils beneath, turning
+scarlet in autumn, deeply lobed, the rounded sinuses sometimes reaching
+nearly to the midrib; lobes 5-9, rather slender and set at varying
+angles, sparingly toothed and bristly tipped; apex acute; base truncate
+to acute; leafstalk 1-1-1/2 inches long, slender, swollen at base.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Early in May. Appearing when the leaves are half
+grown; sterile catkins 2-4 inches long; calyx most commonly 4-parted;
+pubescent; stamens commonly 4, exserted; anthers yellow, glabrous:
+pistillate flowers red; stigmas long, spreading, reflexed.
+
+=Fruit.=--Maturing in the autumn of the second year, single or in twos
+or threes, sessile or on rather short footstalks: cup top-shaped or
+cup-shaped, about half the length of the acorn, occasionally nearly
+enclosing it, smooth, more or less polished, thin-edged; scales closely
+appressed, firm, elongated, triangular, sides sometimes rounded,
+homogeneous in the same plant: acorn 1/2-3/4 inch long, variable in
+shape, oftenest oval to oblong: kernel white within; less bitter than
+kernel of the black oak.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in any
+light, well-drained soil, but prefers a fertile loam. Occasionally
+offered by nurserymen, but as it is disposed to make unsymmetrical young
+trees it is not grown in quantity, and it is not desirable for streets.
+Its rapid growth, hardiness, beauty of summer foliage, and its brilliant
+colors in autumn make it desirable in ornamental plantations. Propagated
+from the seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLIV.--Quercus coccinea.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flowers, side view.
+  4. Fertile flower, side view.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Quercus velutina, Lam.=
+
+_Quercus tinctoria, Bartram. Quercus coccinea_, var. _tinctoria, Gray._
+
+BLACK OAK. YELLOW OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Poor soils; dry or gravelly uplands; rocky ridges.
+
+     Southern and western Ontario.
+
+Maine,--York county; New Hampshire,--valley of the lower Merrimac and
+eastward, absent on the highlands, reappearing within three or four
+miles of the Connecticut, ceasing at North Charlestown;
+Vermont,--western and southeastern sections; Massachusetts,--abundant
+eastward; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--frequent.
+
+     South to the Gulf states; west to Minnesota, Kansas, Indian
+     territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--One of our largest oaks, 50-75 feet high and 2-4 feet in
+diameter, exceptionally much larger, attaining its maximum in the Ohio
+and Mississippi basins; resembling _Q. coccinea_ in the general
+disposition of its mostly stouter branches; head wide-spreading,
+rounded; trunk short; foliage deep shining green, turning yellowish or
+reddish brown in autumn.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk dark gray or blackish, often lighter near the
+seashore, thick, usually rough near the ground even in young trees, in
+old trees deeply furrowed, separating into narrow, thick, and firmly
+adherent block-like strips; inner bark thick, yellow, and bitter;
+branches and branchlets a nearly uniform, mottled gray; season's shoots
+scurfy-pubescent.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds 1/8-1/4 inch long, bluntish to pointed,
+conspicuously clustered at ends of branches. Leaves simple, alternate,
+of two forms so distinct as to suggest different species, _a_ (Plate
+XLV, 8) varying towards _b_ (Plate XLV, 6), and _b_ often scarcely
+distinguishable from the leaf of the scarlet oak; in both forms outline
+obovate to oval, lobes usually 7, densely woolly when opening, more or
+less pubescent or scurfy till midsummer or later, dark shining green
+above, lighter beneath, becoming brown or dull red in autumn.
+
+Form _a_, sinuses shallow, lobes broad, rounded, mucronate.
+
+Form _b_, sinuses deep, extending halfway to the midrib or farther,
+oblong or triangular, bristle-tipped.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Early in May. Appearing when the leaves are half
+grown; sterile catkins 2-5 inches long, with slender, pubescent threads;
+calyx usually 3-4-lobed; lobes ovate, acute to rounded, hairy-pubescent;
+stamens 3-7, commonly 4-5; anthers yellow: pistillate flowers reddish,
+pubescent, at first nearly sessile; stigmas 3, red, divergent,
+reflexed.
+
+=Fruit.=--Maturing the second year; nearly sessile or on short
+footstalks: cup top-shaped to hemispherical; scales less firm than in
+_Q. coccinea_, tips papery and transversely rugulose, obtuse or rounded,
+or some of them acutish, often lacerate-edged, loose towards the thick
+and open edge of the cup: acorn small: kernel yellow within and bitter.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in
+well-drained soils, but prefers a rich, moist loam; of vigorous and
+rapid growth when young, but as it soon begins to show dead branches and
+becomes unsightly, it is not a desirable tree to plant, and is rarely
+offered by nurserymen. Propagated from seed.
+
+=Note.=--Apparently runs into _Q. coccinea_, from which it may be
+distinguished by its rougher and darker trunk, the yellow color and
+bitter taste of the inner bark, its somewhat larger and more pointed
+buds, the greater pubescence of its inflorescence, young shoots and
+leaves, the longer continuance of scurf or pubescence upon the leaves,
+the yellow or dull red shades of the autumn foliage, and by the yellow
+color and bitter taste of the nut.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLV.--Quercus velutina.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, 4-lobed calyx.
+  4. Sterile flower, 3-lobed calyx.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+  7. Fruit.
+  8. Variant leaf.
+
+
+=Quercus palustris, Du Roi.=
+
+PIN OAK. SWAMP OAK. WATER OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low grounds, borders of forests, wet woods, river
+banks, islets in swamps.
+
+     Ontario.
+
+Northern New England,--no station reported; Massachusetts,--Amherst
+(Stone, _Bull. Torrey Club_, IX, 57; J. E. Humphrey, _Amherst Trees_);
+Springfield, south to Connecticut, rare; Rhode Island,--southern
+portions, bordering the great Kingston swamp, and on the margin of the
+Pawcatuck river (L. W. Russell); Connecticut,--common along the sound,
+frequent northward, extending along the valley of the Connecticut river
+to the Massachusetts line.
+
+     South to the valley of the lower Potomac in Virginia; west to
+     Minnesota, east Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas, and Indian territory.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 40-50 feet high, with trunk diameter of
+1-2 feet, occasionally reaching a height of 60-70 feet (L. W. Russell),
+but attaining its maximum of 100 feet in height and upward in the basins
+of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers; trunk rather slender, often fringed
+with short, drooping branchlets, lower tier of branches short and mostly
+descending, the upper long, slender, and often beset with short, lateral
+shoots, which give rise to the common name; head graceful, open, rounded
+and symmetrical when young, in old age becoming more or less irregular;
+foliage delicate; bright shining green in autumn, often turning to a
+brilliant scarlet.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk dark, furrowed and broken in old trees, in young
+trees grayish-brown, smoothish; branchlets shining, light brown.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds short, conical, acute. Leaves simple,
+alternate, 3-5 inches long, bright green, smooth and shining above,
+duller beneath, with tufted hairs in the angles of the veins; outline
+broadly obovate to ovate; lobes divergent, triangular, toothed or
+entire, bristle-pointed; sinuses broad, rounded; leafstalk slender;
+stipules linear, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing when the leaves are half grown; sterile
+catkins 2-4 inches long; segments of calyx mostly 4 or 5, obtuse or
+rounded, somewhat lacerate; stamens mostly 4 or 5, anthers yellow,
+glabrous: pistillate flowers with broadly ovate scales; stigmas stout,
+red, reflexed.
+
+=Fruit.=--Abundant, maturing the second season, short-stemmed: cup
+saucer-shaped, with firm, appressed scales, shallow: acorns ovoid to
+globose, about 1/2 inch long, often striate, breadth sometimes equal to
+entire length of fruit.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Probably hardy throughout New England; grows in
+wet soils, but prefers a rich, moist loam; of rapid and uniform
+growth, readily and safely transplanted, and but little disfigured by
+insects; obtainable in leading nurseries. Propagated from the seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLVI.--Quercus palustris.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, side view.
+  4. Fertile flower, side view.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.=
+
+_Quercus nana, Sarg. Quercus pumila, Sudw._
+
+SCRUB OAK. BEAR OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In poor soils; sandy plains, gravelly or rocky
+hills.
+
+Maine,--frequent in eastern and southern sections and upon Mount Desert
+island; New Hampshire,--as far north as Conway, more common near the
+lower Connecticut; Vermont,--in the eastern and southern sections as far
+north as Bellows Falls; Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and
+Connecticut,--too abundant, forming in favorable situations dense
+thickets, sometimes covering several acres.
+
+     South to Ohio and the mountain regions of North Carolina and
+     Kentucky; west to the Alleghany mountains.
+
+=Habit.=--Shrub or small tree, usually 3-8 feet high, but frequently
+reaching a height of 15-25 feet; trunk short, sometimes in peaty swamps
+10-13 inches in diameter near the ground, branches much contorted,
+throwing out numerous branchlets of similar habit, forming a stiff,
+flattish head; beautiful for a brief week in spring by the delicate
+greens and reds of the opening leaves and reds and yellows of the
+numerous catkins. Sometimes associated with _Q. prinoides_.
+
+=Bark.=--Old trunks dark gray, with small, closely appressed scales;
+small trunks and branches grayish-brown, not furrowed or scaly; younger
+branches marked with pale yellow, raised dots; season's shoots
+yellowish-green, with a tawny, scurfy pubescence.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds 1/8-1/4 inch long, ovoid or conical,
+covered with imbricated, brownish, minutely ciliate scales. Leaves
+simple, alternate, 3-4 inches long and 2-3 inches broad; when unfolding
+reddish above and woolly on both sides, when mature yellowish-green and
+somewhat glossy above, smooth except on the midrib, rusty-white, and
+pubescent beneath; very variable in outline and in the number (3-7) and
+shape of lobes, sometimes entire, oftenest obovate with 5 bristle-tipped
+angular lobes, the two lower much smaller; base unequal, wedge-shaped,
+tip obtuse or rounded; leafstalk short; stipules linear, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Early in May. Appearing when the leaves are half
+grown; sterile catkins 2-4 inches long; calyx pubescent, lobes oftenest
+2-3, rounded; stamens 3-5; anthers red or yellow: pistillate flowers
+numerous; calyx lobes ovate, pointed, reddish, pubescent; stigmas 3,
+reddish, recurved, spreading.
+
+=Fruit.=--Abundant, maturing in the autumn of the second year, clustered
+along the branchlets on stout, short stems: cup top-shaped or
+hemispherical: acorn about 1/2 inch long, varying greatly in shape,
+mostly ovoid or spherical, brown, often striped lengthwise.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; grows well in dry,
+gravelly, ledgy, or sandy soil, where few other trees thrive; useful in
+such situations where a low growth is required; but as it is not
+procurable in quantity from nurseries, it must be grown from the seed.
+The leaves are at times stripped off by caterpillars, but otherwise it
+is not seriously affected by insects or fungous diseases.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLVII.--Quercus ilicifolia.]
+
+  1. Flowering branch.
+  2. Sterile flower, side view.
+  3. Fertile flowers, side view.
+  4. Fruiting branch.
+  5. Variant leaves.
+
+
+
+
+ULMACEÆ. ELM FAMILY.
+
+
+=Ulmus Americana, L.=
+
+ELM. AMERICAN ELM. WHITE ELM.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, moist ground; thrives especially on rich
+intervales.
+
+     From Cape Breton to Saskatchewan, as far north as 54° 30'.
+
+Maine,--common, most abundant in central and southern portions; New
+Hampshire,--common from the southern base of the White mountains to the
+sea; in the remaining New England states very common, attaining its
+highest development in the rich alluvium of the Connecticut river
+valley.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--In the fullness of its vigor the American elm is the most
+stately and graceful of the New England trees, 50-110 feet high and 1-8
+feet in diameter above the swell of the roots; characterized by an
+erect, more or less feathered or naked trunk, which loses itself
+completely in the branches, by arching limbs, drooping branchlets set at
+a wide angle, and by a spreading head widest near the top. Modifications
+of these elements give rise to various well-marked forms which have
+received popular names.
+
+1. In the vase-shaped tree, which is usually regarded as the type, the
+trunk separates into several large branches which rise, slowly
+diverging, 40-50 feet, and then sweep outward in wide arches, the
+smaller branches and spray becoming pendent.
+
+2. In the umbrella form the trunk remains entire nearly to the top of
+the tree, when the branches spread out abruptly, forming a broad,
+shallow arch, fringed at the circumference with long, drooping
+branchlets.
+
+3. The slender trunk of the plume elm rises, usually undivided, a
+considerable height, begins to curve midway, and is capped with a
+one-sided tuft of branches and delicate, elongated branchlets.
+
+4. The drooping elm differs from the type in the height of the arch and
+greater droop of the branches, which sometimes sweep the ground.
+
+5. In the oak form the limbs are more or less tortuous and less arching,
+forming a wide-spreading, rounded head.
+
+In all forms short, irregular, pendent branchlets are occasional along
+the trunks. The trees most noticeably feathered are usually of medium
+size, and have few large branches, the superfluous vitality manifesting
+itself in a copious fringe, which sometimes invests and obliterates the
+great pillars which support the masses of foliage. Conspicuous at all
+seasons of the year,--in spring when its brown buds are swollen to
+bursting, or when the myriads of flowers, insignificant singly, give in
+the sunlight an atmosphere of purplish-brown; when clothed with light,
+airy masses of deep green in summer or pale yellow in autumn, or in
+winter when the great trunk and mighty sweep of the arching branches
+distinguish it from all other trees. The roots lie near the surface and
+run a great distance.
+
+=Bark.=--Dark gray, irregularly and broadly striate, rather firmly
+ridged, in very old trees sometimes partially detached in plates;
+branches ash-gray, smooth; branchlets reddish-brown; season's shoots
+often pubescent, light brown in late fall.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate, brown, flattened, obtuse to
+acute, smooth. Leaves simple, alternate, 2-5 inches long, 2-3 inches
+wide, dark green and roughish above, lighter and downy at first beneath;
+outline ovate or oval to obovate-oblong, sharply and usually doubly
+serrate; apex abruptly pointed; base half acute, half rounded, produced
+on one side, often slightly heart-shaped or obtuse; veins straight and
+prominent; leafstalk stout, short; stipules small, soon falling. Leaves
+drop in early autumn.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April. In loose lateral clusters along the preceding
+season's shoots; flowers brown or purplish, mostly perfect, with
+occasional sterile and fertile on the same tree; stems slender; calyx
+7-9-lobed, hairy or smooth; stamens 7-9, filaments slender, anthers
+exserted, brownish-red; ovary flat, green, ciliate; styles 2.
+
+=Fruit.=--Ripening in May, before the leaves are fully grown, a samara,
+1/2 inch in diameter, oval or ovate, smooth on both sides, hairy on
+the edge, the notch in the margin closed or partially closed by the two
+incurved points.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in any soil,
+but prefers a deep, rich loam; the ideal street tree with its high,
+overarching branches and moderate shade; grows rapidly, throws out few
+low branches, bears pruning well; now so seriously affected by numerous
+insect enemies that it is not planted as freely as heretofore;
+objectionable on the borders of gardens or mowing land, as the roots run
+along near the surface for a great distance. Very largely grown in
+nurseries, usually from seed, sometimes from small collected plants.
+Though so extremely variable in outline, there are no important
+horticultural forms in cultivation.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLVIII.--Ulmus Americana.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower, side view.
+  4. Fruiting branch.
+  5. Mature leaf.
+
+
+=Ulmus fulva, Michx.=
+
+_Ulmus pubescens, Walt._
+
+SLIPPERY ELM. RED ELM.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Rich, low grounds, low, rocky woods and hillsides.
+
+     Valley of the St. Lawrence, apparently not abundant.
+
+Maine,--District of Maine (Michaux, _Sylva of North America_, ed. 1853,
+III, 53), rare; Waterborough (York county, Chamberlain, 1898); New
+Hampshire,--valley of the Connecticut, usually disappearing within ten
+miles of the river; ranges as far north as the mouth of the Passumpsic;
+Vermont,--frequent; Massachusetts,--rare in the eastern sections,
+frequent westward; Rhode Island.--infrequent; Connecticut,--occasional.
+
+    South to Florida; west to North Dakota and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A small or medium-sized tree, 40-60 feet high, with a trunk
+diameter of 1-2-1/2 feet; head in proportion to the height of the tree,
+the widest spreading of the species, characterized by its dark, hairy
+buds and rusty-green, dense and rough foliage.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk brown and in old trees deeply furrowed; larger
+branches grayish-brown, somewhat striate; branchlets grayish-brown,
+rough, marked with numerous dots, downy; season's shoots light gray and
+very rough; inner bark mucilaginous, hence the name "slippery elm."
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate to rounded-cylindrical, acute or
+obtuse, very dark, densely tomentose, very conspicuous just before
+unfolding. Leaves simple, alternate, 4-8 inches long, 3-4 inches wide,
+thickish, minutely hairy above and woolly beneath when young, at
+maturity pale rusty-green and very rough both ways upon the upper
+surface, scarcely less beneath, rough and hairy along the ribs;
+sweet-scented when dried; outline oblong, ovate-oblong, or oval, doubly
+serrate; apex acuminate; base more or less heart-shaped or obtuse,
+inequilateral; leafstalk short, rough, hairy; stipules small, soon
+falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--March to April. Preceding the leaves, from the lateral
+buds of the preceding season, in clusters of nearly sessile, purplish
+flowers; sterile, fertile, and perfect on the same tree; calyx
+5-9-lobed, downy; corolla none; stamens 5-9, anthers dark red; ovary
+flattened; styles two, purple, downy.
+
+=Fruit.=--A samara, winged all round, 3/4 inch in diameter, roundish,
+pubescent over the seed, not fringed, larger than the fruit of _U.
+Americana_.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; does well in
+various situations, but prefers a light, sandy or gravelly soil near
+running water; grows more rapidly than _U. Americana_, and is less
+liable to the attacks of insects; its large foliage and graceful outline
+make it worthy of a place in ornamental plantations. Propagated from
+seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLIX.--Ulmus fulva.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch,
+  3. Flower, top view.
+  4. Flower, side view, part of perianth and stamens removed.
+  5. Pistil.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Ulmus racemosa, Thomas.=
+
+CORK ELM. ROCK ELM.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Dry, gravelly soils, rich soils, river banks.
+
+     Quebec through Ontario.
+
+Maine,--not reported; New Hampshire,--rare and extremely local; Meriden
+and one or two other places (Jessup); Vermont,--rare, Bennington, Pownal
+(Robbins), Knowlton (Brainerd), Highgate (Eggleston); comparatively
+abundant in Champlain valley and westward (T. H. Haskins, _Garden and
+Forest_, V, 86); Massachusetts,--rare; Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,--not reported native.
+
+     South to Tennessee; west to Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska and Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--A large tree, scarcely inferior at its best to _U. Americana_,
+50-75 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet; reaching in southern
+Michigan a height of 100 feet and a diameter of 5 feet; trunk rather
+slender; branches short and stout, often twiggy in the interior of the
+tree; branchlets slender, spreading, sometimes with a drooping tendency;
+head rather narrow, round-topped.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk brownish-gray, in old trees irregularly separated
+into deep, wide, flat-topped ridges; branches grayish-brown; leaf-scars
+conspicuous; season's shoots light brown, more or less pubescent or
+glabrous, oblong-dotted; branches and branchlets often marked lengthwise
+with corky, wing-like ridges.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate to oblong, pointed, scales
+downy-ciliate, pubescent. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-4 inches long,
+half as wide, glabrous above, minutely pubescent beneath; outline ovate,
+doubly serrate (less sharp than the serratures in _U. Americana_); apex
+acuminate; base inequilateral, produced and rounded on one side, acute
+or slightly rounded on the other; veins straight; leafstalk short,
+stout; stipules soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Appearing before the leaves from lateral
+buds of the preceding season, in drooping racemes; calyx lobes 7-8,
+broad-triangular, with rounded edges and a mostly obtuse apex: pedicels
+thread-like, jointed; stamens 5-10, exserted, anthers purple, ovary
+2-styled: stigmas recurved or spreading.
+
+=Fruit.=--Samara ovate, broadly oval, or obovate, pubescent, margin
+densely fringed, resembling fruit of _U. Americana_ but somewhat larger.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a moist,
+rich soil, in open situations; less variable in habit than the American
+elm and a smaller tree with smaller foliage, scarcely varying enough to
+justify its extensive use as a substitute. Not often obtainable in
+nurseries, but readily transplanted, and easily propagated from the
+seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE L.--Ulmus racemosa.]
+
+  1. Winter buds, at the time the flowers open.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower, side view.
+  4. Flower, side view, perianth and stamens partly removed.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS, L.
+
+HACKBERRY. NETTLE TREE. HOOP ASH. SUGAR BERRY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In divers situations and soils; woods, river
+banks, near salt marshes.
+
+     Province of Quebec to Lake of the Woods, occasional.
+
+Maine,--not reported; New Hampshire,--sparingly along the Connecticut
+valley, as far as Wells river; Vermont,--along Lake Champlain, not
+common; Norwich and Windsor on the Connecticut (Eggleston);
+Massachusetts,--occasional throughout the state; Rhode Island,--common
+(Bailey); Connecticut,--common (J. N. Bishop).
+
+     South to the Gulf states; west to Minnesota and Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--A small or medium-sized tree, 20-45 feet high, with a trunk
+diameter of 8 inches to 2 feet; attaining farther south a maximum of 100
+feet in height, with a trunk diameter of 4-6 feet; variable; most
+commonly the rough, straight trunk, sometimes buttressed at the base,
+branches a few feet from the ground, sending out a few large limbs and
+numerous slender, horizontal or slightly drooping and more or less
+tortuous branches; head wide-spreading, flattish or often rounded, with
+deep green foliage which lasts into late autumn with little change in
+color, and with cherry-like fruit which holds on till the next spring.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in young trees grayish, rough, unbroken, in old
+trees with deep, short ridges; main branches corrugated; secondary
+branches close and even; branchlets pubescent; season's shoots
+reddish-brown, often downy, more or less shining.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, ovate, acute, scales chestnut
+brown. Leaves simple, alternate, extremely variable in size, outline,
+and texture, usually 2-4 inches long, two-thirds as wide, thin, deep
+green, and scarcely rough above, more or less pubescent beneath, with
+numerous and prominent veins, outline ovate to ovate-lanceolate, sharply
+serrate above the lower third; apex usually narrowly and sharply
+acuminate; base acutish, inequilateral, 3-nerved, entire; leafstalk
+slender; stipules lanceolate, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing with the leaves from the axils of the
+season's shoots, sterile and fertile flowers usually separate on the
+same tree; flowers slender-stemmed, the sterile in clusters at the base
+of the shoot, the fertile in the axils above, usually solitary; calyx
+greenish, segments oblong; stamens 4-6, in the fertile flowers about the
+length of the 4 lobes, in the sterile exserted; ovary with two long,
+recurved stigmas.
+
+=Fruit.=--Drupes, on long slender stems, globular, about the size of the
+fruit of the wild red cherry, purplish-red when ripe, thin-meated,
+edible, lasting through the winter.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in all
+well-drained soils, but prefers a deep, rich, moist loam. Young trees
+grow rather slowly and are more or less distorted, and trees of the same
+age often vary considerably in size and habit; hence it is not a
+desirable street tree, but it appears well in ornamental grounds. A
+disease which seriously disfigures the tree is extending to New England,
+and the leaves are sometimes attacked by insects. Occasionally offered
+by nurserymen and easily transplanted.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LI.--Celtis occidentalis.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Fertile flower.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+MORACEÆ. MULBERRY FAMILY.
+
+
+=Morus rubra, L.=
+
+MULBERRY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Banks of rivers, rich woods.
+
+     Canadian shore of Lake Erie.
+
+A rare tree in New England. Maine,--doubtfully reported; New
+Hampshire,--Pemigewasset valley, White mountains (Matthews);
+Vermont,--northern extremity of Lake Champlain, banks of the Connecticut
+(Flagg), Pownal (Oakes), North Pownal (Eggleston); Massachusetts,--rare;
+Rhode Island,--no station reported; Connecticut,--rare; Bristol,
+Plainville, North Guilford, East Rock and Norwich (J. N. Bishop).
+
+    South to Florida; west to Michigan, South Dakota, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A small tree, 15-25 feet in height, with a trunk diameter of
+8-15 inches; attaining much greater dimensions in the Ohio and
+Mississippi basins; a wide-branching, rounded tree, characterized by a
+milky sap, rather dense foliage, and fruit closely resembling in shape
+that of the high blackberry.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk light brown, rough, and more or less furrowed according
+to age; larger branches light greenish-brown; season's shoots gray and
+somewhat downy.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate, obtuse. Leaves simple, alternate,
+4-8 inches long, two-thirds as wide, rough above, yellowish-green and
+densely pubescent when young; at maturity dark green and downy beneath,
+turning yellow in autumn; conspicuously reticulated; outline variable,
+ovate, obovate, oblong or broadly oval, serrate-dentate with equal
+teeth, or irregularly 3-7-lobed; apex acuminate; base heart-shaped to
+truncate; stalk 1-2 inches long; stipules linear, serrate, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing with the leaves from the season's
+shoots, in axillary spikes, sterile and fertile flowers sometimes on the
+same tree, sometimes on different trees,--sterile flowers in spreading
+or pendulous spikes, about 1 inch long; calyx 4-parted; petals none;
+stamens 4, the inflexed filaments of which suddenly straighten
+themselves as the flower expands: fertile spikes spreading or pendent;
+calyx 4-parted, becoming fleshy in fruit; ovary sessile; stigmas 2,
+spreading.
+
+=Fruit.=--July to August. In drooping spikes about 1 inch long and 1/2
+inch in diameter; dark purplish-red, oblong, sweet and edible;
+apparently a simple fruit but really made up of the thickened calyx
+lobes of the spike.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in southern New England; grows rapidly in
+a good, moist soil in sun or shade; the large leaves start late and drop
+early; useful where it is hardy, in low tree plantations or as an
+undergrowth in woods; readily transplanted, but seldom offered for sale
+by nurserymen or collectors; propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LII.--Morus rubra.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  3. Sterile flower with stamens incurved.
+  4. Sterile flower expanded.
+  5. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  6. Fertile flower, side view.
+  7. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Morus alba, L.=
+
+Probably a native of China, where its leaves have from time immemorial
+furnished food for silkworms; extensively introduced and naturalized in
+India and central and southern Europe; introduced likewise into the
+United States and Canada from Ontario to Florida; occasionally
+spontaneous near dwellings, old trees sometimes marking the sites of
+houses that have long since disappeared.
+
+It may be distinguished from _M. rubra_ by its smooth, shining leaves,
+its whitish or pinkish fruit, and its greater susceptibility to frost.
+
+
+
+
+MAGNOLIACEÆ. MAGNOLIA FAMILY.
+
+
+=Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.=
+
+TULIP TREE. WHITEWOOD. POPLAR.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Prefers a rich, loamy, moist soil.
+
+Vermont,--valley of the Hoosac river in the southwestern corner of the
+state; Massachusetts,--frequent in the Connecticut river valley and
+westward; reported as far east as Douglas, southeastern corner of
+Worcester county (R. M. Harper, _Rhodora_, II, 122); Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,--frequent, especially in the central and southern portions
+of the latter state.
+
+     South to the Gulf states; west to Wisconsin; occasional in the
+     eastern sections of Missouri and Arkansas; attains great size in
+     the basins of the Ohio and its tributaries, and southward along the
+     Mississippi river bottoms.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 50-70 feet high; trunk 2-3 feet in
+diameter, straight, cylindrical; head rather open, more or less
+cone-shaped, in the dense forest lifted high and spreading; branches
+small for the size of the tree, set at varying angles, often decurrent,
+becoming scraggly with age. The shapely trunk, erect, showy blossoms,
+green, cone-like fruit, and conspicuous bright green truncate leaves
+give the tulip tree an air of peculiar distinction.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk ashen-gray and smoothish in young trees, becoming
+at length dark, seamed, and furrowed; the older branches gray; the
+season's shoots of a shining chestnut, with minute dots and conspicuous
+leaf-scars; glabrous or dusty-pubescent; bark of roots pale brown,
+fleshy, with an agreeable aromatic smell and pungent taste.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Terminal buds 1/2-1 inch long; narrow-oblong;
+flattish; covered by two chestnut-brown dotted scales, which persist as
+appendages at the base of the leafstalk, often enclosing several leaves
+which develop one after the other. Leaves simple, alternate, lobed; 3-5
+inches long and nearly as broad, dark green and smooth on the upper
+surface, lighter, with minute dusty pubescence beneath, becoming yellow
+and russet brown in autumn; usually with four rounded or pointed lobes,
+the two upper abruptly cut off at the apex, and separated by a slight
+indentation or notch more or less broad and shallow at the top; all the
+lobes entire, or 2-3 sublobed, or coarsely toothed; base truncate, acute
+or heart-shaped; leafstalks as long or longer than the blade, slender,
+enlarged at the base; stipules 1-2 inches long, pale yellow, oblong,
+often persisting till the leaf is fully developed.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Late May or early June. Flowers conspicuous, solitary,
+terminal, held erect by a stout stem, tulip-shaped, 1-1/2-2 inches long,
+opening at the top about 2 inches. There are two triangular bracts which
+fall as the flower opens; three greenish, concave sepals, at length
+reflexed; six greenish-yellow petals with an orange spot near the base
+of each; numerous stamens somewhat shorter than the petals; and pistils
+clinging together about a central axis.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cone-like, formed of numerous carpels, often abortive, which
+fall away from the axis at maturity; each long, flat carpel encloses in
+the cavity at its base one or two orange seeds which hang out for a time
+on flexible, silk-like threads.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--An ornamental tree of great merit; hardy except
+in the coldest parts of New England; difficult to transplant, but
+growing rapidly when established; comes into leaf rather early and holds
+its foliage till mid-fall, shedding it in a short time when mature;
+adapts itself readily to good, light soils, but grows best in moist
+loam. It has few disfiguring insect enemies. Mostly propagated by seed,
+but sometimes successfully collected; for sale in the leading nurseries
+and usually obtainable in large quantities. Of abnormal forms offered by
+nurserymen, one has an upright habit approaching that of the Lombardy
+poplar; another has variegated leaves, and another leaves without lobes.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LIII.--Liriodendron Tulipifera.]
+
+  1. Winter bud, terminal.
+  2. Opening leaf-bud with stipules.
+  3. Flowering branch.
+  4. Fruit.
+  5. Fruit with many carpels removed.
+  6. Carpel with seeds.
+
+
+
+
+LAURACEÆ. LAUREL FAMILY.
+
+
+=Sassafras officinale, Nees.=
+
+_Sassafras Sassafras, Karst._
+
+SASSAFRAS.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In various soils and situations; sandy or rich
+woods, along the borders of peaty swamps.
+
+     Provinces of Quebec and Ontario.
+
+Maine,--this tree grows not beyond Black Point (Scarboro, Cumberland
+county) eastward (Josselyn's _New England Rarities_, 1672); not reported
+again by botanists for more than two hundred years; rediscovered at
+Wells in 1895 (Walter Deane) and North Berwick in 1896 (J. C. Parlin);
+New Hampshire,--lower Merrimac valley, eastward to the coast and along
+the Connecticut valley to Bellows Falls; Vermont,--occasional south of
+the center; Pownal (Robbins, Eggleston); Hartland and Brattleboro
+(Bates), Vernon (Grant); Massachusetts,--common especially in the
+eastern sections; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Michigan, Iowa, Kansas, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--Generally a shrub or small tree but sometimes reaching a
+height of 40-50 feet and a trunk diameter of 2-4 feet; attaining a
+maximum in the southern and southwestern states of 80-100 feet in height
+and a trunk diameter of 6-7 feet; head open, flattish or rounded;
+branches at varying angles, stout, crooked, and irregular; spray bushy;
+marked in winter by the contrasting reddish-brown of the trunk, the
+bright yellowish-green of the shoots and the prominent flower-buds, in
+early spring by the drooping racemes of yellow flowers, in autumn by the
+rich yellow or red-tinted foliage and handsome fruit, at all seasons by
+the aromatic odor and spicy flavor of all parts of the tree, especially
+the bark of the root.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk deep reddish-brown, deeply and firmly ridged in
+old trees, in young trees greenish-gray, finely and irregularly striate,
+the outer layer often curiously splitting, resembling a sort of filagree
+work; branchlets reddish-brown, marked with warts of russet brown;
+season's shoots at first minutely pubescent, in the fall more or less
+mottled, bright yellowish-green.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Flower-buds conspicuous, terminal, ovate to
+elliptical, the outer scales rather loose, more or less pubescent, the
+inner glossy, pubescent; lateral buds much smaller. Leaves simple,
+alternate, often opposite, 3-5 inches long, two-thirds as wide,
+downy-tomentose when young, at maturity smooth, yellowish-green above,
+lighter beneath, with midrib conspicuous and minutely hairy; outline of
+two forms, one oval to oblong, entire, usually rounded at the apex,
+wedge-shaped at base; the other oval to obovate, mitten-shaped or
+3-lobed to about the center, with rounded sinuses; apex obtuse or
+rounded; base wedge-shaped; leafstalk about 1 inch long; stipules none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April or early May. Appearing with the leaves in
+slender, bracted, greenish-yellow, corymbous racemes, from terminal buds
+of the preceding season, sterile and fertile flowers on separate
+trees,--sterile flowers with 9 stamens, each of the three inner with two
+stalked orange-colored glands, anthers 4-celled, ovary abortive or
+wanting: fertile flowers with 6 rudimentary stamens in one row; ovary
+ovoid; style short.
+
+=Fruit.=--Generally scanty, drupes, ovoid, deep blue, with club-shaped,
+bright red stalk.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; adapted to a great
+variety of soils, but prefers a stony, well-drained loam or gravel. Its
+irregular masses of foliage, which color so brilliantly in the fall,
+make it an extremely interesting tree in plantations, but it has always
+been rare in nurseries and difficult to transplant; suckers, however,
+can be moved readily. Propagated easily from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LIV.--Sassafras officinale.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+HAMAMELIDACEÆ. WITCH HAZEL FAMILY.
+
+
+=Liquidambar Styraciflua, L.=
+
+SWEET GUM.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, wet soil, swamps, moist woods.
+
+Connecticut,--restricted to the southwest corner of the state, not far
+from the seacoast; Darien to Five Mile river, probably the northeastern
+limit of its natural growth.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Missouri and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--Tree 40-60 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 10 inches to 2
+feet, attaining a height of 150 feet and a diameter of 3-5 feet in the
+Ohio and Mississippi valleys; trunk tall and straight; branches rather
+small for the diameter and height of the tree, the lower mostly
+horizontal or declining; branchlets beset with numerous short, rather
+stout, curved twigs; head wide-spreading, ovoid or narrow-pyramidal,
+symmetrical; conspicuous in summer by its deep green, shining foliage,
+in autumn by the splendor of its coloring, and in winter by the
+long-stemmed, globular fruit, which does not fall till spring.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk gray or grayish-brown, in old trees deeply furrowed and
+broken up into rather small, thickish, loose scales; branches
+brown-gray; branchlets with or without prominent corky ridges on the
+upper side; young twigs yellowish.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate, reddish-brown, glossy, acute.
+Leaves simple, alternate, regular, 3-4 inches in diameter, dark green
+turning to reds, purples, and yellows in autumn, cut into the figure of
+a star by 5-7 equal, pointed lobes, glandular-serrate, smooth, shining
+on the upper surface, fragrant when bruised; base more or less
+heart-shaped; stalk slender.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Developing from a bud of the season; sterile
+flowers in an erect or spreading, cylindrical catkin; calyx none; petals
+none, stamens many, intermixed with minute scales: fertile flowers
+numerous, gathered in a long peduncled head; calyx consisting of fine
+scales; corolla none; pistil with 2-celled ovary and 2 long styles.
+
+=Fruit.=--In spherical, woody heads, about 1 inch in diameter, suspended
+by a slender thread: a sort of aggregate fruit made up of the hardened,
+coherent ovaries, holding on till spring, each containing one or two
+perfect seeds.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy along the southern shores of New England;
+grows in good wet or dry soils, preferring clays. Young plants are
+tender in Massachusetts, but if protected a few seasons until well
+established make hardy trees of medium size. It is offered by
+nurserymen, but must be frequently transplanted to be moved with safety;
+rate of growth rather slow and nearly uniform to maturity. Propagated
+from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LV.--Liquidambar styraciflua.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Fertile flower.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+PLATANACEÆ. PLANE-TREE FAMILY.
+
+
+=Platanus occidentalis, L.=
+
+BUTTONWOOD. SYCAMORE. BUTTONBALL. PLANE TREE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Near streams, river bottoms, and low, damp woods.
+
+     Ontario.
+
+Maine,--apparently restricted to York county; New Hampshire,--Merrimac
+valley towards the coast; along the Connecticut as far as Walpole;
+Vermont,--scattering along the river shores, quite abundant along the
+Hoosac in Pownal (Eggleston); Massachusetts,--occasional; Rhode Island
+and Connecticut,--rather common.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A tree of the first magnitude, 50-100 feet and upwards in
+height, with a diameter of 3-8 feet; reaching in the rich alluvium of
+the Ohio and Mississippi valleys a maximum of 125 feet in height and a
+diameter of 20 feet; the largest tree of the New England forest,
+conspicuous by its great height, massive trunk and branches, and by its
+magnificent, wide-spreading, dome-shaped or pyramidal, open head. The
+sunlight, streaming through the large-leafed, rusty foliage, reveals the
+curiously mottled patchwork bark; and the long-stemmed, globular fruit
+swings to every breeze till spring comes again.
+
+The lower branches are often very long and almost horizontal, and the
+branchlets frequently have a tufted, broom-like appearance, due probably
+to the action of a fungous disease on the young growth.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and large branches dark greenish-gray, sometimes
+rough and closely adherent, but usually flaking off in broad, thin,
+brittle scales, exposing the green or buff inner bark, which becomes
+nearly white on exposure; branchlets light brown, sometimes ridgy
+towards the ends, marked with numerous inconspicuous dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds short, ovate, obtuse, enclosed in the
+swollen base of a petiole, and, after the fall of the leaf, encircled
+by the leaf-scar. Leaves simple, alternate, 5-6 inches long, 7-10 wide,
+pubescent on both sides when young, at maturity light rusty-green above,
+light green beneath, finally smooth, turning yellow in autumn,
+coriaceous; outline reniform; margin coarse-toothed or sinuate-lobed,
+the short lobes ending in a sharp point; base heart-shaped to nearly
+truncate; leafstalk 1-2 inches long, swollen at the base; stipules
+sheathing, often united, forming a sort of ruffle.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. In crowded spherical heads; flowers of both kinds
+with insignificant calyx and corolla,--sterile heads from terminal or
+lateral buds of the preceding season, on short and pendulous stems;
+stamens few, usually 4, anthers 2-celled: fertile heads from shoots of
+the season, on long, slender stems, made up of closely compacted ovate
+ovaries with intermingled scales, ovaries surmounted by hairy one-sided
+recurved styles, with bright red stigmas.
+
+=Fruit.=--In heads, mostly solitary, about 1 inch in diameter,
+persistent till spring: nutlets small, hairy, 1-seeded.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a deep,
+rich, loamy soil near water, but grows in almost any situation; of more
+rapid growth than almost any other native tree, and formerly planted
+freely in ornamental grounds and on streets, but fungous diseases
+disfigure it so seriously, and the late frosts so often kill the young
+leaves that it is now seldom obtainable in nurseries; usually propagated
+from seed. The European plane, now largely grown in some nurseries, is a
+suitable substitute.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LVI.--Platanus occidentalis.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch with sterile and fertile heads.
+  3. Stamen.
+  4. Pistil.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+  6. Stipule.
+  7. Bud with enclosing base of leafstalk.
+
+
+
+
+POMACEÆ. APPLE FAMILY.
+
+
+Trees or shrubs; leaves simple or pinnate, mostly alternate, with
+stipules free from the leafstalk and usually soon falling; flowers
+regular, perfect; calyx 5-lobed; calyx-tube adnate to ovary; petals 5,
+inserted on the disk which lines the calyx-tube; stamens usually many,
+distinct, inserted with the petals; carpels of the ovary 1-5, partially
+or entirely united with each other; ovules 1-2 in each carpel; styles
+1-5; fruit a fleshy pome, often berry-like or drupe-like, formed by
+consolidation of the carpels with the calyx-tube.
+
+
+PYRUS. MALUS. AMELANCHIER. CRATÆGUS.
+
+
+=Pyrus Americana, DC.=
+
+_Sorbus Americana, Marsh._
+
+MOUNTAIN ASH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--River banks, cool woods, swamps, and mountains.
+
+     Newfoundland to Manitoba.
+
+Maine,--common; New Hampshire,--common along the watersheds of the
+Connecticut and Merrimac rivers and on the slopes of the White
+mountains; Vermont,--abundant far up the slopes of the Green mountains;
+Massachusetts,--Graylock, Wachusett, Watatic, and other mountainous
+regions; rare eastward; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--occasional in the
+northern sections.
+
+     South, in cold swamps and along the mountains to North Carolina;
+     west to Michigan and Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--A small tree, 15-20 feet high, often attaining in the woods of
+northern Maine and on the slopes of the White mountains a height of
+25-30 feet, with a trunk diameter of 12-15 inches; reduced at its
+extreme altitudes to a low shrub; head, in open ground, pyramidal or
+roundish; branches spreading and slender.
+
+=Bark.=--Closely resembling bark of _P. sambucifolia_.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.,=--Buds more or less scythe-shaped, acute,
+smooth, glutinous. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate; stem grooved,
+enlarged at base, reddish-brown above; stipules deciduous; leaflets
+11-19, 2-4 inches long, bright green above, paler beneath, smooth,
+narrow-oblong or lanceolate, the terminal often elliptical, finely and
+sharply serrate above the base; apex acuminate; base roundish to acute
+and unequally sided; sessile or nearly so, except in the odd leaflet.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--In terminal, densely compound, large and flattish
+cymes; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, white, roundish, short-clawed; stamens
+numerous; ovary inferior; styles 3.
+
+=Fruit.=--Round, bright red, about the size of a pea, lasting into
+winter.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a good,
+well-drained soil; rate of growth slow and nearly uniform. It is readily
+transplanted and would be useful on the borders of woods, in plantations
+of low trees, and in seaside exposures. Rare in nurseries and seldom for
+sale by collectors. The readily obtainable and more showy European _P.
+aucuparia_ is to be preferred for ornamental purposes.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LVII.--Pyrus Americana.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.
+  4. Petal.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht.=
+
+_Sorbus sambucifolia, R[oe]m._
+
+MOUNTAIN ASH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Mountain slopes, cool woods, along the shores of
+rivers and ponds, often associated with _P. Americana_, but climbing
+higher up the mountains.
+
+From Labrador and Nova Scotia west to the Rocky mountains, then
+northward along the mountain ranges to Alaska.
+
+Maine,--abundant in Aroostook county, Piscataquis county, Somerset
+county at least north to the Moose river, along the boundary mountains,
+about the Rangeley lakes and locally on Mount Desert Island; New
+Hampshire,--in the White mountain region; Vermont,--Mt. Mansfield,
+Willoughby mountain (Pringle); undoubtedly in other sections of these
+states; to be looked for along the edges of deep, cool swamps and at
+considerable elevations.
+
+     South of New England, probably only as an escape from cultivation;
+     west through the northern tier of states to the Rocky mountains,
+     thence northward along the mountain ranges to Alaska and south to
+     New Mexico and California.
+
+=Habit.=--A shrub 3-10 feet high, or small tree rising to a height of
+15-25 feet, reaching its maximum in northern New England, where it
+occasionally attains a height of 30-35 feet, with a trunk diameter of 15
+inches. It forms an open, wide-spreading, pyramidal or roundish head,
+resembling the preceding species in the color of bark, in foliage and
+fruit. Whether these are two distinct species is at the present
+problematical, as there are many intermediate forms, and the same tree
+sometimes furnishes specimens that would indubitably be referred to
+different species.
+
+=Bark.=--On old trees light brown and roughish on the trunk, separating
+into small scales curling up on one side; large limbs light-colored,
+smoothish, often conspicuously marked with coarse horizontal blotches
+and leaf-scars; season's shoots light brown, smooth, silvery dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Terminal bud 1 inch long, lateral 1/2 inch,
+appressed, brownish, scythe-shaped, acute, more or less glutinous.
+Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, stems grooved and reddish above,
+enlarged at base; stipules deciduous; leaflets 7-15, the odd one
+stalked, 1-3 inches long, 1/2-1 inch wide, bright green above, paler
+beneath, smooth, mostly ovate-oblong, serrate above the base; apex
+rounded or more usually tapering suddenly to a short point, or rarely
+acuminate; base inequilateral.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--In broad, compound cymes at the ends of the branches;
+flowers white and rather larger than those of _P. Americanus_; calyx
+5-lobed; petals 5, ovate, short-clawed; stamens numerous; pistil
+3-styled.
+
+=Fruit.=--In broad cymes; berries bright red, roundish, rather larger
+than those of _P. Americana_, holding on till winter.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England, though of shrub-like
+proportions in the southern sections; grows in exposed situations
+inland, and along the seashore. The dwarf habit, graceful foliage, and
+showy fruit give it an especial value in artificial plantations; but it
+is seldom for sale in nurseries and only occasionally by collectors. It
+is readily transplanted and is propagated by seed.
+
+=Note.=--In the European mountain ash, _P. aucuparia_, the leaves have a
+blunter apex than is usually found in either of the American species,
+and have a more decided tendency to double serration.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LVIII.--Pyrus sambucifolia.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.
+  4. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Pyrus communis, L.=
+
+PEAR TREE.
+
+The common pear, introduced from Europe; a frequent escape from
+cultivation throughout New England and elsewhere; becomes scraggly and
+shrubby in a wild state.
+
+
+=Pyrus Malus, L.=
+
+_Malus Malus, Britton_.
+
+APPLE TREE.
+
+The common apple; introduced from Europe; a more or less frequent escape
+wherever extensively cultivated, like the pear showing a tendency in a
+wild state to reversion.
+
+
+=Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic.=
+
+SHADBUSH. JUNE-BERRY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Dry, open woods, hillsides.
+
+     Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Lake Superior.
+
+New England,--throughout.
+
+     South to the Gulf of Mexico; west to Minnesota, Kansas, and
+     Louisiana.
+
+=Habit.=--Shrub or small tree, 10-25 feet high, with a trunk diameter of
+6-10 inches, reaching sometimes a height of 40 feet and trunk diameter
+of 18 inches; head rather wide-spreading, slender-branched, open;
+conspicuous in early spring, while other trees are yet naked, by its
+profuse display of loose spreading clusters of white flowers, and the
+delicate tints of the silky opening foliage.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk and large branches greenish-gray, smooth; branchlets
+purplish-brown, smooth.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, oblong-conical, pointed. Leaves
+2-3-1/2 inches long, about half as wide, slightly pubescent when young,
+dark bluish-green above at maturity, lighter beneath; outline varying
+from ovate to obovate, finely and sharply serrate; apex pointed or
+mucronate, often abruptly so; base somewhat heart-shaped or rounded;
+leafstalk about 1 inch long; stipules slender, silky, ciliate, soon
+falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Appearing with the leaves at the end of
+the branchlets in long, loose, spreading or drooping, nearly glabrous
+racemes; flowers large; calyx 5-cleft, campanulate, pubescent to nearly
+glabrous; segments lanceolate, acute, reflexed; petals 5, whole,
+narrow-oblong or oblong-spatulate, about 1 inch long, two to three times
+the length of the calyx; stamens numerous: ovary with style deeply
+5-parted.
+
+=Fruit.=--June to July. In drooping racemes, globose, passing through
+various colors to reddish, purplish, or black purple, long-stemmed,
+sweet and edible without decided flavor.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in all soils
+and situations except in wet lands, but prefers deep, rich, moist loam;
+very irregular in its habit of growth, sometimes forming a shrub, at
+other times a slender, unsymmetrical tree, and again a symmetrical tree
+with well-defined trunk. Its beautiful flowers, clean growth, attractive
+fruit and autumn foliage make it a desirable plant in landscape
+plantations where it can be grouped with other trees. Occasionally in
+nurseries; procurable from collectors.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LIX.--Amelanchier Canadensis.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.
+  4. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+CRATÆGUS.
+
+A revision of genus _Cratægus_ has long been a desideratum with
+botanists. The present year has added numerous new species, most of
+which must be regarded as provisional until sufficient time has elapsed
+to note more carefully the limits of variation in previously existing
+species and to eliminate possible hybrids. During the present period of
+uncertainty it seems best to exclude most of the new species from the
+manuals until their status has been satisfactorily established by
+raising plants from the seed, or by prolonged observation over wide
+areas.
+
+
+=Cratægus Crus-Galli, L.=
+
+COCKSPUR THORN.
+
+Rich soils, edge of swamps.
+
+     Quebec to Manitoba.
+
+Found sparingly in western Vermont (_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); southern
+Connecticut (C. H. Bissell).
+
+     South to Georgia; west to Iowa.
+
+A small tree, 10-25 feet in height and 6-12 inches in trunk diameter;
+best distinguished by its thorns and leaves.
+
+Thorns numerous, straight, long (2-4 inches), slender; leaves thick,
+smooth, dark green, shining on the upper surface, pale beneath, turning
+dark orange red in autumn; outline obovate-oblanceolate, serrate above,
+entire or nearly so near base; apex acute or rounded; base decidedly
+wedge-shaped shaped; leafstalks short.
+
+Fruit globose or very slightly pear-shaped, remaining on the tree
+throughout the winter.
+
+Hardy throughout southern New England; used frequently for a hedge
+plant.
+
+
+=Cratægus punctata, Jacq.=
+
+Thickets, hillsides, borders of forests.
+
+     Quebec and Ontario.
+
+Small tree, common in Vermont (Brainerd) and occasional in the other New
+England states.
+
+     South to Georgia.
+
+Thorns 1-2 inches long, sometimes branched; leaves 1-2-1/2 inches long,
+smooth on the upper surface, finally smooth and dull beneath; outline
+obovate, toothed or slightly lobed above, entire or nearly so beneath,
+short-pointed or somewhat obtuse at the apex, wedge-shaped at base;
+leafstalk slender, 1-2 inches long; calyx lobes linear, entire; fruit
+large, red or yellow.
+
+
+=Cratægus coccinea, L.=
+
+In view of the fact of great variation in the bark, leaves,
+inflorescence, and fruit of plants that have all passed in this country
+as _C. coccinea_, and in view of the further uncertainty as to the plant
+on which the species was originally founded, it seems "best to consider
+the specimen in the Linnæan herbarium as the type of _C. coccinea_ which
+can be described as follows:
+
+     "Leaves elliptical or on vigorous shoots mostly semiorbicular,
+     acute or acuminate, divided above the middle into numerous acute
+     coarsely glandular-serrate lobes, cuneate and finely
+     glandular-serrate below the middle and often quite entire toward
+     the base, with slender midribs and remote primary veins arcuate
+     and running to the points of the lobes, at the flowering time
+     membranaceous, coated on the upper surface and along the upper
+     surface of the midribs and veins with short soft white hairs, at
+     maturity thick, coriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper
+     surface, paler on the lower surface, glabrous or nearly so, 1-1/2-2
+     inches long and 1-1-1/2 inches wide, with slender glandular
+     petioles 3/4-1 inch long, slightly grooved on the upper surface,
+     often dark red toward the base, and like the young branchlets
+     villous with pale soft hairs; stipules lanceolate to oblanceolate,
+     conspicuously glandular-serrate with dark red glands, 1/2-3/4 inch
+     long. Flowers 1/2-3/4 inch in diameter when fully expanded, in
+     broad, many-flowered, compound tomentose cymes; bracts and
+     bractlets linear-lanceolate, coarsely glandular-serrate, caducous;
+     calyx tomentose, the lobes lanceolate, glandular-serrate, nearly
+     glabrous or tomentose, persistent, wide-spreading or erect on the
+     fruit, dark red above at the base; stamens 10; anthers yellow;
+     styles 3 or 4. Fruit subglobose, occasionally rather longer than
+     broad, dark crimson, marked with scattered dark dots, about 1/2
+     inch in diameter, with thin, sweet, dry yellow flesh; nutlets 3 or
+     4, about 1/4 inch long, conspicuously ridged on the back with high
+     grooved ridges.
+
+     "A low, bushy tree, occasionally 20 feet in height with a short
+     trunk 8-10 inches in diameter, or more frequently shrubby and
+     forming wide dense thickets, and with stout more or less zigzag
+     branches bright chestnut brown and lustrous during their first
+     year, ashy-gray during their second season and armed with many
+     stout, chestnut-brown, straight or curved spines 1-1-1/2 inches
+     long. Flowers late in May. Fruit ripens and falls toward the end of
+     October, usually after the leaves.
+
+     "Slopes of hills and the high banks of salt marshes usually in
+     rich, well-drained soil, Essex county, Massachusetts, John
+     Robinson, 1900; Gerrish island, Maine, J. G. Jack, 1899-1900;
+     Brunswick, Maine, Miss Kate Furbish, May, 1899; Newfoundland, A. C.
+     Waghorne, 1894."[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: Prof. C. S. Sargent in _Bot. Gaz._, XXXI, 12. By permission
+of the publishers.]
+
+
+=Cratægus mollis, Scheele.=
+
+_Cratægus subvillosa, Schr. Cratægus coccinea,_ var. _mollis, T. & G._
+
+THORN.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Bordering on low lands and along streams.
+
+     Provinces of Quebec and Ontario.
+
+Maine,--as far north as Mattawamkeag on the middle Penobscot, Dover on
+the Piscataquis, and Orono on the lower Penobscot; reported also from
+southern sections; Vermont,--Charlotte (Hosford); Massachusetts,--in the
+eastern part infrequent; no stations reported in the other New England
+states.
+
+     South to Pennsylvania, Louisiana, and Texas; west to Michigan and
+     Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--Shrub or often a small tree, 20-30 feet high, with trunk 6-12
+inches in diameter, often with numerous suckers; branches at 4-6 feet
+from the ground, at an acute angle with the stem, lower often horizontal
+or declining; head spreading, widest at base, spray short, angular, and
+bushy; thorns slender, 1-3 inches long, straight or slightly recurved.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of the whole tree, except the ultimate shoots, light gray,
+on the trunk and larger branches separating lengthwise into thin narrow
+plates, in old trees dark gray and more or less shreddy; season's shoots
+reddish or yellowish-brown, glossy.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, ovate, reddish-brown, shining;
+scales broad, glandular-edged. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-5 inches
+long, light green above, lighter beneath, broad-ovate to
+broad-elliptical; rather regularly and slightly incised with fine,
+glandular-tipped teeth; apex acute; base wedge-shaped, truncate, or
+subcordate; roughish above and slightly pubescent beneath, especially
+along the veins; leaf-stalk pubescent; stipules linear,
+glandular-edged, deciduous.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May to June. In cymes from the season's growth;
+flowers white, 3/4 inch broad, ill-smelling; calyx lobes 5, often
+incised, pubescent; petals roundish; stamens indefinite, styles 3-5;
+flower stems pubescent; bracts glandular.
+
+=Fruit.=--A drupe-like pome, 1/2-1 inch long, bright scarlet, larger
+than the fruit of the other New England species; ripens and falls in
+September.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England. An attractive and useful
+tree in low plantations; rarely for sale by nurserymen or collectors;
+propagated from the seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LX.--Cratægus mollis.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with thorns.
+  3. Flowering branch.
+  4. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+     =Note.=--The New England plants here put under the head of
+     _Cratægus mollis_ have been referred by Prof. C. S. Sargent to
+     _Cratægus submollis_ (_Bot. Gaz_., XXXI, 7, 1901). The new species
+     differs from the true _Cratægus mollis_ in its smaller ovate leaves
+     with cuneate base and more or less winged leafstalk, in the smaller
+     number of its stamens, usually 10, and in its pear-shaped
+     orange-red fruit, which drops in early September.
+
+     It is also probable that _C. Arnoldiana_, Sargent, new species, has
+     been collected in Massachusetts as _C. mollis_. It differs from _C.
+     submollis_ "in its broader, darker green, more villose leaves which
+     are usually rounded, not cuneate at the base, in its smaller
+     flowers, subglobose, not oblong or pear-shaped, crimson fruit with
+     smaller spreading calyx lobes, borne on shorter peduncles and
+     ripening two or three weeks earlier, and by its much more zigzag
+     and more spiny branches, which make this tree particularly
+     noticeable in winter, when it may readily be recognized from all
+     other thorn trees."--C. S. Sargent in _Bot. Gaz._, XXXI, 223, 1901.
+
+
+
+
+DRUPACEÆ. PLUM FAMILY.
+
+
+Trees or shrubs; bark exuding gum; bark, leaves, and especially seeds of
+several species abounding in prussic acid; leaves simple, alternate,
+mostly serrate; stipules small, soon falling; leafstalk often with one
+to several glands; flowers in umbels, racemes, or solitary, regular;
+calyx tube free from the ovary, 5-lobed; petals 5, inserted on the
+calyx; stamens indefinite, distinct, inserted with the petals; pistil 1,
+ovary with 1 carpel, 1-seeded; fruit a more or less fleshy drupe.
+
+
+=Prunus nigra, Ait.=
+
+_Prunus Americana_, var. _nigra, Waugh._
+
+WILD PLUM. RED PLUM. HORSE PLUM. CANADA PLUM.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Native along streams and in thickets, often
+spontaneous around dwellings and along fences.
+
+     From Newfoundland through the valley of the St. Lawrence to Lake
+     Manitoba.
+
+Maine,--abundant in the northern sections and common throughout; New
+Hampshire and Vermont,--frequent, especially in the northern sections;
+Massachusetts,--occasional; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--not reported.
+
+     Rare south of New England; west to Wisconsin.
+
+=Habit.=--A shrub or small tree, 20-25 feet high; trunk 5-8 inches in
+diameter; branches stout, ascending, somewhat angular, with short, rigid
+branchlets, forming a stiff, narrow head.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk grayish-brown, smooth in young trees, in old
+trees separating into large plates; smaller branches dark brown,
+season's shoots green.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, ovate, acute, dark brown.
+
+Leaves 3-5 inches long, light green on the upper side, paler beneath,
+pubescent when young; outline ovate-obovate or orbicular,
+crenulate-serrate; teeth not bristle-tipped; apex abruptly acuminate;
+base wedge-shaped, rounded, somewhat heart-shaped, or narrowing to a
+short petiole more or less red-glandular near the blade; stipules
+usually linear, ciliate, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Appearing in May before the leaves, in lateral,
+2-3-flowered, slender-stemmed umbels; flowers about an inch broad, white
+when expanding, turning to pink; calyx 5-lobed, glandular; petals 5,
+obovate-oblong, contracting to a claw; stamens numerous; style 1, stigma
+1.
+
+=Fruit.=--A drupe, oblong-oval, 1-1-1/2 inches long, orange or
+orange-red, skin tough, flesh adherent to the flat stone and pleasant to
+the taste. The fruit toward the southern limit of the species is often
+abortive, or develops through the growth of a fungus into monstrous
+forms.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England, and will grow,
+when not shaded, in almost any dry or moist soil. It has a tendency to
+sucker freely, forming low, broad thickets, especially attractive from
+their early spring flowers and handsome autumn leaves.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXI.--Prunus nigra.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower with petals removed.
+  4. Petal.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+  6. Stone.
+
+
+=Prunus Americana, Marsh.=
+
+A rare plant in New England, scarcely attaining tree-form. The most
+northern station yet reported is along the slopes of Graylock,
+Massachusetts, where a few scattered shrubs were discovered in 1900 (J.
+R. Churchill). In Connecticut it seems to be native in the vicinity of
+Southington, shrubs, and small trees 10-15 feet high (C. H. Bissell _in
+lit._, 1900); New Milford and Munroe, small trees (C. K. Averill).
+
+Distinguished from _P. nigra_ by its sharply toothed leaves, smaller
+blossoms (the petals of which do not turn pink), and by its globose
+fruit.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXII.--Prunus Americana.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.
+  4. Petal.
+  5. Flowering branch.
+  6. Stone.
+
+=Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.=
+
+ RED CHERRY. PIN CHERRY. PIGEON CHERRY. BIRD CHERRY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Roadsides, clearings, burnt lands, hill slopes,
+occasional in rather low grounds.
+
+     From Labrador to the Rocky mountains, through British Columbia to
+     the Coast Range.
+
+Throughout New England; very common in the northern portions, as high up
+as 4500 feet upon Katahdin, less common southward and near the seacoast.
+
+     South to North Carolina; west to Minnesota and Missouri.
+
+=Habit=.--A slender tree, seldom more than 30 feet high; trunk 8-10
+inches in diameter, erect; branches at an angle of 45° or less; head
+rather open, roundish or oblong, characterized in spring by clusters of
+long-stemmed white flowers, and in autumn by a profusion of small red
+fruit.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in fully grown trees dark brownish-red,
+conspicuously marked with coarse horizontal lines; the outer layer
+peeling off in fine scales, disclosing a brighter red layer beneath; in
+young trees very smooth and shining throughout; lines very conspicuous
+in the larger branches; branchlets brownish-red with small horizontal
+lines; spray and season's shoots polished red, with minute orange dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, broad-conical, acute. Leaves
+numerous, 3-4 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, light green and shining on
+both sides, ovate-lanceolate, oval or oblong-lanceolate, finely
+serrate; teeth sharp-pointed, sometimes incurved; apex acuminate; base
+obtuse or roundish; midrib depressed above; leafstalks short, channeled;
+stipules falling early.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--June. Appearing with the leaves, in lateral clusters,
+the flowers on long, slender, somewhat branching stems; calyx 5-cleft;
+segments thin, reflexed; petals 5, white, obovate, short-clawed; stamens
+numerous; pistil 1; style 1.
+
+=Fruit.=--About the size of a pea, round, light red, thin-meated and
+sour: stone oval or ovate.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a light
+gravelly loam, but grows in poor soils and exposed situations; habit so
+uncertain and tendency to sprout so decided that it is not wise to use
+it in ornamental plantations; sometimes very useful in sterile land. A
+variety with transparent yellowish fruit is occasionally met with, but
+is not yet in cultivation.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXIII.--Prunus Pennsylvanica.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.
+  4. Petal.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Prunus Virginiana, L.=
+
+CHOKECHERRY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In varying soils; along river banks, on dry
+plains, in woods, common along walls, often thickets.
+
+     From Newfoundland across the continent, as far north on the
+     Mackenzie river as 62°.
+
+Common throughout New England; at an altitude of 4500 feet upon Mt.
+Katahdin.
+
+     South to Georgia; west to Minnesota and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--Usually a shrub a few feet high, but occasionally a tree 15-25
+feet in height, with a trunk diameter of 5-6 inches; head, in open
+places, spreading, somewhat symmetrical, with dull foliage, but very
+attractive in flower and fruit, the latter variable in color and
+quantity.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk and branches dull gray, darker on older trees, rough with
+raised buff-orange spots; branchlets dull grayish or reddish brown;
+season's shoots lighter, minutely dotted. Bitter to the taste.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds 1-1-1/4 inches long, conical,
+sharp-pointed, brown, slightly divergent from the stem.
+
+Leaves 2-5 inches long and two-thirds as wide, dull green on the upper
+side, lighter beneath, obovate or oblong, thin, finely, sharply, and
+often doubly serrate; apex abruptly pointed; base roundish, obtuse or
+slightly heart-shaped; leafstalk round, grooved, with two or more glands
+near base of leaf; stipules long, narrow, ciliate, falling when the
+leaves expand.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Appearing in May, a week earlier than _P. serotina_,
+terminating lateral, leafy shoots of the season in numerous handsome,
+erect or spreading racemes, 2-4 inches long; flowers short-stemmed,
+about 1/3 inch across; petals white, roundish; edge often eroded; calyx
+5-cleft with thin reflexed lobes, soon falling; stamens numerous; pistil
+1; style 1.
+
+=Fruit.=--In drooping racemes; varying from yellow to nearly black,
+commonly bright red, edible, but more or less astringent; stem somewhat
+persistent after the cherry falls.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in almost
+any soil, but prefers a deep, rich, moist loam. Vigorous young trees are
+attractive, but in New England they soon begin to show dead branches,
+and are so seriously affected by insects and fungous diseases that it is
+not wise to use them in ornamental plantations, or to permit them to
+remain on the roadside.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXIV.--Prunus Virginia.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.
+  4. A petal.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Prunus serotina, Ehrh.=
+
+RUM CHERRY. BLACK CHERRY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In all sorts of soils and exposures; open places
+and rich woods.
+
+     Nova Scotia to Lake Superior.
+
+Maine,--not reported north of Oldtown (Penobscot county); frequent
+throughout the other New England states.
+
+     South to Florida; west to North Dakota, Kansas, and Texas,
+     extending through Mexico, along the Pacific coast of Central
+     America to Peru.
+
+=Habit.=--Usually a medium-sized tree, 30-50 feet in height, with a
+trunk diameter varying from 8 or 10 inches to 2 feet; attaining much
+greater dimensions in the middle and southern states; branches few,
+large, often tortuous, subdividing irregularly; head open, widest near
+the base, rather ungraceful when naked, but very attractive when clothed
+with bright green, polished foliage, profusely decked with white
+flowers, or laden with drooping racemes of handsome black fruit.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk deep reddish-brown and smooth in young trees, in
+old trees very rough, separating into close, thick, irregular, blackish
+scales; branches dark reddish-brown, marked with small oblong, raised
+dots. Bitter to the taste.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate, 1/8 inch long, covered with
+imbricated brown scales.
+
+Leaves 2-5 inches long, about half as wide, dark green above and glossy
+when full grown, paler below, turning in autumn to orange, deep red, or
+pale yellow, firm, smooth on both sides, elliptical, oblong, or
+lanceolate-oblong; finely serrate with short, incurved teeth; apex
+sharp; base acute or roundish; meshes of veins minute; petioles 1/2 inch
+long, with usually two or more glands near the base of the leaf;
+stipules glandular-edged, falling as the leaf expands.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May to June. From new leafy shoots, in simple, loose
+racemes, 4-5 inches long; flowers small; calyx with 5 short teeth
+separated by shallow sinuses, persistent after the cherry falls; petals
+5, spreading, white, obovate; stamens numerous; pistil one; style
+single.
+
+=Fruit.=--September. Somewhat flattened vertically, 1/4 inch in
+diameter; purplish-black, edible, slightly bitter.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; in rich soil in open
+situations young trees grow very rapidly, old trees rather slowly.
+Seldom used for ornamental purposes, but serves well as a nurse tree for
+forest plantations, or where quick results and a luxurious foliage
+effect is desired, on inland exposures or near the seacoast. The
+branches are very liable to disfigurement by the black-knot and the
+foliage by the tent-caterpillar. Large plants are seldom for sale, but
+seedlings may be obtained in large quantities and at low prices. A
+weeping horticultural form is occasionally offered. Propagated from
+seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXV.--Prunus serotina.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.
+  4. A petal.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+  6. Mature leaf.
+
+
+=Prunus Avium, L.=
+
+MAZARD CHERRY.
+
+Introduced from England; occasionally spontaneous along fences and the
+borders of woodlands. As an escape, 25-50 feet high, with a trunk
+diameter of 1-2 feet; head oblong or ovate; branches mostly ascending.
+Leaves ovate to obovate, more or less pubescent beneath, serrate, 3-5
+inches long; leafstalk about 1/2 inch long, often glandular near base of
+leaf; inflorescence in umbels; flowers white, expanding with the leaves;
+fruit dark red, sweet, mostly inferior or blighted.
+
+
+
+
+LEGUMINOSÆ. PULSE FAMILY.
+
+
+=Gleditsia triacanthos, L.=
+
+HONEY LOCUST. THREE-THORNED ACACIA.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In its native habitat growing in a variety of
+soils; rich woods, mountain sides, sterile plains.
+
+     Southern Ontario.
+
+Maine,--young trees in the southern sections said to have been
+produced from self-sown seed (M. L. Fernald); New Hampshire and
+Vermont,--introduced; Massachusetts,--occasional; Rhode
+Island,--introduced and fully at home (J. F. Collins); Connecticut,--not
+reported. Probably sparingly naturalized in many other places in New
+England.
+
+     Spreading by seed southward; indigenous along the western slopes of
+     the Alleghanies in Pennsylvania; south to Georgia and Alabama; west
+     from western New York through southern Ontario (Canada) and
+     Michigan to Nebraska, Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, reaching a height of 40-60 feet and a
+trunk diameter of 1-3 feet; becoming a tree of the first magnitude in
+the river bottoms of Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee; trunk dark and
+straight, the upper branches going off at an acute angle, the lower
+often horizontal, both trunk and larger branches armed above the axils
+with stout, sharp-pointed, simple, three-pronged or numerously branched
+thorns, sometimes clustered in forbidding tangles a foot or two in
+length; head wide-spreading, very open, rounded or flattish, with
+extremely delicate, fern-like foliage lying in graceful planes or
+masses; pods flat and pendent, conspicuous in autumn.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk and larger branches a sombre iron gray, deepening on old
+trees almost to black; yellowish-brown in second year's growth; season's
+shoots green, marked with short buff, longitudinal lines; branchlets
+rough-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Winter buds minute, in clusters of three or
+four, the upper the largest. Leaves compound, once to twice pinnate,
+both forms often in the same leaf, alternate, 6 inches to 1 foot long,
+rachis abruptly enlarged at base and covering the winter buds: leaflets
+18-28, 3/4-1-1/4 inches long, about one-third as wide, yellowish-green
+when unfolding, turning to dark green above, slightly lighter beneath,
+yellow in autumn; outline lanceolate, oblong to oval, obscurely
+crenulate-serrate; apex obtuse, scarcely mucronate; base mostly rounded;
+leafstalks and leaves downy, especially when young.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Early June. From lateral or terminal buds on the old
+wood, in slender, pendent, greenish racemes scarcely distinguishable
+among the young leaves; sterile and fertile flowers on different trees
+or on the same tree and even in the same cluster; calyx somewhat
+campanulate, 3-5-cleft; petals 3-5, somewhat wider than the sepals, and
+inserted with the 3-10 stamens on the calyx: pistil in sterile flowers
+abortive or wanting, conspicuous in the fertile flowers. Parts of the
+flower more or less pubescent, arachnoid-pubescent within, near the
+base.
+
+=Fruit.=--Pods dull red, 1-1-1/2 feet long, flat, pendent, and often
+twisted, containing several flat brown seeds.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England, grows in any
+well-drained soil, but prefers a deep, rich loam; transplants readily,
+grows rapidly, is long-lived, free from disease, and makes a picturesque
+object in ornamental plantations, but is objectionable in public places
+and highly finished grounds on account of the stiff spines, which are a
+source of danger to pedestrians, and also on account of the long
+strap-shaped pods, which litter the ground. There is a thornless form
+which is better adapted than the type for ornamental purposes. The type
+is sometimes offered in nurseries at a low price by the quantity.
+Propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXVI.--Gleditsia triacanthos.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Winter buds with thorns.
+  3. Flowering branch.
+  4. Sterile flower, enlarged.
+  5. Flowering branch, flowers mostly fertile.
+  6. Fertile flower, enlarged.
+  7. Fruiting branch.
+  8. Leaf partially twice pinnate.
+
+
+=Robinia Pseudacacia, L.=
+
+LOCUST.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In its native habitat growing upon mountain
+slopes, along the borders of forests, in rich soils.
+
+     Naturalized from Nova Scotia to Ontario.
+
+Maine,--thoroughly at home, forming wooded banks along streams; New
+Hampshire,--abundant enough to be reckoned among the valuable timber
+trees; Vermont,--escaped from cultivation in many places; Massachusetts,
+Rhode Island, and Connecticut,--common in patches and thickets and along
+the roadsides and fences.
+
+     Native from southern Pennsylvania along the mountains to Georgia;
+     west to Iowa and southward.
+
+=Habit.=--Mostly a small tree, 20-35 feet high, under favorable
+conditions reaching a height of 50-75 feet; trunk diameter 8 inches to 2
+1/2 feet; lower branches thrown out horizontally or at a broad angle,
+forming a few-branched, spreading top, clothed with a tender green,
+delicate, tremulous foliage, and distinguished in early June by loose,
+pendulous clusters of white fragrant flowers.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk dark, rough and seamy even in young trees, and
+armed with stout prickles which disappear as the tree matures; in old
+trees coarsely, deeply, and firmly ridged, not flaky; larger branches a
+dull brown, rough; branchlets grayish-brown, armed with prickles;
+season's shoots green, more or less rough-dotted, thin, and often
+striped.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Winter buds minute, partially sunken within
+the leaf-scar. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate; petiole swollen at
+the base, covering bud of the next season; often with spines in the
+place of stipules; leaflets 7-21, opposite or scattered, 3/4-1-1/4
+inches long, about half as wide, light green; outline ovate or
+oval-oblong; apex round or obtuse, tipped with a minute point; base
+truncate, rounded, obtuse or acutish; distinctly short-stalked;
+stipellate at first.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Late May or early June. Showy and abundant, in loose,
+pendent, axillary racemes; calyx short, bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the two
+upper segments mostly coherent; corolla shaped like a pea blossom, the
+upper petal large, side petals obtuse and separate; style and stigma
+simple.
+
+=Fruit.=--A smooth, dark brown, flat pod, about 3 inches long,
+containing several small brown flattish seeds, remaining on the tree
+throughout the winter.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England in all dry, sunny
+situations, of rapid growth, spreading by underground stems, ordinarily
+short-lived and subject to serious injury by the attacks of borers.
+Occasionally procurable in large quantities at a low rate. In Europe
+there are many horticultural forms, a few of which are occasionally
+offered in American nurseries. The type is propagated from seed, the
+forms by grafting.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXVII.--Robinia Pseudacacia.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower with corolla removed.
+  4. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Robinia viscosa, Vent.=
+
+CLAMMY LOCUST.
+
+This tree appears to be sparingly established in southern Canada and at
+many points throughout New England.
+
+Common in cultivation and occasionally established through the middle
+states; native from Virginia along the mountains of North Carolina,
+South Carolina, and Georgia.
+
+Easily distinguished from _R. Pseudacacia_ by its smaller size,
+glandular, viscid branchlets, later period of blossoming, and by its
+more compact, usually upright, scarcely fragrant, rose-colored
+flower-clusters.
+
+
+
+
+SIMARUBACEÆ. AILANTHUS FAMILY.
+
+
+=Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.=
+
+AILANTHUS. TREE-OF-HEAVEN. CHINESE SUMAC.
+
+Sparsely and locally naturalized in southern Ontario, New England, and
+southward.
+
+A native of China; first introduced into the United States on an
+extensive scale in 1820 at Flushing, Long Island; afterwards
+disseminated by nursery plants and by seed distributed from the
+Agricultural Department at Washington. Its rapid growth, ability to
+withstand considerable variations in temperature, and its dark luxuriant
+foliage made it a great favorite for shade and ornament. It was planted
+extensively in Philadelphia and New York, and generally throughout the
+eastern sections of the country. When these trees began to fill the
+ground with suckers and the vile-scented sterile flowers poisoned the
+balmy air of June and the water in the cisterns, occasioning many
+distressing cases of nausea, a reaction set in and hundreds of trees
+were cut down. The female trees, against the blossoms of which no such
+objection lay, were allowed to grow, and have often attained a height of
+50-75 feet, with a trunk diameter of 3-5 feet. The fruit is very
+beautiful, consisting of profuse clusters of delicate pinkish or
+greenish keys.
+
+The tree is easily distinguished by its ill-scented compound leaves,
+often 2-3 feet long, by the numerous leaflets, sometimes exceeding 40,
+each ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, with one or two teeth near the base, by
+its vigorous growth from suckers, and in winter by the coarse, blunt
+shoots and conspicuous, heart-shaped leaf-scars.
+
+
+
+
+ANACARDIACEÆ. SUMAC FAMILY.
+
+
+=Rhus typhina, L.=
+
+_Rhus hirta, Sudw._
+
+STAGHORN SUMAC.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In widely varying soils and localities; river
+banks, rocky slopes to an altitude of 2000 feet, cellar-holes and waste
+places generally, often forming copses.
+
+     From Nova Scotia to Lake Huron.
+
+Common throughout New England.
+
+     South to Georgia; west to Minnesota and Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--A shrub, or small tree, rarely exceeding 25 feet in height;
+trunk 8-10 inches in diameter; branches straggling, thickish, mostly
+crooked when old; branchlets forked, straight, often killed at the tips
+several inches by the frost; head very open, irregular, characterized by
+its velvety shoots, ample, elegant foliage, turning in early autumn to
+rich yellows and reds, and by its beautiful, soft-looking crimson cones.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk light brown, mottled with gray, becoming dark
+brownish-gray and more or less rough-scaly in old trees; the season's
+shoots densely covered with velvety hairs, like the young horns of deer
+(giving rise to the common name), the pubescence disappearing after two
+or three years; the extremities dotted with minute orange spots which
+enlarge laterally in successive seasons, giving a roughish feeling to
+the branches.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds roundish, obtuse, densely covered with
+tawny wool, sunk within a large leaf-scar. Leaves pinnately compound,
+1-2 feet long; stalk hairy, reddish above, enlarged at base covering the
+axillary bud; leaflets 11-31, mostly in opposite pairs, the middle pair
+longest, nearly sessile except the odd one, 2-4 inches long; dark green
+above, light and often downy beneath; outline narrow to broad-oblong or
+broad-lanceolate, usually serrate, rarely laciniate, long-pointed,
+slightly heart-shaped or rounded at base; stipules none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--June to July. Flowers in dense terminal, thyrsoid
+panicles, often a foot in length and 5-6 inches wide; sterile and
+fertile mostly on separate trees, but sterile, fertile, and perfect
+occasionally on the same tree; calyx small, the 5 hairy,
+ovate-lanceolate sepals united at the base and, in sterile flowers,
+about half the length of the usually recurved petals; stamens 5,
+somewhat exserted; ovary abortive, smooth; in the fertile flowers the
+sepals are nearly as long as the upright petals; stamens short; ovary
+pubescent, 1-celled, with 3 short styles and 3 spreading stigmas.
+
+=Fruit.=--In compound terminal panicles, 6-10 or 12 inches long, made up
+of small, dryish, smooth-stoned drupes densely covered with acid,
+crimson hairs, persistent till spring.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England. Grows in any
+well-drained soil, but prefers a deep, rich loam. The vigorous growth,
+bold, handsome foliage, and freedom from disease make it desirable for
+landscape plantations. It spreads rapidly from suckers, a single plant
+becoming in a few years the center of a broad-spreading group. Seldom
+obtainable in nurseries, but collected plants transplant easily.
+
+The cut-leaved form is cultivated in nurseries for the sake of its
+exceedingly graceful and delicate foliage.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXVIII.--Rhus typhina.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with staminate flowers.
+  3. Staminate flower.
+  4. Branch with pistillate flowers.
+  5. Pistillate flower.
+  6. Fruit cluster.
+  7. Fruit.
+
+
+=Rhus Vernix, L.=
+
+_Rhus venenata, DC._
+
+DOGWOOD. POISON SUMAC. POISON ELDER.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low grounds and swamps; occasional on the moist
+slopes of hills.
+
+     Infrequent in Ontario.
+
+Maine,--local and apparently restricted to the southwestern sections; as
+far north as Chesterville (Franklin county); Vermont,--infrequent;
+common throughout the other New England states, especially near the
+seacoast.
+
+     South to northern Florida; west to Minnesota and Louisiana.
+
+=Habit.=--- A handsome shrub or small tree, 5-20 feet high; trunk
+sometimes 8-10 inches in diameter; broad-topped in the open along the
+edge of swamps; conspicuous in autumn by its richly colored foliage and
+diffusely panicled, pale, yellowish-white fruit.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk and branches mottled gray, roughish with round spots;
+branchlets light brown; season's shoots reddish at first, turning later
+to gray, thickly beset with rough yellowish warts; leaf-scars prominent,
+triangular.
+
+=Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, roundish. Leaves pinnately compound,
+alternate; rachis abruptly widened at base; leaflets 5-13, opposite,
+short-stalked except the odd one, 2-3 inches long, 1-2 inches wide,
+smooth, light green and mostly glossy when young, becoming dark green
+and often dull, obovate to oval or ovate; entire, often wavy-margined;
+apex acute, acuminate, or obtuse; base mostly obtuse or rounded; veins
+prominent, often red; stipules none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Early in July. Near the tips of the branches, in
+loose, axillary clusters of small greenish flowers; sterile, fertile,
+and perfect flowers on the same tree, or occasionally sterile and
+fertile on separate trees; calyx deeply 5-parted, divisions ovate,
+acute; petals 5, oblong; stamens 5, exserted in the sterile flowers;
+ovary globose, styles 3.
+
+=Fruit.=--Drupes about as large as peas, smooth, more or less glossy,
+whitish; stone ridged; strongly resembling the fruit of _R.
+Toxicodendron_ (poison ivy).
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--No large shrub or small tree, so attractive as
+this, does so well in wet ground; it grows also in any good soil, but it
+is seldom advisable to use it, on account of its noxious qualities. It
+can be obtained only from collectors of native plants.
+
+=Note.=--This sumac has the reputation of being the most poisonous of
+New England plants. The treacherous beauty of its autumn leaves is a
+source of grief to collectors. Many are seriously affected, without
+actual contact, by the exhalation of vapor from the leaves, by grains of
+pollen floating in the air, and even by the smoke of the burning wood.
+
+It is easily distinguished from the other sumacs. The leaflets are not
+toothed like those of _R. typhina_ (staghorn sumac) and _R. glabra_
+(smooth sumac); it is not pubescent like _R. typhina_ and _R. copallina_
+(dwarf sumac); the rachis of the compound leaf is not wing-margined as
+in _R. copallina_; the panicles of flower and fruit are not upright and
+compact, but drooping and spreading; the fruit is not red-dotted with
+dense crimson hairs, but is smooth and whitish. Unlike the other sumacs,
+it grows for the most part in lowlands and swamps.
+
+In the vicinity of Southington, southern Connecticut, _Rhus copallina_
+is occasionally found with a trunk 5 or 6 inches in diameter (C. H.
+Bissell).
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXIX.--Rhus Vernix.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+AQUIFOLIACEÆ. HOLLY FAMILY.
+
+
+=Ilex opaca, Ait.=
+
+HOLLY. AMERICAN HOLLY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Generally found in somewhat sheltered situations
+in sandy loam or in low, moist soil in the vicinity of water.
+
+Maine,--reported on the authority of Gray's _Manual_, sixth edition, in
+various botanical works, but no station is known; New Hampshire and
+Vermont,--no station reported; Massachusetts,--occasional from Quincy
+southward upon the mainland and the island of Naushon; rare in the peat
+swamps of Nantucket; Rhode Island,--common in South Kingston and Little
+Compton and sparingly found upon Prudence and Conanicut islands in
+Narragansett bay; Connecticut,--mostly restricted to the southwestern
+sections.
+
+     Southward to Florida; westward to Missouri and the bottom-lands of
+     eastern Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A shrub or small tree, exceptionally reaching a height of 30
+feet, with a trunk diameter of 15-18 inches, but attaining larger
+proportions south and west; head conical or dome-shaped, compact;
+branches irregular, mostly horizontal, clothed with a spiny evergreen
+foliage. The fertile trees are readily distinguished through late fall
+and early winter by the conspicuous red berries.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk thick, smooth on young trees, roughish, dotted on
+old, of a nearly uniform ash-gray on trunk and branches; the young
+shoots more or less downy, bright greenish-yellow, becoming smooth and
+grayish at the end of the season.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds short, roundish, generally obtuse,
+scales minutely ciliate. Leaves evergreen, simple, alternate, 2-4 inches
+long, 1-1/2-3 inches wide, flat when compared with those of the European
+holly, thickish, smooth on both sides, yellowish-green, scarcely glossy
+on the upper surface, paler beneath, elliptical, oval or oval-oblong;
+apex acutish, spine-tipped; base acutish or obtuse; margin wavy and
+concave between the large spiny teeth, sometimes with one or two teeth
+or entire; midrib prominent beneath; leafstalks short, grooved; stipules
+minute, awl-shaped, becoming blackish, persistent.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Flowers in June along the base of the season's shoots;
+sterile and fertile flowers usually on separate trees,--the sterile in
+loose, few-flowered clusters, the fertile mostly solitary; peduncles and
+pedicels slender, bracted midway; calyx persistent, with 4 pointed,
+ciliate teeth; corolla white, monopetalous, with 4 roundish, oblong
+divisions; stamens 4, alternating with and shorter than the lobes of the
+corolla in the fertile flowers, but longer in the sterile; ovary green,
+nearly cylindrical, surmounted by the sessile, 4-lobed stigma. Parts of
+the flower sometimes in fives or sixes.
+
+=Fruit.=--A dull red, berry-like drupe, with 4 nutlets, ribbed or
+grooved on the convex back, ripening late, and persistent into winter. A
+yellow-fruited form reported at New Bedford, Mass. (_Rhodora_, III, 58).
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in southern New England; though preferring
+moist, gravelly loam, it does fairly well in dry soil; of slow growth;
+useful to form low plantation in shade and to enrich the undergrowth of
+woods; occasionally sold by collectors but rare in nurseries; nursery
+plants must be frequently transplanted to be moved successfully; only a
+small percentage of ordinary collected plants live. The seed seldom
+germinates in less than two years.
+
+=Notes.=--The cultivated European holly, which the American tree closely
+resembles, may be distinguished by its deeper green, glossier, and more
+wave-margined leaves and the deeper red of its berries.
+
+"There are several fine specimens of the _Ilex opaca_ on the farm of
+Col. Minot Thayer in Braintree, Mass., which are about a foot in
+diameter a yard above the ground and 25 feet in height. They have
+maintained their present dimensions for more than fifty years."--D. T.
+Browne's _Trees of North America_, published in 1846.
+
+This estate is now owned by Mr. Thomas A. Watson. Several of these
+trees have been cut down, but one of them is still standing and of
+substantially the dimensions given above. It must have reached the limit
+of growth a hundred years ago and now shows very evident signs of
+decrepitude. This may be due, however, to the loss of a square foot or
+more of bark from the trunk.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXX.--Ilex opaca.]
+
+  1. Branch with staminate flowers.
+  2. Staminate flower.
+  3. Pistillate flower.
+  4. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+ACERACEÆ. MAPLE FAMILY.
+
+
+=Acer rubrum, L.=
+
+RED MAPLE. SWAMP MAPLE. SOFT MAPLE. WHITE MAPLE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Borders of streams, low lands, wet forests,
+swamps, rocky hillsides.
+
+     Nova Scotia to the Lake of the Woods.
+
+Common throughout New England from the sea to an altitude of 3000 feet
+on Katahdin.
+
+     South to southern Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 40-50 feet high, rising occasionally in
+swamps to a height of 60-75 feet; trunk 2-4 feet in diameter, throwing
+out limbs at varying angles a few feet from the ground; branches and
+branchlets slender, forming a bushy spray, the tips having a slightly
+upward tendency; head compact, in young trees usually rounded and
+symmetrical, widest just above the point of furcation. In the first warm
+days of spring there shimmers amid the naked branches a faint glow of
+red, which at length becomes embodied in the abundant scarlet, crimson,
+or yellow of the long flowering stems; succeeded later by the brilliant
+fruit, which is outlined against the sober green of the foliage till it
+pales and falls in June. The colors of the autumn leaves vie in
+splendor with those of the sugar maple.
+
+=Bark.=--In young trees smooth and light gray, becoming very dark and
+ridgy in large trunks, the surface separating into scales, and in very
+old trees hanging in long flakes; young shoots often bright red in
+autumn, conspicuously marked with oblong white spots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds aggregated at or near the ends of the
+preceding year's shoots, about 1/8 inch long; protected by dark reddish
+scales; inner scales lengthening with the growth of the shoot. Leaves
+simple, opposite, 3-4 inches long, green and smooth above, lighter and
+more or less pubescent beneath, especially along the veins; turning
+crimson or scarlet in early autumn; ovate, 3-5-lobed, the middle lobe
+generally the longest, the lower pair (when 5 lobes are present) the
+smallest; unequally sharp-toothed, with broad, acute sinuses; apex
+acute; base heart-shaped, truncate, or obtuse; leafstalk 1-3 inches
+long. The leaves of the red maple vary greatly in size, outline, lobing,
+and shape of base.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April 1-15. Appearing before the leaves in close
+clusters encircling the shoots of the previous year, varying in color
+from dull red or pale yellow to scarlet; the sterile and fertile flowers
+mostly in separate clusters, sometimes on the same tree, but more
+frequently on different trees; calyx lobes oblong and obtuse; petals
+linear-oblong; pedicels short; stamens 5-8, much longer than the petals
+in the sterile and about the same length in the fertile flowers; the
+smooth ovary surmounted by a style separating into two much-projecting
+stigmatic lobes.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruit ripe in June, hanging on long stems, varying from brown
+to crimson; keys about an inch in length, at first convergent, at
+maturity more or less divergent.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; found in a wider
+range of soils than any other species of the genus, but seeming to
+prefer a gravelly or peaty loam in positions where its roots can reach a
+constant supply of moisture. It is more variable than any other of the
+native maples and consequently is not so good a tree for streets, where
+a symmetrical outline and uniform habit are required. It is
+transplanted readily, but recovers its vigor more slowly than does the
+sugar or silver maple and is usually of slower growth. Its variable
+habit makes it an exceedingly interesting tree in the landscape.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXI.--Acer rubrum.]
+
+  1. Leaf-buds.
+  2. Flower-buds.
+  3. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  4. Sterile flower.
+  5. Branch with sterile and fertile flowers.
+  6. Fertile flower.
+  7. Fruiting branch.
+  8. Variant leaves.
+
+
+=Acer saccharinum, L.=
+
+_Acer dasycarpum, Ehrh._
+
+SILVER MAPLE. SOFT MAPLE. WHITE MAPLE. RIVER MAPLE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Along streams, in rich intervale lands, and in
+moist, deep-soiled forests, but not in swamps.
+
+     Infrequent from New Brunswick to Ottawa, abundant from Ottawa
+     throughout Ontario.
+
+Occasional throughout the New England states; most common and best
+developed upon the banks of rivers and lakes at low altitudes.
+
+     South to the Gulf states; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and
+     Indian territory; attaining its maximum size in the basins of the
+     Ohio and its tributaries; rare towards the seacoast throughout the
+     whole range.
+
+=Habit.=--A handsome tree, 50-60 feet in height; trunk 2-5 feet in
+diameter, separating a few feet from the ground into several large,
+slightly diverging branches. These, naked for some distance, repeatedly
+subdivide at wider angles, forming a very wide head, much broader near
+the top. The ultimate branches are long and slender, often forming on
+the lower limbs a pendulous fringe sometimes reaching to the ground.
+Distinguished in winter by its characteristic graceful outlines, and by
+its flower-buds conspicuously scattered along the tips of the
+branchlets; in summer by the silvery-white under-surface of its deeply
+cut leaves. It is among the first of the New England trees to blossom,
+preceding the red maple by one to three weeks.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk smooth and gray in young trees, becoming with age
+rougher and darker, more or less ridged, separating into thin, loose
+scales; young shoots chestnut-colored in autumn, smooth, polished,
+profusely marked with light dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Flower-buds clustered near the ends of the
+branchlets, conspicuous in winter; scales imbricated, convex, polished,
+reddish, with ciliate margins; leaf-buds more slender, about 1/8 inch
+long, with similar scales, the inner lengthening, falling as the leaf
+expands. Leaves simple, opposite, 3-5 inches long, of varying width,
+light green above, silvery-white beneath, turning yellow in autumn;
+lobes 3, or more usually 5, deeply cut, sharp-toothed, sharp-pointed,
+more or less sublobed; sinuses deep, narrow, with concave sides; base
+sub-heart-shaped or truncate; stems long.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--March to April. Much preceding the leaves; from short
+branchlets of the previous year, in simple, crowded umbels; flowers
+rarely perfect, the sterile and fertile sometimes on the same tree and
+sometimes on different trees, generally in separate clusters,
+yellowish-green or sometimes pinkish; calyx 5-notched, wholly included
+in bud-scales; petals none; sterile flowers long, stamens 3-7 much
+exserted, filaments slender, ovary abortive or none: fertile flowers
+broad, stamens about the length of calyx-tube, ovary woolly, with two
+styles scarcely united at the base.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruit ripens in June, earliest of the New England maples. Keys
+large, woolly when young, at length smooth, widely divergent,
+scythe-shaped or straight, yellowish-green, one key often aborted.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in cultivation throughout New England. The
+grace of its branches, the beauty of its foliage, and its rapid growth
+make it a favorite ornamental tree. It attains its finest development
+when planted by the margin of pond or stream where its roots can reach
+water, but it grows well in any good soil. Easily transplanted, and more
+readily obtainable at a low price than any other tree in general use for
+street or ornamental purposes. The branches are easily broken by wind
+and ice, and the roots fill the ground for a long distance and exhaust
+its fertility.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXII.--Acer saccharinum.]
+
+  1. Leaf-buds.
+  2. Flower-buds.
+  3. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  5. Branch with sterile and fertile flowers.
+  6. Sterile flower.
+  7. Fertile flower.
+  8. Perfect flower.
+  9. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Acer Saccharum, Marsh.=
+
+_Acer saccharinum, Wang._ _Acer barbatum, Michx._
+
+ROCK MAPLE. SUGAR MAPLE. HARD MAPLE. SUGAR TREE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Rich woods and cool, rocky slopes.
+
+     Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, westward to Lake of the Woods.
+
+New England,--abundant, distributed throughout the woods, often forming
+in the northern portions extensive upland forests; attaining great size
+in the mountainous portions of New Hampshire and Vermont, and in the
+Connecticut river valley; less frequent toward the seacoast.
+
+     South to the Gulf states; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and
+     Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A noble tree, 50-90 feet in height; trunk 2-5 feet in
+diameter, stout, erect, throwing out its primary branches at acute
+angles; secondary branches straight, slender, nearly horizontal or
+declining at the base, leaving the stem higher up at sharper and sharper
+angles, repeatedly subdividing, forming a dense and rather stiff spray
+of nearly uniform length; head symmetrical, varying greatly in shape; in
+young trees often narrowly cylindrical, becoming pyramidal or broadly
+egg-shaped with age; clothed with dense masses of foliage, purple-tinged
+in spring, light green in summer, and gorgeous beyond all other trees of
+the forest, with the possible exception of the red maple, in its
+autumnal oranges, yellows, and reds.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and principal branches gray, very smooth, close
+and firm in young trees, in old trees becoming deeply furrowed, often
+cleaving up at one edge in long, thick, irregular plates; season's
+shoots at length of a shining reddish-brown, smooth, numerously
+pale-dotted, turning gray the third year.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds sharp-pointed, reddish-brown, minutely
+pubescent, terminal 1/4 inch long, lateral 1/8 inch, appressed, the
+inner scales lengthening with the growth of the shoot. Leaves simple,
+opposite, 3-5 inches long, with a somewhat greater breadth, purplish and
+more or less pubescent when opening, at maturity dark green above,
+paler, with or without pubescence beneath, changing to brilliant reds
+and yellows in autumn; lobes sometimes 3, usually 5, acuminate,
+sparingly sinuate-toothed, with shallow, rounded sinuses; base
+subcordate, truncate, or wedge-shaped; veins and veinlets conspicuous
+beneath; leafstalks long, slender.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April 1-15. Appearing with the leaves in nearly
+sessile clusters, from terminal and lateral buds; flowers
+greenish-yellow, pendent on long thread-like, hairy stems; sterile and
+fertile on the same or on different trees, usually in separate, but not
+infrequently in the same cluster; the 5-lobed calyx cylindrical or
+bell-shaped, hairy; petals none; stamens 6-8, in sterile flowers much
+longer than the calyx, in fertile scarcely exserted; ovary smooth,
+abortive in sterile flowers, in fertile surmounted by a single style
+with two divergent, thread-like, stigmatic lobes.
+
+=Fruit.=--Keys usually an inch or more in length, glabrous, wings broad,
+mostly divergent, falling late in autumn.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England. Its long life,
+noble proportions, beautiful foliage, dense shade, moderately rapid
+growth, usual freedom from disease or insect disfigurement, and
+adaptability to almost any soil not saturated with water make it a
+favorite in cultivation; readily obtainable in nurseries, transplants
+easily, recovers its vigor quickly, and has a nearly uniform habit of
+growth.
+
+=Note.=--Not liable to be taken for any other native maple, but
+sometimes confounded with the cultivated Norway maple, _Acer
+platanoides_, from which it is easily distinguished by the milky juice
+which exudes from the broken petiole of the latter.
+
+The leaves of the Norway maple are thinner, bright green and glabrous
+beneath, and its keys diverge in a straight line.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXIII.--Acer saccharum.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Fertile flower, part of perianth and stamens removed.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Acer saccharum, Marsh., var. nigrum, Britton.=
+
+_Acer nigrum, Michx. Acer saccharinum,_ var. _nigrum, T. & G. Acer
+barbatum,_ var. _nigrum, Sarg._
+
+BLACK MAPLE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, damp ground on which, in New England at
+least, the sugar maple is rarely if ever seen, or upon moist, rocky
+slopes.
+
+     Apparently a common tree from Ottawa westward throughout Ontario.
+
+The New England specimens, with the exception of those from the
+Champlain valley, appear to be dubious intermediates between the type
+and the variety.
+
+Maine,--the Rangeley lake region; New Hampshire,--occasional near the
+Connecticut river; Vermont,--frequent in the western part in the
+Champlain valley, occasional in all other sections, especially in the
+vicinity of the Connecticut; Massachusetts,--occasional in the
+Connecticut river valley and westward, doubtfully reported from eastern
+sections; Rhode Island,--doubtful, resting on the authority of Colonel
+Olney's list; Connecticut,--doubtfully reported.
+
+     South along the Alleghanies to the Gulf states; west to the 95th
+     meridian.
+
+The extreme forms of _nigrum_ show well-marked varietal differences; but
+there are few, if any, constant characters. Further research in the
+field is necessary to determine the status of these interesting plants.
+
+=Habit.=--The black maple is somewhat smaller than the sugar maple, the
+bark is darker and the foliage more sombre. It generally has a
+symmetrical outline, which it retains to old age.
+
+=Leaves.=--The fully grown leaves are often larger than those of the
+type, darker green above, edges sometimes drooping, width equal to or
+exceeding the length, 5-lobed, margin blunt-toothed, wavy-toothed, or
+entire, the two lower lobes small, often reduced to a curve in the
+outline, broad at the base, which is usually heart-shaped; texture firm;
+the lengthening scales of the opening leaves, the young shoots, the
+petioles, and the leaves themselves are covered with a downy to a
+densely woolly pubescence. As the parts mature, the woolliness usually
+disappears, except along the midrib and principal veins, which become
+almost glabrous.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England, preferring a
+moist, fertile, gravelly loam; young trees are rather more vigorous than
+those of the sugar maple, and easily transplanted. Difficult to secure,
+for it is seldom offered for sale or recognized by nurseries, although
+occasionally found mixed with the sugar maple in nursery rows.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXIV.--Acer Saccharum, var. nigrum.]
+
+  1. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Acer spicatum, Lam.=
+
+MOUNTAIN MAPLE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In damp forests, rocky highland woods, along the
+sides of mountain brooks at altitudes of 500-1000 feet.
+
+     From Nova Scotia and Newfoundland to Saskatchewan.
+
+Maine,--common, especially northward in the forests; New Hampshire and
+Vermont,--common; Massachusetts,--rather common in western and central
+sections, occasional eastward; Rhode Island,--occasional northward;
+Connecticut,--occasional in northern and central sections; reported as
+far south as North Branford (New Haven county).
+
+     Along mountain ranges to Georgia.
+
+=Habit.=--Mostly a shrub, but occasionally attaining a height of 25
+feet, with a diameter, near the ground, of 6-8 inches; characterized by
+a short, straight trunk and slender branches; bright green foliage
+turning a rich red in autumn, and long-stemmed, erect racemes of
+delicate flowers, drooping at length beneath the weight of the maturing
+keys.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk thin, smoothish, grayish-brown; primary branches
+gray; branchlets reddish-brown streaked with green, retaining in the
+second year traces of pubescence; season's shoots yellowish-green,
+reddish on the upper side when exposed to the sun, minutely pubescent.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, flattish, acute, slightly
+divergent from the stem. Leaves simple, opposite, 4-5 inches long,
+two-thirds as wide, pubescent on both sides when unfolding, at length
+glabrous on the upper surface, 3-lobed above the center, often with two
+small additional lobes at the base, coarsely or finely serrate, lobes
+acuminate; base more or less heart-shaped; veining 3-5-nerved,
+prominent, especially on the lower side, furrowed above; leafstalks
+long, enlarged at the base.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--June. Appearing after the expansion of the leaves, in
+long-stemmed, terminal, more or less panicled, erect or slightly
+drooping racemes; flowers small and numerous, both kinds in the same
+raceme, the fertile near the base; all upon very slender pedicels; lobes
+of calyx 5, greenish, downy, about half as long as the alternating
+linear petals; stamens usually 8, in the sterile flower nearly as long
+as the petals, in the fertile much shorter; pistil rudimentary, hairy in
+the sterile flower; in the fertile the ovary is surmounted by an erect
+style with short-lobed stigma.
+
+=Fruit.=--In long racemes, drooping or pendent; the keys, which are
+smaller than those of any other American maple, set on hair-like
+pedicels, and at a wide but not constant angle; at length reddish, with
+a small cavity upon one side.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in cultivation throughout New England;
+prefers moist, well-drained, gravelly loam in partial shade, but grows
+well in any good soil; easily transplanted, but recovers its vigor
+rather slowly; foliage free from disease.
+
+Seldom grown in nurseries, but readily obtainable from northern
+collectors of native plants.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXV.--Acer spicatum.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Abortive ovary in sterile flower.
+  5. Fertile flower with part of the perianth and stamens removed.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.=
+
+STRIPED MAPLE. MOOSEWOOD. WHISTLEWOOD.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Cool, rocky or sandy woods.
+
+     Nova Scotia to Lake Superior.
+
+Maine,--abundant, especially northward in the forests; New Hampshire and
+Vermont,--common in highland woods; Massachusetts,--common in the
+western and central sections, rare towards the coast; Rhode
+Island,--frequent northward; Connecticut,--frequent, reported as far
+south as Cheshire (New Haven county).
+
+     South on shaded mountain slopes and in deep ravines to Georgia;
+     west to Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--Shrub or small tree, 15-25 feet high, with a diameter at the
+ground of 5-8 inches; characterized by a slender, beautifully striate
+trunk and straight branches; by the roseate flush of the opening
+foliage, deepening later to a yellowish-green; and by the long,
+graceful, pendent racemes of yellowish flowers, succeeded by the
+abundant, drooping fruit.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and branches deep reddish-brown or dark green,
+conspicuously striped longitudinally with pale and blackish bands;
+roughish with light buff, irregular dots; the younger branches marked
+with oval leaf-scars and the linear scars of the leaf-scales; the
+season's shoots smooth, light green, mottled with black.
+
+In spring the bark of the small branches is easily separable, giving
+rise to the name "whistle wood."
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Terminal bud long, short-stalked, obscurely
+4-sided, tapering to a blunt tip; lateral buds small and flat; opening
+foliage roseate. Leaves simple, opposite; 5-6 inches long and nearly as
+broad; the upper leaves much narrower; when fully grown light green
+above, paler beneath, finally nearly glabrous, yellow in autumn, divided
+above the center into three deep acuminate lobes, finely, sharply, and
+usually doubly serrate; base heart-shaped, truncate, or rounded;
+leafstalks 1-3 inches long, grooved, the enlarged base including the
+leaf-buds of the next season.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--In simple, drooping racemes, often 5-6 inches long,
+appearing after the leaves in late May or early June; the sterile and
+fertile flowers mostly in separate racemes on the same tree; the
+bell-shaped flowers on slender pedicels; petals and sepals
+greenish-yellow; sepals narrowly oblong, somewhat shorter than the
+obovate petals; stamens usually 8, shorter than the petals in the
+sterile flower, rudimentary in the fertile, the pistil abortive or none
+in the sterile flower, in the fertile terminating in a recurved
+stigma.
+
+=Fruit.=--In long, drooping racemes of pale green keys, set at a wide
+but not uniform angle; distinguished from the other maples, except _A.
+spicatum_, by a small cavity in the side of each key; abundant; ripening
+in August.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy, under favorable conditions, throughout
+New England. Prefers a rich, moist soil near water, in shade; but grows
+well in almost any soil when once established, many young plants failing
+to start into vigorous growth. Occasionally grown by nurserymen, but
+more readily obtainable from northern collectors of native plants.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXVI.--Acer Pennsylvanicum.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Fertile flower with part of the perianth removed.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Acer Negundo, L.=
+
+_Negundo aceroides, Moench. Negundo Negundo, Karst._
+
+BOX ELDER. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In deep, moist soil; river valleys and borders of
+swamps.
+
+     Infrequent from eastern Ontario to Lake of the Woods; abundant from
+     Manitoba westward to the Rocky mountains south of 55° north
+     latitude.
+
+Maine,--along the St. John and its tributaries, especially in the French
+villages, the commonest roadside tree, brought in from the wild state
+according to the people there; thoroughly established young trees,
+originating from planted specimens, in various parts of the state; New
+Hampshire,--occasional along the Connecticut, abundant at Walpole;
+extending northward as far as South Charlestown (W. F. Flint _in lit._);
+Vermont,--shores of the Winooski river and of Lake Champlain;
+Connecticut,--banks of the Housatonic river at New Milford, Cornwall
+Bridge, and Lime Rock station.
+
+     South to Florida; west to the Rocky and Wahsatch mountains,
+     reaching its greatest size in the river bottoms of the Ohio and its
+     tributaries.
+
+=Habit.=--A small but handsome tree, 30-40 feet high, with a diameter of
+1-2 feet. Trunk separating at a small height, occasionally a foot or two
+from the ground, into several wide-spreading branches, forming a broad,
+roundish, open head, characterized by lively green branchlets and
+foliage, delicate flowers and abundant, long, loose racemes of
+yellowish-green keys hanging till late autumn, the stems clinging
+throughout the winter.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk when young, smooth, yellowish-green, in old trees
+becoming grayish-brown and ridgy; smaller branchlets greenish-yellow;
+season's shoots pale green or sometimes reddish-purple, smooth and
+shining or sometimes glaucous.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, ovate, enclosed in two dull-red,
+minutely pubescent scales. Leaves pinnately compound, opposite; leaflets
+usually 3, sometimes 5 or 7, 2-4 inches long, 1-1/2-2-1/2 inches broad,
+light green above, paler beneath and woolly when opening, slightly
+pubescent at maturity, ovate or oval, irregularly and remotely
+coarse-toothed mostly above the middle, 3-lobed or nearly entire; apex
+acute; base extremely variable; veins prominent; petioles 2-3 inches
+long, enlarging at the base, leaving, when they fall, conspicuous
+leaf-scars which unite at an angle midway between the winter buds.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April 1-15. Flowers appearing at the ends of the
+preceding year's shoots as the leaf-buds begin to open, small,
+greenish-yellow; sterile and fertile on separate trees,--the sterile in
+clusters, on long, hairy, drooping, thread-like stems; the calyx hairy,
+5-lobed, with about 5 hairy-stemmed, much-projecting linear anthers;
+pistil none: the fertile in delicate, pendent racemes, scarcely
+distinguishable at a distance from the foliage; ovary pubescent, rising
+out of the calyx; styles long, divergent; stamens none.
+
+=Fruit.=--Loose, pendent, greenish-yellow racemes, 6-8 inches long, the
+slender-pediceled keys joined at a wide angle, broadest and often
+somewhat wavy near the extremity, dropping in late autumn from the
+reddish stems, which hang on till spring.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; flourishes best in
+moist soil near running water or on rocky slopes, but accommodates
+itself to almost any situation; easily transplanted. Plants of the same
+age are apt to vary so much in size and habit as to make them unsuitable
+for street planting.
+
+An attractive tree when young, especially when laden with fruit in the
+fall. There are several horticultural varieties with colored foliage,
+some of which are occasionally offered in nurseries. A western form,
+having the new growth covered with a glaucous bloom, is said to be
+longer-lived and more healthy than the type.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXVII.--Acer Negundo.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+TILIACEÆ. LINDEN FAMILY.
+
+
+=Tilia Americana, L.=
+
+BASSWOOD. LINDEN. LIME. WHITEWOOD.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In rich woods and loamy soils.
+
+     Southern Canada from New Brunswick to Lake Winnipeg.
+
+Throughout New England, frequent from the seacoast to altitudes of 1000
+feet; rare from 1000 to 2000 feet.
+
+     South along the mountains to Georgia; west to Kansas, Nebraska, and
+     Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A large tree, 5O-75 feet high, rising in the upper valley of
+the Connecticut river to the height of 100 feet; trunk 2-4 feet in
+diameter, erect, diminishing but slightly to the branching point; head,
+in favorable situations, broadly ovate to oval, rather compact,
+symmetrical; branches mostly straight, striking out in different trees
+at varying angles; the numerous secondary branches mostly horizontal,
+slender, often drooping at the extremities, repeatedly subdividing,
+forming a dense spray set at broad angles. Foliage very abundant, green
+when fully grown, almost impervious to sunlight; the small creamy
+flowers in numerous clusters; the pale, odd-shaped bracts and pea-like
+fruit conspicuous among the leaves till late autumn.
+
+=Bark.=--Dark gray, very thick, smooth in young trees, later becoming
+broadly and firmly ridged; in old trees irregularly furrowed; branches,
+especially upon the upper side, dark brown and blackish; the season's
+shoots yellowish-green to reddish-brown, and numerously rough-dotted.
+The inner bark is fibrous and tough.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leaf-buds small, conical, brownish red,
+contrasting strongly with the dark stems. Leaves simple, alternate, 4-5
+inches long, three-fourths as wide, green and smooth on both sides,
+thickish, paler beneath, broad-ovate, one-sided, serrate, the point
+often incurved; apex acuminate or acute; base heart-shaped to truncate;
+midrib and veins conspicuous on the under surface with minute, reddish
+tufts of down at the angles; stems smooth, 1-1-1/2 inches long; stipules
+soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Late June or early July. In loose, slightly fragrant,
+drooping cymes, the peduncle attached about half its length to a
+narrowly oblong, yellowish bract, obtuse at both ends, free at the top,
+and tapering slightly at the base, pedicels slender; calyx of 5 colored
+sepals united toward the base; corolla of 5 petals alternate with the
+sepals, often obscurely toothed at the apex; 5 petal-like scales in
+front of the petals and nearly as long; calyx, petals, and scales
+yellowish-white; stamens indefinite, mostly in clusters inserted with
+the scales; anthers 2-celled, ovary 5-celled; style 1; stigma 5-toothed.
+
+=Fruit.=--About the size of a pea, woody, globose, pale green, 1-celled
+by abortion: 1-2 seeds.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Useful as an ornamental or street tree; hardy
+throughout New England, easily transplanted, and grows rapidly in almost
+any well-drained soil; comes into leaf late and drops its foliage in
+early fall. The European species are more common in nurseries. They are,
+however, seriously affected by wood borers, while the native tree has
+few disfiguring insect enemies. Usually propagated from the seed. A
+horticultural form with weeping branches is sometimes cultivated.
+
+=Note.=--There is so close a resemblance between the lindens that it is
+difficult to distinguish the American species from each other, or from
+their European relatives.
+
+American species sometimes found in cultivation:
+
+_Tilia pubescens, Ait._, is distinguished from _Americana_ by its
+smaller, thinner leaves and densely pubescent shoots.
+
+_Tilia heterophylla, Vent._, is easily recognized by the pale or silver
+white under-surface of the leaves.
+
+There are several European species more or less common in cultivation,
+indiscriminately known in nurseries as _Tilia Europæa_. They are all
+easily distinguished from the American species by the absence of
+petal-like scales.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXVIII.--Tilia Americana.]
+
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower enlarged.
+  4. Pistil with cluster of stamens, petaloid scale, petal, and sepal.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+CORNACEÆ. DOGWOOD FAMILY.
+
+
+=Cornus florida, L.=
+
+FLOWERING DOGWOOD. BOXWOOD.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Woodlands, rocky hillsides, moist, gravelly
+ridges.
+
+     Provinces of Quebec and Ontario.
+
+Maine,--Fayette Ridge, Kennebec county; New Hampshire,--along the
+Atlantic coast and very near the Connecticut river, rarely farther north
+than its junction with the West river; Vermont,--southern and
+southwestern sections, rare; Massachusetts,--occasional throughout the
+state, common in the Connecticut river valley, frequent eastward; Rhode
+Island and Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Minnesota and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A small tree, 15-30 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 6-10
+inches. The spreading branches form an open, roundish head, the young
+twigs curving upwards at their extremities. In spring, when decked with
+its abundant, showy white blossoms, it is the fairest of the minor trees
+of the forest; in autumn, scarcely less beautiful in the rich reds of
+its foliage and fruit.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees blackish, broken-ridged, rough,
+often separating into small, firm, 4-angled or roundish plates; branches
+grayish, streaked with white lines; season's twigs purplish-green,
+downy; taste bitter.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Terminal leaf-buds narrowly conical, acute;
+flower-buds spherical or vertically flattened, grayish. Leaves simple,
+opposite, 3-5 inches long, two-thirds as wide, dark green above, whitish
+beneath, turning to reds, purples, and yellows in the autumn, ovate to
+oval, nearly smooth, with minute appressed pubescence on both surfaces;
+apex pointed; base acutish; veins distinctly indented above, ribs
+curving upward and parallel; leafstalk short-grooved.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May to June. Appearing with the unfolding leaves in
+close clusters at the ends of the branches, each cluster subtended by
+a very conspicuous 4-leafed involucre (often mistaken for the corolla
+and constituting all the beauty of the blossom), the leaves of which are
+white or pinkish, 1-1/2 inches long, obovate, curiously notched at the
+rounded end. The real flowers are insignificant, suggesting the tubular
+disk flowers of the Compositæ; calyx-tube coherent with the ovary,
+surmounting it by 4 small teeth; petals greenish-yellow, oblong,
+reflexed; stamens 4; pistil with capitate style.
+
+=Fruit.=--Ovoid, scarlet drupes, about 1/2 inch long, united in
+clusters, persistent till late autumn or till eaten by the birds.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in southern and southern-central New
+England, but liable farther north to be killed outright or as far down
+as the surface of the snow; not only one of the most attractive small
+trees on account of its flowers, habit, and foliage, but one of the most
+useful for shady places or under tall trees. The species, a
+red-flowering and also a weeping variety are obtainable in leading
+nurseries. Collected plants can be made to succeed. It is a plant of
+rather slow growth.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXIX.--Cornus florida.]
+
+  1. Leaf-buds.
+  2. Flower-buds.
+  3. Flowering branch.
+  4. Flower.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Cornus alternifolia, L. f.=
+
+DOGWOOD. GREEN OSIER.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Hillsides, open woods and copses, borders of
+streams and swamps.
+
+     Nova Scotia and New Brunswick along the valley of the St. Lawrence
+     river to the western shores of Lake Superior.
+
+Common throughout New England.
+
+     South to Georgia and Alabama; west to Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--A shrub or small tree, 6-20 feet high, trunk diameter 3-6
+inches; head usually widest near the top, flat; branches nearly
+horizontal with lateral spray, the lively green, dense foliage lying in
+broad planes.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk and larger branches greenish, warty, streaked with gray;
+season's shoots bright yellowish-green or purplish, oblong-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, acute. Leaves simple, alternate
+or sometimes opposite, clustered at the ends of the branchlets, 2-4
+inches long, dark green on the upper side, paler beneath, with minute
+appressed pubescence on both sides, ovate to oval, almost entire; apex
+long-pointed; base acutish or rounded; veins indented above, ribs
+curving upward and parallel; petiole long, slender, and grooved.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--June. From shoots of the season, in irregular open
+cymes; calyx coherent with ovary, surmounting it by 4 minute teeth;
+corolla white or pale yellow, with the 4 oblong petals at length
+reflexed: stamens 4, exserted; style short, with capitate stigma.
+
+=Fruit.=--October. Globular, blue or blue black, on slender, reddish
+stems.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England, adapting itself to
+a great variety of situations, but preferring a soil that is constantly
+moist. Nursery or good collected plants are easily transplanted. A
+disease, similar in its effect to the pear blight, so often disfigures
+it that it is not desirable for use in important plantations.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXX.--Cornus alternifolia.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower with one petal and two stamens removed, side view.
+  4. Flower, view from above.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.=
+
+TUPELO. SOUR GUM. PEPPERIDGE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In rich, moist soil, in swamps and on the borders
+of rivers and ponds.
+
+     Ontario.
+
+Maine,--Waterville on the Kennebec, the most northern station
+yet reported (Dr. Ezekiel Holmes); New Hampshire,--most
+common in the Merrimac valley, seldom seen north of the White
+mountains; Vermont,--occasional; Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
+and Connecticut,--rather common.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Michigan, Missouri, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--Tree 20-50 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet,
+rising in the forest to the height of 60-80 feet; attaining greater
+dimensions farther south; lower branches horizontal or declining, often
+touching the ground at their tips, the upper horizontal or slightly
+rising, angular, repeatedly subdividing; branchlets very numerous, short
+and stiff, making a flat spray; head extremely variable, unique in
+picturesqueness of outline; usually broad-spreading, flat-topped or
+somewhat rounded; often reduced in Nantucket and upon the southern shore
+of Cape Cod to a shrub or small tree of 10-15 feet in height, forming
+low, dense, tangled thickets. Foliage very abundant, dark lustrous
+green, turning early in the fall to a brilliant crimson.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk of young trees grayish-white, with irregular and shallow
+striations, in old trees darker, breaking up into somewhat hexagonal or
+lozenge-shaped scales; branches smooth and brown; season's shoots
+reddish-green, with a few minute dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovoid, 1/8-1/4 inch long, obtuse. Leaves
+simple, irregularly alternate, often apparently whorled when clustered
+at the ends of the shoots, 2-5 inches long, one-half as wide; at first
+bright green beneath, dullish-green above, becoming dark glossy green
+above, paler beneath, obovate or oblanceolate to oval; entire, few or
+obscurely toothed, or wavy-margined above the center; apex more or less
+abruptly acute; base acutish; firm, smooth, finely sub-veined; stem
+short, flat, grooved, minutely ciliate, at least when young; stipules
+none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May or early June. Appearing with the leaves in
+axillary clusters of small greenish flowers, sterile and fertile usually
+on separate trees, sometimes on the same tree,--sterile flowers in
+simple or compound clusters; calyx minutely 5-parted, petals 5, small or
+wanting; stamens 5-12, inserted on the outside of a disk; pistil none:
+fertile flowers larger, solitary, or several sessile in a bracted
+cluster; petals 5, small or wanting; calyx minutely 5-toothed.
+
+=Fruit.=--Drupes 1-several, ovoid, blue black, about 1/2 inch long,
+sour: stone striated lengthwise.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; adapts itself
+readily to most situations but prefers deep soil near water. Seldom
+offered in nurseries and difficult to transplant unless frequently
+root-pruned or moved; collected plants do not thrive well; seedlings are
+raised with little difficulty. Few trees are of greater ornamental
+value.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXXI.--Nyssa sylvatica.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  3-4. Sterile flowers.
+  5. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  6. Fertile flower.
+  7. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+EBENACEÆ. EBONY FAMILY.
+
+
+=Diospyros Virginiana, L.=
+
+PERSIMMON.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Rhode Island,--occasional but doubtfully native;
+Connecticut,--at Lighthouse Point, New Haven, near the East Haven
+boundary line, there is a grove consisting of about one hundred
+twenty-five small trees not more than a hundred feet from the water's
+edge, in sandy soil just above the beach grass, exposed to the
+buffeting of fierce winds and the incursions of salt water, which comes
+up around them during the heavy winter storms. These trees are not in
+thriving condition; several are dead or dying, and no new plants are
+springing up to take their places. A cross-section of the trunk of a
+dead tree, as large as any of those living, shows about fifty annual
+rings. There is no reason to suppose that the survivors are older. This
+station is said to have been known as early as 1846, at which date the
+ground where they stand was grassy and fertile. These trees, if standing
+at that time, must assuredly have been in their infancy. The
+encroachment of the sea and subsequent change of conditions account well
+enough for the present decrepitude, but their general similarity in size
+and apparent age point rather to introduction than native growth.
+
+     South to Florida, Alabama, and Louisiana; west to Iowa, Kansas, and
+     Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--One of the Rhode Island trees measured 3 feet 11 inches girth
+at the base, and gradually tapered to a height of more than 40 feet (L.
+W. Russell). The trees at New Haven are 15-20 feet in height, with a
+trunk diameter of 6-10 inches, trunk and limbs much twisted by the
+winds. Their branches, beginning to put out at a height of 6-8 feet, lie
+in almost horizontal planes, forming a roundish, open head.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk in old trees dark, rough, deeply furrowed, separating
+into small, firm sections; large limbs dark reddish-brown; season's
+shoots green, turning to brown.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds oblong, conical, short. Leaves simple,
+alternate, 3-6 inches long, about half as wide, dark green and mostly
+glossy above, somewhat lighter and minutely downy (at least when young)
+beneath, ovate to oval, entire; apex acute to acuminate; base acute,
+rounded or truncate; leafstalk short; stipules none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--June. Sterile and fertile flowers on separate or on
+the same trees; not conspicuous, axillary; sterile often in clusters,
+fertile solitary; calyx 4-6-parted; corolla 4-6-parted; about 1/2 inch
+long, pale yellow, thickish, urn-shaped, constricted at the mouth and
+somewhat smaller in the sterile flowers; stamens 16 in the sterile
+flowers, in fertile flowers 8 or less, imperfect; styles 4, ovary
+8-celled.
+
+=Fruit.=--A berry, ripe in late fall, roundish, about an inch in
+diameter, larger farther south, with thick, spreading, persistent calyx,
+yellow to yellowish-brown, very astringent when immature, edible and
+agreeable to the taste after exposure to the frost; several-seeded.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy along the south shore of New England;
+prefers well-drained soil in open situations; free from disfiguring
+enemies; occasionally cultivated in nurseries but difficult to
+transplant. Propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXXII.--Diospyros Virginiana.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  3. Vertical section of sterile flower.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  5. Section of fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+OLEACEÆ. OLIVE FAMILY.
+
+
+Fraxinus Americana, L.
+
+WHITE ASH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Rich or moist woods, fields and pastures, near
+streams.
+
+     Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Ontario.
+
+Maine,--very common, often forming large forest areas; in the other New
+England states, widely distributed, but seldom occurring in large
+masses.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A tall forest tree, 50-75 feet high, with a trunk diameter of
+2-3 feet; rising in the rich bottom lands of the Ohio river 100 feet or
+more, often in the forest half its height without a limb. In open
+ground the trunk, separating at a height of a few feet, throws off two
+or three large limbs, and is soon lost amid the slender, often gently
+curving branches, forming a rather open, rounded head widest at or near
+the base, with light and graceful foliage, and a stout, rather sparse,
+glabrous, and sometimes flattish spray.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in mature trees easily distinguishable at some
+distance by the characteristic gray color and uniform striation; ridges
+prominent, narrow, flattish, firm, without surface scales but with fine
+transverse seams; furrows fine and strong, sinuous, parallel or
+connecting at intervals; large limbs more or less furrowed; smaller
+branches smooth and grayish-green; season's shoots polished olive green;
+leaf-scars prominent.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds short, rather prominent, smooth, dark or
+pale rusty brown. Leaves pinnately compound, opposite, 6-12 inches long;
+petiole smooth and grooved; leaflets 5-9, 2-5 inches long, deep green
+and smooth above, paler and smooth, or slightly pubescent (at least when
+young) beneath; ovate to lance-oblong, entire or somewhat toothed; apex
+pointed; base obtuse, rounded or sometimes acute; leaflet stalks short,
+smooth; stipules and stipels none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. In loose panicles from lateral or terminal buds
+of the previous season's shoots, sterile and fertile flowers for the
+most part on separate trees, numerous, inconspicuous; calyx in sterile
+flowers 4-toothed, petals none, stamens 2-4, anthers oblong; calyx in
+fertile flowers unequally 4-toothed or nearly entire, persistent; petals
+none, stamens none, pistil 1, style 1, stigma 2-cleft.
+
+=Fruit.=--Ripening in early fall, and hanging in clusters into the
+winter; a samara or key 1-2 inches long, body nearly terete, marginless
+below, dilating from near the tip into a wing two or three times as long
+as the body.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a rich,
+moist, loamy soil, but grows in any well-drained situation; easily
+transplanted, usually obtainable in nurseries, and can be collected
+successfully. It is one of the most desirable native trees for landscape
+and street plantations, on account of its rapid and clean growth,
+freedom from disease, moderate shade, and richly colored autumn foliage.
+As the leaves appear late in spring and fall early in autumn, it is
+desirable to plant with other trees of different habit. Propagated from
+seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXXIII.--Fraxinus Americana.]
+
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  3. Sterile flowers.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.=
+
+_Fraxinus pubescens, Lam._
+
+RED ASH. BROWN ASH. RIVER ASH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--River banks, swampy lowlands, margins of streams
+and ponds.
+
+     New Brunswick to Manitoba.
+
+Maine,--infrequent; New Hampshire,--occasional, extending as far north
+as Boscawen in the Merrimac valley; Vermont,--common along Lake
+Champlain and its tributaries (_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); occasional in
+other sections; Massachusetts and Rhode Island,--sparingly scattered
+throughout; Connecticut,--reported from East Hartford, Westville,
+Canaan, and Lisbon (J. N. Bishop).
+
+     South to Florida and Alabama; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and
+     Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--Medium-sized to large tree, 30-70 feet high, with trunk 1-3
+feet in diameter; erect, branches spreading, broad-headed; in general
+appearance resembling the white ash.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk dark gray or brown, smooth in young trees, furrowed in
+old, furrows rather shallower than in the white ash; branches grayish;
+young shoots greenish-gray with a rusty-velvety or scurfy pubescence
+lasting often into the second year.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds rounded, dark reddish-brown, more or
+less downy, smaller than those of the white ash, partially covered by
+the swollen petiole. Leaves pinnately compound, opposite, 9-15 inches
+long; petiole short, downy, enlarged at base; leaflets 7-9, opposite,
+3-5 inches long, about one half as wide, light green and smooth above,
+paler and more or less downy beneath; outline extremely variable, ovate,
+narrow-oblong, elliptical or sometimes obovate, entire or slightly
+toothed; apex acute to acuminate; base acute or rounded; leaflet stalks
+short, grooved, downy; stipules and stipels none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Similar to that of the white ash.
+
+=Fruit.=--Ripening in early fall, and hanging in clusters into the
+winter; samara or key about 1-1/2 inches long; body of the fruit
+narrowly cylindrical, the edges gradually widening from about the center
+into linear or spatulate wings, obtuse or rounded at the ends, sometimes
+mucronate.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows readily in
+any good soil, but prefers a wet or moist, rich loam; almost as rapid
+growing when young as the white ash, and is not seriously affected by
+insects or fungous diseases; worthy of a place in landscape plantations
+and on streets, but not often found in nurseries; propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXXIV.--Fraxinus Pennsylvanica.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  3. Sterile flowers.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+  7. Mature leaf.
+
+
+=Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata, Sarg.=
+
+_Fraxinus viridis, Michx. f. Fraxinus lanceolata, Borkh._
+
+GREEN ASH.
+
+River valleys and wet woods.
+
+     Ontario to Saskatchewan.
+
+Maine,--common along the Penobscot river from Oldtown to Bangor;
+Vermont,--along Lake Champlain; Gardner's island, and the north end of
+South Hero; Rhode Island (Bailey); Connecticut,--frequent (J. N. Bishop,
+_Report of Connecticut Board of Agriculture_, 1895).
+
+     South along the mountains to Florida; west to the Rocky mountains.
+
+The claims to specific distinction rest mainly upon the usual absence of
+pubescence from the young shoots, leaves and petioles, the color of the
+leaves (which is bright green above and scarcely less so beneath), the
+usually more distinct serratures above the center, and a rather more
+acuminate apex.
+
+Apparently an extreme form of _F. pubescens_, connected with it by
+numerous intermediate forms through the entire range of the species.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXXV.--Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var.
+lanceolata.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.=
+
+_Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lam._
+
+BLACK ASH. SWAMP ASH. BASKET ASH. HOOP ASH. BROWN ASH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Wet woods, river bottoms, and swamps.
+
+     Anticosti through Ontario.
+
+Maine,--common; New Hampshire,--south of the White mountains;
+Vermont,--common; Massachusetts,--more common in central and western
+sections; Rhode Island,--infrequent; Connecticut,--occasional
+throughout.
+
+     South to Delaware and Virginia; west to Arkansas and Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--A tall tree reaching a height of 60-80 feet, with a trunk
+diameter of 1-2 feet; attaining greater dimensions southward. In swamps,
+when shut in by other trees, the trunk is straight, very slender,
+scarcely tapering to point of branching, in open situations under
+favorable conditions forming a large, round, open head. Easily
+distinguished from the other ashes by its sessile leaflets.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk a soft ash-gray, in old trees marked by parallel
+ridges separating into fine, thin, close flakes; limbs light gray,
+rough-warted, the smaller with conspicuous leaf-scars; season's shoots
+olive green, stout; flattened at apex, with small, black, vertical dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds roundish, pointed, very dark, the
+terminal 1/8 inch long. Leaves compound, opposite, 12-15 inches long;
+stipules none; stem grooved and smooth; leaflets 7-11, more frequently
+9, 3-5 inches long, 1-1/2-2 inches wide, green on both sides, lighter
+beneath and more or less hairy on the veins; outline variable, more
+usually oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate; apex acuminate; base obtuse
+to rounded, sessile except the odd leaflets; stipels none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing before the leaves in loose panicles
+from lateral or terminal buds of the preceding season, sterile and
+fertile flowers on different trees; bracted; calyx none; petals none.
+
+=Fruit.=--August to September. Samaras, in panicles, rather more than 1
+inch long, rounded at both ends: body entirely surrounded by the wing.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in any good
+soil, but prefers swamp or wet land. Its very tall, slender habit makes
+it a useful tree in some positions, but it is not readily obtainable in
+nurseries and is seldom used. Propagated from the seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXXVI.--Fraxinus nigra.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+  7. Fruit.
+
+
+
+
+CAPRIFOLIACEÆ. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.
+
+
+=Viburnum Lentago, L.=
+
+SHEEP BERRY. SWEET VIBURNUM. NANNY PLUM.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Rich woods, thickets, river valleys, along fences.
+
+     Province of Quebec to Saskatchewan.
+
+Frequent throughout New England.
+
+     South along the mountains to Georgia and Kentucky; west to
+     Minnesota, Nebraska, and Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--A shrub or small tree, 10-25 feet in height with numerous
+branches forming a wide-spreading, compact rounded head; conspicuous by
+rich foliage, profuse, fragrant yellowish-white flowers, and long,
+drooping clusters of crimson fruit which deepen to a rich purple when
+fully ripe.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk and larger branches dark purplish or reddish brown,
+separating in old trees into small, firm sections; branchlets
+grayish-brown; season's shoots reddish-brown, dotted, more or less
+scurfy.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leaf-buds long, narrow, covered with scurfy,
+brown, leaf-like scales; flower-buds much longer, swollen at the base,
+with two leaf-like scales extended into a long, spire-like point. Leaves
+simple, opposite, 2-4 inches long, upper surface bright green, lower
+paler and set with rusty scales, ovate to oblong-ovate or orbicular,
+sharply and finely serrate, smooth, tapered or abruptly pointed; base
+acute to rounded or truncate; stem slender, wavy-margined, channeled
+above; stipules none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May or early June. Terminal, in broad, flat-topped,
+compound, sessile cymes; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, 5-toothed;
+corolla white, salver-shaped, segments 5, oval, reflexed; stamens 5,
+projecting, anthers yellow; pistil truncate.
+
+=Fruit.=--Profuse, in clusters; drupes 1/2 inch long, oval, crimson when
+ripening, deep purple when fully ripe, edible, sweet: stone flat, oval,
+rough, obscurely striate lengthwise.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a rich
+soil in open places or in light shade. Its showy flowers, healthy
+foliage, and vigorous growth make it a desirable plant for high shrub
+plantations, and as an undergrowth in open woods. Offered for sale by
+collectors and occasionally by nurserymen; easily transplanted;
+propagated from seed or from cuttings.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXXVII.--Viburnum Lentago.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower.
+  4. Flower, side view.
+  5. Flower with petals and stamens removed.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+The range of several trees as given in the text has been extended by
+discoveries made during the summer of 1901, but reported too late for
+incorporation in its proper place.
+
+_Populus balsamifera_, L., var. _candicans_, Gray.--One of the commonest
+and stateliest trees in the alluvium of the Connecticut and the Cold
+rivers; with negundo, river maple, and white and slippery elm, forming a
+tall and dense forest along the Connecticut at the foot of Fall
+mountain, and opposite Bellows Falls. The densely pubescent petioles and
+the ciliate margins of the broad cordate leaves at once distinguish this
+tree from the usually smaller but more common _P. balsamifera_ ("Some
+Trees and Shrubs of Western Cheshire County, N. H." Mr. M. L. Fernald,
+in _Rhodora_, III, 233).
+
+The above is the _Populus candicans_, Ait., of the text.
+
+_Salix discolor_, Muhl.--There are many fine trees at Fort Kent, Maine,
+one with trunk 13 inches in diameter. (M. L. Fernald _in lit._,
+September, 1901.)
+
+_Salix balsamifera_, Barrett.--A handsome tree at Fort Kent, 25-30 feet
+high, with trunk 4-6 inches in diameter. (M. L. Fernald _in lit._,
+September, 1901.)
+
+_Cratægus Crus-Galli_, L.--Nantucket, Massachusetts. Young trees were
+set out in 1830, enclosing an oblong of about an acre and a half. The
+most flourishing of these have obtained a height of about 30 feet and a
+trunk diameter near the ground of 10-12 inches. Now established,
+probably through the agency of birds, along swamps and upon
+hill-slopes. (L. L. D.)
+
+_Prunus Americana_, Marsh.--One clump of small trees in a thicket at
+Alstead Centre, N. H., has the characteristic spherical fruit of this
+species. _P. nigra_, Ait., with oblong, laterally flattened fruit, is
+abundant. (_Rhodora_, III, 234.)
+
+_Acer Saccharum_, Marsh., var. _barbatum_, Trelease.--Characteristic
+trees (Cheshire County, N. H.), with small, firm, deep green,
+three-lobed leaves, appear very distinct, but many transitions are noted
+between this and the typical _Acer Saccharum_. (_Rhodora_, III, 234.)
+
+_Acer Saccharum_, Marsh., var. _nigrum_, Britton.--Occasional in
+alluvium of the Cold river (Cheshire county, N. H.). The large, dark
+green, "flabby" leaves, with closed sinuses and with densely pubescent
+petioles and lower surfaces, quickly distinguish this tree from the
+ordinary forms of the sugar maple. (_Rhodora_, III. 234.)
+
+_Fraxinus Pennsylvanica_. Marsh., var. _lanceolata_, Sarg.--Common along
+the Connecticut at Walpole, N. H. (M. L. Fernald _in lit._, September,
+1901.)
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY.
+
+
+=Abortive.= Defective or barren, through non-development of a part.
+
+=Acuminate.= Long-pointed.
+
+=Acute.= Ending with a sharp but not prolonged point.
+
+=Adherent.= Growing fast to; adnate anther, attached for its whole
+length to the ovary.
+
+=Adnate.= Essentially same as adherent, with the added idea of
+congenital adhesion.
+
+=Aggregate fruits.= Formed by crowding together all the carpels of the
+same flower; as in the blackberry.
+
+=Ament.= Name given to such flower-clusters as those of the willow,
+birch, poplar, etc.
+
+=Anther.= The part of the stamen which bears the pollen.
+
+=Appressed.= Lying close against another organ.
+
+=Ascending.= Rising upward, or obliquely upward.
+
+=Axil.= Angle formed on the upper side between the leaf stem or flower
+stem and the branch from which it springs.
+
+=Bract.= Reduced leaf subtending a flower or flower-cluster.
+
+=Branches, primary.= The leading or main branches thrown out directly
+from the trunk, giving a general shape to the head.
+
+=Branches, secondary.= Never directly from the trunk but from other
+branches.
+
+=Buttressed.= Supported against strain in any direction by a conspicuous
+ridge-like enlargement of the trunk vertically to the roots. Several of
+these buttresses often give a tree a square appearance.
+
+=Caducous.= Dropping off very early after development.
+
+=Calyx.= The outer set of the leaves of the flower.
+
+=Campanulate.= Bell-shaped.
+
+=Capitate.= Head-shaped or collected in a head.
+
+=Capsule.= A dry compound fruit.
+
+=Carpel.= A simple pistil.
+
+=Catkin.= See ament.
+
+=Ciliate.= Margin with hairs or bristles.
+
+=Coherent.= One organ uniting with another.
+
+=Compound.= See leaf, ovary, etc.
+
+=Connate.= Similar organs, more or less grown together.
+
+=Connective.= The part of the anther connecting its two cells.
+
+=Coriaceous.= Thick, leathery in texture.
+
+=Corolla.= Leaves of the flower within the calyx.
+
+=Corymb.= That sort of flower-cluster in which the flower stems arranged
+along the central axis elongate, forming a broad convex or level top,
+the flowers opening successively from the outer edge towards the center.
+
+=Crenate.= Edge with rounded teeth.
+
+=Crenulate.= Edge with small rounded teeth.
+
+=Cyme.= Flat-topped or convex flower-cluster, the central flower opening
+first; blossoming outward.
+
+=Deciduous.= Falling off, as leaves in autumn, or calyx and corolla
+before fruit grows.
+
+=Declining.= Bent downwards.
+
+=Decurrent.= Leaves prolonged on the stem beneath the insertion:
+branchlets springing out beneath the point of furcation, as the
+feathering along the trunk of elms, etc.
+
+=Dentate.= With teeth pointing outwards.
+
+=Disk.= Central part of a head of flowers; fleshy expansion of the
+receptacle of a flower; any rounded, flat surface.
+
+=Drupe.= A stone fruit; soft externally with a stone at the center, as
+the cherry and peach.
+
+=Erose.= Eroded, as if gnawed.
+
+=Exserted.= Protruding, projecting out of.
+
+=Falcate.= Scythe-shaped.
+
+=Fertile.= Flowers containing the pistil, capable of producing fruit.
+Anthers in such blossoms, if any, are generally abortive.
+
+=Fibrovascular.= Bundle or tissue, formed of wood fibers, ducts, etc.
+
+=Filament.= Part of stamen supporting anther.
+
+=Fungus.= A division of cryptogamous plants, including mushrooms, etc.
+
+=Furcation.= Branching.
+
+=Glabrous.= Smooth without hairiness or roughness.
+
+=Glandular.= Bearing glands or appendages having the appearance of
+glands.
+
+=Glaucous.= Covered with a bloom: bluish hoary.
+
+=Globose= or =globous.= Spherical or nearly so.
+
+=Habit.= The general appearance of a plant.
+
+=Habitat.= The place where a plant naturally grows, as in swamps, in
+water, upon dry hillsides, etc.
+
+=Hybrid.= A cross between two species.
+
+=Imbricated.= Overlapping.
+
+=Inflorescence.= Mode of disposition of flowers; sometimes applied to
+the flower-cluster itself.
+
+=Involucre.= Bracts subtending a flower or a cluster of flowers.
+
+=Keeled.= Having a central dorsal ridge like the keel of a boat.
+
+=Key.= A winged fruit; a samara.
+
+=Lacerate.= Irregularly cleft, as if torn.
+
+=Lanceolate.= Lance-shaped, broadest above the base, gradually narrowing
+to the apex.
+
+=Leaf.= Consisting when botanically complete of a blade, usually flat, a
+footstalk and two appendages at base of the footstalk; often consisting
+of blade only.
+
+=Leaf, compound.= Having two to many distinct blades on a common
+leafstalk or rachis. These blades may be sessile or have leafstalks of
+their own.
+
+=Leaf, pinnately compound.= With the leaflets arranged along the sides
+of the rachis.
+
+=Leaf, palmately compound.= With leaflets all standing on summit of
+petiole.
+
+=Leaf-cushions.= Organs resembling persistent decurrent footstalks, upon
+which leaves of spruces, etc., stand; sterigmata.
+
+=Leaf-scar.= The scar left on the twig where the petiole was attached.
+
+=Lenticel.= Externally appearing upon the bark as spots, warts, and
+perpendicular or transverse lines.
+
+=Linear.= Long and narrow with sides nearly parallel.
+
+=Monopetalous.= Having petals more or less united.
+
+=Mucronate.= Abruptly tipped with a small, sharp point.
+
+=Nerved.= Having prominent unbranched ribs or veins.
+
+=Obcordate.= Inversely heart-shaped.
+
+=Obovate.= Ovate with the broader end towards the apex.
+
+=Obtuse.= Blunt or rounded at the end.
+
+=Orbicular.= Having a circular or nearly circular outline.
+
+=Ovary.= The part of the pistil containing the ovules.
+
+=Ovoid.= A solid with an oval or ovate outline.
+
+=Ovuliferous.= Bearing ovules.
+
+=Panicle.= General term for any loose and irregular flower-cluster,
+commonly of the racemose type, with pedicellate flowers.
+
+=Pedicel.= The stalk of a single flower in the ultimate divisions of an
+inflorescence.
+
+=Peduncle.= The stem of a solitary flower or of a cluster.
+
+=Perfect.= Having both pistils and stamens.
+
+=Perianth.= The floral envelope consisting of calyx, corolla, or both.
+
+=Persistent.= Not falling for a long time.
+
+=Petal.= A division of the corolla.
+
+=Petiole.= The stalk of a leaf.
+
+=Petiolule.= The stalk of a leaflet in a compound leaf.
+
+=Pistil.= The seed-bearing organ of the flower.
+
+=Pistillate.= Provided with pistils; usually applied to flowers without
+stamens.
+
+=Pollen.= The fertilizing grains contained in the anthers.
+
+=Puberulent.= Minutely pubescent.
+
+=Pubescent.= Covered with short soft or downy hairs.
+
+=Raceme.= A simple cluster of pediceled flowers upon a common axis.
+
+=Rachis.= The main axis of a compound leaf, of a raceme or of a spike.
+
+=Ramification.= Branching.
+
+=Range.= The geographical extent and limits of a species.
+
+=Reflexed.= Turned backward.
+
+=Reticulated.= Netted; in the form of a network.
+
+=Revolute.= Rolled backward from the margin or apex.
+
+=Samara.= Key fruit; winged fruit, like that of the ash or maple.
+
+=Scarf-bark.= The thin, outermost layer which often peels off.
+
+=Segment.= One of the divisions into which a plane organ, such as a
+leaf, may be divided.
+
+=Sepal.= A calyx leaf.
+
+=Serrate.= With teeth inclining forward.
+
+=Serrulate.= With small teeth inclining forward.
+
+=Sessile.= Not stalked, as when the leaf blade or flower rests directly
+upon the twig.
+
+=Simple leaf.= Not compound, having one blade not jointed with its stem.
+
+=Sinuate.= Strongly wavy-margined.
+
+=Sinus.= Interval between two lobes or divisions of a leaf; sometimes
+sharp-angular, sometimes rounded.
+
+=Spatulate.= Gradually narrowed downward from a rounded summit.
+
+=Spike.= A cluster of sessile or nearly sessile lateral flowers on an
+elongated axis.
+
+=Spray.= The smaller branches and ultimate branchlets of a tree taken as
+a whole.
+
+=Stamens.= The pollen-bearing organs of a flower, each stamen consisting
+of a filament (stem) and anther which contains the pollen.
+
+=Staminate.= Having stamens.
+
+=Sterile.= Variously applied: to flowers with stamens only; to stamens
+without anthers; to anthers without pollen; to ovaries not producing
+seed, etc.
+
+=Stigma.= Part of pistil which receives the pollen.
+
+=Stipels.= Appendages to a leaflet, analogous to the stipules of a leaf.
+
+=Stipules.= Appendages of a leaf, usually at the point of insertion.
+
+=Striate.= Streaked, or very finely ridged lengthwise.
+
+=Style.= Part of pistil uniting ovary with stigma; often wanting.
+
+=Sucker.= A shoot of subterranean origin.
+
+=Suture.= The line of union between parts which have grown together;
+most often used with reference to the line along which an ovary opens.
+
+=Terete.= Cylindrical.
+
+=Ternate.= In threes.
+
+=Tomentose.= Densely pubescent or woolly.
+
+=Truncate.= As if cut off at the end.
+
+=Umbel.= An inflorescence in which the flower stems spring from the same
+point like the rays of an umbrella.
+
+=Verticillate.= Arranged in a circle round an axis; whorled.
+
+=Villose= or =villous.= With long, soft hairs.
+
+=Whorl.= Arranged in a circle about an axis.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+  A
+
+  Abele. (Populus alba, L.) 39, 40
+
+  Abies balsamea, Mill. _Fir balsam_ 20-22
+
+  =Abietacæ.= (=Pinoideæ=) 1-22
+    Larix 1-4
+    Pinus 4-12
+    Picea 12-18
+    Tsuga 19, 20
+    Abies 20-22
+
+  Acacia, (Robinia Pseudacacia, L.) 131, 132
+          (Robinia viscosa, Vent.) 132
+          Three-thorned. (Gleditsia triacanthos, L.) 129, 130
+
+  =Aceraceæ.= (Maple family). 140-153
+    Acer barbatum, Michx. _Rock, Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree_ 144-146
+       barbatum, var. nigrum, Sarg. _Black maple_ 146, 147
+       dasycarpum, Ehrh. _Silver, Soft, White, River maple_ 142-144
+       Negundo, L. _Box elder, Ash-leaved maple_ 151-153
+       nigrum, Michx. _Black maple_ 146,147
+       Pennsylvanicum, L. _Striped maple, Moosewood, Whistlewood_ 149-151
+       platanoides _Norway maple_ 146
+       rubrum, L. _Red, Swamp, Soft, White maple_ 140-142
+       saccharinum, L. _Silver, Soft, White, River maple_ 142-144
+       saccharinum, Wang. _Rocky Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree_ 144-146
+       saccharinum, var. nigrum, T. and G. _Black maple_ 146, 147
+       Saccharum, Marsh. _Rock, Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree_ 144-146
+       Saccharum, Marsh., var. barbatum, Trelease 172
+       Saccharum, Marsh., var. nigrum, Britton. _Black maple_ 146, 147, 172
+       spicatum, Lam. _Mountain maple_ 148, 149
+    Negundo aceroides, Moench. _Box elder, Ash-leaved maple_ 151-153
+            Negundo, Karst, _Box elder, Ash-leaved maple_ 151-153
+
+  Ailanthus family. (=Simarubaceæ=) 133
+
+  Ailanthus, Tree of Heaven, Chinese sumac (Ailanthus glanulosus,
+              Desf.) 133
+
+  Alder, European. (Alnus glutinosa, Medic.) 70
+
+  Alnus glutinosa, Medic, _European alder_ 70
+  Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic. _Shadbush, June-berry_, 116, 117
+  American elm (Ulmus Americana, L.) 95-97
+           holly. (Hex opaca, Alt.) 138-146
+
+  =Anacardiaceæ.=  (Sumac family) 134-137
+    Rhus copallina.      _Dwarf sumac_, 137
+         glabra.         _Smooth sumac_, 137
+         hirta, Sudw.    _Staghorn sumac_, 134, 135
+         toxicodendron.  _Poison ivy_, 137
+         typhina, L.     _Staghorn sumac_, 134, 135
+         venenata, DC.   _Dogwood, Poison sumac. Poison elder_, 136, 137
+         vernix, L. _Dogwood, Poison sumac. Poison elder_, 136, 137
+
+  Apple family. (=Pomaceæ=) 112-121
+    Apple tree. (Pyrus malus, L.) 1
+  =Aquifoliaceæ.= (Holly family) 138-140
+    Ilex opaca, Ait. _American holly_ 138, 140
+
+  Ash, Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash. (Fraxinus nigra,
+         Marsh.) 167-168
+       European mountain ash. (Pyrus aucuparia) 113, 115
+       Green ash.  (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata,
+                     Sarg.) 166, 172
+       Mountain ash. (Pyrus Americana, DC.) 112, 113
+       Mountain ash. (Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht.) 113-115
+       Red, Brown, River ash. (Fraxinus pubescens. Lam.) 164,165
+       White ash.  (Fraxinus Americana, L.) 162-164
+
+  Ash-leaved maple. (Acer negundo, L.) 151-153
+
+  Aspen, Large-toothed. (Populusgrandidentata, Michx.) 31, 32
+                        (Populus tremuloides, Michx.) 29, 30
+
+
+  B
+
+  Balm of Gilead. (Populus balsamifera, L.) 36, 37
+                  (Populus candicans, Alt.). 37-39, 171
+
+  Balsam.         (Abies balsamea, Mill.) 20-22
+                  (Populus balsamifera, L.) 36, 37
+
+  Basket ash.    (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) 167, 168
+
+  Basswood.      (Tilia Americana, L.) 153-155
+
+  Bear oak.     (Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.) 93, 94
+
+  Beech family. (=Fagaceæ=) 70-94
+
+  Beech      (Fagus ferruginea, Alt.) 70-72
+      Blue beech, Water beech. (Carpinus Caroliniana. Walt.) 59, 60
+
+  Betula lenta, L.    _Black, Cherry, Sweet birch_  61, 62
+         lutea, Michx. L.   _Yellow, Gray birch_  63, 64
+         nigra, L.   _Red, River birch_ 55,66
+         papyrifera. Marsh.   _White, Canoe. Paper birch,_ 68-70
+  Betula papyrifera, var. minor, Tuckerman. _Dwarf birch_ 68
+    populifolia, Marsh. _Gray, Poplar, Oldfield, Poverty, Small
+      white birch_ 66-68
+
+  =Betulaceæ.= (Birch family) 57-70
+    Alnus glutinosa, Medic.  _European alder_ 70
+    Betula lenta, L.    _Black, Cherry, Sweet birch_ 61, 62
+      lutea, Michx. f.   _Yellow, Gray birch_  63, 64
+      nigra, L.       _Red, River birch_ 65, 66
+      papyrifera, Marsh.  _White, Canoe, Paper birch_ 68-70
+      var. minor, Tuckerman.  _Dwarf birch_ 68
+      populifolia, Marsh. _Gray, Poplar, Oldfield, Poverty, Small
+        white birch_ 66-68
+    Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. _Hornbeam, Blue beech, Ironwood,
+      Water beech_ 59, 60
+    Ostrya Virginica, Willd. _Hop hornbeam, Ironwood, Leverwood_ 57, 58
+
+  Birch family. (=Betulaceæ=)  57-70
+
+  Birch. Black, Cherry, Sweet birch. (Betula lenta, L.) 61, 62
+    Canoe, White, Paper birch. (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.) 68-70
+    Red, River birch    (Betula nigra, L.) 65, 66
+    White, Gray, Oldfield, Poplar, Poverty, Small white birch
+       (Betula populifolia, Marsh.)  66-68
+    Yellow, Gray birch. (Betula lutea, Michx. f.) 63, 64
+
+  Bird cherry     (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.) 124, 125
+
+  Bitternut    (Carya amara, Nutt.) 55-57
+
+  Black ash    (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) 167, 168
+    birch   (Betula lenta, L.) 61, 62
+    cherry  (Prunus serotina, Ehrh.) 127, 128
+    maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var_. nigrum, Britton) 146, 147, 172
+    oak    (Quercus velutina, Lam.) 89-91
+    spruce    (Picea nigra, Link) 12-14
+    walnut   (Juglans nigra, L.) 48, 49
+    willow   (Salix nigra, Marsh.) 42, 43
+
+  Blue beech   (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.) 59, 60
+
+  Box elder     (Acer negundo, L.) 151-153
+    white oak  (Quercus stellata, Wang.) 77, 78
+
+  Boxwood     (Cornus florida, L.) 156, 157
+
+  Braintree, Mass. Fine specimen of _Ilex opaca_ on farm of
+    Col. Minot Thayer 139
+
+  Brittle willow    (Salix fragilis, L.) 43-45
+
+  Brown ash   (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) 167, 168
+      (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.) 164, 165
+
+  Bur oak     (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.) 79, 80
+
+  Butternut    (Juglans cinerea, L.) 46, 47
+
+  Buttonball     (Platanus occidentalis, L.) 110, 111
+
+  Buttonwood     (Platanus occidentalis, L.) 110, 111
+
+
+  C
+
+  Canada plum  (Primus nigra. Ait.), 122, 123
+
+  Canoe birch  (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.), 68-70
+
+  =Caprifoliaceæ.=  (Honeysuckle family) 168, 169
+
+    Viburnum Lentas L. _Sheep berry sweet viburnum. Nanny plum_ 168, 169
+
+  Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. _Hornbeam. Blue beech. Ironwood.
+    Water beech_ 59,60
+
+  Carya alba, Nutt. _Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut_ 49-51
+    amara, Nutt.     _Bitter nut. Swamp hickory_ 55-57
+    porcina, Nutt.   _Pignut. White hickory_ 53-55
+    tomentosa, Nutt. _Mockernut. White-heart hickory. Walnut_ 51-53
+
+  Castanea dentata. Borkh. _Chestnut_ 72-74
+    sativa, _var._ Americana, Watson & Coulter.  _Chestnut_ 72-74
+    vesca, _var._ Americana, Michx. _Chestnut_ 72-74
+
+  Cat spruce.   (Picea alba, Link) 16-18
+
+  Cedar, Arbor vitæ. White cedar. (Thuja occidentals, L.) 23,24
+    Red cedar. Savin. (Juniperus Virginiana. L.) 26-28
+    White cedar. (Chamæcyparis sphæroidea, Spach) 25,26
+
+  Celtis occidentalis. L. _Hackberry, Nettle tree, Hoop ash,
+    Sugar berry_ 100-102
+
+  Chamæcyparis sphæroidea. Spach.  White cedar 25,26
+
+  Cherry.      (Primus Avium, L.) 128
+    Chokecherry.   (Prunus Virginiana, L.) 125,126
+    Rum, Black cherry. (Prunus serotina, Ehrh.) 127,128
+    Wild red, Pin, Pigeon, Bird cherry Prunus Pennsylvania, L. f. 124,125
+
+  Cherry birch.   (Betula lenta, L.) 61,62
+
+  Chestnut. (Castanea sativa, _var_. Americana, Watson & Coulter) 72-74
+
+  Chestnut oak.    (Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm.) 84,85
+      (Quercus prinus, L.) 82-84
+
+  Chinese sumac.     (Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.) 133
+
+  Chokecherry.    (Prunus Virginiana, L.) 125,126
+
+  Clammy locust.      (Robinia viscosa, Vent.) 132
+
+  Cockspur thorn   (Cratægus Crus-Galli, L.) 117, 118, 171
+
+  Conifer family, (=Pinoideæ=) 1-28
+
+  Cork elm.      (Ulmus racemosa, Thomas) 99,100
+
+  =Cornaceæ.= (Dogwood family)     150-160
+    Cornus alternifolia, L, f. _Dogwood, Green osier_ 157, 158
+      florida, L  _Flowering dogwood, Boxwood_ 156, 157
+    Nyssa sylvatica. Marsh. _Tupelo, Sour gum, Pepperidge_ 159, 160
+
+  Cottonwood   (Populus deltoides, Marsh.) 34, 35
+    (Populus heterophylla. L.) 33, 34
+
+  Crack willow. (Salix fragilis, L.) 43-45
+
+  Cratægus Arnoldiana, Sarg. _Thorn_ 121
+    coccinea, L. _Thorn_ 118, 119
+    coccinea, _var._ mollis, T. & G.  _Thorn_, 120, 121
+    Crus-Galli, L. _Cockspur thorn_ 117, 118, 171
+    mollis, Scheele _Thorn_ 120, 121
+    punctata, Jacq. _Cockspur thorn_ 118
+    submollis, Sarg. _Thorn_ 121
+    subvillosa, Schr. _Thorn_ 120, 121
+
+  =Cupressaceæ.= (Pinoideæ) 23-28
+    Cupressus 25, 26
+    Juniperus 26-28
+    Thuja 23, 24
+
+  Cupressus thyoides, L. _White cedar_ 25, 26
+
+
+  D
+
+  Diospyros Virginiana, L.  _Persimmon_ 160-162
+
+  Dogwood family. (=Cornaceæ=) 156-160
+
+  Dogwood (Rhus vernix, L.) 136, 137
+    Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida, L.) 156, 157
+    Green osier (Cornus alternifolia, L. f.) 157, 158
+
+  Double spruce (Picea nigra, Link) 12-14
+
+  =Drupaceæ.= (Plum family) 122-128
+    Prunus Americana, Marsh. _Wild plum_ 123, 124, 171
+      Americana, _var._ nigra, Waugh. _Wild, Red, Horse,
+        Canada plum_ 122, 123
+      Avium, L. _Mazard cherry_ 128
+      nigra, Ait. _Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum_ 122, 123, 171
+      Pennsylvanica, L. f. _Wild red, Pin, Pigeon, Bird cherry_ 124, 125
+      serotina, Ehrh. _Rum, Black cherry_ 127, 128
+      Virginiana, L.  _Chokecherry_ 125, 126
+
+  Dwarf birch. (Betula papyrifera, _var._ minor, Tuckerman) 68
+    black spruce. (Picea nigra, var. semiprostrata) 12
+    sumac. (Rhus copallina) 137
+
+
+  E
+
+  =Ebenaceæ.= (Ebony family) 160-162
+    Diospyros Virginiana, L.  Persimmon 160-162
+
+  Ebony family. (=Ebenaceæ=) 160-162
+
+  Elder, Poison elder. (Rhus vernix, L.) 136, 137
+
+  Elm family. (=Ulmaceæ=) 95-102
+
+  Elm, American elm (Ulmus Americana, L.) 95-97
+    Cork, Rock elm (Ulmus racemosa. Thomas) 99, 100
+    Slippery, Red elm  (Ulmus fulva, Michx.) 97, 98
+
+  European alder (Alnus glutinosa. Medic.) 70
+    mountain ash  (Pyrus aucuparia) 113-115
+
+
+  F
+
+  =Fagaceæ.=  (Beech family) 70-94
+
+  Castanea dentata, Borkh. _Chestnut_ 72-74
+    sativa, _var._ Americana, Watson & Coulter _Chestnut_ 72-74
+    vesca, _var._ Americana, Michx. _Chestnut_ 72-74
+
+  Fagus Americana, Sweet _Beech_ 70-72
+    atropunicea, Sudw. _Beech_ 70-72
+    ferruginea, Ait.  _Beech_ 70-72
+
+  Quercus acuminata, Sarg. _Chestnut oak_ 84, 85
+    alba, L. _White oak_ 75-77
+    bicolor, Willd. _Swamp white oak_ 80-82
+    coccinea, Wang. _Scarlet oak_ 88, 89
+    coccinea, _var._ tinctoria, Gray. _Black, Yellow oak_ 89-91
+    ilicifolia, Wang. _Scrub, Bear oak_ 93, 94
+    macrocarpa, Michx.   _Bur, Over-cup, Mossy-cup oak_ 79, 80
+    minor, Sarg.   _Post, Box white oak_ 77-78
+    Muhlenbergii, Engelm. _Chestnut oak_ 84, 85
+    nana, Sarg.    _Scrub oak, Bear oak_ 93, 94
+    obtusiloba, Michx.   _Post, Box white oak_ 77, 78
+    palustris, Du Roi   _Pin, Swamp, Water oak_ 91-93
+    platanoides, Sudw.  _Swamp white oak_ 80-82
+    prinoides, Willd. _Scrub white oak. Scrub chestnut oak_ 85
+    prinus, L.   _Chestnut, Rock chestnut oak_ 82-84
+    pumila, Sudw.  _Scrub, Bear oak_ 93, 94
+    rubra, L. _Red oak_ 86, 87
+    stellata, Wang. _Post, Box white oak_ 77, 78
+    tinctoria, Bartram  _Black, Yellow oak_ 89-91
+    velutina, Lam.   _Black, Yellow oak_ 89-91
+
+  Fir (Abies balsamea, Mill.) 20-22
+
+  Fir balsam (Abies balsamea, Mill.) 20-22
+
+  Fraxinus Americana, L. _White ash_ 162-164
+    lanceolata. Borkh.  _Green ash_ 166, 172
+    nigra. Marsh. _Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash_ 167, 168
+    Pennsylvanica, Marsh. _Red, Brown, River ash_ 164, 165
+
+  Fraxinus Pennsylvania, _var._ lanceolata, Sarg. _Green ash_ 166, 172
+    pubescens, Lam. _Red, Brown, River ash_ 164,165
+    sambucifolia, Lam. _Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash_ 167, 168
+    viridis, Michx. f. _Green ash_ 166, 172
+
+
+  G
+
+  Glaucous willow. (Salix discolor, Muhl.) 40, 41
+
+  Gleditsia triacanthos, L. _Honey locust_ 129, 130
+
+  Gray birch. (Betula lutea, Michx. f.) 63,64
+      (Betula populifolia, Marsh.) 66-68
+    pine. (Pinus Banksiana, Lam.) 8, 9
+
+  Green ash. (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, _var._ lanceolata, Sarg.) 166, 172
+    osier. (Cornus alternifolia, L. f.) 157, 158
+
+  Groome estate, Dorchester, Mass., Willow. (_Salix fragilis_, 1890) 44
+
+  Gum, (Liquidambar Styraciflua, L.) 108, 109
+    Sour gum. (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.) 159, 160
+
+
+  H
+
+  Hackberry. (Celtis occidentalis, L.) 100-102
+
+  Hacmatack. (Larix Americana, Michx.) 2-4
+
+  =Hamamelidaceæ.= (Witch Hazel family) 108, 109
+    Liquidambar styraciflua, L. _Sweet gum_ 108, 109
+
+  Hard maple. (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.) 144-146
+    pine. (Pinus rigida, Mill.) 6, 7
+
+  Hemlock. (Tsuga Canadensis, Carr.) 19, 20
+
+  Hickory. Bitternut, Swamp hickory. (Carya amara, Nutt.) 55-57
+    Mockernut, White-heart hickory.  (Carya tomentosa, Nutt.) 51-53
+    Pignut, White hickory. (Carya porcina, Nutt.) 53-55
+    Shagbark, Shellbark hickory. (Carya alba, Nutt.) 49-51
+
+  Hicoria alba, Britton. _Mockernut, White-heart hickory, Walnut_ 51-53
+    glabra, Britton.  _Pignut, White hickory_ 53-55
+    minima, Britton. _Butternut, Swamp hickory_ 55-57
+    ovata, Britton. _Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut_ 49-51
+
+  Holly family. (=Aquifoliaceæ=) 138-140
+
+  Holly, American holly. (Ilex opaca, Ait.) 138-140
+
+  Honey locust. (Gleditsia triacanthos, L.) 129,130
+
+  Honeysuckle family. (=Caprifoliaceæ=) 168,169
+
+  Hoop ash. (Celtis occidentals, L.) 100-102
+    (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) 167, 168
+
+  Hop hornbeam. (Ostrya Virginica, Willd.) 57,58
+
+  Hornbeam. (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.) 59, 60
+
+  Horse plum. (Prunus nigra, Ait.) 122,123
+
+
+  I
+
+  Ilex opaca, Ait. _American holly_ 138-140
+
+  Ironwood.    (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.) 59, 60
+    (Ostrya Virginica, Willd.) 57, 58
+
+  Ivy, Poison ivy. (Rhus toxicodendron) 137
+
+
+  J
+
+  Jack pine. (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb) 8, 9
+
+  =Juglandaceæ.= (Walnut family) 47-57
+    Carya alba, Nutt.  _Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut_ 49-51
+      amara, Nutt.  _Bitternut, Swamp hickory_ 55-57
+      porcina, Nutt. _Pignut, White hickory_ 53-55
+      tomentosa, Nutt. _Mockernut, White-heart hickory. Walnut_ 51-53
+
+    Hicoria alba, Britton   _Mockernut, White-heart hickory. Walnut_ 51-53
+      glabra, Britton.  _Pignut, White hickory_ 53-55
+      minima, Britton.   _Bitternut, Swamp hickory_ 55-57
+      ovata, Britton.     _Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut_,  49-51
+
+    Juglans cinerea, L.    _Butternut, Oilnut, Lemon walnut_, 46, 47
+      nigra, L.       _Black walnut_ 48, 49
+
+  June-berry. (Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic.) 116, 117
+
+  Juniper.  (Larix Americana, Michx.) 2-4
+
+  Juniperus Virginiana, L. _Red cedar, Savin_ 26-28
+
+
+  L
+
+  Labrador spruce.    (Picea alba, Link) 16-18
+
+  Laconia, N.H., Pussy willow, 35 ft. high. (Salix discolor, Muhl.) 41
+
+  Larch.        (Larix Americana, Michx.) 2-4
+
+  Large-toothed aspen . . (Populus grandidenta, Michx.) 31,32
+
+  Larix Americana, Michx. _Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper_ 2-4
+    laricina, Koch.      _Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper_ 2-4
+
+  =Lauraceæ.= (Laurel family) 106-108
+    Sassafras officinale. Nees.  _Sassafras_ 106-108
+      Sassafras, Karst. _Sassafras_ 106-108
+
+  Laurel family. (=Lauraceæ=) 106-108
+
+  =Leguminosæ.=  (Pulse family) 129-132
+    Gleditsia triacanthos, L. _Honey locust, Three-thorned acacia_ 129, 130
+    Robinia pseudacacia. L. _Locust_ 131, 132
+      viscosa, Vent.  _Clammy locust_ 132
+
+  Lemon walnut (Juglans cinerea, L.) 46, 47
+
+  Leverwood      (Ostrya Virginica, Willd.) 57, 58
+
+  Lime.        (Tilia Americana, L.) 153-155
+
+  Linden family. (=Tiliaceæ=) 153-155
+
+  Linden.      (Tilia Americana, L.) 153-155
+
+  Liquidambar Styraciflua, L. _Sweet gum_ 108, 109
+
+  Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. _Tulip tree, Whitewood, Poplar_ 104-106
+
+  Locust.  (Robinia pseudacacia, L.) 131, 132
+    Clammy locust  (Robinia viscosa, Vent.) 132
+    Honey locust  (Gleditsia triacanthos, L.) 129,130
+
+
+  M
+
+  Magnolia family. (=Magnoliaceæ=) 104-106
+
+  =Magnoliaceæ.=  (Magnolia family) 104-106
+    Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.  _Tulip tree, Whitewood, Poplar_ 104-106
+
+  Malus Malus, Britton.   Apple tree 115
+
+  Maple family. (=Aceraceæ=) 140-153
+
+  Maple, Black maple  (Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var._ nigrum,
+      Britton) 127, 146, 172
+    Box elder, Ash-leaved maple. (Acer negundo, L.) 151-153
+    Mountain maple      (Acer spicatum, Lam.) 148, 149
+    Norway maple (_cultivated_)    (Acer platanoides) 146
+    Red, Swamp, Soft, White maple. (Acer rubrum, L.) 140-142
+    Rock, Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree. (Acer Saccharum,
+      Marsh.) 144-146, 172
+    Silver, Soft, White maple, River     (Acer saccharinum, L.) 142-144
+    Striped maple, Moosewood, Whistlewood. (Acer Pennsylvanicum,
+      L.) 149-151
+
+  Mazard cherry.    (Prunus Avium, L.) 128
+
+  Mockernut.  (Carya tomentosa, Nutt.) 51-53
+
+  Moosewood.       (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.) 149-151
+
+  =Moraceæ.=  (Mulberry family) 102-104
+
+    Morus alba, L.  _White mulberry_ 104
+      rubra, L.   _Red mulberry_ 102, 103
+
+  Mossy-cup oak   (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.) 79, 80
+
+  Mountain ash  (Pyrus Americana, DC.) 112, 113
+      (Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht.) 113-115
+
+  Mountain ash, European. (Pyrus aucuparia) 113, 115
+    maple  (Acer spicatum, Lam.) 148, 149
+
+  Mulberry family. (=Moraceæ=) 102-104
+
+  Mulberry, Red mulberry. (Morus rubra. L.) 102, 103
+    White mulberry. (Morus alba, L.) 104
+
+
+  N
+
+  Nanny plum (Viburnum Lentago, L.) 168, 169
+
+  Negundo aceroides, Moench. _Box elder, Ash-leaved maple_ 151-153
+    Negundo, Karst. 151-153
+
+  Nettle tree (Celtis occidentalis, L.) 100-102
+
+  Norway maple. (Acer platanoides) 146
+    pine (Pinus resinosa, Ait.) 10, 11
+
+  Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.  _Tupelo, Sour gum, Pepperidge_ 159, 160
+
+
+  O
+
+  Oak, Black, Yellow oak  (Quercus velutina, Lam.) 89-91
+    Bur, Over-cup, Mossy-cup oak (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.) 79, 80
+    Chestnut oak (Quercus Muhlenbergii) 84, 85
+    Chestnut, Rock chestnut oak (Quercus prinus, L.) 82-84
+    Pin, Swamp, Water oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi) 91-08
+    Post, Box white oak (Quercus stellata, Wang.) 77, 78
+    Red oak (Quercus rubra, L.) 86, 87
+    Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea, Wang.) 88, 89
+    Scrub, Bear oak (Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.) 93, 94
+    Scrub chestnut, Scrub white oak (Quercus prinoides. Willd.) 85
+    Swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor, Willd.), 80-82
+    White oak (Quercus alba, L.) 75-77
+
+  Oilnut (Juglans cinerea, L.) 46, 47
+
+  Oldfield birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh.) 66-68
+
+  =Oleaceæ.= (Olive family) 162-168
+    Fraxinus Americana, L.  _White ash_ 162-164
+      lanceolata, Borkh.  _Green ash_ 166, 172
+      nigra, Marsh.  _Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash_ 167, 168
+      Pennsylvania, Marsh. _Red, Brown, River ash_ 164, 165
+      Pennsylvania, _var._ lanceolata, Sarg. _Green ash_ 166, 172
+      pubescens, Lam.  _Red, Brown, River ash_ 164, 165
+      sambucifolia, Lam.  _Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash_ 167, 168
+      viridis, Michx. f.  _Green ash_ 166
+
+  Olive family. (=Oleaceæ=) 162-168
+
+  Osier (Cornus alternifolia, L. f.) 157, 158
+
+  Ostrya Virginica, Willd.  _Hop hornbeam, Ironwood, Leverwood_ 57, 58
+
+  Over-cup oak. (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.) 79, 80
+
+
+  P
+
+  Paper birch (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.) 68-70
+
+  Pear tree (Pyrus communis, L.) 115
+
+  Pepperidge (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.) 159, 160
+
+  Persimmon (Diospyros Virginiana, L.) 160-162
+
+  Picea alba, Link _White spruce_ 16-18
+    Canadensis, B. S. P. _White spruce_ 16-18
+    nigra, Link. _Black spruce_ 12-14
+    nigra, _var._ semiprostrata _Dwarf black spruce_ 12
+    rubra, Link  _Red spruce_ 15, 16
+
+  Pigeon cherry (Primus Pennsylvanica, L. f.) 124, 125
+
+  Pignut (Carya porcina, Nutt.) 53-55
+
+  Pin cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.) 124, 125
+    oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi)  91-93
+
+  Pine family: Conifers.  (=Pinoideæ=) 1-28
+
+  Pine. Jack, Gray, Scrub, Spruce pine  (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb) 8, 9
+    Pitch, Hard pine (Pinus rigida, Mill.) 6, 7
+    Red, Norway pine (Pinus resinosa, Ait.) 10, 11
+    Scotch pine (_dit_ incorrectly Scotch fir) (Pinus sylvestris,
+      L.) 11, 12
+    White pine (Pinus Strobus, L.) 4-6
+
+  =Pinoideæ.=  (Pine family: Conifers) 1-28
+    =Abietaceæ.= 1-22
+      Abies balsamea, Mill. _Fir balsam, Balsam, Fir_ 20-22
+      Larix Americana, Michx. _Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper_  2-4
+        laricina, Koch. _Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch,  Juniper_ 2-4
+      Picea alba, Link  _White, Cat, Skunk, Labrador spruce_ 16-18
+        Canadensis, B.S.P. _White, Cat, Skunk, Labrador spruce_ 16-18
+        nigra, Link.   _Black, Double, Swamp, Water spruce_ 12-14
+        rubra, Link.   _Red spruce_ 15, 16
+        semiprostrata  _Dwarf black spruce_ 12
+      Pinus Banksiana, Lamb. _Jack, Gray, Scrub, Spruce pine_ 8, 9
+        resinosa, Ait. _Red, Norway pine_ 10, 11
+        rigida, Mill. _Pitch, Hard pine_ 6, 7
+        Strobus, L. _White pine_ 4-6
+        sylvestris, L. _Scotch pine_ 11, 12
+      Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. _Hemlock_ 19, 20
+
+  =Cupressaceæ.= 2, 23-28
+    Chamæcyparis sphæroidea, Spach. _White cedar, Cedar_ 25, 26
+      thyoides, L. _White cedar, Cedar_ 25, 26
+    Juniperus Virginiana, L. _Red cedar, Savin_ 26-28
+    Thuja occidentalis, L. _Arbor-vitæ, White cedar_ 23, 24
+
+  Pitch pine. (Pinus rigida. Mill.) 6, 7
+
+  Plane tree family. (=Platanaceæ=) 110, 111
+  =Platanaceæ.=  (Plane tree family) 110, 111
+
+    Platanus occidentalis, L. _Buttonwood, Sycamore. Buttonball,
+      Plane tree_ 110, 111
+
+  Plum family.  (=Drupaceæ=) 122-128
+
+  Plum, Wild plum. (Prunus Americana, Marsh.) 123, 124, 171
+    Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum. (Prunus nigra, Ait.) 122, 123, 171
+
+  Poison elder  (Rhus vernix. L.) 136, 137
+    ivy  (Rhus toxicodendron) 137
+    sumac  (Rhus vernix, L.) 136, 137
+
+  =Pomaceæ.=  (Apple family) 112-121
+    Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic. _Shadbush, June-berry_ 116, 117
+    Cratægus Arnoldiana, Sarg., _Thorn_ 121
+      coccinea, L,. _Thorn_ 118, 119
+      coccinea, _var._ mollis, T. & G. 120, 121
+      Crus-Galli, L. _Cockspur thorn_ 117, 118, 171
+      mollis, Scheele _Thorn_ 120, 121
+      punctata, Jacq....._Cockspur thorn_ 118
+      submollis, Sarg. _Thorn_ 121
+      subvillosa, Schr. _Thorn_ 120, 121
+
+    Malus malus, Britton  _Apple tree_ 115
+
+    Pyrus Americana, DC. _Mountain ash_ 112, 113
+      aucuparia _European mountain ash_ 113, 115
+      communis, L. _Pear tree_ 115
+      malus, L. _Apple tree_ 115
+      sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. _Mountain ash_ 113-115
+
+    Sorbus Americana, Marsh. _Mountain ash_ 112, 113
+      sambucifolia, R[oe]m.  _Mountain ash_ 113, 115
+
+  Poplar, Tulip tree, White wood. (Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.) 104-106
+    Aspen. (Populus tremuloides, Michx.) 29, 30
+    Balsam, Balm of Gilead.  (Populus balsamifera. L.) 36, 37
+    Cottonwood. (Populus deltoides, Marsh.) 34, 35
+    Poplar, Large-toothed aspen. (Populus grandidentata, Michx.) 31, 32
+    Swamp poplar, Cottonwood, Poplar. (Populus heterophylla, L.) 33, 34
+    White, Silver-leaved poplar. (Populus alba, L.) 39, 40
+
+  Poplar birch. (Betula populifolia, Marsh.)  66-68
+
+  Populus alba, L. _Abele, White, Silver-leaved poplar_ 39, 40
+    balsamifera, L. _Balsam_ 3, 36, 37
+    balsamifera, _var._ candicans, Gray. _Balm of Gilead_ 37-39, 171
+    balsamifera, _var._ intermedia  _Balsam, Poplar, Balm of Gilead_ 36
+
+  Populus balsamifera, _var._ latifolia  _Balsam, Poplar,
+      Balm of Gilead_ 36
+    candicans, Ait., _Balm of Gilead_ 37-39, 171
+    deltoides, Marsh.  _Cottonwood, Poplar_ 34, 35
+    grandidentata, Michx.  _Poplar, Large-toothed aspen_ 31, 32
+    heterophylla, L. _Swamp poplar, Poplar, Cottonwood_ 33, 34
+    monilifera, Ait.  _Cottonwood_  34, 35
+    tremuloides, Michx.  _Aspen, Poplar_  29, 30
+
+  Post oak (Quercus stellata, Wang.) 77, 78
+
+  Poverty birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh.) 66-68
+
+  Prunus Americana, Marsh. _Wild plum_ 123, 124, 171
+      _var_. nigra, Waugh _Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum_ 122, 123, 171
+    Avium, L. _Mazard cherry_ 128
+    nigra, Ait.  _Wild plum_ 122, 123, 171
+    Pennsylvanica, L. f. _Wild red, Pin, Pigeon, Bird cherry_ 124, 125
+    serotina, Ehrh. _Rum, Black cherry_ 127, 128
+    Virginiana, L. _Chokecherry_ 125, 126
+
+  Pulse family. (=Leguminosæ=) 129-132
+
+  Pussy willow (Salix discolor, Muhl.) 40, 41, 171
+
+  Pyrus Americana, DC. _Mountain ash_ 112, 113
+    aucuparia  _European mountain ash_ 113, 115
+    communis, L. _Pear tree_ 115
+    malus, L. _Apple tree_ 115
+    sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. _Mountain ash_ 113-115
+
+
+  Q
+
+  Quercus acuminata, Sarg. _Chestnut oak_ 84, 85
+    alba, L. _White oak_ 75-77
+    bicolor, Willd. _Swamp white oak_ 80-82
+    coccinea, Wang. _Scarlet oak_ 88, 89
+    coccinea, _var._ tinctoria, Gray.  _Black oak_ 89-91
+    ilicifolia, Wang. _Scrub, Bear oak_ 93, 94
+    macrocarpa, Michx. _Bur, Over-cup, Mossy-cup oak_ 79, 80
+    minor, Sarg. _Post, Box white oak_ 77, 78
+    Muhlenbergii, Engelm. _Chestnut oak_ 84, 85
+    nana, Sarg. ...._Scrub, Bear oak_ 93, 94
+    obtusiloba, Michx. _Post, Box white oak_ 77, 78
+    palustris, Du Roi. _Pin, Swamp, Water oak_ 91-93
+    platanoides, Sudw. _Swamp white oak_ 80-82
+    prinoides, Willd. _Scrub white, Scrub chestnut oak_ 85
+    prinus, L. _Chestnut, Rock chestnut oak_ 82-84
+    pumila, Sudw. _Scrub, Bear oak_ 93, 94
+
+  Quercus rubra, L. _Red oak_ 86, 87
+    stellata, Wang.  _Post, Box white oak_ 77, 78
+    tinctoria, Bartram.  _Black, Yellow oak_ 89-91
+    velutina, Lam. _Black, Yellow oak_ 89-91
+
+
+  R
+
+  Red ash (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.) 164, 165
+    birch (Betula nigra, L.) 65, 66
+    cedar (Juniperus Virginiana, L.) 26-28
+    elm  (Ulmus fulva, Michx.) 97, 98
+    maple (Acer rubrum, L.) 140-142
+    mulberry (Morus rubra, L.) 102, 103
+    oak  (Quercus rubra, L.)  86, 87
+    pine (Pinus resinosa, Ait.) 10, 11
+    plum (Prunus nigra, Ait.) 22, 123
+    spruce  (Picea rubra, Link) 15, 16
+
+  Rhus copallina _Dwarf sumac_ 137
+    glabra _Smooth sumac_ 137
+    hirta, Sudw. _Staghorn sumac_ 134, 135
+    toxicodendron _Poison ivy_ 137
+    typhina, L.  _Staghorn sumac_ 134, 135
+    venenata, DC.  _Dogwood, Poison sumac_ 136, 137
+    vernix, L.   _Dogwood, Poison sumac_ 136, 137
+
+  River ash  (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.) 164, 165
+    birch  (Betula nigra, L.) 65, 66
+    maple  (Acer saccharinum, L.) 142-144
+
+  Robinia pseudacacia, L.  _Locust_ 131, 132
+    viscosa, Vent.  _Clammy locust_ 132
+
+  Rock chestnut oak (Quercus prinus, L.) 82-84
+    elm  (Ulmus racemosa, Thomas) 99, 100
+    maple  (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.) 144-146, 172
+
+  Rum cherry (Primus serotina, Ehrh.) 127, 128
+
+
+  S
+
+  =Salicaceæ.= (Willow family) 28-46
+    Populus alba, L. _Abele, White, Silver-leaf poplar_ 39, 40
+      balsamifera, L.  _Poplar, Balsam. Balm of Gilead_ 36, 37
+      balsamifera, _var._ candicans, Gray. _Balm of Gilead_ 37-39, 171
+      balsamifera, _var._ intermedia _Poplar, Balsam_ 36
+      balsamifera, _var._ latifolia _Poplar, Balsam_ 36
+      candicans, Ait. _Balm of Gilead_ 37-39, 171
+      deltoides, Marsh. _Cottonwood, Poplar_ 34, 35
+
+  Populus grandidentata, Michx.  _Poplar, Large-toothed aspen_ 31, 32
+      heterophylla, L.  _Poplar, Swamp poplar, Cottonwood_ 33, 34
+      monilifera, Ait. _Cottonwood poplar_ 34, 35
+      tremuloides, Michx. _Poplar, Aspen_ 29, 30
+
+    Salix alba, L. _White willow_ 43, 45, 46
+        _var._ cærulea, Koch _White willow_ 45
+        _var._ vitellina, Koch _White willow_ 4
+      balsamifera, Barrett 171
+      discolor, Muhl. _Pussy willow, Glaucous willow_ 40, 41, 171
+      falcata, Pursh _Black willow_ 42
+      fragilis, L. _Crack willow, Brittle willow_ 43-45
+      nigra, Marsh. _Black willow_ 42, 43
+
+  Sassafras officinale, Nees _Sassafras_ 106-108
+    Sassafras, Karst. _Sassafras_ 106-108
+
+  Savin  (Juniperus Virginiana, L.) 26-28
+
+  Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea, Wang.) 88, 89
+
+  Scotch pine  (Pinus sylvestris, L.) 11, 12
+
+  Scrub chestnut oak  (Quercus prinoides, Willd.) 85
+    oak  (Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.) 93, 94
+    pine (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb) 8,9
+    white oak  (Quercus prinoides, Willd.) 85
+
+  Shadbush (Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic.) 116, 117
+
+  Shagbark (Carya alba, Nutt.) 49-51
+
+  Sheep berry  (Viburnum Lentago, L.) 168, 169
+
+  Silver-leaf poplar   (Populus alba, L.) 39, 40
+    maple  (Acer saccharinum, L.) 142-144
+
+  =Simarubaceæ.= (Ailanthus family) 133
+    Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf. _Tree of Heaven, Chinese sumac_ 133
+
+  Skunk spruce (Picea alba, Link) 16-18
+
+  Slippery elm  (Ulmus fulva, Michx.) 97, 98
+
+  Small white birch  (Betula populifolia, Marsh.)  66-68
+
+  Smooth sumac  (Rhus glabra) 137
+
+  Soft maple  (Acer rubrum, L.) 140-142
+      (Acer saccharinum, L.), 142-144
+
+  Sorbus Americana, Marsh. _Mountain ash_ 112, 113
+    sambucifolia, R[oe]m.  _Mountain ash_ 113, 115
+
+  Sour gum (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.) 159, 160
+
+  Spruce, Black, Swamp, Double, Water. (Picea nigra, Link) 12-14
+    Red spruce  (Picea rubra, Link) 15, 16
+    White, Cat, Skunk, Labrador.  (Picea alba, Link) 16-18
+
+  Spruce pine (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb) 8, 9
+
+  Staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina, L.) 134, 135
+
+  Striped maple (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.) 149-151
+
+  Sugar berry (Celtis occidentalis, L.) 100-102
+
+  Sugar maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.) 144-146
+    tree (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.) 144-146
+
+  Sumac family. (=Anacardiaceæ=) 134-137
+
+  Sumac, Ailanthus, Tree of Heaven, Chinese sumac
+      (Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.) 133
+    Dogwood, poison sumac. (Rhus vernix, L.) 136, 137
+    Dwarf sumac (Rhus copallina) 137
+    Smooth sumac (Rhus glabra) 137
+    Staghorn sumac (Rhus tyhina, L.) 134, 135
+
+  Swamp ash (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) 167, 168
+    hickory (Carya amara, Nutt.) 55-57
+    maple (Acer rubrum, L.), 140-142
+    oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi) 91-93
+    poplar (Populus heterophylla, L.) 33, 34
+    spruce (Picea nigra, Link) 12-14
+    white oak (Quercus bicolor, Willd.) 80-82
+
+  Sweet birch (Betula lenta, L.) 61, 62
+    gum (Liquidambar Styraciflua, L.) 108, 109
+    viburnum (Viburnum Lentago, L.) 168, 169
+
+  Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis, L.) 110, 111
+
+
+  T
+
+  Tamarack. (Larix Americana, Michx.) 2-4
+
+  Thayer, Col. Minot estate, Braintree, Mass.,
+     _Ilex opaca_, fine specimen 139
+
+  Thorn. Cockspur (Cratægus Crus-Galli, L.) 117, 118, 171
+      (Cratægus coccinea, L.) 118, 119
+      (Cratægus mollis, Scheele) 120, 121
+
+  Three-thorned acacia (Gleditsia tricanthus, L.) 129, 130
+
+  Thuja occidentalis, L. _Arbor-vitæ, White cedar, Cedar_ 23, 24
+
+  =Tiliaceæ.= (Linden family) 153-155
+    Tilia Americana, L.  _Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood_ 153-155
+    Europæa _Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood_ 155
+    heterophylla, Vent. _Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood_ 155
+    puebescens, Ait. _Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood_ 155
+
+  Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.) 183
+
+  Tsuga Canadensis, Carr.  _Hemlock_ 19, 20
+
+  Tulip tree (Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.) 104-106
+
+  Tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.) 159, 160
+
+
+  U
+
+  =Ulmaceæ.=  (Elm family) 95-102
+    Celtis occidentalis, L.  _Hackberry_, _Nettle tree_, _Hoop ash_,
+      _Sugar berry_ 100-102
+    Ulmus Americana, L.  _American_, _White elm_ 95-97
+      fulva, Michx.  _Slippery_, _Red elm_ 97, 98
+      puebescens, Walt. _Slippery_, _Red elm_ 97, 98
+      racemosa, Thomas.  _Cork_, _Rock elm_ 99, 100
+
+
+  V
+
+  Viburnum Lentago, L.  _Sheep berry_ 168, 169
+
+
+  W
+
+  Walnut family.  (=Juglandaceæ=) 47-57
+
+  Walnut, Black walnut   (Juglans nigra, L.) 48, 49
+    Butternut, Oilnut, Lemon walnut. (Juglans cinerea, L.) 46, 47
+    Mockernut, White-heart hickory. (Carya tomentosa, Nutt.) 51-53
+    Walnut, Shagbark, Shellbark hickory. (Carya alba, Nutt.) 49-51
+
+  Water beech  (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.) 59, 60
+    oak  (Quercus palustris, Du Roi) 91-93
+    spruce  (Picea nigra, Link) 12-14
+
+  Watson, Thomas, Braintree, Mass., _Ilex opaca_, on estate of 139
+
+  Whistlewood  (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.) 149-151
+
+  White ash  (Fraxinus Americana, L.) 162-164
+    birch  (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.) 68-70
+           (Betula populifolia, Marsh.) 66-68
+    cedar  (Cupressus thyoides, L.) 25, 26
+           (Thuja occidentalis, L.) 23, 24
+    elm  (Ulmus Americana, L.) 95-97
+    hickory  (Carya porcina, Nutt.) 53-55
+    maple  (Acer rubrum, L.) 140-142
+           (Acer saccharinum, L.) 142-144
+    mulberry  (Morus alba, L.) 104
+    oak  (Quercus alba, L.) 75-77
+    pine  (Pinus Strobus, L.) 4-6
+    poplar  (Populus alba, L.) 39, 40
+    spruce  (Picea alba, Link) 16-18
+    willow  (Salix alba) 43, 45, 46
+
+  White-heart hickory  (Carya tomentosa, Nutt) 51-53
+
+  Whitewood  (Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.) 104-106
+
+  Whitewood  (Tilia Americana, L.) 153-155
+
+  Wild plum  (Prunus Americana, Marsh.) 171
+      (Prunus nigra, Ait.) 122, 123, 171
+    red cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.) 124, 125
+
+  Willow family. (=Salicaceæ=) 28-46
+
+  Willow, Black willow (Salix nigra, Marsh.) 42, 43
+    Crack, Brittle willow. (Salix fragilis, L.) 43-45
+    Pussy willow, Glaucous willow (Salix discolor, Muhl.) 40, 41, 171
+    White willow. (Salix alba, L., _var._ vitellina, Koch) 45, 46
+
+  Witch hazel family.  (=Hamamelidaceæ=) 108, 109
+
+
+  Y
+
+  Yellow birch. (Betula lutea, Michx. f.) 63, 64
+    oak.  (Quercus velutina, Lam.) 89-91
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Handbook of the Trees of New England, by 
+Lorin Low Dame and Henry Brooks
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TREES OF NEW ENGLAND ***
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Hand Book of the Trees of
+       New England, by Lorin L Dame and Henry Brooks.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Handbook of the Trees of New England, by 
+Lorin Low Dame and Henry Brooks
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Handbook of the Trees of New England
+
+Author: Lorin Low Dame
+        Henry Brooks
+
+Release Date: January 28, 2007 [EBook #20467]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TREES OF NEW ENGLAND ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Janet Blenkinship, Joyce
+Wilson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <img src="images/img.cover.jpg"
+ alt="Cover"
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+  <h2>HANDBOOK OF THE</h2>
+
+  <h1>TREES OF NEW ENGLAND</h1>
+
+
+  <h3><i>WITH RANGES THROUGHOUT THE<br />
+  UNITED STATES AND CANADA</i></h3>
+
+  <h4>BY</h4>
+  <h2>LORIN L. DAME, S.D.</h2>
+  <h4>AND</h4>
+  <h2>HENRY BROOKS</h2>
+
+  <h3><i>PLATES FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS</i></h3>
+  <h4>BY</h4>
+  <h3>ELIZABETH GLEASON BIGELOW</h3>
+
+  <p class='center'>BOSTON, U.S.A.<br />
+  GINN &amp; COMPANY, PUBLISHERS<br />
+  The Athen&aelig;um Press<br />
+  1904<br /><br />
+
+  Copyright, 1901, by<br />
+  Lorin L. Dame and Henry Brooks<br /><br />
+
+  ALL RIGHTS RESERVED</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents">
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#PREFACE"><b>PREFACE.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#KEY_TO_THE_TREES_OF_NEW_ENGLAND"><b>KEY TO THE TREES OF NEW ENGLAND.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LIST_OF_PLATES"><b>LIST OF PLATES.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#BOTANICAL_AUTHORITIES"><b>BOTANICAL AUTHORITIES.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ABBREVIATIONS"><b>ABBREVIATIONS.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#TREES_OF_NEW_ENGLAND"><b>TREES OF NEW ENGLAND.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#PINOIDEAE_PINE_FAMILY_CONIFERS"><b>PINOIDE&AElig;. PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#SALICACEAE_WILLOW_FAMILY"><b>SALICACE&AElig;. WILLOW FAMILY.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#JUGLANDACEAE_WALNUT_FAMILY"><b>JUGLANDACE&AElig;. WALNUT FAMILY.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#BETULACEAE_BIRCH_FAMILY"><b>BETULACE&AElig;. BIRCH FAMILY.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#FAGACEAE_BEECH_FAMILY"><b>FAGACE&AElig;. BEECH FAMILY.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ULMACEAE_ELM_FAMILY"><b>ULMACE&AElig;. ELM FAMILY.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#MORACEAE_MULBERRY_FAMILY"><b>MORACE&AElig;. MULBERRY FAMILY.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#MAGNOLIACEAE_MAGNOLIA_FAMILY"><b>MAGNOLIACE&AElig;. MAGNOLIA FAMILY.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LAURACEAE_LAUREL_FAMILY"><b>LAURACE&AElig;. LAUREL FAMILY.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#HAMAMELIDACEAE_WITCH_HAZEL_FAMILY"><b>HAMAMELIDACE&AElig;. WITCH HAZEL FAMILY.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#PLATANACEAE_PLANE-TREE_FAMILY"><b>PLATANACE&AElig;. PLANE-TREE FAMILY.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#POMACEAE_APPLE_FAMILY"><b>POMACE&AElig;. APPLE FAMILY.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#DRUPACEAE_PLUM_FAMILY"><b>DRUPACE&AElig;. PLUM FAMILY.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LEGUMINOSAE_PULSE_FAMILY"><b>LEGUMINOS&AElig;. PULSE FAMILY.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#SIMARUBACEAE_AILANTHUS_FAMILY"><b>SIMARUBACE&AElig;. AILANTHUS FAMILY.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ANACARDIACEAE_SUMAC_FAMILY"><b>ANACARDIACE&AElig;. SUMAC FAMILY.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#AQUIFOLIACEAE_HOLLY_FAMILY"><b>AQUIFOLIACE&AElig;. HOLLY FAMILY.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#ACERACEAE_MAPLE_FAMILY"><b>ACERACE&AElig;. MAPLE FAMILY.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#TILIACEAE_LINDEN_FAMILY"><b>TILIACE&AElig;. LINDEN FAMILY.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CORNACEAE_DOGWOOD_FAMILY"><b>CORNACE&AElig;. DOGWOOD FAMILY.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#EBENACEAE_EBONY_FAMILY"><b>EBENACE&AElig;. EBONY FAMILY.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#OLEACEAE_OLIVE_FAMILY"><b>OLEACE&AElig;. OLIVE FAMILY.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CAPRIFOLIACEAE_HONEYSUCKLE_FAMILY"><b>CAPRIFOLIACE&AElig;. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#APPENDIX"><b>APPENDIX.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#GLOSSARY"><b>GLOSSARY.</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#INDEX"><b>INDEX.</b></a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>There is no lack of good manuals of botany in this country. There still
+seems place for an adequately illustrated book of convenient size for
+field use. The larger manuals, moreover, cover extensive regions and
+sometimes fail by reason of their universality to give a definite idea
+of plants as they grow within more limited areas. New England marks a
+meeting place of the Canadian and Alleghanian floras. Many southern
+plants, long after they have abandoned more elevated situations
+northward, continue to advance up the valleys of the Connecticut and
+Merrimac rivers, in which they ultimately disappear entirely or else
+reappear in the valley of the St. Lawrence; while many northern plants
+pushing southward maintain a more or less precarious existence upon the
+mountain summits or in the cold swamps of New England, and sometimes
+follow along the mountain ridges to the middle or southern states. In
+addition to these two floras, some southwestern and western species have
+invaded Vermont along the Champlain valley, and thrown out pickets still
+farther eastward.</p>
+
+<p>At or near the limit of a species, the size and habit of plants undergo
+great change; in the case of trees, to which this book is restricted,
+often very noticeable. There is no fixed, absolute dividing line between
+trees and shrubs. In accordance with the usual definition, a tree must
+have a single trunk, unbranched at or near the base, and must be at
+least fifteen feet in height.</p>
+
+<p>Trees that are native in New England, or native in other sections of the
+United States and thoroughly established in New England, are described
+and, for the most part, figured. Foreign trees, though locally
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></span>established, are not figured. Trees may be occasionally spontaneous
+over a large area without really forming a constituent part of the
+flora. Even the apple and pear, when originating spontaneously and
+growing without cultivation, quickly become degenerate and show little
+tendency to possess themselves of the soil at the expense of the native
+growths. Gleditsia, for example, while clearly locally established, has
+with some hesitation been accorded pictorial representation.</p>
+
+<p>The geographical distribution is treated under three heads: Canada and
+Alaska; New England; south of New England and westward. With regard to
+the distribution outside of New England, the standard authorities have
+been followed. An effort extending through several years has been made
+to give the distribution as definitely as possible in each of the New
+England states, and while previous publications have been freely
+consulted, the present work rests mainly upon the observations of living
+botanists.</p>
+
+<p>All descriptions are based upon the habit of trees as they appear in New
+England, unless special mention is made to the contrary. The
+descriptions are designed to apply to trees as they grow in open land,
+with full space for the development of their characteristics under
+favorable conditions. In forest trees there is much greater uniformity;
+the trunks are more slender, taller, often unbranched to a considerable
+height, and the heads are much smaller.</p>
+
+<p>When the trunk tapers uniformly from the ground upward, the given
+diameter is taken at the base; when the trunk is reinforced at the base,
+the measurements are made above the swell of the roots; when reinforced
+at the ground and also at the branching point, as often in the American
+elm, the measurements are made at the smallest place between the swell
+of the roots and of the branches.</p>
+
+<p>A regular order has been followed in the description for the purpose of
+ready comparison. No explanation of the headings used seems necessary,
+except to state that the <i>habitat</i> is used in the more customary present
+acceptation to indicate the place where a plant naturally grows, as in
+swamps or upon dry hillsides. Under the head of "Horticultural Value,"
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span> requisite information is given for an intelligent choice of trees
+for ornamental purposes.</p>
+
+<p>The order and names of families follow, in the main, Engler and Prantl.
+In accordance with the general tendency of New England botanists to
+conform to the best usage until an authoritative agreement has been
+reached with regard to nomenclature by an international congress, the
+Berlin rule has been followed for genera, and priority under the genus
+for species. Other names in use at the present day are given as synonyms
+and included in the index.</p>
+
+<p>Only those common names are given which are actually used in some part
+of New England, whether or not the same name is applied to different
+trees. It seems best to record what is, and not what ought to be. Common
+names that are the creation of botanists have been disregarded
+altogether. Any attempt to displace a name in wide use, even by one that
+is more appropriate, is futile, if not mischievous.</p>
+
+<p>The plates are from original drawings by Mrs. Elizabeth Gleason Bigelow,
+in all cases from living specimens, and they have been carefully
+compared with the plates in other works. So far as practicable, the
+drawings were made of life size, with the exception of the dissected
+portions of small flowers, which were enlarged. In this way, though not
+on a perfectly uniform scale, they are, when reduced to the necessary
+space, distinct in all their parts.</p>
+
+<p>So far as consistent with due precision, popular terms have been used in
+description, but not when such usage involved tedious periphrase.</p>
+
+<p>Especial mention should be made of those botanists whose assistance has
+been essential to a knowledge of the distribution of species in the New
+England states: Maine,&mdash;Mr. M. L. Fernald; New Hampshire,&mdash;Mr. Wm. F.
+Flint, Report of Forestry Commission; Vermont,&mdash;President Ezra Brainerd;
+Massachusetts,&mdash;trees about Northampton, Mrs. Emily Hitchcock Terry;
+throughout the Connecticut river valley, Mr. E. L. Morris; Rhode
+Island,&mdash;Professor W. W. Bailey, Professor J. F. Collins;
+Connecticut,&mdash;Mr. C. H. Bissell, Mr. C. K. Averill, Mr. J. N. Bishop.
+Dr. B. L.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span> Robinson has given advice in general treatment and in matters
+of nomenclature; Dr. C. W. Swan and Mr. Charles H. Morss have made a
+critical examination of the manuscript; Mr. Warren H. Manning has
+contributed the "Horticultural Values" throughout the work; and Miss M.
+S. E. James has prepared the index. To these and to all others who have
+given assistance in the preparation of this work, the grateful thanks of
+the authors are due.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="KEY_TO_THE_TREES_OF_NEW_ENGLAND" id="KEY_TO_THE_TREES_OF_NEW_ENGLAND"></a>KEY TO THE TREES OF NEW ENGLAND.</h2>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="50%" cellspacing="0" summary="KEY TO THE TREES OF NEW ENGLAND">
+<tr><th align='center' colspan="2">I. LEAVES SIMPLE.</th></tr>
+<tr><th align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Leaves alternate</span></th><td align='right'>A</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Outline entire</span></td><td align='right'>A C</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Outline slightly indented</span></td><td align='right'>A D</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Outline lobed</span></td><td align='right'>A E</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Lobes entire</span></td><td align='right'>A E F</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Lobes slightly indented</span></td><td align='right'>A E G</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Lobes coarsely toothed</span></td><td align='right'>A E H</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="70%" cellspacing="0" summary="KEY TO THE TREES OF NEW ENGLAND">
+<tr><th colspan="2" align='left'><b>Leaves opposite</b></th><td align='left'>B</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>A C</td><td align='left'>Ovate to oval, obscurely toothed</td><td align='left'>Tupelo</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>A C</td><td align='left'>Ovate to oval</td><td align='left'>Persimmon</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>A C</td><td align='left'>Also 3-lobed</td><td align='left'>Sassafras</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>A C</td><td align='left'>Sometimes opposite, clustered at the ends of the branchlets</td><td align='left'>Dogwoods</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>A D</td><td align='left'>Tremulous habit, oval</td><td align='left'>Poplars</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>A D</td><td align='left'>Lanceolate, finely serrate, sometimes entire</td><td align='left'>Willows</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>A D</td><td align='left'>Ovate-oval, serrate, doubly serrate</td><td class="tdlbl" align='left'>Birches <br />Hornbeams</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>A D</td><td align='left'>Oval, serrate, oblong-lanceolate, veins terminating in teeth</td><td class="tdlbl" align='left'>Beeches<br />Chestnut</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>A D</td><td align='left'>Ovate-oblong, doubly serrate, surface rough</td><td align='left'>Elms</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>A D</td><td align='left'>Ovate to ovate-lanceolate, serrate, surface slightly rough</td><td align='left'>Hackberry</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>A D</td><td align='left'>Outline variable, ovate-oval, sometimes lobed (3-7), serrate-dentate&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>Mulberry</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>A D</td><td align='left'>Ovate, serrate, oblong</td><td class="tdlbl" align='left'>Shadbush<br />Plums<br />Cherries</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>A D</td><td align='left'>Oval or oval-oblong, spines, evergreen</td><td align='left'>Holly</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>A D</td><td align='left'>Broad-ovate, one-sided, serrate</td><td align='left'>Linden</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>A D</td><td align='left'>Obovate, oval, lanceolate, oblong</td><td align='left'>Chestnut oaks</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>A D</td><td align='left'>Broad-ovate to broad-elliptical, thorny</td><td align='left'>Thorns</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>A E F</td><td align='left'>Lobes rounded</td><td align='left'>Sassafras</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>A E F</td><td align='left'>Base truncate or heart-shaped</td><td align='left'>Tulip tree</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>A E F</td><td align='left'>Obtuse, rounded lobes</td><td align='left'>White oaks</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>A E F</td><td align='left'>3-5-lobed, white-tomentose to glabrous beneath</td><td align='left'>White poplar</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>A E G</td><td align='left'>5-lobed, finely serrate</td><td align='left'>Sweet gum</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>A E G</td><td align='left'>Irregularly 3-7-lobed, serrate-dentate with equal teeth</td><td align='left'>Mulberry</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>A E H</td><td align='left'>Pointed or bristle-tipped lobes</td><td align='left'>Black oaks</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>A E H</td><td align='left'>Coarse-toothed or pinnate-lobed, short lobes ending in sharp point</td><td align='left'>Sycamore</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>B</td><td align='left'>Outline entire, ovate, veins prominent</td><td align='left'>Flowering dogwood</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>B</td><td align='left'>Outline serrate, apex often tapering</td><td align='left'>Sheep berry</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>B</td><td align='left'>Outline lobed</td><td align='left'>Maples</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="3" width="85%" cellspacing="0" summary="KEY TO THE TREES OF NEW ENGLAND">
+<tr><th colspan="3" align='center'>II. LEAVES COMPOUND.</th></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><th align='left'>Leaves pinnately compound</th><td align='left'>I</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Leaflets alternate</span></td><td align='left'>I A</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Outlines of leaflets entire</span></td><td align='left'>I A C</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Leaflets opposite</span></td><td align='left'>I B</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'><b>Leaves bi-pinnately compound</b></td><td align='left'>J</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>I A</td><td align='left'>Outlines of leaflets with two or three teeth at base.</td><td align='left'>Ailanthus</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>I</td><td align='left'>Outlines of leaflets serrate</td><td class="tdlbl" align='left'>Sumacs (except Poison sumac)<br />Mountain ashes<br />Walnuts<br />Hickories</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>I A C</td><td align='left'>Leaflets oval, apex obtuse</td><td align='left'>Locusts (except Honey locust)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>I A C</td><td align='left'>Leaflets oblong, apex acute</td><td align='left'>Poison sumac</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>I B</td><td align='left'>Outlines of leaflets entire</td><td align='left'>Ashes (except Mountain ashes)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>I B</td><td align='left'>Outlines of leaflets serrate</td><td align='left'>Ashes (except Mountain ashes)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>I B</td><td align='left'>Leaflets irregularly or coarsely toothed, 3-lobed or nearly entire</td><td align='left'>Box elder</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>J</td><td align='left'>Irregularly bi-pinnate, outlines of leaflets entire, thorns on stem and trunk</td><td align='left'>Honey locust</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LIST_OF_PLATES" id="LIST_OF_PLATES"></a>LIST OF PLATES.</h2>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="LIST OF PLATES.">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><th align='left'>PLATE</th><th align='right'>PAGE</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>I.</td><td align='left'>Larix Americana</td><td align='right'><a href='#img01'><b>4</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>II.</td><td align='left'>Pinus Strobus</td><td align='right'><a href='#img02'><b>6</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>III.</td><td align='left'>Pinus rigida</td><td align='right'><a href='#img03'><b>7</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>IV.</td><td align='left'>Pinus Banksiana</td><td align='right'><a href='#img04'><b>9</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>V.</td><td align='left'>Pinus resinosa</td><td align='right'><a href='#img05'><b>11</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>VI.</td><td align='left'>Picea nigra</td><td align='right'><a href='#img06'><b>14</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>VII.</td><td align='left'>Picea rubra</td><td align='right'><a href='#img07'><b>16</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>VIII.</td><td align='left'>Picea alba</td><td align='right'><a href='#img08'><b>18</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>IX.</td><td align='left'>Tsuga Canadensis</td><td align='right'><a href='#img09'><b>20</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>X.</td><td align='left'>Abies balsamea</td><td align='right'><a href='#img10'><b>22</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XI.</td><td align='left'>Thuja occidentalis</td><td align='right'><a href='#img11'><b>24</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XII.</td><td align='left'>Cupressus thyoides</td><td align='right'><a href='#img12'><b>26</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XIII.</td><td align='left'>Juniperus Virginiana</td><td align='right'><a href='#img13'><b>28</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XIV.</td><td align='left'>Populus tremuloides</td><td align='right'><a href='#img14'><b>30</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XV.</td><td align='left'>Populus grandidentata</td><td align='right'><a href='#img15'><b>32</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XVI.</td><td align='left'>Populus heterophylla</td><td align='right'><a href='#img16'><b>34</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XVII.</td><td align='left'>Populus deltoides</td><td align='right'><a href='#img17'><b>35</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XVIII.</td><td align='left'>Populus balsamifera</td><td align='right'><a href='#img18'><b>37</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XIX.</td><td align='left'>Populus candicans</td><td align='right'><a href='#img19'><b>39</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XX.</td><td align='left'>Salix discolor</td><td align='right'><a href='#img20'><b>41</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXI.</td><td align='left'>Salix nigra</td><td align='right'><a href='#img21'><b>43</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXII.</td><td align='left'>Juglans cinerea</td><td align='right'><a href='#img22'><b>47</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXIII.</td><td align='left'>Juglans nigra</td><td align='right'><a href='#img23'><b>49</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXIV.</td><td align='left'>Carya alba</td><td align='right'><a href='#img24'><b>51</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXV.</td><td align='left'>Carya tomentosa</td><td align='right'><a href='#img25'><b>53</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXVI.</td><td align='left'>Carya porcina</td><td align='right'><a href='#img26'><b>55</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXVII.</td><td align='left'>Carya amara</td><td align='right'><a href='#img27'><b>57</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXVIII.</td><td align='left'>Ostrya Virginica</td><td align='right'><a href='#img28'><b>58</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXIX.</td><td align='left'>Carpinus Caroliniana</td><td align='right'><a href='#img29'><b>60</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXX.</td><td align='left'>Betula lenta</td><td align='right'><a href='#img30'><b>62</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXXI.</td><td align='left'>Betula lutea</td><td align='right'><a href='#img31'><b>64</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXXII.</td><td align='left'>Betula nigra</td><td align='right'><a href='#img32'><b>66</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXXIII.</td><td align='left'>Betula populifolia</td><td align='right'><a href='#img33'><b>68</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXXIV.</td><td align='left'>Betula papyrifera</td><td align='right'><a href='#img34'><b>70</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXXV.</td><td align='left'>Fagus ferruginea</td><td align='right'><a href='#img35'><b>72</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXXVI.</td><td align='left'>Castanea sativa, var. Americana</td><td align='right'><a href='#img36'><b>74</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXXVII.</td><td align='left'>Quercus alba</td><td align='right'><a href='#img37'><b>77</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXXVIII.</td><td align='left'>Quercus stellata</td><td align='right'><a href='#img38'><b>78</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XXXIX.</td><td align='left'>Quercus macrocarpa</td><td align='right'><a href='#img39'><b>80</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XL.</td><td align='left'>Quercus bicolor</td><td align='right'><a href='#img40'><b>82</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XLI.</td><td align='left'>Quercus Prinus</td><td align='right'><a href='#img41'><b>84</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XLII.</td><td align='left'>Quercus Muhlenbergii</td><td align='right'><a href='#img42'><b>85</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XLIII.</td><td align='left'>Quercus rubra</td><td align='right'><a href='#img43'><b>87</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XLIV.</td><td align='left'>Quercus coccinea</td><td align='right'><a href='#img44'><b>89</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XLV.</td><td align='left'>Quercus velutina</td><td align='right'><a href='#img45'><b>91</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XLVI.</td><td align='left'>Quercus palustris</td><td align='right'><a href='#img46'><b>93</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XLVII.</td><td align='left'>Quercus ilicifolia</td><td align='right'><a href='#img47'><b>94</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XLVIII.</td><td align='left'>Ulmus Americana</td><td align='right'><a href='#img48'><b>97</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XLIX.</td><td align='left'>Ulmus fulva</td><td align='right'><a href='#img49'><b>98</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>L.</td><td align='left'>Ulmus racemosa</td><td align='right'><a href='#img50'><b>100</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LI.</td><td align='left'>Celtis occidentalis</td><td align='right'><a href='#img51'><b>102</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LII.</td><td align='left'>Morus rubra</td><td align='right'><a href='#img52'><b>103</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LIII.</td><td align='left'>Liriodendron Tulipifera</td><td align='right'><a href='#img53'><b>103</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LIV.</td><td align='left'>Sassafras officinale</td><td align='right'><a href='#img54'><b>108</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LV.</td><td align='left'>Liquidambar Styraciflua</td><td align='right'><a href='#img55'><b>109</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LVI.</td><td align='left'>Platanus occidentalis</td><td align='right'><a href='#img56'><b>111</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LVII.</td><td align='left'>Pyrus Americana</td><td align='right'><a href='#img57'><b>113</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LVIII.</td><td align='left'>Pyrus sambucifolia</td><td align='right'><a href='#img58'><b>115</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LIX.</td><td align='left'>Amelanchier Canadensis</td><td align='right'><a href='#img59'><b>117</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LX.</td><td align='left'>Crat&aelig;gus mollis</td><td align='right'><a href='#img60'><b>121</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXI.</td><td align='left'>Prunus nigra</td><td align='right'><a href='#img61'><b>123</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXII.</td><td align='left'>Prunus Americana</td><td align='right'><a href='#img62'><b>124</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXIII.</td><td align='left'>Prunus Pennsylvanica</td><td align='right'><a href='#img63'><b>125</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXIV.</td><td align='left'>Prunus Virginiana</td><td align='right'><a href='#img64'><b>126</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXV.</td><td align='left'>Prunus serotina</td><td align='right'><a href='#img65'><b>128</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXVI.</td><td align='left'>Gleditsia triacanthos</td><td align='right'><a href='#img66'><b>130</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXVII.</td><td align='left'>Robinia Pseudacacia</td><td align='right'><a href='#img67'><b>132</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXVIII.</td><td align='left'>Rhus typhina</td><td align='right'><a href='#img68'><b>135</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXIX.</td><td align='left'>Rhus Vernix</td><td align='right'><a href='#img69'><b>137</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXX.</td><td align='left'>Ilex opaca</td><td align='right'><a href='#img70'><b>140</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXI.</td><td align='left'>Acer rubrum</td><td align='right'><a href='#img71'><b>142</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXII.</td><td align='left'>Acer saccharinum</td><td align='right'><a href='#img72'><b>144</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXIII.</td><td align='left'>Acer Saccharum</td><td align='right'><a href='#img73'><b>146</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXIV.</td><td align='left'>Acer Saccharum var. nigrum</td><td align='right'><a href='#img74'><b>147</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXV.</td><td align='left'>Acer spicatum</td><td align='right'><a href='#img75'><b>149</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXVI.</td><td align='left'>Acer Pennsylvanicum</td><td align='right'><a href='#img76'><b>151</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXVII.</td><td align='left'>Acer Negundo</td><td align='right'><a href='#img77'><b>153</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXVIII.</td><td align='left'>Tilia Americana</td><td align='right'><a href='#img78'><b>155</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXIX.</td><td align='left'>Cornus florida</td><td align='right'><a href='#img79'><b>157</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXX.</td><td align='left'>Cornus alternifolia</td><td align='right'><a href='#img80'><b>158</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXXI.</td><td align='left'>Nyssa sylvatica</td><td align='right'><a href='#img81'><b>160</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXXII.</td><td align='left'>Diospyros Virginiana</td><td align='right'><a href='#img82'><b>162</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXXIII.</td><td align='left'>Fraxinus Americana</td><td align='right'><a href='#img83'><b>164</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXXIV.</td><td align='left'>Fraxinus Pennsylvanica</td><td align='right'><a href='#img84'><b>165</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXXV.</td><td align='left'>Fraxinus Pennsylvanica. var. lanceolata</td><td align='right'><a href='#img85'><b>166</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXXVI.</td><td align='left'>Fraxinus nigra</td><td align='right'><a href='#img86'><b>168</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>LXXXVII.</td><td align='left'>Viburnum Lentago</td><td align='right'><a href='#img87'><b>169</b></a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="BOTANICAL_AUTHORITIES" id="BOTANICAL_AUTHORITIES"></a>BOTANICAL AUTHORITIES.</h2>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="BOTANICAL AUTHORITIES.">
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Atkins, C. G.</span></td><td align='left'>Pinus Banksiana, Lamb</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Averill, C. K.</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_v'><b>v</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Populus balsamifera, L.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>(<i>Rhodora</i>, II, 35)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Prunus Americana, Marsh.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Bailey, L. H.</span></td><td align='left'>Populus candicans, Ait.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Bailey, W. W.</span></td><td align='left'>Celtis occidentalis, L.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_100'><b>100</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, <i>var.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>lanceolata, Sarg.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_166'><b>166</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Bartram, William</span></td><td align='left'>Quercus tinctoria (1791)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Batchelder, F. W.</span></td><td align='left'>Betula nigra, L.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_65'><b>65</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Salix discolor, Muhl.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>(Laconia, N. H.)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Bates, J. A.</span></td><td align='left'>Pinus Banksiana, Lamb</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Sassafras officinale, Nees</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Bishop, J. N.</span></td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_v'><b>v</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Celtis occidentalis, L.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_100'><b>100</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, <i>var.</i>lanceolata, Sarg.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_166'><b>166</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Juglans nigra, L. (<i>in lit.</i>, 1896)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Morus rubra, L.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Populus heterophylla, L.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Thuja occidentalis, L.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Bissell, C. H.</span></td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_v'><b>v</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Cratægus Crus-Galli, L.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Pinus sylvestris, L. (<i>in lit.</i>, 1899)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Prunus Americana, Marsh. (<i>in lit.</i>, 1900)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Rhus copallina</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Brainerd, Ezra</span></td><td align='left'>Carya porcina, Nutt.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Cratægus punctata, Jacq.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Ulmus racemosa, Thomas</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_99'><b>99</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Brewster, William</span></td><td align='left'>Pinus Banksiana, Lamb</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Britton, Nathaniel Lord</span></td><td align='left'>Acer Saccharum, <i>var.</i> nigrum</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Browne, D. T.</span></td><td align='left'>Ilex opaca (<i>Trees of North America</i>, 1846)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_139'><b>139</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club</i>,</td><td align='left'>XVIII, 150</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Pinus Banksiana, Lamb</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Chamberlain, E. B.</span></td><td align='left'>Ulmus fulva, Michx. (1898)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Churchill, J. R.</span></td><td align='left'>Prunus Americana, Marsh.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Collins, J. F.</span></td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_v'><b>v</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Gleditsia triacanthos, L.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Dame. L. L.</span></td><td align='left'>Cratægus Crus-Galli, L.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Salix fragilis, L. (<i>Typical Elms and other Trees of Massachusetts</i>, p.85</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Day, F. M.</span></td><td align='left'>Pinus Banksiana, Lamb</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Deane, Walter</span></td><td align='left'>Sassafras officinale, Nees (1895)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Dudley, W. R.</span></td><td align='left'>Populus heterophylla, L.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Eggleston, W.W.</span></td><td align='left'>Carya porcina, Nutt.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Celtis occidentalis, L.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_100'><b>100</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Morus rubra, L.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Platanus occidentalis, L.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_110'><b>110</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Populus deltoides, Marsh.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Sassafras officinale, Nees.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Ulmus racemosa, Thomas.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_99'><b>99</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Engler, Adolph</span></td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_v'><b>v</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Fernald, M. L.</span></td><td align='left'>Fraxinus Pennsylvania, Marsh, <i>var.</i> lanceolata, Sarg. (<i>in lit.</i>, Sept., 1901)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Gleditsia triacanthos, L.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Populus balsamifera, L. <i>var.</i> candicans,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Gray (<i>Rhodora</i>. III, 233)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Salix balsamifera, Barratt.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Salix discolor, Muhl. (<i>in lit.</i>, Sept., 1901)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Flagg</span></td><td align='left'>Morus rubra, L.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Flint, W. F.</span></td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_v'><b>v</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Acer Negundo, L.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Quercus alba, L.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Flora of Vermont</i></td><td align='left'>Betula lenta, L. (1900)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_61'><b>61</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Cratægus Crus-Galli, L. (1900)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh. (1900)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Picea nigra, Link (1900)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Pinus rigida, Mill (1900)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_6'><b>6</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Populus deltoides, Marsh. (1900)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Quercus alba, L. (1900)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Furbish, Miss Kate</span></td><td align='left'>Cratægus coccinea, L. (May, 1899)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Pinus Banksiana, Lamb</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Goodale, G. L.</span></td><td align='left'>Pinus Banksiana. Lamb</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Grant</span></td><td align='left'>Sassafras officinale, Nees</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Gray, Asa</span></td><td align='left'>Ilex opaca, Ait. (<i>Manual of Botany</i>, 6th ed.)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_138'><b>138</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Haines, Mrs.</span></td><td align='left'>Pinus Banksiana, Lamb</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Harger, E. B.</span></td><td align='left'>Picea nigra (<i>Rhodora</i>, II, 126)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Harper, R. M.</span></td><td align='left'>Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. (<i>Rhodora</i> II, 122)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Harrington, A. K.</span></td><td align='left'>Picea alba, Link</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Haskins, T. H.</span></td><td align='left'>Ulmus racemosa, Thomas (<i>Garden and Forest</i>, V, 86)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_99'><b>99</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Holmes, Dr. Ezekiel</span></td><td align='left'>Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_159'><b>159</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Hosford, F. H.</span></td><td align='left'>Cratægus mollis, Scheele</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Hoyt, Miss Fanny E.</span></td><td align='left'>Pinus Banksiana, Lamb</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Humphrey, J. E.</span></td><td align='left'>Picea alba, Link</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Quercus palustris, Du Roi (<i>Amherst Trees</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Jack, J. G.</span></td><td align='left'>Cratægus coccinea, L. (1899-1900)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Jessup, Henry Griswold</span></td><td align='left'>Carya amara, Nutt</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Ulmus racemosa, Thomas</td><td align='left'>99</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Josselyn, John</span></td><td align='left'>Sassafras officinale, Nees (<i>New England Rarities</i>, 1672)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Knowlton, C. H.</span></td><td align='left'>Pinus rigida, Mill. (<i>Rhodora</i>, II, 124)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_6'><b>6</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Manning, Warren H.</span></td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_vi'><b>vi</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Matthews, F. Schuyler</span></td><td align='left'>Morus rubra. L.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Michaux, fils, François André</span></td><td align='left'>Ulmus fulva (<i>Sylva of North America</i>, III, ed. 1853)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Morris</span>, E. L.</td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_v'><b>v</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Morss, Charles H.</span></td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_vi'><b>vi</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Oakes, William</span></td><td align='left'>Morus rubra, L.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Parlin, J. C.</span></td><td align='left'>Sassafras officinale, Nees (1896)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Prantl, Karl von</span></td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_v'><b>v</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Pringle, C. G.</span></td><td align='left'>Pinus Banksiana, Lamb</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. &amp; Schlecht</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Rand, E. L.</span></td><td align='left'>Pinus Banksiana</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Rhodora</i>, III, 234</td><td align='left'>Acer Saccharum, Marsh., <i>var.</i> barbatum, Trelease</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Acer Saccharum, Marsh., <i>var.</i> nigrum, Britton</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Rhodora</i>, III, 58</td><td align='left'>Ilex opaca, Ait.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_139'><b>139</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Rhodora</i>, III, 234</td><td align='left'>Prunus Americana, Marsh</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Robbins, James W.</span></td><td align='left'>Sassafras officinale, Nees</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Ulmus racemosa, Thomas</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_99'><b>99</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Robinson, Dr. B. L.</span></td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_vi'><b>vi</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Robinson, John</span></td><td align='left'>Cratægus coccinea, L. (1900)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Robinson, R. E.</span></td><td align='left'>Pinus Banksiana, Lamb</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Russell, L. W.</span></td><td align='left'>Quercus palustris, Du Roi</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_92'><b>92</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Quercus stellata. Wang</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Sargent, Charles S.</span></td><td align='left'>Cratægus coccinea, L. (<i>Botanical Gazette</i>, XXXI, 12, 1901, by permission)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Cratægus mollis, Scheele (<i>Botanical Gazette</i>. XXXI, 7, 223, 1901)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Setchell, W. A.</span></td><td align='left'>Populus heterophylla. L.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Stone, W. E.</span></td><td align='left'>Quercus palustris. Du Roi (<i>Bull. Torr. Club</i>, IX, 57)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Swan, Dr. C. W.</span></td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_vi'><b>vi</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Terry, Mrs. Emily H.</span></td><td align='left'>Picea alba. Link</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Trelease, William</span></td><td align='left'>Acer Saccharum, Marsh., <i>var.</i> barbatum</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Tuckerman, Edward</span></td><td align='left'>Betula papyrifera, <i>var.</i> minor, Marsh.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Waghorne, A. C.</span></td><td align='left'>Cratægus coccinea, L. (1894)</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[Pg xvii]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="ABBREVIATIONS" id="ABBREVIATIONS"></a>ABBREVIATIONS.</h2>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="ABBREVIATIONS.">
+<tr><td align='left'>Ait.--Aiton, William.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barratt, Joseph.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>B. S. P.--Britton, Nathaniel Lord, Sterns, E. E., and Poggenburg, Justus F.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Borkh.--Borkhausen, M. B.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Carr.--Carrière, Éli Abel.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cham.--Chamisso, Adelbert von.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coulter, John Merle.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>DC.--DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Desf.--Desfontaines, René Louiche.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Du Roi, Johann Philip.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ehrh.--Ehrhart, Friedrich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Engelm.--Engelmann, George.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gray, Asa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Jacq.--Jacquin, Nicholaus Joseph.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Karst.--Karsten, Hermann Gustav Karl Wilhelm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Koch, Wilhelm Daniel Joseph.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>L.--Linnæus, Carolus.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>L. f.--Linnæus, fils, Carl von.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lam.--Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de Monet.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lamb, Aylmer Bourke.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Link, Heinrich Friedrich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Marsh.--Marshall, Humphrey.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Medic.--Medicus, Friedrich Casimir.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Michx.--Michaux, André.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Michaux, fils.--François André.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mill.--Miller, Philip.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Moench, Konrad.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Muhl.--Muhlenberg, H. Ernst.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nees--Nees von Esenbeck, C. G.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nutt.--Nuttall, Thomas.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Peck, Charles H.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Poggenburg, Justus F.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pursh, Friedrich Trangott.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Roem.--Roemer, Johann Jacob.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sarg.--Sargent, Charles S.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Scheele, A.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Schlecht--Schlechtendal, D. F. L. von.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Schr.--Schrader, Heinrich A.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Spach, Eduard.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sterns, E. E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sudw.--Sudworth, George B.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sweet, Robert.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>T. and G.--Torrey, John, and Gray, Asa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thomas, David.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Vent.--Ventenat, Étienne Pierre.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Walt.--Walter, Thomas.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wang.--Wangenheim, F. A. J. von.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Watson, Sereno.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Waugh, Frank A.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Willd.--Willdenow, Carl Ludwig.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><br /><br /><a name="TREES_OF_NEW_ENGLAND" id="TREES_OF_NEW_ENGLAND"></a>TREES OF NEW ENGLAND.<br /><br /></h2>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PINOIDEAE_PINE_FAMILY_CONIFERS" id="PINOIDEAE_PINE_FAMILY_CONIFERS"></a>PINOIDE&AElig;. PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS.</h2>
+
+
+<h3>ABIETACE&AElig;. CUPRESSACE&AElig;.</h3>
+
+<p>Trees or shrubs, resinous; leaves simple, mostly evergreen, relatively
+small, entire, needle-shaped, awl-shaped, linear, or scale-like;
+stipules none; flowers catkin-like; calyx none; corolla none; ovary
+represented by a scale (ovuliferous scale) bearing the naked ovules on
+its surface.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ABIETACE&AElig;.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Larix. Pinus. Picea. Tsuga. Abies.</span></h4>
+
+<p>Buds scaly; leaves evergreen and persistent for several years (except in
+<i>Larix</i>), scattered along the twigs, spirally arranged or tufted,
+linear, needle-shaped, or scale-like; sterile and fertile flowers
+separate upon the same plant; stamens (subtended by scales) spirally
+arranged upon a central axis, each bearing two pollen-sacs surmounted by
+a broad-toothed connective; fertile flowers composed of spirally
+arranged bracts or cover-scales, each bract subtending an ovuliferous
+scale; cover-scale and ovuliferous scale attached at their bases;
+cover-scale usually remaining small, ovuliferous scale enlarging,
+especially after fertilization, gradually becoming woody or leathery and
+bearing two ovules at its base; cones maturing (except in <i>Pinus</i>) the
+first year; ovuliferous scales in fruit usually known as cone-scales;
+seeds winged; roots mostly spreading horizontally at a short distance
+below the surface.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>CUPRESSACE&AElig;.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Thuja. Cupressus. Juniperus.</span></h4>
+
+<p>Leaf-buds not scaly; leaves evergreen and persistent for several years,
+opposite, verticillate, or sometimes scattered, scale-like, often
+needle-shaped in seedlings and sometimes upon the branches of older
+plants; flowers minute; stamens and pistils in separate blossoms upon
+the same plant or upon different plants; stamens usually bearing 3-5
+pollen-sacs on the underside; scales of fertile aments few, opposite or
+ternate; fruit small cones, or berries formed by coalescence of the
+fleshy cone-scales; otherwise as in <i>Abietace&aelig;</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Larix Americana, Michx.</h4>
+
+<h5><i>Larix laricina, Koch.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Tamarack. Hacmatack. Larch. Juniper.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Low lands, shaded hillsides, borders of ponds; in
+New England preferring cold swamps; sometimes far up mountain slopes.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, west to the Rocky
+mountains; from the Rockies through British Columbia, northward
+along the Yukon and Mackenzie systems, to the limit of tree growth
+beyond the Arctic circle.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont,&mdash;abundant, filling swamps acres in
+extent, alone or associated with other trees, mostly black spruce;
+growing depressed and scattered on Katahdin at an altitude of 4000 feet;
+Massachusetts,&mdash;rather common, at least northward; Rhode Island,&mdash;not
+reported; Connecticut,&mdash;occasional in the northern half of the state;
+reported as far south as Danbury (Fairfield county).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South along the mountains to New Jersey and Pennsylvania; west to
+Minnesota.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;The only New England conifer that drops its leaves in the
+fall; a tree 30-70 feet high, reduced at great elevations to a height of
+1-2 feet, or to a shrub; trunk 1-3 feet in diameter, straight, slender;
+branches very irregular or in indistinct whorls, for the most part
+nearly horizontal; often ending in long spire-like shoots; branchlets
+numerous, head conical, symmetrical while the tree is young, especially
+when growing in open swamps; when old extremely variable, occasionally
+with contorted or drooping limbs; foliage pale green, turning to a dull
+yellow in autumn.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk reddish or grayish brown, separating at the
+surface into small roundish scales in old trees, in young trees smooth;
+season's shoots gray or light brown in autumn.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds small, globular, reddish.</p>
+
+<p>Leaves simple, scattered along the season's shoots, clustered on the
+short, thick dwarf branches, about an inch long, pale green,
+needle-shaped; apex obtuse; sessile.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;March to April. Flowers lateral, solitary, erect; the
+sterile from leafless, the fertile from leafy dwarf branches; sterile
+roundish, sessile; anthers yellow: fertile oblong, short-stalked; bracts
+crimson or red.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Cones upon dwarf branches, erect or inclining upwards, ovoid
+to cylindrical, &frac12;-&frac34; of an inch long, purplish or reddish brown while
+growing, light brown at maturity, persistent for at least a year; scales
+thin, obtuse to truncate; edge entire, minutely toothed or erose; seeds
+small, winged.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy in New England; grows in any good soil,
+preferring moist locations; the formal outline of the young trees
+becomes broken, irregular, and picturesque with age, making the mature
+tree much more attractive than the European species common to
+cultivation. Rarely for sale in nurseries, but obtainable from
+collectors. To be successfully transplanted, it must be handled when
+dormant. Propagated from seed.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><b>Note.</b>&mdash;The European species, with which the mature plant is often
+confused, has somewhat longer leaves and larger cones; a form
+common in cultivation has long, pendulous branches.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img01" id="img01"></a>
+<img src="images/img01.jpg"
+ width="376" height="550"   alt="Plate I."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate I.</span>&mdash;Larix Americana.</h4>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="50%" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Branch with sterile and fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Different views of stamens.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Ovuliferous scale with ovules.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Open cone.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Cone-scale with seeds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8. Leaf.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>9. Cross-section of leaf.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<h2>PINUS.</h2>
+
+<p>The leaves are of two kinds, primary and secondary; the primary are
+thin, deciduous scales, in the axils of which the secondary leaf-buds
+stand; the inner scales of those leaf-buds form a loose, deciduous
+sheath which encloses the secondary or foliage leaves, which in our
+species are all minutely serrulate.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Pinus Strobus, L.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">White Pine.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In fertile soils; moist woodlands or dry uplands.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, through Quebec and Ontario, to Lake
+Winnipeg.</p></div>
+
+<p>New England,&mdash;common, from the vicinity of the seacoast to altitudes of
+2500 feet, forming extensive forests.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South along the mountains to Georgia, ascending to 2500 feet in the
+Adirondacks and to 4300 in North Carolina; west to Minnesota and
+Iowa.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;The tallest tree and the stateliest conifer of the New England
+forest, ordinarily from 50 to 80 feet high and 2-4 feet in diameter at
+the ground, but in northern New England, where patches of the primeval
+forest still remain, attaining a diameter of 3-7 feet and a height
+ranging from 100 to 150 feet, rising in sombre majesty far above its
+deciduous neighbors; trunk straight, tapering very gradually; branches
+nearly horizontal, wide-spreading, in young trees in whorls usually of
+five, the whorls becoming more or less indistinct in old trees;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>
+branchlets and season's shoots slender; head cone-shaped, broad at the
+base, clothed with soft, delicate, bluish-green foliage; roots running
+horizontally near the surface, taking firm hold in rocky situations,
+extremely durable when exposed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;On trunks of old trees thick, shallow-channeled, broad-ridged;
+on stems of young trees and upon branches smooth, greenish; season's
+shoots at first rusty-scurfy or puberulent, in late autumn becoming
+smooth and light russet brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Leading branch-buds &frac14;-&frac12; inch long, oblong
+or ovate-oblong, sharp-pointed; scales yellowish-brown.</p>
+
+<p>Foliage leaves in clusters of five, slender, 3-5 inches long, soft
+bluish-green, needle-shaped, 3-sided, mucronate, each with a single
+fibrovascular bundle, sessile.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;June. Sterile flowers at the base of the season's
+shoots, in clusters, each flower about one inch long, oval, light brown;
+stamens numerous; connectives scale-like: fertile flowers near the
+terminal bud of the season's shoots, long-stalked, cylindrical; scales
+pink-margined.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Cones, 4-6 inches long, short-stalked, narrow-cylindrical,
+often curved, finally pendent, green, maturing the second year; scales
+rather loose, scarcely thickened at the apex, not spiny; seeds winged,
+smooth.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; free from disease;
+grows well in almost any soil, but prefers a light fertile loam; in open
+ground retains its lower branches for many years. Good plants, grown
+from seed, are usually readily obtainable in nurseries; small collected
+plants from open ground can be moved in sods with little risk.</p>
+
+<p>Several horticultural forms are occasionally cultivated which are
+distinguished by variations in foliage, trailing branches, dense and
+rounded heads, and dwarfed or cylindrical habits of growth.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img02" id="img02"></a>
+<img src="images/img02.jpg"
+    alt="Plate II."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate II.&nbsp; Pinus Strobus.</span></h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="50%" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Branch with sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Stamen.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Branch with fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Bract and ovuliferous scale, outer side.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Branch with cones.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Cross-section of leaf.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3>Pinus rigida, Mill.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Pitch Pine. Hard Pine</span>.</h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Most common in dry, sterile soils, occasional in
+swamps.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>New Brunswick to Lake Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;mostly in the southwestern section near the seacoast; as far
+north as Chesterville, Franklin county (C. H. Knowlton, <i>Rhodora</i>, II,
+124); scarcely more than a shrub near its northern limits; New
+Hampshire,&mdash;most common along the Merrimac valley to the White mountains
+and up the Connecticut valley to the mouth of the Passumpsic, reaching
+an altitude of 1000 feet above the sea level; Vermont,&mdash;common in the
+northern Champlain valley, less frequent in the Connecticut valley
+(<i>Flora of Vermont</i>, 1900); common in the other New England states,
+often forming large tracts of woodland, sometimes exclusively occupying
+extensive areas.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Virginia and along the mountains to northern Georgia; west
+to western New York, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;Usually a low tree, from 30 to 50 feet high, with a diameter
+of 1-2 feet at the ground, but not infrequently rising to 70-80 feet,
+with a diameter of 2-4 feet; trunk straight or more or less tortuous,
+tapering rather rapidly; branches rising at a wide angle with the stem,
+often tortuous, and sometimes drooping at the extremities, distinctly
+whorled in young trees, but gradually losing nearly every trace of
+regularity; roughest of our pines, the entire framework rough at every
+stage of growth; head variable, open, often scraggly, widest near the
+base and sometimes dome-shaped in young trees; branchlets stout,
+terminating in rigid, spreading tufts of foliage.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk in old trees thick, deeply furrowed, with broad
+connecting ridges, separating on the surface into coarse dark grayish or
+reddish brown scales; younger stems and branches very rough, separating
+into scales; season's shoots rough to the tips.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Leading branch-buds &frac12;-&frac34; inch long,
+narrow-cylindrical or ovate, acute at the apex, resin-coated; scales
+brownish.</p>
+
+<p>Foliage leaves in threes, 3-5 inches long, stout, stiff, dark
+yellowish-green, 3-sided, sharp-pointed, with two fibrovascular bundles;
+sessile; sheaths when young about &frac12; inch long.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;Sterile flowers at the base of the season's shoots,
+clustered; stamens numerous; anthers yellow: fertile flowers at a slight
+angle with and along the sides of the season's shoots, single or
+clustered.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Cones lateral, single or in clusters, nearly or quite sessile,
+finally at right angles to the stem or twisted slightly downward, ovoid,
+ovate-conical; subspherical when open, ripening the second season;
+scales thickened at the apex, armed with stout, straight or recurved
+prickles.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; well adapted to
+exposed situations on highlands or along the seacoast; grows in almost
+any soil, but thrives best in sandy or gravelly moist loams; valuable
+among other trees for color-effects and occasional picturesqueness of
+outline; mostly uninteresting and of uncertain habit; subject to the
+loss of the lower limbs, and not readily transplanted; very seldom
+offered in quantity by nurserymen; obtainable from collectors, but
+collected plants are seldom successful. Usually propagated from the
+seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img03" id="img03"></a>
+<img src="images/img03.jpg"
+    alt="Plate III."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate III.</span>&mdash;Pinus rigida.</h4>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="50%" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Branch with sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Stamen, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Stamen, top view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Branch with fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile flower showing bract and ovuliferous scale, outer side.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fertile flower showing ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fruiting branch with cones one and two years old.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8. Open cone.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>9. Seed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>10. Cross-section of leaf.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Pinus Banksiana, Lamb.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Pinus divaricata. Sudw.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Scrub Pine. Gray Pine. Spruce Pine. Jack Pine</span>.</h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Sterile, sandy soil: lowlands, boggy plains, rocky
+slopes.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Nova Scotia, northwesterly to the Athabasca river, and northerly
+down the Mackenzie to the Arctic circle.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;Traveller mountain and Grand lake (G. L. Goodale); Beal's island
+on Washington county coast, Harrington, Orland, and Cape Rosier (C. G.
+Atkins); Schoodic peninsula in Gouldsboro, a forest 30 feet high (F. M.
+Day, E. L. Rand, <i>et al.</i>); Flagstaff (Miss Kate Furbush); east branch
+of Penobscot (Mrs. Haines); the Forks (Miss Fanny E. Hoyt); Lake Umbagog
+(Wm. Brewster); New Hampshire,&mdash;around the shores of Lake Umbagog, on
+points extending into the lake, rare (Wm. Brewster <i>in lit.</i>, 1899);
+Welch mountains (<i>Bull. Torr. Bot. Club</i>, XVIII, 150); Vermont,&mdash;rare,
+but few trees at each station; Monkton in Addison county (R. E.
+Robinson); Fairfax, Franklin county (Bates); Starkesboro (Pringle).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>West through northern New York, northern Illinois, and Michigan to
+Minnesota.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;Usually a low tree, 15-30 feet high and 6-8 inches in diameter
+at the ground, but under favorable conditions, as upon the wooded points
+and islands of Lake Umbagog, attaining a height of 50-60 feet, with a
+diameter of 10-15 inches. Extremely variable in habit. In thin soils and
+upon bleak sites the trunk is for the most part crooked and twisted, the
+head scrubby, stunted, and variously distorted, resembling in shape and
+proportions the pitch pine under similar conditions. In deeper soils,
+and in situations protected from the winds, the stem is erect, slender,
+and tapering, surmounted by a stately head with long, flexible branches,
+scarcely less regular in outline than the spruce. Foliage
+yellowish-green, bunched at the ends of the branchlets.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk in old trees dark brown, rounded-ridged,
+rough-scaly at the surface; branchlets dark purplish-brown, rough with
+the persistent bases of the fallen leaves; season's shoots
+yellowish-green, turning to reddish-brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Branch-buds light brown, ovate, apex acute or
+rounded, usually enclosed in resin.</p>
+
+<p>Leaves in twos, divergent from a short close sheath, about 1 inch in
+length and scarcely 1/12 inch in width, yellowish-green, numerous,
+stiff, curved or twisted, cross-section showing two fibrovascular
+bundles; outline narrowly linear; apex sharp-pointed; outer surface
+convex, inner concave or flat.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;June. Sterile flowers at the base of the season's
+shoots, clustered, oblong-rounded: fertile flowers along the sides or
+about the terminal buds of the season's shoots, single, in twos or in
+clusters; bracts ovate, roundish, purplish.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Cones often numerous, 1-2 inches long, pointing in the general
+direction of the twig on which they grow, frequently curved at the tip,
+whitish-yellow when young, and brown at maturity; scales when mature
+without prickles, thickened at the apex; outline very irregular but in
+general oblong-conical. The open cones, which are usually much
+distorted, with scales at base closed, have a similar outline.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy in New England; slow growing and hard to
+transplant; useful in poor soil; seldom offered by nurserymen or
+collectors. Propagated from seed.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img04" id="img04"></a>
+<img src="images/img04.jpg"
+    alt="Plate IV."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate IV.</span>&mdash;Pinus Banksiana.</h4>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="50%" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Branch with sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Stamen, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Stamen, top view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Branch with fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Open cone.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8, 9. Variant leaves.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>10, 11. Cross-sections of leaves.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>Pinus resinosa, Ait.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Red Pine. Norway Pine.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In poor soils: sandy plains, dry woods.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Newfoundland and New Brunswick, throughout Quebec and Ontario, to
+the southern end of Lake Winnipeg.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;common, plains, Brunswick (Cumberland county); woods, Bristol
+(Lincoln county); from Amherst (western part of Hancock county) and
+Clifton (southeastern part of Penobscot county) northward just east of
+the Penobscot river the predominant tree, generally on dry ridges and
+eskers, but in Greenbush and Passadumkeag growing abundantly on peat
+bogs with black spruce; hillsides and lower mountains about Moosehead,
+scattered; New Hampshire,&mdash;ranges with the pitch pine as far north as
+the White mountains, but is less common, usually in groves of a few to
+several hundred acres in extent; Vermont,&mdash;less common than <i>P. Strobus</i>
+or <i>P. rigida</i>, but not rare; Massachusetts,&mdash;still more local, in
+stations widely separated, single trees or small groups; Rhode
+Island,&mdash;occasional; Connecticut,&mdash;not reported.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Pennsylvania; west through Michigan and Wisconsin to
+Minnesota.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;The most beautiful of the New England pines, 50-75 feet high,
+with a diameter of 2-3 feet at the ground; reaching in Maine a height of
+100 feet and upwards; trunk straight, scarcely tapering; branches low,
+stout, horizontal or scarcely declined, forming a broad-based, rounded
+or conical head of great beauty when young, becoming more or less
+irregular with age; foliage of a rich dark green, in long dense tufts at
+the ends of the branches.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk reddish-brown, in old trees marked by flat ridges
+which separate on the surface into thin, flat, loose scales; branchlets
+rough with persistent bases of leaf buds; season's shoots stout,
+orange-brown, smooth.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Leading branch-buds conical,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> about 3/4
+inch long, tapering to a sharp point, reddish-brown, invested with
+rather loose scales.</p>
+
+<p>Foliage leaves in twos, from close, elongated, persistent, and
+conspicuous sheaths, about 6 inches long, dark green, needle-shaped,
+straight, sharply and stiffly pointed, the outer surface round and the
+inner flattish, both surfaces marked by lines of minute pale dots.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;Sterile flowers clustered at the base of the season's
+shoots, oblong, &frac12;-&frac34; inch long: fertile flowers single or few, at the
+ends of the season's shoots.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Cones near extremity of shoot, at right angles to the stem,
+maturing the second year, 1-3 inches long, ovate to oblong conical; when
+opened broadly oval or roundish; scales not hooked or pointed, thickened
+at the apex.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy in New England; a tall, dark-foliaged
+evergreen, for which there is no substitute; grows rapidly in all
+well-drained soils and in exposed inland or seashore situations; seldom
+disfigured by insects or disease; difficult to transplant and not common
+in nurseries. Propagated from seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img05" id="img05"></a>
+<img src="images/img05.jpg"
+    alt="Plate V."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate V.</span>&mdash;Pinus resinosa.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="50%" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Branch with sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Stamen, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Stamen, top view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Branch with fertile flowers and one-year-old cones.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Bract and ovuliferous scale, outer side.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fruiting branch showing cones of three different seasons.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8. Seeds with cone-scale.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>9, 10. Cross-sections of leaves.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><b> Pinus sylvestris, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Scotch Pine</span> (sometimes incorrectly called the Scotch fir).</h4>
+
+<p>Indigenous in the northern parts of Scotland and in the Alps, and from
+Sweden and Norway, where it forms large forests eastward throughout
+northern Europe and Asia.</p>
+
+<p>At Southington, Conn., many of these trees, probably originating from an
+introduced pine in the vicinity, were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> formerly scattered over a rocky
+pasture and in the adjoining woods, a tract of about two acres in
+extent. Most of these were cut down in 1898, but the survivors, if left
+to themselves, will doubtless multiply rapidly, as the conditions have
+proved very favorable (C. H. Bissell <i>in lit.</i>, 1899).</p>
+
+<p>Like <i>P. resinosa</i> and <i>P. Banksiana</i>, it has its foliage leaves in
+twos, with neither of which, however, is it likely to be confounded;
+aside from the habit, which is quite different, it may be distinguished
+from the former by the shortness of its leaves, which are less than 2
+inches long, while those of <i>P. resinosa</i> are 5 or 6; and from the
+latter by the position of its cones, which point outward and downward at
+maturity, while those of <i>P. Banksiana</i> follow the direction of the
+twig.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Picea nigra, Link.</h3>
+
+<h5><i>Picea Mariana, B. S. P. (including Picea brevifolia, Peck).</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Black Spruce. Swamp Spruce. Double Spruce. Water Spruce</span>.</h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Swamps, sphagnum bogs, shores of rivers and ponds,
+wet, rocky hillsides; not uncommon, especially northward, on dry uplands
+and mountain slopes.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, westward beyond the Rocky
+mountains, extending northward along the tributaries of the Yukon
+in Alaska.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;common throughout, covering extensive areas almost to the
+exclusion of other trees in the central and northern sections,
+occasional on the top of Katahdin (5215 feet); New Hampshire and
+Vermont,&mdash;common in sphagnum swamps of low and high altitudes; the dwarf
+form, var. <i>semi-prostrata</i>, occurs on the summit of Mt. Mansfield
+(<i>Flora of Vermont</i>, 1900); Massachusetts,&mdash;frequent; Rhode Island,&mdash;not
+reported; Connecticut,&mdash;rare; on north shore of Spectacle ponds in Kent
+(Litchfield county), at an elevation of 1200 feet; Newton (Fairfield
+county), a few scattered trees in a swamp at an altitude of 400 feet:
+(New Haven county) a few<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> small trees at Bethany; at Middlebury abundant
+in a swamp of five acres (E. B. Harger, <i>Rhodora</i>, II, 126).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South along the mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee; west
+through the northern tier of states to Minnesota.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;In New England, usually a small, slender tree, 10-30 feet high
+and 5-8 inches in diameter; attaining northward and westward much
+greater dimensions; reduced at high elevation to a shrub or dwarf tree,
+2 or 3 feet high; trunk tapering very slowly, forming a narrow-based,
+conical, more or less irregular head; branches rather short, scarcely
+whorled, horizontal or more frequently declining with an upward tendency
+at the ends, often growing in open swamps almost to the ground, the
+lowest prostrate, sometimes rooting at their tips and sending up shoots;
+spray stiff and rather slender; foliage dark bluish-green or glaucous.
+This tree often begins to blossom after attaining a height of 2-5 feet,
+the terminal cones each season remaining persistent at the base of the
+branches, sometimes for many years.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk grayish-brown, separating into rather close, thin
+scales; branchlets roughened with the footstalks of the fallen leaves;
+twigs in autumn dull reddish-brown with a minute, erect, pale, rusty
+pubescence, or nearly smooth.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds scaly, ovate, pointed, reddish-brown.
+Leaves scattered, needle-shaped, dark bluish-green, the upper sides
+becoming yellowish in the sunlight, the faces marked by parallel rows of
+minute bluish dots which sometimes give a glaucous effect to the lower
+surface or even the whole leaf on the new shoots, 4-angled, &frac14;-&frac34; of
+an inch long, straight or slightly incurved, blunt at the apex, abruptly
+tipped or mucronate, sessile on persistent, decurrent footstalks.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;April to May, a week or two earlier than the red
+spruce; sterile flowers terminal or axillary, on wood of the preceding
+year; about 3/8 inch long, ovate; anthers madder-red: fertile flowers at
+or near end of season's shoots, erect; scales madder-red, spirally
+imbricated, broader than long, margin erose, rarely entire.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Cones, single or clustered at or near ends of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> season's
+shoots, attached to the upper side of the twig, but turning downward by
+the twisting of the stout stalk, often persistent for years; &frac12;-1&frac12;
+inches long; purplish or grayish brown at the end of the first season,
+finally becoming dull reddish or grayish brown, ovate, ovate-oval, or
+nearly globular when open; scales rigid, thin, reddish on the inner
+surface; margin rounded, uneven, eroded, bifid, or rarely entire.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Best adapted to cool, moist soils; of little
+value under cultivation; young plants seldom preserving the broad-based,
+cone-like, symmetrical heads common in the spruce swamps, the lower
+branches dying out and the whole tree becoming scraggly and unsightly.
+Seldom offered by nurserymen.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img06" id="img06"></a>
+<img src="images/img06.jpg"
+    alt="Plate VI."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate VI.</span>&mdash;Picea nigra.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Branch with sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Stamen, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Stamen, side view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Stamen, top view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Branch with fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale, outer side.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>9. Seed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>10. Leaf.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>11. Cross-sections of leaves.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Picea rubra, Link.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Picea rubens, Sarg. Picea nigra, var. rubra, Engelm.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Red Spruce.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Cool, rich woods, well-drained valleys, slopes of
+mountains, not infrequently extending down to the borders of swamps.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Prince Edward island and Nova Scotia, along the valley of the St.
+Lawrence.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;throughout: most common towards the coast and in the extreme
+north, thus forming a belt around the central area, where it is often
+quite wanting except on cool or elevated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> slopes; New
+Hampshire,&mdash;throughout; the most abundant conifer of upper Coos, the
+White mountain region where it climbs to the alpine area, and the higher
+parts of the Connecticut-Merrimac watershed; Vermont,&mdash;throughout; the
+common spruce of the Green mountains, often in dense groves on rocky
+slopes with thin soil; Massachusetts,&mdash;common in the mountainous regions
+of Berkshire county and on uplands in the northern sections, occasional
+southward; Rhode Island and Connecticut,&mdash;not reported.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South along the Alleghanies to Georgia, ascending to an altitude of
+4500 feet in the Adirondacks, and 4000-5000 feet in West Virginia;
+west through the northern tier of states to Minnesota.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A hardy tree, 40-75 feet high; trunk 1-2&frac12; feet in diameter,
+straight, tapering very slowly; branches longer than those of the black
+spruce, irregularly whorled or scattered, the lower often declined,
+sometimes resting on the ground, the upper rising toward the light,
+forming while the tree is young a rather regular, narrow, conical head,
+which in old age and in bleak mountain regions becomes, by the loss of
+branches, less symmetrical but more picturesque; foliage dark
+yellowish-green.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk smoothish and mottled on young trees, at length
+separating into small, thin, flat, reddish scales; in old trees striate
+with shallow sinuses, separating into ashen-white plates, often
+partially detached; spray reddish or yellowish white in autumn with
+minute, erect, pale rusty pubescence.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds scaly, conical, brownish, &#8531; inch long.
+Leaves solitary, at first closely appressed around the young shoots,
+ultimately pointing outward, those on the underside often twisting
+upward, giving a brush-like appearance to the twig, &frac12;-&frac34; inch long,
+straight or curved (curvature more marked than in <i>P. nigra</i>),
+needle-shaped, dark yellowish-green, 4-angled; apex blunt or more or
+less pointed, often mucronate; base blunt; sessile on persistent
+leaf-cushions.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May. Sterile flowers terminal or axillary on wood of
+the preceding year, &frac12;-&frac34; inch long, cylindrical; anthers pinkish-red:
+fertile flowers lateral along previous<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> season's shoots, erect; scales
+madder-purple, spirally imbricated, broader than long, margin entire or
+slightly erose.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Cones; single or clustered, lateral along the previous
+season's shoots, recurved, mostly pointing downward at various angles,
+on short stalks, falling the first autumn but sometimes persistent a
+year longer, 1-2 inches long (usually larger than those of <i>P. nigra</i>),
+reddish-brown, mostly ovate; scales thin, stiff, rounded; margin entire
+or slightly irregular.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; adapts itself to a
+great variety of soils and lives to a great age. Its narrow-based
+conical form, dense foliage, and yellow green coloring form an effective
+contrast with most other evergreens. It grows, however, slowly, is
+subject to the loss of its lower branches and to disfigurement by
+insects. Seldom offered in nurseries.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img07" id="img07"></a>
+<img src="images/img07.jpg"
+    alt="Plate VII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate VII.--Picea rubra.</span></h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Branch with sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Stamen, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Stamen, side view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Branch with fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale, outer side.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fruiting branch with cones of two seasons.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>9. Seed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>10. Leaf.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>11. Cross-sections of leaves.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3>Picea alba, Link.</h3>
+
+<h5>Picea Canadensis, B. S. P.</h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">White Spruce. Cat Spruce. Skunk Spruce.<a name="FNanchor_1_5" id="FNanchor_1_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_5" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> Labrador Spruce.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>--Low, damp, but not wet woods; dry, sandy soils,
+high rocky slopes and exposed hilltops, often in scanty soil.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, through the provinces of Quebec and
+Ontario to Manitoba and British Columbia, northward beyond all
+other trees, within 20 miles of the Arctic sea.</p></blockquote>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Maine,--frequent in sandy soils, often more common than _P. rubra_, as
+far south as the shores of Casco bay; New Hampshire,--abundant around
+the shores of the Connecticut river, disappearing southward at
+Fifteen-Mile falls; Vermont,--restricted mainly to the northern
+sections, more common in the northeast; Massachusetts,--occasional in
+the mountainous regions of Berkshire county; a few trees in Hancock (A.
+K. Harrington); as far south as Amherst (J. E. Humphrey) and Northampton
+(Mrs. Emily H. Terry), probably about the southern limit of the species;
+Rhode Island and Connecticut,--not reported.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>West through the northern sections of the northern tier of states
+to the Rocky mountains.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>--A handsome tree, 40-75 feet high, with a diameter of 1-2 feet
+at the ground, the trunk tapering slowly, throwing out numerous
+scattered or irregularly whorled, gently ascending or nearly horizontal
+branches, forming a symmetrical, rather broad conical head, with
+numerous branchlets and bluish-green glaucous foliage spread in dense
+planes; gum bitter.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>--Bark of trunk pale reddish-brown or light gray, on very old
+trees ash-white; not as flaky as the bark of the red spruce, the scales
+smaller and more closely appressed; young trees and small branches much
+smoother, pale reddish-brown or mottled brown and gray, resembling the
+fir balsam; branchlets glabrous; shoots from which the leaves have
+fallen marked by the scaly, persistent leaf-cushions; new shoots pale
+fawn-color at first, turning darker the second season; bark of the tree
+throughout decidedly lighter than that of the red or black spruces.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>--Buds scaly, ovoid or conical, about &frac14; inch
+long, light brown. Leaves scattered, stout as those of _P. rubra_ or
+very slender, those on the lower side straight or twisted so as to
+appear on the upper side, giving a brush-like appearance to the twig,
+about &frac34; of an inch long; bluish-green, glaucous on the new shoots,
+needle-shaped, 4-angled, slightly curved, bluntish or sharp-pointed,
+often mucronate, marked on each side with several parallel rows of dots,
+malodorous, especially when bruised.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence</b>.--April to May. Sterile flowers terminal or axillary, on
+wood of the preceding season; distinctly stalked; cylindrical, 1/2 an
+inch long; anthers pale red: fertile flowers at or near ends of season's
+shoots; scales pale red or green, spirally imbricated, broader than
+long; margin roundish, entire or nearly so; each scale bearing two
+ovules.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit</b>.--Cones short-stalked, at or near ends of branchlets, light
+green while growing, pale brownish when mature, spreading, 1-2-1/2
+inches long, when closed cylindrical, tapering towards the apex,
+cylindrical or ovate-cylindrical when open, mostly falling the first
+winter; scales broad, thin, smooth; margin rounded, sometimes
+straight-topped, usually entire.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value</b>.--A beautiful tree, requiring cold winters for its
+finest development, the best of our New England spruces for ornamental
+and forest plantations in the northern sections; grows rapidly in moist
+or well-drained soils, in open sun or shade, and in exposed situations.
+The foliage is sometimes infested by the red spider. Propagated from
+seed.</p>
+
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img08" id="img08"></a>
+<img src="images/img08.jpg"
+    alt="Plate VIII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate VIII.--Picea alba.</span></h4>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Branch with sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Stamen, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Stamen, side view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Branch with fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale, outer side.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8. Open cone.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>9. Seed with ovuliferous scale.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>10. Leaves.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>11. Cross-sections of leaves.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_5" id="Footnote_1_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_5"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>
+So called from the peculiarly unpleasant odor of the
+crushed foliage and young shoots,--a characteristic which readily
+distinguishes it from the _P. nigra_ and _P. rubra_.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Tsuga Canadensis, Carr.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Hemlock.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Cold soils, borders of swamps, deep woods,
+ravines, mountain slopes.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, through Quebec and Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;abundant, generally distributed in the southern and central
+portions, becoming rare northward, disappearing entirely in most of
+Aroostook county and the northern Penobscot region; New
+Hampshire,&mdash;abundant, from the sea to a height of 2000 feet in the White
+mountains, disappearing in upper Coos county; Vermont,&mdash;common,
+especially in the mountain forests; Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and
+Connecticut,&mdash;common.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Delaware and along the mountains to Georgia and Alabama,
+ascending to an altitude of 2000 feet in the Adirondacks; west to
+Michigan and Minnesota.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A large handsome tree, 50-80 feet high; trunk 2-4 feet in
+diameter, straight, tapering very slowly; branches going out at right
+angles, not disposed in whorls, slender, brittle yet elastic, the lowest
+declined or drooping; head spreading, somewhat irregular, widest at the
+base; spray airy, graceful, plume-like, set in horizontal planes;
+foliage dense, extremely delicate, dark lustrous green above and silver
+green below, tipped in spring with light yellow green.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk reddish-brown, interior often cinnamon red,
+shallow-furrowed in old trees; young trunks and branches of large trees
+gray brown, smooth; season's shoots very slender, buff or light
+reddish-brown, minutely pubescent.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Winter buds minute, red brown. Leaves
+spirally arranged but brought by the twisting of the leafstalk into two
+horizontal rows on opposite sides of the twig, about &frac12; an inch long,
+yellow green when young, becoming at maturity dark shining green on the
+upper surface, white-banded along the midrib beneath, flat, linear,
+smooth, occasionally minutely toothed, especially in the upper half;
+apex<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> obtuse; base obtuse; leafstalk slender, short but distinct,
+resting on a slightly projecting leaf-cushion.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;Sterile flowers from the axils of the preceding year's
+leaves, consisting of globose clusters of stamens with spurred anthers:
+fertile catkins at ends of preceding year's branchlets, scales crimson.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Cones, on stout footstalks at ends of branchlets, pointing
+downward, ripening the first year, light brown, about 3/4 of an inch
+long, ovate-elliptical, pointed; scales rounded at the edge, entire or
+obscurely toothed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; grows almost
+anywhere, but prefers a good, light, loamy or gravelly soil on moist
+slopes; a very effective tree single or in groups, useful in shady
+places, and a favorite hedge plant; not affected by rust or insect
+enemies; in open ground retains its lower branches for many years. About
+twenty horticultural forms, with variations in foliage, of columnar,
+densely globular, or weeping habit, are offered for sale in nurseries.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img09" id="img09"></a>
+<img src="images/img09.jpg"
+    alt="Plate IX."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate IX.</span>&mdash;Tsuga Canadensis.</h4>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Branch with flower-buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Branch with sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Spurred anther.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Branch with fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Ovuliferous scale with ovule, inner side.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8. Cover-scales with seeds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>9. Leaf.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>10. Cross-section of leaf.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Abies balsamea, Mill.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Fir Balsam. Balsam. Fir.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Rich, damp, cool woods, deep swamps, mountain
+slopes.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, northwest to the Great
+Bear Lake region.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;very generally distributed, ordinarily associated with white
+pine, black spruce, red spruce, and a few deciduous trees, growing at an
+altitude of 4500 feet upon Katahdin; New Hampshire,&mdash;common in upper
+Coos county and in the White mountains, where it climbs up to the alpine
+area; in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> the southern part of the state, in the extensive swamps
+around the sources of the Contoocook and Miller's rivers, it is the
+prevailing timber; Vermont,&mdash;common; not rare on mountain slopes and
+even summits; Massachusetts,&mdash;not uncommon on mountain slopes in the
+northwestern and central portions of the state, ranging above the red
+spruces upon Graylock; a few trees here and there in damp woods or cold
+swamps in the southern and eastern sections, where it has probably been
+accidentally introduced; Rhode Island and Connecticut,&mdash;not reported.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Pennsylvania and along high mountains to Virginia; west to
+Minnesota.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A slender, handsome tree, the most symmetrical of the New
+England spruces, with a height of 25-60 feet, and a diameter of 1-2 feet
+at the ground, reduced to a shrub at high altitudes; branches in young
+trees usually in whorls; branchlets mostly opposite. The branches go out
+from the trunk at an angle varying to a marked degree even in trees of
+about the same size and apparent age; in some trees declined near the
+base, horizontal midway, ascending near the top; in others horizontal or
+ascending throughout; in others declining throughout like those of the
+Norway spruce; all these forms growing apparently under precisely the
+same conditions; head widest at the base and tapering regularly upward;
+foliage dark bright green; cones erect and conspicuous.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk in old trees a variegated ashen gray, appearing
+smooth at a short distance, but often beset with fine scales, with one
+edge scarcely revolute, giving a ripply aspect; branches and young trees
+mottled or striate, greenish-brown and very smooth; branchlets from
+which the leaves have fallen marked with nearly circular leaf-scars;
+season's shoots pubescent; bark of trunk in all trees except the oldest
+with numerous blisters, containing the Canada balsam of commerce.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds small, roundish, resinous, grouped on
+the leading shoots. Leaves scattered, spirally arranged in rows, at
+right angles to twig, or disposed in two<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> ranks like the hemlock;*nbsp;&frac12;-1
+inch long, dark glossy green on the upper surface, beneath silvery
+bluish-white, and traversed lengthwise by rows of minute dots, flat,
+narrowly linear; apex blunt, in young trees and upon vigorous shoots,
+often slightly but distinctly notched, or sometimes upon upper branches
+with a sharp, rigid point; sessile; aromatic.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;Early spring. Lateral or terminal on shoots of the
+preceding season; sterile flowers oblong-cylindrical, &frac14; inch in
+length; anthers yellow, red-tinged: fertile flowers on the upper side of
+the twig, erect, cylindrical; cover-scales broad, much larger than the
+purple ovuliferous scales, terminating in a long, recurved tip.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Cones along the upper side of the branchlets, erect or nearly
+so in all stages of growth, purplish when young, 3-5 inches long, 1 inch
+or more wide; puberulous; cover-scales at maturity much smaller than
+ovuliferous scales, thin, obovate, serrulate, bristle-pointed;
+ovuliferous scales thin, broad, rounded; edge minutely erose, serrulate
+or entire; both kinds of scales falling from the axis at maturity; seeds
+winged, purplish.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy in New England, but best adapted to the
+northern sections; grows rapidly in open or shaded situations,
+especially where there is cool, moist, rich soil; easily transplanted;
+suitable for immediate effects in forest plantations, but not desirable
+for a permanent ornamental tree, as it loses the lower branches at an
+early period. Nurserymen and collectors offer it in quantity at a low
+price. Propagated from seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img10" id="img10"></a>
+<img src="images/img10.jpg"
+    alt="Plate X."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate X.</span>&mdash;Abies balsamea.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Branch with flower-buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Branch with sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Branch with fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Ovuliferous scales with ovules at maturity, inner side.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Cone-scale and ovuliferous scale at maturity, outer side.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8-9. Leaves.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>10-11. Cross-sections of leaves.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Thuja occidentalis, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Arbor-Vit&aelig;. White Cedar. Cedar.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Low, swampy lands, rocky borders of rivers and
+ponds.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Southern Labrador to Nova Scotia; west to Manitoba.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;throughout the state; most abundant in the central and northern
+portions, forming extensive areas known as "cedar swamps"; sometimes
+bordering a growth of black spruce at a lower level; New
+Hampshire,&mdash;mostly confined to the upper part of Coos county,
+disappearing at the White river narrows near Hanover; seen only in
+isolated localities south of the White mountains; Vermont,&mdash;common in
+swamps at levels below 1000 feet; Massachusetts,&mdash;Berkshire county;
+occasional in the northern sections of the Connecticut river valley;
+Rhode Island,&mdash;not reported; Connecticut,&mdash;East Hartford (J. N. Bishop).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South along the mountains to North Carolina and East Tennessee;
+west to Minnesota.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;Ordinarily 25-50 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet,
+in northern Maine occasionally 60-70 feet in height, with a diameter of
+3-5 feet; trunk stout, more or less buttressed in old trees, tapering
+rapidly, often divided, inclined or twisted, ramifying for the most part
+near the ground, forming a dense head, rather small for the size of the
+trunk; branches irregularly disposed and nearly horizontal, the lower
+often much declined; branchlets many, the flat spray disposed in
+fan-shaped planes at different angles; foliage bright, often
+interspersed here and there with yellow, faded leaves.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk in old trees a dead ash-gray, striate with broad
+and flat ridges, often conspicuously spirally twisted, shreddy at the
+edge; young stems and large branches reddish-brown, more or less striate
+and shreddy; branchlets ultimately smooth, shining, reddish-brown,
+marked by raised scars; season's twigs invested with leaves.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Leaf-buds naked, minute. Leaves in opposite
+pairs, 4-ranked, closely adherent to the branchlet and completely
+covering it, keeled in the side pairs and flat in the others,
+scale-like, ovate (in seedlings needle-shaped), obtuse or pointed at the
+apex, glandular upon the back, exhaling when bruised a strong aromatic
+odor.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;April to May. Flowers terminal, dark reddish-brown;
+sterile and fertile, usually on the same plant, rarely on separate
+plants; anthers opposite; filaments short; ovuliferous scales opposite,
+with slight projections near the base, usually 2-ovuled.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Cones, terminal on short branchlets, spreading or recurved,
+about &frac12; inch long, reddish-brown, loose-scaled, opening to the base at
+maturity; persistent through the first winter; scales 6-12, dry, oblong,
+not shield-shaped, not pointed; margin entire or nearly so; seeds winged
+all round.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy in New England; adapts itself to all soils
+and exposures, but prefers moist locations; grows slowly. Young trees
+have a narrowly conical outline, which spreads out at the base with age;
+retains its lower branches in open places, and is especially useful for
+hedges or narrow evergreen screens; little affected by insects; often
+disfigured, however, by dead branches and discolored leaves; is
+transplanted readily, and can be obtained in any quantity from
+nurserymen and collectors. The horticultural forms in cultivation range
+from thick, low, spreading tufts, through very dwarf, round, oval or
+conical forms, to tall, narrow, pyramidal varieties. Some have all the
+foliage tinged bright yellow, cream, or white; others have variegated
+foliage; another form has drooping branches. The bright summer foliage
+turns to a brownish color in winter. It is propagated from the seed and
+its horticultural forms from cuttings and layers.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img11" id="img11"></a>
+<img src="images/img11.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XI."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XI.</span>&mdash;Thuja occidentalis.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Flowering branch with the preceding year's fruit.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Stamen.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Scale with ovules.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Cupressus thyoides, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Cham&aelig;cyparis sph&aelig;roidea, Spach. Cham&aelig;cyparis thyoides, B. S. P.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">White Cedar. Cedar.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In deep swamps and marshes, which it often fills
+to the exclusion of other trees, mostly near the seacoast.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Cape Breton island and near Halifax, Nova Scotia, perhaps
+introduced in both.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;reported from the southern part of York county; New
+Hampshire,&mdash;limited to Rockingham county near the coast; Vermont,&mdash;no
+station known; Massachusetts,&mdash;occasional in central and eastern
+sections, very common in the southeast; Rhode Island,&mdash;common;
+Connecticut,&mdash;occasional in peat swamps.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Southward, coast region to Florida and west to Mississippi.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;20-50 feet high and 1-2 feet in diameter at the ground,
+reaching in the southern states an altitude of 90 and a diameter of 4
+feet; trunk straight, tapering slowly, throwing out nearly horizontal,
+slender branches, forming a narrow, conical head often of great elegance
+and lightness; foliage light brownish-green; strong-scented; spray flat
+in planes disposed at different angles; wood permanently aromatic.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk thick, reddish, fibrous, shreddy, separating into
+thin scales, becoming more or less furrowed in old trees; branches
+reddish-brown; fine scaled; branches after fall of leaves, in the third
+or fourth year, smooth, purplish-brown; season's shoots at first
+greenish.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Leaf-buds naked, minute. Leaves mostly
+opposite, 4-ranked, adherent to the branchlet and completely covering
+it; keeled in the side pairs and slightly convex in the others, dull
+green, pointed at apex or triangular awl-shaped, mostly with a minute
+roundish gland upon the back.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;April. Flowers terminal, sterile and fertile,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> usually
+on the same plant, rarely on separate plants, fertile on short
+branchlets: sterile, globular or oblong, anthers opposite, filaments
+shield-shaped: fertile, oblong or globular; ovuliferous scales opposite,
+slightly spreading at top, dark reddish-brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Cones, variously placed, &frac12; inch in diameter, roundish,
+purplish-brown, opening towards the center, never to the base; scales
+shield-shaped, woody; seeds several under each scale, winged.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England, growing best in
+the southern sections. Young trees are graceful and attractive, but soon
+become thin and lose their lower branches; valued chiefly in landscape
+planting for covering low and boggy places where other trees do not
+succeed as well. Seldom for sale in nurseries, but easily procured from
+collectors. Several unimportant horticultural forms are grown.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img12" id="img12"></a>
+<img src="images/img12.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XII.</span>&mdash;Cupressus thyoides.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Branch with flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Stamen, back view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Stamen, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fruiting-branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8. Fruit.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>9. Branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Juniperus Virginiana, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Red Cedar. Cedar. Savin.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Dry, rocky hills but not at great altitudes,
+borders of lakes and streams, sterile plains, peaty swamps.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;rare, though it extends northward to the middle Kennebec valley,
+reduced almost to a shrub; New Hampshire,&mdash;most frequent in the
+southeast part of the state; sparingly in the Connecticut valley as far
+north as Haverhill (Grafton<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> county); found also in Hart's location in
+the White mountain region; Vermont,&mdash;not abundant; occurs here and there
+on hills at levels less than 1000 feet; frequent in the Champlain and
+lower Connecticut valleys; Massachusetts,&mdash;west and center occasional,
+eastward common; Rhode Island and Connecticut,&mdash;common.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Indian
+Territory.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A medium-sized tree, 25-40 feet high, with a trunk diameter of
+8-20 inches, attaining much greater dimensions southward; extremely
+variable in outline; the lower branches usually nearly horizontal, the
+upper ascending; head when young very regular, narrow-based, close and
+conical; in old trees frequently rather open, wide-spreading, ragged,
+roundish or flattened. In very exposed situations, especially along the
+seacoast, the trunk sometimes rises a foot or two and then develops
+horizontally, forming a curiously contorted lateral head. Under such
+conditions it occasionally becomes a dwarf tree 2-3 feet high, with
+wide-spreading branches and a very dense dome; spray close, foliage a
+sombre green, sometimes tinged with a rusty brownish-red; wood pale red,
+aromatic.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk light reddish-brown, fibrous, shredding off, now
+and then, in long strips, exposing the smooth brown inner bark; season's
+shoots green.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Leaf-buds naked, minute. Leaves dull green or
+brownish-red, of two kinds:</p>
+
+<p>1. Scale-like, mostly opposite, each pair overlapping the pair above,
+4-ranked, ovate, acute, sometimes bristle-tipped, more or less convex,
+obscurely glandular.</p>
+
+<p>2. Scattered, not overlapping, narrowly lanceolate or needle-shaped,
+sharp-pointed, spreading. The second form is more common in young trees,
+sometimes comprising all the foliage, but is often found on trees of all
+ages, sometimes aggregated in dense masses.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;Early May. Flowers terminating short branches, sterile
+and fertile, more commonly on separate trees,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> often on the same tree;
+anthers in opposite pairs; ovuliferous scales in opposite pairs,
+slightly spreading, acute or obtuse; ovules 1-4.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Berry-like from the coalescence of the fleshy cone-scales, the
+extremities of which are often visible, roundish, the size of a small
+pea, dark blue beneath a whitish bloom, 1-4-seeded.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; prefers sunny
+slopes and a loamy soil, but grows well in poor, thin soils and upon
+wind-swept sites; young plants increase in height 1-2 feet yearly and
+have a very formal, symmetrical outline; old trees often become
+irregular and picturesque, and grow very slowly; a long-lived tree;
+usually obtainable in nurseries and from collectors, but must frequently
+be transplanted to be moved with safety. If a ball of earth can be
+retained about the roots of wild plants, they can often be moved
+successfully. There are horticultural forms distinguished by a slender
+weeping or distorted habit, and by variegated bluish or yellowish
+foliage, occasionally found in American nurseries. The type is usually
+propagated from the seed, the horticultural forms from cuttings or by
+grafting.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img13" id="img13"></a>
+<img src="images/img13.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XIII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XIII.</span>&mdash;Juniperus Virginiana.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Branch with sterile and fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Stamen with pollen-sacs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Branch with needle-shaped leaves.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="SALICACEAE_WILLOW_FAMILY" id="SALICACEAE_WILLOW_FAMILY"></a>SALICACE&AElig;. WILLOW FAMILY.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Trees or shrubs; leaves simple, alternate, undivided, with stipules
+either minute and soon falling or leafy and persistent; inflorescence
+from axillary buds of the preceding season, appearing with or before the
+leaves, in nearly erect, spreading or drooping catkins, sterile and
+fertile on separate<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> trees; flowers one to each bract, without calyx
+or corolla; stamens one to many; style short or none; stigmas 2, entire
+or 2-4-lobed; fruit a 2-4-celled capsule.</p>
+
+
+<h3>POPULUS.</h3>
+
+<p>Inflorescence usually appearing before the leaves; flowers with lacerate
+bracts, disk cup-shaped and oblique-edged, at least in sterile flowers;
+stamens usually many, filaments distinct; stigmas mostly divided,
+elongated or spreading.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SALIX.</h3>
+
+<p>Inflorescence appearing with or before the leaves; flowers with entire
+bracts and one or two small glands; disks wanting; stamens few.</p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Populus tremuloides, Michx.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Poplar. Aspen.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In all soils and situations except in deep swamps,
+though more usual in dry uplands; sometimes springing up in great
+abundance in clearings or upon burnt lands.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Newfoundland, Labrador, and Nova Scotia to the Hudson bay region
+and Alaska.</p></div>
+
+<p>New England,&mdash;common, reaching in the White mountain region an altitude
+of 3000 feet.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to New Jersey, along the mountains in Pennsylvania and
+Kentucky, ascending 3000 feet in the Adirondacks; west to the
+slopes of the Rocky mountains, along which it extends to Mexico and
+Lower California.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A graceful tree, ordinarily 35-40 feet and not uncommonly
+50-60 feet high; trunk 8-15 inches in diameter, tapering, surmounted by
+a very open, irregular head of small, spreading branches; spray sparse,
+consisting of short, stout, leafy rounded shoots set at a wide angle;
+distinguished by the slenderness of its habit, the light color of trunk
+and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> branches, the deep red of the sterile catkins in early spring, and
+the almost ceaseless flutter of the delicate foliage.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Trunk pale green, smooth, dark-blotched below the branches,
+becoming ash-gray and roughish in old trees; season's shoots dark
+reddish-brown or green, shining; bitter.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds &#8539;-&frac14; inch long, reddish-brown and
+lustrous, usually smooth, ovate, acute, often slightly incurved at apex,
+the upper often appressed. Leaves 1-2&frac12; inches long, breadth usually
+equal to or exceeding the length, yellowish-green and ciliate when
+young, dark dull green above when mature, lighter beneath, glabrous on
+both sides, bright yellow in autumn; outline broadly ovate to orbicular,
+finely serrate or wavy-edged, with incurved, glandular-tipped teeth,
+apex rather abruptly acute or short-acuminate; base acute, truncate or
+slightly heart-shaped, 3-nerved; leafstalk slender, strongly flattened
+at right angles to the plane of the blade, bending to the slightest
+breath of air; stipules lanceolate, silky, soon falling.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;April to May. Sterile catkins 1-3 inches long, fertile
+at first about the same length, gradually elongating; bracts cut into
+several lanceolate or linear divisions, silky-hairy; stamens about 10;
+anthers red: ovary short-stalked; stigmas two, 2-lobed, red.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;June. Capsules, in elongated catkins, conical; seeds numerous,
+white-hairy.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England in the most exposed
+situations; grows almost anywhere, but prefers a moist, rich loam; grows
+rapidly; foliage and spray thin; generally short-lived; often used as a
+screen for slow-growing trees; type seldom found in nurseries, but one
+or two horticultural forms are occasionally offered. Propagated from
+seed or cuttings.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img14" id="img14"></a>
+<img src="images/img14.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XIV."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XIV.</span>&mdash;Populus tremuloides.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Branch with sterile catkins.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Branch with fertile catkins.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Branch with mature leaves.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Variant leaves.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Populus grandidentata, Michx.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Poplar. Large-toothed Aspen.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In rich or poor soils; woods, hillsides, borders
+of streams.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southern Quebec, and Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>New England,&mdash;common, occasional at altitudes of 2000 feet or more.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Pennsylvania and Delaware, along the mountains to
+Kentucky, North Carolina, and Tennessee; west to Minnesota.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A tree 30-45 feet in height and 1 foot to 20 inches in
+diameter at the ground, sometimes attaining much greater dimensions;
+trunk erect, with an open, unsymmetrical, straggling head; branches
+distant, small and crooked; branchlets round; spray sparse, consisting
+of short, stout, leafy shoots; in time and manner of blossoming,
+constant motion of foliage, and general habit, closely resembling <i>P.
+tremuloides.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk on old trees dark grayish-brown or blackish,
+irregularly furrowed, broad-ridged, the outer portions separated into
+small, thickish scales; trunk of young trees soft greenish-gray;
+branches greenish-gray, darker on the underside; branchlets dark
+greenish-gray, roughened with leaf-scars; season's twigs in fall dark
+reddish-brown, at first tomentose, becoming smooth and shining.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds &#8539; inch long, mostly divergent, light
+chestnut, more or less pubescent, dusty-looking, ovate, acute. Leaves
+3-5 inches long, two-thirds as wide, densely white-tomentose when
+opening, usually smooth on both sides when mature, dark green above,
+lighter beneath, bright yellow in autumn; outline roundish-ovate,
+coarsely and irregularly sinuate-toothed; teeth acutish; sinuses in
+shallow curves; apex acute; base truncate or slightly heart-shaped;
+leafstalks long, strongly flattened at right angles to the plane of the
+blade; stipules thread-like, soon falling.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;March to April. Sterile catkins 1-3 inches long,
+fertile at first about the same length, but gradually<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> elongating;
+bracts cut into several lanceolate divisions, silky-hairy; stamens about
+10; anthers red: ovaries short-stalked; stigmas two, 2-lobed, red.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Fruiting catkins at length 3-6 inches long; capsule conical,
+acute, roughish-scurfy, hairy at tip: seeds numerous, hairy.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; grows almost
+anywhere, but prefers moist, rich loam; grows rapidly and is safely
+transplanted, but is unsymmetrical, easily broken by the wind, and
+short-lived; seldom offered by nurserymen, but readily procured from
+northern collectors of native plants. Useful to grow for temporary
+effect with permanent trees, as it will fail by the time the desirable
+kinds are well established. Propagated from seed or cuttings.</p>
+
+<p><b>Note.</b>&mdash;Points of difference between <i>P. tremuloides</i> and <i>P.
+grandidentata</i>. These trees may be best distinguished in early spring by
+the color of the unfolding leaves. In the sunlight the head of <i>P.
+tremuloides</i> appears yellowish-green, while that of <i>P. grandidentata</i>
+is conspicuously cotton white. The leaves of <i>P. grandidentata</i> are
+larger and more coarsely toothed, and the main branches go off usually
+at a broader angle. The buds of <i>P. grandidentata</i> are mostly divergent,
+dusty-looking, dull; of <i>P. tremuloides</i>, mostly appressed, highly
+polished with a resinous lustre.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img15" id="img15"></a>
+<img src="images/img15.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XV."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XV.</span>&mdash;Populus grandidentata.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Branch with sterile catkins.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Sterile flower, back view,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Branch with fertile catkins.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Bract of fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fertile flower, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fruiting branch with mature leaves.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8. Fruit.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>9. Fruit.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Populus heterophylla, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Poplar. Swamp Poplar. Cottonwood.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In or along swamps occasionally or often
+overflowed; rare, local, and erratically distributed.</p>
+
+<p>Connecticut,&mdash;frequent in the southern sections; Bozrah (J. N. Bishop);
+Guilford, in at least three wood-ponds (W. E. Dudley <i>in lit.</i>), New
+Haven, and near Norwich (W. A. Setchell).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Following the eastern coast in wide belts from New York (Staten
+island and Long island) south to Georgia; west along the Gulf coast
+to western Louisiana, and northward along the Mississippi and Ohio
+basins to Arkansas, Indiana, and Illinois.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A slender, medium-sized tree, attaining a height of 30-50
+feet, reaching farther south a maximum of 90 feet; trunk 9-18 inches in
+diameter, usually branching high up, forming a rather open hemispherical
+or narrow-oblong head; branches irregular, short, rising, except the
+lower, at a sharp angle; branchlets stout, roundish, varying in color,
+degree of pubescence, and glossiness, becoming rough after the first
+year with the raised leaf-scars; spray sparse.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk dark ash-gray, very rough, and broken into
+loosely attached narrow plates in old trees; in young trees light
+ash-gray, smooth at first, becoming in a few years roughish, low-ridged.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds conical, acute, more or less resinous.
+Leaves 3-6 inches long, two-thirds as wide, densely white-tomentose when
+young, at length dark green on the upper side, lighter beneath and
+smooth except along the veins; outline ovate, wavy-toothed; base
+heart-shaped, lobes often overlapping; apex obtuse; leafstalk long,
+round, downy; stipules soon falling.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;April to May. Sterile catkins when expanded 3-4 inches
+long, at length pendent; scales cut into irregular divisions, reddish;
+stamens numerous, anthers oblong, dark red: fertile catkins spreading,
+few and loosely flowered, gradually<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> elongating; scales reddish-brown;
+ovary short-stalked; styles 2-3, united at the base; stigmas 2-3,
+conspicuous.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Fruiting catkins spreading or drooping, 4-5 inches long:
+capsules usually erect, ovoid, acute, shorter than or equaling the
+slender pedicels: seeds numerous, white-hairy.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Not procurable in New England nurseries or from
+collectors; its usefulness in landscape gardening not definitely known.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img16" id="img16"></a>
+<img src="images/img16.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XVI."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XVI.</span>&mdash;Populus heterophylla.</h4>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Branch with sterile catkin.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Scale of sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Branch with fertile catkin.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fruiting branch with mature leaves.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Populus deltoides, Marsh.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Populus monilifera, Ait.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Cottonwood. Poplar.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In moist soil; river banks and basins, shores of
+lakes, not uncommon in drier locations.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Throughout Quebec and Ontario to the base of the Rocky mountains.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;not reported; New Hampshire,&mdash;restricted to the immediate
+vicinity of the Connecticut river, disappearing near the northern part
+of Westmoreland; Vermont,&mdash;western sections, abundant along the shores
+of the Hoosac river in Pownal and along Lake Champlain (W. W.
+Eggleston); in the Connecticut valley as far north as Brattleboro
+(<i>Flora of Vermont</i>, 1900); Massachusetts,&mdash;along the Connecticut and
+its tributaries; Rhode Island,&mdash;occasional; Connecticut,&mdash;occasional
+eastward, common along the Connecticut, Farmington, and Housatonic
+rivers.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Florida; west to the Rocky mountains.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A stately tree, 75-100 feet in height; trunk 3-5 feet in
+diameter, light gray, straight or sometimes slightly inclined, of nearly
+uniform size to the point of branching,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> surmounted by a noble,
+broad-spreading, open, symmetrical head, the lower branches massive,
+horizontal, or slightly ascending, more or less pendulous at the
+extremities, the upper coarse and spreading, rising at a sharper angle;
+branchlets stout; foliage brilliant green, easily set in motion; the
+sterile trees gorgeous in spring with dark red pendent catkins.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;In old trees thick, ash-gray, separated into deep, straight
+furrows with rounded ridges; in young trees light yellowish-green,
+smooth; season's shoots greenish, marked with pale longitudinal lines.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds large, conical, smooth, shining. Leaves
+3-6 inches long, scarcely less in width, variable in color and shape,
+ordinarily dark green and shining above, lighter beneath, ribs raised on
+both sides; outline broadly ovate, irregularly crenate-toothed; apex
+abruptly acute or acuminate; base truncate, slightly heart-shaped or
+sometimes acute; stems long, slender, somewhat flattened at right angles
+to the plane of the blade; stipules linear, soon falling.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;April to May. In solitary, densely flowered catkins;
+bracts lacerate-fringed, each bract subtending a cup-shaped scale;
+stamens very numerous; anthers longer than the filaments, dark red:
+fertile catkins elongating to 5 or 6 inches; ovary ovoid; stigmas 3 or
+4, nearly sessile, spreading.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Capsules ovate, rough, short-stalked; seeds densely cottony.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy in southern-central New England; grows
+rapidly in almost any soil and is readily obtainable in nurseries. Where
+an immediate effect is desired, the cottonwood serves the purpose
+excellently and frequently makes very fine large individual trees, but
+the wood is soft and likely to be broken by wind or ice. Usually
+propagated from cuttings.</p>
+
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img17" id="img17"></a>
+<img src="images/img17.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XVII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XVII.</span>&mdash;Populus deltoides.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Branch with sterile catkins.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower, back view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Sterile flower, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Scale of sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fruiting catkin.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8. Branch with mature leaves.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>9. Variant leaf.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Populus balsamifera, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Balsam. Poplar. Balm of Gilead.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Alluvial soils; river banks, valleys, borders of
+swamps, woods.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Newfoundland and Nova Scotia west to Manitoba; northward to the
+coast of Alaska and along the Mackenzie river to the Arctic circle.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;common; New Hampshire,&mdash;Connecticut river valley, generally near
+the river, becoming more plentiful northward; Vermont,&mdash;frequent;
+Massachusetts and Rhode Island,&mdash;not reported; Connecticut,&mdash;extending
+along the Housatonic river at New Milford for five or six miles, perhaps
+derived from an introduced tree (C. K. Averill, <i>Rhodora</i>, II, 35).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>West through northern New York, Michigan, Minnesota, Dakota (Black
+Hills), Montana, beyond the Rockies to the Pacific coast.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A medium-sized tree, 30-75 feet high, trunk 1-3 feet in
+diameter, straight; branches horizontal or nearly so, slender for size
+of tree, short; head open, narrow-oblong or oblong-conical; branchlets
+mostly terete; foliage thin.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;In old trees dark gray or ash-gray, firm-ridged, in young trees
+smooth; branchlets grayish; season's shoots reddish or greenish brown,
+sparsely orange-dotted.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds 3/4 inch long, appressed or slightly
+divergent, conical, slender, acute, resin-coated, sticky, fragrant when
+opening. Leaves 3-6 inches long, about one-half as wide, yellowish when
+young, when mature bright green, whitish below; outline ovate-lanceolate
+or ovate, finely toothed, gradually tapering to an acute or acuminate
+apex; base obtuse to rounded, sometimes truncate or heart-shaped;
+leafstalk much shorter than the blade, terete or nearly so; stipules
+soon falling. The leaves of var. <i>intermedia</i> are obovate to oval; those
+of var. <i>latifolia</i> closely approach the leaves of <i>P. candicans</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;April. Sterile 3-4 inches long, fertile at first about
+the same length, gradually elongating, loosely flowered;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> bracts
+irregularly and rather narrowly cut-toothed, each bract subtending a
+cup-shaped disk; stamens numerous; anthers red: ovary short-stalked;
+stigmas two, 2-lobed, large, wavy-margined.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Fruiting catkins drooping, 4-6 inches long: capsules ovoid,
+acute, longer than the pedicels, green: seeds numerous, hairy.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; grows in all
+excepting very wet soils, in full sun or light shade, and in exposed
+situations; of rapid growth, but subject to the attacks of borers, which
+kill the branches and make the head unsightly; also spreads from the
+roots, and therefore not desirable for ornamental plantations; most
+useful in the formation of shelter-belts; readily transplanted but not
+common in nurseries. Propagated from cuttings.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img18" id="img18"></a>
+<img src="images/img18.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XVIII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XVIII.</span>&mdash;Populus balsamifera.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Branch with sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Sterile flower, back view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower, side view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Scales of sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Branch with fertile catkins.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fruiting catkins, mature.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8. Branch with mature leaves.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Populus candicans, Ait.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Populus balsamifera</i>, var. <i>candicans, Gray.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Balm of Gilead.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In a great variety of soils; usually in cultivated
+or pasture lands in the vicinity of dwellings; infrequently found in a
+wild state. The original site of this tree has not been definitely
+agreed upon. Professor L. H. Bailey reports that it is indigenous in
+Michigan, and northern collectors find both sexes in New Hampshire and
+Vermont; while in central and southern New England the staminate tree is
+rarely if ever seen, and the pistillate flowers seldom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> if ever mature
+perfect fruit. The evidence seems to indicate a narrow belt extending
+through northern New Hampshire, Vermont and Michigan, with the
+intermediate southern sections of the Province of Ontario as the home of
+the Balm of Gilead.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Nova Scotia and New Brunswick,&mdash;occasional; Ontario,&mdash;frequent.</p></div>
+
+<p>New England,&mdash;occasional throughout.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to New Jersey; west to Michigan and Minnesota.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A medium-sized tree, 40-60 feet high; trunk 1-3 feet in
+diameter, straight or inclined, sometimes beset with a few crooked,
+bushy branchlets; head very variable in shape and size; solitary in open
+ground, commonly <i>broad-based, spacious, and pyramidal</i>, among other
+trees more often rather small; loosely and irregularly branched, with
+sparse, coarse, and often crooked spray; <i>foliage dark green, handsome,
+and abundant</i>; all parts characterized by a strong and peculiar resinous
+fragrance. A single tree multiplying by suckers often becomes parent of
+a grove covering half an acre, more or less, made up of trees of all
+ages and sizes.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk and lower portions of large branches dark gray,
+rough, irregularly striate and firm in old trees; in young trees and
+upon smaller branches smooth, soft grayish-green, often flanged by
+prominent ridges running down the stalk from the vertices of the
+triangular leaf-scars; season's shoots often flanged, shining reddish or
+olive green, with occasional longitudinal gray lines, viscid.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds dark reddish-brown, rather closely set
+along the stalk, conical or somewhat angled, narrow, often falcate,
+sharp-pointed, resinous throughout, viscid, aromatic, exhaling a
+powerful odor when the scales expand, terminal about 3/4 inch long.
+Leaves 4-6 inches long and nearly as wide, yellowish-green at first,
+becoming dark green and smooth on the upper surface with the exception
+of a <i>minute pubescence along the veins</i>, dull light green beneath,
+finely serrate with incurved glandular points, usually ciliate with
+minute stiff, whitish hairs; base heart-shaped; apex short-pointed;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
+petioles about 1-1&frac12; inches long, <i>more or less hairy</i>, somewhat
+flattened at right angles to the blade; stipules short, ovate, acute,
+soon falling.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;Similar to that of <i>P. balsamifera</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Similar to that of <i>P. balsamifera</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; has an attractive
+foliage and grows rapidly in all soils and situations, but the branches
+are easily broken by the wind, and its habit of suckering makes it
+objectionable in ornamental ground; occasionally offered by nurserymen
+and collectors. Propagated from cuttings.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img19" id="img19"></a>
+<img src="images/img19.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XIX."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XIX.</span>&mdash;Populus candicans.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter bud.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Branch with fertile catkins.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Populus alba, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Abele. White Poplar. Silver-leaf Poplar.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Widely distributed in the Old World, extending in Europe from
+southern Sweden to the Mediterranean, throughout northern Africa, and
+eastward in Asia to the northwestern Himalayas. Introduced from England
+by the early settlers and soon established in the colonial towns, as in
+Plymouth and Duxbury, on the western shore of Massachusetts bay. Planted
+or spontaneous over a wide area.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>New Brunswick and Nova Scotia,&mdash;occasional.</p></div>
+
+<p>New England,&mdash;occasional throughout, local, sometimes common.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Southward to Virginia.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A handsome tree, resembling <i>P. grandidentata</i> more than any
+other American poplar, but of far nobler proportions; 40-75 feet high
+and 2-4 feet in diameter at the ground; growing much larger in England;
+head large, spreading; round-topped, in spring enveloped in a dazzling<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>
+cloud of cotton white, which resolves itself later into two
+conspicuously contrasting surfaces of dark green and silvery white.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Light gray, smooth upon young trees, in old trees furrowed upon
+the trunk.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds not viscid, cottony. Leaves 1-4 inches
+long, densely white-tomentose while expanding, when mature dark green
+above and white-tomentose to glabrous beneath; outline ovate or deltoid,
+3-5-lobed and toothed or simply toothed, teeth irregular; base
+heart-shaped or truncate; apex acute to obtuse; leafstalk long, slender,
+compressed; stipules soon falling.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence and Fruit.</b>&mdash;April to May. Sterile catkins 2-4 inches
+long, cylindrical, fertile at first shorter,&mdash;stamens 6-16; anthers
+purple: capsules &frac14; inch long, narrow-ovoid; seeds hairy.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy. Thrives even in very poor soils and in
+exposed situations; grows rapidly in good soils; of distinctive value in
+landscape gardening but not adapted for planting along streets and upon
+lawns of limited area on account of its habit of throwing out numerous
+suckers and its liability to damage from heavy winds. The sides of
+country roads where the abele has been planted are sometimes obstructed
+for a considerable distance by the thrifty shoots from underground.</p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Salix discolor. Muhl.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Pussy Willow. Glaucous Willow.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Low, wet grounds; banks of streams, swamps, moist
+hillsides.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Nova Scotia to Manitoba.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;abundant; common throughout the other New England states.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to North Carolina; west to Illinois and Missouri.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;Mostly a tall shrub with several stems, but occasionally
+assuming a tree-like habit, with a height of 15-20 feet<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> and trunk
+diameter of 5-10 inches; one tree reported at Laconia, N. H., 35 feet
+high (F. W. Batchelder); branches few, stout, ascending, forming a very
+open, hemispherical head.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Trunk reddish-brown; branches dark-colored; branchlets light
+green, orange-dotted.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds ovate-conical; apex obtuse to acute.
+Leaves simple, alternate, 2-4 inches long, smooth and bright green
+above, smooth and whitish beneath when fully grown; outline
+ovate-lanceolate to narrowly oblong-oval, crenulate-serrate to entire;
+apex acute, base acute and entire; leafstalk short; stipules toothed or
+entire.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;March to April. Appearing before the leaves in
+catkins, sterile and fertile on separate plants, occasionally both kinds
+on the same plant, sessile,&mdash;sterile spreading or erect,
+oblong-cylindrical, silky; calyx none; petals none; bracts entire,
+reddish-brown turning to black, oblong to oblong-obovate, with long,
+silky hairs; stamens 2; filaments distinct: fertile catkins spreading;
+bracts oblong to ovate, hairy; style short; stigma deeply 4-lobed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Fruiting catkins somewhat declined: capsules ovate-conical,
+tomentose, stem two-thirds the length of the scale: seeds numerous.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Picturesque in blossom and fruit; its value
+dependent chiefly upon its matted roots for holding wet banks, and its
+ability to withstand considerable shade. Sold by plant collectors;
+easily propagated from cuttings.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img20" id="img20"></a>
+<img src="images/img20.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XX."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XX.</span>&mdash;Salix discolor.</h4>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Leaf-buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Branch with sterile catkins.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Branch with fertile catkins.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Mature leaves.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Salix nigra, Marsh.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Black Willow</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In low grounds, along streams or ponds, river
+flats.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>New Brunswick to western Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>New England,&mdash;occasional throughout, frequent along the larger streams.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian
+territory, Louisiana, Texas, southern California, and south into
+Mexico.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A large shrub or small tree, 25-40 feet high and 10-15 inches
+in trunk diameter, attaining great size in the Ohio and Mississippi
+valleys and the valley of the lower Colorado; trunk short, surmounted by
+an irregular, open, often roundish head, with stout, spreading branches,
+slender branchlets, and twigs brittle towards their base.</p>
+
+<p><i>S. nigra</i>, var. <i>falcata</i>, Pursh., covers about the same range as the
+type and differs chiefly in its narrower, falcate leaves.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Trunk rough, in young trees light brown, in old trees
+dark-colored or nearly black, deeply and irregularly ridged, separated
+on the surface into thick, plate-like scales; branchlets reddish-brown;
+twigs bronze olive.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds narrowly conical, acute. Leaves simple,
+alternate, appearing much later than those of <i>S. discolor</i>, 2-5 inches
+long, somewhat pubescent on both sides when young, when mature green and
+smooth above, paler and sometimes pubescent along the veins beneath;
+outline narrowly lanceolate, finely serrate; apex acute or acuminate,
+often curved; base acutish to rounded or slightly heart-shaped; petiole
+short, usually pubescent; stipules large and persistent, or small and
+soon falling.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;April to May. Appearing with the leaves from the axils
+of the short, lateral shoots, in catkins, sterile and fertile on
+different trees, stalked,&mdash;sterile spreading, narrowly cylindrical;
+calyx none; corolla none; bracts<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> entire, rounded to oblong, villous,
+ciliate; stamens about 5: fertile catkins spreading; calyx none; corolla
+none; bracts ovate to narrowly oblong, acute, villous; ovary
+short-stalked, with two small glands at its base, ovate-conical,
+sometimes obovate, smooth; stigmas 2, short.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Fertile catkins drooping: capsules ovate-conical,
+short-stemmed, minutely granular; style very short: seeds numerous.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy in New England; grows rapidly in all
+soils, particularly useful in very wet situations; seriously affected by
+insects; occasionally offered in nurseries; transplanted readily;
+propagated from cuttings.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img21" id="img21"></a>
+<img src="images/img21.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XXI."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XXI.</span>&mdash;Salix nigra.</h4>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Branch with sterile catkins.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower, side view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Sterile flower, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Branch with fertile catkins.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fertile flower, side view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fertile flower, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>9. Fruit enlarged.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Salix fragilis and Salix alba.</b></h3>
+
+<p>The <i>fragilis</i> and <i>alba</i> group of genus <i>Salix</i> gives rise to puzzling
+questions of determination and nomenclature. Pure <i>fragilis</i> and pure
+<i>alba</i> are perfectly distinct plants, <i>fragilis</i> occasional, locally
+rather common, and <i>alba</i> rather rare within the limits of the United
+States. Each species has varieties; the two species hybridize with each
+other and with native species, and the hybrids themselves have varietal
+forms. This group affords a tempting field for the manufacture of
+species and varieties, about most of which so little is known that any
+attempt to assign a definite range would be necessarily imperfect and
+misleading. The range as given below in either species simply points out
+the limits within which any one of the various forms of that species
+appears to be spontaneous.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Salix fragilis, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Crack Willow. Brittle Willow</span>.</h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In low land and along river banks. Indigenous in
+southwestern Asia, and in Europe where it is extensively cultivated;
+introduced into America probably from England for use in basket-making,
+and planted at a very early date in many of the colonial towns; now
+extensively cultivated, and often spontaneous in wet places and along
+river banks, throughout New England and as far south as Delaware.</p>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;Tree often of great size; attaining a maximum height of 60-90
+feet; head open, wide-spreading; branches except the lowest rising at a
+broad angle; branchlets reddish or yellowish green, smooth and polished,
+very brittle at the base. In 1890 there was standing upon the Groome
+estate, Humphreys Street, Dorchester, Mass., a willow of this species
+about 60 feet high, 28 feet 2 inches in girth five feet from the ground,
+with a spread of 110 feet (<i>Typical Elms and other Trees of
+Massachusetts</i>, p. 85).</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of the trunk gray, smooth in young trees, in old trees
+very rough, irregularly ridged, sometimes cleaving off in large plates.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds about &#8531; inch long, reddish-brown,
+narrow-conical. Leaves simple, alternate, 2-6 inches long, smooth, dark
+green and shining above, pale or glaucous beneath and somewhat pubescent
+when young; outline lanceolate, glandular-serrate; apex long-acuminate;
+tapering to an acute or obtuse base; leafstalk short, glandular at the
+top; stipules half-cordate when present, soon falling.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;April to May. Catkins appearing with the leaves,
+spreading, stalked,&mdash;sterile 1-2 inches long; stamens 2-4, usually 2;
+filaments distinct, pubescent below; ovary abortive: fertile catkins
+slender; stigma nearly sessile; capsule long-conical, smooth,
+short-stalked.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; grows best near
+streams, but adapts itself readily to all rich,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> damp soils. A handsome
+ornamental tree when planted where its roots can find water, and its
+branches space for free development. Readily propagated from slips.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Salix alba, L.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">White Willow.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Low, moist grounds; along streams. Probably
+indigenous throughout Europe, northern Africa, and Asia as far south as
+northwestern India. Extensively introduced in America, and often
+spontaneous over large areas.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>New England,&mdash;sparingly throughout.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Delaware; extensively introduced in the western states.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A large tree, 50-80 feet in height; trunk usually rather short
+and 2-7 feet in diameter; head large, not as broad-spreading as that of
+<i>S. fragilis</i>; branches numerous, mostly ascending.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk in old trees gray and coarsely ridged, in young
+trees smooth; twigs smooth, olive.</p>
+
+<p><b>Leaves.</b>&mdash;Leaves simple, alternate, 2-4 inches long, <i>silky-hairy on
+both sides when young, when old still retaining more or less pubescence,
+especially on the paler under surface</i>; outline narrowly lanceolate or
+elliptic-lanceolate, glandular-serrate, tapering to a long pointed apex
+and to an acute base; leafstalk short, usually without glands; stipules
+ovate-lanceolate, soon falling.</p>
+
+<p><b>Note.</b>&mdash;Var. <i>vitellina</i>, Koch., by far the most common form of this
+willow; mature leaves glabrous above; twigs <i>yellow</i>. Var. <i>c&aelig;rulea</i>,
+Koch.; mature leaves bluish-green, glabrous above, glaucous beneath;
+twigs <i>olive</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;April to May. Catkins appearing with the leaves,
+slender, erect, stalked; scales linear; stamens 2; filaments distinct,
+hairy below the middle; stigma nearly sessile, deeply cleft; capsule
+glabrous, sessile or nearly so.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; grows best in
+moist localities; extensively cultivated to bind the soil along the
+banks of streams. Easily propagated from slips.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="JUGLANDACEAE_WALNUT_FAMILY" id="JUGLANDACEAE_WALNUT_FAMILY"></a>JUGLANDACE&AElig;. WALNUT FAMILY.</h2>
+
+
+<h3><b>Juglans cinerea, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Butternut. Oilnut. Lemon Walnut.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Roadsides, rich woods, river valleys, fertile,
+moist hillsides, high up on mountain slopes.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>New Brunswick, throughout Quebec and eastern Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;common, often abundant; New Hampshire,&mdash;throughout the
+Connecticut valley, and along the Merrimac and its tributaries, to the
+base of the White mountains; Vermont,&mdash;frequent; Massachusetts,&mdash;common
+in the eastern and central portions, frequent westward; Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,&mdash;common.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Delaware, along the mountains to Georgia and Alabama; west
+to Minnesota, Kansas, and Arkansas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;Usually a medium-sized tree, 20-45 feet in height, with a
+disproportionately large trunk, 1-4 feet in diameter; often attaining
+under favorable conditions much greater dimensions. It ramifies at a few
+feet from the ground and throws out long, rather stout, and nearly
+horizontal branches, the lower slightly drooping, forming for the height
+of the tree a very wide-spreading head, with a stout and stiffish spray.
+At its best the butternut is a picturesque and even beautiful tree.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk dark gray, rough, narrow-ridged and wide-furrowed
+in old trees, in young trees smooth, dark gray; branchlets brown gray,
+with gray dots and prominent leaf-scars; season's shoots greenish-gray,
+faint-dotted, with a clammy pubescence. The bruised bark of the nut
+stains the skin yellow.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds flattish or oblong-conical, few-scaled,
+2-4 buds often superposed, the uppermost largest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> and far above the
+axil. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, 1-1&frac12; feet long,
+viscid-pubescent throughout, at least when young; rachis enlarged at
+base; stipules none; leaflets 9-17, 2-4 inches long, about half as wide,
+upper surface rough, yellowish when unfolding in spring, becoming a dark
+green, lighter beneath, yellow in autumn; outline oblong-lanceolate,
+serrate; veins prominent beneath; apex acute to acuminate; base obtuse
+to rounded, somewhat inequilateral, sessile, except the terminal
+leaflet; stipels none.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May. Appearing while the leaves are unfolding, sterile
+and fertile flowers on the same tree,&mdash;the sterile from terminal or
+lateral buds of the preceding season, in single, unbranched, stout,
+green, cylindrical, drooping catkins 3-6 inches long; calyx irregular,
+mostly 6-lobed, borne on an oblong scale; corolla none; stamens 8-12,
+with brown anthers: fertile flowers sessile, solitary, or several on a
+common peduncle from the season's shoots; calyx hairy, 4-lobed, with 4
+small petals at the sinuses; styles 2, short; stigmas 2, large,
+feathery, diverging, rose red.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Ripening in October, one or several from the same footstalk,
+about 3 inches long, oblong, pointed, green, downy, and sticky at first,
+dark brown when dry: shells sculptured, rough: kernel edible, sweet but
+oily.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; grows in any
+well-drained soil, but prefers a deep, rich loam; seldom reaches its
+best under cultivation. Trees of the same age are apt to vary in vigor
+and size, dead branches are likely to appear early, and sound trees 8 or
+10 inches in diameter are seldom seen; the foliage is thin, appears late
+and drops early; planted in private grounds chiefly for its fruit; only
+occasionally offered in nurseries, collected plants seldom successful.
+Best grown from seed planted where the tree is to stand, as is evident
+from many trees growing spontaneously.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img22" id="img22"></a>
+<img src="images/img22.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XXII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XXII.</span>&mdash;Juglans cinerea.</h4>
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower, side view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruit.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Leaf.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Juglans nigra, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Black Walnut.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Rich woods.</p>
+
+<p>Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont,&mdash;not reported native;
+Massachusetts,&mdash;rare east of the Connecticut river, occasional along the
+western part of the Connecticut valley to the New York line; Rhode
+Island,&mdash;doubtfully native, Apponaug (Kent county) and elsewhere;
+Connecticut,&mdash;frequent westward, Darien (Fairfield county); Plainville
+(Hartford county, J. N. Bishop <i>in lit.</i>, 1896); in the central and
+eastern sections probably introduced.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Kansas, Arkansas, and Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A large tree, 50-75 feet high, with a diameter above the swell
+of the roots of 2-5 feet; attaining in the Ohio valley a height of 150
+feet and a diameter of 6-8 feet; trunk straight, slowly tapering,
+throwing out its lower branches nearly horizontally, the upper at a
+broad angle, forming an open, spacious, noble head.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk in old trees thick, blackish, and deeply
+furrowed; large branches rough and more or less furrowed; branchlets
+smooth; season's twigs downy.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds small, ovate or rounded, obtuse, more or
+less pubescent, few-scaled. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate; rachis
+smooth and swollen at base, but less so than that of the butternut;
+stipules none; leaflets 13-21 (the odd leaflet at the apex often
+wanting), opposite or alternate, 2-5 inches long, about half as wide;
+dark green and smooth above, lighter and slightly glandular-pubescent
+beneath, turning yellow in autumn; outline ovate-lanceolate; apex
+taper-pointed; base oblique, usually rounded or heart-shaped; stemless
+or nearly so, except the terminal leaflet; stipels none. Aromatic when
+bruised.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May. Appearing while the leaves are unfolding, sterile
+and fertile flowers on the same tree,&mdash;the sterile along the sides or at
+the ends of the preceding year's branches,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> in single, unbranched,
+green, stout, cylindrical, pendulous catkins, 3-6 inches long; perianth
+of 6 rounded lobes, stamens numerous, filaments very short, anthers
+purple: fertile flowers in the axils of the season's shoots, sessile,
+solitary or several on a common peduncle; calyx 4-toothed, with 4 small
+petals at the sinuses; stigmas 2, reddish-green.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Ripening in October at the ends of the branchlets, single, or
+two or more together; round, smooth, or somewhat roughish with uneven
+surface, not viscid, dull green turning to brown: husk not separating
+into sections: shell irregularly furrowed: kernel edible.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy in central and southern New England; grows
+well in most situations, but in a deep rich soil it forms a large and
+handsome tree. Readily obtainable in western nurseries; transplants
+rather poorly, and collected plants are of little value. Its leaves
+appear late and drop early, and the fruit is often abundant. These
+disadvantages make it objectionable in many cases. Grown from seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img23" id="img23"></a>
+<img src="images/img23.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XXIII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XXIII.</span>&mdash;Juglans nigra.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Sterile flower, back view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Carya alba, Nutt.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Hicoria ovata, Britton.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Shagbark. Shagbark or Shellbark Hickory. Walnut.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In various soils and situations, fertile slopes,
+brooksides, rocky hills.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Valley of the St. Lawrence.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;along or near the coast as far north as Harpswell (Cumberland
+county); New Hampshire,&mdash;common as far north as Lake Winnepesaukee;
+Vermont,&mdash;occasional along the Connecticut to Windsor, rather common in
+the Champlain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> valley and along the western slopes of the Green
+mountains; Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut,&mdash;common.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Delaware and along the mountains to Florida; west to
+Minnesota, Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;The tallest of the hickories and proportionally the most
+slender, from 50 to 75 feet in height, and not more than 2 feet in trunk
+diameter; rising to a great height in the Ohio and Indiana river
+bottoms. The trunk, shaggy in old trees, rises with nearly uniform
+diameter to the point of furcation, throwing out rather small branches
+of unequal length and irregularly disposed, forming an oblong or rounded
+head with frequent gaps in the continuity of the foliage.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Trunk in young trees and in the smaller branches ash-gray,
+smoothish to seamy; in old trees, extremely characteristic, usually
+shaggy, the outer layers separating into long, narrow, unequal plates,
+free at one or both ends, easily detachable; branchlets smooth and gray,
+with conspicuous leaf-scars; season's shoots stout, more or less downy,
+numerous-dotted.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds tomentose, ovate to oblong, terminal
+buds large, much swollen before expanding; inner scales numerous,
+purplish-fringed, downy, enlarging to 5-6 inches in length as the leaves
+unfold. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, 12-20 inches long; petiole
+short, rough, and somewhat swollen at base; stipules none; leaflets
+usually 5, sometimes 3 or 7, 3-7 inches long, dark green above,
+yellowish-green and downy beneath when young, the three upper large,
+obovate to lanceolate, the two lower much smaller, oblong to
+oblong-lanceolate, all finely serrate and sharp-pointed; base obtuse,
+rounded or acute, mostly inequilateral; nearly sessile save the odd
+leaflet; stipels none.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May. Sterile and fertile flowers on the same tree,
+appearing when the leaves are fully grown,&mdash;sterile at the base of the
+season's shoots, in slender, green, pendulous catkins, 4-6 inches long,
+usually in threes, branching umbel-like from a common peduncle;
+flower-scales 3-parted, the middle lobe much longer than the other two,
+linear, tipped with long<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> bristles; calyx adnate to scale; stamens
+mostly in fours, anthers yellow, bearded at the tip: fertile flowers
+single or clustered on peduncles at the ends of the season's shoots;
+calyx 4-toothed, hairy, adherent to ovary; corolla none; stigmas 2,
+large, fringed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;October. Spherical, 3-6 inches in circumference: husks rather
+thin, firm, green turning to brown, separating completely into 4
+sections: nut variable in size, subglobose, white, usually 4-angled:
+kernel large, sweet, edible.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; prefers light,
+well-drained, loamy soil; when well established makes a moderately rapid
+growth; difficult to transplant, rarely offered in nurseries; collected
+plants seldom survive; a fine tree for landscape gardening, but its nuts
+are apt to make trouble in public grounds. Propagated from a seed. A
+thin-shelled variety is in cultivation.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img24" id="img24"></a>
+<img src="images/img24.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XXIV."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XXIV.</span>&mdash;Carya alba.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Sterile flower, back view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><b>Carya tomentosa, Nutt.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Hicoria alba, Britton.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Mockernut. White-heart Hickory. Walnut</span>.</h4>
+
+<p>Habitat and Range.&mdash;In various soils; woods, dry, rocky ridges, mountain
+slopes.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Niagara peninsula and westward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Maine and Vermont,&mdash;not reported; New Hampshire,&mdash;sparingly along the
+coast; Massachusetts,&mdash;rather common eastward; Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,&mdash;common.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>South to Florida, ascending 3500 feet in Virginia; west to Kansas,
+Nebraska, Missouri, Indian territory, and Texas.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p>
+</blockquote>
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A tall and rather slender tree, 50-70 feet high, with a
+diameter above the swell of the roots of 2-3 feet; attaining much
+greater dimensions south and west; trunk erect, not shaggy, separating
+into a few rather large limbs and sending out its upper branches at a
+sharp angle, forming a handsome, wide-spreading, pyramidal head.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk dark gray, thick, hard, close, and rough,
+becoming narrow-rugged-furrowed; crinkly on small trunks and branches;
+leaf-scars prominent; season's shoots stout, brown, downy or dusty
+puberulent, dotted, resinous-scented.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds large, yellowish-brown, ovate, downy.
+Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, 15-20 inches long; rachis large,
+downy, swollen at the base; stipules none; leaflets 7-9, opposite,
+large, yellowish-green and smooth above, beneath paler and thick-downy,
+at least when young, turning to a clear yellow or russet brown in
+autumn, the three upper obovate, the two lower ovate, all the leaflets
+slightly serrate or entire, pointed, base acute to rounded, nearly
+sessile except the odd one. Aromatic when bruised.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May. Sterile and fertile flowers on the same tree,
+appearing when the leaves are fully grown,&mdash;sterile at the base of the
+season's shoots, in slender, pendulous, downy catkins, 4-8 inches long,
+usually in threes, branching umbel-like from a common peduncle; scales
+3-lobed, hairy; calyx adnate; stamens 4 or 5, anthers red, bearded at
+the tip: fertile flowers on peduncles at the end of the season's shoots;
+calyx toothed, hairy, adherent to ovary; corolla none; stigmas 2, hairy.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;October. Generally sessile on terminal peduncles, single or in
+pairs, as large or larger than the fruit of the shagbark, or as small as
+that of the pignut, oblong-globose to globose: husk hard and thick,
+separating in 4 segments nearly to the base, strong-scented: nut
+globular, 4-ridged near the top, thick-shelled: kernel usually small,
+sweet, edible. The superior size of the fruit and the smallness of the
+kernel probably give rise to the common name, "mockernut."</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; prefers a rich,
+well-drained soil, but grows well in rocky,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> ledgy, exposed
+situations, and is seldom disfigured by insect enemies. Young trees have
+large, deep roots, and are difficult to transplant successfully unless
+they have been frequently transplanted in nurseries, from which,
+however, they are seldom obtainable. Propagated from seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img25" id="img25"></a>
+<img src="images/img25.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XXV."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XXV.</span>&mdash;Carya tomentosa.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Sterile flower, side view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Sterile flower, top view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fertile flower, side view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><b>Carya porcina, Nutt.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Hicoria glabra, Britton</i>.</h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Pignut. White Hickory</span>.</h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Woods, dry hills, and uplands.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Niagara peninsula and along Lake Erie.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;frequent in the southern corner of York county; New
+Hampshire,&mdash;common toward the coast and along the lower Merrimac valley;
+abundant on hills near the Connecticut river, but only occasional above
+Bellows Falls; Vermont,&mdash;Marsh Hill, Ferrisburgh (Brainerd); W.
+Castleton and Pownal (Eggleston); Massachusetts,&mdash;common eastward; along
+the Connecticut river valley and some of the tributary valleys more
+common than the shagbark; Rhode Island and Connecticut,&mdash;common.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>South to the Gulf of Mexico; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian
+territory, and Texas.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A stately tree, 50-65 feet high, reaching in the Ohio basin a
+height of 120 feet; trunk 2-5 feet in diameter, gradually tapering,
+surmounted by a large, oblong, open, rounded, or pyramidal head, often
+of great beauty.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk dark ash-gray, uniformly but very coarsely
+roughened, in old trees smooth or broken into rough and occasionally
+projecting plates; branches gray; leaf-scars rather prominent; season's
+shoots smooth or nearly so, purplish changing to gray, with numerous
+dots.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Lateral buds smaller than in <i>C. tomentosa</i>,
+oblong, pointed; terminal, globular, with rounded apex; scales numerous,
+the inner reddish, lengthening to 1 or 2 inches, not dropping till after
+expansion of the leaves. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, 10-18
+inches long; petiole long and smooth; stipules none; leaflets 5-7,
+opposite, 2-5 inches long, yellowish-green above, paler beneath, turning
+to an orange brown in autumn, smooth on both sides; outline, the three
+upper obovate, the two lower oblong-lanceolate, all taper-pointed; base
+obtuse, sometimes acute, especially in the odd leaflet.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May. Sterile and fertile flowers on the same tree,
+appearing when the leaves are fully grown,&mdash;sterile at the base of the
+season's shoots, in pendulous, downy, slender catkins, 3-5 inches long,
+usually in threes, branching umbel-like from a common peduncle; scales
+3-lobed, nearly glabrous, lobes of nearly equal length, pointed, the
+middle narrower; stamens mostly 4, anthers yellowish, beset with white
+hairs: fertile flowers at the ends of the season's shoots; calyx
+4-toothed, pubescent, adherent to the ovary; corolla none; stigmas 2.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;October. Single or in pairs, sessile on a short, terminal
+stalk, shape and size extremely variable, pear-shaped, oblong, round, or
+obovate, usually about 1&frac12; inches in diameter: husk thin, green
+turning to brown, when ripe parting in four sections to the center and
+sometimes nearly to the base: nut rather thick-shelled, not ridged, not
+sharp-pointed: kernel much inferior in flavor to that of the shagbark.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; grows in all
+well-drained soils, but prefers a deep, rich loam; a desirable tree for
+ornamental plantations, especially in lawns, as the deep roots do not
+interfere with the growth of grass above them; ill-adapted, like all the
+hickories, for streets, as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> the nuts are liable to cause trouble; less
+readily obtainable in nurseries than the shellbark hickory and equally
+difficult to transplant. Propagated from the seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img26" id="img26"></a>
+<img src="images/img26.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XXVI."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XXVI.</span>&mdash;Carya porcina.</h4>
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3, 4. Sterile flower, back view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile flower, side view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Carya amara, Nutt.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Hicoria minima, Britton</i>.</h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Bitternut. Swamp Hickory.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In varying soils and situations; wet woods, low,
+damp fields, river valleys, along roadsides, occasional upon uplands and
+hill slopes.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From Montreal west to Georgian bay.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;southward, rare; New Hampshire,&mdash;eastern limit in the
+Connecticut valley, where it ranges farther north than any other of our
+hickories, reaching Well's river (Jessup); Vermont,&mdash;occasional west of
+the Green mountains and in the southern Connecticut valley;
+Massachusetts,&mdash;rather common, abundant in the vicinity of Boston; Rhode
+Island and Connecticut,&mdash;common.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Florida, ascending 3500 feet in Virginia; west to
+Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A tall, slender tree, 50-75 feet high and 1 foot-2&frac12; feet in
+diameter at the ground, reaching greater dimensions southward. The
+trunk, tapering gradually to the point of branching, develops a
+capacious, spreading head, usually widest near the top, with lively
+green, finely cut foliage of great beauty, turning to a rich orange in
+autumn. Easily recognized in winter by its flat, yellowish buds.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk gray, close, smooth, rarely flaking off in thin
+plates; branches and branchlets smooth; leaf-scars prominent; season's
+shoots yellow, smooth, yellow-dotted.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Terminal buds long, yellow, flattish, often
+scythe-shaped, pointed, with a granulated surface; lateral buds much
+smaller, often ovate or rounded, pointed. Leaves pinnately compound,
+alternate, 12-15 inches long; rachis somewhat enlarged at base; stipules
+none; leaflets 5-11, opposite, 5-6 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, bright
+green and smooth above, paler and smooth or somewhat downy beneath,
+turning to orange yellow in autumn; outline lanceolate, or narrowly oval
+to oblong-obovate, serrate; apex taper-pointed to scarcely acute; base
+obtuse or rounded except that of the terminal leaflet, which is acute;
+sessile and inequilateral, except in terminal leaflet, which has a short
+stem and is equal-sided; sometimes scarcely distinguishable from the
+leaves of <i>C. porcina</i>; often decreasing regularly in size from the
+upper to the lower pair.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May. Sterile and fertile flowers on the same tree,
+appearing when the leaves are fully grown,&mdash;sterile at the base of the
+season's shoots, or sometimes from the lateral buds of the preceding
+season, in slender, pendulous catkins, 3-4 inches long, usually in
+threes, branching umbel-like from a common peduncle; scale 3-lobed,
+hairy-glandular, middle lobe about the same length as the other two but
+narrower, considerably longer toward the end of the catkin; stamens
+mostly 5, anthers bearded at the tip: fertile flowers on peduncles at
+the end of the season's shoots; calyx 4-lobed, pubescent, adherent to
+the ovary; corolla none; stigmas 2.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;October. Single or in twos or threes at the ends of the
+branchlets, abundant, usually rather small, about 1 inch long, the width
+greater than the length; occasionally larger and somewhat pear-shaped:
+husk separating about to the middle into four segments, with sutures
+prominently winged at the top or almost to the base, or nearly wingless:
+nut usually thin-shelled: kernel white, sweetish at first, at length
+bitter.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; grows almost
+anywhere, but prefers a rich, loamy or gravelly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> soil. A most graceful
+and attractive hickory, which is transplanted more readily and grows
+rather more rapidly than the shagbark or pignut, but more inclined than
+either of these to show dead branches. Seldom for sale by nurserymen or
+collectors. Grown readily from seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img27" id="img27"></a>
+<img src="images/img27.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XXVII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XXVII.</span>&mdash;Carya amara.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter bud.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower, back view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Sterile flower, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="BETULACEAE_BIRCH_FAMILY" id="BETULACEAE_BIRCH_FAMILY"></a>BETULACE&AElig;. BIRCH FAMILY.</h2>
+
+
+<h3><b>Ostrya Virginica, Willd.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Ostrya Virginiana, Willd.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Hop Hornbeam. Ironwood. Leverwood.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In rather open woods and along highlands.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Nova Scotia to Lake Superior.</p></div>
+
+<p>Common in all parts of New England.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Scattered throughout the whole country east of the Mississippi,
+ranging through western Minnesota to Nebraska, Kansas, Indian
+territory, and Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A small tree, 25-40 feet high and 8-12 inches in diameter at
+the ground, sometimes attaining, without much increase in height, a
+diameter of 2 feet; trunk usually slender; head irregular, often oblong
+or loosely and rather broadly conical; lower branches sometimes slightly
+declining at the extremities, but with branchlets mostly of an upward
+tendency; spray slender and rather stiff. Suggestive, in its habit, of
+the elm; in its leaves, of the black birch; and in its fruit, of
+clusters of hops.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Trunk and large limbs light grayish-brown, very narrowly and
+longitudinally ridged, the short, thin segments in old trees often loose
+at the ends; the smaller branches, branchlets, and in late fall the
+season's shoots, dark reddish-brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds small, oblong, pointed, invested with
+reddish-brown scales. Leaves simple, alternate, roughish, 2-4 inches
+long, 1-2 inches wide, more or less appressed-pubescent on both sides,
+dark green above, lighter beneath; outline ovate to oblong-ovate,
+sharply and for the most part doubly serrate; apex acute to acuminate;
+base slightly and narrowly heart-shaped, rounded or truncate, mostly
+with unequal sides; leafstalks short, pubescent; stipules soon falling.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;April to May. Sterile flowers from wood of the
+preceding season, lateral or terminal, in drooping, cylindrical catkins,
+usually in threes; scales broad, laterally rounded, sharp-pointed,
+ciliate, each subtending several nearly sessile stamens, filaments
+sometimes forked, with anthers bearded at the tip: fertile catkins about
+1 inch in length, on short leafy shoots, spreading; bracts lanceolate,
+tapering to a long point, ciliate, each subtending two ovaries, each
+ovary with adherent calyx, enclosed in a hairy bractlet; styles 2, long,
+linear.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Early September. A small, smooth nut, enclosed in the
+distended bract; the aggregated fruit resembling a cluster of hops.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; prefers dry or
+well-drained slopes in gravelly or rocky soil; graceful and attractive,
+but of rather slow growth; useful in shady situations and worthy of a
+place in ornamental plantations, but too small for street use. Seldom
+raised by nurserymen; collected plants moved with difficulty. Propagated
+from seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img28" id="img28"></a>
+<img src="images/img28.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XXVIII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XXVIII.</span>&mdash;Ostrya Virginica.</h4>
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower, back view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Sterile flower, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile catkin.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Hornbeam. Blue Beech. Ironwood. Water Beech.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Low, wet woods, and margins of swamps.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Province of Quebec to Georgian bay.</p></div>
+
+<p>Rather common throughout New England, less frequent towards the coast.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian
+territory, and Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A low, spreading tree, 10-30 feet high, with a trunk diameter
+of 6-12 inches, rarely reaching 2 feet; trunk short, often given a
+fluted appearance by projecting ridges running down from the lower
+branches to the ground; in color and smoothness resembling the beech;
+lower branches often much declined, upper going out at various angles,
+often zigzag but keeping the same general direction; head wide, close,
+flat-topped to rounded, with fine, slender spray.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Trunk smooth, close, dark bluish-gray; branchlets grayish;
+season's shoots light green turning brown, more or less hairy.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Leaf-buds small, oval or ovoid, acute to
+obtuse. Leaves simple, alternate, 2-3 inches long, dull green above,
+lighter beneath, turning to scarlet or crimson in autumn; outline ovate
+or slightly obovate oblong or broadly oval, irregularly and sharply
+doubly serrate; veins prominent and pubescent beneath, at least when
+young; apex acuminate to acute; base rounded, truncate, acute, or
+slightly and unevenly heart-shaped; leafstalk rather short, slender,
+hairy; stipules pubescent, falling early.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May. Sterile flowers from growth of the preceding
+season in short, stunted-looking, lateral catkins, mostly single; scales
+ovate or rounded, obtuse, each subtending several stamens; filaments
+very short, mostly 2-forked; anthers bearded at the tip: fertile flowers
+at the ends of leafy shoots of the season, in loose catkins; bractlets
+foliaceous,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> each subtending a green, ovate, acute, ciliate, deciduous
+scale, each scale subtending two pistils with long reddish styles.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;In terminal catkins made conspicuous by the pale green, much
+enlarged, and leaf-like 3-lobed bracts, each bract subtending a
+dark-colored, sessile, striate nutlet.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; prefers moist,
+rich soil, near running water, on the edges of wet land or on rocky
+slopes in shade. Its irregular outline and curiously ridged trunk make
+it an interesting object in landscape plantations. It is not often used,
+however, because it is seldom grown in nurseries, and collected plants
+do not bear removal well. Propagated from the seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img29" id="img29"></a>
+<img src="images/img29.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XXIX."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XXIX.</span>&mdash;Carpinus Caroliniana.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower, back view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Sterile flower, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile catkin.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>BETULA.</b></h3>
+
+<p>Inflorescence.&mdash;In scaly catkins, sterile and fertile on the same tree,
+appearing with or before the leaves from shoots of the previous
+season,&mdash;sterile catkins terminal and lateral, formed in summer, erect
+or inclined in the bud, drooping when expanded in the following spring;
+sterile flowers usually 3, subtended by a shield-shaped bract with 2
+bractlets; each flower consisting of a 1-scaled calyx and 2 anthers,
+which appear to be 4 from the division of the filaments into two parts,
+each of which bears an anther cell: fertile catkins erect or inclined at
+the end of very short leafy branchlets; fertile flowers subtended by a
+3-lobed bract falling with the nuts; bractlets none; calyx none; corolla
+none; consisting of 2-3 ovaries crowned with 2 spreading styles.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Betula lenta, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Black Birch. Cherry Birch. Sweet Birch</span>.</h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Moist grounds; rich woods, old pastures, fertile
+hill-slopes, banks of rivers.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to the Lake Superior region.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;frequent; New Hampshire,&mdash;in the highlands of the southern
+section, and along the Connecticut river valley to a short distance
+north of Windsor; Vermont,&mdash;frequent in the western part of the state,
+and in the southern Connecticut valley (<i>Flora of Vermont</i>, 1900);
+Massachusetts and Rhode Island,&mdash;frequent throughout, especially in the
+highlands, less often near the coast; Connecticut,&mdash;widely distributed,
+especially in the Connecticut river valley, but not common.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Delaware, along the mountains to Florida; west to
+Minnesota and Kansas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A medium-sized or rather large tree, 50-75 feet high, with a
+trunk diameter of 1-4 feet, often conspicuous along precipitous ledges,
+springing out of crevices in the rocks and assuming a variety of
+picturesque forms. In open ground the dark trunk develops a symmetrical,
+wide-spreading, hemispherical head broadest at its base, the lower limbs
+horizontal or drooping sometimes nearly to the ground. The limbs are
+long and slender, often more or less tortuous, and separated ultimately
+into a delicate, polished spray. Distinguished by its long
+purplish-yellow, pendulous catkins in spring, and in summer by its
+glossy, bright green, and abundant foliage, which becomes yellow in
+autumn.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk on old trees very dark, separating and cleaving
+off in large, thickish plates; on young trees and on branches a dark
+reddish-brown, not separating into thin layers, smooth, with numerous
+horizontal lines 1-3 inches long; branchlets reddish-brown, shining,
+with shorter lateral lines; season's shoots with small, pale dots. Inner
+bark very aromatic, having a strong checkerberry flavor,&mdash;hence the
+common<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> name, "checkerberry birch"; called also "cherry birch," from the
+resemblance of its bark to that of the garden cherry.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds reddish-brown, oblong or conical,
+pointed, inner scales whitish, elongating as the bud opens. Leaves
+simple, in alternate pairs, 3-4 inches long and one-half as wide,
+shining green above and downy when young, paler beneath and
+silvery-downy along the prominent, straight veins; outline ovate-oval,
+ovate-oblong, or oval; sharply serrate to doubly serrate; apex acute to
+acuminate; base heart-shaped to obtuse; leafstalk short, often curved,
+hairy when young; stipules soon falling.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;April to May. Sterile catkins 3-4 inches long,
+slender, purplish-yellow; scales fringed: fertile catkins erect or
+suberect, sessile or nearly so, &frac12;-1 inch long, oblong-cylindrical;
+bracts pubescent; lateral lobes wider than in <i>B. lutea.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Fruiting catkins oblong-cylindrical, nearly erect; bracts with
+3 short, nearly equal diverging lobes: nut obovate-oblong, wider than
+its wings; upper part of seed-body usually appressed-pubescent.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; grows everywhere
+from swamps to hilltops, but prefers moist rocky slopes and a loamy or
+gravelly soil; occasionally offered by nurserymen; both nursery and
+collected plants are moved without serious difficulty; apt to grow
+rather unevenly.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img30" id="img30"></a>
+<img src="images/img30.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XXX."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XXX.</span>&mdash;Betula lenta.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower, back view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Sterile flower, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fruit.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8. Mature leaf.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Betula lutea, Michx. f.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Yellow Birch. Gray Birch.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Low, rich woodlands, mountain slopes.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Rainy river.</p></div>
+
+<p>New England,&mdash;abundant northward; common throughout, from borders of
+lowland swamps to 1000 feet above the sea level; more common at
+considerable altitudes, where it often occurs in extensive patches or
+belts.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to the middle states, and along the mountains to Tennessee
+and North Carolina; west to Minnesota.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A large tree, at its maximum in northern New England 60-90
+feet high and 2-4 feet in diameter at the base. In the forest the main
+trunk separates at a considerable height into a few large branches which
+rise at a sharp angle, curving slightly, forming a rather small,
+irregular head, widest near the top; while in open ground the head is
+broad-spreading, hemispherical, with numerous rather equal, long and
+slender branches, and a fine spray with drooping tendencies. In the
+sunlight the silvery-yellow feathering and the metallic sheen of trunk
+and branches make the yellow birch one of the most attractive trees of
+the New England forest.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunks and large limbs in old trees gray or blackish,
+lustreless, deep-seamed, split into thick plates, standing out at all
+sorts of angles; in trees 6-8 inches in diameter, scarf-bark lustrous,
+parted in ribbon-like strips, detached at one end and running up the
+trunk in delicate, tattered fringes; season's shoots light
+yellowish-green, minutely buff-dotted, woolly-pubescent, becoming in
+successive seasons darker and more lustrous, the dots elongating into
+horizontal lines. Aromatic but less so than the bark of the black birch;
+not readily detachable like the bark of the canoe birch.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds conical, &frac14; inch long, mostly
+appressed, tips of scales brownish. Leaves simple, in alternate pairs or
+scattered singly along the stem; 3-5 inches<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> long, &frac12;-2 inches wide,
+dull green on both sides, paler beneath and more or less pubescent on
+the straight veins; outline oval to oblong, for the most part doubly
+serrate; apex acuminate or acute; base heart-shaped, obtuse or truncate;
+leafstalk short, grooved, often pubescent or woolly; stipules soon
+falling.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;April to May. Sterile catkins 3-4 inches long,
+purplish-yellow; scales fringed: fertile catkins sessile or nearly so,
+about 1 inch long, cylindrical; bracts 3-lobed, nearly to the middle,
+pubescent, lobes slightly spreading.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Fruiting catkins oblong or oblong-ovoid, about 1 inch long and
+two-thirds as thick, erect: nut oval to narrowly obovate, tapering at
+each end, pubescent on the upper part, about the width of its wing.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; grows in wet or
+dry situations, but prefers wet, peaty soil, where its roots can find a
+constant supply of moisture; similar to the black birch, equally
+valuable in landscape-gardening, but less desirable as a street tree;
+transplanted without serious difficulty.</p>
+
+<p>Differences between black birch and yellow birch:</p>
+
+<p><b>Black Birch.</b>&mdash;Bark reddish-brown, not separable into thin layers;
+leaves bright green above, finely serrate; fruiting catkins cylindrical;
+bark of twigs decidedly aromatic.</p>
+
+<p><b>Yellow Birch.</b>&mdash;Bark yellow, separable into thin layers; leaves dull
+green above; serration coarser and more decidedly doubly serrate;
+fruiting catkins ovoid or oblong-ovoid; flavor of bark less distinctly
+aromatic.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img31" id="img31"></a>
+<img src="images/img31.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XXXI."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XXXI.</span>&mdash;Betula lutea.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flower-buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4-6. Sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8. Bract.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>9. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>10. Fruit.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Betula nigra, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Red Birch. River Birch</span>.</h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Along rivers, ponds, and woodlands inundated a
+part of the year.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Doubtfully and indefinitely reported from Canada.</p></div>
+
+<p>No stations in Maine, Vermont, Rhode Island, or Connecticut; New
+Hampshire,&mdash;found sparingly along streams in the southern part of the
+state; abundant along the banks of Beaver brook, Pelham (F. W.
+Batchelder); Massachusetts,&mdash;along the Merrimac river and its
+tributaries, bordering swamps in Methuen and ponds in North Andover.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South, east of the Alleghany mountains, to Florida; west, locally
+through the northern tier of states to Minnesota and along the Gulf
+states to Texas; western limits, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian
+territory, and Missouri.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A medium-sized tree, 30-50 feet high, with a diameter at the
+ground of 1-1&frac12; feet; reaching much greater dimensions southward. The
+trunk, frequently beset with small, leafy, reflexed branchlets, and
+often only less frayed and tattered than that of the yellow birch,
+develops a light and feathery head of variable outline, with numerous
+slender branches, the upper long and drooping, the reddish spray clothed
+with abundant dark-green foliage.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Reddish, more or less separable into layers, fraying into
+shreddy, cinnamon-colored fringes; in old trees thick, dark
+reddish-brown, and deeply furrowed; branches dark red or cinnamon,
+giving rise to the name of "red birch"; season's shoots downy,
+pale-dotted.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds small, mostly appressed near the ends of
+the shoots, tapering at both ends. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-4 inches
+long, two-thirds as wide, dark green and smooth above, paler and
+soft-downy beneath, turning bright yellow in autumn; outline
+rhombic-ovate, with unequal and sharp double serratures; leafstalk short
+and downy; stipules soon falling.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;April to May. Sterile catkins usually in threes, 2-4
+inches long, scales 2-3-flowered: fertile catkins bright green,
+cylindrical, stalked; bracts 3-lobed, the central lobe much the longest,
+tomentose, ciliate.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;June. Earliest of the birches to ripen its seed; fruiting
+catkins 1-2 inches long, cylindrical, erect or spreading; bracts with
+the 3 lobes nearly equal in width, spreading, the central lobe the
+longest: nut ovate to obovate, ciliate.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; grows in all
+soils, but prefers a station near running water; young trees grow
+vigorously and become attractive objects in landscape plantations;
+especially useful along river banks to bind the soil; retains its lower
+branches better than the black or yellow birches. Seldom found in
+nurseries, and rather hard to transplant; collected plants do fairly
+well.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img32" id="img32"></a>
+<img src="images/img32.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XXXII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XXXII.</span>&mdash;Betula nigra.</h4>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Leaf-buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flower-buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Branch with sterile and fertile catkins.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Scale of fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fruit.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Betula populifolia, Marsh.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">White Birch. Gray Birch. Oldfield Birch. Poplar Birch. Poverty
+Birch. Small White Birch.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Dry, gravelly soils, occasional in swamps and
+frequent along their borders, often springing up on burnt lands.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Nova Scotia to Lake Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;abundant; New Hampshire,&mdash;abundant eastward, as far north as
+Conway, and along the Connecticut to Westmoreland; Vermont,&mdash;common in
+the western and frequent in the southern sections; Massachusetts, Rhode
+Island, and Connecticut,&mdash;common.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South, mostly in the coast region, to Delaware; west to Lake
+Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A small tree, 20-35 feet high, with a diameter at the ground
+of 4-8 inches, occasionally much exceeding these dimensions; under
+favorable conditions, of extreme elegance. The slender, seldom erect
+trunk, continuous to the top of the tree, throws out numerous short,
+unequal branches, which form by repeated subdivisions a profuse, slender
+spray, disposed irregularly in tufts or masses, branches and branchlets
+often hanging vertically or drooping at the ends. Conspicuous in winter
+by the airy lightness of the narrow open head and by the contrast of the
+white trunk with the dark spray; in summer, when the sun shines and the
+air stirs, by the delicacy, tremulous movement, and brilliancy of the
+foliage.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Trunk grayish-white, with triangular, dusty patches below the
+insertion of the branches; not easily separable into layers; branches
+dark brown or blackish; season's shoots brown, with numerous small round
+dots becoming horizontal lines and increasing in length with the age of
+the tree. The white of the bark does not readily come off upon clothing.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds somewhat diverging from the twig; narrow
+conical or cylindrical, reddish-brown. Leaves simple, alternate, single
+or in pairs, 3-4 inches long, two-thirds as wide, bright green above,
+paler beneath, smooth and shining on both sides, turning to a pale
+shining yellow in autumn, resinous, glandular-dotted when young; outline
+triangular, coarsely and irregularly doubly serrate; apex taper-pointed;
+base truncate, heart-shaped, or acute; leafstalks long and slender;
+stipules dropping early.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May. Sterile catkins usually solitary or in pairs,
+slender-cylindrical, 2-3 inches long: fertile catkins erect, green,
+stalked; bracts minutely pubescent.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Fruiting catkins erect or spreading, cylindrical, about 1&frac14;
+inches long and &frac12; inch in diameter, stalked; scales 3-parted above the
+center, side lobes larger, at right angles or reflexed: nuts small,
+ovate to obovate, narrower than the wings, combined wings from broadly
+obcordate to butterfly-shape, wider than long.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England, growing in every
+kind of soil, finest specimens in deep, rich loam. Were this tree not so
+common, its graceful habit and attractive bark would be more appreciated
+for landscape gardening; only occasionally grown by nurserymen, best
+secured through collectors; young collected plants, if properly
+selected, will nearly all live.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img33" id="img33"></a>
+<img src="images/img33.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XXXIII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XXXIII.</span>&mdash;Betula populifolia.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Branch with sterile and fertile catkins.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Sterile flower, back view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Scale of fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fruit.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Betula papyrifera, Marsh.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Canoe Birch. White Birch. Paper Birch.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Deep, rich woods, river banks, mountain slopes.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Canada, Atlantic to Pacific, northward to Labrador and Alaska, to
+the limit of deciduous trees.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;abundant; New Hampshire,&mdash;in all sections, most common on
+highlands up to the alpine area of the White mountains, above the range
+of the yellow birch; Vermont,&mdash;common; Massachusetts,&mdash;common in the
+western and central sections, rare towards the coast; Rhode Island,&mdash;not
+reported; Connecticut,&mdash;occasional in the southern sections, frequent
+northward.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Pennsylvania and Illinois; west to the Rocky mountains and
+Washington on the Pacific coast.</p></div>
+
+<p>Var. <i>minor</i>, Tuckerman, is a dwarf form found upon the higher mountain
+summits of northern New England.</p>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A large tree, 50-75 feet high, with a diameter of 1-3 feet;
+occasionally of greater dimensions. The trunk develops a
+broad-spreading, open head, composed of a few large limbs ascending at
+an acute angle, with nearly horizontal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> secondary branches and a
+slender, flexible spray without any marked tendency to droop.
+Characterized by the dark metallic lustre of the branchlets, the dark
+green foliage, deep yellow in autumn, and the chalky whiteness of the
+trunk and large branches; a singularly picturesque tree, whether
+standing alone or grouped in forests.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Easily detachable in broad sheets and separable into thin,
+delicately colored, paper-like layers, impenetrable by water, outlasting
+the wood it covers. Bark of trunk and large branches chalky-white when
+fully exposed to the sun, lustreless, smooth or ragged-frayed, in very
+old forest trees encrusted with huge lichens, and splitting into broad
+plates; young trunks and smaller branches smooth, reddish or grayish
+brown, with numerous roundish buff dots which enlarge from year to year
+into more and more conspicuous horizontal lines. The white of the bark
+readily rubs off upon clothing.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds small, ovate, flattish, acute to
+rounded. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-5 inches long, two-thirds as wide,
+dark green and smooth above, beneath pale, hairy along the veins,
+sometimes in young trees thickly glandular-dotted on both sides; outline
+ovate, ovate-oblong, or ovate-orbicular, more or less doubly serrate;
+apex acute to acuminate; base somewhat heart-shaped, truncate or obtuse;
+leafstalk 1-2 inches long, grooved above, downy; stipules falling early.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;April to May. Sterile catkins mostly in threes, 3-4
+inches long: fertile catkins 1-1&frac12; inches long, cylindrical,
+slender-peduncled, erect or spreading; bracts puberulent.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Fruiting catkins 1-2 inches long, cylindrical, short-stalked,
+spreading or drooping: nut obovate to oval, narrower than its wings;
+combined wings butterfly-shaped, nearly twice as wide as long.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; prefers a
+well-drained loam or gravelly soil, but does fairly well in almost any
+situation; young trees rapid growing and vigorous, but with the same
+tendency to grow irregularly that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> is shown by the black and yellow
+birches; transplanted without serious difficulty; not offered by many
+nurserymen, but may be obtained from northern collectors.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img34" id="img34"></a>
+<img src="images/img34.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XXXIV."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate</span> XXXIV.&mdash;Betula papyrifera.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Leaf-buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flower-buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Sterile flower, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile flower, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Scale of fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8. Fruit.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Alnus glutinosa, Medic.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">European Alder.</span></h4>
+
+<p>This is the common alder of Great Britain and central Europe southward,
+growing chiefly along water courses, in boggy grounds and upon moist
+mountain slopes; introduced into the United States and occasionally
+escaping from cultivation; sometimes thoroughly established locally. In
+Medford, Mass., there are many of these plants growing about two small
+ponds and upon the neighboring lowlands, most of them small, but among
+them are several trees 30-40 feet in height and 8-12 inches in diameter
+at the ground, distinguishable at a glance from the shrubby native
+alders by their greater size, more erect habit, and darker trunks.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="FAGACEAE_BEECH_FAMILY" id="FAGACEAE_BEECH_FAMILY"></a>FAGACE&AElig;. BEECH FAMILY.</h2>
+
+
+<h3><b>Fagus ferruginea, Ait.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Fagus Americana, Sweet. Fagus atropunicea, Sudw.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Beech.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Moist, rocky soil.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Nova Scotia through Quebec and Ontario.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;abundant; New Hampshire,&mdash;throughout the state; common on the
+Connecticut-Merrimac watershed, enters largely into the composition of
+the hardwood forests of Coos county; Vermont,&mdash;abundant;
+Massachusetts,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>&mdash;in western sections abundant, common eastward;
+Rhode Island and Connecticut,&mdash;common.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Florida; west to Wisconsin, Missouri, and Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A tree of great beauty, rising to a height of 50-75 feet, with
+a diameter at the ground of 1&frac12;-4 feet; under favorable conditions
+attaining much greater dimensions; trunk remarkably smooth, sometimes
+fluted, in the forests tall and straight, in open situations short and
+stout; head symmetrical, of various shapes,&mdash;rounded, oblong, or even
+obovate; branches numerous, mostly long and slender, curving slightly
+upward at their tips, near the point of branching horizontal or slightly
+drooping, beset with short branchlets which form a flat, dense, and
+beautiful spray; roots numerous, light brown, long, and running near the
+surface. Tree easily distinguishable in winter by the dried
+brownish-white leaves, spear-like buds, and smooth bark.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Trunk light blue gray, smooth, unbroken, slightly corrugated in
+old trees, often beautifully mottled in blotches or bands and invested
+by lichens; branches gray; branchlets dark brown and smooth; spray
+shining, reddish-brown; season's shoots a shining olive green,
+orange-dotted.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds conspicuous, long, very slender,
+tapering slowly to a sharp point; scales rich brown, lengthening as the
+bud opens. Leaves set in plane of the spray, simple, alternate, 3-5
+inches long, one-half as wide, silky-pubescent with fringed edges when
+young, nearly smooth when fully grown, green on both sides, turning to
+rusty yellows and browns in autumn, persistent till mid-winter; outline
+oval, serrate; apex acuminate; base rounded; veins strong, straight,
+terminating in the teeth; leafstalk short, hairy at first; stipules
+slender, silky, soon falling.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May. Appearing with the leaves from the season's
+shoots, sterile flowers from the lower axils, in heads suspended at the
+end of silky threads 1-2 inches long; calyx campanulate, pubescent,
+yellowish-green, mostly 6-lobed; petals none; stamens 6-16; anthers
+exserted; ovary wanting or abortive: fertile flowers from the upper
+axils, usually single or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> in pairs, at the end of a short peduncle;
+involucre 4-lobed, fringed with prickly scales; calyx with six
+awl-shaped lobes; ovary 3-celled; styles 3.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;A prickly bur, thick, 4-valved, splitting nearly to the base
+when ripe: nut sharply triangular, sweet, edible.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; grows well in any
+good soil, but prefers deep, rich, well-drained loam; usually obtainable
+in nurseries; when frequently transplanted, safely moved. Its clean
+trunk and limbs, deep shade, and freedom from insect pests make it one
+of the most attractive of our large trees for use, summer or winter, in
+landscape gardening; few plants, however, will grow beneath it; the bark
+is easily disfigured; it has a bad habit of throwing out suckers and is
+liable to be killed by any injury to the roots. Propagated from the
+seed. The purple beech, weeping beech, and fern-leaf beech are
+well-known horticultural forms.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img35" id="img35"></a>
+<img src="images/img35.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XXXV."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XXXV.</span>&mdash;Fagus ferruginea.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Section of fruit.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Nut.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Castanea sativa, var. Americana, Watson and Coulter.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Castanea dentata, Borkh. Castanea vesca, var. Americana, Michx.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Chestnut.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In strong, well-drained soil; pastures, rocky
+woods, and hillsides.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Ontario,&mdash;common.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;southern sections, probably not indigenous north of latitude 44&deg;
+20'; New Hampshire,&mdash;Connecticut valley near the river, as far north as
+Windsor, Vt.; most abundant in the Merrimac valley south of Concord, but
+occasional a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> short distance northward; Vermont,&mdash;common in the
+southern sections, especially in the Connecticut valley; occasional as
+far north as Windsor (Windsor county), West Rutland (Rutland county),
+Burlington (Chittenden county); Massachusetts,&mdash;rather common throughout
+the state, but less frequent near the sea; Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,&mdash;common.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Delaware, along the mountains to Alabama; west to
+Michigan, Indiana, and Tennessee.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A tree of the first magnitude, rising to a height of 60-80
+feet and reaching a diameter of 5-6 feet above the swell of the roots,
+with a spread sometimes equaling or even exceeding the height; attaining
+often much greater proportions. The massive trunk separates usually a
+few feet from the ground into several stout horizontal or ascending
+branches, the limbs higher up, horizontal or rising at a broad angle,
+forming a stately, open, roundish, or inversely pyramidal head;
+branchlets slender; spray coarse and not abundant; foliage bright green,
+dense, casting a deep shade; flowers profuse, the long, sterile catkins
+upon their darker background of leaves conspicuous upon the hill
+slopes at a great distance. A tree that may well dispute precedence with
+the white or red oak.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk in old trees deeply cleft with wide ridges, hard,
+rough, dark gray; in young trees very smooth, often shining; season's
+shoots green or purplish-brown, white-dotted.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds small, ovate, brown, acutish. Leaves
+simple, alternate, 5-10 inches long, 1-3 inches wide, bright clear green
+above, paler beneath and smooth on both sides; outline
+oblong-lanceolate, sharply and coarsely serrate; veins straight,
+terminating in the teeth; apex acuminate; base acute or obtuse;
+leafstalk short; stipules soon falling.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;June to July. Appearing from the axils of the season's
+shoots, after the leaves have grown to their full size; sterile catkins
+numerous, clustered or single, erect or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> spreading, 4-10 inches long,
+slender, flowers pale yellowish-green or cream-colored; calyx pubescent,
+mostly 6-parted; stamens 15-20; odor offensive when the anthers are
+discharging their pollen: fertile flowers near the base of the upper
+sterile catkins or in separate axils, 1-3 in a prickly involucre; calyx
+6-toothed; ovary ovate, styles as many as the cells of the ovary,
+exserted.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Burs round, thick, prickly, 2-4 inches in diameter, opening by
+4 valves: nuts 1-5, dark brown, covered with whitish down at apex, flat
+on one side when there are several in a cluster, ovate when only one,
+sweet and edible.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; prefers fertile,
+well-drained, gravelly or rocky soil; rather difficult to transplant;
+usually obtainable in nurseries. Its vigorous and rapid growth, massive,
+broad-spreading head and attractive flowers make it a valuable tree for
+landscape gardening, but in public places the prickly burs and edible
+fruit are a serious disadvantage. Propagated from the seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img36" id="img36"></a>
+<img src="images/img36.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XXXVI."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XXXVI.</span>&mdash;Castanea sativa, var. Americana.
+</h4>
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruit.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Nut.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>QUERCUS.</b></h3>
+
+<p>Inflorescence appearing with the leaves in spring; sterile catkins from
+terminal or lateral buds on shoots of the preceding year, bracted,
+usually several in a cluster, unbranched, long, cylindrical, pendulous;
+bracts of sterile flowers minute, soon falling; calyx parted or lobed;
+stamens 3-12, undivided: fertile flowers terminal or axillary upon the
+new shoots, single or few-clustered, bracted, erect; involucre scaly,
+becoming the cupule or cup around the lower part of the acorn; ovary
+3-celled; stigma 3-lobed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">White Oaks.</span></h4>
+
+<p>Leaves with obtuse or rounded lobes or teeth; cup-scales thickened or
+knobbed at base; stigmas sessile or nearly so; fruit maturing the first
+year.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Black Oaks.</span></h4>
+
+<p>Leaves with pointed or bristle-tipped lobes and teeth; cup-scales flat;
+stigmas on spreading styles; fruit maturing the second year.</p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Quercus alba, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">White Oak.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Light loams, sandy plains, and gravelly ridges,
+often constituting extensive tracts of forest.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Quebec and Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;southern sections; New Hampshire,&mdash;most abundant eastward; in
+the Connecticut valley confined to the hills in the immediate vicinity
+of the river, extending up the tributary streams a short distance and
+disappearing entirely before reaching the mouth of the Passumpsic (W. F.
+Flint); Vermont,&mdash;common west of the Green mountains, less so in the
+southern Connecticut valley (<i>Flora of Vermont</i>, 1900); Massachusetts,
+Rhode Island, and Connecticut,&mdash;common.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to the Gulf of Mexico; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas,
+Arkansas, and Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A tree of the first rank, 50-75 feet high and 1-6 feet in
+diameter above the swell of the roots, exhibiting considerable diversity
+in general appearance, trunk sometimes dissolving into branches like the
+American elm, and sometimes continuous to the top. The finest specimens
+in open land are characterized by a rather short, massive trunk, with
+stout, horizontal, far-reaching limbs, conspicuously gnarled and twisted
+in old age, forming a wide-spreading,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> open head of striking grandeur,
+the diameter at the base of which is sometimes two or three times the
+height of the tree.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Trunk and larger branches light ash-gray, sometimes nearly
+white, broken into long, thin, loose, irregular, soft-looking flakes; in
+old trees with broad, flat ridges; inner bark light; branchlets
+ash-gray, mottled; young shoots grayish-green, roughened with minute
+rounded, raised dots.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds &#8539; to &frac14; inch long, round-ovate,
+reddish-brown. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-7 inches long, 2-4 inches
+wide, delicately reddish-tinted and pubescent upon both sides when
+young; at maturity glabrous, light dull or glossy green above, paler and
+somewhat glaucous beneath, turning to various reds in autumn; outline
+obovate to oval; lobes 5-9; ascending, varying greatly in different
+trees; when few, short and wide-based, with comparatively shallow
+sinuses; when more in number, ovate-oblong, with deeper sinuses, or
+somewhat linear-oblong, with sinuses reaching nearly to midrib; apex of
+lobe rounded; base of leaf tapering; leafstalks short; stipules linear,
+soon falling. The leaves of this species are often persistent till
+spring, especially in young trees.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May. Appearing when the leaves are half grown; sterile
+catkins 2-3 inches long, with slender, usually pubescent thread; calyx
+yellow, pubescent; lobes 5-9, pointed: pistillate flowers sessile or
+short-peduncled, reddish, ovate-scaled.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Maturing in the autumn of the first year, single, or more
+frequently in pairs, sessile or peduncled: cup hemispherical to deep
+saucer-shaped, rather thin; scales rough-knobby at base: acorn varying
+from &frac12; inch to an inch in length, oblong-ovoid: meat sweet and edible,
+said to be when boiled a good substitute for chestnuts.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy in New England; grows well in all except
+very wet soils, in all open exposures and in light shade; like all oaks,
+difficult to transplant unless prepared by frequent transplanting in
+nurseries, from which it is not readily obtainable in quantity; grows
+very slowly and nearly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> uniformly up to maturity; comparatively free
+from insect enemies but occasionally disfigured by fungous disease which
+attacks immature leaves in spring. Propagated from seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img37" id="img37"></a>
+<img src="images/img37.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XXXVII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XXXVII.</span>&mdash;Quercus alba.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3-4. Sterile flower, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile flower, side view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7-8. Variant leaves.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Quercus stellata, Wang.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Q. obtusiloba, Michx. Q. minor, Sarg</i>.</h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Post Oak. Box White Oak.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Doubtfully reported from southern Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>In New England, mostly in sterile soil near the sea-coast;
+Massachusetts,&mdash;southern Cape Cod from Falmouth to Brewster, the most
+northern station reported, occasional; the islands of Naushon, Martha's
+Vineyard where it is rather common, and Nantucket where it is rare;
+Rhode Island,&mdash;along the shore of the northern arm of Wickford harbor
+(L. W. Russell); Connecticut,&mdash;occasional along the shores of Long
+Island sound west of New Haven.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Florida; west to Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;Farther south, a tree of the first magnitude, reaching a
+height of 100 feet, with a trunk diameter of 4 feet; in southern New
+England occasionally attaining in woodlands a height of 50-60 feet; at
+its northern limit in Massachusetts, usually 10 to 35 feet in height,
+with a diameter at the ground of 6-12 inches. The trunk throws out
+stout, tough, and often conspicuously crooked branches, the lower
+horizontal or declining, forming a disproportionately large head, with
+dark green, dense foliage. Near the shore the limbs often grow very low,
+stretching along the ground as if from an underground stem.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Resembling that of the white oak, but rather a darker gray,
+rougher and firmer; upon old trunks furrowed and cut into oblongs; small
+limbs brownish-gray, rough-dotted; season's shoots densely
+tawny-tomentose.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds small, rounded or conical, brownish,
+scales minutely pubescent or scurfy. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-8
+inches long, two-thirds as wide, thickish, yellowish-green and tomentose
+upon both sides when young, becoming a deep, somewhat glossy green
+above, lighter beneath, both sides still somewhat scurfy; general
+outline of leaf and of lobes, and number and shape of the latter,
+extremely variable; type-form 5-lobed, all the lobes rounded, the three
+upper lobes much larger, more or less subdivided, often squarish, the
+two lower tapering to an acute, rounded, or truncate base; sinuses deep,
+variable, often at right angles to the midrib; leafstalk short,
+tomentose; stipules linear, pubescent, occasionally persistent till
+midsummer. The leaves are often arranged at the tips of the branches in
+star-shaped clusters, giving rise to the specific name <i>stellata</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May. Sterile catkins 1-3 inches long, connecting
+thread woolly; calyx 4-8 parted, lobes acute, densely pubescent, yellow;
+stamens 4-8, <i>anthers with scattered hairs</i>: pistillate flowers single
+or in clusters of 2, 3, or more, sessile or on a short stem; stigma red.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Maturing the first season, single and sessile, or nearly so,
+or in clusters of 2, 3, or more, on short footstalks: cup top-shaped or
+cup-shaped, &#8531;-&frac12; the length of the acorn, about &frac34; inch wide, thin;
+scales smooth or sometimes hairy along the top, acutish or roundish,
+slightly thickened at base: acorn &frac12;-1 inch long, sweet.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy in New England; prefers a good,
+well-drained, open soil; quite as slow-growing as the white oak; seldom
+found in nurseries and difficult to transplant. Propagated from the
+seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img38" id="img38"></a>
+<img src="images/img38.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XXXVIII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XXXVIII.</span>&mdash;Quercus stellata.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower, back view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Sterile flower, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Bur Oak. Over-cup Oak. Mossy-cup Oak</span>.</h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Deep, rich soil; river valleys.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Nova Scotia to Manitoba, not attaining in this region the size of
+the white oak, nor covering as large areas.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;known only in the valleys of the middle Penobscot (Orono) and
+the Kennebec (Winslow, Waterville); Vermont,&mdash;lowlands about Lake
+Champlain, especially in Addison county, not common;
+Massachusetts,&mdash;valley of the Ware river (Worcester county), Stockbridge
+and towns south along the Housatonic river (Berkshire county); Rhode
+Island,&mdash;no station reported; Connecticut,&mdash;probably introduced in
+central and eastern sections, possibly native near the northern border.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Pennsylvania and Tennessee; west to Montana, Nebraska,
+Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A medium-sized tree, 40-60 feet high, with a trunk diameter of
+1-3 feet; attaining great size in the Ohio and Mississippi river basins;
+trunk erect, branches often changing direction, ascending, save the
+lowest, which are often nearly horizontal; branchlets numerous, on the
+lowest branches often declined or drooping; head wide-spreading, rounded
+near the center, very rough in aspect; distinguished in summer by the
+luxuriance of the dark-green foliage and in autumn by the size of its
+acorns.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk and branches ash-gray, but darker than that of
+the white oak, separating on old trees into rather firm, longitudinal
+ridges; bark of branches sometimes developed into conspicuous corky,
+wing-like layers; season's shoots yellowish-brown, minutely hairy, with
+numerous small, roundish, raised dots.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds brown, 1/16 to &#8539; inch long, conical,
+scattered along the shoots and clustered at the enlarged tips. Leaves
+simple, alternate, 6-9 inches long, 3-4 inches broad, smooth and dark
+green above, lighter and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> downy beneath; outline obovate to oblong,
+varying from irregularly and deeply sinuate-lobed, especially near the
+center, to nearly entire, base wedge-shaped; stalk short; stipules
+linear, pubescent.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May. Sterile catkins 3-5 inches long; calyx mostly
+5-parted, yellowish-green; divisions linear-oblong, more or less
+persistent; stamens 10; anthers yellow, glabrous: pistillate flowers
+sessile or short-stemmed; scales reddish; stigma red.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Maturing the first season; extremely variable; sessile or
+short-stemmed: cup top-shaped to hemispherical, 3/4-2 inches in
+diameter, with thick, close, pointed scales, the upper row often
+terminating in a profuse or sparing hairy or leafy fringe: acorn ovoid,
+often very large, sometimes sunk deeply and occasionally entirely in the
+cup.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy in New England; in general appearance
+resembling the swamp white oak, but better adapted to upland; grows
+rather slowly in any good, well-drained soil; difficult to transplant;
+seldom disfigured by insects or disease; occasionally grown in
+nurseries. Propagated from seed. A narrower-leafed form with small
+acorns (var. <i>oliv&aelig;formis</i>) is occasionally offered.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img39" id="img39"></a>
+<img src="images/img39.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XXXIX."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XXXIX.</span>&mdash;Quercus macrocarpa.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower, back view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Sterile flower, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Quercus bicolor, Willd.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Quercus platanoides, Sudw.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Swamp White Oak</span>.</h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In deep, rich soil; low, moist, fertile
+grounds, bordering swamps and along streams.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Quebec to Ontario, where it is known as the blue oak.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;York county; New Hampshire,&mdash;Merrimac valley as far as the mouth
+of the Souhegan, and probably through<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>out Rockingham county;
+Vermont,&mdash;low grounds about Lake Champlain; Massachusetts,&mdash;frequent in
+the western and central sections, common eastward; Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,&mdash;common.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Delaware and along the mountains to northern Georgia; west
+to Minnesota, Iowa, east Kansas, and Arkansas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A medium-sized tree, 40-60 feet high, with a trunk diameter of
+2-3 feet; attaining southward of the Great Lakes and in the Ohio basin
+much greater dimensions; roughest of all the oaks, except the bur oak,
+in general aspect; trunk erect, continuous, in young trees often beset
+at point of branching with down-growing, scraggly branchlets, surmounted
+by a rather regular pyramidal head, the lower branches horizontal or
+declining, often descending to the ground, with a short, stiff,
+abundant, and bushy spray; smaller twigs ridgy, widening beneath buds;
+foliage a dark shining green; heads of large trees less regular, rather
+open, with a general resemblance to the head of the white oak, but
+narrower at the base, with less contorted limbs.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk and larger branches thick, dark grayish-brown,
+longitudinally striate, with flaky scales; bark of young stems,
+branches, and branchlets darker, separating in loose scales which curl
+back, giving the tree its shaggy aspect; season's shoots
+yellowish-green.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds brown, roundish-ovate, obtuse. Leaves
+simple, alternate, 3-8 inches long, 2-4 wide, downy on both sides when
+unfolding, at maturity thick and firm, smooth and dark shining green
+above, slightly to conspicuously whitish-downy beneath, in autumn
+brownish-yellow; obovate, coarsely and deeply crenate or obtusely
+shallow-lobed, when opening sometimes pointed and tapering to a
+wedge-shaped base, often constricted near the center; leafstalk short;
+stipules linear, soon falling.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May. Sterile catkins 2-3 inches long, thread hairy;
+calyx deeply 3-7-parted, pale yellow, hairy; stamens 5-8; anthers
+yellow, glabrous: pistillate flowers tomentose, on rather long, hairy
+peduncles; stigmas red.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Variable, on stems 1-3 inches long, maturing the first season,
+single or frequently in twos: cup rounded, rather thin, deep, rough to
+mossy, often with fringed margins: acorn about 1 inch long,
+oblong-ovoid, more or less tapering: meat sweet, edible.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; grows in any good
+soil, wet or dry, but prefers a position on the edge of moist or boggy
+land, where its roots can find a constant supply of water; growth fairly
+rapid; seldom affected by insects or disease; occasionally offered by
+nurserymen and rather less difficult to transplant than most of the
+oaks. Its sturdy, rugged habit and rich dark green foliage make it a
+valuable tree for ornamental plantations or even for streets.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img40" id="img40"></a>
+<img src="images/img40.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XL."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XL.</span>&mdash;Quercus bicolor.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower, side view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Sterile flower, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Quercus Prinus, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Chestnut Oak. Rock Chestnut Oak.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Woods, rocky banks, hill slopes.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Along the Canadian shore of Lake Erie.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;Saco river and Mt. Agamenticus, near the southern coast (York
+county); New Hampshire,&mdash;belts or patches in the eastern part of the
+state and along the southern border, Hinsdale, Winchester, Brookline,
+Manchester, Hudson; Vermont,&mdash;western part of the state throughout, not
+common; abundant at Smoke mountain at an altitude of 1300 feet, and
+along the western flank of the Green mountains, at least in Addison
+county; Massachusetts,&mdash;eastern sections, Sterling, Lancaster, Russell,
+Middleboro, rare in Medford and Sudbury, frequent on the Blue hills;
+Rhode Island,&mdash;locally common; Connecticut,&mdash;common.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Delaware and along the mountains to Georgia, extending
+nearly to the summit of Mt. Pisgah in North Carolina; west to
+Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A small or medium-sized tree, 25-50 feet high, with a trunk
+diameter of 1-2&frac12; feet, assuming noble proportions southward, often
+reaching a height of 75-100 feet and trunk diameter of 5-6 feet; trunk
+tall, straight, continuous to the top of the tree, scarcely tapering to
+the point of ramification, surmounted by a spacious, open head.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk and large branches deep gray to dark brown or
+blackish, in firm, broad, continuous ridges, with small, close surface
+scales; bark of young trees and of branchlets smooth, brown, and more or
+less lustrous; season's shoots light brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds ovate to cylindrical, mostly acute,
+brownish. Leaves simple, alternate, 5-8 inches long, 2-5 inches wide,
+dark green and smooth above, paler and more or less downy beneath;
+outline obovate to oval, undulate-crenate; apex blunt-pointed; base
+wedge-shaped, obtuse or slightly rounded, often unequal-sided; veins
+straight, parallel, prominent beneath; leafstalk &frac12;-1&frac12; inches long;
+stipules linear, soon falling.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May. Sterile catkins 2-3 inches long; calyx
+5-9-parted, yellow, hairy; divisions oblong, densely pubescent; stamens
+5-9; anthers yellow, glabrous: pistillate flowers with hairy scales and
+dark red stigmas.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Seldom abundant, maturing the first season, variable in size,
+on stems usually equal to or shorter than the leaf-stems: cup thin,
+hemispheric or somewhat top-shaped, deep; scales small, knobby-thickened
+at the base: acorns &frac34;-1&frac12; inches long, ovoid-conical, sweet.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; prefers a light
+gravelly or stony soil; rapid-growing and free from disease; more easily
+and safely transplanted than most oaks; occasionally offered by
+nurserymen, who propagate it from the seed. Its vigorous, clean habit of
+growth and handsome foliage should give it a place in landscape
+gardening and street use.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img41" id="img41"></a>
+<img src="images/img41.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XLI."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XLI.</span>&mdash;Quercus Prinus.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower, back view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Sterile flower, front view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Variant leaf.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Quercus acuminata, Sarg.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Chestnut Oak.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Dry hillsides, limestone ridges, rich bottoms.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>Vermont,&mdash;Gardner's island, Lake Champlain; Ferrisburg (Pringle);
+Connecticut,&mdash;frequent (J. N. Bishop, 1895); on the limestone formation
+in the neighborhood of Kent (Litchfield county, C. K. Averill); often
+confounded by collectors with <i>Q. Prinus</i>; probably there are other
+stations. Not authoritatively reported from the other New England
+states.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Delaware and District of Columbia, along the mountains to
+northern Alabama; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian
+territory, and Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A medium-sized tree, 30-40 feet high, with a trunk diameter of
+1-2 feet, attaining much greater dimensions in the basins of the Ohio,
+Mississippi, and their tributaries; trunk in old trees enlarged at the
+base, erect, branches rather short for the genus, forming a narrow
+oblong or roundish head.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk and large branches grayish or pale ash-colored,
+comparatively thin, flaky; branchlets grayish-brown; season's shoots in
+early summer purplish-green with pale dots.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds ovate, acute to obtuse, brownish. Leaves
+simple, alternate; in the typical form as recognized by Muhlenburg, 3-6
+inches long, 1&frac12;-2 inches wide,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> glossy dark green above, pale and
+minutely downy beneath; outline lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, with
+rather equal, coarse, sharp, and often inflexed teeth; apex acuminate;
+base wedge-shaped or acute; stipules soon falling. There is also a form
+of the species in which the leaves are much larger, 5-7 inches in length
+and 3-5 inches in width, broadly ovate or obovate, with rounded teeth;
+distinguishable from <i>Q. Prinus</i> only by the bark and fruit.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May. Appearing with the leaves; sterile catkins 2-4
+inches long; calyx yellow, hairy, segments 5-8, ciliate; stamens 5-8,
+anthers yellow: pistillate flowers sessile or on short spikes; stigma
+red.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Maturing the first season, sessile or short-peduncled: cup
+covering about half the nut, thin, shallow, with small, rarely much
+thickened scales: acorn ovoid or globose, about 3/4 inch long.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy in New England; grows in all good dry or
+moist soils, in open or partly shaded situations; maintains a nearly
+uniform rate of growth till maturity, and is not seriously affected by
+insects. It forms a fine individual tree and is useful in forest
+plantations. Propagated from seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img42" id="img42"></a>
+<img src="images/img42.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XLII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XLII.</span>&mdash;Quercus Muhlenbergii.</h4>
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Quercus prinoides, Willd.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Scrub White Oak. Scrub Chestnut Oak.</span></h4>
+
+<p>More or less common throughout the states east of the Mississippi;
+westward apparently grading into <i>Q. Muhlenbergii</i>, within the limits of
+New England mostly a low shrub, rarely assuming a tree-like habit. The
+leaves vary from rather narrow-elliptical to broadly obovate, are rather
+regularly and coarsely toothed, bright green and often lustrous on the
+upper surface.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Quercus rubra, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Red Oak.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Growing impartially in a great variety of soils,
+but not on wet lands.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to divide west of Lake Superior.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;common, at least south of the central portions; New
+Hampshire,&mdash;extending into Coos county, far north of the White
+mountains; Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and
+Connecticut,&mdash;common; probably in most parts of New England the most
+common of the genus; found higher up the slopes of mountains than the
+white oak.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Tennessee, Virginia, and along mountain ranges to Georgia;
+reported from Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and
+Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;The largest of the New England oaks, 50-85 feet high, with a
+diameter of 2-6 feet above the swell of the roots; occasionally
+attaining greater dimensions; trunk usually continuous to the top of the
+tree, often heavily buttressed; point of branching higher than in the
+white oak; branches large, less contorted, and rising at a sharper
+angle, the lower sometimes horizontal; branchlets rather slender; head
+extremely variable, in old trees with ample space for growth, open,
+well-proportioned, and imposing; sometimes oblong in outline, wider near
+the top, and sometimes symmetrically rounded, not so broad, however, as
+the head of the white oak; conspicuous in summer by its bright green,
+abundant foliage, which turns to dull purplish-red in autumn.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk and lower parts of branches in old trees dark
+gray, firmly, coarsely, and rather regularly ridged, smooth elsewhere;
+in young trees greenish mottled gray, smooth throughout; season's shoots
+at first green, taking a reddish tinge in autumn, marked with pale,
+scattered dots.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds ovate, conical, sharp-pointed. Leaves
+simple, alternate, 4-8 inches long, 3-5 inches broad, bright green
+above, paler beneath, dull brown<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> in autumn; outline oval or obovate,
+sometimes scarcely distinguishable by the character of its lobing from
+<i>Q. tinctoria</i>; in the typical form, lobes broadly triangular or oblong,
+with parallel sides bristle-pointed; leafstalks short; stipules linear,
+soon falling.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;Earliest of the oaks, appearing in late April or early
+May, when the leaves are half-grown; sterile catkins 3-5 inches long;
+calyx mostly 4-lobed; lobes rounded; stamens mostly 4; anthers yellow:
+pistillate flowers short-stemmed; calyx lobes mostly 3 or 4; stigmas
+long, spreading.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Maturing in the second year, single or in pairs, sessile or
+short-stalked: cup sometimes turbinate, usually saucer-shaped with a
+flat or rounded base, often contracted at the opening and surmounted by
+a kind of border; scales closely imbricated, reddish-brown, more or less
+downy, somewhat glossy, triangular-acute to obtuse, pubescent: acorn
+nearly cylindrical or ovoid, tapering to a broad, rounded top.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; grows in all
+well-drained soils, but prefers a rich, moist loam; more readily
+obtainable than most of our oaks; in common with other trees of the
+genus, nursery trees must be transplanted frequently to be moved with
+safety; grows rapidly and is fairly free from disfiguring insects; the
+oak-pruner occasionally lops off its twigs. When once established, it
+grows as rapidly as the sugar maple, and is worthy of much more extended
+use in street and landscape plantations. Propagated from the seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img43" id="img43"></a>
+<img src="images/img43.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XLIII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XLIII.</span>&mdash;Quercus rubra.</h4>
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Fertile flowers, side view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Quercus coccinea, Wang.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Scarlet Oak.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Most common in dry soil.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;valley of the Androscoggin, southward; New Hampshire and
+Vermont,&mdash;not authoritatively reported by recent observers;
+Massachusetts,&mdash;more common in the eastern than western sections,
+sometimes covering considerable areas; Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,&mdash;common.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to the middle states and along the mountains to North
+Carolina and Tennessee; reported from Florida; west to Minnesota,
+Nebraska, and Missouri.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A medium-sized tree, 30-50 feet high and 1-3 feet in trunk
+diameter; attaining greater dimensions southward; trunk straight and
+tapering, branches regular, long, comparatively slender, not contorted,
+the lower nearly horizontal, often declined at the ends; branchlets
+slender; head open, narrow-oblong or rounded, graceful; foliage deeply
+cut, shining green in summer and flaming scarlet in autumn; the most
+brilliant and most elegant of the New England oaks.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Trunk in old trees dark gray, roughly and firmly ridged; inner
+bark red; young trees and branches smoothish, often marked with dull red
+seams and more or less mottled with gray.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds small, reddish-brown, ovate to oval,
+acutish, partially hidden by enlarged base of petiole. Leaves simple,
+alternate, extremely variable, more commonly 3-6 inches long, two-thirds
+as wide, bright green and shining above, paler beneath, smooth on both
+sides but often with a tufted pubescence on the axils beneath, turning
+scarlet in autumn, deeply lobed, the rounded sinuses sometimes reaching
+nearly to the midrib; lobes 5-9, rather slender and set at varying
+angles, sparingly toothed and bristly tipped; apex acute; base truncate
+to acute; leafstalk 1-1&frac12; inches long, slender, swollen at base.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;Early in May. Appearing when the leaves are half
+grown; sterile catkins 2-4 inches long; calyx most commonly 4-parted;
+pubescent; stamens commonly 4, exserted; anthers yellow, glabrous:
+pistillate flowers red; stigmas long, spreading, reflexed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Maturing in the autumn of the second year, single or in twos
+or threes, sessile or on rather short footstalks: cup top-shaped or
+cup-shaped, about half the length of the acorn, occasionally nearly
+enclosing it, smooth, more or less polished, thin-edged; scales closely
+appressed, firm, elongated, triangular, sides sometimes rounded,
+homogeneous in the same plant: acorn &frac12;-&frac34; inch long, variable in
+shape, oftenest oval to oblong: kernel white within; less bitter than
+kernel of the black oak.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; grows in any
+light, well-drained soil, but prefers a fertile loam. Occasionally
+offered by nurserymen, but as it is disposed to make unsymmetrical young
+trees it is not grown in quantity, and it is not desirable for streets.
+Its rapid growth, hardiness, beauty of summer foliage, and its brilliant
+colors in autumn make it desirable in ornamental plantations. Propagated
+from the seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img44" id="img44"></a>
+<img src="images/img44.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XLIV."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XLIV.</span>&mdash;Quercus coccinea.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flowers, side view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Fertile flower, side view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Quercus velutina, Lam.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Quercus tinctoria, Bartram. Quercus coccinea</i>, var. <i>tinctoria, Gray.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Black Oak. Yellow Oak.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Poor soils; dry or gravelly uplands; rocky ridges.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Southern and western Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;York county; New Hampshire,&mdash;valley of the lower Merrimac and
+eastward, absent on the highlands,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> reappearing within three or four
+miles of the Connecticut, ceasing at North Charlestown;
+Vermont,&mdash;western and southeastern sections; Massachusetts,&mdash;abundant
+eastward; Rhode Island and Connecticut,&mdash;frequent.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to the Gulf states; west to Minnesota, Kansas, Indian
+territory, and Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;One of our largest oaks, 50-75 feet high and 2-4 feet in
+diameter, exceptionally much larger, attaining its maximum in the Ohio
+and Mississippi basins; resembling <i>Q. coccinea</i> in the general
+disposition of its mostly stouter branches; head wide-spreading,
+rounded; trunk short; foliage deep shining green, turning yellowish or
+reddish brown in autumn.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk dark gray or blackish, often lighter near the
+seashore, thick, usually rough near the ground even in young trees, in
+old trees deeply furrowed, separating into narrow, thick, and firmly
+adherent block-like strips; inner bark thick, yellow, and bitter;
+branches and branchlets a nearly uniform, mottled gray; season's shoots
+scurfy-pubescent.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds &#8539;-&frac14; inch long, bluntish to pointed,
+conspicuously clustered at ends of branches. Leaves simple, alternate,
+of two forms so distinct as to suggest different species, <i>a</i> (Plate
+XLV, 8) varying towards <i>b</i> (Plate XLV, 6), and <i>b</i> often scarcely
+distinguishable from the leaf of the scarlet oak; in both forms outline
+obovate to oval, lobes usually 7, densely woolly when opening, more or
+less pubescent or scurfy till midsummer or later, dark shining green
+above, lighter beneath, becoming brown or dull red in autumn.</p>
+
+<p>Form <i>a</i>, sinuses shallow, lobes broad, rounded, mucronate.</p>
+
+<p>Form <i>b</i>, sinuses deep, extending halfway to the midrib or farther,
+oblong or triangular, bristle-tipped.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;Early in May. Appearing when the leaves are half
+grown; sterile catkins 2-5 inches long, with slender, pubescent threads;
+calyx usually 3-4-lobed; lobes ovate, acute to rounded, hairy-pubescent;
+stamens 3-7, commonly 4-5; anthers yellow: pistillate flowers reddish,
+pubescent, at first nearly sessile; stigmas 3, red, divergent,
+reflexed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Maturing the second year; nearly sessile or on short
+footstalks: cup top-shaped to hemispherical; scales less firm than in
+<i>Q. coccinea</i>, tips papery and transversely rugulose, obtuse or rounded,
+or some of them acutish, often lacerate-edged, loose towards the thick
+and open edge of the cup: acorn small: kernel yellow within and bitter.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; grows in
+well-drained soils, but prefers a rich, moist loam; of vigorous and
+rapid growth when young, but as it soon begins to show dead branches and
+becomes unsightly, it is not a desirable tree to plant, and is rarely
+offered by nurserymen. Propagated from seed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Note.</b>&mdash;Apparently runs into <i>Q. coccinea</i>, from which it may be
+distinguished by its rougher and darker trunk, the yellow color and
+bitter taste of the inner bark, its somewhat larger and more pointed
+buds, the greater pubescence of its inflorescence, young shoots and
+leaves, the longer continuance of scurf or pubescence upon the leaves,
+the yellow or dull red shades of the autumn foliage, and by the yellow
+color and bitter taste of the nut.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img45" id="img45"></a>
+<img src="images/img45.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XLV."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XLV.</span>&mdash;Quercus velutina.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower, 4-lobed calyx.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Sterile flower, 3-lobed calyx.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fruit.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8. Variant leaf.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Quercus palustris, Du Roi.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Pin Oak. Swamp Oak. Water Oak</span>.</h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Low grounds, borders of forests, wet woods, river
+banks, islets in swamps.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>Northern New England,&mdash;no station reported; Massachusetts,&mdash;Amherst
+(Stone, <i>Bull. Torrey Club</i>, IX, 57; J. E. Humphrey, <i>Amherst Trees</i>);
+Springfield, south to Connecticut, rare; Rhode Island,&mdash;southern
+portions, bordering the great Kingston swamp, and on the margin of the
+Pawcatuck<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> river (L. W. Russell); Connecticut,&mdash;common along the sound,
+frequent northward, extending along the valley of the Connecticut river
+to the Massachusetts line.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to the valley of the lower Potomac in Virginia; west to
+Minnesota, east Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas, and Indian territory.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A medium-sized tree, 40-50 feet high, with trunk diameter of
+1-2 feet, occasionally reaching a height of 60-70 feet (L. W. Russell),
+but attaining its maximum of 100 feet in height and upward in the basins
+of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers; trunk rather slender, often fringed
+with short, drooping branchlets, lower tier of branches short and mostly
+descending, the upper long, slender, and often beset with short, lateral
+shoots, which give rise to the common name; head graceful, open, rounded
+and symmetrical when young, in old age becoming more or less irregular;
+foliage delicate; bright shining green in autumn, often turning to a
+brilliant scarlet.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk dark, furrowed and broken in old trees, in young
+trees grayish-brown, smoothish; branchlets shining, light brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds short, conical, acute. Leaves simple,
+alternate, 3-5 inches long, bright green, smooth and shining above,
+duller beneath, with tufted hairs in the angles of the veins; outline
+broadly obovate to ovate; lobes divergent, triangular, toothed or
+entire, bristle-pointed; sinuses broad, rounded; leafstalk slender;
+stipules linear, soon falling.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May. Appearing when the leaves are half grown; sterile
+catkins 2-4 inches long; segments of calyx mostly 4 or 5, obtuse or
+rounded, somewhat lacerate; stamens mostly 4 or 5, anthers yellow,
+glabrous: pistillate flowers with broadly ovate scales; stigmas stout,
+red, reflexed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Abundant, maturing the second season, short-stemmed: cup
+saucer-shaped, with firm, appressed scales, shallow: acorns ovoid to
+globose, about &frac12; inch long, often striate, breadth sometimes equal to
+entire length of fruit.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Probably hardy throughout New England; grows in
+wet soils, but prefers a rich, moist loam;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> of rapid and uniform
+growth, readily and safely transplanted, and but little disfigured by
+insects; obtainable in leading nurseries. Propagated from the seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img46" id="img46"></a>
+<img src="images/img46.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XLVI."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XLVI.</span>&mdash;Quercus palustris.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower, side view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Fertile flower, side view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Quercus nana, Sarg. Quercus pumila, Sudw.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Scrub Oak. Bear Oak</span>.</h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In poor soils; sandy plains, gravelly or rocky
+hills.</p>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;frequent in eastern and southern sections and upon Mount Desert
+island; New Hampshire,&mdash;as far north as Conway, more common near the
+lower Connecticut; Vermont,&mdash;in the eastern and southern sections as far
+north as Bellows Falls; Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and
+Connecticut,&mdash;too abundant, forming in favorable situations dense
+thickets, sometimes covering several acres.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Ohio and the mountain regions of North Carolina and
+Kentucky; west to the Alleghany mountains.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;Shrub or small tree, usually 3-8 feet high, but frequently
+reaching a height of 15-25 feet; trunk short, sometimes in peaty swamps
+10-13 inches in diameter near the ground, branches much contorted,
+throwing out numerous branchlets of similar habit, forming a stiff,
+flattish head; beautiful for a brief week in spring by the delicate
+greens and reds of the opening leaves and reds and yellows of the
+numerous catkins. Sometimes associated with <i>Q. prinoides</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Old trunks dark gray, with small, closely appressed scales;
+small trunks and branches grayish-brown, not furrowed or scaly; younger
+branches marked with pale yellow,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> raised dots; season's shoots
+yellowish-green, with a tawny, scurfy pubescence.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds &#8539;-&frac14; inch long, ovoid or conical,
+covered with imbricated, brownish, minutely ciliate scales. Leaves
+simple, alternate, 3-4 inches long and 2-3 inches broad; when unfolding
+reddish above and woolly on both sides, when mature yellowish-green and
+somewhat glossy above, smooth except on the midrib, rusty-white, and
+pubescent beneath; very variable in outline and in the number (3-7) and
+shape of lobes, sometimes entire, oftenest obovate with 5 bristle-tipped
+angular lobes, the two lower much smaller; base unequal, wedge-shaped,
+tip obtuse or rounded; leafstalk short; stipules linear, soon falling.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;Early in May. Appearing when the leaves are half
+grown; sterile catkins 2-4 inches long; calyx pubescent, lobes oftenest
+2-3, rounded; stamens 3-5; anthers red or yellow: pistillate flowers
+numerous; calyx lobes ovate, pointed, reddish, pubescent; stigmas 3,
+reddish, recurved, spreading.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Abundant, maturing in the autumn of the second year, clustered
+along the branchlets on stout, short stems: cup top-shaped or
+hemispherical: acorn about &frac12; inch long, varying greatly in shape,
+mostly ovoid or spherical, brown, often striped lengthwise.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy in New England; grows well in dry,
+gravelly, ledgy, or sandy soil, where few other trees thrive; useful in
+such situations where a low growth is required; but as it is not
+procurable in quantity from nurseries, it must be grown from the seed.
+The leaves are at times stripped off by caterpillars, but otherwise it
+is not seriously affected by insects or fungous diseases.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img47" id="img47"></a>
+<img src="images/img47.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XLVII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XLVII.</span>&mdash;Quercus ilicifolia.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Sterile flower, side view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Fertile flowers, side view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Variant leaves.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="ULMACEAE_ELM_FAMILY" id="ULMACEAE_ELM_FAMILY"></a>ULMACE&AElig;. ELM FAMILY.</h2>
+
+
+<h3><b>Ulmus Americana, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Elm. American Elm. White Elm</span>.</h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Low, moist ground; thrives especially on rich
+intervales.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From Cape Breton to Saskatchewan, as far north as 54&deg; 30'.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;common, most abundant in central and southern portions; New
+Hampshire,&mdash;common from the southern base of the White mountains to the
+sea; in the remaining New England states very common, attaining its
+highest development in the rich alluvium of the Connecticut river
+valley.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;In the fullness of its vigor the American elm is the most
+stately and graceful of the New England trees, 50-110 feet high and 1-8
+feet in diameter above the swell of the roots; characterized by an
+erect, more or less feathered or naked trunk, which loses itself
+completely in the branches, by arching limbs, drooping branchlets set at
+a wide angle, and by a spreading head widest near the top. Modifications
+of these elements give rise to various well-marked forms which have
+received popular names.</p>
+
+<p>1. In the vase-shaped tree, which is usually regarded as the type, the
+trunk separates into several large branches which rise, slowly
+diverging, 40-50 feet, and then sweep outward in wide arches, the
+smaller branches and spray becoming pendent.</p>
+
+<p>2. In the umbrella form the trunk remains entire nearly to the top of
+the tree, when the branches spread out abruptly, forming a broad,
+shallow arch, fringed at the circumference with long, drooping
+branchlets.</p>
+
+<p>3. The slender trunk of the plume elm rises, usually undivided, a
+considerable height, begins to curve midway, and is capped with a
+one-sided tuft of branches and delicate, elongated branchlets.</p>
+
+<p>4. The drooping elm differs from the type in the height of the arch and
+greater droop of the branches, which sometimes sweep the ground.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>5. In the oak form the limbs are more or less tortuous and less arching,
+forming a wide-spreading, rounded head.</p>
+
+<p>In all forms short, irregular, pendent branchlets are occasional along
+the trunks. The trees most noticeably feathered are usually of medium
+size, and have few large branches, the superfluous vitality manifesting
+itself in a copious fringe, which sometimes invests and obliterates the
+great pillars which support the masses of foliage. Conspicuous at all
+seasons of the year,&mdash;in spring when its brown buds are swollen to
+bursting, or when the myriads of flowers, insignificant singly, give in
+the sunlight an atmosphere of purplish-brown; when clothed with light,
+airy masses of deep green in summer or pale yellow in autumn, or in
+winter when the great trunk and mighty sweep of the arching branches
+distinguish it from all other trees. The roots lie near the surface and
+run a great distance.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Dark gray, irregularly and broadly striate, rather firmly
+ridged, in very old trees sometimes partially detached in plates;
+branches ash-gray, smooth; branchlets reddish-brown; season's shoots
+often pubescent, light brown in late fall.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds ovate, brown, flattened, obtuse to
+acute, smooth. Leaves simple, alternate, 2-5 inches long, 2-3 inches
+wide, dark green and roughish above, lighter and downy at first beneath;
+outline ovate or oval to obovate-oblong, sharply and usually doubly
+serrate; apex abruptly pointed; base half acute, half rounded, produced
+on one side, often slightly heart-shaped or obtuse; veins straight and
+prominent; leafstalk stout, short; stipules small, soon falling. Leaves
+drop in early autumn.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;April. In loose lateral clusters along the preceding
+season's shoots; flowers brown or purplish, mostly perfect, with
+occasional sterile and fertile on the same tree; stems slender; calyx
+7-9-lobed, hairy or smooth; stamens 7-9, filaments slender, anthers
+exserted, brownish-red; ovary flat, green, ciliate; styles 2.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Ripening in May, before the leaves are fully grown, a samara,
+&frac12; inch in diameter, oval or ovate, smooth on both<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> sides, hairy on
+the edge, the notch in the margin closed or partially closed by the two
+incurved points.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; grows in any soil,
+but prefers a deep, rich loam; the ideal street tree with its high,
+overarching branches and moderate shade; grows rapidly, throws out few
+low branches, bears pruning well; now so seriously affected by numerous
+insect enemies that it is not planted as freely as heretofore;
+objectionable on the borders of gardens or mowing land, as the roots run
+along near the surface for a great distance. Very largely grown in
+nurseries, usually from seed, sometimes from small collected plants.
+Though so extremely variable in outline, there are no important
+horticultural forms in cultivation.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img48" id="img48"></a>
+<img src="images/img48.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XLVIII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XLVIII.</span>&mdash;Ulmus Americana.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Flower, side view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Mature leaf.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Ulmus fulva, Michx.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Ulmus pubescens, Walt.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Slippery Elm. Red Elm.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Rich, low grounds, low, rocky woods and hillsides.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Valley of the St. Lawrence, apparently not abundant.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;District of Maine (Michaux, <i>Sylva of North America</i>, ed. 1853,
+III, 53), rare; Waterborough (York county, Chamberlain, 1898); New
+Hampshire,&mdash;valley of the Connecticut, usually disappearing within ten
+miles of the river; ranges as far north as the mouth of the Passumpsic;
+Vermont,&mdash;frequent; Massachusetts,&mdash;rare in the eastern sections,
+frequent westward; Rhode Island.&mdash;infrequent; Connecticut,&mdash;occasional.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Florida; west to North Dakota and Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A small or medium-sized tree, 40-60 feet high, with a trunk
+diameter of 1-2&frac12; feet; head in proportion to the height<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> of the tree,
+the widest spreading of the species, characterized by its dark, hairy
+buds and rusty-green, dense and rough foliage.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk brown and in old trees deeply furrowed; larger
+branches grayish-brown, somewhat striate; branchlets grayish-brown,
+rough, marked with numerous dots, downy; season's shoots light gray and
+very rough; inner bark mucilaginous, hence the name "slippery elm."</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds ovate to rounded-cylindrical, acute or
+obtuse, very dark, densely tomentose, very conspicuous just before
+unfolding. Leaves simple, alternate, 4-8 inches long, 3-4 inches wide,
+thickish, minutely hairy above and woolly beneath when young, at
+maturity pale rusty-green and very rough both ways upon the upper
+surface, scarcely less beneath, rough and hairy along the ribs;
+sweet-scented when dried; outline oblong, ovate-oblong, or oval, doubly
+serrate; apex acuminate; base more or less heart-shaped or obtuse,
+inequilateral; leafstalk short, rough, hairy; stipules small, soon
+falling.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;March to April. Preceding the leaves, from the lateral
+buds of the preceding season, in clusters of nearly sessile, purplish
+flowers; sterile, fertile, and perfect on the same tree; calyx
+5-9-lobed, downy; corolla none; stamens 5-9, anthers dark red; ovary
+flattened; styles two, purple, downy.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;A samara, winged all round, 3/4 inch in diameter, roundish,
+pubescent over the seed, not fringed, larger than the fruit of <i>U.
+Americana</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; does well in
+various situations, but prefers a light, sandy or gravelly soil near
+running water; grows more rapidly than <i>U. Americana</i>, and is less
+liable to the attacks of insects; its large foliage and graceful outline
+make it worthy of a place in ornamental plantations. Propagated from
+seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img49" id="img49"></a>
+<img src="images/img49.jpg"
+    alt="Plate XLIX."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate XLIX.</span>&mdash;Ulmus fulva.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Flower, top view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Flower, side view, part of perianth and stamens removed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Pistil.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Ulmus racemosa, Thomas.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Cork Elm. Rock Elm.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Dry, gravelly soils, rich soils, river banks.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Quebec through Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;not reported; New Hampshire,&mdash;rare and extremely local; Meriden
+and one or two other places (Jessup); Vermont,&mdash;rare, Bennington, Pownal
+(Robbins), Knowlton (Brainerd), Highgate (Eggleston); comparatively
+abundant in Champlain valley and westward (T. H. Haskins, <i>Garden and
+Forest</i>, V, 86); Massachusetts,&mdash;rare; Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,&mdash;not reported native.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Tennessee; west to Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska and Missouri.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A large tree, scarcely inferior at its best to <i>U. Americana</i>,
+50-75 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet; reaching in southern
+Michigan a height of 100 feet and a diameter of 5 feet; trunk rather
+slender; branches short and stout, often twiggy in the interior of the
+tree; branchlets slender, spreading, sometimes with a drooping tendency;
+head rather narrow, round-topped.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk brownish-gray, in old trees irregularly separated
+into deep, wide, flat-topped ridges; branches grayish-brown; leaf-scars
+conspicuous; season's shoots light brown, more or less pubescent or
+glabrous, oblong-dotted; branches and branchlets often marked lengthwise
+with corky, wing-like ridges.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds ovate to oblong, pointed, scales
+downy-ciliate, pubescent. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-4 inches long,
+half as wide, glabrous above, minutely pubescent beneath; outline ovate,
+doubly serrate (less sharp than the serratures in <i>U. Americana</i>); apex
+acuminate; base inequilateral, produced and rounded on one side, acute
+or slightly rounded on the other; veins straight; leafstalk short,
+stout; stipules soon falling.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;April to May. Appearing before the leaves from lateral
+buds of the preceding season, in drooping racemes; calyx lobes 7-8,
+broad-triangular, with rounded edges and a mostly obtuse apex: pedicels
+thread-like, jointed; stamens 5-10, exserted, anthers purple, ovary
+2-styled: stigmas recurved or spreading.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Samara ovate, broadly oval, or obovate, pubescent, margin
+densely fringed, resembling fruit of <i>U. Americana</i> but somewhat larger.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; prefers a moist,
+rich soil, in open situations; less variable in habit than the American
+elm and a smaller tree with smaller foliage, scarcely varying enough to
+justify its extensive use as a substitute. Not often obtainable in
+nurseries, but readily transplanted, and easily propagated from the
+seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img50" id="img50"></a>
+<img src="images/img50.jpg"
+    alt="Plate L."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate L.</span>&mdash;Ulmus racemosa.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds, at the time the flowers open.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Flower, side view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Flower, side view, perianth and stamens partly removed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Celtis occidentalis, L.</span></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Hackberry. Nettle Tree. Hoop Ash. Sugar Berry.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In divers situations and soils; woods, river
+banks, near salt marshes.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Province of Quebec to Lake of the Woods, occasional.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;not reported; New Hampshire,&mdash;sparingly along the Connecticut
+valley, as far as Wells river; Vermont,&mdash;along Lake Champlain, not
+common; Norwich and Windsor on the Connecticut (Eggleston);
+Massachusetts,&mdash;occasional throughout the state; Rhode Island,&mdash;common
+(Bailey); Connecticut,&mdash;common (J. N. Bishop).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to the Gulf states; west to Minnesota and Missouri.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A small or medium-sized tree, 20-45 feet high, with a trunk
+diameter of 8 inches to 2 feet; attaining farther south a maximum of 100
+feet in height, with a trunk diameter of 4-6 feet; variable; most
+commonly the rough, straight trunk, sometimes buttressed at the base,
+branches a few feet from the ground, sending out a few large limbs and
+numerous slender, horizontal or slightly drooping and more or less
+tortuous branches; head wide-spreading, flattish or often rounded, with
+deep green foliage which lasts into late autumn with little change in
+color, and with cherry-like fruit which holds on till the next spring.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk in young trees grayish, rough, unbroken, in old
+trees with deep, short ridges; main branches corrugated; secondary
+branches close and even; branchlets pubescent; season's shoots
+reddish-brown, often downy, more or less shining.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds small, ovate, acute, scales chestnut
+brown. Leaves simple, alternate, extremely variable in size, outline,
+and texture, usually 2-4 inches long, two-thirds as wide, thin, deep
+green, and scarcely rough above, more or less pubescent beneath, with
+numerous and prominent veins, outline ovate to ovate-lanceolate, sharply
+serrate above the lower third; apex usually narrowly and sharply
+acuminate; base acutish, inequilateral, 3-nerved, entire; leafstalk
+slender; stipules lanceolate, soon falling.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May. Appearing with the leaves from the axils of the
+season's shoots, sterile and fertile flowers usually separate on the
+same tree; flowers slender-stemmed, the sterile in clusters at the base
+of the shoot, the fertile in the axils above, usually solitary; calyx
+greenish, segments oblong; stamens 4-6, in the fertile flowers about the
+length of the 4 lobes, in the sterile exserted; ovary with two long,
+recurved stigmas.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Drupes, on long slender stems, globular, about the size of the
+fruit of the wild red cherry, purplish-red when ripe, thin-meated,
+edible, lasting through the winter.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; grows in all
+well-drained soils, but prefers a deep, rich,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> moist loam. Young trees
+grow rather slowly and are more or less distorted, and trees of the same
+age often vary considerably in size and habit; hence it is not a
+desirable street tree, but it appears well in ornamental grounds. A
+disease which seriously disfigures the tree is extending to New England,
+and the leaves are sometimes attacked by insects. Occasionally offered
+by nurserymen and easily transplanted.</p>
+
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img51" id="img51"></a>
+<img src="images/img51.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LI."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LI.</span>&mdash;Celtis occidentalis.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="MORACEAE_MULBERRY_FAMILY" id="MORACEAE_MULBERRY_FAMILY"></a>MORACE&AElig;. MULBERRY FAMILY.</h2>
+
+
+<h3><b>Morus rubra, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Mulberry</span>.</h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Banks of rivers, rich woods.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Canadian shore of Lake Erie.</p></div>
+
+<p>A rare tree in New England. Maine,&mdash;doubtfully reported; New
+Hampshire,&mdash;Pemigewasset valley, White mountains (Matthews);
+Vermont,&mdash;northern extremity of Lake Champlain, banks of the Connecticut
+(Flagg), Pownal (Oakes), North Pownal (Eggleston); Massachusetts,&mdash;rare;
+Rhode Island,&mdash;no station reported; Connecticut,&mdash;rare; Bristol,
+Plainville, North Guilford, East Rock and Norwich (J. N. Bishop).</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>South to Florida; west to Michigan, South Dakota, and Texas.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A small tree, 15-25 feet in height, with a trunk diameter of
+8-15 inches; attaining much greater dimensions in the Ohio and
+Mississippi basins; a wide-branching, rounded tree, characterized by a
+milky sap, rather dense foliage, and fruit closely resembling in shape
+that of the high blackberry.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Trunk light brown, rough, and more or less furrowed according
+to age; larger branches light greenish-brown; season's shoots gray and
+somewhat downy.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds ovate, obtuse. Leaves simple, alternate,
+4-8 inches long, two-thirds as wide, rough above, yellowish-green and
+densely pubescent when young; at maturity dark green and downy beneath,
+turning yellow in autumn; conspicuously reticulated; outline variable,
+ovate, obovate, oblong or broadly oval, serrate-dentate with equal
+teeth, or irregularly 3-7-lobed; apex acuminate; base heart-shaped to
+truncate; stalk 1-2 inches long; stipules linear, serrate, soon falling.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May. Appearing with the leaves from the season's
+shoots, in axillary spikes, sterile and fertile flowers sometimes on the
+same tree, sometimes on different trees,&mdash;sterile flowers in spreading
+or pendulous spikes, about 1 inch long; calyx 4-parted; petals none;
+stamens 4, the inflexed filaments of which suddenly straighten
+themselves as the flower expands: fertile spikes spreading or pendent;
+calyx 4-parted, becoming fleshy in fruit; ovary sessile; stigmas 2,
+spreading.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;July to August. In drooping spikes about 1 inch long and &frac12;
+inch in diameter; dark purplish-red, oblong, sweet and edible;
+apparently a simple fruit but really made up of the thickened calyx
+lobes of the spike.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy in southern New England; grows rapidly in
+a good, moist soil in sun or shade; the large leaves start late and drop
+early; useful where it is hardy, in low tree plantations or as an
+undergrowth in woods; readily transplanted, but seldom offered for sale
+by nurserymen or collectors; propagated from seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img52" id="img52"></a>
+<img src="images/img52.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LII.</span>&mdash;Morus rubra.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Branch with sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower with stamens incurved.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Sterile flower expanded.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Branch with fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fertile flower, side view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Morus alba, L.</b></h3>
+
+<p>Probably a native of China, where its leaves have from time immemorial
+furnished food for silkworms; extensively introduced and naturalized in
+India and central and southern Europe; introduced likewise into the
+United States and Canada from Ontario to Florida; occasionally
+spontaneous near dwellings, old trees sometimes marking the sites of
+houses that have long since disappeared.</p>
+
+<p>It may be distinguished from <i>M. rubra</i> by its smooth, shining leaves,
+its whitish or pinkish fruit, and its greater susceptibility to frost.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="MAGNOLIACEAE_MAGNOLIA_FAMILY" id="MAGNOLIACEAE_MAGNOLIA_FAMILY"></a>MAGNOLIACE&AElig;. MAGNOLIA FAMILY.</h2>
+
+
+<h3><b>Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Tulip Tree. Whitewood. Poplar.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Prefers a rich, loamy, moist soil.</p>
+
+<p>Vermont,&mdash;valley of the Hoosac river in the southwestern corner of the
+state; Massachusetts,&mdash;frequent in the Connecticut river valley and
+westward; reported as far east as Douglas, southeastern corner of
+Worcester county (R. M. Harper, <i>Rhodora</i>, II, 122); Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,&mdash;frequent, especially in the central and southern portions
+of the latter state.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to the Gulf states; west to Wisconsin; occasional in the
+eastern sections of Missouri and Arkansas; attains great size in
+the basins of the Ohio and its tributaries, and southward along the
+Mississippi river bottoms.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A medium-sized tree, 50-70 feet high; trunk 2-3 feet in
+diameter, straight, cylindrical; head rather open, more or less
+cone-shaped, in the dense forest lifted high and spreading; branches
+small for the size of the tree, set at varying angles, often decurrent,
+becoming scraggly with age. The shapely trunk, erect, showy blossoms,
+green, cone-like fruit, and conspicuous bright green truncate leaves
+give the tulip tree an air of peculiar distinction.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk ashen-gray and smoothish in young trees, becoming
+at length dark, seamed, and furrowed; the older branches gray; the
+season's shoots of a shining chestnut, with minute dots and conspicuous
+leaf-scars; glabrous or dusty-pubescent; bark of roots pale brown,
+fleshy, with an agreeable aromatic smell and pungent taste.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Terminal buds &frac12;-1 inch long; narrow-oblong;
+flattish; covered by two chestnut-brown dotted scales, which persist as
+appendages at the base of the leafstalk, often enclosing several leaves
+which develop one after the other. Leaves simple, alternate, lobed; 3-5
+inches long and nearly as broad, dark green and smooth on the upper
+surface, lighter, with minute dusty pubescence beneath, becoming yellow
+and russet brown in autumn; usually with four rounded or pointed lobes,
+the two upper abruptly cut off at the apex, and separated by a slight
+indentation or notch more or less broad and shallow at the top; all the
+lobes entire, or 2-3 sublobed, or coarsely toothed; base truncate, acute
+or heart-shaped; leafstalks as long or longer than the blade, slender,
+enlarged at the base; stipules 1-2 inches long, pale yellow, oblong,
+often persisting till the leaf is fully developed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;Late May or early June. Flowers conspicuous, solitary,
+terminal, held erect by a stout stem, tulip-shaped, 1&frac12;-2 inches long,
+opening at the top about 2 inches. There are two triangular bracts which
+fall as the flower opens; three greenish, concave sepals, at length
+reflexed; six greenish-yellow petals with an orange spot near the base
+of each; numerous stamens somewhat shorter than the petals; and pistils
+clinging together about a central axis.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Cone-like, formed of numerous carpels, often abortive, which
+fall away from the axis at maturity; each long, flat carpel encloses in
+the cavity at its base one or two orange seeds which hang out for a time
+on flexible, silk-like threads.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;An ornamental tree of great merit; hardy except
+in the coldest parts of New England; difficult to transplant, but
+growing rapidly when established; comes into leaf rather early and holds
+its foliage till mid-fall, shedding it in a short time when mature;
+adapts itself readily<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> to good, light soils, but grows best in moist
+loam. It has few disfiguring insect enemies. Mostly propagated by seed,
+but sometimes successfully collected; for sale in the leading nurseries
+and usually obtainable in large quantities. Of abnormal forms offered by
+nurserymen, one has an upright habit approaching that of the Lombardy
+poplar; another has variegated leaves, and another leaves without lobes.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img53" id="img53"></a>
+<img src="images/img53.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LIII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LIII.</span>&mdash;Liriodendron Tulipifera.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter bud, terminal.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Opening leaf-bud with stipules.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Fruit.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruit with many carpels removed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Carpel with seeds.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LAURACEAE_LAUREL_FAMILY" id="LAURACEAE_LAUREL_FAMILY"></a>LAURACE&AElig;. LAUREL FAMILY.</h2>
+
+
+<h3><b>Sassafras officinale, Nees.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Sassafras Sassafras, Karst.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Sassafras.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In various soils and situations; sandy or rich
+woods, along the borders of peaty swamps.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Provinces of Quebec and Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;this tree grows not beyond Black Point (Scarboro, Cumberland
+county) eastward (Josselyn's <i>New England Rarities</i>, 1672); not reported
+again by botanists for more than two hundred years; rediscovered at
+Wells in 1895 (Walter Deane) and North Berwick in 1896 (J. C. Parlin);
+New Hampshire,&mdash;lower Merrimac valley, eastward to the coast and along
+the Connecticut valley to Bellows Falls; Vermont,&mdash;occasional south of
+the center; Pownal (Robbins, Eggleston); Hartland and Brattleboro
+(Bates), Vernon (Grant); Massachusetts,&mdash;common especially in the
+eastern sections; Rhode Island and Connecticut,&mdash;common.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Florida; west to Michigan, Iowa, Kansas, and Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;Generally a shrub or small tree but sometimes reaching a
+height of 40-50 feet and a trunk diameter of 2-4<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> feet; attaining a
+maximum in the southern and southwestern states of 80-100 feet in height
+and a trunk diameter of 6-7 feet; head open, flattish or rounded;
+branches at varying angles, stout, crooked, and irregular; spray bushy;
+marked in winter by the contrasting reddish-brown of the trunk, the
+bright yellowish-green of the shoots and the prominent flower-buds, in
+early spring by the drooping racemes of yellow flowers, in autumn by the
+rich yellow or red-tinted foliage and handsome fruit, at all seasons by
+the aromatic odor and spicy flavor of all parts of the tree, especially
+the bark of the root.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk deep reddish-brown, deeply and firmly ridged in
+old trees, in young trees greenish-gray, finely and irregularly striate,
+the outer layer often curiously splitting, resembling a sort of filagree
+work; branchlets reddish-brown, marked with warts of russet brown;
+season's shoots at first minutely pubescent, in the fall more or less
+mottled, bright yellowish-green.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Flower-buds conspicuous, terminal, ovate to
+elliptical, the outer scales rather loose, more or less pubescent, the
+inner glossy, pubescent; lateral buds much smaller. Leaves simple,
+alternate, often opposite, 3-5 inches long, two-thirds as wide,
+downy-tomentose when young, at maturity smooth, yellowish-green above,
+lighter beneath, with midrib conspicuous and minutely hairy; outline of
+two forms, one oval to oblong, entire, usually rounded at the apex,
+wedge-shaped at base; the other oval to obovate, mitten-shaped or
+3-lobed to about the center, with rounded sinuses; apex obtuse or
+rounded; base wedge-shaped; leafstalk about 1 inch long; stipules none.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;April or early May. Appearing with the leaves in
+slender, bracted, greenish-yellow, corymbous racemes, from terminal buds
+of the preceding season, sterile and fertile flowers on separate
+trees,&mdash;sterile flowers with 9 stamens, each of the three inner with two
+stalked orange-colored glands, anthers 4-celled, ovary abortive or
+wanting: fertile flowers with 6 rudimentary stamens in one row; ovary
+ovoid; style short.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Generally scanty, drupes, ovoid, deep blue, with club-shaped,
+bright red stalk.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; adapted to a great
+variety of soils, but prefers a stony, well-drained loam or gravel. Its
+irregular masses of foliage, which color so brilliantly in the fall,
+make it an extremely interesting tree in plantations, but it has always
+been rare in nurseries and difficult to transplant; suckers, however,
+can be moved readily. Propagated easily from seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img54" id="img54"></a>
+<img src="images/img54.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LIV."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LIV.</span>&mdash;Sassafras officinale.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Branch with sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Branch with fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="HAMAMELIDACEAE_WITCH_HAZEL_FAMILY" id="HAMAMELIDACEAE_WITCH_HAZEL_FAMILY"></a>HAMAMELIDACE&AElig;. WITCH HAZEL FAMILY.</h2>
+
+
+<h3><b>Liquidambar Styraciflua, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Sweet Gum</span>.</h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Low, wet soil, swamps, moist woods.</p>
+
+<p>Connecticut,&mdash;restricted to the southwest corner of the state, not far
+from the seacoast; Darien to Five Mile river, probably the northeastern
+limit of its natural growth.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Florida; west to Missouri and Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;Tree 40-60 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 10 inches to 2
+feet, attaining a height of 150 feet and a diameter of 3-5 feet in the
+Ohio and Mississippi valleys; trunk tall and straight; branches rather
+small for the diameter and height of the tree, the lower mostly
+horizontal or declining; branchlets beset with numerous short, rather
+stout, curved twigs; head wide-spreading, ovoid or narrow-pyramidal,
+symmetrical; conspicuous in summer by its deep green, shining foliage,
+in autumn by the splendor of its coloring, and in winter by the
+long-stemmed, globular fruit, which does not fall till spring.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Trunk gray or grayish-brown, in old trees deeply furrowed and
+broken up into rather small, thickish, loose scales; branches
+brown-gray; branchlets with or without<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> prominent corky ridges on the
+upper side; young twigs yellowish.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds ovate, reddish-brown, glossy, acute.
+Leaves simple, alternate, regular, 3-4 inches in diameter, dark green
+turning to reds, purples, and yellows in autumn, cut into the figure of
+a star by 5-7 equal, pointed lobes, glandular-serrate, smooth, shining
+on the upper surface, fragrant when bruised; base more or less
+heart-shaped; stalk slender.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May. Developing from a bud of the season; sterile
+flowers in an erect or spreading, cylindrical catkin; calyx none; petals
+none, stamens many, intermixed with minute scales: fertile flowers
+numerous, gathered in a long peduncled head; calyx consisting of fine
+scales; corolla none; pistil with 2-celled ovary and 2 long styles.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;In spherical, woody heads, about 1 inch in diameter, suspended
+by a slender thread: a sort of aggregate fruit made up of the hardened,
+coherent ovaries, holding on till spring, each containing one or two
+perfect seeds.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy along the southern shores of New England;
+grows in good wet or dry soils, preferring clays. Young plants are
+tender in Massachusetts, but if protected a few seasons until well
+established make hardy trees of medium size. It is offered by
+nurserymen, but must be frequently transplanted to be moved with safety;
+rate of growth rather slow and nearly uniform to maturity. Propagated
+from seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img55" id="img55"></a>
+<img src="images/img55.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LV."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LV.&mdash;</span>Liquidambar styraciflua.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PLATANACEAE_PLANE-TREE_FAMILY" id="PLATANACEAE_PLANE-TREE_FAMILY"></a>PLATANACE&AElig;. PLANE-TREE FAMILY.</h2>
+
+
+<h3><b>Platanus occidentalis, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Buttonwood. Sycamore. Buttonball. Plane Tree.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Near streams, river bottoms, and low, damp woods.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;apparently restricted to York county; New Hampshire,&mdash;Merrimac
+valley towards the coast; along the Connecticut as far as Walpole;
+Vermont,&mdash;scattering along the river shores, quite abundant along the
+Hoosac in Pownal (Eggleston); Massachusetts,&mdash;occasional; Rhode Island
+and Connecticut,&mdash;rather common.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A tree of the first magnitude, 50-100 feet and upwards in
+height, with a diameter of 3-8 feet; reaching in the rich alluvium of
+the Ohio and Mississippi valleys a maximum of 125 feet in height and a
+diameter of 20 feet; the largest tree of the New England forest,
+conspicuous by its great height, massive trunk and branches, and by its
+magnificent, wide-spreading, dome-shaped or pyramidal, open head. The
+sunlight, streaming through the large-leafed, rusty foliage, reveals the
+curiously mottled patchwork bark; and the long-stemmed, globular fruit
+swings to every breeze till spring comes again.</p>
+
+<p>The lower branches are often very long and almost horizontal, and the
+branchlets frequently have a tufted, broom-like appearance, due probably
+to the action of a fungous disease on the young growth.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk and large branches dark greenish-gray, sometimes
+rough and closely adherent, but usually flaking off in broad, thin,
+brittle scales, exposing the green or buff inner bark, which becomes
+nearly white on exposure; branchlets light brown, sometimes ridgy
+towards the ends, marked with numerous inconspicuous dots.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds short, ovate, obtuse, enclosed in the
+swollen base of a petiole, and, after the fall of the leaf,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> encircled
+by the leaf-scar. Leaves simple, alternate, 5-6 inches long, 7-10 wide,
+pubescent on both sides when young, at maturity light rusty-green above,
+light green beneath, finally smooth, turning yellow in autumn,
+coriaceous; outline reniform; margin coarse-toothed or sinuate-lobed,
+the short lobes ending in a sharp point; base heart-shaped to nearly
+truncate; leafstalk 1-2 inches long, swollen at the base; stipules
+sheathing, often united, forming a sort of ruffle.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May. In crowded spherical heads; flowers of both kinds
+with insignificant calyx and corolla,&mdash;sterile heads from terminal or
+lateral buds of the preceding season, on short and pendulous stems;
+stamens few, usually 4, anthers 2-celled: fertile heads from shoots of
+the season, on long, slender stems, made up of closely compacted ovate
+ovaries with intermingled scales, ovaries surmounted by hairy one-sided
+recurved styles, with bright red stigmas.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;In heads, mostly solitary, about 1 inch in diameter,
+persistent till spring: nutlets small, hairy, 1-seeded.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; prefers a deep,
+rich, loamy soil near water, but grows in almost any situation; of more
+rapid growth than almost any other native tree, and formerly planted
+freely in ornamental grounds and on streets, but fungous diseases
+disfigure it so seriously, and the late frosts so often kill the young
+leaves that it is now seldom obtainable in nurseries; usually propagated
+from seed. The European plane, now largely grown in some nurseries, is a
+suitable substitute.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img56" id="img56"></a>
+<img src="images/img56.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LVI."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LVI.</span>&mdash;Platanus occidentalis.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch with sterile and fertile heads.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Stamen.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Pistil.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Stipule.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Bud with enclosing base of leafstalk.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="POMACEAE_APPLE_FAMILY" id="POMACEAE_APPLE_FAMILY"></a>POMACE&AElig;. APPLE FAMILY.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Trees or shrubs; leaves simple or pinnate, mostly alternate, with
+stipules free from the leafstalk and usually soon falling; flowers
+regular, perfect; calyx 5-lobed; calyx-tube adnate to ovary; petals 5,
+inserted on the disk which lines the calyx-tube; stamens usually many,
+distinct, inserted with the petals; carpels of the ovary 1-5, partially
+or entirely united with each other; ovules 1-2 in each carpel; styles
+1-5; fruit a fleshy pome, often berry-like or drupe-like, formed by
+consolidation of the carpels with the calyx-tube.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Pyrus. Malus. Amelanchier. Crat&aelig;gus</span>.</h3>
+
+
+<h3><b>Pyrus Americana, DC.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Sorbus Americana, Marsh.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Mountain Ash.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;River banks, cool woods, swamps, and mountains.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Newfoundland to Manitoba.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;common; New Hampshire,&mdash;common along the watersheds of the
+Connecticut and Merrimac rivers and on the slopes of the White
+mountains; Vermont,&mdash;abundant far up the slopes of the Green mountains;
+Massachusetts,&mdash;Graylock, Wachusett, Watatic, and other mountainous
+regions; rare eastward; Rhode Island and Connecticut,&mdash;occasional in the
+northern sections.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South, in cold swamps and along the mountains to North Carolina;
+west to Michigan and Minnesota.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A small tree, 15-20 feet high, often attaining in the woods of
+northern Maine and on the slopes of the White mountains a height of
+25-30 feet, with a trunk diameter of 12-15 inches; reduced at its
+extreme altitudes to a low shrub; head, in open ground, pyramidal or
+roundish; branches spreading and slender.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Closely resembling bark of <i>P. sambucifolia</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.,</b>&mdash;Buds more or less scythe-shaped, acute,
+smooth, glutinous. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate; stem grooved,
+enlarged at base, reddish-brown above; stipules deciduous; leaflets
+11-19, 2-4 inches long, bright green above, paler beneath, smooth,
+narrow-oblong or lanceolate, the terminal often elliptical, finely and
+sharply serrate above the base; apex acuminate; base roundish to acute
+and unequally sided; sessile or nearly so, except in the odd leaflet.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;In terminal, densely compound, large and flattish
+cymes; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, white, roundish, short-clawed; stamens
+numerous; ovary inferior; styles 3.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Round, bright red, about the size of a pea, lasting into
+winter.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; prefers a good,
+well-drained soil; rate of growth slow and nearly uniform. It is readily
+transplanted and would be useful on the borders of woods, in plantations
+of low trees, and in seaside exposures. Rare in nurseries and seldom for
+sale by collectors. The readily obtainable and more showy European <i>P.
+aucuparia</i> is to be preferred for ornamental purposes.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img57" id="img57"></a>
+<img src="images/img57.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LVII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LVII.</span>&mdash;Pyrus Americana.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Petal.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. &amp; Schlecht.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Sorbus sambucifolia, R&oelig;m.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Mountain Ash.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Mountain slopes, cool woods, along the shores of
+rivers and ponds, often associated with <i>P. Americana</i>, but climbing
+higher up the mountains.</p>
+
+<p>From Labrador and Nova Scotia west to the Rocky mountains, then
+northward along the mountain ranges to Alaska.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;abundant in Aroostook county, Piscataquis county, Somerset
+county at least north to the Moose river, along the boundary mountains,
+about the Rangeley lakes and locally on Mount Desert Island; New
+Hampshire,&mdash;in the White mountain region; Vermont,&mdash;Mt. Mansfield,
+Willoughby mountain (Pringle); undoubtedly in other sections of these
+states; to be looked for along the edges of deep, cool swamps and at
+considerable elevations.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South of New England, probably only as an escape from cultivation;
+west through the northern tier of states to the Rocky mountains,
+thence northward along the mountain ranges to Alaska and south to
+New Mexico and California.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A shrub 3-10 feet high, or small tree rising to a height of
+15-25 feet, reaching its maximum in northern New England, where it
+occasionally attains a height of 30-35 feet, with a trunk diameter of 15
+inches. It forms an open, wide-spreading, pyramidal or roundish head,
+resembling the preceding species in the color of bark, in foliage and
+fruit. Whether these are two distinct species is at the present
+problematical, as there are many intermediate forms, and the same tree
+sometimes furnishes specimens that would indubitably be referred to
+different species.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;On old trees light brown and roughish on the trunk, separating
+into small scales curling up on one side; large limbs light-colored,
+smoothish, often conspicuously marked with coarse horizontal blotches
+and leaf-scars; season's shoots light brown, smooth, silvery dotted.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Terminal bud 1 inch long, lateral &frac12; inch,
+appressed, brownish, scythe-shaped, acute, more or less glutinous.
+Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, stems grooved and reddish above,
+enlarged at base; stipules deciduous; leaflets 7-15, the odd one
+stalked, 1-3 inches long, &frac12;-1 inch wide, bright green above, paler
+beneath, smooth, mostly ovate-oblong, serrate above the base; apex
+rounded or more usually tapering suddenly to a short point, or rarely
+acuminate; base inequilateral.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;In broad, compound cymes at the ends of the branches;
+flowers white and rather larger than those of <i>P. Americanus</i>; calyx
+5-lobed; petals 5, ovate, short-clawed; stamens numerous; pistil
+3-styled.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;In broad cymes; berries bright red, roundish, rather larger
+than those of <i>P. Americana</i>, holding on till winter.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy in New England, though of shrub-like
+proportions in the southern sections; grows in exposed situations
+inland, and along the seashore. The dwarf habit, graceful foliage, and
+showy fruit give it an especial value in artificial plantations; but it
+is seldom for sale in nurseries and only occasionally by collectors. It
+is readily transplanted and is propagated by seed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Note.</b>&mdash;In the European mountain ash, <i>P. aucuparia</i>, the leaves have a
+blunter apex than is usually found in either of the American species,
+and have a more decided tendency to double serration.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img58" id="img58"></a>
+<img src="images/img58.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LVIII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LVIII.</span>&mdash;Pyrus sambucifolia.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Pyrus communis, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Pear Tree.</span></h4>
+
+<p>The common pear, introduced from Europe; a frequent escape from
+cultivation throughout New England and elsewhere; becomes scraggly and
+shrubby in a wild state.</p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Pyrus Malus, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Malus Malus, Britton</i>.</h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Apple Tree.</span></h4>
+
+<p>The common apple; introduced from Europe; a more or less frequent escape
+wherever extensively cultivated, like the pear showing a tendency in a
+wild state to reversion.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Shadbush. June-berry.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Dry, open woods, hillsides.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Lake Superior.</p></div>
+
+<p>New England,&mdash;throughout.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to the Gulf of Mexico; west to Minnesota, Kansas, and
+Louisiana.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;Shrub or small tree, 10-25 feet high, with a trunk diameter of
+6-10 inches, reaching sometimes a height of 40 feet and trunk diameter
+of 18 inches; head rather wide-spreading, slender-branched, open;
+conspicuous in early spring, while other trees are yet naked, by its
+profuse display of loose spreading clusters of white flowers, and the
+delicate tints of the silky opening foliage.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Trunk and large branches greenish-gray, smooth; branchlets
+purplish-brown, smooth.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds small, oblong-conical, pointed. Leaves
+2-3-&frac12; inches long, about half as wide, slightly pubescent when young,
+dark bluish-green above at maturity, lighter beneath; outline varying
+from ovate to obovate, finely and sharply serrate; apex pointed or
+mucronate, often abruptly so; base somewhat heart-shaped or rounded;
+leafstalk about 1 inch long; stipules slender, silky, ciliate, soon
+falling.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;April to May. Appearing with the leaves at the end of
+the branchlets in long, loose, spreading or drooping, nearly glabrous
+racemes; flowers large; calyx 5-cleft, campanulate, pubescent to nearly
+glabrous; segments lanceolate, acute, reflexed; petals 5, whole,
+narrow-oblong or oblong-spatulate, about 1 inch long, two to three times
+the length of the calyx; stamens numerous: ovary with style deeply
+5-parted.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;June to July. In drooping racemes, globose, passing through
+various colors to reddish, purplish, or black purple, long-stemmed,
+sweet and edible without decided flavor.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; grows in all soils
+and situations except in wet lands, but prefers deep, rich, moist loam;
+very irregular in its habit of growth, sometimes forming a shrub, at
+other times a slender, unsymmetrical tree, and again a symmetrical tree
+with well-defined trunk. Its beautiful flowers, clean growth, attractive
+fruit and autumn foliage make it a desirable plant in landscape
+plantations where it can be grouped with other trees. Occasionally in
+nurseries; procurable from collectors.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img59" id="img59"></a>
+<img src="images/img59.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LIX."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LIX.</span>&mdash;Amelanchier Canadensis.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Crat&aelig;gus.</span></h3>
+
+<p>A revision of genus <i>Crat&aelig;gus</i> has long been a desideratum with
+botanists. The present year has added numerous new species, most of
+which must be regarded as provisional until sufficient time has elapsed
+to note more carefully the limits of variation in previously existing
+species and to eliminate possible hybrids. During the present period of
+uncertainty it seems best to exclude most of the new species from the
+manuals until their status has been satisfactorily established by
+raising plants from the seed, or by prolonged observation over wide
+areas.</p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Crat&aelig;gus Crus-Galli, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Cockspur Thorn.</span></h4>
+
+<p>Rich soils, edge of swamps.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Quebec to Manitoba.</p></div>
+
+<p>Found sparingly in western Vermont (<i>Flora of Vermont</i>, 1900); southern
+Connecticut (C. H. Bissell).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Georgia; west to Iowa.</p></div>
+
+<p>A small tree, 10-25 feet in height and 6-12 inches in trunk diameter;
+best distinguished by its thorns and leaves.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Thorns numerous, straight, long (2-4 inches), slender; leaves thick,
+smooth, dark green, shining on the upper surface, pale beneath, turning
+dark orange red in autumn; outline obovate-oblanceolate, serrate above,
+entire or nearly so near base; apex acute or rounded; base decidedly
+wedge-shaped shaped; leafstalks short.</p>
+
+<p>Fruit globose or very slightly pear-shaped, remaining on the tree
+throughout the winter.</p>
+
+<p>Hardy throughout southern New England; used frequently for a hedge
+plant.</p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Crat&aelig;gus punctata, Jacq.</b></h3>
+
+<p>Thickets, hillsides, borders of forests.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Quebec and Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>Small tree, common in Vermont (Brainerd) and occasional in the other New
+England states.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Georgia.</p></div>
+
+<p>Thorns 1-2 inches long, sometimes branched; leaves 1-2&frac12; inches long,
+smooth on the upper surface, finally smooth and dull beneath; outline
+obovate, toothed or slightly lobed above, entire or nearly so beneath,
+short-pointed or somewhat obtuse at the apex, wedge-shaped at base;
+leafstalk slender, 1-2 inches long; calyx lobes linear, entire; fruit
+large, red or yellow.</p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Crat&aelig;gus coccinea, L.</b></h3>
+
+<p>In view of the fact of great variation in the bark, leaves,
+inflorescence, and fruit of plants that have all passed in this country
+as <i>C. coccinea</i>, and in view of the further uncertainty as to the plant
+on which the species was originally founded, it seems "best to consider
+the specimen in the Linn&aelig;an herbarium as the type of <i>C. coccinea</i> which
+can be described as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Leaves elliptical or on vigorous shoots mostly semiorbicular,
+acute or acuminate, divided above the middle into numerous acute
+coarsely glandular-serrate lobes, cuneate and finely
+glandular-serrate below the middle and often quite entire toward
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> base, with slender midribs and remote primary veins arcuate
+and running to the points of the lobes, at the flowering time
+membranaceous, coated on the upper surface and along the upper
+surface of the midribs and veins with short soft white hairs, at
+maturity thick, coriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper
+surface, paler on the lower surface, glabrous or nearly so, 1&frac12;-2
+inches long and 1-1&frac12; inches wide, with slender glandular
+petioles 3/4-1 inch long, slightly grooved on the upper surface,
+often dark red toward the base, and like the young branchlets
+villous with pale soft hairs; stipules lanceolate to oblanceolate,
+conspicuously glandular-serrate with dark red glands, &frac12;-&frac34;4 inch
+long. Flowers &frac12;-&frac34; inch in diameter when fully expanded, in
+broad, many-flowered, compound tomentose cymes; bracts and
+bractlets linear-lanceolate, coarsely glandular-serrate, caducous;
+calyx tomentose, the lobes lanceolate, glandular-serrate, nearly
+glabrous or tomentose, persistent, wide-spreading or erect on the
+fruit, dark red above at the base; stamens 10; anthers yellow;
+styles 3 or 4. Fruit subglobose, occasionally rather longer than
+broad, dark crimson, marked with scattered dark dots, about &frac12;
+inch in diameter, with thin, sweet, dry yellow flesh; nutlets 3 or
+4, about &frac14; inch long, conspicuously ridged on the back with high
+grooved ridges.</p>
+
+<p>"A low, bushy tree, occasionally 20 feet in height with a short
+trunk 8-10 inches in diameter, or more frequently shrubby and
+forming wide dense thickets, and with stout more or less zigzag
+branches bright chestnut brown and lustrous during their first
+year, ashy-gray during their second season and armed with many
+stout, chestnut-brown, straight or curved spines 1-1&frac12; inches
+long. Flowers late in May. Fruit ripens and falls toward the end of
+October, usually after the leaves.</p>
+
+<p>"Slopes of hills and the high banks of salt marshes usually in
+rich, well-drained soil, Essex county, Massachusetts, John
+Robinson, 1900; Gerrish island, Maine, J. G. Jack, 1899-1900;
+Brunswick, Maine, Miss Kate Furbish, May, 1899; Newfoundland, A. C.
+Waghorne, 1894."<a name="FNanchor_1_2" id="FNanchor_1_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_2" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_2" id="Footnote_1_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_2"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Prof. C. S. Sargent in <i>Bot. Gaz.</i>, XXXI, 12. By permission
+of the publishers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Crat&aelig;gus mollis, Scheele.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Crat&aelig;gus subvillosa, Schr. Crat&aelig;gus coccinea,</i> var. <i>mollis, T. &amp; G.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Thorn.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Bordering on low lands and along streams.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Provinces of Quebec and Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;as far north as Mattawamkeag on the middle Penobscot, Dover on
+the Piscataquis, and Orono on the lower Penobscot; reported also from
+southern sections; Vermont,&mdash;Charlotte (Hosford); Massachusetts,&mdash;in the
+eastern part infrequent; no stations reported in the other New England
+states.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Pennsylvania, Louisiana, and Texas; west to Michigan and
+Missouri.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;Shrub or often a small tree, 20-30 feet high, with trunk 6-12
+inches in diameter, often with numerous suckers; branches at 4-6 feet
+from the ground, at an acute angle with the stem, lower often horizontal
+or declining; head spreading, widest at base, spray short, angular, and
+bushy; thorns slender, 1-3 inches long, straight or slightly recurved.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of the whole tree, except the ultimate shoots, light gray,
+on the trunk and larger branches separating lengthwise into thin narrow
+plates, in old trees dark gray and more or less shreddy; season's shoots
+reddish or yellowish-brown, glossy.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds small, ovate, reddish-brown, shining;
+scales broad, glandular-edged. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-5 inches
+long, light green above, lighter beneath, broad-ovate to
+broad-elliptical; rather regularly and slightly incised with fine,
+glandular-tipped teeth; apex acute; base wedge-shaped, truncate, or
+subcordate; roughish above and slightly pubescent beneath, especially
+along the veins; leaf-stalk pubescent; stipules linear,
+glandular-edged, deciduous.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May to June. In cymes from the season's growth;
+flowers white, 3/4 inch broad, ill-smelling; calyx lobes 5, often
+incised, pubescent; petals roundish; stamens indefinite, styles 3-5;
+flower stems pubescent; bracts glandular.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;A drupe-like pome, &frac12;-1 inch long, bright scarlet, larger
+than the fruit of the other New England species; ripens and falls in
+September.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy in New England. An attractive and useful
+tree in low plantations; rarely for sale by nurserymen or collectors;
+propagated from the seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img60" id="img60"></a>
+<img src="images/img60.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LX."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LX.</span>&mdash;Crat&aelig;gus mollis.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Branch with thorns.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><b>Note.</b>&mdash;The New England plants here put under the head of
+<i>Crat&aelig;gus mollis</i> have been referred by Prof. C. S. Sargent to
+<i>Crat&aelig;gus submollis</i> (<i>Bot. Gaz</i>., XXXI, 7, 1901). The new species
+differs from the true <i>Crat&aelig;gus mollis</i> in its smaller ovate leaves
+with cuneate base and more or less winged leafstalk, in the smaller
+number of its stamens, usually 10, and in its pear-shaped
+orange-red fruit, which drops in early September.</p>
+
+<p>It is also probable that <i>C. Arnoldiana</i>, Sargent, new species, has
+been collected in Massachusetts as <i>C. mollis</i>. It differs from <i>C.
+submollis</i> "in its broader, darker green, more villose leaves which
+are usually rounded, not cuneate at the base, in its smaller
+flowers, subglobose, not oblong or pear-shaped, crimson fruit with
+smaller spreading calyx lobes, borne on shorter peduncles and
+ripening two or three weeks earlier, and by its much more zigzag
+and more spiny branches, which make this tree particularly
+noticeable in winter, when it may readily be recognized from all
+other thorn trees."&mdash;C. S. Sargent in <i>Bot. Gaz.</i>, XXXI, 223, 1901.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="DRUPACEAE_PLUM_FAMILY" id="DRUPACEAE_PLUM_FAMILY"></a>DRUPACE&AElig;. PLUM FAMILY.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Trees or shrubs; bark exuding gum; bark, leaves, and especially seeds of
+several species abounding in prussic acid; leaves simple, alternate,
+mostly serrate; stipules small, soon falling; leafstalk often with one
+to several glands; flowers in umbels, racemes, or solitary, regular;
+calyx tube free from the ovary, 5-lobed; petals 5, inserted on the
+calyx; stamens indefinite, distinct, inserted with the petals; pistil 1,
+ovary with 1 carpel, 1-seeded; fruit a more or less fleshy drupe.</p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Prunus nigra, Ait.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Prunus Americana</i>, var. <i>nigra, Waugh.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Wild Plum. Red Plum. Horse Plum. Canada Plum.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Native along streams and in thickets, often
+spontaneous around dwellings and along fences.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From Newfoundland through the valley of the St. Lawrence to Lake
+Manitoba.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;abundant in the northern sections and common throughout; New
+Hampshire and Vermont,&mdash;frequent, especially in the northern sections;
+Massachusetts,&mdash;occasional; Rhode Island and Connecticut,&mdash;not reported.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Rare south of New England; west to Wisconsin.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A shrub or small tree, 20-25 feet high; trunk 5-8 inches in
+diameter; branches stout, ascending, somewhat angular, with short, rigid
+branchlets, forming a stiff, narrow head.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk grayish-brown, smooth in young trees, in old
+trees separating into large plates; smaller branches dark brown,
+season's shoots green.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds small, ovate, acute, dark brown.</p>
+
+<p>Leaves 3-5 inches long, light green on the upper side, paler beneath,
+pubescent when young; outline ovate-obovate or orbicular,
+crenulate-serrate; teeth not bristle-tipped; apex<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> abruptly acuminate;
+base wedge-shaped, rounded, somewhat heart-shaped, or narrowing to a
+short petiole more or less red-glandular near the blade; stipules
+usually linear, ciliate, soon falling.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;Appearing in May before the leaves, in lateral,
+2-3-flowered, slender-stemmed umbels; flowers about an inch broad, white
+when expanding, turning to pink; calyx 5-lobed, glandular; petals 5,
+obovate-oblong, contracting to a claw; stamens numerous; style 1, stigma
+1.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;A drupe, oblong-oval, 1-1&frac12; inches long, orange or
+orange-red, skin tough, flesh adherent to the flat stone and pleasant to
+the taste. The fruit toward the southern limit of the species is often
+abortive, or develops through the growth of a fungus into monstrous
+forms.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England, and will grow,
+when not shaded, in almost any dry or moist soil. It has a tendency to
+sucker freely, forming low, broad thickets, especially attractive from
+their early spring flowers and handsome autumn leaves.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img61" id="img61"></a>
+<img src="images/img61.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXI."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXI.</span>&mdash;Prunus nigra.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Flower with petals removed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Petal.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Stone.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Prunus Americana, Marsh.</b></h3>
+
+<p>A rare plant in New England, scarcely attaining tree-form. The most
+northern station yet reported is along the slopes of Graylock,
+Massachusetts, where a few scattered shrubs were discovered in 1900 (J.
+R. Churchill). In Connecticut it seems to be native in the vicinity of
+Southington, shrubs, and small trees 10-15 feet high (C. H. Bissell <i>in
+lit.</i>, 1900); New Milford and Munroe, small trees (C. K. Averill).</p>
+
+<p>Distinguished from <i>P. nigra</i> by its sharply toothed leaves, smaller
+blossoms (the petals of which do not turn pink), and by its globose
+fruit.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img62" id="img62"></a>
+<img src="images/img62.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXII.</span>&mdash;Prunus Americana.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Petal.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Stone.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><b>Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap"> Red Cherry. Pin Cherry. Pigeon Cherry. Bird Cherry.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Roadsides, clearings, burnt lands, hill slopes,
+occasional in rather low grounds.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From Labrador to the Rocky mountains, through British Columbia to
+the Coast Range.</p></div>
+
+<p>Throughout New England; very common in the northern portions, as high up
+as 4500 feet upon Katahdin, less common southward and near the seacoast.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to North Carolina; west to Minnesota and Missouri.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit</b>.&mdash;A slender tree, seldom more than 30 feet high; trunk 8-10
+inches in diameter, erect; branches at an angle of 45&deg; or less; head
+rather open, roundish or oblong, characterized in spring by clusters of
+long-stemmed white flowers, and in autumn by a profusion of small red
+fruit.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk in fully grown trees dark brownish-red,
+conspicuously marked with coarse horizontal lines; the outer layer
+peeling off in fine scales, disclosing a brighter red layer beneath; in
+young trees very smooth and shining throughout; lines very conspicuous
+in the larger branches; branchlets brownish-red with small horizontal
+lines; spray and season's shoots polished red, with minute orange dots.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds small, broad-conical, acute. Leaves
+numerous, 3-4 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, light green and shining on
+both sides, ovate-lanceolate, oval or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> oblong-lanceolate, finely
+serrate; teeth sharp-pointed, sometimes incurved; apex acuminate; base
+obtuse or roundish; midrib depressed above; leafstalks short, channeled;
+stipules falling early.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;June. Appearing with the leaves, in lateral clusters,
+the flowers on long, slender, somewhat branching stems; calyx 5-cleft;
+segments thin, reflexed; petals 5, white, obovate, short-clawed; stamens
+numerous; pistil 1; style 1.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;About the size of a pea, round, light red, thin-meated and
+sour: stone oval or ovate.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; prefers a light
+gravelly loam, but grows in poor soils and exposed situations; habit so
+uncertain and tendency to sprout so decided that it is not wise to use
+it in ornamental plantations; sometimes very useful in sterile land. A
+variety with transparent yellowish fruit is occasionally met with, but
+is not yet in cultivation.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img63" id="img63"></a>
+<img src="images/img63.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXIII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXIII.</span>&mdash;Prunus Pennsylvanica.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Petal.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Prunus Virginiana, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Chokecherry</span>.</h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In varying soils; along river banks, on dry
+plains, in woods, common along walls, often thickets.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From Newfoundland across the continent, as far north on the
+Mackenzie river as 62&deg;.</p></div>
+
+<p>Common throughout New England; at an altitude of 4500 feet upon Mt.
+Katahdin.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Georgia; west to Minnesota and Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;Usually a shrub a few feet high, but occasionally a tree 15-25
+feet in height, with a trunk diameter of 5-6 inches;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> head, in open
+places, spreading, somewhat symmetrical, with dull foliage, but very
+attractive in flower and fruit, the latter variable in color and
+quantity.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Trunk and branches dull gray, darker on older trees, rough with
+raised buff-orange spots; branchlets dull grayish or reddish brown;
+season's shoots lighter, minutely dotted. Bitter to the taste.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds 1-1&frac14; inches long, conical,
+sharp-pointed, brown, slightly divergent from the stem.</p>
+
+<p>Leaves 2-5 inches long and two-thirds as wide, dull green on the upper
+side, lighter beneath, obovate or oblong, thin, finely, sharply, and
+often doubly serrate; apex abruptly pointed; base roundish, obtuse or
+slightly heart-shaped; leafstalk round, grooved, with two or more glands
+near base of leaf; stipules long, narrow, ciliate, falling when the
+leaves expand.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;Appearing in May, a week earlier than <i>P. serotina</i>,
+terminating lateral, leafy shoots of the season in numerous handsome,
+erect or spreading racemes, 2-4 inches long; flowers short-stemmed,
+about &#8531; inch across; petals white, roundish; edge often eroded; calyx
+5-cleft with thin reflexed lobes, soon falling; stamens numerous; pistil
+1; style 1.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;In drooping racemes; varying from yellow to nearly black,
+commonly bright red, edible, but more or less astringent; stem somewhat
+persistent after the cherry falls.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; grows in almost
+any soil, but prefers a deep, rich, moist loam. Vigorous young trees are
+attractive, but in New England they soon begin to show dead branches,
+and are so seriously affected by insects and fungous diseases that it is
+not wise to use them in ornamental plantations, or to permit them to
+remain on the roadside.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img64" id="img64"></a>
+<img src="images/img64.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXIV."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXIV.</span>&mdash;Prunus Virginia.
+</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. A petal.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Prunus serotina, Ehrh.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rum Cherry. Black Cherry.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In all sorts of soils and exposures; open places
+and rich woods.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Nova Scotia to Lake Superior.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;not reported north of Oldtown (Penobscot county); frequent
+throughout the other New England states.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Florida; west to North Dakota, Kansas, and Texas,
+extending through Mexico, along the Pacific coast of Central
+America to Peru.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;Usually a medium-sized tree, 30-50 feet in height, with a
+trunk diameter varying from 8 or 10 inches to 2 feet; attaining much
+greater dimensions in the middle and southern states; branches few,
+large, often tortuous, subdividing irregularly; head open, widest near
+the base, rather ungraceful when naked, but very attractive when clothed
+with bright green, polished foliage, profusely decked with white
+flowers, or laden with drooping racemes of handsome black fruit.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk deep reddish-brown and smooth in young trees, in
+old trees very rough, separating into close, thick, irregular, blackish
+scales; branches dark reddish-brown, marked with small oblong, raised
+dots. Bitter to the taste.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds ovate, &#8539; inch long, covered with
+imbricated brown scales.</p>
+
+<p>Leaves 2-5 inches long, about half as wide, dark green above and glossy
+when full grown, paler below, turning in autumn to orange, deep red, or
+pale yellow, firm, smooth on both sides, elliptical, oblong, or
+lanceolate-oblong; finely serrate with short, incurved teeth; apex
+sharp; base acute or roundish; meshes of veins minute; petioles &frac12; inch
+long, with usually two or more glands near the base of the leaf;
+stipules glandular-edged, falling as the leaf expands.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May to June. From new leafy shoots, in simple, loose
+racemes, 4-5 inches long; flowers small; calyx with 5 short teeth
+separated by shallow sinuses, persistent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> after the cherry falls; petals
+5, spreading, white, obovate; stamens numerous; pistil one; style
+single.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;September. Somewhat flattened vertically, &frac14; inch in
+diameter; purplish-black, edible, slightly bitter.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy in New England; in rich soil in open
+situations young trees grow very rapidly, old trees rather slowly.
+Seldom used for ornamental purposes, but serves well as a nurse tree for
+forest plantations, or where quick results and a luxurious foliage
+effect is desired, on inland exposures or near the seacoast. The
+branches are very liable to disfigurement by the black-knot and the
+foliage by the tent-caterpillar. Large plants are seldom for sale, but
+seedlings may be obtained in large quantities and at low prices. A
+weeping horticultural form is occasionally offered. Propagated from
+seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img65" id="img65"></a>
+<img src="images/img65.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXV."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXV.</span>&mdash;Prunus serotina.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. A petal.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Mature leaf.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Prunus Avium, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Mazard Cherry.</span></h4>
+
+<p>Introduced from England; occasionally spontaneous along fences and the
+borders of woodlands. As an escape, 25-50 feet high, with a trunk
+diameter of 1-2 feet; head oblong or ovate; branches mostly ascending.
+Leaves ovate to obovate, more or less pubescent beneath, serrate, 3-5
+inches long; leafstalk about &frac12; inch long, often glandular near base of
+leaf; inflorescence in umbels; flowers white, expanding with the leaves;
+fruit dark red, sweet, mostly inferior or blighted.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LEGUMINOSAE_PULSE_FAMILY" id="LEGUMINOSAE_PULSE_FAMILY"></a>LEGUMINOS&AElig;. PULSE FAMILY.</h2>
+
+
+<h3><b>Gleditsia triacanthos, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Honey Locust. Three-thorned Acacia.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In its native habitat growing in a variety of
+soils; rich woods, mountain sides, sterile plains.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Southern Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;young trees in the southern sections said to have been produced
+from self-sown seed (M. L. Fernald); New Hampshire and
+Vermont,&mdash;introduced; Massachusetts,&mdash;occasional; Rhode
+Island,&mdash;introduced and fully at home (J. F. Collins); Connecticut,&mdash;not
+reported. Probably sparingly naturalized in many other places in New
+England.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Spreading by seed southward; indigenous along the western slopes of
+the Alleghanies in Pennsylvania; south to Georgia and Alabama; west
+from western New York through southern Ontario (Canada) and
+Michigan to Nebraska, Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A medium-sized tree, reaching a height of 40-60 feet and a
+trunk diameter of 1-3 feet; becoming a tree of the first magnitude in
+the river bottoms of Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee; trunk dark and
+straight, the upper branches going off at an acute angle, the lower
+often horizontal, both trunk and larger branches armed above the axils
+with stout, sharp-pointed, simple, three-pronged or numerously branched
+thorns, sometimes clustered in forbidding tangles a foot or two in
+length; head wide-spreading, very open, rounded or flattish, with
+extremely delicate, fern-like foliage lying in graceful planes or
+masses; pods flat and pendent, conspicuous in autumn.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Trunk and larger branches a sombre iron gray, deepening on old
+trees almost to black; yellowish-brown in second year's growth; season's
+shoots green, marked with short buff, longitudinal lines; branchlets
+rough-dotted.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Winter buds minute, in clusters of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> three or
+four, the upper the largest. Leaves compound, once to twice pinnate,
+both forms often in the same leaf, alternate, 6 inches to 1 foot long,
+rachis abruptly enlarged at base and covering the winter buds: leaflets
+18-28, &frac34;-&frac14; inches long, about one-third as wide, yellowish-green
+when unfolding, turning to dark green above, slightly lighter beneath,
+yellow in autumn; outline lanceolate, oblong to oval, obscurely
+crenulate-serrate; apex obtuse, scarcely mucronate; base mostly rounded;
+leafstalks and leaves downy, especially when young.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;Early June. From lateral or terminal buds on the old
+wood, in slender, pendent, greenish racemes scarcely distinguishable
+among the young leaves; sterile and fertile flowers on different trees
+or on the same tree and even in the same cluster; calyx somewhat
+campanulate, 3-5-cleft; petals 3-5, somewhat wider than the sepals, and
+inserted with the 3-10 stamens on the calyx: pistil in sterile flowers
+abortive or wanting, conspicuous in the fertile flowers. Parts of the
+flower more or less pubescent, arachnoid-pubescent within, near the
+base.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Pods dull red, 1-1&frac12; feet long, flat, pendent, and often
+twisted, containing several flat brown seeds.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England, grows in any
+well-drained soil, but prefers a deep, rich loam; transplants readily,
+grows rapidly, is long-lived, free from disease, and makes a picturesque
+object in ornamental plantations, but is objectionable in public places
+and highly finished grounds on account of the stiff spines, which are a
+source of danger to pedestrians, and also on account of the long
+strap-shaped pods, which litter the ground. There is a thornless form
+which is better adapted than the type for ornamental purposes. The type
+is sometimes offered in nurseries at a low price by the quantity.
+Propagated from seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img66" id="img66"></a>
+<img src="images/img66.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXVI."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXVI.</span>&mdash;Gleditsia triacanthos.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Winter buds with thorns.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Sterile flower, enlarged.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Flowering branch, flowers mostly fertile.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fertile flower, enlarged.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8. Leaf partially twice pinnate.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Robinia Pseudacacia, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Locust.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In its native habitat growing upon mountain
+slopes, along the borders of forests, in rich soils.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Naturalized from Nova Scotia to Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;thoroughly at home, forming wooded banks along streams; New
+Hampshire,&mdash;abundant enough to be reckoned among the valuable timber
+trees; Vermont,&mdash;escaped from cultivation in many places; Massachusetts,
+Rhode Island, and Connecticut,&mdash;common in patches and thickets and along
+the roadsides and fences.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Native from southern Pennsylvania along the mountains to Georgia;
+west to Iowa and southward.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;Mostly a small tree, 20-35 feet high, under favorable
+conditions reaching a height of 50-75 feet; trunk diameter 8 inches to 2
+&frac12; feet; lower branches thrown out horizontally or at a broad angle,
+forming a few-branched, spreading top, clothed with a tender green,
+delicate, tremulous foliage, and distinguished in early June by loose,
+pendulous clusters of white fragrant flowers.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk dark, rough and seamy even in young trees, and
+armed with stout prickles which disappear as the tree matures; in old
+trees coarsely, deeply, and firmly ridged, not flaky; larger branches a
+dull brown, rough; branchlets grayish-brown, armed with prickles;
+season's shoots green, more or less rough-dotted, thin, and often
+striped.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Winter buds minute, partially sunken within
+the leaf-scar. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate; petiole swollen at
+the base, covering bud of the next season; often with spines in the
+place of stipules; leaflets 7-21, opposite or scattered, &frac34;-1&frac14;
+inches long, about half as wide, light green; outline ovate or
+oval-oblong; apex round or obtuse, tipped with a minute point; base
+truncate, rounded, obtuse or acutish; distinctly short-stalked;
+stipellate at first.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;Late May or early June. Showy and abundant, in loose,
+pendent, axillary racemes; calyx short, bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the two
+upper segments mostly coherent; corolla shaped like a pea blossom, the
+upper petal large, side petals obtuse and separate; style and stigma
+simple.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;A smooth, dark brown, flat pod, about 3 inches long,
+containing several small brown flattish seeds, remaining on the tree
+throughout the winter.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England in all dry, sunny
+situations, of rapid growth, spreading by underground stems, ordinarily
+short-lived and subject to serious injury by the attacks of borers.
+Occasionally procurable in large quantities at a low rate. In Europe
+there are many horticultural forms, a few of which are occasionally
+offered in American nurseries. The type is propagated from seed, the
+forms by grafting.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img67" id="img67"></a>
+<img src="images/img67.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXVII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXVII.</span>&mdash;Robinia Pseudacacia.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Flower with corolla removed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Robinia viscosa, Vent.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Clammy Locust.</span></h4>
+
+<p>This tree appears to be sparingly established in southern Canada and at
+many points throughout New England.</p>
+
+<p>Common in cultivation and occasionally established through the middle
+states; native from Virginia along the mountains of North Carolina,
+South Carolina, and Georgia.</p>
+
+<p>Easily distinguished from <i>R. Pseudacacia</i> by its smaller size,
+glandular, viscid branchlets, later period of blossoming, and by its
+more compact, usually upright, scarcely fragrant, rose-colored
+flower-clusters.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="SIMARUBACEAE_AILANTHUS_FAMILY" id="SIMARUBACEAE_AILANTHUS_FAMILY"></a>SIMARUBACE&AElig;. AILANTHUS FAMILY.</h2>
+
+
+<h3><b>Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Ailanthus. Tree-of-heaven. Chinese Sumac.</span></h4>
+
+<p>Sparsely and locally naturalized in southern Ontario, New England, and
+southward.</p>
+
+<p>A native of China; first introduced into the United States on an
+extensive scale in 1820 at Flushing, Long Island; afterwards
+disseminated by nursery plants and by seed distributed from the
+Agricultural Department at Washington. Its rapid growth, ability to
+withstand considerable variations in temperature, and its dark luxuriant
+foliage made it a great favorite for shade and ornament. It was planted
+extensively in Philadelphia and New York, and generally throughout the
+eastern sections of the country. When these trees began to fill the
+ground with suckers and the vile-scented sterile flowers poisoned the
+balmy air of June and the water in the cisterns, occasioning many
+distressing cases of nausea, a reaction set in and hundreds of trees
+were cut down. The female trees, against the blossoms of which no such
+objection lay, were allowed to grow, and have often attained a height of
+50-75 feet, with a trunk diameter of 3-5 feet. The fruit is very
+beautiful, consisting of profuse clusters of delicate pinkish or
+greenish keys.</p>
+
+<p>The tree is easily distinguished by its ill-scented compound leaves,
+often 2-3 feet long, by the numerous leaflets, sometimes exceeding 40,
+each ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, with one or two teeth near the base, by
+its vigorous growth from suckers, and in winter by the coarse, blunt
+shoots and conspicuous, heart-shaped leaf-scars.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="ANACARDIACEAE_SUMAC_FAMILY" id="ANACARDIACEAE_SUMAC_FAMILY"></a>ANACARDIACE&AElig;. SUMAC FAMILY.</h2>
+
+
+<h3><b>Rhus typhina, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Rhus hirta, Sudw.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Staghorn Sumac.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In widely varying soils and localities; river
+banks, rocky slopes to an altitude of 2000 feet, cellar-holes and waste
+places generally, often forming copses.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From Nova Scotia to Lake Huron.</p></div>
+
+<p>Common throughout New England.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Georgia; west to Minnesota and Missouri.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A shrub, or small tree, rarely exceeding 25 feet in height;
+trunk 8-10 inches in diameter; branches straggling, thickish, mostly
+crooked when old; branchlets forked, straight, often killed at the tips
+several inches by the frost; head very open, irregular, characterized by
+its velvety shoots, ample, elegant foliage, turning in early autumn to
+rich yellows and reds, and by its beautiful, soft-looking crimson cones.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk light brown, mottled with gray, becoming dark
+brownish-gray and more or less rough-scaly in old trees; the season's
+shoots densely covered with velvety hairs, like the young horns of deer
+(giving rise to the common name), the pubescence disappearing after two
+or three years; the extremities dotted with minute orange spots which
+enlarge laterally in successive seasons, giving a roughish feeling to
+the branches.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds roundish, obtuse, densely covered with
+tawny wool, sunk within a large leaf-scar. Leaves pinnately compound,
+1-2 feet long; stalk hairy, reddish above, enlarged at base covering the
+axillary bud; leaflets 11-31, mostly in opposite pairs, the middle pair
+longest, nearly sessile except the odd one, 2-4 inches long; dark green
+above, light and often downy beneath; outline narrow to broad-oblong or
+broad-lanceolate, usually serrate,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> rarely laciniate, long-pointed,
+slightly heart-shaped or rounded at base; stipules none.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;June to July. Flowers in dense terminal, thyrsoid
+panicles, often a foot in length and 5-6 inches wide; sterile and
+fertile mostly on separate trees, but sterile, fertile, and perfect
+occasionally on the same tree; calyx small, the 5 hairy,
+ovate-lanceolate sepals united at the base and, in sterile flowers,
+about half the length of the usually recurved petals; stamens 5,
+somewhat exserted; ovary abortive, smooth; in the fertile flowers the
+sepals are nearly as long as the upright petals; stamens short; ovary
+pubescent, 1-celled, with 3 short styles and 3 spreading stigmas.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;In compound terminal panicles, 6-10 or 12 inches long, made up
+of small, dryish, smooth-stoned drupes densely covered with acid,
+crimson hairs, persistent till spring.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England. Grows in any
+well-drained soil, but prefers a deep, rich loam. The vigorous growth,
+bold, handsome foliage, and freedom from disease make it desirable for
+landscape plantations. It spreads rapidly from suckers, a single plant
+becoming in a few years the center of a broad-spreading group. Seldom
+obtainable in nurseries, but collected plants transplant easily.</p>
+
+<p>The cut-leaved form is cultivated in nurseries for the sake of its
+exceedingly graceful and delicate foliage.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img68" id="img68"></a>
+<img src="images/img68.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXVIII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXVIII.</span>&mdash;Rhus typhina.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Branch with staminate flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Staminate flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Branch with pistillate flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Pistillate flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fruit cluster.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fruit.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Rhus Vernix, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Rhus venenata, DC.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Dogwood. Poison Sumac. Poison Elder.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Low grounds and swamps; occasional on the moist
+slopes of hills.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Infrequent in Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;local and apparently restricted to the southwestern sections; as
+far north as Chesterville (Franklin county); Vermont,&mdash;infrequent;
+common throughout the other New England states, especially near the
+seacoast.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to northern Florida; west to Minnesota and Louisiana.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;- A handsome shrub or small tree, 5-20 feet high; trunk
+sometimes 8-10 inches in diameter; broad-topped in the open along the
+edge of swamps; conspicuous in autumn by its richly colored foliage and
+diffusely panicled, pale, yellowish-white fruit.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Trunk and branches mottled gray, roughish with round spots;
+branchlets light brown; season's shoots reddish at first, turning later
+to gray, thickly beset with rough yellowish warts; leaf-scars prominent,
+triangular.</p>
+
+<p><b>Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds small, roundish. Leaves pinnately compound,
+alternate; rachis abruptly widened at base; leaflets 5-13, opposite,
+short-stalked except the odd one, 2-3 inches long, 1-2 inches wide,
+smooth, light green and mostly glossy when young, becoming dark green
+and often dull, obovate to oval or ovate; entire, often wavy-margined;
+apex acute, acuminate, or obtuse; base mostly obtuse or rounded; veins
+prominent, often red; stipules none.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;Early in July. Near the tips of the branches, in
+loose, axillary clusters of small greenish flowers; sterile, fertile,
+and perfect flowers on the same tree, or occasionally sterile and
+fertile on separate trees; calyx deeply 5-parted, divisions ovate,
+acute; petals 5, oblong; stamens 5, exserted in the sterile flowers;
+ovary globose, styles 3.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Drupes about as large as peas, smooth, more or less glossy,
+whitish; stone ridged; strongly resembling the fruit of <i>R.
+Toxicodendron</i> (poison ivy).</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;No large shrub or small tree, so attractive as
+this, does so well in wet ground; it grows also in any good soil, but it
+is seldom advisable to use it, on account of its noxious qualities. It
+can be obtained only from collectors of native plants.</p>
+
+<p><b>Note.</b>&mdash;This sumac has the reputation of being the most poisonous of
+New England plants. The treacherous beauty of its autumn leaves is a
+source of grief to collectors. Many are seriously affected, without
+actual contact, by the exhalation of vapor from the leaves, by grains of
+pollen floating in the air, and even by the smoke of the burning wood.</p>
+
+<p>It is easily distinguished from the other sumacs. The leaflets are not
+toothed like those of <i>R. typhina</i> (staghorn sumac) and <i>R. glabra</i>
+(smooth sumac); it is not pubescent like <i>R. typhina</i> and <i>R. copallina</i>
+(dwarf sumac); the rachis of the compound leaf is not wing-margined as
+in <i>R. copallina</i>; the panicles of flower and fruit are not upright and
+compact, but drooping and spreading; the fruit is not red-dotted with
+dense crimson hairs, but is smooth and whitish. Unlike the other sumacs,
+it grows for the most part in lowlands and swamps.</p>
+
+<p>In the vicinity of Southington, southern Connecticut, <i>Rhus copallina</i>
+is occasionally found with a trunk 5 or 6 inches in diameter (C. H.
+Bissell).</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img69" id="img69"></a>
+<img src="images/img69.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXIX."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXIX.</span>&mdash;Rhus Vernix.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Branch with sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Branch with fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="AQUIFOLIACEAE_HOLLY_FAMILY" id="AQUIFOLIACEAE_HOLLY_FAMILY"></a>AQUIFOLIACE&AElig;. HOLLY FAMILY.</h2>
+
+
+<h3><b>Ilex opaca, Ait.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Holly. American Holly.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Generally found in somewhat sheltered situations
+in sandy loam or in low, moist soil in the vicinity of water.</p>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;reported on the authority of Gray's <i>Manual</i>, sixth edition, in
+various botanical works, but no station is known; New Hampshire and
+Vermont,&mdash;no station reported; Massachusetts,&mdash;occasional from Quincy
+southward upon the mainland and the island of Naushon; rare in the peat
+swamps of Nantucket; Rhode Island,&mdash;common in South Kingston and Little
+Compton and sparingly found upon Prudence and Conanicut islands in
+Narragansett bay; Connecticut,&mdash;mostly restricted to the southwestern
+sections.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Southward to Florida; westward to Missouri and the bottom-lands of
+eastern Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A shrub or small tree, exceptionally reaching a height of 30
+feet, with a trunk diameter of 15-18 inches, but attaining larger
+proportions south and west; head conical or dome-shaped, compact;
+branches irregular, mostly horizontal, clothed with a spiny evergreen
+foliage. The fertile trees are readily distinguished through late fall
+and early winter by the conspicuous red berries.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk thick, smooth on young trees, roughish, dotted on
+old, of a nearly uniform ash-gray on trunk and branches; the young
+shoots more or less downy, bright greenish-yellow, becoming smooth and
+grayish at the end of the season.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds short, roundish, generally obtuse,
+scales minutely ciliate. Leaves evergreen, simple, alternate, 2-4 inches
+long, 1&frac12;-3 inches wide, flat when compared with those of the European
+holly, thickish, smooth on both sides, yellowish-green, scarcely glossy
+on the upper surface, paler beneath, elliptical, oval or oval-oblong;
+apex<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> acutish, spine-tipped; base acutish or obtuse; margin wavy and
+concave between the large spiny teeth, sometimes with one or two teeth
+or entire; midrib prominent beneath; leafstalks short, grooved; stipules
+minute, awl-shaped, becoming blackish, persistent.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;Flowers in June along the base of the season's shoots;
+sterile and fertile flowers usually on separate trees,&mdash;the sterile in
+loose, few-flowered clusters, the fertile mostly solitary; peduncles and
+pedicels slender, bracted midway; calyx persistent, with 4 pointed,
+ciliate teeth; corolla white, monopetalous, with 4 roundish, oblong
+divisions; stamens 4, alternating with and shorter than the lobes of the
+corolla in the fertile flowers, but longer in the sterile; ovary green,
+nearly cylindrical, surmounted by the sessile, 4-lobed stigma. Parts of
+the flower sometimes in fives or sixes.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;A dull red, berry-like drupe, with 4 nutlets, ribbed or
+grooved on the convex back, ripening late, and persistent into winter. A
+yellow-fruited form reported at New Bedford, Mass. (<i>Rhodora</i>, III, 58).</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy in southern New England; though preferring
+moist, gravelly loam, it does fairly well in dry soil; of slow growth;
+useful to form low plantation in shade and to enrich the undergrowth of
+woods; occasionally sold by collectors but rare in nurseries; nursery
+plants must be frequently transplanted to be moved successfully; only a
+small percentage of ordinary collected plants live. The seed seldom
+germinates in less than two years.</p>
+
+<p><b>Notes.</b>&mdash;The cultivated European holly, which the American tree closely
+resembles, may be distinguished by its deeper green, glossier, and more
+wave-margined leaves and the deeper red of its berries.</p>
+
+<p>"There are several fine specimens of the <i>Ilex opaca</i> on the farm of
+Col. Minot Thayer in Braintree, Mass., which are about a foot in
+diameter a yard above the ground and 25 feet in height. They have
+maintained their present dimensions for more than fifty years."&mdash;D. T.
+Browne's <i>Trees of North America</i>, published in 1846.</p>
+
+<p>This estate is now owned by Mr. Thomas A. Watson.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> Several of these
+trees have been cut down, but one of them is still standing and of
+substantially the dimensions given above. It must have reached the limit
+of growth a hundred years ago and now shows very evident signs of
+decrepitude. This may be due, however, to the loss of a square foot or
+more of bark from the trunk.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img70" id="img70"></a>
+<img src="images/img70.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXX."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXX.</span>&mdash;Ilex opaca.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Branch with staminate flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Staminate flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Pistillate flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="ACERACEAE_MAPLE_FAMILY" id="ACERACEAE_MAPLE_FAMILY"></a>ACERACE&AElig;. MAPLE FAMILY.</h2>
+
+
+<h3><b>Acer rubrum, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Red Maple. Swamp Maple. Soft Maple. White Maple.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Borders of streams, low lands, wet forests,
+swamps, rocky hillsides.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Nova Scotia to the Lake of the Woods.</p></div>
+
+<p>Common throughout New England from the sea to an altitude of 3000 feet
+on Katahdin.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to southern Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, and Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A medium-sized tree, 40-50 feet high, rising occasionally in
+swamps to a height of 60-75 feet; trunk 2-4 feet in diameter, throwing
+out limbs at varying angles a few feet from the ground; branches and
+branchlets slender, forming a bushy spray, the tips having a slightly
+upward tendency; head compact, in young trees usually rounded and
+symmetrical, widest just above the point of furcation. In the first warm
+days of spring there shimmers amid the naked branches a faint glow of
+red, which at length becomes embodied in the abundant scarlet, crimson,
+or yellow of the long flowering stems; succeeded later by the brilliant
+fruit, which is outlined against the sober green of the foliage till it
+pales and falls in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> June. The colors of the autumn leaves vie in
+splendor with those of the sugar maple.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;In young trees smooth and light gray, becoming very dark and
+ridgy in large trunks, the surface separating into scales, and in very
+old trees hanging in long flakes; young shoots often bright red in
+autumn, conspicuously marked with oblong white spots.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds aggregated at or near the ends of the
+preceding year's shoots, about &#8539; inch long; protected by dark reddish
+scales; inner scales lengthening with the growth of the shoot. Leaves
+simple, opposite, 3-4 inches long, green and smooth above, lighter and
+more or less pubescent beneath, especially along the veins; turning
+crimson or scarlet in early autumn; ovate, 3-5-lobed, the middle lobe
+generally the longest, the lower pair (when 5 lobes are present) the
+smallest; unequally sharp-toothed, with broad, acute sinuses; apex
+acute; base heart-shaped, truncate, or obtuse; leafstalk 1-3 inches
+long. The leaves of the red maple vary greatly in size, outline, lobing,
+and shape of base.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;April 1-15. Appearing before the leaves in close
+clusters encircling the shoots of the previous year, varying in color
+from dull red or pale yellow to scarlet; the sterile and fertile flowers
+mostly in separate clusters, sometimes on the same tree, but more
+frequently on different trees; calyx lobes oblong and obtuse; petals
+linear-oblong; pedicels short; stamens 5-8, much longer than the petals
+in the sterile and about the same length in the fertile flowers; the
+smooth ovary surmounted by a style separating into two much-projecting
+stigmatic lobes.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Fruit ripe in June, hanging on long stems, varying from brown
+to crimson; keys about an inch in length, at first convergent, at
+maturity more or less divergent.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; found in a wider
+range of soils than any other species of the genus, but seeming to
+prefer a gravelly or peaty loam in positions where its roots can reach a
+constant supply of moisture. It is more variable than any other of the
+native maples and consequently is not so good a tree for streets, where
+a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> symmetrical outline and uniform habit are required. It is
+transplanted readily, but recovers its vigor more slowly than does the
+sugar or silver maple and is usually of slower growth. Its variable
+habit makes it an exceedingly interesting tree in the landscape.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img71" id="img71"></a>
+<img src="images/img71.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXXI."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXXI.</span>&mdash;Acer rubrum.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Leaf-buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flower-buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Branch with sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Branch with sterile and fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8. Variant leaves.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Acer saccharinum, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Acer dasycarpum, Ehrh.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Silver Maple. Soft Maple. White Maple. River Maple.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Along streams, in rich intervale lands, and in
+moist, deep-soiled forests, but not in swamps.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Infrequent from New Brunswick to Ottawa, abundant from Ottawa
+throughout Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>Occasional throughout the New England states; most common and best
+developed upon the banks of rivers and lakes at low altitudes.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to the Gulf states; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and
+Indian territory; attaining its maximum size in the basins of the
+Ohio and its tributaries; rare towards the seacoast throughout the
+whole range.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A handsome tree, 50-60 feet in height; trunk 2-5 feet in
+diameter, separating a few feet from the ground into several large,
+slightly diverging branches. These, naked for some distance, repeatedly
+subdivide at wider angles, forming a very wide head, much broader near
+the top. The ultimate branches are long and slender, often forming on
+the lower<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> limbs a pendulous fringe sometimes reaching to the ground.
+Distinguished in winter by its characteristic graceful outlines, and by
+its flower-buds conspicuously scattered along the tips of the
+branchlets; in summer by the silvery-white under-surface of its deeply
+cut leaves. It is among the first of the New England trees to blossom,
+preceding the red maple by one to three weeks.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk smooth and gray in young trees, becoming with age
+rougher and darker, more or less ridged, separating into thin, loose
+scales; young shoots chestnut-colored in autumn, smooth, polished,
+profusely marked with light dots.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Flower-buds clustered near the ends of the
+branchlets, conspicuous in winter; scales imbricated, convex, polished,
+reddish, with ciliate margins; leaf-buds more slender, about &#8539; inch
+long, with similar scales, the inner lengthening, falling as the leaf
+expands. Leaves simple, opposite, 3-5 inches long, of varying width,
+light green above, silvery-white beneath, turning yellow in autumn;
+lobes 3, or more usually 5, deeply cut, sharp-toothed, sharp-pointed,
+more or less sublobed; sinuses deep, narrow, with concave sides; base
+sub-heart-shaped or truncate; stems long.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;March to April. Much preceding the leaves; from short
+branchlets of the previous year, in simple, crowded umbels; flowers
+rarely perfect, the sterile and fertile sometimes on the same tree and
+sometimes on different trees, generally in separate clusters,
+yellowish-green or sometimes pinkish; calyx 5-notched, wholly included
+in bud-scales; petals none; sterile flowers long, stamens 3-7 much
+exserted, filaments slender, ovary abortive or none: fertile flowers
+broad, stamens about the length of calyx-tube, ovary woolly, with two
+styles scarcely united at the base.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Fruit ripens in June, earliest of the New England maples. Keys
+large, woolly when young, at length smooth, widely divergent,
+scythe-shaped or straight, yellowish-green, one key often aborted.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy in cultivation throughout New England. The
+grace of its branches, the beauty of its foliage,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> and its rapid growth
+make it a favorite ornamental tree. It attains its finest development
+when planted by the margin of pond or stream where its roots can reach
+water, but it grows well in any good soil. Easily transplanted, and more
+readily obtainable at a low price than any other tree in general use for
+street or ornamental purposes. The branches are easily broken by wind
+and ice, and the roots fill the ground for a long distance and exhaust
+its fertility.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img72" id="img72"></a>
+<img src="images/img72.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXXII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXXII.</span>&mdash;Acer saccharinum.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Leaf-buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flower-buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Branch with sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Branch with fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Branch with sterile and fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8. Perfect flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>9. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Acer Saccharum, Marsh.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Acer saccharinum, Wang.</i> <i>Acer barbatum, Michx.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rock Maple. Sugar Maple. Hard Maple. Sugar Tree.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Rich woods and cool, rocky slopes.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, westward to Lake of the Woods.</p></div>
+
+<p>New England,&mdash;abundant, distributed throughout the woods, often forming
+in the northern portions extensive upland forests; attaining great size
+in the mountainous portions of New Hampshire and Vermont, and in the
+Connecticut river valley; less frequent toward the seacoast.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to the Gulf states; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and
+Texas.</p>
+
+</div>
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A noble tree, 50-90 feet in height; trunk 2-5 feet in
+diameter, stout, erect, throwing out its primary branches<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> at acute
+angles; secondary branches straight, slender, nearly horizontal or
+declining at the base, leaving the stem higher up at sharper and sharper
+angles, repeatedly subdividing, forming a dense and rather stiff spray
+of nearly uniform length; head symmetrical, varying greatly in shape; in
+young trees often narrowly cylindrical, becoming pyramidal or broadly
+egg-shaped with age; clothed with dense masses of foliage, purple-tinged
+in spring, light green in summer, and gorgeous beyond all other trees of
+the forest, with the possible exception of the red maple, in its
+autumnal oranges, yellows, and reds.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk and principal branches gray, very smooth, close
+and firm in young trees, in old trees becoming deeply furrowed, often
+cleaving up at one edge in long, thick, irregular plates; season's
+shoots at length of a shining reddish-brown, smooth, numerously
+pale-dotted, turning gray the third year.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds sharp-pointed, reddish-brown, minutely
+pubescent, terminal &frac14; inch long, lateral &#8539; inch, appressed, the
+inner scales lengthening with the growth of the shoot. Leaves simple,
+opposite, 3-5 inches long, with a somewhat greater breadth, purplish and
+more or less pubescent when opening, at maturity dark green above,
+paler, with or without pubescence beneath, changing to brilliant reds
+and yellows in autumn; lobes sometimes 3, usually 5, acuminate,
+sparingly sinuate-toothed, with shallow, rounded sinuses; base
+subcordate, truncate, or wedge-shaped; veins and veinlets conspicuous
+beneath; leafstalks long, slender.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;April 1-15. Appearing with the leaves in nearly
+sessile clusters, from terminal and lateral buds; flowers
+greenish-yellow, pendent on long thread-like, hairy stems; sterile and
+fertile on the same or on different trees, usually in separate, but not
+infrequently in the same cluster; the 5-lobed calyx cylindrical or
+bell-shaped, hairy; petals none; stamens 6-8, in sterile flowers much
+longer than the calyx, in fertile scarcely exserted; ovary smooth,
+abortive in sterile flowers, in fertile surmounted by a single style
+with two divergent, thread-like, stigmatic lobes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Keys usually an inch or more in length, glabrous, wings broad,
+mostly divergent, falling late in autumn.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England. Its long life,
+noble proportions, beautiful foliage, dense shade, moderately rapid
+growth, usual freedom from disease or insect disfigurement, and
+adaptability to almost any soil not saturated with water make it a
+favorite in cultivation; readily obtainable in nurseries, transplants
+easily, recovers its vigor quickly, and has a nearly uniform habit of
+growth.</p>
+
+<p><b>Note.</b>&mdash;Not liable to be taken for any other native maple, but
+sometimes confounded with the cultivated Norway maple, <i>Acer
+platanoides</i>, from which it is easily distinguished by the milky juice
+which exudes from the broken petiole of the latter.</p>
+
+<p>The leaves of the Norway maple are thinner, bright green and glabrous
+beneath, and its keys diverge in a straight line.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img73" id="img73"></a>
+<img src="images/img73.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXXIII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXXIII.</span>&mdash;Acer saccharum.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Fertile flower, part of perianth and stamens removed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Acer saccharum, Marsh., var. nigrum, Britton.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Acer nigrum, Michx. Acer saccharinum,</i> var. <i>nigrum, T. &amp; G. Acer
+barbatum,</i> var. <i>nigrum, Sarg.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Black Maple.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Low, damp ground on which, in New England at
+least, the sugar maple is rarely if ever seen, or upon moist, rocky
+slopes.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Apparently a common tree from Ottawa westward throughout Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>The New England specimens, with the exception of those from the
+Champlain valley, appear to be dubious intermediates between the type
+and the variety.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;the Rangeley lake region; New Hampshire,&mdash;occasional near the
+Connecticut river; Vermont,&mdash;frequent in the western part in the
+Champlain valley, occasional in all other sections, especially in the
+vicinity of the Connecticut; Massachusetts,&mdash;occasional in the
+Connecticut river valley and westward, doubtfully reported from eastern
+sections; Rhode Island,&mdash;doubtful, resting on the authority of Colonel
+Olney's list; Connecticut,&mdash;doubtfully reported.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South along the Alleghanies to the Gulf states; west to the 95th
+meridian.</p></div>
+
+<p>The extreme forms of <i>nigrum</i> show well-marked varietal differences; but
+there are few, if any, constant characters. Further research in the
+field is necessary to determine the status of these interesting plants.</p>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;The black maple is somewhat smaller than the sugar maple, the
+bark is darker and the foliage more sombre. It generally has a
+symmetrical outline, which it retains to old age.</p>
+
+<p><b>Leaves.</b>&mdash;The fully grown leaves are often larger than those of the
+type, darker green above, edges sometimes drooping, width equal to or
+exceeding the length, 5-lobed, margin blunt-toothed, wavy-toothed, or
+entire, the two lower lobes small, often reduced to a curve in the
+outline, broad at the base, which is usually heart-shaped; texture firm;
+the lengthening scales of the opening leaves, the young shoots, the
+petioles, and the leaves themselves are covered with a downy to a
+densely woolly pubescence. As the parts mature, the woolliness usually
+disappears, except along the midrib and principal veins, which become
+almost glabrous.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England, preferring a
+moist, fertile, gravelly loam; young trees are rather more vigorous than
+those of the sugar maple, and easily transplanted. Difficult to secure,
+for it is seldom offered for sale or recognized by nurseries, although
+occasionally found mixed with the sugar maple in nursery rows.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img74" id="img74"></a>
+<img src="images/img74.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXXIV."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXXIV.</span>&mdash;Acer Saccharum, var. nigrum.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Acer spicatum, Lam.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Mountain Maple.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In damp forests, rocky highland woods, along the
+sides of mountain brooks at altitudes of 500-1000 feet.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From Nova Scotia and Newfoundland to Saskatchewan.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;common, especially northward in the forests; New Hampshire and
+Vermont,&mdash;common; Massachusetts,&mdash;rather common in western and central
+sections, occasional eastward; Rhode Island,&mdash;occasional northward;
+Connecticut,&mdash;occasional in northern and central sections; reported as
+far south as North Branford (New Haven county).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Along mountain ranges to Georgia.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;Mostly a shrub, but occasionally attaining a height of 25
+feet, with a diameter, near the ground, of 6-8 inches; characterized by
+a short, straight trunk and slender branches; bright green foliage
+turning a rich red in autumn, and long-stemmed, erect racemes of
+delicate flowers, drooping at length beneath the weight of the maturing
+keys.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk thin, smoothish, grayish-brown; primary branches
+gray; branchlets reddish-brown streaked with green, retaining in the
+second year traces of pubescence; season's shoots yellowish-green,
+reddish on the upper side when exposed to the sun, minutely pubescent.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds small, flattish, acute, slightly
+divergent from the stem. Leaves simple, opposite, 4-5 inches long,
+two-thirds as wide, pubescent on both sides when unfolding, at length
+glabrous on the upper surface, 3-lobed above the center, often with two
+small additional lobes at the base, coarsely or finely serrate, lobes
+acuminate; base more or less heart-shaped; veining 3-5-nerved,
+prominent, especially on the lower side, furrowed above; leafstalks
+long, enlarged at the base.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;June. Appearing after the expansion of the leaves, in
+long-stemmed, terminal, more or less panicled, erect<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> or slightly
+drooping racemes; flowers small and numerous, both kinds in the same
+raceme, the fertile near the base; all upon very slender pedicels; lobes
+of calyx 5, greenish, downy, about half as long as the alternating
+linear petals; stamens usually 8, in the sterile flower nearly as long
+as the petals, in the fertile much shorter; pistil rudimentary, hairy in
+the sterile flower; in the fertile the ovary is surmounted by an erect
+style with short-lobed stigma.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;In long racemes, drooping or pendent; the keys, which are
+smaller than those of any other American maple, set on hair-like
+pedicels, and at a wide but not constant angle; at length reddish, with
+a small cavity upon one side.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy in cultivation throughout New England;
+prefers moist, well-drained, gravelly loam in partial shade, but grows
+well in any good soil; easily transplanted, but recovers its vigor
+rather slowly; foliage free from disease.</p>
+
+<p>Seldom grown in nurseries, but readily obtainable from northern
+collectors of native plants.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img75" id="img75"></a>
+<img src="images/img75.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXXV."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXXV.</span>&mdash;Acer spicatum.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Abortive ovary in sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile flower with part of the perianth and stamens removed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Striped Maple. Moosewood. Whistlewood.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Cool, rocky or sandy woods.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Nova Scotia to Lake Superior.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;abundant, especially northward in the forests; New Hampshire and
+Vermont,&mdash;common in highland woods; Massachusetts,&mdash;common in the
+western and central sections, rare towards the coast; Rhode
+Island,&mdash;frequent northward;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> Connecticut,&mdash;frequent, reported as far
+south as Cheshire (New Haven county).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South on shaded mountain slopes and in deep ravines to Georgia;
+west to Minnesota.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;Shrub or small tree, 15-25 feet high, with a diameter at the
+ground of 5-8 inches; characterized by a slender, beautifully striate
+trunk and straight branches; by the roseate flush of the opening
+foliage, deepening later to a yellowish-green; and by the long,
+graceful, pendent racemes of yellowish flowers, succeeded by the
+abundant, drooping fruit.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk and branches deep reddish-brown or dark green,
+conspicuously striped longitudinally with pale and blackish bands;
+roughish with light buff, irregular dots; the younger branches marked
+with oval leaf-scars and the linear scars of the leaf-scales; the
+season's shoots smooth, light green, mottled with black.</p>
+
+<p>In spring the bark of the small branches is easily separable, giving
+rise to the name "whistle wood."</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Terminal bud long, short-stalked, obscurely
+4-sided, tapering to a blunt tip; lateral buds small and flat; opening
+foliage roseate. Leaves simple, opposite; 5-6 inches long and nearly as
+broad; the upper leaves much narrower; when fully grown light green
+above, paler beneath, finally nearly glabrous, yellow in autumn, divided
+above the center into three deep acuminate lobes, finely, sharply, and
+usually doubly serrate; base heart-shaped, truncate, or rounded;
+leafstalks 1-3 inches long, grooved, the enlarged base including the
+leaf-buds of the next season.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;In simple, drooping racemes, often 5-6 inches long,
+appearing after the leaves in late May or early June; the sterile and
+fertile flowers mostly in separate racemes on the same tree; the
+bell-shaped flowers on slender pedicels; petals and sepals
+greenish-yellow; sepals narrowly oblong, somewhat shorter than the
+obovate petals; stamens usually 8, shorter than the petals in the
+sterile flower, rudimentary in the fertile, the pistil abortive or none
+in the sterile flower, in the fertile terminating in a recurved
+stigma.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;In long, drooping racemes of pale green keys, set at a wide
+but not uniform angle; distinguished from the other maples, except <i>A.
+spicatum</i>, by a small cavity in the side of each key; abundant; ripening
+in August.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy, under favorable conditions, throughout
+New England. Prefers a rich, moist soil near water, in shade; but grows
+well in almost any soil when once established, many young plants failing
+to start into vigorous growth. Occasionally grown by nurserymen, but
+more readily obtainable from northern collectors of native plants.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img76" id="img76"></a>
+<img src="images/img76.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXXVI."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXXVI.</span>&mdash;Acer Pennsylvanicum.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Fertile flower with part of the perianth removed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Acer Negundo, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Negundo aceroides, Moench. Negundo Negundo, Karst.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Box Elder. Ash-leaved Maple.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In deep, moist soil; river valleys and borders of
+swamps.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Infrequent from eastern Ontario to Lake of the Woods; abundant from
+Manitoba westward to the Rocky mountains south of 55&deg; north
+latitude.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;along the St. John and its tributaries, especially in the French
+villages, the commonest roadside tree, brought in from the wild state
+according to the people there; thoroughly established young trees,
+originating from planted specimens, in various parts of the state; New
+Hampshire,&mdash;occasional along the Connecticut, abundant at Walpole;
+extending northward as far as South Charlestown (W. F. Flint <i>in lit.</i>);
+Vermont,&mdash;shores of the Winooski river and of Lake Champlain;
+Connecticut,&mdash;banks of the Housatonic river at New Milford, Cornwall
+Bridge, and Lime Rock station.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Florida; west to the Rocky and Wahsatch mountains,
+reaching its greatest size in the river bottoms of the Ohio and its
+tributaries.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A small but handsome tree, 30-40 feet high, with a diameter of
+1-2 feet. Trunk separating at a small height, occasionally a foot or two
+from the ground, into several wide-spreading branches, forming a broad,
+roundish, open head, characterized by lively green branchlets and
+foliage, delicate flowers and abundant, long, loose racemes of
+yellowish-green keys hanging till late autumn, the stems clinging
+throughout the winter.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk when young, smooth, yellowish-green, in old trees
+becoming grayish-brown and ridgy; smaller branchlets greenish-yellow;
+season's shoots pale green or sometimes reddish-purple, smooth and
+shining or sometimes glaucous.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds small, ovate, enclosed in two dull-red,
+minutely pubescent scales. Leaves pinnately compound, opposite; leaflets
+usually 3, sometimes 5 or 7, 2-4 inches long, 1&frac12;-2&frac12; inches broad,
+light green above, paler beneath and woolly when opening, slightly
+pubescent at maturity, ovate or oval, irregularly and remotely
+coarse-toothed mostly above the middle, 3-lobed or nearly entire; apex
+acute; base extremely variable; veins prominent; petioles 2-3 inches
+long, enlarging at the base, leaving, when they fall, conspicuous
+leaf-scars which unite at an angle midway between the winter buds.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;April 1-15. Flowers appearing at the ends of the
+preceding year's shoots as the leaf-buds begin to open, small,
+greenish-yellow; sterile and fertile on separate trees,&mdash;the sterile in
+clusters, on long, hairy, drooping, thread-like stems; the calyx hairy,
+5-lobed, with about 5 hairy-stemmed, much-projecting linear anthers;
+pistil none: the fertile in delicate, pendent racemes, scarcely
+distinguishable at a distance from the foliage; ovary pubescent, rising
+out of the calyx; styles long, divergent; stamens none.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Loose, pendent, greenish-yellow racemes, 6-8 inches long, the
+slender-pediceled keys joined at a wide angle, broadest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> and often
+somewhat wavy near the extremity, dropping in late autumn from the
+reddish stems, which hang on till spring.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; flourishes best in
+moist soil near running water or on rocky slopes, but accommodates
+itself to almost any situation; easily transplanted. Plants of the same
+age are apt to vary so much in size and habit as to make them unsuitable
+for street planting.</p>
+
+<p>An attractive tree when young, especially when laden with fruit in the
+fall. There are several horticultural varieties with colored foliage,
+some of which are occasionally offered in nurseries. A western form,
+having the new growth covered with a glaucous bloom, is said to be
+longer-lived and more healthy than the type.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img77" id="img77"></a>
+<img src="images/img77.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXXVII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXXVII.</span>&mdash;Acer Negundo.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Branch with sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Branch with fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="TILIACEAE_LINDEN_FAMILY" id="TILIACEAE_LINDEN_FAMILY"></a>TILIACE&AElig;. LINDEN FAMILY.</h2>
+
+
+<h3><b>Tilia Americana, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Basswood. Linden. Lime. Whitewood.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In rich woods and loamy soils.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Southern Canada from New Brunswick to Lake Winnipeg.</p></div>
+
+<p>Throughout New England, frequent from the seacoast to altitudes of 1000
+feet; rare from 1000 to 2000 feet.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South along the mountains to Georgia; west to Kansas, Nebraska, and
+Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A large tree, 5O-75 feet high, rising in the upper valley of
+the Connecticut river to the height of 100 feet; trunk 2-4 feet in
+diameter, erect, diminishing but slightly to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> the branching point; head,
+in favorable situations, broadly ovate to oval, rather compact,
+symmetrical; branches mostly straight, striking out in different trees
+at varying angles; the numerous secondary branches mostly horizontal,
+slender, often drooping at the extremities, repeatedly subdividing,
+forming a dense spray set at broad angles. Foliage very abundant, green
+when fully grown, almost impervious to sunlight; the small creamy
+flowers in numerous clusters; the pale, odd-shaped bracts and pea-like
+fruit conspicuous among the leaves till late autumn.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Dark gray, very thick, smooth in young trees, later becoming
+broadly and firmly ridged; in old trees irregularly furrowed; branches,
+especially upon the upper side, dark brown and blackish; the season's
+shoots yellowish-green to reddish-brown, and numerously rough-dotted.
+The inner bark is fibrous and tough.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Leaf-buds small, conical, brownish red,
+contrasting strongly with the dark stems. Leaves simple, alternate, 4-5
+inches long, three-fourths as wide, green and smooth on both sides,
+thickish, paler beneath, broad-ovate, one-sided, serrate, the point
+often incurved; apex acuminate or acute; base heart-shaped to truncate;
+midrib and veins conspicuous on the under surface with minute, reddish
+tufts of down at the angles; stems smooth, 1-1&frac12; inches long; stipules
+soon falling.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;Late June or early July. In loose, slightly fragrant,
+drooping cymes, the peduncle attached about half its length to a
+narrowly oblong, yellowish bract, obtuse at both ends, free at the top,
+and tapering slightly at the base, pedicels slender; calyx of 5 colored
+sepals united toward the base; corolla of 5 petals alternate with the
+sepals, often obscurely toothed at the apex; 5 petal-like scales in
+front of the petals and nearly as long; calyx, petals, and scales
+yellowish-white; stamens indefinite, mostly in clusters inserted with
+the scales; anthers 2-celled, ovary 5-celled; style 1; stigma 5-toothed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;About the size of a pea, woody, globose, pale green, 1-celled
+by abortion: 1-2 seeds.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Useful as an ornamental or street tree; hardy
+throughout New England, easily transplanted, and grows rapidly in almost
+any well-drained soil; comes into leaf late and drops its foliage in
+early fall. The European species are more common in nurseries. They are,
+however, seriously affected by wood borers, while the native tree has
+few disfiguring insect enemies. Usually propagated from the seed. A
+horticultural form with weeping branches is sometimes cultivated.</p>
+
+<p><b>Note.</b>&mdash;There is so close a resemblance between the lindens that it is
+difficult to distinguish the American species from each other, or from
+their European relatives.</p>
+
+<p>American species sometimes found in cultivation:</p>
+
+<p><i>Tilia pubescens, Ait.</i>, is distinguished from <i>Americana</i> by its
+smaller, thinner leaves and densely pubescent shoots.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tilia heterophylla, Vent.</i>, is easily recognized by the pale or silver
+white under-surface of the leaves.</p>
+
+<p>There are several European species more or less common in cultivation,
+indiscriminately known in nurseries as <i>Tilia Europ&aelig;a</i>. They are all
+easily distinguished from the American species by the absence of
+petal-like scales.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img78" id="img78"></a>
+<img src="images/img78.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXXVIII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXXVIII.</span>&mdash;Tilia Americana.</h4>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Flower enlarged.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Pistil with cluster of stamens, petaloid scale, petal, and sepal.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CORNACEAE_DOGWOOD_FAMILY" id="CORNACEAE_DOGWOOD_FAMILY"></a>CORNACE&AElig;. DOGWOOD FAMILY.</h2>
+
+
+<h3><b>Cornus florida, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Flowering Dogwood. Boxwood.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Woodlands, rocky hillsides, moist, gravelly
+ridges.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Provinces of Quebec and Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;Fayette Ridge, Kennebec county; New Hampshire,&mdash;along the
+Atlantic coast and very near the Connecticut river, rarely farther north
+than its junction with the West river; Vermont,&mdash;southern and
+southwestern sections, rare; Massachusetts,&mdash;occasional throughout the
+state, common in the Connecticut river valley, frequent eastward; Rhode
+Island and Connecticut,&mdash;common.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Florida; west to Minnesota and Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A small tree, 15-30 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 6-10
+inches. The spreading branches form an open, roundish head, the young
+twigs curving upwards at their extremities. In spring, when decked with
+its abundant, showy white blossoms, it is the fairest of the minor trees
+of the forest; in autumn, scarcely less beautiful in the rich reds of
+its foliage and fruit.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk in old trees blackish, broken-ridged, rough,
+often separating into small, firm, 4-angled or roundish plates; branches
+grayish, streaked with white lines; season's twigs purplish-green,
+downy; taste bitter.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Terminal leaf-buds narrowly conical, acute;
+flower-buds spherical or vertically flattened, grayish. Leaves simple,
+opposite, 3-5 inches long, two-thirds as wide, dark green above, whitish
+beneath, turning to reds, purples, and yellows in the autumn, ovate to
+oval, nearly smooth, with minute appressed pubescence on both surfaces;
+apex pointed; base acutish; veins distinctly indented above, ribs
+curving upward and parallel; leafstalk short-grooved.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May to June. Appearing with the unfolding leaves in
+close clusters at the ends of the branches, each<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> cluster subtended by
+a very conspicuous 4-leafed involucre (often mistaken for the corolla
+and constituting all the beauty of the blossom), the leaves of which are
+white or pinkish, 1&frac12; inches long, obovate, curiously notched at the
+rounded end. The real flowers are insignificant, suggesting the tubular
+disk flowers of the Composit&aelig;; calyx-tube coherent with the ovary,
+surmounting it by 4 small teeth; petals greenish-yellow, oblong,
+reflexed; stamens 4; pistil with capitate style.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Ovoid, scarlet drupes, about &frac12; inch long, united in
+clusters, persistent till late autumn or till eaten by the birds.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy in southern and southern-central New
+England, but liable farther north to be killed outright or as far down
+as the surface of the snow; not only one of the most attractive small
+trees on account of its flowers, habit, and foliage, but one of the most
+useful for shady places or under tall trees. The species, a
+red-flowering and also a weeping variety are obtainable in leading
+nurseries. Collected plants can be made to succeed. It is a plant of
+rather slow growth.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img79" id="img79"></a>
+<img src="images/img79.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXXIX."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXXIX.</span>&mdash;Cornus florida.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Leaf-buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flower-buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Cornus alternifolia, L. f.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Dogwood. Green Osier.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Hillsides, open woods and copses, borders of
+streams and swamps.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Nova Scotia and New Brunswick along the valley of the St. Lawrence
+river to the western shores of Lake Superior.</p></div>
+
+<p>Common throughout New England.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Georgia and Alabama; west to Minnesota.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A shrub or small tree, 6-20 feet high, trunk diameter 3-6
+inches; head usually widest near the top, flat; branches nearly
+horizontal with lateral spray, the lively green, dense foliage lying in
+broad planes.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Trunk and larger branches greenish, warty, streaked with gray;
+season's shoots bright yellowish-green or purplish, oblong-dotted.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds small, acute. Leaves simple, alternate
+or sometimes opposite, clustered at the ends of the branchlets, 2-4
+inches long, dark green on the upper side, paler beneath, with minute
+appressed pubescence on both sides, ovate to oval, almost entire; apex
+long-pointed; base acutish or rounded; veins indented above, ribs
+curving upward and parallel; petiole long, slender, and grooved.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;June. From shoots of the season, in irregular open
+cymes; calyx coherent with ovary, surmounting it by 4 minute teeth;
+corolla white or pale yellow, with the 4 oblong petals at length
+reflexed: stamens 4, exserted; style short, with capitate stigma.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;October. Globular, blue or blue black, on slender, reddish
+stems.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England, adapting itself to
+a great variety of situations, but preferring a soil that is constantly
+moist. Nursery or good collected plants are easily transplanted. A
+disease, similar in its effect to the pear blight, so often disfigures
+it that it is not desirable for use in important plantations.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img80" id="img80"></a>
+<img src="images/img80.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXXX."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXXX.</span>&mdash;Cornus alternifolia.</h4>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Flower with one petal and two stamens removed, side view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Flower, view from above.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Tupelo. Sour Gum. Pepperidge.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;In rich, moist soil, in swamps and on the borders
+of rivers and ponds.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;Waterville on the Kennebec, the most northern station yet
+reported (Dr. Ezekiel Holmes); New Hampshire,&mdash;most common in the
+Merrimac valley, seldom seen north of the White mountains;
+Vermont,&mdash;occasional; Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and
+Connecticut,&mdash;rather common.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Florida; west to Michigan, Missouri, and Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;Tree 20-50 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet,
+rising in the forest to the height of 60-80 feet; attaining greater
+dimensions farther south; lower branches horizontal or declining, often
+touching the ground at their tips, the upper horizontal or slightly
+rising, angular, repeatedly subdividing; branchlets very numerous, short
+and stiff, making a flat spray; head extremely variable, unique in
+picturesqueness of outline; usually broad-spreading, flat-topped or
+somewhat rounded; often reduced in Nantucket and upon the southern shore
+of Cape Cod to a shrub or small tree of 10-15 feet in height, forming
+low, dense, tangled thickets. Foliage very abundant, dark lustrous
+green, turning early in the fall to a brilliant crimson.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Trunk of young trees grayish-white, with irregular and shallow
+striations, in old trees darker, breaking up into somewhat hexagonal or
+lozenge-shaped scales; branches smooth and brown; season's shoots
+reddish-green, with a few minute dots.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds ovoid, &#8539;-&frac14; inch long, obtuse. Leaves
+simple, irregularly alternate, often apparently whorled when clustered
+at the ends of the shoots, 2-5 inches long, one-half as wide; at first
+bright green beneath, dullish-green above, becoming dark glossy green
+above, paler beneath, obovate or oblanceolate to oval; entire, few or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>
+obscurely toothed, or wavy-margined above the center; apex more or less
+abruptly acute; base acutish; firm, smooth, finely sub-veined; stem
+short, flat, grooved, minutely ciliate, at least when young; stipules
+none.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May or early June. Appearing with the leaves in
+axillary clusters of small greenish flowers, sterile and fertile usually
+on separate trees, sometimes on the same tree,&mdash;sterile flowers in
+simple or compound clusters; calyx minutely 5-parted, petals 5, small or
+wanting; stamens 5-12, inserted on the outside of a disk; pistil none:
+fertile flowers larger, solitary, or several sessile in a bracted
+cluster; petals 5, small or wanting; calyx minutely 5-toothed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Drupes 1-several, ovoid, blue black, about &frac12; inch long,
+sour: stone striated lengthwise.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; adapts itself
+readily to most situations but prefers deep soil near water. Seldom
+offered in nurseries and difficult to transplant unless frequently
+root-pruned or moved; collected plants do not thrive well; seedlings are
+raised with little difficulty. Few trees are of greater ornamental
+value.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img81" id="img81"></a>
+<img src="images/img81.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXXXI."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXXXI.</span>&mdash;Nyssa sylvatica.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Branch with sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3-4. Sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Branch with fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="EBENACEAE_EBONY_FAMILY" id="EBENACEAE_EBONY_FAMILY"></a>EBENACE&AElig;. EBONY FAMILY.</h2>
+
+
+<h3><b>Diospyros Virginiana, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Persimmon.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Rhode Island,&mdash;occasional but doubtfully native;
+Connecticut,&mdash;at Lighthouse Point, New Haven, near the East Haven
+boundary line, there is a grove consisting of about one hundred
+twenty-five small trees not more than a hundred feet from the water's
+edge, in sandy soil just<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> above the beach grass, exposed to the
+buffeting of fierce winds and the incursions of salt water, which comes
+up around them during the heavy winter storms. These trees are not in
+thriving condition; several are dead or dying, and no new plants are
+springing up to take their places. A cross-section of the trunk of a
+dead tree, as large as any of those living, shows about fifty annual
+rings. There is no reason to suppose that the survivors are older. This
+station is said to have been known as early as 1846, at which date the
+ground where they stand was grassy and fertile. These trees, if standing
+at that time, must assuredly have been in their infancy. The
+encroachment of the sea and subsequent change of conditions account well
+enough for the present decrepitude, but their general similarity in size
+and apparent age point rather to introduction than native growth.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Florida, Alabama, and Louisiana; west to Iowa, Kansas, and
+Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;One of the Rhode Island trees measured 3 feet 11 inches girth
+at the base, and gradually tapered to a height of more than 40 feet (L.
+W. Russell). The trees at New Haven are 15-20 feet in height, with a
+trunk diameter of 6-10 inches, trunk and limbs much twisted by the
+winds. Their branches, beginning to put out at a height of 6-8 feet, lie
+in almost horizontal planes, forming a roundish, open head.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Trunk in old trees dark, rough, deeply furrowed, separating
+into small, firm sections; large limbs dark reddish-brown; season's
+shoots green, turning to brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds oblong, conical, short. Leaves simple,
+alternate, 3-6 inches long, about half as wide, dark green and mostly
+glossy above, somewhat lighter and minutely downy (at least when young)
+beneath, ovate to oval, entire; apex acute to acuminate; base acute,
+rounded or truncate; leafstalk short; stipules none.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;June. Sterile and fertile flowers on separate or on
+the same trees; not conspicuous, axillary; sterile often in clusters,
+fertile solitary; calyx 4-6-parted; corolla 4-6-parted; about &frac12; inch
+long, pale yellow, thickish, urn-shaped, constricted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> at the mouth and
+somewhat smaller in the sterile flowers; stamens 16 in the sterile
+flowers, in fertile flowers 8 or less, imperfect; styles 4, ovary
+8-celled.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;A berry, ripe in late fall, roundish, about an inch in
+diameter, larger farther south, with thick, spreading, persistent calyx,
+yellow to yellowish-brown, very astringent when immature, edible and
+agreeable to the taste after exposure to the frost; several-seeded.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy along the south shore of New England;
+prefers well-drained soil in open situations; free from disfiguring
+enemies; occasionally cultivated in nurseries but difficult to
+transplant. Propagated from seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img82" id="img82"></a>
+<img src="images/img82.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXXXII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXXXII.</span>&mdash;Diospyros Virginiana.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Branch with sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Vertical section of sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Branch with fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Section of fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="OLEACEAE_OLIVE_FAMILY" id="OLEACEAE_OLIVE_FAMILY"></a>OLEACE&AElig;. OLIVE FAMILY.</h2>
+
+
+<h3>Fraxinus Americana, L.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">White Ash.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Rich or moist woods, fields and pastures, near
+streams.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;very common, often forming large forest areas; in the other New
+England states, widely distributed, but seldom occurring in large
+masses.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A tall forest tree, 50-75 feet high, with a trunk diameter of
+2-3 feet; rising in the rich bottom lands of the Ohio river 100 feet or
+more, often in the forest half its height<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> without a limb. In open
+ground the trunk, separating at a height of a few feet, throws off two
+or three large limbs, and is soon lost amid the slender, often gently
+curving branches, forming a rather open, rounded head widest at or near
+the base, with light and graceful foliage, and a stout, rather sparse,
+glabrous, and sometimes flattish spray.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk in mature trees easily distinguishable at some
+distance by the characteristic gray color and uniform striation; ridges
+prominent, narrow, flattish, firm, without surface scales but with fine
+transverse seams; furrows fine and strong, sinuous, parallel or
+connecting at intervals; large limbs more or less furrowed; smaller
+branches smooth and grayish-green; season's shoots polished olive green;
+leaf-scars prominent.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds short, rather prominent, smooth, dark or
+pale rusty brown. Leaves pinnately compound, opposite, 6-12 inches long;
+petiole smooth and grooved; leaflets 5-9, 2-5 inches long, deep green
+and smooth above, paler and smooth, or slightly pubescent (at least when
+young) beneath; ovate to lance-oblong, entire or somewhat toothed; apex
+pointed; base obtuse, rounded or sometimes acute; leaflet stalks short,
+smooth; stipules and stipels none.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May. In loose panicles from lateral or terminal buds
+of the previous season's shoots, sterile and fertile flowers for the
+most part on separate trees, numerous, inconspicuous; calyx in sterile
+flowers 4-toothed, petals none, stamens 2-4, anthers oblong; calyx in
+fertile flowers unequally 4-toothed or nearly entire, persistent; petals
+none, stamens none, pistil 1, style 1, stigma 2-cleft.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Ripening in early fall, and hanging in clusters into the
+winter; a samara or key 1-2 inches long, body nearly terete, marginless
+below, dilating from near the tip into a wing two or three times as long
+as the body.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; prefers a rich,
+moist, loamy soil, but grows in any well-drained situation; easily
+transplanted, usually obtainable in nurseries, and can be collected
+successfully. It is one of the most desirable native trees for landscape
+and street plantations, on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> account of its rapid and clean growth,
+freedom from disease, moderate shade, and richly colored autumn foliage.
+As the leaves appear late in spring and fall early in autumn, it is
+desirable to plant with other trees of different habit. Propagated from
+seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img83" id="img83"></a>
+<img src="images/img83.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXXXIII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXXXIII.</span>&mdash;Fraxinus Americana.</h4>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Branch with sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Branch with fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3><b>Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Fraxinus pubescens, Lam.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Red Ash. Brown Ash. River Ash.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;River banks, swampy lowlands, margins of streams
+and ponds.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>New Brunswick to Manitoba.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;infrequent; New Hampshire,&mdash;occasional, extending as far north
+as Boscawen in the Merrimac valley; Vermont,&mdash;common along Lake
+Champlain and its tributaries (<i>Flora of Vermont</i>, 1900); occasional in
+other sections; Massachusetts and Rhode Island,&mdash;sparingly scattered
+throughout; Connecticut,&mdash;reported from East Hartford, Westville,
+Canaan, and Lisbon (J. N. Bishop).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Florida and Alabama; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and
+Missouri.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;Medium-sized to large tree, 30-70 feet high, with trunk 1-3
+feet in diameter; erect, branches spreading, broad-headed; in general
+appearance resembling the white ash.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Trunk dark gray or brown, smooth in young trees, furrowed in
+old, furrows rather shallower than in the white ash; branches grayish;
+young shoots greenish-gray with a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> rusty-velvety or scurfy pubescence
+lasting often into the second year.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds rounded, dark reddish-brown, more or
+less downy, smaller than those of the white ash, partially covered by
+the swollen petiole. Leaves pinnately compound, opposite, 9-15 inches
+long; petiole short, downy, enlarged at base; leaflets 7-9, opposite,
+3-5 inches long, about one half as wide, light green and smooth above,
+paler and more or less downy beneath; outline extremely variable, ovate,
+narrow-oblong, elliptical or sometimes obovate, entire or slightly
+toothed; apex acute to acuminate; base acute or rounded; leaflet stalks
+short, grooved, downy; stipules and stipels none.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May. Similar to that of the white ash.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Ripening in early fall, and hanging in clusters into the
+winter; samara or key about 1&frac12; inches long; body of the fruit
+narrowly cylindrical, the edges gradually widening from about the center
+into linear or spatulate wings, obtuse or rounded at the ends, sometimes
+mucronate.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; grows readily in
+any good soil, but prefers a wet or moist, rich loam; almost as rapid
+growing when young as the white ash, and is not seriously affected by
+insects or fungous diseases; worthy of a place in landscape plantations
+and on streets, but not often found in nurseries; propagated from seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img84" id="img84"></a>
+<img src="images/img84.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXXXIV."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXXXIV.</span>&mdash;Fraxinus Pennsylvanica.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Branch with sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Branch with fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Mature leaf.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata, Sarg.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Fraxinus viridis, Michx. f. Fraxinus lanceolata, Borkh.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Green Ash.</span></h4>
+
+<p>River valleys and wet woods.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Ontario to Saskatchewan.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;common along the Penobscot river from Oldtown to Bangor;
+Vermont,&mdash;along Lake Champlain; Gardner's island, and the north end of
+South Hero; Rhode Island (Bailey); Connecticut,&mdash;frequent (J. N. Bishop,
+<i>Report of Connecticut Board of Agriculture</i>, 1895).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South along the mountains to Florida; west to the Rocky mountains.</p></div>
+
+<p>The claims to specific distinction rest mainly upon the usual absence of
+pubescence from the young shoots, leaves and petioles, the color of the
+leaves (which is bright green above and scarcely less so beneath), the
+usually more distinct serratures above the center, and a rather more
+acuminate apex.</p>
+
+<p>Apparently an extreme form of <i>F. pubescens</i>, connected with it by
+numerous intermediate forms through the entire range of the species.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img85" id="img85"></a>
+<img src="images/img85.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXXXV."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXXXV.</span>&mdash;Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var.
+ceolata.</h4>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.</b></h3>
+
+<h5><i>Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lam.</i></h5>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Black Ash. Swamp Ash. Basket Ash. Hoop Ash. Brown Ash.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Wet woods, river bottoms, and swamps.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Anticosti through Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<p>Maine,&mdash;common; New Hampshire,&mdash;south of the White mountains;
+Vermont,&mdash;common; Massachusetts,&mdash;more common in central and western
+sections; Rhode Island,&mdash;infrequent; Connecticut,&mdash;occasional
+throughout.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South to Delaware and Virginia; west to Arkansas and Missouri.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A tall tree reaching a height of 60-80 feet, with a trunk
+diameter of 1-2 feet; attaining greater dimensions southward. In swamps,
+when shut in by other trees, the trunk is straight, very slender,
+scarcely tapering to point of branching, in open situations under
+favorable conditions forming a large, round, open head. Easily
+distinguished from the other ashes by its sessile leaflets.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Bark of trunk a soft ash-gray, in old trees marked by parallel
+ridges separating into fine, thin, close flakes; limbs light gray,
+rough-warted, the smaller with conspicuous leaf-scars; season's shoots
+olive green, stout; flattened at apex, with small, black, vertical dots.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Buds roundish, pointed, very dark, the
+terminal &#8539; inch long. Leaves compound, opposite, 12-15 inches long;
+stipules none; stem grooved and smooth; leaflets 7-11, more frequently
+9, 3-5 inches long, 1&frac12;-2 inches wide, green on both sides, lighter
+beneath and more or less hairy on the veins; outline variable, more
+usually oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate; apex acuminate; base obtuse
+to rounded, sessile except the odd leaflets; stipels none.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May. Appearing before the leaves in loose panicles
+from lateral or terminal buds of the preceding season, sterile and
+fertile flowers on different trees; bracted; calyx none; petals none.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;August to September. Samaras, in panicles, rather more than 1
+inch long, rounded at both ends: body entirely surrounded by the wing.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; grows in any good
+soil, but prefers swamp or wet land. Its very tall, slender habit makes
+it a useful tree in some positions, but it is not readily obtainable in
+nurseries and is seldom used. Propagated from the seed.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img86" id="img86"></a>
+<img src="images/img86.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXXXVI."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXXXVI.</span>&mdash;Fraxinus nigra.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Branch with sterile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Sterile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Branch with fertile flowers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Fertile flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Fruit.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CAPRIFOLIACEAE_HONEYSUCKLE_FAMILY" id="CAPRIFOLIACEAE_HONEYSUCKLE_FAMILY"></a>CAPRIFOLIACE&AElig;. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.</h2>
+
+
+<h3><b>Viburnum Lentago, L.</b></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Sheep Berry. Sweet Viburnum. Nanny Plum.</span></h4>
+
+<p><b>Habitat and Range.</b>&mdash;Rich woods, thickets, river valleys, along fences.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Province of Quebec to Saskatchewan.</p></div>
+
+<p>Frequent throughout New England.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>South along the mountains to Georgia and Kentucky; west to
+Minnesota, Nebraska, and Missouri.</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b>&mdash;A shrub or small tree, 10-25 feet in height with numerous
+branches forming a wide-spreading, compact rounded head; conspicuous by
+rich foliage, profuse, fragrant yellowish-white flowers, and long,
+drooping clusters of crimson fruit which deepen to a rich purple when
+fully ripe.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark.</b>&mdash;Trunk and larger branches dark purplish or reddish brown,
+separating in old trees into small, firm sections; branchlets
+grayish-brown; season's shoots reddish-brown, dotted, more or less
+scurfy.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Winter Buds and Leaves.</b>&mdash;Leaf-buds long, narrow, covered with scurfy,
+brown, leaf-like scales; flower-buds much longer, swollen at the base,
+with two leaf-like scales extended into a long, spire-like point. Leaves
+simple, opposite, 2-4 inches long, upper surface bright green, lower
+paler and set with rusty scales, ovate to oblong-ovate or orbicular,
+sharply and finely serrate, smooth, tapered or abruptly pointed; base
+acute to rounded or truncate; stem slender, wavy-margined, channeled
+above; stipules none.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b>&mdash;May or early June. Terminal, in broad, flat-topped,
+compound, sessile cymes; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, 5-toothed;
+corolla white, salver-shaped, segments 5, oval, reflexed; stamens 5,
+projecting, anthers yellow; pistil truncate.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Profuse, in clusters; drupes &frac12; inch long, oval, crimson when
+ripening, deep purple when fully ripe, edible, sweet: stone flat, oval,
+rough, obscurely striate lengthwise.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horticultural Value.</b>&mdash;Hardy throughout New England; prefers a rich
+soil in open places or in light shade. Its showy flowers, healthy
+foliage, and vigorous growth make it a desirable plant for high shrub
+plantations, and as an undergrowth in open woods. Offered for sale by
+collectors and occasionally by nurserymen; easily transplanted;
+propagated from seed or from cuttings.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+ <a name="img87" id="img87"></a>
+<img src="images/img87.jpg"
+    alt="Plate LXXXVII."
+    title="" />
+</div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plate LXXXVII.</span>&mdash;Viburnum Lentago.</h4>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Plate legend">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Winter buds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Flowering branch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Flower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Flower, side view.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Flower with petals and stamens removed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Fruiting branch.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a>APPENDIX.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The range of several trees as given in the text has been extended by
+discoveries made during the summer of 1901, but reported too late for
+incorporation in its proper place.</p>
+
+<p><i>Populus balsamifera</i>, L., var. <i>candicans</i>, Gray.&mdash;One of the commonest
+and stateliest trees in the alluvium of the Connecticut and the Cold
+rivers; with negundo, river maple, and white and slippery elm, forming a
+tall and dense forest along the Connecticut at the foot of Fall
+mountain, and opposite Bellows Falls. The densely pubescent petioles and
+the ciliate margins of the broad cordate leaves at once distinguish this
+tree from the usually smaller but more common <i>P. balsamifera</i> ("Some
+Trees and Shrubs of Western Cheshire County, N. H." Mr. M. L. Fernald,
+in <i>Rhodora</i>, III, 233).</p>
+
+<p>The above is the <i>Populus candicans</i>, Ait., of the text.</p>
+
+<p><i>Salix discolor</i>, Muhl.&mdash;There are many fine trees at Fort Kent, Maine,
+one with trunk 13 inches in diameter. (M. L. Fernald <i>in lit.</i>,
+September, 1901.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Salix balsamifera</i>, Barrett.&mdash;A handsome tree at Fort Kent, 25-30 feet
+high, with trunk 4-6 inches in diameter. (M. L. Fernald <i>in lit.</i>,
+September, 1901.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Crat&aelig;gus Crus-Galli</i>, L.&mdash;Nantucket, Massachusetts. Young trees were
+set out in 1830, enclosing an oblong of about an acre and a half. The
+most flourishing of these have obtained a height of about 30 feet and a
+trunk diameter near the ground of 10-12 inches. Now established,
+probably through the agency of birds, along swamps and upon
+hill-slopes. (L. L. D.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Prunus Americana</i>, Marsh.&mdash;One clump of small trees in a thicket at
+Alstead Centre, N. H., has the characteristic spherical fruit of this
+species. <i>P. nigra</i>, Ait., with oblong, laterally flattened fruit, is
+abundant. (<i>Rhodora</i>, III, 234.)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Acer Saccharum</i>, Marsh., var. <i>barbatum</i>, Trelease.&mdash;Characteristic
+trees (Cheshire County, N. H.), with small, firm, deep green,
+three-lobed leaves, appear very distinct, but many transitions are noted
+between this and the typical <i>Acer Saccharum</i>. (<i>Rhodora</i>, III, 234.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Acer Saccharum</i>, Marsh., var. <i>nigrum</i>, Britton.&mdash;Occasional in
+alluvium of the Cold river (Cheshire county, N. H.). The large, dark
+green, "flabby" leaves, with closed sinuses and with densely pubescent
+petioles and lower surfaces, quickly distinguish this tree from the
+ordinary forms of the sugar maple. (<i>Rhodora</i>, III. 234.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Fraxinus Pennsylvanica</i>. Marsh., var. <i>lanceolata</i>, Sarg.&mdash;Common along
+the Connecticut at Walpole, N. H. (M. L. Fernald <i>in lit.</i>, September,
+1901.)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="GLOSSARY" id="GLOSSARY"></a>GLOSSARY.</h2>
+
+
+<p><b>Abortive.</b> Defective or barren, through non-development of a part.</p>
+
+<p><b>Acuminate.</b> Long-pointed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Acute.</b> Ending with a sharp but not prolonged point.</p>
+
+<p><b>Adherent.</b> Growing fast to; adnate anther, attached for its whole
+length to the ovary.</p>
+
+<p><b>Adnate.</b> Essentially same as adherent, with the added idea of
+congenital adhesion.</p>
+
+<p><b>Aggregate fruits.</b> Formed by crowding together all the carpels of the
+same flower; as in the blackberry.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ament.</b> Name given to such flower-clusters as those of the willow,
+birch, poplar, etc.</p>
+
+<p><b>Anther.</b> The part of the stamen which bears the pollen.</p>
+
+<p><b>Appressed.</b> Lying close against another organ.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ascending.</b> Rising upward, or obliquely upward.</p>
+
+<p><b>Axil.</b> Angle formed on the upper side between the leaf stem or flower
+stem and the branch from which it springs.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bract.</b> Reduced leaf subtending a flower or flower-cluster.</p>
+
+<p><b>Branches, primary.</b> The leading or main branches thrown out directly
+from the trunk, giving a general shape to the head.</p>
+
+<p><b>Branches, secondary.</b> Never directly from the trunk but from other
+branches.</p>
+
+<p><b>Buttressed.</b> Supported against strain in any direction by a conspicuous
+ridge-like enlargement of the trunk vertically to the roots. Several of
+these buttresses often give a tree a square appearance.</p>
+
+<p><b>Caducous.</b> Dropping off very early after development.</p>
+
+<p><b>Calyx.</b> The outer set of the leaves of the flower.</p>
+
+<p><b>Campanulate.</b> Bell-shaped.</p>
+
+<p><b>Capitate.</b> Head-shaped or collected in a head.</p>
+
+<p><b>Capsule.</b> A dry compound fruit.</p>
+
+<p><b>Carpel.</b> A simple pistil.</p>
+
+<p><b>Catkin.</b> See ament.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ciliate.</b> Margin with hairs or bristles.</p>
+
+<p><b>Coherent.</b> One organ uniting with another.</p>
+
+<p><b>Compound.</b> See leaf, ovary, etc.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Connate.</b> Similar organs, more or less grown together.</p>
+
+<p><b>Connective.</b> The part of the anther connecting its two cells.</p>
+
+<p><b>Coriaceous.</b> Thick, leathery in texture.</p>
+
+<p><b>Corolla.</b> Leaves of the flower within the calyx.</p>
+
+<p><b>Corymb.</b> That sort of flower-cluster in which the flower stems arranged
+along the central axis elongate, forming a broad convex or level top,
+the flowers opening successively from the outer edge towards the center.</p>
+
+<p><b>Crenate.</b> Edge with rounded teeth.</p>
+
+<p><b>Crenulate.</b> Edge with small rounded teeth.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cyme.</b> Flat-topped or convex flower-cluster, the central flower opening
+first; blossoming outward.</p>
+
+<p><b>Deciduous.</b> Falling off, as leaves in autumn, or calyx and corolla
+before fruit grows.</p>
+
+<p><b>Declining.</b> Bent downwards.</p>
+
+<p><b>Decurrent.</b> Leaves prolonged on the stem beneath the insertion:
+branchlets springing out beneath the point of furcation, as the
+feathering along the trunk of elms, etc.</p>
+
+<p><b>Dentate.</b> With teeth pointing outwards.</p>
+
+<p><b>Disk.</b> Central part of a head of flowers; fleshy expansion of the
+receptacle of a flower; any rounded, flat surface.</p>
+
+<p><b>Drupe.</b> A stone fruit; soft externally with a stone at the center, as
+the cherry and peach.</p>
+
+<p><b>Erose.</b> Eroded, as if gnawed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Exserted.</b> Protruding, projecting out of.</p>
+
+<p><b>Falcate.</b> Scythe-shaped.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fertile.</b> Flowers containing the pistil, capable of producing fruit.
+Anthers in such blossoms, if any, are generally abortive.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fibrovascular.</b> Bundle or tissue, formed of wood fibers, ducts, etc.</p>
+
+<p><b>Filament.</b> Part of stamen supporting anther.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fungus.</b> A division of cryptogamous plants, including mushrooms, etc.</p>
+
+<p><b>Furcation.</b> Branching.</p>
+
+<p><b>Glabrous.</b> Smooth without hairiness or roughness.</p>
+
+<p><b>Glandular.</b> Bearing glands or appendages having the appearance of
+glands.</p>
+
+<p><b>Glaucous.</b> Covered with a bloom: bluish hoary.</p>
+
+<p><b>Globose</b> or <b>globous.</b> Spherical or nearly so.</p>
+
+<p><b>Habit.</b> The general appearance of a plant.</p>
+
+<p><b>Habitat.</b> The place where a plant naturally grows, as in swamps, in
+water, upon dry hillsides, etc.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Hybrid.</b> A cross between two species.</p>
+
+<p><b>Imbricated.</b> Overlapping.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence.</b> Mode of disposition of flowers; sometimes applied to
+the flower-cluster itself.</p>
+
+<p><b>Involucre.</b> Bracts subtending a flower or a cluster of flowers.</p>
+
+<p><b>Keeled.</b> Having a central dorsal ridge like the keel of a boat.</p>
+
+<p><b>Key.</b> A winged fruit; a samara.</p>
+
+<p><b>Lacerate.</b> Irregularly cleft, as if torn.</p>
+
+<p><b>Lanceolate.</b> Lance-shaped, broadest above the base, gradually narrowing
+to the apex.</p>
+
+<p><b>Leaf.</b> Consisting when botanically complete of a blade, usually flat, a
+footstalk and two appendages at base of the footstalk; often consisting
+of blade only.</p>
+
+<p><b>Leaf, compound.</b> Having two to many distinct blades on a common
+leafstalk or rachis. These blades may be sessile or have leafstalks of
+their own.</p>
+
+<p><b>Leaf, pinnately compound.</b> With the leaflets arranged along the sides
+of the rachis.</p>
+
+<p><b>Leaf, palmately compound.</b> With leaflets all standing on summit of
+petiole.</p>
+
+<p><b>Leaf-cushions.</b> Organs resembling persistent decurrent footstalks, upon
+which leaves of spruces, etc., stand; sterigmata.</p>
+
+<p><b>Leaf-scar.</b> The scar left on the twig where the petiole was attached.</p>
+
+<p><b>Lenticel.</b> Externally appearing upon the bark as spots, warts, and
+perpendicular or transverse lines.</p>
+
+<p><b>Linear.</b> Long and narrow with sides nearly parallel.</p>
+
+<p><b>Monopetalous.</b> Having petals more or less united.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mucronate.</b> Abruptly tipped with a small, sharp point.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nerved.</b> Having prominent unbranched ribs or veins.</p>
+
+<p><b>Obcordate.</b> Inversely heart-shaped.</p>
+
+<p><b>Obovate.</b> Ovate with the broader end towards the apex.</p>
+
+<p><b>Obtuse.</b> Blunt or rounded at the end.</p>
+
+<p><b>Orbicular.</b> Having a circular or nearly circular outline.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ovary.</b> The part of the pistil containing the ovules.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ovoid.</b> A solid with an oval or ovate outline.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ovuliferous.</b> Bearing ovules.</p>
+
+<p><b>Panicle.</b> General term for any loose and irregular flower-cluster,
+commonly of the racemose type, with pedicellate flowers.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pedicel.</b> The stalk of a single flower in the ultimate divisions of an
+inflorescence.</p>
+
+<p><b>Peduncle.</b> The stem of a solitary flower or of a cluster.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Perfect.</b> Having both pistils and stamens.</p>
+
+<p><b>Perianth.</b> The floral envelope consisting of calyx, corolla, or both.</p>
+
+<p><b>Persistent.</b> Not falling for a long time.</p>
+
+<p><b>Petal.</b> A division of the corolla.</p>
+
+<p><b>Petiole.</b> The stalk of a leaf.</p>
+
+<p><b>Petiolule.</b> The stalk of a leaflet in a compound leaf.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pistil.</b> The seed-bearing organ of the flower.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pistillate.</b> Provided with pistils; usually applied to flowers without
+stamens.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pollen.</b> The fertilizing grains contained in the anthers.</p>
+
+<p><b>Puberulent.</b> Minutely pubescent.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pubescent.</b> Covered with short soft or downy hairs.</p>
+
+<p><b>Raceme.</b> A simple cluster of pediceled flowers upon a common axis.</p>
+
+<p><b>Rachis.</b> The main axis of a compound leaf, of a raceme or of a spike.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ramification.</b> Branching.</p>
+
+<p><b>Range.</b> The geographical extent and limits of a species.</p>
+
+<p><b>Reflexed.</b> Turned backward.</p>
+
+<p><b>Reticulated.</b> Netted; in the form of a network.</p>
+
+<p><b>Revolute.</b> Rolled backward from the margin or apex.</p>
+
+<p><b>Samara.</b> Key fruit; winged fruit, like that of the ash or maple.</p>
+
+<p><b>Scarf-bark.</b> The thin, outermost layer which often peels off.</p>
+
+<p><b>Segment.</b> One of the divisions into which a plane organ, such as a
+leaf, may be divided.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sepal.</b> A calyx leaf.</p>
+
+<p><b>Serrate.</b> With teeth inclining forward.</p>
+
+<p><b>Serrulate.</b> With small teeth inclining forward.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sessile.</b> Not stalked, as when the leaf blade or flower rests directly
+upon the twig.</p>
+
+<p><b>Simple leaf.</b> Not compound, having one blade not jointed with its stem.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sinuate.</b> Strongly wavy-margined.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sinus.</b> Interval between two lobes or divisions of a leaf; sometimes
+sharp-angular, sometimes rounded.</p>
+
+<p><b>Spatulate.</b> Gradually narrowed downward from a rounded summit.</p>
+
+<p><b>Spike.</b> A cluster of sessile or nearly sessile lateral flowers on an
+elongated axis.</p>
+
+<p><b>Spray.</b> The smaller branches and ultimate branchlets of a tree taken as
+a whole.</p>
+
+<p><b>Stamens.</b> The pollen-bearing organs of a flower, each stamen consisting
+of a filament (stem) and anther which contains the pollen.</p>
+
+<p><b>Staminate.</b> Having stamens.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Sterile.</b> Variously applied: to flowers with stamens only; to stamens
+without anthers; to anthers without pollen; to ovaries not producing
+seed, etc.</p>
+
+<p><b>Stigma.</b> Part of pistil which receives the pollen.</p>
+
+<p><b>Stipels.</b> Appendages to a leaflet, analogous to the stipules of a leaf.</p>
+
+<p><b>Stipules.</b> Appendages of a leaf, usually at the point of insertion.</p>
+
+<p><b>Striate.</b> Streaked, or very finely ridged lengthwise.</p>
+
+<p><b>Style.</b> Part of pistil uniting ovary with stigma; often wanting.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sucker.</b> A shoot of subterranean origin.</p>
+
+<p><b>Suture.</b> The line of union between parts which have grown together;
+most often used with reference to the line along which an ovary opens.</p>
+
+<p><b>Terete.</b> Cylindrical.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ternate.</b> In threes.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tomentose.</b> Densely pubescent or woolly.</p>
+
+<p><b>Truncate.</b> As if cut off at the end.</p>
+
+<p><b>Umbel.</b> An inflorescence in which the flower stems spring from the same
+point like the rays of an umbrella.</p>
+
+<p><b>Verticillate.</b> Arranged in a circle round an axis; whorled.</p>
+
+<p><b>Villose</b> or <b>villous.</b> With long, soft hairs.</p>
+
+<p><b>Whorl.</b> Arranged in a circle about an axis.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">A</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abele. (Populus alba, L.) <a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a>, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abies balsamea, Mill. <i>Fir balsam</i>  <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a>-<a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Abietac&aelig;.</b> (<b>Pinoide&aelig;</b>)  <a href='#Page_1'><b>1</b></a>-22</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Larix   <a href='#Page_1'><b>1</b></a>-<a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pinus  <a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a>-<a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Picea   <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>-<a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Tsuga  <a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a>, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Abies   <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a>-<a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Acacia, (Robinia Pseudacacia, L.) <a href='#Page_131'><b>131</b></a>, <a href='#Page_132'><b>132</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Robinia viscosa, Vent.) <a href='#Page_132'><b>132</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Three-thorned. (Gleditsia triacanthos, L.)  <a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a>, <a href='#Page_130'><b>130</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Acerace&aelig;.</b> (Maple family). <a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a>-153</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Acer barbatum, Michx. <i>Rock, Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree</i> <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a>-<a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">barbatum, var. nigrum, Sarg. <i>Black maple</i>  <a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a>, <a href='#Page_147'><b>147</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">dasycarpum, Ehrh. <i>Silver, Soft, White, River maple</i> <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a>-<a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Negundo, L. <i>Box elder, Ash-leaved maple</i>  <a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a>-<a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">nigrum, Michx. <i>Black maple</i> <a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a>, <a href='#Page_147'><b>147</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Pennsylvanicum, L. <i>Striped maple, Moosewood, Whistlewood</i> <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a>-<a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">platanoides <i>Norway maple</i> <a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">rubrum, L. <i>Red, Swamp, Soft, White maple</i> <a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a>-<a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">saccharinum, L. <i>Silver, Soft, White, River maple</i> <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a>-<a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">saccharinum, Wang. <i>Rocky Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree</i> <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a>-<a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">saccharinum, var. nigrum, T. and G. <i>Black maple</i> <a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a>, <a href='#Page_147'><b>147</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Saccharum, Marsh. <i>Rock, Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree</i>  <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a>-<a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Saccharum, Marsh., var. barbatum, Trelease  <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Saccharum, Marsh., var. nigrum, Britton. <i>Black maple</i> <a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a>, <a href='#Page_147'><b>147</b></a>, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">spicatum, Lam. <i>Mountain maple</i> <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a>, <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Negundo aceroides, Moench. <i>Box elder, Ash-leaved maple</i>  <a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a>-<a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Negundo, Karst, <i>Box elder, Ash-leaved maple</i> <a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a>-<a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ailanthus family. (<b>Simarubace&aelig;</b>) &amp; <a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ailanthus, Tree of Heaven, Chinese sumac (Ailanthus glanulosus, Desf.) <a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alder, European. (Alnus glutinosa, Medic.)  <a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alnus glutinosa, Medic, <i>European alder</i> <a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic. <i>Shadbush, June-berry</i>, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">American elm (Ulmus Americana, L.) <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a>-<a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">holly. (Hex opaca, Alt.) <a href='#Page_138'><b>138</b></a>-<a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Anacardiace&aelig;.</b> (Sumac family)  <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>-<a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rhus copallina. <i>Dwarf sumac</i>,  <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">glabra.  <i>Smooth sumac</i>,  <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">hirta, Sudw.  <i>Staghorn sumac</i>, <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>, <a href='#Page_135'><b>135</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">toxicodendron. <i>Poison ivy</i>, <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">typhina, L.  <i>Staghorn sumac</i>,  <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>, <a href='#Page_135'><b>135</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">venenata, DC.  <i>Dogwood, Poison sumac. Poison elder</i>, <a href='#Page_136'><b>136</b></a>, <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">vernix, L. <i>Dogwood, Poison sumac. Poison elder</i>, <a href='#Page_136'><b>136</b></a>, <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Apple family. (<b>Pomace&aelig;</b>)  <a href='#Page_112'><b>112</b></a>-<a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Apple tree. (Pyrus malus, L.)  <a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Aquifoliace&aelig;.</b> (Holly family)  <a href='#Page_138'><b>138</b></a>-<a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ilex opaca, Ait. <i>American holly</i> <a href='#Page_138'><b>138</b></a>, <a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ash, Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash. (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.)  <a href='#Page_167'><b>167</b></a>-<a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">European mountain ash. (Pyrus aucuparia)  <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a>, <a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Green ash. (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata, Sarg.) <a href='#Page_166'><b>166</b></a>, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mountain ash. (Pyrus Americana, DC.)  <a href='#Page_112'><b>112</b></a>, <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mountain ash. (Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. &amp; Schlecht.)  <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a>-<a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Red, Brown, River ash. (Fraxinus pubescens. Lam.)  <a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a>, <a href='#Page_165'><b>165</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">White ash. (Fraxinus Americana, L.) <a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a>-<a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ash-leaved maple.  (Acer negundo, L.)  <a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a>-<a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aspen, Large-toothed. (Populusgrandidentata, Michx.) <a href='#Page_31'><b>31</b></a>, <a href='#Page_32'><b>32</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Populus tremuloides, Michx.) <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>, <a href='#Page_30'><b>30</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">B</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Balm of Gilead.  (Populus balsamifera, L.)  <a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a>, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Populus candicans, Alt.). <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a>-<a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Balsam.  (Abies balsamea, Mill.) <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a>-<a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Populus balsamifera, L.)  <a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a>, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Basket ash. (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) <a href='#Page_167'><b>167</b></a>, <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Basswood. (Tilia Americana, L.) <a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a>-<a href='#Page_155'><b>155</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bear oak.  (Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.) <a href='#Page_93'><b>93</b></a>, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beech family. (<b>Fagace&aelig;</b>) <a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a>-<a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beech (Fagus ferruginea, Alt.)  <a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a>-<a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Blue beech, Water beech. (Carpinus Caroliniana. Walt.) <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>, <a href='#Page_60'><b>60</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Betula lenta, L. <i>Black, Cherry, Sweet birch</i> <a href='#Page_61'><b>61</b></a>, <a href='#Page_62'><b>62</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lutea, Michx. L.  <i>Yellow, Gray birch</i> <a href='#Page_63'><b>63</b></a>, <a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">nigra, L.  <i>Red, River birch</i> <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">papyrifera. Marsh.  <i>White, Canoe. Paper birch,</i>  <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>-<a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Betula papyrifera, var. minor, Tuckerman. <i>Dwarf birch</i>  <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">populifolia, Marsh. <i>Gray, Poplar, Oldfield, Poverty, Small white birch</i>  <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>-<a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Betulace&aelig;.</b> (Birch family) <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a>-<a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Alnus glutinosa, Medic. <i>European alder</i> <a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Betula lenta, L. <i>Black, Cherry, Sweet birch</i>  <a href='#Page_61'><b>61</b></a>, <a href='#Page_62'><b>62</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">lutea, Michx. f.  <i>Yellow, Gray birch</i>  <a href='#Page_63'><b>63</b></a>, <a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">nigra, L.  <i>Red, River birch</i> <a href='#Page_65'><b>65</b></a>, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">papyrifera, Marsh. <i>White, Canoe, Paper birch</i> <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>-<a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">var. minor, Tuckerman. <i>Dwarf birch</i>  <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">populifolia, Marsh. <i>Gray, Poplar, Oldfield, Poverty, Small white birch</i> <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>-<a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. <i>Hornbeam, Blue beech, Ironwood,Water beech</i> <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>, <a href='#Page_60'><b>60</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ostrya Virginica, Willd. <i>Hop hornbeam, Ironwood, Leverwood</i> <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a>, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Birch family. (<b>Betulace&aelig;</b>)  <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a>-<a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Birch. Black, Cherry, Sweet birch. (Betula lenta, L.)  <a href='#Page_61'><b>61</b></a>, <a href='#Page_62'><b>62</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Canoe, White, Paper birch. (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.) <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>-<a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Red, River birch (Betula nigra, L.)  <a href='#Page_65'><b>65</b></a>, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">White, Gray, Oldfield, Poplar, Poverty, Small white birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh.) <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>-<a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Yellow, Gray birch. (Betula lutea, Michx. f.)  <a href='#Page_63'><b>63</b></a>, <a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bird cherry  (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.) <a href='#Page_124'><b>124</b></a>, <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bitternut (Carya amara, Nutt.) <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>-<a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Black ash (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) <a href='#Page_167'><b>167</b></a>, <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">birch  (Betula lenta, L.)  <a href='#Page_61'><b>61</b></a>, <a href='#Page_62'><b>62</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cherry (Prunus serotina, Ehrh.) <a href='#Page_127'><b>127</b></a>, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh., <i>var</i>. nigrum, Britton) <a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a>, <a href='#Page_147'><b>147</b></a>, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">oak (Quercus velutina, Lam.)  <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a>-<a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">spruce (Picea nigra, Link)  <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>-<a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">walnut  (Juglans nigra, L.)  <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>, <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">willow  (Salix nigra, Marsh.)  <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a>, <a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blue beech  (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.)  <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>, <a href='#Page_60'><b>60</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Box elder  (Acer negundo, L.) <a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a>-<a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">white oak (Quercus stellata, Wang.)  <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boxwood  (Cornus florida, L.)  <a href='#Page_156'><b>156</b></a>, <a href='#Page_157'><b>157</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Braintree, Mass. Fine specimen of <i>Ilex opaca</i> on farm of Col. Minot Thayer  <a href='#Page_139'><b>139</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brittle willow (Salix fragilis, L.)  <a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a>-<a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brown ash  (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) <a href='#Page_167'><b>167</b></a>, <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.) <a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a>, <a href='#Page_165'><b>165</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bur oak  (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.)  <a href='#Page_79'><b>79</b></a>, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Butternut (Juglans cinerea, L.)  <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a>, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Buttonball  (Platanus occidentalis, L.) <a href='#Page_110'><b>110</b></a>, <a href='#Page_111'><b>111</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Buttonwood  (Platanus occidentalis, L.)  <a href='#Page_110'><b>110</b></a>, <a href='#Page_111'><b>111</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Canada plum (Primus nigra. Ait.),  <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>, <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Canoe birch (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.),  <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>-<a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Caprifoliace&aelig;.</b> (Honeysuckle family), <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a>, <a href='#Page_169'><b>169</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Viburnum Lentas L. <i>Sheep berry sweet viburnum. Nanny plum</i> <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a>, <a href='#Page_169'><b>169</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. <i>Hornbeam. Blue beech. Ironwood. Water beech</i> <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>, <a href='#Page_60'><b>60</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carya alba, Nutt. <i>Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut</i>.  <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a>-<a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">amara, Nutt.  <i>Bitter nut. Swamp hickory</i>,  <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>-<a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">porcina, Nutt.  <i>Pignut. White hickory</i>, <a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a>-<a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tomentosa, Nutt. <i>Mockernut. White-heart hickory. Walnut</i>  <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a>-<a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castanea dentata. Borkh. <i>Chestnut</i>, <a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a>-<a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sativa, <i>var.</i> Americana, Watson &amp; Coulter. <i>Chestnut</i>,  <a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a>-<a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">vesca, <i>var.</i> Americana, Michx. <i>Chestnut</i>, <a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a>-<a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cat spruce.  (Picea alba, Link)  <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a>-<a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cedar, Arbor vit&aelig;. White cedar. (Thuja occidentals, L.) <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a>, <a href='#Page_24'><b>24</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Red cedar. Savin. (Juniperus Virginiana. L.)  <a href='#Page_26'><b>26</b></a>-<a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">White cedar. (Cham&aelig;cyparis sph&aelig;roidea, Spach) <a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a>, <a href='#Page_26'><b>26</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Celtis occidentalis. L. <i>Hackberry, Nettle tree, Hoop ash, Sugar berry</i> <a href='#Page_100'><b>100</b></a>-<a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cham&aelig;cyparis sph&aelig;roidea. Spach. White cedar,  <a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a>, <a href='#Page_26'><b>26</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cherry. (Primus Avium, L.)  <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Chokecherry.  (Prunus Virginiana, L.)  <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a>, <a href='#Page_126'><b>126</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rum, Black cherry. (Prunus serotina, Ehrh.) <a href='#Page_127'><b>127</b></a>, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Wild red, Pin, Pigeon, Bird cherry Prunus Pennsylvania, L. f. <a href='#Page_124'><b>124</b></a>, <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cherry birch.  (Betula lenta, L.)  <a href='#Page_61'><b>61</b></a>, <a href='#Page_62'><b>62</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chestnut. (Castanea sativa, <i>var</i>. Americana, Watson &amp; Coulter) <a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a>-<a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chestnut oak. (Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm.) <a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a>, <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">(Quercus prinus, L.) <a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a>-<a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chinese sumac.  (Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.)  <a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chokecherry. (Prunus Virginiana, L.) <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a>, <a href='#Page_126'><b>126</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clammy locust. (Robinia viscosa, Vent.) <a href='#Page_132'><b>132</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cockspur thorn (Crat&aelig;gus Crus-Galli, L.) <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a>, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Conifer family, (<b>Pinoide&aelig;</b>) <a href='#Page_1'><b>1</b></a>-<a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cork elm. (Ulmus racemosa, Thomas) <a href='#Page_99'><b>99</b></a>, <a href='#Page_100'><b>100</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Cornace&aelig;</b>. (Dogwood family)  <a href='#Page_150'><b>150</b></a>-<a href='#Page_160'><b>160</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cornus alternifolia, L. f. <i>Dogwood, Green osier</i>  <a href='#Page_157'><b>157</b></a>, <a href='#Page_158'><b>158</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">florida, L. <i>Flowering dogwood, Boxwood</i>  <a href='#Page_156'><b>156</b></a>, <a href='#Page_157'><b>157</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Nyssa sylvatica. Marsh. <i>Tupelo, Sour gum, Pepperidge</i> <a href='#Page_159'><b>159</b></a>, <a href='#Page_160'><b>160</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cottonwood (Populus deltoides, Marsh.) <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Populus heterophylla. L.) <a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a>, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crack willow. (Salix fragilis, L.), <a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a>-<a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crat&aelig;gus Arnoldiana, Sarg. <i>Thorn</i>, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">coccinea, L. <i>Thorn</i>, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a>, <a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">coccinea, <i>var.</i> mollis, T. &amp; G. <i>Thorn</i>, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Crus-Galli, L. <i>Cockspur thorn</i>, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a>, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">mollis, Scheele <i>Thorn</i>, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">punctata, Jacq. <i>Cockspur thorn</i>, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">submollis, Sarg. <i>Thorn</i>, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">subvillosa, Schr. <i>Thorn</i>, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Cupressace&aelig;. (Pinoide&aelig;)</b>, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a>-<a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cupressus, <a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a>, <a href='#Page_26'><b>26</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Juniperus, <a href='#Page_26'><b>26</b></a>-<a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thuja, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a>, <a href='#Page_24'><b>24</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cupressus thyoides, L. <i>White cedar</i>, <a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a>, <a href='#Page_26'><b>26</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">D</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Diospyros Virginiana, L. <i>Persimmon</i>, <a href='#Page_160'><b>160</b></a>-<a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dogwood family. (<b>Cornace&aelig;</b>), <a href='#Page_156'><b>156</b></a>-<a href='#Page_160'><b>160</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dogwood (Rhus vernix, L.), <a href='#Page_136'><b>136</b></a>, <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida, L.), <a href='#Page_156'><b>156</b></a>, <a href='#Page_157'><b>157</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Green osier (Cornus alternifolia, L. f.), <a href='#Page_157'><b>157</b></a>, <a href='#Page_158'><b>158</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Double spruce (Picea nigra, Link), <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>-<a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Drupace&aelig;</b>. (Plum family), <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>-<a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Prunus Americana, Marsh. <i>Wild plum</i>, <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a>, <a href='#Page_124'><b>124</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Americana, <i>var.</i> nigra, Waugh. <i>Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum</i>, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>, <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Avium, L. <i>Mazard cherry</i>, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">nigra, Ait. <i>Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum</i>, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>, <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Pennsylvanica, L. f. <i>Wild red, Pin, Pigeon, Bird cherry</i>, <a href='#Page_124'><b>124</b></a>, <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">serotina, Ehrh. <i>Rum, Black cherry</i>, <a href='#Page_127'><b>127</b></a>, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Virginiana, L. <i>Chokecherry</i>, <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a>, <a href='#Page_126'><b>126</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dwarf birch. (Betula papyrifera, <i>var.</i> minor, Tuckerman), <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">black spruce. (Picea nigra, var. semiprostrata), <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sumac. (Rhus copallina), <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Ebenace&aelig;</b>. (Ebony family), <a href='#Page_160'><b>160</b></a>-<a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Diospyros Virginiana, L. Persimmon, <a href='#Page_160'><b>160</b></a>-<a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ebony family. (<b>Ebenace&aelig;</b>), <a href='#Page_160'><b>160</b></a>-<a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elder, Poison elder. (Rhus vernix, L.), <a href='#Page_136'><b>136</b></a>, <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elm family. (<b>Ulmace&aelig;</b>), <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a>-<a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elm, American elm (Ulmus Americana, L.), <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a>-<a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cork, Rock elm (Ulmus racemosa. Thomas), <a href='#Page_99'><b>99</b></a>, <a href='#Page_100'><b>100</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Slippery, Red elm (Ulmus fulva, Michx.), <a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a>, <a href='#Page_98'><b>98</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">European alder (Alnus glutinosa. Medic.), <a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">mountain ash (Pyrus aucuparia), <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a>-<a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">F</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Fagace&aelig;</b>. (Beech family), <a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a>-<a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castanea dentata, Borkh. <i>Chestnut</i>, <a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a>-<a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sativa, <i>var.</i> Americana, Watson &amp; Coulter <i>Chestnut</i>, <a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a>-<a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">vesca, <i>var.</i> Americana, Michx. <i>Chestnut</i>, <a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a>-<a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fagus Americana, Sweet <i>Beech</i>, <a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a>-<a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">atropunicea, Sudw. <i>Beech</i>, <a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a>-<a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ferruginea, Ait. <i>Beech</i>, <a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a>-<a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Quercus acuminata, Sarg. <i>Chestnut oak</i>, <a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a>, <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">alba, L. <i>White oak</i>, <a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a>-<a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">bicolor, Willd. <i>Swamp white oak</i>, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a>-<a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">coccinea, Wang. <i>Scarlet oak</i>, <a href='#Page_88'><b>88</b></a>, <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">coccinea, <i>var.</i> tinctoria, Gray. <i>Black, Yellow oak</i>, <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a>-<a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ilicifolia, Wang. <i>Scrub, Bear oak</i>, <a href='#Page_93'><b>93</b></a>, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">macrocarpa, Michx.  <i>Bur, Over-cup, Mossy-cup oak</i>, <a href='#Page_79'><b>79</b></a>, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">minor, Sarg.  <i>Post, Box white oak</i>, <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>-<a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Muhlenbergii, Engelm. <i>Chestnut oak</i>, <a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a>, <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">nana, Sarg. <i>Scrub oak, Bear oak</i>, <a href='#Page_93'><b>93</b></a>, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">obtusiloba, Michx.  <i>Post, Box white oak</i>, <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">palustris, Du Roi  <i>Pin, Swamp, Water oak</i>, <a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a>-<a href='#Page_93'><b>93</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">platanoides, Sudw. <i>Swamp white oak</i>, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a>-<a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">prinoides, Willd. <i>Scrub white oak. Scrub chestnut oak</i>, <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">prinus, L.  <i>Chestnut, Rock chestnut oak</i>, <a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a>-<a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pumila, Sudw. <i>Scrub, Bear oak</i>, <a href='#Page_93'><b>93</b></a>, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">rubra, L. <i>Red oak</i>, <a href='#Page_86'><b>86</b></a>, <a href='#Page_87'><b>87</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">stellata, Wang. <i>Post, Box white oak</i>, <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tinctoria, Bartram <i>Black, Yellow oak</i>, <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a>-<a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">velutina, Lam.  <i>Black, Yellow oak</i>, <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a>-<a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fir (Abies balsamea, Mill.), <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a>-<a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fir balsam (Abies balsamea, Mill.), <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a>-<a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fraxinus Americana, L. <i>White ash</i>, <a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a>-<a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lanceolata. Borkh. <i>Green ash</i>, <a href='#Page_166'><b>166</b></a>, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">nigra. Marsh. <i>Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash</i>, <a href='#Page_167'><b>167</b></a>, <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pennsylvanica, Marsh. <i>Red, Brown, River ash</i>, <a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a>, <a href='#Page_165'><b>165</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fraxinus Pennsylvania, <i>var.</i> lanceolata, Sarg. <i>Green ash</i>, <a href='#Page_166'><b>166</b></a>, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pubescens, Lam. <i>Red, Brown, River ash</i>, <a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a>, <a href='#Page_165'><b>165</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sambucifolia, Lam. <i>Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash</i>, <a href='#Page_167'><b>167</b></a>, <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">viridis, Michx. f. <i>Green ash</i>, <a href='#Page_166'><b>166</b></a>, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">G</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Glaucous willow. (Salix discolor, Muhl.), <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a>, <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gleditsia triacanthos, L. <i>Honey locust</i>, <a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a>, <a href='#Page_130'><b>130</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gray birch. (Betula lutea, Michx. f.), <a href='#Page_63'><b>63</b></a>, <a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">(Betula populifolia, Marsh.), <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>-<a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">pine. (Pinus Banksiana, Lam.), <a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a>, <a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Green ash. (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, <i>var.</i> lanceolata, Sarg.), <a href='#Page_166'><b>166</b></a>, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">osier. (Cornus alternifolia, L. f.), <a href='#Page_157'><b>157</b></a>, <a href='#Page_158'><b>158</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Groome estate, Dorchester, Mass., Willow. (<i>Salix fragilis</i>, 1890), <a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gum, (Liquidambar Styraciflua, L.), <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a>, <a href='#Page_109'><b>109</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sour gum. (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.), <a href='#Page_159'><b>159</b></a>, <a href='#Page_160'><b>160</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hackberry. (Celtis occidentalis, L.), <a href='#Page_100'><b>100</b></a>-<a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hacmatack. (Larix Americana, Michx.), <a href='#Page_2'><b>2</b></a>-<a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Hamamelidace&aelig;</b>. (Witch Hazel family), 108, 109</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Liquidambar styraciflua, L. <i>Sweet gum</i>, <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a>, <a href='#Page_109'><b>109</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hard maple. (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.), <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a>-<a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pine. (Pinus rigida, Mill.), <a href='#Page_6'><b>6</b></a>, <a href='#Page_7'><b>7</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hemlock. (Tsuga Canadensis, Carr.), <a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a>, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hickory. Bitternut, Swamp hickory. (Carya amara, Nutt.), <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>-<a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mockernut, White-heart hickory. (Carya tomentosa, Nutt.), <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a>-<a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pignut, White hickory. (Carya porcina, Nutt.), <a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a>-<a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Shagbark, Shellbark hickory. (Carya alba, Nutt.), <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a>-<a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hicoria alba, Britton. <i>Mockernut, White-heart hickory, Walnut</i>, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a>-<a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">glabra, Britton. <i>Pignut, White hickory</i>, <a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a>-<a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">minima, Britton. <i>Butternut, Swamp hickory</i>, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>-<a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ovata, Britton. <i>Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut</i>, <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a>-<a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Holly family. (<b>Aquifoliace&aelig;</b>), <a href='#Page_138'><b>138</b></a>-<a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Holly, American holly. (Ilex opaca, Ait.), <a href='#Page_138'><b>138</b></a>-<a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Honey locust. (Gleditsia triacanthos, L.), <a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a>, <a href='#Page_130'><b>130</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Honeysuckle family. (<b>Caprifoliace&aelig;</b>), <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a>, <a href='#Page_169'><b>169</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hoop ash. (Celtis occidentals, L.), <a href='#Page_100'><b>100</b></a>-<a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.), <a href='#Page_167'><b>167</b></a>, <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hop hornbeam. (Ostrya Virginica, Willd.), <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a>, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hornbeam. (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.), <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>, <a href='#Page_60'><b>60</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Horse plum. (Prunus nigra, Ait.), <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>, <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ilex opaca, Ait. <i>American holly</i>, <a href='#Page_138'><b>138</b></a>-<a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ironwood. (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.), <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>, <a href='#Page_60'><b>60</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Ostrya Virginica, Willd.), <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a>, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ivy, Poison ivy. (Rhus toxicodendron), <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jack pine. (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb), <a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a>, <a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Juglandace&aelig;.</b> (Walnut family), <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a>-<a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Carya alba, Nutt. <i>Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut</i>, <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a>-<a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">amara, Nutt. <i>Bitternut, Swamp hickory</i>, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>-<a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">porcina, Nutt. <i>Pignut, White hickory</i>, <a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a>-<a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">tomentosa, Nutt. <i>Mockernut, White-heart hickory. Walnut</i>, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a>-<a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hicoria alba, Britton  <i>Mockernut, White-heart hickory. Walnut</i>, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a>-<a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">glabra, Britton. <i>Pignut, White hickory</i>,  <a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a>-<a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">minima, Britton.  <i>Bitternut, Swamp hickory</i>, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>-<a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">ovata, Britton.  <i>Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut</i>, <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a>-<a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Juglans cinerea, L. <i>Butternut, Oilnut, Lemon walnut</i>, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a>, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">nigra, L.  <i>Black walnut</i>, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>, <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">June-berry. (Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic.), <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Juniper. (Larix Americana, Michx.) <a href='#Page_2'><b>2</b></a>-<a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Juniperus Virginiana, L. <i>Red cedar, Savin</i>, <a href='#Page_26'><b>26</b></a>-<a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">L</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Labrador spruce. (Picea alba, Link) <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a>-<a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Laconia, N.H., Pussy willow, 35 ft. high. (Salix discolor, Muhl.) <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Larch. (Larix Americana, Michx.) <a href='#Page_2'><b>2</b></a>-<a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Large-toothed aspen . . (Populus grandidenta, Michx.)  <a href='#Page_31'><b>31</b></a>, <a href='#Page_32'><b>32</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Larix Americana, Michx. <i>Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper</i>, <a href='#Page_2'><b>2</b></a>-<a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">laricina, Koch. <i>Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper</i>, <a href='#Page_2'><b>2</b></a>-<a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Laurace&aelig;.</b> (Laurel family), <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a>-<a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sassafras officinale. Nees. <i>Sassafras</i>, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a>-<a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;">Sassafras, Karst. <i>Sassafras</i>,  <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a>-<a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Laurel family. (<b>Laurace&aelig;</b>), <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a>-<a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Leguminos&aelig;.</b> (Pulse family), <a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a>-<a href='#Page_132'><b>132</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gleditsia triacanthos, L. <i>Honey locust, Three-thorned acacia</i>, <a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a>, <a href='#Page_130'><b>130</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Robinia pseudacacia. L. <i>Locust</i>, <a href='#Page_131'><b>131</b></a>, <a href='#Page_132'><b>132</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">viscosa, Vent. <i>Clammy locust</i>, <a href='#Page_132'><b>132</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lemon walnut (Juglans cinerea, L.), <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a>, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leverwood (Ostrya Virginica, Willd.), <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a>, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lime. (Tilia Americana, L.), <a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a>-<a href='#Page_155'><b>155</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Linden family. (<b>Tiliace&aelig;</b>), <a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a>-<a href='#Page_155'><b>155</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Linden. (Tilia Americana, L.), <a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a>-<a href='#Page_155'><b>155</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Liquidambar Styraciflua, L. <i>Sweet gum</i>,  <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a>, <a href='#Page_109'><b>109</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. <i>Tulip tree, Whitewood, Poplar</i>, <a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a>-<a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Locust. (Robinia pseudacacia, L.)  <a href='#Page_131'><b>131</b></a>, <a href='#Page_132'><b>132</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Clammy locust (Robinia viscosa, Vent.) <a href='#Page_132'><b>132</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos, L.) <a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a>, <a href='#Page_130'><b>130</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">M</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Magnolia family. (<b>Magnoliace&aelig;</b>), <a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a>-<a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Magnoliace&aelig;.</b> (Magnolia family), <a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a>-<a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. <i>Tulip tree, Whitewood, Poplar</i>,  <a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a>-<a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Malus Malus, Britton.  Apple tree,  <a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maple family. (<b>Acerace&aelig;</b>) <a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a>-<a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maple, Black maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh., <i>var.</i> nigrum, Britton)  <a href='#Page_127'><b>127</b></a>, <a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a>, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Box elder, Ash-leaved maple. (Acer negundo, L.), <a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a>-<a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mountain maple (Acer spicatum, Lam.), <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a>, <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Norway maple (<i>cultivated</i>) (Acer platanoides), <a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Red, Swamp, Soft, White maple. (Acer rubrum, L.), <a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a>-<a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rock, Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree. (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.), <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a>-<a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a>, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Silver, Soft, White maple, River  (Acer saccharinum, L.), <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a>-<a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Striped maple, Moosewood, Whistlewood. (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.), <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a>-<a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mazard cherry. (Prunus Avium, L.), <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mockernut. (Carya tomentosa, Nutt.), <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a>-<a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moosewood.  (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.), <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a>-<a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Morace&aelig;.</b> (Mulberry family), <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a>-<a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Morus alba, L. <i>White mulberry</i>, <a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4.8em;">rubra, L.  <i>Red mulberry</i>, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a>, <a href='#Page_103'><b>103</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mossy-cup oak  (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.), <a href='#Page_79'><b>79</b></a>, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mountain ash (Pyrus Americana, DC.), <a href='#Page_112'><b>112</b></a>, <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 6.2em;">(Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. &amp; Schlecht.), <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a>-<a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mountain ash, European. (Pyrus aucuparia) <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a>, <a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">maple (Acer spicatum, Lam.) <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a>, <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mulberry family. (<b>Morace&aelig;</b>) <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a>-<a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mulberry, Red mulberry. (Morus rubra. L.)  <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a>, <a href='#Page_103'><b>103</b></a></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">White mulberry. (Morus alba, L.) <a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">N</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nanny plum (Viburnum Lentago, L.)., <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a>, <a href='#Page_169'><b>169</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Negundo aceroides, Moench. <i>Box elder, Ash-leaved maple</i>, <a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a>-<a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Negundo, Karst., <a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a>-<a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nettle tree (Celtis occidentalis, L.), <a href='#Page_100'><b>100</b></a>-<a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Norway maple. (Acer platanoides), <a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4.3em;">pine (Pinus resinosa, Ait.), <a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a>, <a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh. <i>Tupelo, Sour gum, Pepperidge</i>, <a href='#Page_159'><b>159</b></a>, <a href='#Page_160'><b>160</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oak, Black, Yellow oak (Quercus velutina, Lam.), <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a>-<a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bur, Over-cup, Mossy-cup oak (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.), <a href='#Page_79'><b>79</b></a>, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Chestnut oak (Quercus Muhlenbergii), <a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a>, <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Chestnut, Rock chestnut oak (Quercus prinus, L.), <a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a>-<a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pin, Swamp, Water oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi), <a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a>-<a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Post, Box white oak (Quercus stellata, Wang.), <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Red oak (Quercus rubra, L.), <a href='#Page_86'><b>86</b></a>, <a href='#Page_87'><b>87</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea, Wang.), <a href='#Page_88'><b>88</b></a>, <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Scrub, Bear oak (Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.), <a href='#Page_93'><b>93</b></a>, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Scrub chestnut, Scrub white oak (Quercus prinoides. Willd.), <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor, Willd.), <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a>-<a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">White oak (Quercus alba, L.), <a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a>-<a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oilnut (Juglans cinerea, L.), <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a>, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oldfield birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh.), <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>-<a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Oleace&aelig;</b> (Olive family), <a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a>-<a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fraxinus Americana, L. <i>White ash</i>, <a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a>-<a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">lanceolata, Borkh. <i>Green ash</i>, <a href='#Page_166'><b>166</b></a>, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">nigra, Marsh. <i>Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash</i>, <a href='#Page_167'><b>167</b></a>, <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Pennsylvania, Marsh. <i>Red, Brown, River ash</i>, <a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a>, <a href='#Page_165'><b>165</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Pennsylvania, <i>var.</i> lanceolata, Sarg. <i>Green ash</i>, <a href='#Page_166'><b>166</b></a>, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">pubescens, Lam. <i>Red, Brown, River ash</i>, <a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a>, <a href='#Page_165'><b>165</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">sambucifolia, Lam. <i>Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash</i>, <a href='#Page_167'><b>167</b></a>, <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">viridis, Michx. f. <i>Green ash</i>, <a href='#Page_166'><b>166</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Olive family. (<b>Oleace&aelig;</b>), <a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a>-<a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Osier (Cornus alternifolia, L. f.), <a href='#Page_157'><b>157</b></a>, <a href='#Page_158'><b>158</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ostrya Virginica, Willd. <i>Hop hornbeam, Ironwood, Leverwood</i>, <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a>, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Over-cup oak. (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.), <a href='#Page_79'><b>79</b></a>, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">P</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paper birch (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.), <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>-<a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pear tree (Pyrus communis, L.), <a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pepperidge (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.), <a href='#Page_159'><b>159</b></a>, <a href='#Page_160'><b>160</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Persimmon (Diospyros Virginiana, L.), <a href='#Page_160'><b>160</b></a>-<a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Picea alba, Link <i>White spruce</i>, <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a>-<a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Canadensis, B. S. P. <i>White spruce</i>, <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a>-<a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">nigra, Link. <i>Black spruce</i>, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>-<a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">nigra, <i>var.</i> semiprostrata <i>Dwarf black spruce</i>, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">rubra, Link <i>Red spruce</i>, <a href='#Page_15'><b>15</b></a>, <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pigeon cherry (Primus Pennsylvanica, L. f.), <a href='#Page_124'><b>124</b></a>, <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pignut (Carya porcina, Nutt.), <a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a>-<a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pin cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.), <a href='#Page_124'><b>124</b></a>, <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi), <a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a>-<a href='#Page_93'><b>93</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pine family: Conifers. (<b>Pinoide&aelig;</b>), <a href='#Page_1'><b>1</b></a>-<a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pine. Jack, Gray, Scrub, Spruce pine (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb), <a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a>, <a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pitch, Hard pine (Pinus rigida, Mill.), <a href='#Page_6'><b>6</b></a>, <a href='#Page_7'><b>7</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Red, Norway pine (Pinus resinosa, Ait.), <a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a>, <a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Scotch pine (<i>dit</i> incorrectly Scotch fir) (Pinus sylvestris, L.), <a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a>, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">White pine (Pinus Strobus, L.), <a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a>-<a href='#Page_6'><b>6</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Pinoide&aelig;</b> (Pine family: Conifers), <a href='#Page_1'><b>1</b></a>-<a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><b>Abietace&aelig;</b>, <a href='#Page_1'><b>1</b></a>-<a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Abies balsamea, Mill. <i>Fir balsam, Balsam, Fir</i>, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a>-<a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Larix Americana, Michx. <i>Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper</i>, <a href='#Page_2'><b>2</b></a>-<a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">laricina, Koch. <i>Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper</i>, <a href='#Page_2'><b>2</b></a>-<a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Picea alba, Link <i>White, Cat, Skunk, Labrador spruce</i>, <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a>-<a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Canadensis, B.S.P. <i>White, Cat, Skunk, Labrador spruce</i>, <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a>-<a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">nigra, Link.  <i>Black, Double, Swamp, Water spruce</i>, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>-<a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">rubra, Link.  <i>Red spruce</i>, <a href='#Page_15'><b>15</b></a>, <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">semiprostrata <i>Dwarf black spruce</i>, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Pinus Banksiana, Lamb. <i>Jack, Gray, Scrub, Spruce pine</i>, <a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a>, <a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">resinosa, Ait. <i>Red, Norway pine</i>, <a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a>, <a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">rigida, Mill. <i>Pitch, Hard pine</i>, <a href='#Page_6'><b>6</b></a>, <a href='#Page_7'><b>7</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Strobus, L. <i>White pine</i>, <a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a>-<a href='#Page_6'><b>6</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">sylvestris, L. <i>Scotch pine</i>, <a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a>, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. <i>Hemlock</i>........ <a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a>, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Cupressace&aelig;</b>, <a href='#Page_2'><b>2</b></a>, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a>-<a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cham&aelig;cyparis sph&aelig;roidea, Spach. <i>White cedar, Cedar</i>, <a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a>, <a href='#Page_26'><b>26</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">thyoides, L. <i>White cedar, Cedar</i>, <a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a>, <a href='#Page_26'><b>26</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Juniperus Virginiana, L. <i>Red cedar, Savin</i>, <a href='#Page_26'><b>26</b></a>-<a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thuja occidentalis, L. <i>Arbor-vit&aelig;, White cedar</i>, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a>, <a href='#Page_24'><b>24</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pitch pine. (Pinus rigida. Mill.), <a href='#Page_6'><b>6</b></a>, <a href='#Page_7'><b>7</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Plane tree family. (<b>Platanace&aelig;</b>), <a href='#Page_110'><b>110</b></a>, <a href='#Page_111'><b>111</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Platanace&aelig;</b>. (Plane tree family), <a href='#Page_110'><b>110</b></a>, <a href='#Page_111'><b>111</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Platanus occidentalis, L. <i>Buttonwood, Sycamore. Buttonball, Plane tree</i>, <a href='#Page_110'><b>110</b></a>, <a href='#Page_111'><b>111</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Plum family. (<b>Drupace&aelig;</b>), <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>-<a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Plum, Wild plum. (Prunus Americana, Marsh.), <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a>, <a href='#Page_124'><b>124</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum. (Prunus nigra, Ait.), <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>, <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poison elder (Rhus vernix. L.), <a href='#Page_136'><b>136</b></a>, <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ivy (Rhus toxicodendron), <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sumac (Rhus vernix, L.), <a href='#Page_136'><b>136</b></a>, <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Pomace&aelig;.</b> (Apple family), <a href='#Page_112'><b>112</b></a>-<a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic. <i>Shadbush, June-berry</i>, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Crat&aelig;gus Arnoldiana, Sarg., <i>Thorn</i>, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">coccinea, L,. <i>Thorn</i> <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a>, <a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">coccinea, <i>var.</i> mollis, T. &amp; G. " <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Crus-Galli, L. <i>Cockspur thorn</i>, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a>, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">mollis, Scheele <i>Thorn</i>, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">punctata, Jacq.....<i>Cockspur thorn</i>, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">submollis, Sarg. <i>Thorn</i>, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">subvillosa, Schr. <i>Thorn</i> <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Malus malus, Britton <i>Apple tree</i>, <a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pyrus Americana, DC. <i>Mountain ash</i>, <a href='#Page_112'><b>112</b></a>, <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">aucuparia <i>European mountain ash</i>, <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a>, <a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">communis, L. <i>Pear tree</i>, <a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">malus, L. <i>Apple tree</i>, <a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">sambucifolia, Cham. &amp; Schlecht. <i>Mountain ash</i>, <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a>-<a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sorbus Americana, Marsh. <i>Mountain ash</i>, <a href='#Page_112'><b>112</b></a>, <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">sambucifolia, R&oelig;m. <i>Mountain ash</i>, <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a>, <a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poplar, Tulip tree, White wood. (Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.), <a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a>-<a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Aspen. (Populus tremuloides, Michx.), <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>, <a href='#Page_30'><b>30</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Balsam, Balm of Gilead. (Populus balsamifera. L.), <a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a>, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cottonwood. (Populus deltoides, Marsh.), <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Poplar, Large-toothed aspen. (Populus grandidentata, Michx.), <a href='#Page_31'><b>31</b></a>, <a href='#Page_32'><b>32</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Swamp poplar, Cottonwood, Poplar. (Populus heterophylla, L.), <a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a>, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">White, Silver-leaved poplar. (Populus alba, L.), <a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a>, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poplar birch. (Betula populifolia, Marsh.), <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>-<a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Populus alba, L. <i>Abele, White, Silver-leaved poplar</i>, <a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a>, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">balsamifera, L. <i>Balsam</i>, <a href='#Page_3'><b>3</b></a>, <a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a>, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">balsamifera, <i>var.</i> candicans, Gray. <i>Balm of Gilead</i> <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a>-<a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">balsamifera, <i>var.</i> intermedia <i>Balsam, Poplar, Balm of Gilead</i>, <a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Populus balsamifera, <i>var.</i> latifolia <i>Balsam, Poplar, Balm of Gilead</i>, <a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">candicans, Ait., <i>Balm of Gilead</i>, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a>-<a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">deltoides, Marsh. <i>Cottonwood, Poplar</i>, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">grandidentata, Michx. <i>Poplar, Large-toothed aspen</i>, <a href='#Page_31'><b>31</b></a>, <a href='#Page_32'><b>32</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">heterophylla, L. <i>Swamp poplar, Poplar, Cottonwood</i>, <a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a>, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">monilifera, Ait. <i>Cottonwood</i>, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tremuloides, Michx. <i>Aspen, Poplar</i>, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>, <a href='#Page_30'><b>30</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Post oak (Quercus stellata, Wang.), <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poverty birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh.), <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>-<a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prunus Americana, Marsh. <i>Wild plum</i>, <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a>, <a href='#Page_124'><b>124</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>var</i>. nigra, Waugh <i>Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum</i>, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>, <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Avium, L. <i>Mazard cherry</i>, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">nigra, Ait. <i>Wild plum</i>, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>, <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pennsylvanica, L. f. <i>Wild red, Pin, Pigeon, Bird cherry</i>, <a href='#Page_124'><b>124</b></a>, <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">serotina, Ehrh. <i>Rum, Black cherry</i>, <a href='#Page_127'><b>127</b></a>, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Virginiana, L. <i>Chokecherry</i>, <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a>, <a href='#Page_126'><b>126</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pulse family. (<b>Leguminos&aelig;</b>), <a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a>-<a href='#Page_132'><b>132</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pussy willow (Salix discolor, Muhl.), <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a>, <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pyrus Americana, DC. <i>Mountain ash</i>, <a href='#Page_112'><b>112</b></a>, <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">aucuparia <i>European mountain ash</i>, <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a>, <a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">communis, L. <i>Pear tree</i>, <a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">malus, L. <i>Apple tree</i>, <a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sambucifolia, Cham. &amp; Schlecht. <i>Mountain ash</i>, <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a>-<a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Q</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Quercus acuminata, Sarg. <i>Chestnut oak</i>, <a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a>, <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">alba, L. <i>White oak</i>, <a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a>-<a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">bicolor, Willd. <i>Swamp white oak</i>, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a>-<a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">coccinea, Wang. <i>Scarlet oak</i>, <a href='#Page_88'><b>88</b></a>, <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">coccinea, <i>var.</i> tinctoria, Gray. <i>Black oak</i>, <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a>-<a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ilicifolia, Wang. <i>Scrub, Bear oak</i>, <a href='#Page_93'><b>93</b></a>, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">macrocarpa, Michx. <i>Bur, Over-cup, Mossy-cup oak</i>, <a href='#Page_79'><b>79</b></a>, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">minor, Sarg. <i>Post, Box white oak</i>, <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Muhlenbergii, Engelm. <i>Chestnut oak</i>, <a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a>, <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">nana, Sarg. ....<i>Scrub, Bear oak</i>, <a href='#Page_93'><b>93</b></a>, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">obtusiloba, Michx. <i>Post, Box white oak</i>, <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">palustris, Du Roi. <i>Pin, Swamp, Water oak</i>, <a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a>-<a href='#Page_93'><b>93</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">platanoides, Sudw. <i>Swamp white oak</i>, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a>-<a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">prinoides, Willd. <i>Scrub white, Scrub chestnut oak</i>, <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">prinus, L. <i>Chestnut, Rock chestnut oak</i>, <a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a>-<a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">pumila, Sudw. <i>Scrub, Bear oak</i>, <a href='#Page_93'><b>93</b></a>, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Quercus rubra, L. <i>Red oak</i>, <a href='#Page_86'><b>86</b></a>, <a href='#Page_87'><b>87</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">stellata, Wang. <i>Post, Box white oak</i>, <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tinctoria, Bartram. <i>Black, Yellow oak</i>, <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a>-<a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">velutina, Lam. <i>Black, Yellow oak</i>, <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a>-<a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">R</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Red ash (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.), <a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a>, <a href='#Page_165'><b>165</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">birch (Betula nigra, L.), <a href='#Page_65'><b>65</b></a>, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cedar (Juniperus Virginiana, L.), <a href='#Page_26'><b>26</b></a>-<a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">elm (Ulmus fulva, Michx.), <a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a>, <a href='#Page_98'><b>98</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">maple (Acer rubrum, L.), <a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a>-<a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">mulberry (Morus rubra, L.), <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a>, <a href='#Page_103'><b>103</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">oak (Quercus rubra, L.) <a href='#Page_86'><b>86</b></a>, <a href='#Page_87'><b>87</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pine (Pinus resinosa, Ait.), <a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a>, <a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">plum (Prunus nigra, Ait.), <a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a>, <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">spruce (Picea rubra, Link), <a href='#Page_15'><b>15</b></a>, <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rhus copallina <i>Dwarf sumac</i>, <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">glabra <i>Smooth sumac</i>, <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">hirta, Sudw. <i>Staghorn sumac</i>, <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>, <a href='#Page_135'><b>135</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">toxicodendron <i>Poison ivy</i>, <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">typhina, L. <i>Staghorn sumac</i>, <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>, <a href='#Page_135'><b>135</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">venenata, DC. <i>Dogwood, Poison sumac</i>, <a href='#Page_136'><b>136</b></a>, <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">vernix, L.  <i>Dogwood, Poison sumac</i>, <a href='#Page_136'><b>136</b></a>, <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">River ash (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.), <a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a>, <a href='#Page_165'><b>165</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">birch (Betula nigra, L.), <a href='#Page_65'><b>65</b></a>, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">maple (Acer saccharinum, L.), <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a>-<a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robinia pseudacacia, L. <i>Locust</i>, <a href='#Page_131'><b>131</b></a>, <a href='#Page_132'><b>132</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">viscosa, Vent. <i>Clammy locust</i>, <a href='#Page_132'><b>132</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rock chestnut oak (Quercus prinus, L.), <a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a>-<a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">elm (Ulmus racemosa, Thomas), <a href='#Page_99'><b>99</b></a>, <a href='#Page_100'><b>100</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.), <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a>-<a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a>, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rum cherry (Primus serotina, Ehrh.), <a href='#Page_127'><b>127</b></a>, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Salicace&aelig;.</b> (Willow family), <a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a>-<a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Populus alba, L. <i>Abele, White, Silver-leaf poplar</i>, <a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a>, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">balsamifera, L. <i>Poplar, Balsam. Balm of Gilead</i>, <a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a>, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">balsamifera, <i>var.</i> candicans, Gray. <i>Balm of Gilead</i>, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a>-<a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">balsamifera, <i>var.</i> intermedia <i>Poplar, Balsam</i>, <a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">balsamifera, <i>var.</i> latifolia <i>Poplar, Balsam</i>, <a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">candicans, Ait. <i>Balm of Gilead</i>, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a>-<a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">deltoides, Marsh. <i>Cottonwood, Poplar</i>, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Populus grandidentata, Michx. <i>Poplar, Large-toothed aspen</i>, <a href='#Page_31'><b>31</b></a>, <a href='#Page_32'><b>32</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">heterophylla, L. <i>Poplar, Swamp poplar, Cottonwood</i>, <a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a>, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">monilifera, Ait. <i>Cottonwood poplar</i>, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">tremuloides, Michx. <i>Poplar, Aspen</i>, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>, <a href='#Page_30'><b>30</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Salix alba, L. <i>White willow</i>, <a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a>, <a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a>, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><i>var.</i> c&aelig;rulea, Koch <i>White willow</i>, <a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><i>var.</i> vitellina, Koch <i>White willow</i>, <a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">balsamifera, Barrett, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">discolor, Muhl. <i>Pussy willow, Glaucous willow</i>, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a>, <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">falcata, Pursh<i>Black willow</i>, <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">fragilis, L. <i>Crack willow, Brittle willow</i>, <a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a>-<a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">nigra, Marsh. <i>Black willow</i>, <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a>, <a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sassafras officinale, Nees <i>Sassafras</i>, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a>-<a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sassafras, Karst. <i>Sassafras</i>, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a>-<a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savin (Juniperus Virginiana, L.), <a href='#Page_26'><b>26</b></a>-<a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea, Wang.), <a href='#Page_88'><b>88</b></a>, <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris, L.), <a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a>, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scrub chestnut oak (Quercus prinoides, Willd.), <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">oak (Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.), <a href='#Page_93'><b>93</b></a>, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pine (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb), <a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a>, <a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">white oak (Quercus prinoides, Willd.), <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shadbush (Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic.), <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shagbark (Carya alba, Nutt.), <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a>-<a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sheep berry (Viburnum Lentago, L.), <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a>, <a href='#Page_169'><b>169</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Silver-leaf poplar  (Populus alba, L.), <a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a>, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">maple (Acer saccharinum, L.), <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a>-<a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Simarubace&aelig;</b>. (Ailanthus family), <a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf. <i>Tree of Heaven, Chinese sumac</i>, <a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Skunk spruce (Picea alba, Link), <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a>-<a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Slippery elm (Ulmus fulva, Michx.), <a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a>, <a href='#Page_98'><b>98</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Small white birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh.), <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>-<a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smooth sumac (Rhus glabra), <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Soft maple (Acer rubrum, L.), <a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a>-<a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Acer saccharinum, L.), <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a>-<a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sorbus Americana, Marsh. <i>Mountain ash</i>, <a href='#Page_112'><b>112</b></a>, <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sambucifolia, R&oelig;m. <i>Mountain ash</i>, <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a>, <a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sour gum (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.), <a href='#Page_159'><b>159</b></a>, <a href='#Page_160'><b>160</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spruce, Black, Swamp, Double, Water. (Picea nigra, Link), <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>-<a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Red spruce (Picea rubra, Link), <a href='#Page_15'><b>15</b></a>, <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">White, Cat, Skunk, Labrador. (Picea alba, Link), <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a>-<a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spruce pine (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb), <a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a>, <a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina, L.), <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>, <a href='#Page_135'><b>135</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Striped maple (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.), <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a>-<a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sugar berry (Celtis occidentalis, L.), <a href='#Page_100'><b>100</b></a>-<a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sugar maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.), <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a>-<a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tree (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.), <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a>-<a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sumac family. (<b>Anacardiace&aelig;</b>), <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>-<a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sumac, Ailanthus, Tree of Heaven, Chinese sumac (Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.), <a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dogwood, poison sumac. (Rhus vernix, L.), <a href='#Page_136'><b>136</b></a>, <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dwarf sumac (Rhus copallina), <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Smooth sumac (Rhus glabra), <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Staghorn sumac (Rhus tyhina, L.), <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>, <a href='#Page_135'><b>135</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Swamp ash (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.). . <a href='#Page_167'><b>167</b></a>, <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">hickory (Carya amara, Nutt.), <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>-<a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">maple (Acer rubrum, L.), <a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a>-<a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi), <a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a>-<a href='#Page_93'><b>93</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">poplar (Populus heterophylla, L.), <a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a>, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">spruce (Picea nigra, Link), <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>-<a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">white oak (Quercus bicolor, Willd.), <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a>-<a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sweet birch (Betula lenta, L.), <a href='#Page_61'><b>61</b></a>, <a href='#Page_62'><b>62</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">gum (Liquidambar Styraciflua, L.), <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a>, <a href='#Page_109'><b>109</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">viburnum (Viburnum Lentago, L.), <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a>, <a href='#Page_169'><b>169</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis, L.), <a href='#Page_110'><b>110</b></a>, <a href='#Page_111'><b>111</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">T</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tamarack. (Larix Americana, Michx.), <a href='#Page_2'><b>2</b></a>-<a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thayer, Col. Minot estate, Braintree, Mass., <i>Ilex opaca</i>, fine specimen, <a href='#Page_139'><b>139</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thorn. Cockspur (Crat&aelig;gus Crus-Galli, L.), <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a>, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Crat&aelig;gus coccinea, L.), <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a>, <a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Crat&aelig;gus mollis, Scheele), <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Three-thorned acacia (Gleditsia tricanthus, L.), <a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a>, <a href='#Page_130'><b>130</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thuja occidentalis, L. <i>Arbor-vit&aelig;, White cedar, Cedar</i>, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a>, <a href='#Page_24'><b>24</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Tiliace&aelig;.</b> (Linden family), <a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a>-<a href='#Page_155'><b>155</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Tilia Americana, L. <i>Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood</i>, <a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a>-<a href='#Page_155'><b>155</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Europ&aelig;a <i>Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood</i>, <a href='#Page_155'><b>155</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">heterophylla, Vent. <i>Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood</i>, <a href='#Page_155'><b>155</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">puebescens, Ait. <i>Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood</i>, <a href='#Page_155'><b>155</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.), <a href='#Page_183'><b>183</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. <i>Hemlock</i>, <a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a>, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tulip tree (Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.), <a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a>-<a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.), <a href='#Page_159'><b>159</b></a>, <a href='#Page_160'><b>160</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">U</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Ulmace&aelig;.</b> (Elm family)  <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a>-<a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Celtis occidentalis, L. <i>Hackberry</i>, <i>Nettle tree</i>, <i>Hoop ash</i>, <i>Sugar berry</i>  <a href='#Page_100'><b>100</b></a>-<a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ulmus Americana, L. <i>American</i>, <i>White elm</i>  <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a>-<a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">fulva, Michx. <i>Slippery</i>, <i>Red elm</i>  <a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a>, <a href='#Page_98'><b>98</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">puebescens, Walt. <i>Slippery</i>, <i>Red elm</i> <a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a>, <a href='#Page_98'><b>98</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">racemosa, Thomas. <i>Cork</i>, <i>Rock elm</i>  <a href='#Page_99'><b>99</b></a>, <a href='#Page_100'><b>100</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">V</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viburnum Lentago, L. <i>Sheep berry</i>  <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a>, <a href='#Page_169'><b>169</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walnut family. (<b>Juglandace&aelig;</b>)  <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a>-<a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walnut, Black walnut  (Juglans nigra, L.)  <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>, <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Butternut, Oilnut, Lemon walnut. (Juglans cinerea, L.)  <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a>, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mockernut, White-heart hickory. (Carya tomentosa, Nutt.)  <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a>-<a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Walnut, Shagbark, Shellbark hickory. (Carya alba, Nutt.)  <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a>-<a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Water beech (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.)  <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>, <a href='#Page_60'><b>60</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi)  <a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a>-<a href='#Page_93'><b>93</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">spruce (Picea nigra, Link)  <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>-<a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Watson, Thomas, Braintree, Mass., <i>Ilex opaca</i>, on estate of  <a href='#Page_139'><b>139</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whistlewood (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.)  <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a>-<a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">White ash (Fraxinus Americana, L.)  <a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a>-<a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">birch (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.)  <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>-<a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">(Betula populifolia, Marsh.)  <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>-<a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cedar (Cupressus thyoides, L.)  <a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a>, <a href='#Page_26'><b>26</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">(Thuja occidentalis, L.)  <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a>, <a href='#Page_24'><b>24</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">elm (Ulmus Americana, L.)  <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a>-<a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">hickory (Carya porcina, Nutt.)  <a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a>-<a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">maple (Acer rubrum, L.)  <a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a>-<a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">(Acer saccharinum, L.)  <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a>-<a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">mulberry (Morus alba, L.)  <a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">oak (Quercus alba, L.)  <a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a>-<a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pine (Pinus Strobus, L.)  <a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a>-<a href='#Page_6'><b>6</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">poplar (Populus alba, L.)  <a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a>, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">spruce (Picea alba, Link)  <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a>-<a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">willow (Salix alba)  <a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a>, <a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a>, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">White-heart hickory (Carya tomentosa, Nutt)  <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a>-<a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whitewood (Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.)  <a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a>-<a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whitewood (Tilia Americana, L.), <a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a>-<a href='#Page_155'><b>155</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wild plum (Prunus Americana, Marsh.), <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">(Prunus nigra, Ait.), <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>, <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">red cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.), <a href='#Page_124'><b>124</b></a>, <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Willow family. (<b>Salicace&aelig;</b>), <a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a>-<a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Willow, Black willow (Salix nigra, Marsh.), <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a>, <a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Crack, Brittle willow. (Salix fragilis, L.), <a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a>-<a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pussy willow, Glaucous willow (Salix discolor, Muhl.), <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a>, <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">White willow. (Salix alba, L., <i>var.</i> vitellina, Koch), <a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a>, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Witch hazel family. (<b>Hamamelidace&aelig;</b>), <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a>, <a href='#Page_109'><b>109</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Y</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yellow birch. (Betula lutea, Michx. f.), <a href='#Page_63'><b>63</b></a>, <a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">oak. (Quercus velutina, Lam.),&nbsp; <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a>-<a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a></span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Handbook of the Trees of New England, by 
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+</body>
+</html>
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@@ -0,0 +1,9437 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Handbook of the Trees of New England, by
+Lorin Low Dame and Henry Brooks
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Handbook of the Trees of New England
+
+Author: Lorin Low Dame
+        Henry Brooks
+
+Release Date: January 28, 2007 [EBook #20467]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TREES OF NEW ENGLAND ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Janet Blenkinship, Joyce
+Wilson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  HANDBOOK OF THE
+  TREES OF NEW ENGLAND
+
+
+  _WITH RANGES THROUGHOUT THE
+  UNITED STATES AND CANADA_
+
+  BY
+  LORIN L. DAME, S.D.
+  AND
+  HENRY BROOKS
+
+  _PLATES FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS_
+  BY
+  ELIZABETH GLEASON BIGELOW
+
+  BOSTON, U.S.A.
+  GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS
+  The Athenaeum Press
+  1904
+
+
+
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1901, BY
+  LORIN L. DAME AND HENRY BROOKS
+
+  ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+There is no lack of good manuals of botany in this country. There still
+seems place for an adequately illustrated book of convenient size for
+field use. The larger manuals, moreover, cover extensive regions and
+sometimes fail by reason of their universality to give a definite idea
+of plants as they grow within more limited areas. New England marks a
+meeting place of the Canadian and Alleghanian floras. Many southern
+plants, long after they have abandoned more elevated situations
+northward, continue to advance up the valleys of the Connecticut and
+Merrimac rivers, in which they ultimately disappear entirely or else
+reappear in the valley of the St. Lawrence; while many northern plants
+pushing southward maintain a more or less precarious existence upon the
+mountain summits or in the cold swamps of New England, and sometimes
+follow along the mountain ridges to the middle or southern states. In
+addition to these two floras, some southwestern and western species have
+invaded Vermont along the Champlain valley, and thrown out pickets still
+farther eastward.
+
+At or near the limit of a species, the size and habit of plants undergo
+great change; in the case of trees, to which this book is restricted,
+often very noticeable. There is no fixed, absolute dividing line between
+trees and shrubs. In accordance with the usual definition, a tree must
+have a single trunk, unbranched at or near the base, and must be at
+least fifteen feet in height.
+
+Trees that are native in New England, or native in other sections of the
+United States and thoroughly established in New England, are described
+and, for the most part, figured. Foreign trees, though locally
+established, are not figured. Trees may be occasionally spontaneous
+over a large area without really forming a constituent part of the
+flora. Even the apple and pear, when originating spontaneously and
+growing without cultivation, quickly become degenerate and show little
+tendency to possess themselves of the soil at the expense of the native
+growths. Gleditsia, for example, while clearly locally established, has
+with some hesitation been accorded pictorial representation.
+
+The geographical distribution is treated under three heads: Canada and
+Alaska; New England; south of New England and westward. With regard to
+the distribution outside of New England, the standard authorities have
+been followed. An effort extending through several years has been made
+to give the distribution as definitely as possible in each of the New
+England states, and while previous publications have been freely
+consulted, the present work rests mainly upon the observations of living
+botanists.
+
+All descriptions are based upon the habit of trees as they appear in New
+England, unless special mention is made to the contrary. The
+descriptions are designed to apply to trees as they grow in open land,
+with full space for the development of their characteristics under
+favorable conditions. In forest trees there is much greater uniformity;
+the trunks are more slender, taller, often unbranched to a considerable
+height, and the heads are much smaller.
+
+When the trunk tapers uniformly from the ground upward, the given
+diameter is taken at the base; when the trunk is reinforced at the base,
+the measurements are made above the swell of the roots; when reinforced
+at the ground and also at the branching point, as often in the American
+elm, the measurements are made at the smallest place between the swell
+of the roots and of the branches.
+
+A regular order has been followed in the description for the purpose of
+ready comparison. No explanation of the headings used seems necessary,
+except to state that the _habitat_ is used in the more customary present
+acceptation to indicate the place where a plant naturally grows, as in
+swamps or upon dry hillsides. Under the head of "Horticultural Value,"
+the requisite information is given for an intelligent choice of trees
+for ornamental purposes.
+
+The order and names of families follow, in the main, Engler and Prantl.
+In accordance with the general tendency of New England botanists to
+conform to the best usage until an authoritative agreement has been
+reached with regard to nomenclature by an international congress, the
+Berlin rule has been followed for genera, and priority under the genus
+for species. Other names in use at the present day are given as synonyms
+and included in the index.
+
+Only those common names are given which are actually used in some part
+of New England, whether or not the same name is applied to different
+trees. It seems best to record what is, and not what ought to be. Common
+names that are the creation of botanists have been disregarded
+altogether. Any attempt to displace a name in wide use, even by one that
+is more appropriate, is futile, if not mischievous.
+
+The plates are from original drawings by Mrs. Elizabeth Gleason Bigelow,
+in all cases from living specimens, and they have been carefully
+compared with the plates in other works. So far as practicable, the
+drawings were made of life size, with the exception of the dissected
+portions of small flowers, which were enlarged. In this way, though not
+on a perfectly uniform scale, they are, when reduced to the necessary
+space, distinct in all their parts.
+
+So far as consistent with due precision, popular terms have been used in
+description, but not when such usage involved tedious periphrase.
+
+Especial mention should be made of those botanists whose assistance has
+been essential to a knowledge of the distribution of species in the New
+England states: Maine,--Mr. M. L. Fernald; New Hampshire,--Mr. Wm. F.
+Flint, Report of Forestry Commission; Vermont,--President Ezra Brainerd;
+Massachusetts,--trees about Northampton, Mrs. Emily Hitchcock Terry;
+throughout the Connecticut river valley, Mr. E. L. Morris; Rhode
+Island,--Professor W. W. Bailey, Professor J. F. Collins;
+Connecticut,--Mr. C. H. Bissell, Mr. C. K. Averill, Mr. J. N. Bishop.
+Dr. B. L. Robinson has given advice in general treatment and in matters
+of nomenclature; Dr. C. W. Swan and Mr. Charles H. Morss have made a
+critical examination of the manuscript; Mr. Warren H. Manning has
+contributed the "Horticultural Values" throughout the work; and Miss M.
+S. E. James has prepared the index. To these and to all others who have
+given assistance in the preparation of this work, the grateful thanks of
+the authors are due.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                     PAGES
+  KEY TO THE TREES OF NEW ENGLAND      ix
+
+  LIST OF PLATES                       xi
+
+  AUTHORITIES                        xiii
+
+  ABBREVIATIONS                      xvii
+
+  TEXT AND PLATES                       1
+
+  APPENDIX                            171
+
+  GLOSSARY                            173
+
+  INDEX                               179
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO THE TREES OF NEW ENGLAND.
+
+  I. LEAVES SIMPLE.
+
+        =Leaves alternate=                            A
+            Outline entire                               A C
+            Outline slightly indented                    A D
+            Outline lobed                                A E
+              Lobes entire                             A E F
+              Lobes slightly indented                  A E G
+              Lobes coarsely toothed                   A E H
+        =Leaves opposite=                             B
+
+  A C    Ovate to oval, obscurely toothed                    Tupelo
+  A C    Ovate to oval                                    Persimmon
+  A C    Also 3-lobed                                     Sassafras
+  A C    Sometimes opposite, clustered at the ends of
+          the branchlets                                   Dogwoods
+  A D    Tremulous habit, oval                              Poplars
+  A D    Lanceolate, finely serrate, sometimes entire       Willows
+  A D    Ovate-oval, serrate, doubly serrate            { Birches
+                                                        { Hornbeams
+  A D    Oval, serrate, oblong-lanceolate, veins        { Beeches
+          terminating in teeth                          { Chestnut
+  A D    Ovate-oblong, doubly serrate, surface rough           Elms
+  A D    Ovate to ovate-lanceolate, serrate, surface
+          slightly rough                                  Hackberry
+  A D    Outline variable, ovate-oval, sometimes lobed
+          (3-7), serrate-dentate                           Mulberry
+  A D    Ovate, serrate, oblong                        { Shadbush
+                                                       { Plums
+                                                       { Cherries
+  A D    Oval or oval-oblong, spines, evergreen               Holly
+  A D    Broad-ovate, one-sided, serrate                     Linden
+  A D    Obovate, oval, lanceolate, oblong            Chestnut oaks
+  A D    Broad-ovate to broad-elliptical, thorny             Thorns
+  A E F  Lobes rounded                                    Sassafras
+  A E F  Base truncate or heart-shaped                   Tulip tree
+  A E F  Obtuse, rounded lobes                           White oaks
+  A E F  3-5-lobed, white-tomentose to glabrous
+          beneath                                      White poplar
+  A E G  5-lobed, finely serrate                          Sweet gum
+  A E G  Irregularly 3-7-lobed, serrate-dentate with
+          equal teeth                                     Mulberry
+  A E H  Pointed or bristle-tipped lobes                 Black oaks
+  A E H  Coarse-toothed or pinnate-lobed, short lobes
+          ending in sharp point                            Sycamore
+  B      Outline entire, ovate, veins prominent   Flowering dogwood
+  B      Outline serrate, apex often tapering           Sheep berry
+  B      Outline lobed                                       Maples
+
+
+
+  II. LEAVES COMPOUND.
+
+      =Leaves pinnately compound=                    I
+          Leaflets alternate                         I A
+            Outlines of leaflets entire              I A C
+          Leaflets opposite                          I B
+      =Leaves bi-pinnately compound=                 J
+
+  I A    Outlines of leaflets with two or three teeth at base.   Ailanthus
+  IA     Outlines of leaflets   serrate    { Sumacs (except Poison sumac)
+                                   { Mountain ashes
+                                   { Walnuts
+                                   { Hickories
+  I A C  Leaflets oval, apex obtuse   Locusts (except Honey locust)
+  I A C  Leaflets oblong, apex acute                   Poison sumac
+  I B    Outlines of leaflets entire  Ashes (except Mountain ashes)
+  I B    Outlines of leaflets serrate   Ashes (except Mountain ashes)
+  I B    Leaflets irregularly or coarsely toothed, 3-lobed or nearly
+          entire     Box elder
+  J      Irregularly bi-pinnate, outlines of leaflets entire, thorns
+          on stem and trunk    Honey locust
+
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF PLATES.
+
+
+  PLATE                                                             PAGE
+
+  I. Larix Americana                                                   4
+  II. Pinus Strobus                                                    6
+  III. Pinus rigida                                                    7
+  IV. Pinus Banksiana                                                  9
+  V. Pinus resinosa                                                   11
+  VI. Picea nigra                                                     14
+  VII. Picea rubra                                                    16
+  VIII. Picea alba                                                    18
+  IX. Tsuga Canadensis                                                20
+  X. Abies balsamea                                                   22
+  XI. Thuja occidentalis                                              24
+  XII. Cupressus thyoides                                             26
+  XIII. Juniperus Virginiana                                          28
+  XIV. Populus tremuloides                                            30
+  XV. Populus grandidentata                                           32
+  XVI. Populus heterophylla                                           34
+  XVII. Populus deltoides                                             35
+  XVIII. Populus balsamifera                                          37
+  XIX. Populus candicans                                              39
+  XX. Salix discolor                                                  41
+  XXI. Salix nigra                                                    43
+  XXII. Juglans cinerea                                               47
+  XXIII. Juglans nigra                                                49
+  XXIV. Carya alba                                                    51
+  XXV. Carya tomentosa                                                53
+  XXVI. Carya porcina                                                 55
+  XXVII. Carya amara                                                  57
+  XXVIII. Ostrya Virginica                                            58
+  XXIX. Carpinus Caroliniana                                          60
+  XXX. Betula lenta                                                   62
+  XXXI. Betula lutea                                                  64
+  XXXII. Betula nigra                                                 66
+  XXXIII. Betula populifolia                                          68
+  XXXIV. Betula papyrifera                                            70
+  XXXV. Fagus ferruginea                                              72
+  XXXVI. Castanea sativa, var. Americana                              74
+  XXXVII. Quercus alba                                                77
+  XXXVIII. Quercus stellata                                           78
+  XXXIX. Quercus macrocarpa                                           80
+  XL. Quercus bicolor                                                 82
+  XLI. Quercus Prinus                                                 84
+  XLII. Quercus Muhlenbergii                                          85
+  XLIII. Quercus rubra                                                87
+  XLIV. Quercus coccinea                                              89
+  XLV. Quercus velutina                                               91
+  XLVI. Quercus palustris                                             93
+  XLVII. Quercus ilicifolia                                           94
+  XLVIII. Ulmus Americana                                             97
+  XLIX.  Ulmus fulva                                                  98
+  L. Ulmus racemosa                                                  100
+  LI. Celtis occidentalis                                            102
+  LII. Morus rubra                                                   103
+  LIII.  Liriodendron Tulipifera                                     103
+  LIV. Sassafras officinale                                          108
+  LV. Liquidambar Styraciflua                                        109
+  LVI. Platanus occidentalis                                         111
+  LVII. Pyrus Americana                                              113
+  LVIII. Pyrus sambucifolia                                          115
+  LIX. Amelanchier Canadensis                                        117
+  LX. Crataegus mollis                                                121
+  LXI. Prunus nigra                                                  123
+  LXII. Prunus Americana                                             124
+  LXIII. Prunus Pennsylvanica                                        125
+  LXIV. Prunus Virginiana                                            126
+  LXV.  Prunus serotina                                              128
+  LXVI. Gleditsia triacanthos                                        130
+  LXVII.  Robinia Pseudacacia                                        132
+  LXVIII. Rhus typhina                                               135
+  LXIX. Rhus Vernix                                                  137
+  LXX.  Ilex opaca                                                   140
+  LXXI.  Acer rubrum                                                 142
+  LXXII. Acer saccharinum                                            144
+  LXXIII. Acer Saccharum                                             146
+  LXXIV.  Acer Saccharum var. nigrum                                 147
+  LXXV. Acer spicatum                                                149
+  LXXVI. Acer Pennsylvanicum                                         151
+  LXXVII. Acer Negundo                                               153
+  LXXVIII. Tilia Americana                                           155
+  LXXIX. Cornus florida                                              157
+  LXXX. Cornus alternifolia                                          158
+  LXXXI. Nyssa sylvatica                                             160
+  LXXXII. Diospyros Virginiana                                       162
+  LXXXIII. Fraxinus Americana                                        164
+  LXXXIV. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica                                     165
+  LXXXV. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica. var. lanceolata                     166
+  LXXXVI. Fraxinus nigra                                             168
+  LXXXVII. Viburnum Lentago                                          169
+
+
+
+
+BOTANICAL AUTHORITIES.
+
+
+
+
+                                                                     PAGE
+ATKINS, C. G.             Pinus Banksiana, Lamb                        8
+
+AVERILL, C. K.                                                         v
+
+                          Populus balsamifera, L.
+                             (_Rhodora_, II, 35)                      36
+
+                          Prunus Americana, Marsh.                   123
+
+                          Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm.               84
+
+BAILEY, L. H.             Populus candicans, Ait.                     37
+
+BAILEY, W. W.             Celtis occidentalis, L.                    100
+
+                          Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, _var._
+                             lanceolata, Sarg.                       166
+
+BARTRAM, WILLIAM          Quercus tinctoria (1791)                    89
+
+BATCHELDER, F. W.         Betula nigra, L.                            65
+
+                          Salix discolor, Muhl.
+                               (Laconia, N. H.)                       41
+
+BATES, J. A.              Pinus Banksiana, Lamb                        8
+
+                          Sassafras officinale, Nees                 106
+
+BISHOP, J. N.                                                          v
+
+                          Celtis occidentalis, L.                    100
+
+                          Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.             164
+
+                          Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, _var._
+                             lanceolata, Sarg.                       166
+
+                          Juglans nigra, L.
+                             (_in lit._, 1896)                        48
+
+                          Morus rubra, L.                            102
+
+                          Populus heterophylla, L.                    33
+
+                          Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm.               84
+
+                          Thuja occidentalis, L.                      23
+
+BISSELL, C. H.                                                         v
+
+                          Crataegus Crus-Galli, L.                    117
+
+                          Pinus sylvestris, L.
+                             (_in lit._, 1899)                        12
+
+                          Prunus Americana, Marsh.
+                             (_in lit._, 1900)                       123
+
+                          Rhus copallina                             137
+
+BRAINERD, EZRA            Carya porcina, Nutt.                        53
+
+                          Crataegus punctata, Jacq.                   118
+
+                          Ulmus racemosa, Thomas                      99
+
+BREWSTER, WILLIAM         Pinus Banksiana, Lamb                        8
+
+BRITTON, NATHANIEL LORD   Acer Saccharum, _var._ nigrum              172
+
+BROWNE, D. T.             Ilex opaca (_Trees of North
+                             America_, 1846)                         139
+
+_Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club_, XVIII, 150
+
+Pinus Banksiana, Lamb                                                  8
+
+CHAMBERLAIN, E. B.     Ulmus fulva, Michx. (1898)                     97
+
+CHURCHILL, J. R.       Prunus Americana, Marsh.                      123
+
+COLLINS, J. F.                                                         v
+                               Gleditsia triacanthos, L.             129
+
+DAME. L. L.           Crataegus Crus-Galli, L.                        171
+                               Salix fragilis, L. (_Typical Elms and
+                                  other Trees of Massachusetts_,
+                                  p. 85)                              44
+
+DAY, F. M.               Pinus Banksiana, Lamb                         8
+
+DEANE, WALTER            Sassafras officinale, Nees (1895)           106
+
+DUDLEY, W. R.            Populus heterophylla, L.                     33
+
+EGGLESTON, W.W.          Carya porcina, Nutt.                         53
+                                  Celtis occidentalis, L.            100
+                                  Morus rubra, L.                    102
+                                  Platanus occidentalis, L.          110
+                                  Populus deltoides, Marsh.           34
+                                  Sassafras officinale, Nees.        106
+                                  Ulmus racemosa, Thomas.             99
+
+ENGLER, ADOLPH                                           v
+
+FERNALD, M. L.           Fraxinus Pennsylvania, Marsh, _var._
+                                  lanceolata, Sarg. (_in lit._, Sept.,
+                                   1901)                             172
+                                  Gleditsia triacanthos, L.          129
+                                  Populus balsamifera, L. _var._
+                                   candicans, Gray (_Rhodora_.
+                                   III, 233)                         171
+                                  Salix balsamifera, Barratt.        171
+                                  Salix discolor, Muhl.
+                                  (_in lit._, Sept., 1901)           171
+
+FLAGG                    Morus rubra, L.                             102
+
+FLINT, W. F.                                                           v
+                                  Acer Negundo, L.                   151
+                                  Quercus alba, L.                    75
+
+_Flora of Vermont_           Betula lenta, L. (1900)                  61
+                                  Crataegus Crus-Galli, L. (1900)     117
+                                  Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.
+                                      (1900)                         164
+                                  Picea nigra, Link (1900)            12
+                                  Pinus rigida, Mill (1900)            6
+                                  Populus deltoides, Marsh. (1900)    34
+                                  Quercus alba, L. (1900)             75
+
+FURBISH, MISS KATE       Crataegus coccinea, L. (May, 1899)           119
+                                  Pinus Banksiana, Lamb                8
+
+GOODALE, G. L.           Pinus Banksiana. Lamb                         8
+
+GRANT                    Sassafras officinale, Nees                  106
+
+GRAY, ASA                Ilex opaca, Ait. (_Manual of
+                                   Botany_, 6th ed.)                 138
+
+HAINES, MRS.             Pinus Banksiana, Lamb                         8
+
+HARGER, E. B.            Picea nigra (_Rhodora_, II, 126)             13
+
+HARPER, R. M.            Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. (_Rhodora_
+                          II, 122)                                   104
+
+HARRINGTON, A. K.        Picea alba, Link                             17
+
+HASKINS, T. H.           Ulmus racemosa, Thomas (_Garden and
+                          Forest_, V, 86)                             99
+
+HOLMES, DR. EZEKIEL      Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh                      159
+
+HOSFORD, F. H.           Crataegus mollis, Scheele                    120
+
+HOYT, MISS FANNY E.      Pinus Banksiana, Lamb                         8
+
+HUMPHREY, J. E.          Picea alba, Link                             17
+                         Quercus palustris, Du Roi
+                          (_Amherst Trees_)                           91
+
+JACK, J. G.              Crataegus coccinea, L. (1899-1900)           119
+
+JESSUP, HENRY GRISWOLD   Carya amara, Nutt                            55
+                                  Ulmus racemosa, Thomas              99
+
+JOSSELYN, JOHN           Sassafras officinale, Nees (_New England
+                          Rarities_, 1672)                           106
+
+KNOWLTON, C. H.          Pinus rigida, Mill. (_Rhodora_, II, 124)      6
+
+MANNING, WARREN H.                                                    vi
+
+MATTHEWS, F. SCHUYLER    Morus rubra. L.                             102
+
+MICHAUX, FILS, FRANCOIS ANDRE   Ulmus fulva (_Sylva of North
+                                 America_, III, ed. 1853)             97
+
+MORRIS, E. L.                                                          v
+
+MORSS, CHARLES H.                                                     vi
+
+OAKES, WILLIAM           Morus rubra, L.                             102
+
+PARLIN, J. C.            Sassafras officinale, Nees (1896)           106
+
+PRANTL, KARL VON                                                       v
+
+PRINGLE, C. G.           Pinus Banksiana, Lamb                         8
+                                  Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham.
+                                   & Schlecht                        113
+                                  Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm        84
+
+RAND, E. L.              Pinus Banksiana                               8
+
+_Rhodora_, III, 234    Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var._ barbatum,
+                          Trelease                                   172
+                         Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var._ nigrum,
+                          Britton                                    172
+
+_Rhodora_, III, 58           Ilex opaca, Ait.                        139
+
+_Rhodora_, III, 234          Prunus Americana, Marsh                 171
+
+ROBBINS, JAMES W.        Sassafras officinale, Nees                  106
+                                  Ulmus racemosa, Thomas              99
+
+ROBINSON, DR. B. L.                                                   vi
+
+ROBINSON, JOHN           Crataegus coccinea, L. (1900)                119
+
+ROBINSON, R. E.         Pinus Banksiana, Lamb                          8
+
+RUSSELL, L. W.         Diospyros Virginiana. L.                      161
+                                Quercus palustris, Du Roi             92
+                                Quercus stellata. Wang                77
+
+SARGENT, CHARLES S.   Crataegus coccinea, L. (_Botanical
+                       Gazette_, XXXI, 12, 1901, by permission)      119
+                          Crataegus mollis, Scheele
+                           (_Botanical Gazette_. XXXI, 7, 223, 1901) 121
+
+SETCHELL, W. A.        Populus heterophylla. L.                       33
+
+STONE, W. E.           Quercus palustris.
+                        Du Roi (_Bull. Torr. Club_, IX, 57)           91
+
+SWAN, DR. C. W.                                                       vi
+
+TERRY, MRS. EMILY H.   Picea alba. Link                               17
+
+TRELEASE, WILLIAM      Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var._ barbatum       172
+
+TUCKERMAN, EDWARD      Betula papyrifera, _var._ minor, Marsh.        68
+
+WAGHORNE, A. C.        Crataegus coccinea, L. (1894)                  119
+
+
+
+
+ABBREVIATIONS.
+
+  Ait.--Aiton, William.
+
+  Barratt, Joseph.
+  B. S. P.--Britton, Nathaniel Lord, Sterns, E. E., and Poggenburg,
+    Justus F.
+  Borkh.--Borkhausen, M. B.
+
+  Carr.--Carriere, Eli Abel.
+  Cham.--Chamisso, Adelbert von.
+  Coulter, John Merle.
+
+  DC.--De  Candolle,  Augustin Pyramus.
+  Desf.--Desfontaines, Rene Louiche.
+  Du Roi, Johann Philip.
+
+  Ehrh.--Ehrhart, Friedrich.
+  Engelm.--Engelmann, George.
+
+  Gray, Asa.
+
+  Jacq.--Jacquin, Nicholaus Joseph.
+
+  Karst.--Karsten, Hermann Gustav Karl Wilhelm.
+  Koch, Wilhelm Daniel Joseph.
+
+  L.--Linnaeus, Carolus.
+  L. f.--Linnaeus, fils, Carl von.
+  Lam.--Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de Monet.
+  Lamb, Aylmer Bourke.
+  Link, Heinrich Friedrich.
+
+  Marsh.--Marshall, Humphrey.
+  Medic.--Medicus, Friedrich Casimir.
+  Michx.--Michaux, Andre.
+  Michaux, fils.--Francois Andre.
+  Mill.--Miller, Philip.
+  Moench, Konrad.
+  Muhl.--Muhlenberg, H. Ernst.
+
+  Nees--Nees von Esenbeck, C. G.
+  Nutt.--Nuttall, Thomas.
+
+  Peck, Charles H.
+  Poggenburg, Justus F.
+  Pursh, Friedrich Trangott.
+
+  Roem.--Roemer, Johann Jacob.
+
+  Sarg.--Sargent, Charles S.
+  Scheele, A.
+  Schlecht--Schlechtendal, D. F. L. von.
+  Schr.--Schrader, Heinrich A.
+  Spach, Eduard.
+  Sterns, E. E.
+  Sudw.--Sudworth, George B.
+  Sweet, Robert.
+
+  T. and G.--Torrey, John, and Gray, Asa.
+  Thomas, David.
+
+  Vent.--Ventenat, Etienne Pierre.
+
+  Walt.--Walter, Thomas.
+  Wang.--Wangenheim, F. A. J. von.
+  Watson, Sereno.
+  Waugh, Frank A.
+  Willd.--Willdenow, Carl Ludwig.
+
+
+
+
+TREES OF NEW ENGLAND.
+
+
+
+
+PINOIDEAE. PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS.
+
+
+ABIETACEAE. CUPRESSACEAE.
+
+Trees or shrubs, resinous; leaves simple, mostly evergreen, relatively
+small, entire, needle-shaped, awl-shaped, linear, or scale-like;
+stipules none; flowers catkin-like; calyx none; corolla none; ovary
+represented by a scale (ovuliferous scale) bearing the naked ovules on
+its surface.
+
+
+ABIETACEAE.
+
+LARIX. PINUS. PICEA. TSUGA. ABIES.
+
+Buds scaly; leaves evergreen and persistent for several years (except in
+_Larix_), scattered along the twigs, spirally arranged or tufted,
+linear, needle-shaped, or scale-like; sterile and fertile flowers
+separate upon the same plant; stamens (subtended by scales) spirally
+arranged upon a central axis, each bearing two pollen-sacs surmounted by
+a broad-toothed connective; fertile flowers composed of spirally
+arranged bracts or cover-scales, each bract subtending an ovuliferous
+scale; cover-scale and ovuliferous scale attached at their bases;
+cover-scale usually remaining small, ovuliferous scale enlarging,
+especially after fertilization, gradually becoming woody or leathery and
+bearing two ovules at its base; cones maturing (except in _Pinus_) the
+first year; ovuliferous scales in fruit usually known as cone-scales;
+seeds winged; roots mostly spreading horizontally at a short distance
+below the surface.
+
+
+CUPRESSACEAE.
+
+THUJA. CUPRESSUS. JUNIPERUS.
+
+Leaf-buds not scaly; leaves evergreen and persistent for several years,
+opposite, verticillate, or sometimes scattered, scale-like, often
+needle-shaped in seedlings and sometimes upon the branches of older
+plants; flowers minute; stamens and pistils in separate blossoms upon
+the same plant or upon different plants; stamens usually bearing 3-5
+pollen-sacs on the underside; scales of fertile aments few, opposite or
+ternate; fruit small cones, or berries formed by coalescence of the
+fleshy cone-scales; otherwise as in _Abietaceae_.
+
+
+Larix Americana, Michx.
+
+_Larix laricina, Koch._
+
+TAMARACK. HACMATACK. LARCH. JUNIPER.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low lands, shaded hillsides, borders of ponds; in
+New England preferring cold swamps; sometimes far up mountain slopes.
+
+     Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, west to the Rocky
+     mountains; from the Rockies through British Columbia, northward
+     along the Yukon and Mackenzie systems, to the limit of tree growth
+     beyond the Arctic circle.
+
+Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont,--abundant, filling swamps acres in
+extent, alone or associated with other trees, mostly black spruce;
+growing depressed and scattered on Katahdin at an altitude of 4000 feet;
+Massachusetts,--rather common, at least northward; Rhode Island,--not
+reported; Connecticut,--occasional in the northern half of the state;
+reported as far south as Danbury (Fairfield county).
+
+     South along the mountains to New Jersey and Pennsylvania; west to
+     Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--The only New England conifer that drops its leaves in the
+fall; a tree 30-70 feet high, reduced at great elevations to a height of
+1-2 feet, or to a shrub; trunk 1-3 feet in diameter, straight, slender;
+branches very irregular or in indistinct whorls, for the most part
+nearly horizontal; often ending in long spire-like shoots; branchlets
+numerous, head conical, symmetrical while the tree is young, especially
+when growing in open swamps; when old extremely variable, occasionally
+with contorted or drooping limbs; foliage pale green, turning to a dull
+yellow in autumn.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk reddish or grayish brown, separating at the
+surface into small roundish scales in old trees, in young trees smooth;
+season's shoots gray or light brown in autumn.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, globular, reddish.
+
+Leaves simple, scattered along the season's shoots, clustered on the
+short, thick dwarf branches, about an inch long, pale green,
+needle-shaped; apex obtuse; sessile.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--March to April. Flowers lateral, solitary, erect; the
+sterile from leafless, the fertile from leafy dwarf branches; sterile
+roundish, sessile; anthers yellow: fertile oblong, short-stalked; bracts
+crimson or red.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones upon dwarf branches, erect or inclining upwards, ovoid
+to cylindrical, 1/2-3/4 of an inch long, purplish or reddish brown while
+growing, light brown at maturity, persistent for at least a year; scales
+thin, obtuse to truncate; edge entire, minutely toothed or erose; seeds
+small, winged.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; grows in any good soil,
+preferring moist locations; the formal outline of the young trees
+becomes broken, irregular, and picturesque with age, making the mature
+tree much more attractive than the European species common to
+cultivation. Rarely for sale in nurseries, but obtainable from
+collectors. To be successfully transplanted, it must be handled when
+dormant. Propagated from seed.
+
+     =Note.=--The European species, with which the mature plant is often
+     confused, has somewhat longer leaves and larger cones; a form
+     common in cultivation has long, pendulous branches.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE I.--Larix Americana.]
+
+  1. Branch with sterile and fertile flowers.
+  2. Sterile flowers.
+  3. Different views of stamens.
+  4. Ovuliferous scale with ovules.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+  6. Open cone.
+  7. Cone-scale with seeds.
+  8. Leaf.
+  9. Cross-section of leaf.
+
+
+PINUS.
+
+The leaves are of two kinds, primary and secondary; the primary are
+thin, deciduous scales, in the axils of which the secondary leaf-buds
+stand; the inner scales of those leaf-buds form a loose, deciduous
+sheath which encloses the secondary or foliage leaves, which in our
+species are all minutely serrulate.
+
+
+Pinus Strobus, L.
+
+WHITE PINE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In fertile soils; moist woodlands or dry uplands.
+
+     Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, through Quebec and Ontario, to Lake
+     Winnipeg.
+
+New England,--common, from the vicinity of the seacoast to altitudes of
+2500 feet, forming extensive forests.
+
+     South along the mountains to Georgia, ascending to 2500 feet in the
+     Adirondacks and to 4300 in North Carolina; west to Minnesota and
+     Iowa.
+
+=Habit.=--The tallest tree and the stateliest conifer of the New England
+forest, ordinarily from 50 to 80 feet high and 2-4 feet in diameter at
+the ground, but in northern New England, where patches of the primeval
+forest still remain, attaining a diameter of 3-7 feet and a height
+ranging from 100 to 150 feet, rising in sombre majesty far above its
+deciduous neighbors; trunk straight, tapering very gradually; branches
+nearly horizontal, wide-spreading, in young trees in whorls usually of
+five, the whorls becoming more or less indistinct in old trees;
+branchlets and season's shoots slender; head cone-shaped, broad at the
+base, clothed with soft, delicate, bluish-green foliage; roots running
+horizontally near the surface, taking firm hold in rocky situations,
+extremely durable when exposed.
+
+=Bark.=--On trunks of old trees thick, shallow-channeled, broad-ridged;
+on stems of young trees and upon branches smooth, greenish; season's
+shoots at first rusty-scurfy or puberulent, in late autumn becoming
+smooth and light russet brown.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leading branch-buds 1/4-1/2 inch long, oblong
+or ovate-oblong, sharp-pointed; scales yellowish-brown.
+
+Foliage leaves in clusters of five, slender, 3-5 inches long, soft
+bluish-green, needle-shaped, 3-sided, mucronate, each with a single
+fibrovascular bundle, sessile.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--June. Sterile flowers at the base of the season's
+shoots, in clusters, each flower about one inch long, oval, light brown;
+stamens numerous; connectives scale-like: fertile flowers near the
+terminal bud of the season's shoots, long-stalked, cylindrical; scales
+pink-margined.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones, 4-6 inches long, short-stalked, narrow-cylindrical,
+often curved, finally pendent, green, maturing the second year; scales
+rather loose, scarcely thickened at the apex, not spiny; seeds winged,
+smooth.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; free from disease;
+grows well in almost any soil, but prefers a light fertile loam; in open
+ground retains its lower branches for many years. Good plants, grown
+from seed, are usually readily obtainable in nurseries; small collected
+plants from open ground can be moved in sods with little risk.
+
+Several horticultural forms are occasionally cultivated which are
+distinguished by variations in foliage, trailing branches, dense and
+rounded heads, and dwarfed or cylindrical habits of growth.
+
+  PLATE II.  PINUS STROBUS.
+
+  1. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  2. Stamen.
+  3. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  4. Bract and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
+  5. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
+  6. Branch with cones.
+  7. Cross-section of leaf.
+
+
+Pinus rigida, Mill.
+
+PITCH PINE. HARD PINE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Most common in dry, sterile soils, occasional in
+swamps.
+
+     New Brunswick to Lake Ontario.
+
+Maine,--mostly in the southwestern section near the seacoast; as far
+north as Chesterville, Franklin county (C. H. Knowlton, _Rhodora_, II,
+124); scarcely more than a shrub near its northern limits; New
+Hampshire,--most common along the Merrimac valley to the White mountains
+and up the Connecticut valley to the mouth of the Passumpsic, reaching
+an altitude of 1000 feet above the sea level; Vermont,--common in the
+northern Champlain valley, less frequent in the Connecticut valley
+(_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); common in the other New England states,
+often forming large tracts of woodland, sometimes exclusively occupying
+extensive areas.
+
+     South to Virginia and along the mountains to northern Georgia; west
+     to western New York, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee.
+
+=Habit.=--Usually a low tree, from 30 to 50 feet high, with a diameter
+of 1-2 feet at the ground, but not infrequently rising to 70-80 feet,
+with a diameter of 2-4 feet; trunk straight or more or less tortuous,
+tapering rather rapidly; branches rising at a wide angle with the stem,
+often tortuous, and sometimes drooping at the extremities, distinctly
+whorled in young trees, but gradually losing nearly every trace of
+regularity; roughest of our pines, the entire framework rough at every
+stage of growth; head variable, open, often scraggly, widest near the
+base and sometimes dome-shaped in young trees; branchlets stout,
+terminating in rigid, spreading tufts of foliage.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE II.--Pinus Strobus.]
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees thick, deeply furrowed, with broad
+connecting ridges, separating on the surface into coarse dark grayish or
+reddish brown scales; younger stems and branches very rough, separating
+into scales; season's shoots rough to the tips.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leading branch-buds 1/2-3/4 inch long,
+narrow-cylindrical or ovate, acute at the apex, resin-coated; scales
+brownish.
+
+Foliage leaves in threes, 3-5 inches long, stout, stiff, dark
+yellowish-green, 3-sided, sharp-pointed, with two fibrovascular bundles;
+sessile; sheaths when young about 1/2 inch long.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Sterile flowers at the base of the season's shoots,
+clustered; stamens numerous; anthers yellow: fertile flowers at a slight
+angle with and along the sides of the season's shoots, single or
+clustered.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones lateral, single or in clusters, nearly or quite sessile,
+finally at right angles to the stem or twisted slightly downward, ovoid,
+ovate-conical; subspherical when open, ripening the second season;
+scales thickened at the apex, armed with stout, straight or recurved
+prickles.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; well adapted to
+exposed situations on highlands or along the seacoast; grows in almost
+any soil, but thrives best in sandy or gravelly moist loams; valuable
+among other trees for color-effects and occasional picturesqueness of
+outline; mostly uninteresting and of uncertain habit; subject to the
+loss of the lower limbs, and not readily transplanted; very seldom
+offered in quantity by nurserymen; obtainable from collectors, but
+collected plants are seldom successful. Usually propagated from the
+seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE III.--Pinus rigida.]
+
+  1. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  2. Stamen, front view.
+  3. Stamen, top view.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  5. Fertile flower showing bract and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
+  6. Fertile flower showing ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
+  7. Fruiting branch with cones one and two years old.
+  8. Open cone.
+  9. Seed.
+  10. Cross-section of leaf.
+
+
+=Pinus Banksiana, Lamb.=
+
+_Pinus divaricata. Sudw._
+
+SCRUB PINE. GRAY PINE. SPRUCE PINE. JACK PINE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Sterile, sandy soil: lowlands, boggy plains, rocky
+slopes.
+
+     Nova Scotia, northwesterly to the Athabasca river, and northerly
+     down the Mackenzie to the Arctic circle.
+
+Maine,--Traveller mountain and Grand lake (G. L. Goodale); Beal's island
+on Washington county coast, Harrington, Orland, and Cape Rosier (C. G.
+Atkins); Schoodic peninsula in Gouldsboro, a forest 30 feet high (F. M.
+Day, E. L. Rand, _et al._); Flagstaff (Miss Kate Furbush); east branch
+of Penobscot (Mrs. Haines); the Forks (Miss Fanny E. Hoyt); Lake Umbagog
+(Wm. Brewster); New Hampshire,--around the shores of Lake Umbagog, on
+points extending into the lake, rare (Wm. Brewster _in lit._, 1899);
+Welch mountains (_Bull. Torr. Bot. Club_, XVIII, 150); Vermont,--rare,
+but few trees at each station; Monkton in Addison county (R. E.
+Robinson); Fairfax, Franklin county (Bates); Starkesboro (Pringle).
+
+     West through northern New York, northern Illinois, and Michigan to
+     Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--Usually a low tree, 15-30 feet high and 6-8 inches in diameter
+at the ground, but under favorable conditions, as upon the wooded points
+and islands of Lake Umbagog, attaining a height of 50-60 feet, with a
+diameter of 10-15 inches. Extremely variable in habit. In thin soils and
+upon bleak sites the trunk is for the most part crooked and twisted, the
+head scrubby, stunted, and variously distorted, resembling in shape and
+proportions the pitch pine under similar conditions. In deeper soils,
+and in situations protected from the winds, the stem is erect, slender,
+and tapering, surmounted by a stately head with long, flexible branches,
+scarcely less regular in outline than the spruce. Foliage
+yellowish-green, bunched at the ends of the branchlets.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees dark brown, rounded-ridged,
+rough-scaly at the surface; branchlets dark purplish-brown, rough with
+the persistent bases of the fallen leaves; season's shoots
+yellowish-green, turning to reddish-brown.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Branch-buds light brown, ovate, apex acute or
+rounded, usually enclosed in resin.
+
+Leaves in twos, divergent from a short close sheath, about 1 inch in
+length and scarcely 1/12 inch in width, yellowish-green, numerous,
+stiff, curved or twisted, cross-section showing two fibrovascular
+bundles; outline narrowly linear; apex sharp-pointed; outer surface
+convex, inner concave or flat.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--June. Sterile flowers at the base of the season's
+shoots, clustered, oblong-rounded: fertile flowers along the sides or
+about the terminal buds of the season's shoots, single, in twos or in
+clusters; bracts ovate, roundish, purplish.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones often numerous, 1-2 inches long, pointing in the general
+direction of the twig on which they grow, frequently curved at the tip,
+whitish-yellow when young, and brown at maturity; scales when mature
+without prickles, thickened at the apex; outline very irregular but in
+general oblong-conical. The open cones, which are usually much
+distorted, with scales at base closed, have a similar outline.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; slow growing and hard to
+transplant; useful in poor soil; seldom offered by nurserymen or
+collectors. Propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IV.--Pinus Banksiana.]
+
+  1. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  2. Stamen, front view.
+  3. Stamen, top view.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  5. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+  7. Open cone.
+  8, 9. Variant leaves.
+  10, 11. Cross-sections of leaves.
+
+
+Pinus resinosa, Ait.
+
+RED PINE. NORWAY PINE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In poor soils: sandy plains, dry woods.
+
+     Newfoundland and New Brunswick, throughout Quebec and Ontario, to
+     the southern end of Lake Winnipeg.
+
+Maine,--common, plains, Brunswick (Cumberland county); woods, Bristol
+(Lincoln county); from Amherst (western part of Hancock county) and
+Clifton (southeastern part of Penobscot county) northward just east of
+the Penobscot river the predominant tree, generally on dry ridges and
+eskers, but in Greenbush and Passadumkeag growing abundantly on peat
+bogs with black spruce; hillsides and lower mountains about Moosehead,
+scattered; New Hampshire,--ranges with the pitch pine as far north as
+the White mountains, but is less common, usually in groves of a few to
+several hundred acres in extent; Vermont,--less common than _P. Strobus_
+or _P. rigida_, but not rare; Massachusetts,--still more local, in
+stations widely separated, single trees or small groups; Rhode
+Island,--occasional; Connecticut,--not reported.
+
+     South to Pennsylvania; west through Michigan and Wisconsin to
+     Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--The most beautiful of the New England pines, 50-75 feet high,
+with a diameter of 2-3 feet at the ground; reaching in Maine a height of
+100 feet and upwards; trunk straight, scarcely tapering; branches low,
+stout, horizontal or scarcely declined, forming a broad-based, rounded
+or conical head of great beauty when young, becoming more or less
+irregular with age; foliage of a rich dark green, in long dense tufts at
+the ends of the branches.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk reddish-brown, in old trees marked by flat ridges
+which separate on the surface into thin, flat, loose scales; branchlets
+rough with persistent bases of leaf buds; season's shoots stout,
+orange-brown, smooth.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leading branch-buds conical, about 3/4
+inch long, tapering to a sharp point, reddish-brown, invested with
+rather loose scales.
+
+Foliage leaves in twos, from close, elongated, persistent, and
+conspicuous sheaths, about 6 inches long, dark green, needle-shaped,
+straight, sharply and stiffly pointed, the outer surface round and the
+inner flattish, both surfaces marked by lines of minute pale dots.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Sterile flowers clustered at the base of the season's
+shoots, oblong, 1/2-3/4 inch long: fertile flowers single or few, at the
+ends of the season's shoots.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones near extremity of shoot, at right angles to the stem,
+maturing the second year, 1-3 inches long, ovate to oblong conical; when
+opened broadly oval or roundish; scales not hooked or pointed, thickened
+at the apex.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; a tall, dark-foliaged
+evergreen, for which there is no substitute; grows rapidly in all
+well-drained soils and in exposed inland or seashore situations; seldom
+disfigured by insects or disease; difficult to transplant and not common
+in nurseries. Propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE V.--Pinus resinosa.]
+
+  1. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  2. Stamen, front view.
+  3. Stamen, top view.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers and one-year-old cones.
+  5. Bract and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
+  6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
+  7. Fruiting branch showing cones of three different seasons.
+  8. Seeds with cone-scale.
+  9, 10. Cross-sections of leaves.
+
+
+= Pinus sylvestris, L.=
+
+SCOTCH PINE (sometimes incorrectly called the Scotch fir).
+
+Indigenous in the northern parts of Scotland and in the Alps, and from
+Sweden and Norway, where it forms large forests eastward throughout
+northern Europe and Asia.
+
+At Southington, Conn., many of these trees, probably originating from an
+introduced pine in the vicinity, were formerly scattered over a rocky
+pasture and in the adjoining woods, a tract of about two acres in
+extent. Most of these were cut down in 1898, but the survivors, if left
+to themselves, will doubtless multiply rapidly, as the conditions have
+proved very favorable (C. H. Bissell _in lit._, 1899).
+
+Like _P. resinosa_ and _P. Banksiana_, it has its foliage leaves in
+twos, with neither of which, however, is it likely to be confounded;
+aside from the habit, which is quite different, it may be distinguished
+from the former by the shortness of its leaves, which are less than 2
+inches long, while those of _P. resinosa_ are 5 or 6; and from the
+latter by the position of its cones, which point outward and downward at
+maturity, while those of _P. Banksiana_ follow the direction of the
+twig.
+
+
+Picea nigra, Link.
+
+_Picea Mariana, B. S. P. (including Picea brevifolia, Peck)._
+
+BLACK SPRUCE. SWAMP SPRUCE. DOUBLE SPRUCE. WATER SPRUCE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Swamps, sphagnum bogs, shores of rivers and ponds,
+wet, rocky hillsides; not uncommon, especially northward, on dry uplands
+and mountain slopes.
+
+     Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, westward beyond the Rocky
+     mountains, extending northward along the tributaries of the Yukon
+     in Alaska.
+
+Maine,--common throughout, covering extensive areas almost to the
+exclusion of other trees in the central and northern sections,
+occasional on the top of Katahdin (5215 feet); New Hampshire and
+Vermont,--common in sphagnum swamps of low and high altitudes; the dwarf
+form, var. _semi-prostrata_, occurs on the summit of Mt. Mansfield
+(_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); Massachusetts,--frequent; Rhode Island,--not
+reported; Connecticut,--rare; on north shore of Spectacle ponds in Kent
+(Litchfield county), at an elevation of 1200 feet; Newton (Fairfield
+county), a few scattered trees in a swamp at an altitude of 400 feet:
+(New Haven county) a few small trees at Bethany; at Middlebury abundant
+in a swamp of five acres (E. B. Harger, _Rhodora_, II, 126).
+
+     South along the mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee; west
+     through the northern tier of states to Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--In New England, usually a small, slender tree, 10-30 feet high
+and 5-8 inches in diameter; attaining northward and westward much
+greater dimensions; reduced at high elevation to a shrub or dwarf tree,
+2 or 3 feet high; trunk tapering very slowly, forming a narrow-based,
+conical, more or less irregular head; branches rather short, scarcely
+whorled, horizontal or more frequently declining with an upward tendency
+at the ends, often growing in open swamps almost to the ground, the
+lowest prostrate, sometimes rooting at their tips and sending up shoots;
+spray stiff and rather slender; foliage dark bluish-green or glaucous.
+This tree often begins to blossom after attaining a height of 2-5 feet,
+the terminal cones each season remaining persistent at the base of the
+branches, sometimes for many years.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk grayish-brown, separating into rather close, thin
+scales; branchlets roughened with the footstalks of the fallen leaves;
+twigs in autumn dull reddish-brown with a minute, erect, pale, rusty
+pubescence, or nearly smooth.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds scaly, ovate, pointed, reddish-brown.
+Leaves scattered, needle-shaped, dark bluish-green, the upper sides
+becoming yellowish in the sunlight, the faces marked by parallel rows of
+minute bluish dots which sometimes give a glaucous effect to the lower
+surface or even the whole leaf on the new shoots, 4-angled, 1/4-3/4 of
+an inch long, straight or slightly incurved, blunt at the apex, abruptly
+tipped or mucronate, sessile on persistent, decurrent footstalks.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May, a week or two earlier than the red
+spruce; sterile flowers terminal or axillary, on wood of the preceding
+year; about 3/8 inch long, ovate; anthers madder-red: fertile flowers at
+or near end of season's shoots, erect; scales madder-red, spirally
+imbricated, broader than long, margin erose, rarely entire.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones, single or clustered at or near ends of the season's
+shoots, attached to the upper side of the twig, but turning downward by
+the twisting of the stout stalk, often persistent for years; 1/2-1-1/2
+inches long; purplish or grayish brown at the end of the first season,
+finally becoming dull reddish or grayish brown, ovate, ovate-oval, or
+nearly globular when open; scales rigid, thin, reddish on the inner
+surface; margin rounded, uneven, eroded, bifid, or rarely entire.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Best adapted to cool, moist soils; of little
+value under cultivation; young plants seldom preserving the broad-based,
+cone-like, symmetrical heads common in the spruce swamps, the lower
+branches dying out and the whole tree becoming scraggly and unsightly.
+Seldom offered by nurserymen.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VI.--Picea nigra.]
+
+  1. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  2. Stamen, front view.
+  3. Stamen, side view.
+  4. Stamen, top view.
+  5. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  6. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
+  7. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
+  8. Fruiting branch.
+  9. Seed.
+  10. Leaf.
+  11. Cross-sections of leaves.
+
+
+=Picea rubra, Link.=
+
+_Picea rubens, Sarg. Picea nigra, var. rubra, Engelm._
+
+RED SPRUCE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Cool, rich woods, well-drained valleys, slopes of
+mountains, not infrequently extending down to the borders of swamps.
+
+     Prince Edward island and Nova Scotia, along the valley of the St.
+     Lawrence.
+
+Maine,--throughout: most common towards the coast and in the
+extreme north, thus forming a belt around the central area, where
+it is often quite wanting except on cool or elevated slopes; New
+Hampshire,--throughout; the most abundant conifer of upper Coos, the
+White mountain region where it climbs to the alpine area, and the higher
+parts of the Connecticut-Merrimac watershed; Vermont,--throughout; the
+common spruce of the Green mountains, often in dense groves on rocky
+slopes with thin soil; Massachusetts,--common in the mountainous regions
+of Berkshire county and on uplands in the northern sections, occasional
+southward; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--not reported.
+
+     South along the Alleghanies to Georgia, ascending to an altitude of
+     4500 feet in the Adirondacks, and 4000-5000 feet in West Virginia;
+     west through the northern tier of states to Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--A hardy tree, 40-75 feet high; trunk 1-2-1/2 feet in diameter,
+straight, tapering very slowly; branches longer than those of the black
+spruce, irregularly whorled or scattered, the lower often declined,
+sometimes resting on the ground, the upper rising toward the light,
+forming while the tree is young a rather regular, narrow, conical head,
+which in old age and in bleak mountain regions becomes, by the loss of
+branches, less symmetrical but more picturesque; foliage dark
+yellowish-green.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk smoothish and mottled on young trees, at length
+separating into small, thin, flat, reddish scales; in old trees striate
+with shallow sinuses, separating into ashen-white plates, often
+partially detached; spray reddish or yellowish white in autumn with
+minute, erect, pale rusty pubescence.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds scaly, conical, brownish, 1/3 inch long.
+Leaves solitary, at first closely appressed around the young shoots,
+ultimately pointing outward, those on the underside often twisting
+upward, giving a brush-like appearance to the twig, 1/2-3/4 inch long,
+straight or curved (curvature more marked than in _P. nigra_),
+needle-shaped, dark yellowish-green, 4-angled; apex blunt or more or
+less pointed, often mucronate; base blunt; sessile on persistent
+leaf-cushions.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile flowers terminal or axillary on wood of
+the preceding year, 1/2-3/4 inch long, cylindrical; anthers pinkish-red:
+fertile flowers lateral along previous season's shoots, erect; scales
+madder-purple, spirally imbricated, broader than long, margin entire or
+slightly erose.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones; single or clustered, lateral along the previous
+season's shoots, recurved, mostly pointing downward at various angles,
+on short stalks, falling the first autumn but sometimes persistent a
+year longer, 1-2 inches long (usually larger than those of _P. nigra_),
+reddish-brown, mostly ovate; scales thin, stiff, rounded; margin entire
+or slightly irregular.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; adapts itself to a
+great variety of soils and lives to a great age. Its narrow-based
+conical form, dense foliage, and yellow green coloring form an effective
+contrast with most other evergreens. It grows, however, slowly, is
+subject to the loss of its lower branches and to disfigurement by
+insects. Seldom offered in nurseries.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VII.--Picea rubra.]
+
+  1. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  2. Stamen, front view.
+  3. Stamen, side view.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  5. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
+  6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
+  7. Fruiting branch with cones of two seasons.
+  8. Seed.
+  9. Leaf.
+  10. Cross-sections of leaves.
+
+
+=Picea alba, Link.=
+
+_Picea Canadensis, B. S. P._
+
+WHITE SPRUCE. CAT SPRUCE.[1] SKUNK SPRUCE.[2] LABRADOR SPRUCE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, damp, but not wet woods; dry, sandy soils,
+high rocky slopes and exposed hilltops, often in scanty soil.
+
+[Footnote 1, 2: So called from the peculiarly unpleasant odor of the
+crushed foliage and young shoots,--a characteristic which readily
+distinguishes it from the _P. nigra_ and _P. rubra_.]
+
+     Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, through the provinces of Quebec and
+     Ontario to Manitoba and British Columbia, northward beyond all
+     other trees, within 20 miles of the Arctic sea.
+
+Maine,--frequent in sandy soils, often more common than _P. rubra_, as
+far south as the shores of Casco bay; New Hampshire,--abundant around
+the shores of the Connecticut river, disappearing southward at
+Fifteen-Mile falls; Vermont,--restricted mainly to the northern
+sections, more common in the northeast; Massachusetts,--occasional in
+the mountainous regions of Berkshire county; a few trees in Hancock (A.
+K. Harrington); as far south as Amherst (J. E. Humphrey) and Northampton
+(Mrs. Emily H. Terry), probably about the southern limit of the species;
+Rhode Island and Connecticut,--not reported.
+
+     West through the northern sections of the northern tier of states
+     to the Rocky mountains.
+
+=Habit.=--A handsome tree, 40-75 feet high, with a diameter of 1-2 feet
+at the ground, the trunk tapering slowly, throwing out numerous
+scattered or irregularly whorled, gently ascending or nearly horizontal
+branches, forming a symmetrical, rather broad conical head, with
+numerous branchlets and bluish-green glaucous foliage spread in dense
+planes; gum bitter.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk pale reddish-brown or light gray, on very old
+trees ash-white; not as flaky as the bark of the red spruce, the scales
+smaller and more closely appressed; young trees and small branches much
+smoother, pale reddish-brown or mottled brown and gray, resembling the
+fir balsam; branchlets glabrous; shoots from which the leaves have
+fallen marked by the scaly, persistent leaf-cushions; new shoots pale
+fawn-color at first, turning darker the second season; bark of the tree
+throughout decidedly lighter than that of the red or black spruces.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds scaly, ovoid or conical, about 1/4 inch
+long, light brown. Leaves scattered, stout as those of _P. rubra_ or
+very slender, those on the lower side straight or twisted so as to
+appear on the upper side, giving a brush-like appearance to the twig,
+about 3/4 of an inch long; bluish-green, glaucous on the new shoots,
+needle-shaped, 4-angled, slightly curved, bluntish or sharp-pointed,
+often mucronate, marked on each side with several parallel rows of dots,
+malodorous, especially when bruised.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Sterile flowers terminal or axillary, on
+wood of the preceding season; distinctly stalked; cylindrical, 1/2 an
+inch long; anthers pale red: fertile flowers at or near ends of season's
+shoots; scales pale red or green, spirally imbricated, broader than
+long; margin roundish, entire or nearly so; each scale bearing two
+ovules.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones short-stalked, at or near ends of branchlets, light
+green while growing, pale brownish when mature, spreading, 1-2-1/2
+inches long, when closed cylindrical, tapering towards the apex,
+cylindrical or ovate-cylindrical when open, mostly falling the first
+winter; scales broad, thin, smooth; margin rounded, sometimes
+straight-topped, usually entire.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--A beautiful tree, requiring cold winters for its
+finest development, the best of our New England spruces for ornamental
+and forest plantations in the northern sections; grows rapidly in moist
+or well-drained soils, in open sun or shade, and in exposed situations.
+The foliage is sometimes infested by the red spider. Propagated from
+seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VIII.--Picea alba.]
+
+  1. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  2. Stamen, front view.
+  3. Stamen, side view.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  5. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
+  6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
+  7. Fruiting branch.
+  8. Open cone.
+  9. Seed with ovuliferous scale.
+  10. Leaves.
+  11. Cross-sections of leaves.
+
+
+=Tsuga Canadensis, Carr.=
+
+HEMLOCK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Cold soils, borders of swamps, deep woods,
+ravines, mountain slopes.
+
+     Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, through Quebec and Ontario.
+
+Maine,--abundant, generally distributed in the southern and central
+portions, becoming rare northward, disappearing entirely in most of
+Aroostook county and the northern Penobscot region; New
+Hampshire,--abundant, from the sea to a height of 2000 feet in the White
+mountains, disappearing in upper Coos county; Vermont,--common,
+especially in the mountain forests; Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and
+Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to Delaware and along the mountains to Georgia and Alabama,
+     ascending to an altitude of 2000 feet in the Adirondacks; west to
+     Michigan and Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--A large handsome tree, 50-80 feet high; trunk 2-4 feet in
+diameter, straight, tapering very slowly; branches going out at right
+angles, not disposed in whorls, slender, brittle yet elastic, the lowest
+declined or drooping; head spreading, somewhat irregular, widest at the
+base; spray airy, graceful, plume-like, set in horizontal planes;
+foliage dense, extremely delicate, dark lustrous green above and silver
+green below, tipped in spring with light yellow green.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk reddish-brown, interior often cinnamon red,
+shallow-furrowed in old trees; young trunks and branches of large trees
+gray brown, smooth; season's shoots very slender, buff or light
+reddish-brown, minutely pubescent.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Winter buds minute, red brown. Leaves
+spirally arranged but brought by the twisting of the leafstalk into two
+horizontal rows on opposite sides of the twig, about 1/2 an inch long,
+yellow green when young, becoming at maturity dark shining green on the
+upper surface, white-banded along the midrib beneath, flat, linear,
+smooth, occasionally minutely toothed, especially in the upper half;
+apex obtuse; base obtuse; leafstalk slender, short but distinct,
+resting on a slightly projecting leaf-cushion.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Sterile flowers from the axils of the preceding year's
+leaves, consisting of globose clusters of stamens with spurred anthers:
+fertile catkins at ends of preceding year's branchlets, scales crimson.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones, on stout footstalks at ends of branchlets, pointing
+downward, ripening the first year, light brown, about 3/4 of an inch
+long, ovate-elliptical, pointed; scales rounded at the edge, entire or
+obscurely toothed.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows almost
+anywhere, but prefers a good, light, loamy or gravelly soil on moist
+slopes; a very effective tree single or in groups, useful in shady
+places, and a favorite hedge plant; not affected by rust or insect
+enemies; in open ground retains its lower branches for many years. About
+twenty horticultural forms, with variations in foliage, of columnar,
+densely globular, or weeping habit, are offered for sale in nurseries.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IX.--Tsuga Canadensis.]
+
+  1. Branch with flower-buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  3. Sterile flowers.
+  4. Spurred anther.
+  5. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  6. Ovuliferous scale with ovule, inner side.
+  7. Fruiting branch.
+  8. Cover-scales with seeds.
+  9. Leaf.
+  10. Cross-section of leaf.
+
+
+=Abies balsamea, Mill.=
+
+FIR BALSAM. BALSAM. FIR.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Rich, damp, cool woods, deep swamps, mountain
+slopes.
+
+     Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, northwest to the Great
+     Bear Lake region.
+
+Maine,--very generally distributed, ordinarily associated with white
+pine, black spruce, red spruce, and a few deciduous trees, growing at an
+altitude of 4500 feet upon Katahdin; New Hampshire,--common in upper
+Coos county and in the White mountains, where it climbs up to the alpine
+area; in the southern part of the state, in the extensive swamps
+around the sources of the Contoocook and Miller's rivers, it is the
+prevailing timber; Vermont,--common; not rare on mountain slopes and
+even summits; Massachusetts,--not uncommon on mountain slopes in the
+northwestern and central portions of the state, ranging above the red
+spruces upon Graylock; a few trees here and there in damp woods or cold
+swamps in the southern and eastern sections, where it has probably been
+accidentally introduced; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--not reported.
+
+     South to Pennsylvania and along high mountains to Virginia; west to
+     Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--A slender, handsome tree, the most symmetrical of the New
+England spruces, with a height of 25-60 feet, and a diameter of 1-2 feet
+at the ground, reduced to a shrub at high altitudes; branches in young
+trees usually in whorls; branchlets mostly opposite. The branches go out
+from the trunk at an angle varying to a marked degree even in trees of
+about the same size and apparent age; in some trees declined near the
+base, horizontal midway, ascending near the top; in others horizontal or
+ascending throughout; in others declining throughout like those of the
+Norway spruce; all these forms growing apparently under precisely the
+same conditions; head widest at the base and tapering regularly upward;
+foliage dark bright green; cones erect and conspicuous.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees a variegated ashen gray, appearing
+smooth at a short distance, but often beset with fine scales, with one
+edge scarcely revolute, giving a ripply aspect; branches and young trees
+mottled or striate, greenish-brown and very smooth; branchlets from
+which the leaves have fallen marked with nearly circular leaf-scars;
+season's shoots pubescent; bark of trunk in all trees except the oldest
+with numerous blisters, containing the Canada balsam of commerce.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, roundish, resinous, grouped on
+the leading shoots. Leaves scattered, spirally arranged in rows, at
+right angles to twig, or disposed in two ranks like the hemlock; 1/2-1
+inch long, dark glossy green on the upper surface, beneath silvery
+bluish-white, and traversed lengthwise by rows of minute dots, flat,
+narrowly linear; apex blunt, in young trees and upon vigorous shoots,
+often slightly but distinctly notched, or sometimes upon upper branches
+with a sharp, rigid point; sessile; aromatic.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Early spring. Lateral or terminal on shoots of the
+preceding season; sterile flowers oblong-cylindrical, 1/4 inch in
+length; anthers yellow, red-tinged: fertile flowers on the upper side of
+the twig, erect, cylindrical; cover-scales broad, much larger than the
+purple ovuliferous scales, terminating in a long, recurved tip.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones along the upper side of the branchlets, erect or nearly
+so in all stages of growth, purplish when young, 3-5 inches long, 1 inch
+or more wide; puberulous; cover-scales at maturity much smaller than
+ovuliferous scales, thin, obovate, serrulate, bristle-pointed;
+ovuliferous scales thin, broad, rounded; edge minutely erose, serrulate
+or entire; both kinds of scales falling from the axis at maturity; seeds
+winged, purplish.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England, but best adapted to the
+northern sections; grows rapidly in open or shaded situations,
+especially where there is cool, moist, rich soil; easily transplanted;
+suitable for immediate effects in forest plantations, but not desirable
+for a permanent ornamental tree, as it loses the lower branches at an
+early period. Nurserymen and collectors offer it in quantity at a low
+price. Propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE X.--Abies balsamea.]
+
+  1. Branch with flower-buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  3. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  4. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+  6. Ovuliferous scales with ovules at maturity, inner side.
+  7. Cone-scale and ovuliferous scale at maturity, outer side.
+  8-9. Leaves.
+  10-11. Cross-sections of leaves.
+
+
+=Thuja occidentalis, L.=
+
+ARBOR-VITAE. WHITE CEDAR. CEDAR.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, swampy lands, rocky borders of rivers and
+ponds.
+
+     Southern Labrador to Nova Scotia; west to Manitoba.
+
+Maine,--throughout the state; most abundant in the central and northern
+portions, forming extensive areas known as "cedar swamps"; sometimes
+bordering a growth of black spruce at a lower level; New
+Hampshire,--mostly confined to the upper part of Coos county,
+disappearing at the White river narrows near Hanover; seen only in
+isolated localities south of the White mountains; Vermont,--common in
+swamps at levels below 1000 feet; Massachusetts,--Berkshire county;
+occasional in the northern sections of the Connecticut river valley;
+Rhode Island,--not reported; Connecticut,--East Hartford (J. N. Bishop).
+
+     South along the mountains to North Carolina and East Tennessee;
+     west to Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--Ordinarily 25-50 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet,
+in northern Maine occasionally 60-70 feet in height, with a diameter of
+3-5 feet; trunk stout, more or less buttressed in old trees, tapering
+rapidly, often divided, inclined or twisted, ramifying for the most part
+near the ground, forming a dense head, rather small for the size of the
+trunk; branches irregularly disposed and nearly horizontal, the lower
+often much declined; branchlets many, the flat spray disposed in
+fan-shaped planes at different angles; foliage bright, often
+interspersed here and there with yellow, faded leaves.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees a dead ash-gray, striate with broad
+and flat ridges, often conspicuously spirally twisted, shreddy at the
+edge; young stems and large branches reddish-brown, more or less striate
+and shreddy; branchlets ultimately smooth, shining, reddish-brown,
+marked by raised scars; season's twigs invested with leaves.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leaf-buds naked, minute. Leaves in opposite
+pairs, 4-ranked, closely adherent to the branchlet and completely
+covering it, keeled in the side pairs and flat in the others,
+scale-like, ovate (in seedlings needle-shaped), obtuse or pointed at the
+apex, glandular upon the back, exhaling when bruised a strong aromatic
+odor.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Flowers terminal, dark reddish-brown;
+sterile and fertile, usually on the same plant, rarely on separate
+plants; anthers opposite; filaments short; ovuliferous scales opposite,
+with slight projections near the base, usually 2-ovuled.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones, terminal on short branchlets, spreading or recurved,
+about 1/2 inch long, reddish-brown, loose-scaled, opening to the base at
+maturity; persistent through the first winter; scales 6-12, dry, oblong,
+not shield-shaped, not pointed; margin entire or nearly so; seeds winged
+all round.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; adapts itself to all soils
+and exposures, but prefers moist locations; grows slowly. Young trees
+have a narrowly conical outline, which spreads out at the base with age;
+retains its lower branches in open places, and is especially useful for
+hedges or narrow evergreen screens; little affected by insects; often
+disfigured, however, by dead branches and discolored leaves; is
+transplanted readily, and can be obtained in any quantity from
+nurserymen and collectors. The horticultural forms in cultivation range
+from thick, low, spreading tufts, through very dwarf, round, oval or
+conical forms, to tall, narrow, pyramidal varieties. Some have all the
+foliage tinged bright yellow, cream, or white; others have variegated
+foliage; another form has drooping branches. The bright summer foliage
+turns to a brownish color in winter. It is propagated from the seed and
+its horticultural forms from cuttings and layers.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XI.--Thuja occidentalis.]
+
+  1. Flowering branch with the preceding year's fruit.
+  2. Branch.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Stamen.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Scale with ovules.
+
+
+=Cupressus thyoides, L.=
+
+_Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea, Spach. Chamaecyparis thyoides, B. S. P._
+
+WHITE CEDAR. CEDAR.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In deep swamps and marshes, which it often fills
+to the exclusion of other trees, mostly near the seacoast.
+
+     Cape Breton island and near Halifax, Nova Scotia, perhaps
+     introduced in both.
+
+Maine,--reported from the southern part of York county; New
+Hampshire,--limited to Rockingham county near the coast; Vermont,--no
+station known; Massachusetts,--occasional in central and eastern
+sections, very common in the southeast; Rhode Island,--common;
+Connecticut,--occasional in peat swamps.
+
+     Southward, coast region to Florida and west to Mississippi.
+
+=Habit.=--20-50 feet high and 1-2 feet in diameter at the ground,
+reaching in the southern states an altitude of 90 and a diameter of 4
+feet; trunk straight, tapering slowly, throwing out nearly horizontal,
+slender branches, forming a narrow, conical head often of great elegance
+and lightness; foliage light brownish-green; strong-scented; spray flat
+in planes disposed at different angles; wood permanently aromatic.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk thick, reddish, fibrous, shreddy, separating into
+thin scales, becoming more or less furrowed in old trees; branches
+reddish-brown; fine scaled; branches after fall of leaves, in the third
+or fourth year, smooth, purplish-brown; season's shoots at first
+greenish.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leaf-buds naked, minute. Leaves mostly
+opposite, 4-ranked, adherent to the branchlet and completely covering
+it; keeled in the side pairs and slightly convex in the others, dull
+green, pointed at apex or triangular awl-shaped, mostly with a minute
+roundish gland upon the back.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April. Flowers terminal, sterile and fertile, usually
+on the same plant, rarely on separate plants, fertile on short
+branchlets: sterile, globular or oblong, anthers opposite, filaments
+shield-shaped: fertile, oblong or globular; ovuliferous scales opposite,
+slightly spreading at top, dark reddish-brown.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones, variously placed, 1/2 inch in diameter, roundish,
+purplish-brown, opening towards the center, never to the base; scales
+shield-shaped, woody; seeds several under each scale, winged.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England, growing best in
+the southern sections. Young trees are graceful and attractive, but soon
+become thin and lose their lower branches; valued chiefly in landscape
+planting for covering low and boggy places where other trees do not
+succeed as well. Seldom for sale in nurseries, but easily procured from
+collectors. Several unimportant horticultural forms are grown.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XII.--Cupressus thyoides.]
+
+  1. Branch with flowers.
+  2. Sterile flower.
+  3. Stamen, back view.
+  4. Stamen, front view.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules.
+  7. Fruiting-branch.
+  8. Fruit.
+  9. Branch.
+
+
+=Juniperus Virginiana, L.=
+
+RED CEDAR. CEDAR. SAVIN.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Dry, rocky hills but not at great altitudes,
+borders of lakes and streams, sterile plains, peaty swamps.
+
+     Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Ontario.
+
+Maine,--rare, though it extends northward to the middle Kennebec valley,
+reduced almost to a shrub; New Hampshire,--most frequent in the
+southeast part of the state; sparingly in the Connecticut valley as far
+north as Haverhill (Grafton county); found also in Hart's location in
+the White mountain region; Vermont,--not abundant; occurs here and there
+on hills at levels less than 1000 feet; frequent in the Champlain and
+lower Connecticut valleys; Massachusetts,--west and center occasional,
+eastward common; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Indian
+     Territory.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 25-40 feet high, with a trunk diameter of
+8-20 inches, attaining much greater dimensions southward; extremely
+variable in outline; the lower branches usually nearly horizontal, the
+upper ascending; head when young very regular, narrow-based, close and
+conical; in old trees frequently rather open, wide-spreading, ragged,
+roundish or flattened. In very exposed situations, especially along the
+seacoast, the trunk sometimes rises a foot or two and then develops
+horizontally, forming a curiously contorted lateral head. Under such
+conditions it occasionally becomes a dwarf tree 2-3 feet high, with
+wide-spreading branches and a very dense dome; spray close, foliage a
+sombre green, sometimes tinged with a rusty brownish-red; wood pale red,
+aromatic.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk light reddish-brown, fibrous, shredding off, now
+and then, in long strips, exposing the smooth brown inner bark; season's
+shoots green.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leaf-buds naked, minute. Leaves dull green or
+brownish-red, of two kinds:
+
+1. Scale-like, mostly opposite, each pair overlapping the pair above,
+4-ranked, ovate, acute, sometimes bristle-tipped, more or less convex,
+obscurely glandular.
+
+2. Scattered, not overlapping, narrowly lanceolate or needle-shaped,
+sharp-pointed, spreading. The second form is more common in young trees,
+sometimes comprising all the foliage, but is often found on trees of all
+ages, sometimes aggregated in dense masses.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Early May. Flowers terminating short branches, sterile
+and fertile, more commonly on separate trees, often on the same tree;
+anthers in opposite pairs; ovuliferous scales in opposite pairs,
+slightly spreading, acute or obtuse; ovules 1-4.
+
+=Fruit.=--Berry-like from the coalescence of the fleshy cone-scales, the
+extremities of which are often visible, roundish, the size of a small
+pea, dark blue beneath a whitish bloom, 1-4-seeded.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers sunny
+slopes and a loamy soil, but grows well in poor, thin soils and upon
+wind-swept sites; young plants increase in height 1-2 feet yearly and
+have a very formal, symmetrical outline; old trees often become
+irregular and picturesque, and grow very slowly; a long-lived tree;
+usually obtainable in nurseries and from collectors, but must frequently
+be transplanted to be moved with safety. If a ball of earth can be
+retained about the roots of wild plants, they can often be moved
+successfully. There are horticultural forms distinguished by a slender
+weeping or distorted habit, and by variegated bluish or yellowish
+foliage, occasionally found in American nurseries. The type is usually
+propagated from the seed, the horticultural forms from cuttings or by
+grafting.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIII.--Juniperus Virginiana.]
+
+  1. Branch with sterile and fertile flowers.
+  2. Sterile flower.
+  3. Stamen with pollen-sacs.
+  4. Fertile flower.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+  6. Branch.
+  7. Branch with needle-shaped leaves.
+
+
+
+
+SALICACEAE. WILLOW FAMILY.
+
+
+Trees or shrubs; leaves simple, alternate, undivided, with stipules
+either minute and soon falling or leafy and persistent; inflorescence
+from axillary buds of the preceding season, appearing with or before the
+leaves, in nearly erect, spreading or drooping catkins, sterile and
+fertile on separate trees; flowers one to each bract, without calyx
+or corolla; stamens one to many; style short or none; stigmas 2, entire
+or 2-4-lobed; fruit a 2-4-celled capsule.
+
+
+POPULUS.
+
+Inflorescence usually appearing before the leaves; flowers with lacerate
+bracts, disk cup-shaped and oblique-edged, at least in sterile flowers;
+stamens usually many, filaments distinct; stigmas mostly divided,
+elongated or spreading.
+
+
+SALIX.
+
+Inflorescence appearing with or before the leaves; flowers with entire
+bracts and one or two small glands; disks wanting; stamens few.
+
+
+=Populus tremuloides, Michx.=
+
+POPLAR. ASPEN.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In all soils and situations except in deep swamps,
+though more usual in dry uplands; sometimes springing up in great
+abundance in clearings or upon burnt lands.
+
+     Newfoundland, Labrador, and Nova Scotia to the Hudson bay region
+     and Alaska.
+
+New England,--common, reaching in the White mountain region an altitude
+of 3000 feet.
+
+     South to New Jersey, along the mountains in Pennsylvania and
+     Kentucky, ascending 3000 feet in the Adirondacks; west to the
+     slopes of the Rocky mountains, along which it extends to Mexico and
+     Lower California.
+
+=Habit.=--A graceful tree, ordinarily 35-40 feet and not uncommonly
+50-60 feet high; trunk 8-15 inches in diameter, tapering, surmounted by
+a very open, irregular head of small, spreading branches; spray sparse,
+consisting of short, stout, leafy rounded shoots set at a wide angle;
+distinguished by the slenderness of its habit, the light color of trunk
+and branches, the deep red of the sterile catkins in early spring, and
+the almost ceaseless flutter of the delicate foliage.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk pale green, smooth, dark-blotched below the branches,
+becoming ash-gray and roughish in old trees; season's shoots dark
+reddish-brown or green, shining; bitter.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds 1/8-1/4 inch long, reddish-brown and
+lustrous, usually smooth, ovate, acute, often slightly incurved at apex,
+the upper often appressed. Leaves 1-2-1/2 inches long, breadth usually
+equal to or exceeding the length, yellowish-green and ciliate when
+young, dark dull green above when mature, lighter beneath, glabrous on
+both sides, bright yellow in autumn; outline broadly ovate to orbicular,
+finely serrate or wavy-edged, with incurved, glandular-tipped teeth,
+apex rather abruptly acute or short-acuminate; base acute, truncate or
+slightly heart-shaped, 3-nerved; leafstalk slender, strongly flattened
+at right angles to the plane of the blade, bending to the slightest
+breath of air; stipules lanceolate, silky, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Sterile catkins 1-3 inches long, fertile
+at first about the same length, gradually elongating; bracts cut into
+several lanceolate or linear divisions, silky-hairy; stamens about 10;
+anthers red: ovary short-stalked; stigmas two, 2-lobed, red.
+
+=Fruit.=--June. Capsules, in elongated catkins, conical; seeds numerous,
+white-hairy.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England in the most exposed
+situations; grows almost anywhere, but prefers a moist, rich loam; grows
+rapidly; foliage and spray thin; generally short-lived; often used as a
+screen for slow-growing trees; type seldom found in nurseries, but one
+or two horticultural forms are occasionally offered. Propagated from
+seed or cuttings.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIV.--Populus tremuloides.]
+
+  1. Branch with sterile catkins.
+  2. Sterile flower.
+  3. Branch with fertile catkins.
+  4. Fertile flower.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+  6. Branch with mature leaves.
+  7. Variant leaves.
+
+
+=Populus grandidentata, Michx.=
+
+POPLAR. LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In rich or poor soils; woods, hillsides, borders
+of streams.
+
+     Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southern Quebec, and Ontario.
+
+New England,--common, occasional at altitudes of 2000 feet or more.
+
+     South to Pennsylvania and Delaware, along the mountains to
+     Kentucky, North Carolina, and Tennessee; west to Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--A tree 30-45 feet in height and 1 foot to 20 inches in
+diameter at the ground, sometimes attaining much greater dimensions;
+trunk erect, with an open, unsymmetrical, straggling head; branches
+distant, small and crooked; branchlets round; spray sparse, consisting
+of short, stout, leafy shoots; in time and manner of blossoming,
+constant motion of foliage, and general habit, closely resembling _P.
+tremuloides._
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk on old trees dark grayish-brown or blackish,
+irregularly furrowed, broad-ridged, the outer portions separated into
+small, thickish scales; trunk of young trees soft greenish-gray;
+branches greenish-gray, darker on the underside; branchlets dark
+greenish-gray, roughened with leaf-scars; season's twigs in fall dark
+reddish-brown, at first tomentose, becoming smooth and shining.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds 1/8 inch long, mostly divergent, light
+chestnut, more or less pubescent, dusty-looking, ovate, acute. Leaves
+3-5 inches long, two-thirds as wide, densely white-tomentose when
+opening, usually smooth on both sides when mature, dark green above,
+lighter beneath, bright yellow in autumn; outline roundish-ovate,
+coarsely and irregularly sinuate-toothed; teeth acutish; sinuses in
+shallow curves; apex acute; base truncate or slightly heart-shaped;
+leafstalks long, strongly flattened at right angles to the plane of the
+blade; stipules thread-like, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--March to April. Sterile catkins 1-3 inches long,
+fertile at first about the same length, but gradually elongating;
+bracts cut into several lanceolate divisions, silky-hairy; stamens about
+10; anthers red: ovaries short-stalked; stigmas two, 2-lobed, red.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruiting catkins at length 3-6 inches long; capsule conical,
+acute, roughish-scurfy, hairy at tip: seeds numerous, hairy.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows almost
+anywhere, but prefers moist, rich loam; grows rapidly and is safely
+transplanted, but is unsymmetrical, easily broken by the wind, and
+short-lived; seldom offered by nurserymen, but readily procured from
+northern collectors of native plants. Useful to grow for temporary
+effect with permanent trees, as it will fail by the time the desirable
+kinds are well established. Propagated from seed or cuttings.
+
+=Note.=--Points of difference between _P. tremuloides_ and _P.
+grandidentata_. These trees may be best distinguished in early spring by
+the color of the unfolding leaves. In the sunlight the head of _P.
+tremuloides_ appears yellowish-green, while that of _P. grandidentata_
+is conspicuously cotton white. The leaves of _P. grandidentata_ are
+larger and more coarsely toothed, and the main branches go off usually
+at a broader angle. The buds of _P. grandidentata_ are mostly divergent,
+dusty-looking, dull; of _P. tremuloides_, mostly appressed, highly
+polished with a resinous lustre.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XV.--Populus grandidentata.]
+
+  1. Branch with sterile catkins.
+  2. Sterile flower, back view,
+  3. Sterile flower, front view.
+  4. Branch with fertile catkins.
+  5. Bract of fertile flower.
+  6. Fertile flower, front view.
+  7. Fruiting branch with mature leaves.
+  8. Fruit.
+  9. Fruit.
+
+
+=Populus heterophylla, L.=
+
+POPLAR. SWAMP POPLAR. COTTONWOOD.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In or along swamps occasionally or often
+overflowed; rare, local, and erratically distributed.
+
+Connecticut,--frequent in the southern sections; Bozrah (J. N. Bishop);
+Guilford, in at least three wood-ponds (W. E. Dudley _in lit._), New
+Haven, and near Norwich (W. A. Setchell).
+
+     Following the eastern coast in wide belts from New York (Staten
+     island and Long island) south to Georgia; west along the Gulf coast
+     to western Louisiana, and northward along the Mississippi and Ohio
+     basins to Arkansas, Indiana, and Illinois.
+
+=Habit.=--A slender, medium-sized tree, attaining a height of 30-50
+feet, reaching farther south a maximum of 90 feet; trunk 9-18 inches in
+diameter, usually branching high up, forming a rather open hemispherical
+or narrow-oblong head; branches irregular, short, rising, except the
+lower, at a sharp angle; branchlets stout, roundish, varying in color,
+degree of pubescence, and glossiness, becoming rough after the first
+year with the raised leaf-scars; spray sparse.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk dark ash-gray, very rough, and broken into
+loosely attached narrow plates in old trees; in young trees light
+ash-gray, smooth at first, becoming in a few years roughish, low-ridged.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds conical, acute, more or less resinous.
+Leaves 3-6 inches long, two-thirds as wide, densely white-tomentose when
+young, at length dark green on the upper side, lighter beneath and
+smooth except along the veins; outline ovate, wavy-toothed; base
+heart-shaped, lobes often overlapping; apex obtuse; leafstalk long,
+round, downy; stipules soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Sterile catkins when expanded 3-4 inches
+long, at length pendent; scales cut into irregular divisions, reddish;
+stamens numerous, anthers oblong, dark red: fertile catkins spreading,
+few and loosely flowered, gradually elongating; scales reddish-brown;
+ovary short-stalked; styles 2-3, united at the base; stigmas 2-3,
+conspicuous.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruiting catkins spreading or drooping, 4-5 inches long:
+capsules usually erect, ovoid, acute, shorter than or equaling the
+slender pedicels: seeds numerous, white-hairy.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Not procurable in New England nurseries or from
+collectors; its usefulness in landscape gardening not definitely known.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVI.--Populus heterophylla.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile catkin.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Scale of sterile flower.
+  5. Branch with fertile catkin.
+  6. Fertile flower.
+  7. Fruiting branch with mature leaves.
+
+
+=Populus deltoides, Marsh.=
+
+_Populus monilifera, Ait._
+
+COTTONWOOD. POPLAR.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In moist soil; river banks and basins, shores of
+lakes, not uncommon in drier locations.
+
+     Throughout Quebec and Ontario to the base of the Rocky mountains.
+
+Maine,--not reported; New Hampshire,--restricted to the immediate
+vicinity of the Connecticut river, disappearing near the northern part
+of Westmoreland; Vermont,--western sections, abundant along the shores
+of the Hoosac river in Pownal and along Lake Champlain (W. W.
+Eggleston); in the Connecticut valley as far north as Brattleboro
+(_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); Massachusetts,--along the Connecticut and
+its tributaries; Rhode Island,--occasional; Connecticut,--occasional
+eastward, common along the Connecticut, Farmington, and Housatonic
+rivers.
+
+     South to Florida; west to the Rocky mountains.
+
+=Habit.=--A stately tree, 75-100 feet in height; trunk 3-5 feet in
+diameter, light gray, straight or sometimes slightly inclined, of nearly
+uniform size to the point of branching, surmounted by a noble,
+broad-spreading, open, symmetrical head, the lower branches massive,
+horizontal, or slightly ascending, more or less pendulous at the
+extremities, the upper coarse and spreading, rising at a sharper angle;
+branchlets stout; foliage brilliant green, easily set in motion; the
+sterile trees gorgeous in spring with dark red pendent catkins.
+
+=Bark.=--In old trees thick, ash-gray, separated into deep, straight
+furrows with rounded ridges; in young trees light yellowish-green,
+smooth; season's shoots greenish, marked with pale longitudinal lines.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds large, conical, smooth, shining. Leaves
+3-6 inches long, scarcely less in width, variable in color and shape,
+ordinarily dark green and shining above, lighter beneath, ribs raised on
+both sides; outline broadly ovate, irregularly crenate-toothed; apex
+abruptly acute or acuminate; base truncate, slightly heart-shaped or
+sometimes acute; stems long, slender, somewhat flattened at right angles
+to the plane of the blade; stipules linear, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. In solitary, densely flowered catkins;
+bracts lacerate-fringed, each bract subtending a cup-shaped scale;
+stamens very numerous; anthers longer than the filaments, dark red:
+fertile catkins elongating to 5 or 6 inches; ovary ovoid; stigmas 3 or
+4, nearly sessile, spreading.
+
+=Fruit.=--Capsules ovate, rough, short-stalked; seeds densely cottony.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in southern-central New England; grows
+rapidly in almost any soil and is readily obtainable in nurseries. Where
+an immediate effect is desired, the cottonwood serves the purpose
+excellently and frequently makes very fine large individual trees, but
+the wood is soft and likely to be broken by wind or ice. Usually
+propagated from cuttings.
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVII.--Populus deltoides.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile catkins.
+  3. Sterile flower, back view.
+  4. Sterile flower, front view.
+  5. Scale of sterile flower.
+  6. Fertile flower.
+  7. Fruiting catkin.
+  8. Branch with mature leaves.
+  9. Variant leaf.
+
+
+=Populus balsamifera, L.=
+
+BALSAM. POPLAR. BALM OF GILEAD.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Alluvial soils; river banks, valleys, borders of
+swamps, woods.
+
+     Newfoundland and Nova Scotia west to Manitoba; northward to the
+     coast of Alaska and along the Mackenzie river to the Arctic circle.
+
+Maine,--common; New Hampshire,--Connecticut river valley, generally near
+the river, becoming more plentiful northward; Vermont,--frequent;
+Massachusetts and Rhode Island,--not reported; Connecticut,--extending
+along the Housatonic river at New Milford for five or six miles, perhaps
+derived from an introduced tree (C. K. Averill, _Rhodora_, II, 35).
+
+     West through northern New York, Michigan, Minnesota, Dakota (Black
+     Hills), Montana, beyond the Rockies to the Pacific coast.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 30-75 feet high, trunk 1-3 feet in
+diameter, straight; branches horizontal or nearly so, slender for size
+of tree, short; head open, narrow-oblong or oblong-conical; branchlets
+mostly terete; foliage thin.
+
+=Bark.=--In old trees dark gray or ash-gray, firm-ridged, in young trees
+smooth; branchlets grayish; season's shoots reddish or greenish brown,
+sparsely orange-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds 3/4 inch long, appressed or slightly
+divergent, conical, slender, acute, resin-coated, sticky, fragrant when
+opening. Leaves 3-6 inches long, about one-half as wide, yellowish when
+young, when mature bright green, whitish below; outline ovate-lanceolate
+or ovate, finely toothed, gradually tapering to an acute or acuminate
+apex; base obtuse to rounded, sometimes truncate or heart-shaped;
+leafstalk much shorter than the blade, terete or nearly so; stipules
+soon falling. The leaves of var. _intermedia_ are obovate to oval; those
+of var. _latifolia_ closely approach the leaves of _P. candicans_.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April. Sterile 3-4 inches long, fertile at first about
+the same length, gradually elongating, loosely flowered; bracts
+irregularly and rather narrowly cut-toothed, each bract subtending a
+cup-shaped disk; stamens numerous; anthers red: ovary short-stalked;
+stigmas two, 2-lobed, large, wavy-margined.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruiting catkins drooping, 4-6 inches long: capsules ovoid,
+acute, longer than the pedicels, green: seeds numerous, hairy.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in all
+excepting very wet soils, in full sun or light shade, and in exposed
+situations; of rapid growth, but subject to the attacks of borers, which
+kill the branches and make the head unsightly; also spreads from the
+roots, and therefore not desirable for ornamental plantations; most
+useful in the formation of shelter-belts; readily transplanted but not
+common in nurseries. Propagated from cuttings.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVIII.--Populus balsamifera.]
+
+  1. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  2. Sterile flower, back view.
+  3. Sterile flower, side view.
+  4. Scales of sterile flower.
+  5. Branch with fertile catkins.
+  6. Fertile flower.
+  7. Fruiting catkins, mature.
+  8. Branch with mature leaves.
+
+
+=Populus candicans, Ait.=
+
+_Populus balsamifera_, var. _candicans, Gray._
+
+BALM OF GILEAD.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In a great variety of soils; usually in cultivated
+or pasture lands in the vicinity of dwellings; infrequently found in a
+wild state. The original site of this tree has not been definitely
+agreed upon. Professor L. H. Bailey reports that it is indigenous in
+Michigan, and northern collectors find both sexes in New Hampshire and
+Vermont; while in central and southern New England the staminate tree is
+rarely if ever seen, and the pistillate flowers seldom if ever mature
+perfect fruit. The evidence seems to indicate a narrow belt extending
+through northern New Hampshire, Vermont and Michigan, with the
+intermediate southern sections of the Province of Ontario as the home of
+the Balm of Gilead.
+
+     Nova Scotia and New Brunswick,--occasional; Ontario,--frequent.
+
+New England,--occasional throughout.
+
+     South to New Jersey; west to Michigan and Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 40-60 feet high; trunk 1-3 feet in
+diameter, straight or inclined, sometimes beset with a few crooked,
+bushy branchlets; head very variable in shape and size; solitary in open
+ground, commonly _broad-based, spacious, and pyramidal_, among other
+trees more often rather small; loosely and irregularly branched, with
+sparse, coarse, and often crooked spray; _foliage dark green, handsome,
+and abundant_; all parts characterized by a strong and peculiar resinous
+fragrance. A single tree multiplying by suckers often becomes parent of
+a grove covering half an acre, more or less, made up of trees of all
+ages and sizes.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and lower portions of large branches dark gray,
+rough, irregularly striate and firm in old trees; in young trees and
+upon smaller branches smooth, soft grayish-green, often flanged by
+prominent ridges running down the stalk from the vertices of the
+triangular leaf-scars; season's shoots often flanged, shining reddish or
+olive green, with occasional longitudinal gray lines, viscid.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds dark reddish-brown, rather closely set
+along the stalk, conical or somewhat angled, narrow, often falcate,
+sharp-pointed, resinous throughout, viscid, aromatic, exhaling a
+powerful odor when the scales expand, terminal about 3/4 inch long.
+Leaves 4-6 inches long and nearly as wide, yellowish-green at first,
+becoming dark green and smooth on the upper surface with the exception
+of a _minute pubescence along the veins_, dull light green beneath,
+finely serrate with incurved glandular points, usually ciliate with
+minute stiff, whitish hairs; base heart-shaped; apex short-pointed;
+petioles about 1-1-1/2 inches long, _more or less hairy_, somewhat
+flattened at right angles to the blade; stipules short, ovate, acute,
+soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Similar to that of _P. balsamifera_.
+
+=Fruit.=--Similar to that of _P. balsamifera_.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; has an attractive
+foliage and grows rapidly in all soils and situations, but the branches
+are easily broken by the wind, and its habit of suckering makes it
+objectionable in ornamental ground; occasionally offered by nurserymen
+and collectors. Propagated from cuttings.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIX.--Populus candicans.]
+
+  1. Winter bud.
+  2. Branch with fertile catkins.
+  3. Fertile flower.
+  4. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Populus alba, L.=
+
+ABELE. WHITE POPLAR. SILVER-LEAF POPLAR.
+
+=Range.=--Widely distributed in the Old World, extending in Europe from
+southern Sweden to the Mediterranean, throughout northern Africa, and
+eastward in Asia to the northwestern Himalayas. Introduced from England
+by the early settlers and soon established in the colonial towns, as in
+Plymouth and Duxbury, on the western shore of Massachusetts bay. Planted
+or spontaneous over a wide area.
+
+     New Brunswick and Nova Scotia,--occasional.
+
+New England,--occasional throughout, local, sometimes common.
+
+     Southward to Virginia.
+
+=Habit.=--A handsome tree, resembling _P. grandidentata_ more than any
+other American poplar, but of far nobler proportions; 40-75 feet high
+and 2-4 feet in diameter at the ground; growing much larger in England;
+head large, spreading; round-topped, in spring enveloped in a dazzling
+cloud of cotton white, which resolves itself later into two
+conspicuously contrasting surfaces of dark green and silvery white.
+
+=Bark.=--Light gray, smooth upon young trees, in old trees furrowed upon
+the trunk.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds not viscid, cottony. Leaves 1-4 inches
+long, densely white-tomentose while expanding, when mature dark green
+above and white-tomentose to glabrous beneath; outline ovate or deltoid,
+3-5-lobed and toothed or simply toothed, teeth irregular; base
+heart-shaped or truncate; apex acute to obtuse; leafstalk long, slender,
+compressed; stipules soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence and Fruit.=--April to May. Sterile catkins 2-4 inches
+long, cylindrical, fertile at first shorter,--stamens 6-16; anthers
+purple: capsules 1/4 inch long, narrow-ovoid; seeds hairy.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy. Thrives even in very poor soils and in
+exposed situations; grows rapidly in good soils; of distinctive value in
+landscape gardening but not adapted for planting along streets and upon
+lawns of limited area on account of its habit of throwing out numerous
+suckers and its liability to damage from heavy winds. The sides of
+country roads where the abele has been planted are sometimes obstructed
+for a considerable distance by the thrifty shoots from underground.
+
+
+=Salix discolor. Muhl.=
+
+PUSSY WILLOW. GLAUCOUS WILLOW.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, wet grounds; banks of streams, swamps, moist
+hillsides.
+
+     Nova Scotia to Manitoba.
+
+Maine,--abundant; common throughout the other New England states.
+
+     South to North Carolina; west to Illinois and Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--Mostly a tall shrub with several stems, but occasionally
+assuming a tree-like habit, with a height of 15-20 feet and trunk
+diameter of 5-10 inches; one tree reported at Laconia, N. H., 35 feet
+high (F. W. Batchelder); branches few, stout, ascending, forming a very
+open, hemispherical head.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk reddish-brown; branches dark-colored; branchlets light
+green, orange-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate-conical; apex obtuse to acute.
+Leaves simple, alternate, 2-4 inches long, smooth and bright green
+above, smooth and whitish beneath when fully grown; outline
+ovate-lanceolate to narrowly oblong-oval, crenulate-serrate to entire;
+apex acute, base acute and entire; leafstalk short; stipules toothed or
+entire.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--March to April. Appearing before the leaves in
+catkins, sterile and fertile on separate plants, occasionally both kinds
+on the same plant, sessile,--sterile spreading or erect,
+oblong-cylindrical, silky; calyx none; petals none; bracts entire,
+reddish-brown turning to black, oblong to oblong-obovate, with long,
+silky hairs; stamens 2; filaments distinct: fertile catkins spreading;
+bracts oblong to ovate, hairy; style short; stigma deeply 4-lobed.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruiting catkins somewhat declined: capsules ovate-conical,
+tomentose, stem two-thirds the length of the scale: seeds numerous.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Picturesque in blossom and fruit; its value
+dependent chiefly upon its matted roots for holding wet banks, and its
+ability to withstand considerable shade. Sold by plant collectors;
+easily propagated from cuttings.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XX.--Salix discolor.]
+
+  1. Leaf-buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile catkins.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Branch with fertile catkins.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+  7. Mature leaves.
+
+
+=Salix nigra, Marsh.=
+
+BLACK WILLOW
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In low grounds, along streams or ponds, river
+flats.
+
+     New Brunswick to western Ontario.
+
+New England,--occasional throughout, frequent along the larger streams.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian
+     territory, Louisiana, Texas, southern California, and south into
+     Mexico.
+
+=Habit.=--A large shrub or small tree, 25-40 feet high and 10-15 inches
+in trunk diameter, attaining great size in the Ohio and Mississippi
+valleys and the valley of the lower Colorado; trunk short, surmounted by
+an irregular, open, often roundish head, with stout, spreading branches,
+slender branchlets, and twigs brittle towards their base.
+
+_S. nigra_, var. _falcata_, Pursh., covers about the same range as the
+type and differs chiefly in its narrower, falcate leaves.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk rough, in young trees light brown, in old trees
+dark-colored or nearly black, deeply and irregularly ridged, separated
+on the surface into thick, plate-like scales; branchlets reddish-brown;
+twigs bronze olive.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds narrowly conical, acute. Leaves simple,
+alternate, appearing much later than those of _S. discolor_, 2-5 inches
+long, somewhat pubescent on both sides when young, when mature green and
+smooth above, paler and sometimes pubescent along the veins beneath;
+outline narrowly lanceolate, finely serrate; apex acute or acuminate,
+often curved; base acutish to rounded or slightly heart-shaped; petiole
+short, usually pubescent; stipules large and persistent, or small and
+soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Appearing with the leaves from the axils
+of the short, lateral shoots, in catkins, sterile and fertile on
+different trees, stalked,--sterile spreading, narrowly cylindrical;
+calyx none; corolla none; bracts entire, rounded to oblong, villous,
+ciliate; stamens about 5: fertile catkins spreading; calyx none; corolla
+none; bracts ovate to narrowly oblong, acute, villous; ovary
+short-stalked, with two small glands at its base, ovate-conical,
+sometimes obovate, smooth; stigmas 2, short.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fertile catkins drooping: capsules ovate-conical,
+short-stemmed, minutely granular; style very short: seeds numerous.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; grows rapidly in all
+soils, particularly useful in very wet situations; seriously affected by
+insects; occasionally offered in nurseries; transplanted readily;
+propagated from cuttings.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXI.--Salix nigra.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile catkins.
+  3. Sterile flower, side view.
+  4. Sterile flower, front view.
+  5. Branch with fertile catkins.
+  6. Fertile flower, side view.
+  7. Fertile flower, front view.
+  8. Fruiting branch.
+  9. Fruit enlarged.
+
+
+=Salix fragilis and Salix alba.=
+
+The _fragilis_ and _alba_ group of genus _Salix_ gives rise to puzzling
+questions of determination and nomenclature. Pure _fragilis_ and pure
+_alba_ are perfectly distinct plants, _fragilis_ occasional, locally
+rather common, and _alba_ rather rare within the limits of the United
+States. Each species has varieties; the two species hybridize with each
+other and with native species, and the hybrids themselves have varietal
+forms. This group affords a tempting field for the manufacture of
+species and varieties, about most of which so little is known that any
+attempt to assign a definite range would be necessarily imperfect and
+misleading. The range as given below in either species simply points out
+the limits within which any one of the various forms of that species
+appears to be spontaneous.
+
+
+=Salix fragilis, L.=
+
+CRACK WILLOW. BRITTLE WILLOW.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In low land and along river banks. Indigenous in
+southwestern Asia, and in Europe where it is extensively cultivated;
+introduced into America probably from England for use in basket-making,
+and planted at a very early date in many of the colonial towns; now
+extensively cultivated, and often spontaneous in wet places and along
+river banks, throughout New England and as far south as Delaware.
+
+=Habit.=--Tree often of great size; attaining a maximum height of 60-90
+feet; head open, wide-spreading; branches except the lowest rising at a
+broad angle; branchlets reddish or yellowish green, smooth and polished,
+very brittle at the base. In 1890 there was standing upon the Groome
+estate, Humphreys Street, Dorchester, Mass., a willow of this species
+about 60 feet high, 28 feet 2 inches in girth five feet from the ground,
+with a spread of 110 feet (_Typical Elms and other Trees of
+Massachusetts_, p. 85).
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of the trunk gray, smooth in young trees, in old trees
+very rough, irregularly ridged, sometimes cleaving off in large plates.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds about 1/3 inch long, reddish-brown,
+narrow-conical. Leaves simple, alternate, 2-6 inches long, smooth, dark
+green and shining above, pale or glaucous beneath and somewhat pubescent
+when young; outline lanceolate, glandular-serrate; apex long-acuminate;
+tapering to an acute or obtuse base; leafstalk short, glandular at the
+top; stipules half-cordate when present, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Catkins appearing with the leaves,
+spreading, stalked,--sterile 1-2 inches long; stamens 2-4, usually 2;
+filaments distinct, pubescent below; ovary abortive: fertile catkins
+slender; stigma nearly sessile; capsule long-conical, smooth,
+short-stalked.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows best near
+streams, but adapts itself readily to all rich, damp soils. A handsome
+ornamental tree when planted where its roots can find water, and its
+branches space for free development. Readily propagated from slips.
+
+
+SALIX ALBA, L.
+
+WHITE WILLOW.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, moist grounds; along streams. Probably
+indigenous throughout Europe, northern Africa, and Asia as far south as
+northwestern India. Extensively introduced in America, and often
+spontaneous over large areas.
+
+     New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Ontario.
+
+New England,--sparingly throughout.
+
+     South to Delaware; extensively introduced in the western states.
+
+=Habit.=--A large tree, 50-80 feet in height; trunk usually rather short
+and 2-7 feet in diameter; head large, not as broad-spreading as that of
+_S. fragilis_; branches numerous, mostly ascending.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees gray and coarsely ridged, in young
+trees smooth; twigs smooth, olive.
+
+=Leaves.=--Leaves simple, alternate, 2-4 inches long, _silky-hairy on
+both sides when young, when old still retaining more or less pubescence,
+especially on the paler under surface_; outline narrowly lanceolate or
+elliptic-lanceolate, glandular-serrate, tapering to a long pointed apex
+and to an acute base; leafstalk short, usually without glands; stipules
+ovate-lanceolate, soon falling.
+
+=Note.=--Var. _vitellina_, Koch., by far the most common form of this
+willow; mature leaves glabrous above; twigs _yellow_. Var. _caerulea_,
+Koch.; mature leaves bluish-green, glabrous above, glaucous beneath;
+twigs _olive_.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Catkins appearing with the leaves,
+slender, erect, stalked; scales linear; stamens 2; filaments distinct,
+hairy below the middle; stigma nearly sessile, deeply cleft; capsule
+glabrous, sessile or nearly so.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows best in
+moist localities; extensively cultivated to bind the soil along the
+banks of streams. Easily propagated from slips.
+
+
+
+
+JUGLANDACEAE. WALNUT FAMILY.
+
+
+=Juglans cinerea, L.=
+
+BUTTERNUT. OILNUT. LEMON WALNUT.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Roadsides, rich woods, river valleys, fertile,
+moist hillsides, high up on mountain slopes.
+
+     New Brunswick, throughout Quebec and eastern Ontario.
+
+Maine,--common, often abundant; New Hampshire,--throughout the
+Connecticut valley, and along the Merrimac and its tributaries, to the
+base of the White mountains; Vermont,--frequent; Massachusetts,--common
+in the eastern and central portions, frequent westward; Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to Delaware, along the mountains to Georgia and Alabama; west
+     to Minnesota, Kansas, and Arkansas.
+
+=Habit.=--Usually a medium-sized tree, 20-45 feet in height, with a
+disproportionately large trunk, 1-4 feet in diameter; often attaining
+under favorable conditions much greater dimensions. It ramifies at a few
+feet from the ground and throws out long, rather stout, and nearly
+horizontal branches, the lower slightly drooping, forming for the height
+of the tree a very wide-spreading head, with a stout and stiffish spray.
+At its best the butternut is a picturesque and even beautiful tree.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk dark gray, rough, narrow-ridged and wide-furrowed
+in old trees, in young trees smooth, dark gray; branchlets brown gray,
+with gray dots and prominent leaf-scars; season's shoots greenish-gray,
+faint-dotted, with a clammy pubescence. The bruised bark of the nut
+stains the skin yellow.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds flattish or oblong-conical, few-scaled,
+2-4 buds often superposed, the uppermost largest and far above the
+axil. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, 1-1-1/2 feet long,
+viscid-pubescent throughout, at least when young; rachis enlarged at
+base; stipules none; leaflets 9-17, 2-4 inches long, about half as wide,
+upper surface rough, yellowish when unfolding in spring, becoming a dark
+green, lighter beneath, yellow in autumn; outline oblong-lanceolate,
+serrate; veins prominent beneath; apex acute to acuminate; base obtuse
+to rounded, somewhat inequilateral, sessile, except the terminal
+leaflet; stipels none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing while the leaves are unfolding, sterile
+and fertile flowers on the same tree,--the sterile from terminal or
+lateral buds of the preceding season, in single, unbranched, stout,
+green, cylindrical, drooping catkins 3-6 inches long; calyx irregular,
+mostly 6-lobed, borne on an oblong scale; corolla none; stamens 8-12,
+with brown anthers: fertile flowers sessile, solitary, or several on a
+common peduncle from the season's shoots; calyx hairy, 4-lobed, with 4
+small petals at the sinuses; styles 2, short; stigmas 2, large,
+feathery, diverging, rose red.
+
+=Fruit.=--Ripening in October, one or several from the same footstalk,
+about 3 inches long, oblong, pointed, green, downy, and sticky at first,
+dark brown when dry: shells sculptured, rough: kernel edible, sweet but
+oily.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in any
+well-drained soil, but prefers a deep, rich loam; seldom reaches its
+best under cultivation. Trees of the same age are apt to vary in vigor
+and size, dead branches are likely to appear early, and sound trees 8 or
+10 inches in diameter are seldom seen; the foliage is thin, appears late
+and drops early; planted in private grounds chiefly for its fruit; only
+occasionally offered in nurseries, collected plants seldom successful.
+Best grown from seed planted where the tree is to stand, as is evident
+from many trees growing spontaneously.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXII.--Juglans cinerea.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, side view.
+  4. Fertile flower.
+  5. Fruit.
+  6. Leaf.
+
+
+=Juglans nigra, L.=
+
+BLACK WALNUT.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Rich woods.
+
+Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont,--not reported native;
+Massachusetts,--rare east of the Connecticut river, occasional along the
+western part of the Connecticut valley to the New York line; Rhode
+Island,--doubtfully native, Apponaug (Kent county) and elsewhere;
+Connecticut,--frequent westward, Darien (Fairfield county); Plainville
+(Hartford county, J. N. Bishop _in lit._, 1896); in the central and
+eastern sections probably introduced.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Kansas, Arkansas, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A large tree, 50-75 feet high, with a diameter above the swell
+of the roots of 2-5 feet; attaining in the Ohio valley a height of 150
+feet and a diameter of 6-8 feet; trunk straight, slowly tapering,
+throwing out its lower branches nearly horizontally, the upper at a
+broad angle, forming an open, spacious, noble head.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees thick, blackish, and deeply
+furrowed; large branches rough and more or less furrowed; branchlets
+smooth; season's twigs downy.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, ovate or rounded, obtuse, more or
+less pubescent, few-scaled. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate; rachis
+smooth and swollen at base, but less so than that of the butternut;
+stipules none; leaflets 13-21 (the odd leaflet at the apex often
+wanting), opposite or alternate, 2-5 inches long, about half as wide;
+dark green and smooth above, lighter and slightly glandular-pubescent
+beneath, turning yellow in autumn; outline ovate-lanceolate; apex
+taper-pointed; base oblique, usually rounded or heart-shaped; stemless
+or nearly so, except the terminal leaflet; stipels none. Aromatic when
+bruised.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing while the leaves are unfolding, sterile
+and fertile flowers on the same tree,--the sterile along the sides or at
+the ends of the preceding year's branches, in single, unbranched,
+green, stout, cylindrical, pendulous catkins, 3-6 inches long; perianth
+of 6 rounded lobes, stamens numerous, filaments very short, anthers
+purple: fertile flowers in the axils of the season's shoots, sessile,
+solitary or several on a common peduncle; calyx 4-toothed, with 4 small
+petals at the sinuses; stigmas 2, reddish-green.
+
+=Fruit.=--Ripening in October at the ends of the branchlets, single, or
+two or more together; round, smooth, or somewhat roughish with uneven
+surface, not viscid, dull green turning to brown: husk not separating
+into sections: shell irregularly furrowed: kernel edible.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in central and southern New England; grows
+well in most situations, but in a deep rich soil it forms a large and
+handsome tree. Readily obtainable in western nurseries; transplants
+rather poorly, and collected plants are of little value. Its leaves
+appear late and drop early, and the fruit is often abundant. These
+disadvantages make it objectionable in many cases. Grown from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXIII.--Juglans nigra.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, front view.
+  4. Sterile flower, back view.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Carya alba, Nutt.=
+
+_Hicoria ovata, Britton._
+
+SHAGBARK. SHAGBARK OR SHELLBARK HICKORY. WALNUT.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In various soils and situations, fertile slopes,
+brooksides, rocky hills.
+
+     Valley of the St. Lawrence.
+
+Maine,--along or near the coast as far north as Harpswell (Cumberland
+county); New Hampshire,--common as far north as Lake Winnepesaukee;
+Vermont,--occasional along the Connecticut to Windsor, rather common in
+the Champlain valley and along the western slopes of the Green
+mountains; Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to Delaware and along the mountains to Florida; west to
+     Minnesota, Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--The tallest of the hickories and proportionally the most
+slender, from 50 to 75 feet in height, and not more than 2 feet in trunk
+diameter; rising to a great height in the Ohio and Indiana river
+bottoms. The trunk, shaggy in old trees, rises with nearly uniform
+diameter to the point of furcation, throwing out rather small branches
+of unequal length and irregularly disposed, forming an oblong or rounded
+head with frequent gaps in the continuity of the foliage.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk in young trees and in the smaller branches ash-gray,
+smoothish to seamy; in old trees, extremely characteristic, usually
+shaggy, the outer layers separating into long, narrow, unequal plates,
+free at one or both ends, easily detachable; branchlets smooth and gray,
+with conspicuous leaf-scars; season's shoots stout, more or less downy,
+numerous-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds tomentose, ovate to oblong, terminal
+buds large, much swollen before expanding; inner scales numerous,
+purplish-fringed, downy, enlarging to 5-6 inches in length as the leaves
+unfold. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, 12-20 inches long; petiole
+short, rough, and somewhat swollen at base; stipules none; leaflets
+usually 5, sometimes 3 or 7, 3-7 inches long, dark green above,
+yellowish-green and downy beneath when young, the three upper large,
+obovate to lanceolate, the two lower much smaller, oblong to
+oblong-lanceolate, all finely serrate and sharp-pointed; base obtuse,
+rounded or acute, mostly inequilateral; nearly sessile save the odd
+leaflet; stipels none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile and fertile flowers on the same tree,
+appearing when the leaves are fully grown,--sterile at the base of the
+season's shoots, in slender, green, pendulous catkins, 4-6 inches long,
+usually in threes, branching umbel-like from a common peduncle;
+flower-scales 3-parted, the middle lobe much longer than the other two,
+linear, tipped with long bristles; calyx adnate to scale; stamens
+mostly in fours, anthers yellow, bearded at the tip: fertile flowers
+single or clustered on peduncles at the ends of the season's shoots;
+calyx 4-toothed, hairy, adherent to ovary; corolla none; stigmas 2,
+large, fringed.
+
+=Fruit.=--October. Spherical, 3-6 inches in circumference: husks rather
+thin, firm, green turning to brown, separating completely into 4
+sections: nut variable in size, subglobose, white, usually 4-angled:
+kernel large, sweet, edible.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers light,
+well-drained, loamy soil; when well established makes a moderately rapid
+growth; difficult to transplant, rarely offered in nurseries; collected
+plants seldom survive; a fine tree for landscape gardening, but its nuts
+are apt to make trouble in public grounds. Propagated from a seed. A
+thin-shelled variety is in cultivation.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXIV.--Carya alba.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, front view.
+  4. Sterile flower, back view.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Carya tomentosa, Nutt.=
+
+_Hicoria alba, Britton._
+
+MOCKERNUT. WHITE-HEART HICKORY. WALNUT.
+
+Habitat and Range.--In various soils; woods, dry, rocky ridges, mountain
+slopes.
+
+    Niagara peninsula and westward.
+
+Maine and Vermont,--not reported; New Hampshire,--sparingly along the
+coast; Massachusetts,--rather common eastward; Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,--common.
+
+    South to Florida, ascending 3500 feet in Virginia; west to Kansas,
+    Nebraska, Missouri, Indian territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A tall and rather slender tree, 50-70 feet high, with a
+diameter above the swell of the roots of 2-3 feet; attaining much
+greater dimensions south and west; trunk erect, not shaggy, separating
+into a few rather large limbs and sending out its upper branches at a
+sharp angle, forming a handsome, wide-spreading, pyramidal head.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk dark gray, thick, hard, close, and rough,
+becoming narrow-rugged-furrowed; crinkly on small trunks and branches;
+leaf-scars prominent; season's shoots stout, brown, downy or dusty
+puberulent, dotted, resinous-scented.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds large, yellowish-brown, ovate, downy.
+Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, 15-20 inches long; rachis large,
+downy, swollen at the base; stipules none; leaflets 7-9, opposite,
+large, yellowish-green and smooth above, beneath paler and thick-downy,
+at least when young, turning to a clear yellow or russet brown in
+autumn, the three upper obovate, the two lower ovate, all the leaflets
+slightly serrate or entire, pointed, base acute to rounded, nearly
+sessile except the odd one. Aromatic when bruised.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile and fertile flowers on the same tree,
+appearing when the leaves are fully grown,--sterile at the base of the
+season's shoots, in slender, pendulous, downy catkins, 4-8 inches long,
+usually in threes, branching umbel-like from a common peduncle; scales
+3-lobed, hairy; calyx adnate; stamens 4 or 5, anthers red, bearded at
+the tip: fertile flowers on peduncles at the end of the season's shoots;
+calyx toothed, hairy, adherent to ovary; corolla none; stigmas 2, hairy.
+
+=Fruit.=--October. Generally sessile on terminal peduncles, single or in
+pairs, as large or larger than the fruit of the shagbark, or as small as
+that of the pignut, oblong-globose to globose: husk hard and thick,
+separating in 4 segments nearly to the base, strong-scented: nut
+globular, 4-ridged near the top, thick-shelled: kernel usually small,
+sweet, edible. The superior size of the fruit and the smallness of the
+kernel probably give rise to the common name, "mockernut."
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a rich,
+well-drained soil, but grows well in rocky, ledgy, exposed
+situations, and is seldom disfigured by insect enemies. Young trees have
+large, deep roots, and are difficult to transplant successfully unless
+they have been frequently transplanted in nurseries, from which,
+however, they are seldom obtainable. Propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXV.--Carya tomentosa.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, front view.
+  4. Sterile flower, side view.
+  5. Sterile flower, top view.
+  6. Fertile flower, side view.
+  7. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Carya porcina, Nutt.=
+
+_Hicoria glabra, Britton_.
+
+PIGNUT. WHITE HICKORY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Woods, dry hills, and uplands.
+
+    Niagara peninsula and along Lake Erie.
+
+Maine,--frequent in the southern corner of York county; New
+Hampshire,--common toward the coast and along the lower Merrimac valley;
+abundant on hills near the Connecticut river, but only occasional above
+Bellows Falls; Vermont,--Marsh Hill, Ferrisburgh (Brainerd); W.
+Castleton and Pownal (Eggleston); Massachusetts,--common eastward; along
+the Connecticut river valley and some of the tributary valleys more
+common than the shagbark; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--common.
+
+    South to the Gulf of Mexico; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas,
+    Indian territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A stately tree, 50-65 feet high, reaching in the Ohio basin a
+height of 120 feet; trunk 2-5 feet in diameter, gradually tapering,
+surmounted by a large, oblong, open, rounded, or pyramidal head, often
+of great beauty.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk dark ash-gray, uniformly but very coarsely
+roughened, in old trees smooth or broken into rough and occasionally
+projecting plates; branches gray; leaf-scars rather prominent; season's
+shoots smooth or nearly so, purplish changing to gray, with numerous
+dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Lateral buds smaller than in _C. tomentosa_,
+oblong, pointed; terminal, globular, with rounded apex; scales numerous,
+the inner reddish, lengthening to 1 or 2 inches, not dropping till after
+expansion of the leaves. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, 10-18
+inches long; petiole long and smooth; stipules none; leaflets 5-7,
+opposite, 2-5 inches long, yellowish-green above, paler beneath, turning
+to an orange brown in autumn, smooth on both sides; outline, the three
+upper obovate, the two lower oblong-lanceolate, all taper-pointed; base
+obtuse, sometimes acute, especially in the odd leaflet.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile and fertile flowers on the same tree,
+appearing when the leaves are fully grown,--sterile at the base of the
+season's shoots, in pendulous, downy, slender catkins, 3-5 inches long,
+usually in threes, branching umbel-like from a common peduncle; scales
+3-lobed, nearly glabrous, lobes of nearly equal length, pointed, the
+middle narrower; stamens mostly 4, anthers yellowish, beset with white
+hairs: fertile flowers at the ends of the season's shoots; calyx
+4-toothed, pubescent, adherent to the ovary; corolla none; stigmas 2.
+
+=Fruit.=--October. Single or in pairs, sessile on a short, terminal
+stalk, shape and size extremely variable, pear-shaped, oblong, round, or
+obovate, usually about 1-1/2 inches in diameter: husk thin, green
+turning to brown, when ripe parting in four sections to the center and
+sometimes nearly to the base: nut rather thick-shelled, not ridged, not
+sharp-pointed: kernel much inferior in flavor to that of the shagbark.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in all
+well-drained soils, but prefers a deep, rich loam; a desirable tree for
+ornamental plantations, especially in lawns, as the deep roots do not
+interfere with the growth of grass above them; ill-adapted, like all the
+hickories, for streets, as the nuts are liable to cause trouble; less
+readily obtainable in nurseries than the shellbark hickory and equally
+difficult to transplant. Propagated from the seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXVI.--Carya porcina.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3, 4. Sterile flower, back view.
+  5. Fertile flower, side view.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Carya amara, Nutt.=
+
+_Hicoria minima, Britton_.
+
+BITTERNUT. SWAMP HICKORY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In varying soils and situations; wet woods, low,
+damp fields, river valleys, along roadsides, occasional upon uplands and
+hill slopes.
+
+     From Montreal west to Georgian bay.
+
+Maine,--southward, rare; New Hampshire,--eastern limit in the
+Connecticut valley, where it ranges farther north than any other of our
+hickories, reaching Well's river (Jessup); Vermont,--occasional west of
+the Green mountains and in the southern Connecticut valley;
+Massachusetts,--rather common, abundant in the vicinity of Boston; Rhode
+Island and Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to Florida, ascending 3500 feet in Virginia; west to
+     Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A tall, slender tree, 50-75 feet high and 1 foot-2-1/2 feet in
+diameter at the ground, reaching greater dimensions southward. The
+trunk, tapering gradually to the point of branching, develops a
+capacious, spreading head, usually widest near the top, with lively
+green, finely cut foliage of great beauty, turning to a rich orange in
+autumn. Easily recognized in winter by its flat, yellowish buds.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk gray, close, smooth, rarely flaking off in thin
+plates; branches and branchlets smooth; leaf-scars prominent; season's
+shoots yellow, smooth, yellow-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Terminal buds long, yellow, flattish, often
+scythe-shaped, pointed, with a granulated surface; lateral buds much
+smaller, often ovate or rounded, pointed. Leaves pinnately compound,
+alternate, 12-15 inches long; rachis somewhat enlarged at base; stipules
+none; leaflets 5-11, opposite, 5-6 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, bright
+green and smooth above, paler and smooth or somewhat downy beneath,
+turning to orange yellow in autumn; outline lanceolate, or narrowly oval
+to oblong-obovate, serrate; apex taper-pointed to scarcely acute; base
+obtuse or rounded except that of the terminal leaflet, which is acute;
+sessile and inequilateral, except in terminal leaflet, which has a short
+stem and is equal-sided; sometimes scarcely distinguishable from the
+leaves of _C. porcina_; often decreasing regularly in size from the
+upper to the lower pair.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile and fertile flowers on the same tree,
+appearing when the leaves are fully grown,--sterile at the base of the
+season's shoots, or sometimes from the lateral buds of the preceding
+season, in slender, pendulous catkins, 3-4 inches long, usually in
+threes, branching umbel-like from a common peduncle; scale 3-lobed,
+hairy-glandular, middle lobe about the same length as the other two but
+narrower, considerably longer toward the end of the catkin; stamens
+mostly 5, anthers bearded at the tip: fertile flowers on peduncles at
+the end of the season's shoots; calyx 4-lobed, pubescent, adherent to
+the ovary; corolla none; stigmas 2.
+
+=Fruit.=--October. Single or in twos or threes at the ends of the
+branchlets, abundant, usually rather small, about 1 inch long, the width
+greater than the length; occasionally larger and somewhat pear-shaped:
+husk separating about to the middle into four segments, with sutures
+prominently winged at the top or almost to the base, or nearly wingless:
+nut usually thin-shelled: kernel white, sweetish at first, at length
+bitter.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows almost
+anywhere, but prefers a rich, loamy or gravelly soil. A most graceful
+and attractive hickory, which is transplanted more readily and grows
+rather more rapidly than the shagbark or pignut, but more inclined than
+either of these to show dead branches. Seldom for sale by nurserymen or
+collectors. Grown readily from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXVII.--Carya amara.]
+
+  1. Winter bud.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, back view.
+  4. Sterile flower, front view.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+BETULACEAE. BIRCH FAMILY.
+
+
+=Ostrya Virginica, Willd.=
+
+_Ostrya Virginiana, Willd._
+
+HOP HORNBEAM. IRONWOOD. LEVERWOOD.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In rather open woods and along highlands.
+
+     Nova Scotia to Lake Superior.
+
+Common in all parts of New England.
+
+     Scattered throughout the whole country east of the Mississippi,
+     ranging through western Minnesota to Nebraska, Kansas, Indian
+     territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A small tree, 25-40 feet high and 8-12 inches in diameter at
+the ground, sometimes attaining, without much increase in height, a
+diameter of 2 feet; trunk usually slender; head irregular, often oblong
+or loosely and rather broadly conical; lower branches sometimes slightly
+declining at the extremities, but with branchlets mostly of an upward
+tendency; spray slender and rather stiff. Suggestive, in its habit, of
+the elm; in its leaves, of the black birch; and in its fruit, of
+clusters of hops.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk and large limbs light grayish-brown, very narrowly and
+longitudinally ridged, the short, thin segments in old trees often loose
+at the ends; the smaller branches, branchlets, and in late fall the
+season's shoots, dark reddish-brown.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, oblong, pointed, invested with
+reddish-brown scales. Leaves simple, alternate, roughish, 2-4 inches
+long, 1-2 inches wide, more or less appressed-pubescent on both sides,
+dark green above, lighter beneath; outline ovate to oblong-ovate,
+sharply and for the most part doubly serrate; apex acute to acuminate;
+base slightly and narrowly heart-shaped, rounded or truncate, mostly
+with unequal sides; leafstalks short, pubescent; stipules soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Sterile flowers from wood of the
+preceding season, lateral or terminal, in drooping, cylindrical catkins,
+usually in threes; scales broad, laterally rounded, sharp-pointed,
+ciliate, each subtending several nearly sessile stamens, filaments
+sometimes forked, with anthers bearded at the tip: fertile catkins about
+1 inch in length, on short leafy shoots, spreading; bracts lanceolate,
+tapering to a long point, ciliate, each subtending two ovaries, each
+ovary with adherent calyx, enclosed in a hairy bractlet; styles 2, long,
+linear.
+
+=Fruit.=--Early September. A small, smooth nut, enclosed in the
+distended bract; the aggregated fruit resembling a cluster of hops.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers dry or
+well-drained slopes in gravelly or rocky soil; graceful and attractive,
+but of rather slow growth; useful in shady situations and worthy of a
+place in ornamental plantations, but too small for street use. Seldom
+raised by nurserymen; collected plants moved with difficulty. Propagated
+from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXVIII.--Ostrya Virginica.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, back view.
+  4. Sterile flower, front view.
+  5. Fertile catkin.
+  6. Fertile flower.
+  7. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.=
+
+HORNBEAM. BLUE BEECH. IRONWOOD. WATER BEECH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, wet woods, and margins of swamps.
+
+     Province of Quebec to Georgian bay.
+
+Rather common throughout New England, less frequent towards the coast.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian
+     territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A low, spreading tree, 10-30 feet high, with a trunk diameter
+of 6-12 inches, rarely reaching 2 feet; trunk short, often given a
+fluted appearance by projecting ridges running down from the lower
+branches to the ground; in color and smoothness resembling the beech;
+lower branches often much declined, upper going out at various angles,
+often zigzag but keeping the same general direction; head wide, close,
+flat-topped to rounded, with fine, slender spray.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk smooth, close, dark bluish-gray; branchlets grayish;
+season's shoots light green turning brown, more or less hairy.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leaf-buds small, oval or ovoid, acute to
+obtuse. Leaves simple, alternate, 2-3 inches long, dull green above,
+lighter beneath, turning to scarlet or crimson in autumn; outline ovate
+or slightly obovate oblong or broadly oval, irregularly and sharply
+doubly serrate; veins prominent and pubescent beneath, at least when
+young; apex acuminate to acute; base rounded, truncate, acute, or
+slightly and unevenly heart-shaped; leafstalk rather short, slender,
+hairy; stipules pubescent, falling early.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile flowers from growth of the preceding
+season in short, stunted-looking, lateral catkins, mostly single; scales
+ovate or rounded, obtuse, each subtending several stamens; filaments
+very short, mostly 2-forked; anthers bearded at the tip: fertile flowers
+at the ends of leafy shoots of the season, in loose catkins; bractlets
+foliaceous, each subtending a green, ovate, acute, ciliate, deciduous
+scale, each scale subtending two pistils with long reddish styles.
+
+=Fruit.=--In terminal catkins made conspicuous by the pale green, much
+enlarged, and leaf-like 3-lobed bracts, each bract subtending a
+dark-colored, sessile, striate nutlet.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers moist,
+rich soil, near running water, on the edges of wet land or on rocky
+slopes in shade. Its irregular outline and curiously ridged trunk make
+it an interesting object in landscape plantations. It is not often used,
+however, because it is seldom grown in nurseries, and collected plants
+do not bear removal well. Propagated from the seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXIX.--Carpinus Caroliniana.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, back view.
+  4. Sterile flower, front view.
+  5. Fertile catkin.
+  6. Fertile flower.
+  7. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=BETULA.=
+
+Inflorescence.--In scaly catkins, sterile and fertile on the same tree,
+appearing with or before the leaves from shoots of the previous
+season,--sterile catkins terminal and lateral, formed in summer, erect
+or inclined in the bud, drooping when expanded in the following spring;
+sterile flowers usually 3, subtended by a shield-shaped bract with 2
+bractlets; each flower consisting of a 1-scaled calyx and 2 anthers,
+which appear to be 4 from the division of the filaments into two parts,
+each of which bears an anther cell: fertile catkins erect or inclined at
+the end of very short leafy branchlets; fertile flowers subtended by a
+3-lobed bract falling with the nuts; bractlets none; calyx none; corolla
+none; consisting of 2-3 ovaries crowned with 2 spreading styles.
+
+
+=Betula lenta, L.=
+
+BLACK BIRCH. CHERRY BIRCH. SWEET BIRCH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Moist grounds; rich woods, old pastures, fertile
+hill-slopes, banks of rivers.
+
+     Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to the Lake Superior region.
+
+Maine,--frequent; New Hampshire,--in the highlands of the southern
+section, and along the Connecticut river valley to a short distance
+north of Windsor; Vermont,--frequent in the western part of the state,
+and in the southern Connecticut valley (_Flora of Vermont_, 1900);
+Massachusetts and Rhode Island,--frequent throughout, especially in the
+highlands, less often near the coast; Connecticut,--widely distributed,
+especially in the Connecticut river valley, but not common.
+
+     South to Delaware, along the mountains to Florida; west to
+     Minnesota and Kansas.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized or rather large tree, 50-75 feet high, with a
+trunk diameter of 1-4 feet, often conspicuous along precipitous ledges,
+springing out of crevices in the rocks and assuming a variety of
+picturesque forms. In open ground the dark trunk develops a symmetrical,
+wide-spreading, hemispherical head broadest at its base, the lower limbs
+horizontal or drooping sometimes nearly to the ground. The limbs are
+long and slender, often more or less tortuous, and separated ultimately
+into a delicate, polished spray. Distinguished by its long
+purplish-yellow, pendulous catkins in spring, and in summer by its
+glossy, bright green, and abundant foliage, which becomes yellow in
+autumn.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk on old trees very dark, separating and cleaving
+off in large, thickish plates; on young trees and on branches a dark
+reddish-brown, not separating into thin layers, smooth, with numerous
+horizontal lines 1-3 inches long; branchlets reddish-brown, shining,
+with shorter lateral lines; season's shoots with small, pale dots. Inner
+bark very aromatic, having a strong checkerberry flavor,--hence the
+common name, "checkerberry birch"; called also "cherry birch," from the
+resemblance of its bark to that of the garden cherry.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds reddish-brown, oblong or conical,
+pointed, inner scales whitish, elongating as the bud opens. Leaves
+simple, in alternate pairs, 3-4 inches long and one-half as wide,
+shining green above and downy when young, paler beneath and
+silvery-downy along the prominent, straight veins; outline ovate-oval,
+ovate-oblong, or oval; sharply serrate to doubly serrate; apex acute to
+acuminate; base heart-shaped to obtuse; leafstalk short, often curved,
+hairy when young; stipules soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Sterile catkins 3-4 inches long,
+slender, purplish-yellow; scales fringed: fertile catkins erect or
+suberect, sessile or nearly so, 1/2-1 inch long, oblong-cylindrical;
+bracts pubescent; lateral lobes wider than in _B. lutea._
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruiting catkins oblong-cylindrical, nearly erect; bracts with
+3 short, nearly equal diverging lobes: nut obovate-oblong, wider than
+its wings; upper part of seed-body usually appressed-pubescent.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows everywhere
+from swamps to hilltops, but prefers moist rocky slopes and a loamy or
+gravelly soil; occasionally offered by nurserymen; both nursery and
+collected plants are moved without serious difficulty; apt to grow
+rather unevenly.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXX.--Betula lenta.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, back view.
+  4. Sterile flower, front view.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+  7. Fruit.
+  8. Mature leaf.
+
+
+=Betula lutea, Michx. f.=
+
+YELLOW BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, rich woodlands, mountain slopes.
+
+     Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Rainy river.
+
+New England,--abundant northward; common throughout, from borders of
+lowland swamps to 1000 feet above the sea level; more common at
+considerable altitudes, where it often occurs in extensive patches or
+belts.
+
+     South to the middle states, and along the mountains to Tennessee
+     and North Carolina; west to Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--A large tree, at its maximum in northern New England 60-90
+feet high and 2-4 feet in diameter at the base. In the forest the main
+trunk separates at a considerable height into a few large branches which
+rise at a sharp angle, curving slightly, forming a rather small,
+irregular head, widest near the top; while in open ground the head is
+broad-spreading, hemispherical, with numerous rather equal, long and
+slender branches, and a fine spray with drooping tendencies. In the
+sunlight the silvery-yellow feathering and the metallic sheen of trunk
+and branches make the yellow birch one of the most attractive trees of
+the New England forest.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunks and large limbs in old trees gray or blackish,
+lustreless, deep-seamed, split into thick plates, standing out at all
+sorts of angles; in trees 6-8 inches in diameter, scarf-bark lustrous,
+parted in ribbon-like strips, detached at one end and running up the
+trunk in delicate, tattered fringes; season's shoots light
+yellowish-green, minutely buff-dotted, woolly-pubescent, becoming in
+successive seasons darker and more lustrous, the dots elongating into
+horizontal lines. Aromatic but less so than the bark of the black birch;
+not readily detachable like the bark of the canoe birch.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds conical, 1/4 inch long, mostly
+appressed, tips of scales brownish. Leaves simple, in alternate pairs or
+scattered singly along the stem; 3-5 inches long, 1/2-2 inches wide,
+dull green on both sides, paler beneath and more or less pubescent on
+the straight veins; outline oval to oblong, for the most part doubly
+serrate; apex acuminate or acute; base heart-shaped, obtuse or truncate;
+leafstalk short, grooved, often pubescent or woolly; stipules soon
+falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Sterile catkins 3-4 inches long,
+purplish-yellow; scales fringed: fertile catkins sessile or nearly so,
+about 1 inch long, cylindrical; bracts 3-lobed, nearly to the middle,
+pubescent, lobes slightly spreading.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruiting catkins oblong or oblong-ovoid, about 1 inch long and
+two-thirds as thick, erect: nut oval to narrowly obovate, tapering at
+each end, pubescent on the upper part, about the width of its wing.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in wet or
+dry situations, but prefers wet, peaty soil, where its roots can find a
+constant supply of moisture; similar to the black birch, equally
+valuable in landscape-gardening, but less desirable as a street tree;
+transplanted without serious difficulty.
+
+Differences between black birch and yellow birch:
+
+=Black Birch.=--Bark reddish-brown, not separable into thin layers;
+leaves bright green above, finely serrate; fruiting catkins cylindrical;
+bark of twigs decidedly aromatic.
+
+=Yellow Birch.=--Bark yellow, separable into thin layers; leaves dull
+green above; serration coarser and more decidedly doubly serrate;
+fruiting catkins ovoid or oblong-ovoid; flavor of bark less distinctly
+aromatic.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXI.--Betula lutea.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flower-buds.
+  3. Flowering branch.
+  4-6. Sterile flowers.
+  7. Fertile flower.
+  8. Bract.
+  9. Fruiting branch.
+  10. Fruit.
+
+
+=Betula nigra, L.=
+
+RED BIRCH. RIVER BIRCH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Along rivers, ponds, and woodlands inundated a
+part of the year.
+
+     Doubtfully and indefinitely reported from Canada.
+
+No stations in Maine, Vermont, Rhode Island, or Connecticut; New
+Hampshire,--found sparingly along streams in the southern part of the
+state; abundant along the banks of Beaver brook, Pelham (F. W.
+Batchelder); Massachusetts,--along the Merrimac river and its
+tributaries, bordering swamps in Methuen and ponds in North Andover.
+
+     South, east of the Alleghany mountains, to Florida; west, locally
+     through the northern tier of states to Minnesota and along the Gulf
+     states to Texas; western limits, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian
+     territory, and Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 30-50 feet high, with a diameter at the
+ground of 1-1-1/2 feet; reaching much greater dimensions southward. The
+trunk, frequently beset with small, leafy, reflexed branchlets, and
+often only less frayed and tattered than that of the yellow birch,
+develops a light and feathery head of variable outline, with numerous
+slender branches, the upper long and drooping, the reddish spray clothed
+with abundant dark-green foliage.
+
+=Bark.=--Reddish, more or less separable into layers, fraying into
+shreddy, cinnamon-colored fringes; in old trees thick, dark
+reddish-brown, and deeply furrowed; branches dark red or cinnamon,
+giving rise to the name of "red birch"; season's shoots downy,
+pale-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, mostly appressed near the ends of
+the shoots, tapering at both ends. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-4 inches
+long, two-thirds as wide, dark green and smooth above, paler and
+soft-downy beneath, turning bright yellow in autumn; outline
+rhombic-ovate, with unequal and sharp double serratures; leafstalk short
+and downy; stipules soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Sterile catkins usually in threes, 2-4
+inches long, scales 2-3-flowered: fertile catkins bright green,
+cylindrical, stalked; bracts 3-lobed, the central lobe much the longest,
+tomentose, ciliate.
+
+=Fruit.=--June. Earliest of the birches to ripen its seed; fruiting
+catkins 1-2 inches long, cylindrical, erect or spreading; bracts with
+the 3 lobes nearly equal in width, spreading, the central lobe the
+longest: nut ovate to obovate, ciliate.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in all
+soils, but prefers a station near running water; young trees grow
+vigorously and become attractive objects in landscape plantations;
+especially useful along river banks to bind the soil; retains its lower
+branches better than the black or yellow birches. Seldom found in
+nurseries, and rather hard to transplant; collected plants do fairly
+well.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXII.--Betula nigra.]
+
+  1. Leaf-buds.
+  2. Flower-buds.
+  3. Branch with sterile and fertile catkins.
+  4. Sterile flower.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Scale of fertile flower.
+  7. Fruit.
+  8. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Betula populifolia, Marsh.=
+
+WHITE BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH. OLDFIELD BIRCH. POPLAR BIRCH. POVERTY
+BIRCH. SMALL WHITE BIRCH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Dry, gravelly soils, occasional in swamps and
+frequent along their borders, often springing up on burnt lands.
+
+     Nova Scotia to Lake Ontario.
+
+Maine,--abundant; New Hampshire,--abundant eastward, as far north as
+Conway, and along the Connecticut to Westmoreland; Vermont,--common in
+the western and frequent in the southern sections; Massachusetts, Rhode
+Island, and Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South, mostly in the coast region, to Delaware; west to Lake
+     Ontario.
+
+=Habit.=--A small tree, 20-35 feet high, with a diameter at the ground
+of 4-8 inches, occasionally much exceeding these dimensions; under
+favorable conditions, of extreme elegance. The slender, seldom erect
+trunk, continuous to the top of the tree, throws out numerous short,
+unequal branches, which form by repeated subdivisions a profuse, slender
+spray, disposed irregularly in tufts or masses, branches and branchlets
+often hanging vertically or drooping at the ends. Conspicuous in winter
+by the airy lightness of the narrow open head and by the contrast of the
+white trunk with the dark spray; in summer, when the sun shines and the
+air stirs, by the delicacy, tremulous movement, and brilliancy of the
+foliage.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk grayish-white, with triangular, dusty patches below the
+insertion of the branches; not easily separable into layers; branches
+dark brown or blackish; season's shoots brown, with numerous small round
+dots becoming horizontal lines and increasing in length with the age of
+the tree. The white of the bark does not readily come off upon clothing.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds somewhat diverging from the twig; narrow
+conical or cylindrical, reddish-brown. Leaves simple, alternate, single
+or in pairs, 3-4 inches long, two-thirds as wide, bright green above,
+paler beneath, smooth and shining on both sides, turning to a pale
+shining yellow in autumn, resinous, glandular-dotted when young; outline
+triangular, coarsely and irregularly doubly serrate; apex taper-pointed;
+base truncate, heart-shaped, or acute; leafstalks long and slender;
+stipules dropping early.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile catkins usually solitary or in pairs,
+slender-cylindrical, 2-3 inches long: fertile catkins erect, green,
+stalked; bracts minutely pubescent.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruiting catkins erect or spreading, cylindrical, about 1-1/4
+inches long and 1/2 inch in diameter, stalked; scales 3-parted above the
+center, side lobes larger, at right angles or reflexed: nuts small,
+ovate to obovate, narrower than the wings, combined wings from broadly
+obcordate to butterfly-shape, wider than long.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England, growing in every
+kind of soil, finest specimens in deep, rich loam. Were this tree not so
+common, its graceful habit and attractive bark would be more appreciated
+for landscape gardening; only occasionally grown by nurserymen, best
+secured through collectors; young collected plants, if properly
+selected, will nearly all live.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXIII.--Betula populifolia.]
+
+  1. Branch with sterile and fertile catkins.
+  2. Sterile flower, back view.
+  3. Fertile flower.
+  4. Scale of fertile flower.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+  6. Fruit.
+
+
+=Betula papyrifera, Marsh.=
+
+CANOE BIRCH. WHITE BIRCH. PAPER BIRCH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Deep, rich woods, river banks, mountain slopes.
+
+     Canada, Atlantic to Pacific, northward to Labrador and Alaska, to
+     the limit of deciduous trees.
+
+Maine,--abundant; New Hampshire,--in all sections, most common on
+highlands up to the alpine area of the White mountains, above the range
+of the yellow birch; Vermont,--common; Massachusetts,--common in the
+western and central sections, rare towards the coast; Rhode Island,--not
+reported; Connecticut,--occasional in the southern sections, frequent
+northward.
+
+     South to Pennsylvania and Illinois; west to the Rocky mountains and
+     Washington on the Pacific coast.
+
+Var. _minor_, Tuckerman, is a dwarf form found upon the higher mountain
+summits of northern New England.
+
+=Habit.=--A large tree, 50-75 feet high, with a diameter of 1-3 feet;
+occasionally of greater dimensions. The trunk develops a
+broad-spreading, open head, composed of a few large limbs ascending at
+an acute angle, with nearly horizontal secondary branches and a
+slender, flexible spray without any marked tendency to droop.
+Characterized by the dark metallic lustre of the branchlets, the dark
+green foliage, deep yellow in autumn, and the chalky whiteness of the
+trunk and large branches; a singularly picturesque tree, whether
+standing alone or grouped in forests.
+
+=Bark.=--Easily detachable in broad sheets and separable into thin,
+delicately colored, paper-like layers, impenetrable by water, outlasting
+the wood it covers. Bark of trunk and large branches chalky-white when
+fully exposed to the sun, lustreless, smooth or ragged-frayed, in very
+old forest trees encrusted with huge lichens, and splitting into broad
+plates; young trunks and smaller branches smooth, reddish or grayish
+brown, with numerous roundish buff dots which enlarge from year to year
+into more and more conspicuous horizontal lines. The white of the bark
+readily rubs off upon clothing.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, ovate, flattish, acute to
+rounded. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-5 inches long, two-thirds as wide,
+dark green and smooth above, beneath pale, hairy along the veins,
+sometimes in young trees thickly glandular-dotted on both sides; outline
+ovate, ovate-oblong, or ovate-orbicular, more or less doubly serrate;
+apex acute to acuminate; base somewhat heart-shaped, truncate or obtuse;
+leafstalk 1-2 inches long, grooved above, downy; stipules falling early.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Sterile catkins mostly in threes, 3-4
+inches long: fertile catkins 1-1-1/2 inches long, cylindrical,
+slender-peduncled, erect or spreading; bracts puberulent.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruiting catkins 1-2 inches long, cylindrical, short-stalked,
+spreading or drooping: nut obovate to oval, narrower than its wings;
+combined wings butterfly-shaped, nearly twice as wide as long.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a
+well-drained loam or gravelly soil, but does fairly well in almost any
+situation; young trees rapid growing and vigorous, but with the same
+tendency to grow irregularly that is shown by the black and yellow
+birches; transplanted without serious difficulty; not offered by many
+nurserymen, but may be obtained from northern collectors.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXIV.--Betula papyrifera.]
+
+  1. Leaf-buds.
+  2. Flower-buds.
+  3. Flowering branch.
+  4. Sterile flower, front view.
+  5. Fertile flower, front view.
+  6. Scale of fertile flower.
+  7. Fruiting branch.
+  8. Fruit.
+
+
+=Alnus glutinosa, Medic.=
+
+EUROPEAN ALDER.
+
+This is the common alder of Great Britain and central Europe southward,
+growing chiefly along water courses, in boggy grounds and upon moist
+mountain slopes; introduced into the United States and occasionally
+escaping from cultivation; sometimes thoroughly established locally. In
+Medford, Mass., there are many of these plants growing about two small
+ponds and upon the neighboring lowlands, most of them small, but among
+them are several trees 30-40 feet in height and 8-12 inches in diameter
+at the ground, distinguishable at a glance from the shrubby native
+alders by their greater size, more erect habit, and darker trunks.
+
+
+
+
+FAGACEAE. BEECH FAMILY.
+
+
+=Fagus ferruginea, Ait.=
+
+_Fagus Americana, Sweet. Fagus atropunicea, Sudw._
+
+
+BEECH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Moist, rocky soil.
+
+Nova Scotia through Quebec and Ontario.
+
+Maine,--abundant; New Hampshire,--throughout the state; common on the
+Connecticut-Merrimac watershed, enters largely into the composition of
+the hardwood forests of Coos county; Vermont,--abundant;
+Massachusetts,--in western sections abundant, common eastward;
+Rhode Island and Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Wisconsin, Missouri, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A tree of great beauty, rising to a height of 50-75 feet, with
+a diameter at the ground of 1-1/2-4 feet; under favorable conditions
+attaining much greater dimensions; trunk remarkably smooth, sometimes
+fluted, in the forests tall and straight, in open situations short and
+stout; head symmetrical, of various shapes,--rounded, oblong, or even
+obovate; branches numerous, mostly long and slender, curving slightly
+upward at their tips, near the point of branching horizontal or slightly
+drooping, beset with short branchlets which form a flat, dense, and
+beautiful spray; roots numerous, light brown, long, and running near the
+surface. Tree easily distinguishable in winter by the dried
+brownish-white leaves, spear-like buds, and smooth bark.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk light blue gray, smooth, unbroken, slightly corrugated in
+old trees, often beautifully mottled in blotches or bands and invested
+by lichens; branches gray; branchlets dark brown and smooth; spray
+shining, reddish-brown; season's shoots a shining olive green,
+orange-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds conspicuous, long, very slender,
+tapering slowly to a sharp point; scales rich brown, lengthening as the
+bud opens. Leaves set in plane of the spray, simple, alternate, 3-5
+inches long, one-half as wide, silky-pubescent with fringed edges when
+young, nearly smooth when fully grown, green on both sides, turning to
+rusty yellows and browns in autumn, persistent till mid-winter; outline
+oval, serrate; apex acuminate; base rounded; veins strong, straight,
+terminating in the teeth; leafstalk short, hairy at first; stipules
+slender, silky, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing with the leaves from the season's
+shoots, sterile flowers from the lower axils, in heads suspended at the
+end of silky threads 1-2 inches long; calyx campanulate, pubescent,
+yellowish-green, mostly 6-lobed; petals none; stamens 6-16; anthers
+exserted; ovary wanting or abortive: fertile flowers from the upper
+axils, usually single or in pairs, at the end of a short peduncle;
+involucre 4-lobed, fringed with prickly scales; calyx with six
+awl-shaped lobes; ovary 3-celled; styles 3.
+
+=Fruit.=--A prickly bur, thick, 4-valved, splitting nearly to the base
+when ripe: nut sharply triangular, sweet, edible.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows well in any
+good soil, but prefers deep, rich, well-drained loam; usually obtainable
+in nurseries; when frequently transplanted, safely moved. Its clean
+trunk and limbs, deep shade, and freedom from insect pests make it one
+of the most attractive of our large trees for use, summer or winter, in
+landscape gardening; few plants, however, will grow beneath it; the bark
+is easily disfigured; it has a bad habit of throwing out suckers and is
+liable to be killed by any injury to the roots. Propagated from the
+seed. The purple beech, weeping beech, and fern-leaf beech are
+well-known horticultural forms.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXV.--Fagus ferruginea.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Fertile flower.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+  6. Section of fruit.
+   7. Nut.
+
+
+=Castanea sativa, var. Americana, Watson and Coulter.=
+
+_Castanea dentata, Borkh. Castanea vesca, var. Americana, Michx._
+
+
+CHESTNUT.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In strong, well-drained soil; pastures, rocky
+woods, and hillsides.
+
+     Ontario,--common.
+
+Maine,--southern sections, probably not indigenous north of latitude 44 deg.
+20'; New Hampshire,--Connecticut valley near the river, as far north as
+Windsor, Vt.; most abundant in the Merrimac valley south of Concord, but
+occasional a short distance northward; Vermont,--common in the
+southern sections, especially in the Connecticut valley; occasional as
+far north as Windsor (Windsor county), West Rutland (Rutland county),
+Burlington (Chittenden county); Massachusetts,--rather common throughout
+the state, but less frequent near the sea; Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to Delaware, along the mountains to Alabama; west to
+     Michigan, Indiana, and Tennessee.
+
+=Habit.=--A tree of the first magnitude, rising to a height of 60-80
+feet and reaching a diameter of 5-6 feet above the swell of the roots,
+with a spread sometimes equaling or even exceeding the height; attaining
+often much greater proportions. The massive trunk separates usually a
+few feet from the ground into several stout horizontal or ascending
+branches, the limbs higher up, horizontal or rising at a broad angle,
+forming a stately, open, roundish, or inversely pyramidal head;
+branchlets slender; spray coarse and not abundant; foliage bright green,
+dense, casting a deep shade; flowers profuse, the long, sterile catkins
+upon their darker background of leaves conspicuous upon the hill
+slopes at a great distance. A tree that may well dispute precedence with
+the white or red oak.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees deeply cleft with wide ridges, hard,
+rough, dark gray; in young trees very smooth, often shining; season's
+shoots green or purplish-brown, white-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, ovate, brown, acutish. Leaves
+simple, alternate, 5-10 inches long, 1-3 inches wide, bright clear
+green above, paler beneath and smooth on both sides; outline
+oblong-lanceolate, sharply and coarsely serrate; veins straight,
+terminating in the teeth; apex acuminate; base acute or obtuse;
+leafstalk short; stipules soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--June to July. Appearing from the axils of the season's
+shoots, after the leaves have grown to their full size; sterile catkins
+numerous, clustered or single, erect or spreading, 4-10 inches long,
+slender, flowers pale yellowish-green or cream-colored; calyx pubescent,
+mostly 6-parted; stamens 15-20; odor offensive when the anthers are
+discharging their pollen: fertile flowers near the base of the upper
+sterile catkins or in separate axils, 1-3 in a prickly involucre; calyx
+6-toothed; ovary ovate, styles as many as the cells of the ovary,
+exserted.
+
+=Fruit.=--Burs round, thick, prickly, 2-4 inches in diameter, opening by
+4 valves: nuts 1-5, dark brown, covered with whitish down at apex, flat
+on one side when there are several in a cluster, ovate when only one,
+sweet and edible.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers fertile,
+well-drained, gravelly or rocky soil; rather difficult to transplant;
+usually obtainable in nurseries. Its vigorous and rapid growth, massive,
+broad-spreading head and attractive flowers make it a valuable tree for
+landscape gardening, but in public places the prickly burs and edible
+fruit are a serious disadvantage. Propagated from the seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXVI.--Castanea sativa, var. Americana.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Fertile flower.
+  5. Fruit.
+  6. Nut.
+
+
+=QUERCUS.=
+
+Inflorescence appearing with the leaves in spring; sterile catkins from
+terminal or lateral buds on shoots of the preceding year, bracted,
+usually several in a cluster, unbranched, long, cylindrical, pendulous;
+bracts of sterile flowers minute, soon falling; calyx parted or lobed;
+stamens 3-12, undivided: fertile flowers terminal or axillary upon the
+new shoots, single or few-clustered, bracted, erect; involucre scaly,
+becoming the cupule or cup around the lower part of the acorn; ovary
+3-celled; stigma 3-lobed.
+
+
+WHITE OAKS.
+
+Leaves with obtuse or rounded lobes or teeth; cup-scales thickened or
+knobbed at base; stigmas sessile or nearly so; fruit maturing the first
+year.
+
+
+BLACK OAKS.
+
+Leaves with pointed or bristle-tipped lobes and teeth; cup-scales flat;
+stigmas on spreading styles; fruit maturing the second year.
+
+
+=Quercus alba, L.=
+
+WHITE OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Light loams, sandy plains, and gravelly ridges,
+often constituting extensive tracts of forest.
+
+     Quebec and Ontario.
+
+Maine,--southern sections; New Hampshire,--most abundant eastward; in
+the Connecticut valley confined to the hills in the immediate vicinity
+of the river, extending up the tributary streams a short distance and
+disappearing entirely before reaching the mouth of the Passumpsic (W. F.
+Flint); Vermont,--common west of the Green mountains, less so in the
+southern Connecticut valley (_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); Massachusetts,
+Rhode Island, and Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to the Gulf of Mexico; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas,
+     Arkansas, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A tree of the first rank, 50-75 feet high and 1-6 feet in
+diameter above the swell of the roots, exhibiting considerable diversity
+in general appearance, trunk sometimes dissolving into branches like the
+American elm, and sometimes continuous to the top. The finest specimens
+in open land are characterized by a rather short, massive trunk, with
+stout, horizontal, far-reaching limbs, conspicuously gnarled and twisted
+in old age, forming a wide-spreading, open head of striking grandeur,
+the diameter at the base of which is sometimes two or three times the
+height of the tree.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk and larger branches light ash-gray, sometimes nearly
+white, broken into long, thin, loose, irregular, soft-looking flakes; in
+old trees with broad, flat ridges; inner bark light; branchlets
+ash-gray, mottled; young shoots grayish-green, roughened with minute
+rounded, raised dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds 1/8 to 1/4 inch long, round-ovate,
+reddish-brown. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-7 inches long, 2-4 inches
+wide, delicately reddish-tinted and pubescent upon both sides when
+young; at maturity glabrous, light dull or glossy green above, paler and
+somewhat glaucous beneath, turning to various reds in autumn; outline
+obovate to oval; lobes 5-9; ascending, varying greatly in different
+trees; when few, short and wide-based, with comparatively shallow
+sinuses; when more in number, ovate-oblong, with deeper sinuses, or
+somewhat linear-oblong, with sinuses reaching nearly to midrib; apex of
+lobe rounded; base of leaf tapering; leafstalks short; stipules linear,
+soon falling. The leaves of this species are often persistent till
+spring, especially in young trees.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing when the leaves are half grown; sterile
+catkins 2-3 inches long, with slender, usually pubescent thread; calyx
+yellow, pubescent; lobes 5-9, pointed: pistillate flowers sessile or
+short-peduncled, reddish, ovate-scaled.
+
+=Fruit.=--Maturing in the autumn of the first year, single, or more
+frequently in pairs, sessile or peduncled: cup hemispherical to deep
+saucer-shaped, rather thin; scales rough-knobby at base: acorn varying
+from 1/2 inch to an inch in length, oblong-ovoid: meat sweet and edible,
+said to be when boiled a good substitute for chestnuts.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; grows well in all except
+very wet soils, in all open exposures and in light shade; like all oaks,
+difficult to transplant unless prepared by frequent transplanting in
+nurseries, from which it is not readily obtainable in quantity; grows
+very slowly and nearly uniformly up to maturity; comparatively free
+from insect enemies but occasionally disfigured by fungous disease which
+attacks immature leaves in spring. Propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXVII.--Quercus alba.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3-4. Sterile flower, front view.
+  5. Fertile flower, side view.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+  7-8. Variant leaves.
+
+
+=Quercus stellata, Wang.=
+
+_Q. obtusiloba, Michx. Q. minor, Sarg_.
+
+POST OAK. BOX WHITE OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=
+
+     Doubtfully reported from southern Ontario.
+
+In New England, mostly in sterile soil near the sea-coast;
+Massachusetts,--southern Cape Cod from Falmouth to Brewster, the most
+northern station reported, occasional; the islands of Naushon, Martha's
+Vineyard where it is rather common, and Nantucket where it is rare;
+Rhode Island,--along the shore of the northern arm of Wickford harbor
+(L. W. Russell); Connecticut,--occasional along the shores of Long
+Island sound west of New Haven.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--Farther south, a tree of the first magnitude, reaching a
+height of 100 feet, with a trunk diameter of 4 feet; in southern New
+England occasionally attaining in woodlands a height of 50-60 feet; at
+its northern limit in Massachusetts, usually 10 to 35 feet in height,
+with a diameter at the ground of 6-12 inches. The trunk throws out
+stout, tough, and often conspicuously crooked branches, the lower
+horizontal or declining, forming a disproportionately large head, with
+dark green, dense foliage. Near the shore the limbs often grow very low,
+stretching along the ground as if from an underground stem.
+
+=Bark.=--Resembling that of the white oak, but rather a darker gray,
+rougher and firmer; upon old trunks furrowed and cut into oblongs; small
+limbs brownish-gray, rough-dotted; season's shoots densely
+tawny-tomentose.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, rounded or conical, brownish,
+scales minutely pubescent or scurfy. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-8
+inches long, two-thirds as wide, thickish, yellowish-green and tomentose
+upon both sides when young, becoming a deep, somewhat glossy green
+above, lighter beneath, both sides still somewhat scurfy; general
+outline of leaf and of lobes, and number and shape of the latter,
+extremely variable; type-form 5-lobed, all the lobes rounded, the three
+upper lobes much larger, more or less subdivided, often squarish, the
+two lower tapering to an acute, rounded, or truncate base; sinuses deep,
+variable, often at right angles to the midrib; leafstalk short,
+tomentose; stipules linear, pubescent, occasionally persistent till
+midsummer. The leaves are often arranged at the tips of the branches in
+star-shaped clusters, giving rise to the specific name _stellata_.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile catkins 1-3 inches long, connecting
+thread woolly; calyx 4-8 parted, lobes acute, densely pubescent, yellow;
+stamens 4-8, _anthers with scattered hairs_: pistillate flowers single
+or in clusters of 2, 3, or more, sessile or on a short stem; stigma red.
+
+=Fruit.=--Maturing the first season, single and sessile, or nearly so,
+or in clusters of 2, 3, or more, on short footstalks: cup top-shaped or
+cup-shaped, 1/3-1/2 the length of the acorn, about 3/4 inch wide, thin;
+scales smooth or sometimes hairy along the top, acutish or roundish,
+slightly thickened at base: acorn 1/2-1 inch long, sweet.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; prefers a good,
+well-drained, open soil; quite as slow-growing as the white oak; seldom
+found in nurseries and difficult to transplant. Propagated from the
+seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXVIII.--Quercus stellata.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, back view.
+  4. Sterile flower, front view.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.=
+
+BUR OAK. OVER-CUP OAK. MOSSY-CUP OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Deep, rich soil; river valleys.
+
+     Nova Scotia to Manitoba, not attaining in this region the size of
+     the white oak, nor covering as large areas.
+
+Maine,--known only in the valleys of the middle Penobscot (Orono)
+and the Kennebec (Winslow, Waterville); Vermont,--lowlands
+about Lake Champlain, especially in Addison county, not common;
+Massachusetts,--valley of the Ware river (Worcester county), Stockbridge
+and towns south along the Housatonic river (Berkshire county); Rhode
+Island,--no station reported; Connecticut,--probably introduced in
+central and eastern sections, possibly native near the northern border.
+
+     South to Pennsylvania and Tennessee; west to Montana, Nebraska,
+     Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 40-60 feet high, with a trunk diameter of
+1-3 feet; attaining great size in the Ohio and Mississippi river basins;
+trunk erect, branches often changing direction, ascending, save the
+lowest, which are often nearly horizontal; branchlets numerous, on the
+lowest branches often declined or drooping; head wide-spreading, rounded
+near the center, very rough in aspect; distinguished in summer by the
+luxuriance of the dark-green foliage and in autumn by the size of its
+acorns.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and branches ash-gray, but darker than that of
+the white oak, separating on old trees into rather firm, longitudinal
+ridges; bark of branches sometimes developed into conspicuous corky,
+wing-like layers; season's shoots yellowish-brown, minutely hairy, with
+numerous small, roundish, raised dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds brown, 1/16 to 1/8 inch long, conical,
+scattered along the shoots and clustered at the enlarged tips. Leaves
+simple, alternate, 6-9 inches long, 3-4 inches broad, smooth and dark
+green above, lighter and downy beneath; outline obovate to oblong,
+varying from irregularly and deeply sinuate-lobed, especially near the
+center, to nearly entire, base wedge-shaped; stalk short; stipules
+linear, pubescent.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile catkins 3-5 inches long; calyx mostly
+5-parted, yellowish-green; divisions linear-oblong, more or less
+persistent; stamens 10; anthers yellow, glabrous: pistillate flowers
+sessile or short-stemmed; scales reddish; stigma red.
+
+=Fruit.=--Maturing the first season; extremely variable; sessile or
+short-stemmed: cup top-shaped to hemispherical, 3/4-2 inches in
+diameter, with thick, close, pointed scales, the upper row often
+terminating in a profuse or sparing hairy or leafy fringe: acorn ovoid,
+often very large, sometimes sunk deeply and occasionally entirely in the
+cup.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; in general appearance
+resembling the swamp white oak, but better adapted to upland; grows
+rather slowly in any good, well-drained soil; difficult to transplant;
+seldom disfigured by insects or disease; occasionally grown in
+nurseries. Propagated from seed. A narrower-leafed form with small
+acorns (var. _olivaeformis_) is occasionally offered.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXIX.--Quercus macrocarpa.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, back view.
+  4. Sterile flower, front view.
+  5. Fertile flowers.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Quercus bicolor, Willd.=
+
+_Quercus platanoides, Sudw._
+
+SWAMP WHITE OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In deep, rich soil; low, moist, fertile
+grounds, bordering swamps and along streams.
+
+     Quebec to Ontario, where it is known as the blue oak.
+
+Maine,--York county; New Hampshire,--Merrimac valley as far as the mouth
+of the Souhegan, and probably throughout Rockingham county;
+Vermont,--low grounds about Lake Champlain; Massachusetts,--frequent in
+the western and central sections, common eastward; Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to Delaware and along the mountains to northern Georgia; west
+     to Minnesota, Iowa, east Kansas, and Arkansas.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 40-60 feet high, with a trunk diameter of
+2-3 feet; attaining southward of the Great Lakes and in the Ohio basin
+much greater dimensions; roughest of all the oaks, except the bur oak,
+in general aspect; trunk erect, continuous, in young trees often beset
+at point of branching with down-growing, scraggly branchlets, surmounted
+by a rather regular pyramidal head, the lower branches horizontal or
+declining, often descending to the ground, with a short, stiff,
+abundant, and bushy spray; smaller twigs ridgy, widening beneath buds;
+foliage a dark shining green; heads of large trees less regular, rather
+open, with a general resemblance to the head of the white oak, but
+narrower at the base, with less contorted limbs.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and larger branches thick, dark grayish-brown,
+longitudinally striate, with flaky scales; bark of young stems,
+branches, and branchlets darker, separating in loose scales which curl
+back, giving the tree its shaggy aspect; season's shoots
+yellowish-green.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds brown, roundish-ovate, obtuse. Leaves
+simple, alternate, 3-8 inches long, 2-4 wide, downy on both sides when
+unfolding, at maturity thick and firm, smooth and dark shining green
+above, slightly to conspicuously whitish-downy beneath, in autumn
+brownish-yellow; obovate, coarsely and deeply crenate or obtusely
+shallow-lobed, when opening sometimes pointed and tapering to a
+wedge-shaped base, often constricted near the center; leafstalk short;
+stipules linear, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile catkins 2-3 inches long, thread hairy;
+calyx deeply 3-7-parted, pale yellow, hairy; stamens 5-8; anthers
+yellow, glabrous: pistillate flowers tomentose, on rather long, hairy
+peduncles; stigmas red.
+
+=Fruit.=--Variable, on stems 1-3 inches long, maturing the first season,
+single or frequently in twos: cup rounded, rather thin, deep, rough to
+mossy, often with fringed margins: acorn about 1 inch long,
+oblong-ovoid, more or less tapering: meat sweet, edible.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in any good
+soil, wet or dry, but prefers a position on the edge of moist or boggy
+land, where its roots can find a constant supply of water; growth fairly
+rapid; seldom affected by insects or disease; occasionally offered by
+nurserymen and rather less difficult to transplant than most of the
+oaks. Its sturdy, rugged habit and rich dark green foliage make it a
+valuable tree for ornamental plantations or even for streets.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XL.--Quercus bicolor.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, side view.
+  4. Sterile flower, front view.
+  5. Fertile flowers.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Quercus Prinus, L.=
+
+CHESTNUT OAK. ROCK CHESTNUT OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Woods, rocky banks, hill slopes.
+
+     Along the Canadian shore of Lake Erie.
+
+Maine,--Saco river and Mt. Agamenticus, near the southern coast (York
+county); New Hampshire,--belts or patches in the eastern part of the
+state and along the southern border, Hinsdale, Winchester, Brookline,
+Manchester, Hudson; Vermont,--western part of the state throughout, not
+common; abundant at Smoke mountain at an altitude of 1300 feet, and
+along the western flank of the Green mountains, at least in Addison
+county; Massachusetts,--eastern sections, Sterling, Lancaster, Russell,
+Middleboro, rare in Medford and Sudbury, frequent on the Blue hills;
+Rhode Island,--locally common; Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to Delaware and along the mountains to Georgia, extending
+     nearly to the summit of Mt. Pisgah in North Carolina; west to
+     Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama.
+
+=Habit.=--A small or medium-sized tree, 25-50 feet high, with a trunk
+diameter of 1-2-1/2 feet, assuming noble proportions southward, often
+reaching a height of 75-100 feet and trunk diameter of 5-6 feet; trunk
+tall, straight, continuous to the top of the tree, scarcely tapering to
+the point of ramification, surmounted by a spacious, open head.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and large branches deep gray to dark brown or
+blackish, in firm, broad, continuous ridges, with small, close surface
+scales; bark of young trees and of branchlets smooth, brown, and more or
+less lustrous; season's shoots light brown.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate to cylindrical, mostly acute,
+brownish. Leaves simple, alternate, 5-8 inches long, 2-5 inches wide,
+dark green and smooth above, paler and more or less downy beneath;
+outline obovate to oval, undulate-crenate; apex blunt-pointed; base
+wedge-shaped, obtuse or slightly rounded, often unequal-sided; veins
+straight, parallel, prominent beneath; leafstalk 1/2-1-1/2 inches long;
+stipules linear, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile catkins 2-3 inches long; calyx
+5-9-parted, yellow, hairy; divisions oblong, densely pubescent; stamens
+5-9; anthers yellow, glabrous: pistillate flowers with hairy scales and
+dark red stigmas.
+
+=Fruit.=--Seldom abundant, maturing the first season, variable in size,
+on stems usually equal to or shorter than the leaf-stems: cup thin,
+hemispheric or somewhat top-shaped, deep; scales small, knobby-thickened
+at the base: acorns 3/4-1-1/2 inches long, ovoid-conical, sweet.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a light
+gravelly or stony soil; rapid-growing and free from disease; more easily
+and safely transplanted than most oaks; occasionally offered by
+nurserymen, who propagate it from the seed. Its vigorous, clean habit of
+growth and handsome foliage should give it a place in landscape
+gardening and street use.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLI.--Quercus Prinus.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, back view.
+  4. Sterile flower, front view.
+  5. Fertile flowers.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+  7. Variant leaf.
+
+
+=Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm.=
+
+_Quercus acuminata, Sarg._
+
+CHESTNUT OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Dry hillsides, limestone ridges, rich bottoms.
+
+     Ontario.
+
+Vermont,--Gardner's island, Lake Champlain; Ferrisburg (Pringle);
+Connecticut,--frequent (J. N. Bishop, 1895); on the limestone formation
+in the neighborhood of Kent (Litchfield county, C. K. Averill); often
+confounded by collectors with _Q. Prinus_; probably there are other
+stations. Not authoritatively reported from the other New England
+states.
+
+     South to Delaware and District of Columbia, along the mountains to
+     northern Alabama; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian
+     territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 30-40 feet high, with a trunk diameter of
+1-2 feet, attaining much greater dimensions in the basins of the Ohio,
+Mississippi, and their tributaries; trunk in old trees enlarged at the
+base, erect, branches rather short for the genus, forming a narrow
+oblong or roundish head.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and large branches grayish or pale ash-colored,
+comparatively thin, flaky; branchlets grayish-brown; season's shoots in
+early summer purplish-green with pale dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate, acute to obtuse, brownish. Leaves
+simple, alternate; in the typical form as recognized by Muhlenburg, 3-6
+inches long, 1-1/2-2 inches wide, glossy dark green above, pale and
+minutely downy beneath; outline lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, with
+rather equal, coarse, sharp, and often inflexed teeth; apex acuminate;
+base wedge-shaped or acute; stipules soon falling. There is also a form
+of the species in which the leaves are much larger, 5-7 inches in length
+and 3-5 inches in width, broadly ovate or obovate, with rounded teeth;
+distinguishable from _Q. Prinus_ only by the bark and fruit.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing with the leaves; sterile catkins 2-4
+inches long; calyx yellow, hairy, segments 5-8, ciliate; stamens 5-8,
+anthers yellow: pistillate flowers sessile or on short spikes; stigma
+red.
+
+=Fruit.=--Maturing the first season, sessile or short-peduncled: cup
+covering about half the nut, thin, shallow, with small, rarely much
+thickened scales: acorn ovoid or globose, about 3/4 inch long.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; grows in all good dry or
+moist soils, in open or partly shaded situations; maintains a nearly
+uniform rate of growth till maturity, and is not seriously affected by
+insects. It forms a fine individual tree and is useful in forest
+plantations. Propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLII.--Quercus Muhlenbergii.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Fertile flowers.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Quercus prinoides, Willd.=
+
+SCRUB WHITE OAK. SCRUB CHESTNUT OAK.
+
+More or less common throughout the states east of the Mississippi;
+westward apparently grading into _Q. Muhlenbergii_, within the limits of
+New England mostly a low shrub, rarely assuming a tree-like habit. The
+leaves vary from rather narrow-elliptical to broadly obovate, are rather
+regularly and coarsely toothed, bright green and often lustrous on the
+upper surface.
+
+
+=Quercus rubra, L.=
+
+RED OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Growing impartially in a great variety of soils,
+but not on wet lands.
+
+     Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to divide west of Lake Superior.
+
+Maine,--common, at least south of the central portions; New
+Hampshire,--extending into Coos county, far north of the
+White mountains; Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and
+Connecticut,--common; probably in most parts of New England the most
+common of the genus; found higher up the slopes of mountains than the
+white oak.
+
+     South to Tennessee, Virginia, and along mountain ranges to Georgia;
+     reported from Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and
+     Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--The largest of the New England oaks, 50-85 feet high, with a
+diameter of 2-6 feet above the swell of the roots; occasionally
+attaining greater dimensions; trunk usually continuous to the top of the
+tree, often heavily buttressed; point of branching higher than in the
+white oak; branches large, less contorted, and rising at a sharper
+angle, the lower sometimes horizontal; branchlets rather slender; head
+extremely variable, in old trees with ample space for growth, open,
+well-proportioned, and imposing; sometimes oblong in outline, wider near
+the top, and sometimes symmetrically rounded, not so broad, however, as
+the head of the white oak; conspicuous in summer by its bright green,
+abundant foliage, which turns to dull purplish-red in autumn.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and lower parts of branches in old trees dark
+gray, firmly, coarsely, and rather regularly ridged, smooth elsewhere;
+in young trees greenish mottled gray, smooth throughout; season's shoots
+at first green, taking a reddish tinge in autumn, marked with pale,
+scattered dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate, conical, sharp-pointed. Leaves
+simple, alternate, 4-8 inches long, 3-5 inches broad, bright green
+above, paler beneath, dull brown in autumn; outline oval or obovate,
+sometimes scarcely distinguishable by the character of its lobing from
+_Q. tinctoria_; in the typical form, lobes broadly triangular or oblong,
+with parallel sides bristle-pointed; leafstalks short; stipules linear,
+soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Earliest of the oaks, appearing in late April or early
+May, when the leaves are half-grown; sterile catkins 3-5 inches long;
+calyx mostly 4-lobed; lobes rounded; stamens mostly 4; anthers yellow:
+pistillate flowers short-stemmed; calyx lobes mostly 3 or 4; stigmas
+long, spreading.
+
+=Fruit.=--Maturing in the second year, single or in pairs, sessile or
+short-stalked: cup sometimes turbinate, usually saucer-shaped with a
+flat or rounded base, often contracted at the opening and surmounted by
+a kind of border; scales closely imbricated, reddish-brown, more or less
+downy, somewhat glossy, triangular-acute to obtuse, pubescent: acorn
+nearly cylindrical or ovoid, tapering to a broad, rounded top.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in all
+well-drained soils, but prefers a rich, moist loam; more readily
+obtainable than most of our oaks; in common with other trees of the
+genus, nursery trees must be transplanted frequently to be moved with
+safety; grows rapidly and is fairly free from disfiguring insects; the
+oak-pruner occasionally lops off its twigs. When once established, it
+grows as rapidly as the sugar maple, and is worthy of much more extended
+use in street and landscape plantations. Propagated from the seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLIII.--Quercus rubra.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Fertile flowers, side view.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Quercus coccinea, Wang.=
+
+SCARLET OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Most common in dry soil.
+
+     Ontario.
+
+Maine,--valley of the Androscoggin, southward; New Hampshire and
+Vermont,--not authoritatively reported by recent observers;
+Massachusetts,--more common in the eastern than western sections,
+sometimes covering considerable areas; Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to the middle states and along the mountains to North
+     Carolina and Tennessee; reported from Florida; west to Minnesota,
+     Nebraska, and Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 30-50 feet high and 1-3 feet in trunk
+diameter; attaining greater dimensions southward; trunk straight and
+tapering, branches regular, long, comparatively slender, not contorted,
+the lower nearly horizontal, often declined at the ends; branchlets
+slender; head open, narrow-oblong or rounded, graceful; foliage deeply
+cut, shining green in summer and flaming scarlet in autumn; the most
+brilliant and most elegant of the New England oaks.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk in old trees dark gray, roughly and firmly ridged; inner
+bark red; young trees and branches smoothish, often marked with dull red
+seams and more or less mottled with gray.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, reddish-brown, ovate to oval,
+acutish, partially hidden by enlarged base of petiole. Leaves simple,
+alternate, extremely variable, more commonly 3-6 inches long, two-thirds
+as wide, bright green and shining above, paler beneath, smooth on both
+sides but often with a tufted pubescence on the axils beneath, turning
+scarlet in autumn, deeply lobed, the rounded sinuses sometimes reaching
+nearly to the midrib; lobes 5-9, rather slender and set at varying
+angles, sparingly toothed and bristly tipped; apex acute; base truncate
+to acute; leafstalk 1-1-1/2 inches long, slender, swollen at base.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Early in May. Appearing when the leaves are half
+grown; sterile catkins 2-4 inches long; calyx most commonly 4-parted;
+pubescent; stamens commonly 4, exserted; anthers yellow, glabrous:
+pistillate flowers red; stigmas long, spreading, reflexed.
+
+=Fruit.=--Maturing in the autumn of the second year, single or in twos
+or threes, sessile or on rather short footstalks: cup top-shaped or
+cup-shaped, about half the length of the acorn, occasionally nearly
+enclosing it, smooth, more or less polished, thin-edged; scales closely
+appressed, firm, elongated, triangular, sides sometimes rounded,
+homogeneous in the same plant: acorn 1/2-3/4 inch long, variable in
+shape, oftenest oval to oblong: kernel white within; less bitter than
+kernel of the black oak.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in any
+light, well-drained soil, but prefers a fertile loam. Occasionally
+offered by nurserymen, but as it is disposed to make unsymmetrical young
+trees it is not grown in quantity, and it is not desirable for streets.
+Its rapid growth, hardiness, beauty of summer foliage, and its brilliant
+colors in autumn make it desirable in ornamental plantations. Propagated
+from the seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLIV.--Quercus coccinea.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flowers, side view.
+  4. Fertile flower, side view.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Quercus velutina, Lam.=
+
+_Quercus tinctoria, Bartram. Quercus coccinea_, var. _tinctoria, Gray._
+
+BLACK OAK. YELLOW OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Poor soils; dry or gravelly uplands; rocky ridges.
+
+     Southern and western Ontario.
+
+Maine,--York county; New Hampshire,--valley of the lower Merrimac and
+eastward, absent on the highlands, reappearing within three or four
+miles of the Connecticut, ceasing at North Charlestown;
+Vermont,--western and southeastern sections; Massachusetts,--abundant
+eastward; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--frequent.
+
+     South to the Gulf states; west to Minnesota, Kansas, Indian
+     territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--One of our largest oaks, 50-75 feet high and 2-4 feet in
+diameter, exceptionally much larger, attaining its maximum in the Ohio
+and Mississippi basins; resembling _Q. coccinea_ in the general
+disposition of its mostly stouter branches; head wide-spreading,
+rounded; trunk short; foliage deep shining green, turning yellowish or
+reddish brown in autumn.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk dark gray or blackish, often lighter near the
+seashore, thick, usually rough near the ground even in young trees, in
+old trees deeply furrowed, separating into narrow, thick, and firmly
+adherent block-like strips; inner bark thick, yellow, and bitter;
+branches and branchlets a nearly uniform, mottled gray; season's shoots
+scurfy-pubescent.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds 1/8-1/4 inch long, bluntish to pointed,
+conspicuously clustered at ends of branches. Leaves simple, alternate,
+of two forms so distinct as to suggest different species, _a_ (Plate
+XLV, 8) varying towards _b_ (Plate XLV, 6), and _b_ often scarcely
+distinguishable from the leaf of the scarlet oak; in both forms outline
+obovate to oval, lobes usually 7, densely woolly when opening, more or
+less pubescent or scurfy till midsummer or later, dark shining green
+above, lighter beneath, becoming brown or dull red in autumn.
+
+Form _a_, sinuses shallow, lobes broad, rounded, mucronate.
+
+Form _b_, sinuses deep, extending halfway to the midrib or farther,
+oblong or triangular, bristle-tipped.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Early in May. Appearing when the leaves are half
+grown; sterile catkins 2-5 inches long, with slender, pubescent threads;
+calyx usually 3-4-lobed; lobes ovate, acute to rounded, hairy-pubescent;
+stamens 3-7, commonly 4-5; anthers yellow: pistillate flowers reddish,
+pubescent, at first nearly sessile; stigmas 3, red, divergent,
+reflexed.
+
+=Fruit.=--Maturing the second year; nearly sessile or on short
+footstalks: cup top-shaped to hemispherical; scales less firm than in
+_Q. coccinea_, tips papery and transversely rugulose, obtuse or rounded,
+or some of them acutish, often lacerate-edged, loose towards the thick
+and open edge of the cup: acorn small: kernel yellow within and bitter.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in
+well-drained soils, but prefers a rich, moist loam; of vigorous and
+rapid growth when young, but as it soon begins to show dead branches and
+becomes unsightly, it is not a desirable tree to plant, and is rarely
+offered by nurserymen. Propagated from seed.
+
+=Note.=--Apparently runs into _Q. coccinea_, from which it may be
+distinguished by its rougher and darker trunk, the yellow color and
+bitter taste of the inner bark, its somewhat larger and more pointed
+buds, the greater pubescence of its inflorescence, young shoots and
+leaves, the longer continuance of scurf or pubescence upon the leaves,
+the yellow or dull red shades of the autumn foliage, and by the yellow
+color and bitter taste of the nut.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLV.--Quercus velutina.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, 4-lobed calyx.
+  4. Sterile flower, 3-lobed calyx.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+  7. Fruit.
+  8. Variant leaf.
+
+
+=Quercus palustris, Du Roi.=
+
+PIN OAK. SWAMP OAK. WATER OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low grounds, borders of forests, wet woods, river
+banks, islets in swamps.
+
+     Ontario.
+
+Northern New England,--no station reported; Massachusetts,--Amherst
+(Stone, _Bull. Torrey Club_, IX, 57; J. E. Humphrey, _Amherst Trees_);
+Springfield, south to Connecticut, rare; Rhode Island,--southern
+portions, bordering the great Kingston swamp, and on the margin of the
+Pawcatuck river (L. W. Russell); Connecticut,--common along the sound,
+frequent northward, extending along the valley of the Connecticut river
+to the Massachusetts line.
+
+     South to the valley of the lower Potomac in Virginia; west to
+     Minnesota, east Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas, and Indian territory.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 40-50 feet high, with trunk diameter of
+1-2 feet, occasionally reaching a height of 60-70 feet (L. W. Russell),
+but attaining its maximum of 100 feet in height and upward in the basins
+of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers; trunk rather slender, often fringed
+with short, drooping branchlets, lower tier of branches short and mostly
+descending, the upper long, slender, and often beset with short, lateral
+shoots, which give rise to the common name; head graceful, open, rounded
+and symmetrical when young, in old age becoming more or less irregular;
+foliage delicate; bright shining green in autumn, often turning to a
+brilliant scarlet.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk dark, furrowed and broken in old trees, in young
+trees grayish-brown, smoothish; branchlets shining, light brown.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds short, conical, acute. Leaves simple,
+alternate, 3-5 inches long, bright green, smooth and shining above,
+duller beneath, with tufted hairs in the angles of the veins; outline
+broadly obovate to ovate; lobes divergent, triangular, toothed or
+entire, bristle-pointed; sinuses broad, rounded; leafstalk slender;
+stipules linear, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing when the leaves are half grown; sterile
+catkins 2-4 inches long; segments of calyx mostly 4 or 5, obtuse or
+rounded, somewhat lacerate; stamens mostly 4 or 5, anthers yellow,
+glabrous: pistillate flowers with broadly ovate scales; stigmas stout,
+red, reflexed.
+
+=Fruit.=--Abundant, maturing the second season, short-stemmed: cup
+saucer-shaped, with firm, appressed scales, shallow: acorns ovoid to
+globose, about 1/2 inch long, often striate, breadth sometimes equal to
+entire length of fruit.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Probably hardy throughout New England; grows in
+wet soils, but prefers a rich, moist loam; of rapid and uniform
+growth, readily and safely transplanted, and but little disfigured by
+insects; obtainable in leading nurseries. Propagated from the seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLVI.--Quercus palustris.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower, side view.
+  4. Fertile flower, side view.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.=
+
+_Quercus nana, Sarg. Quercus pumila, Sudw._
+
+SCRUB OAK. BEAR OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In poor soils; sandy plains, gravelly or rocky
+hills.
+
+Maine,--frequent in eastern and southern sections and upon Mount Desert
+island; New Hampshire,--as far north as Conway, more common near the
+lower Connecticut; Vermont,--in the eastern and southern sections as far
+north as Bellows Falls; Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and
+Connecticut,--too abundant, forming in favorable situations dense
+thickets, sometimes covering several acres.
+
+     South to Ohio and the mountain regions of North Carolina and
+     Kentucky; west to the Alleghany mountains.
+
+=Habit.=--Shrub or small tree, usually 3-8 feet high, but frequently
+reaching a height of 15-25 feet; trunk short, sometimes in peaty swamps
+10-13 inches in diameter near the ground, branches much contorted,
+throwing out numerous branchlets of similar habit, forming a stiff,
+flattish head; beautiful for a brief week in spring by the delicate
+greens and reds of the opening leaves and reds and yellows of the
+numerous catkins. Sometimes associated with _Q. prinoides_.
+
+=Bark.=--Old trunks dark gray, with small, closely appressed scales;
+small trunks and branches grayish-brown, not furrowed or scaly; younger
+branches marked with pale yellow, raised dots; season's shoots
+yellowish-green, with a tawny, scurfy pubescence.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds 1/8-1/4 inch long, ovoid or conical,
+covered with imbricated, brownish, minutely ciliate scales. Leaves
+simple, alternate, 3-4 inches long and 2-3 inches broad; when unfolding
+reddish above and woolly on both sides, when mature yellowish-green and
+somewhat glossy above, smooth except on the midrib, rusty-white, and
+pubescent beneath; very variable in outline and in the number (3-7) and
+shape of lobes, sometimes entire, oftenest obovate with 5 bristle-tipped
+angular lobes, the two lower much smaller; base unequal, wedge-shaped,
+tip obtuse or rounded; leafstalk short; stipules linear, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Early in May. Appearing when the leaves are half
+grown; sterile catkins 2-4 inches long; calyx pubescent, lobes oftenest
+2-3, rounded; stamens 3-5; anthers red or yellow: pistillate flowers
+numerous; calyx lobes ovate, pointed, reddish, pubescent; stigmas 3,
+reddish, recurved, spreading.
+
+=Fruit.=--Abundant, maturing in the autumn of the second year, clustered
+along the branchlets on stout, short stems: cup top-shaped or
+hemispherical: acorn about 1/2 inch long, varying greatly in shape,
+mostly ovoid or spherical, brown, often striped lengthwise.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; grows well in dry,
+gravelly, ledgy, or sandy soil, where few other trees thrive; useful in
+such situations where a low growth is required; but as it is not
+procurable in quantity from nurseries, it must be grown from the seed.
+The leaves are at times stripped off by caterpillars, but otherwise it
+is not seriously affected by insects or fungous diseases.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLVII.--Quercus ilicifolia.]
+
+  1. Flowering branch.
+  2. Sterile flower, side view.
+  3. Fertile flowers, side view.
+  4. Fruiting branch.
+  5. Variant leaves.
+
+
+
+
+ULMACEAE. ELM FAMILY.
+
+
+=Ulmus Americana, L.=
+
+ELM. AMERICAN ELM. WHITE ELM.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, moist ground; thrives especially on rich
+intervales.
+
+     From Cape Breton to Saskatchewan, as far north as 54 deg. 30'.
+
+Maine,--common, most abundant in central and southern portions; New
+Hampshire,--common from the southern base of the White mountains to the
+sea; in the remaining New England states very common, attaining its
+highest development in the rich alluvium of the Connecticut river
+valley.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--In the fullness of its vigor the American elm is the most
+stately and graceful of the New England trees, 50-110 feet high and 1-8
+feet in diameter above the swell of the roots; characterized by an
+erect, more or less feathered or naked trunk, which loses itself
+completely in the branches, by arching limbs, drooping branchlets set at
+a wide angle, and by a spreading head widest near the top. Modifications
+of these elements give rise to various well-marked forms which have
+received popular names.
+
+1. In the vase-shaped tree, which is usually regarded as the type, the
+trunk separates into several large branches which rise, slowly
+diverging, 40-50 feet, and then sweep outward in wide arches, the
+smaller branches and spray becoming pendent.
+
+2. In the umbrella form the trunk remains entire nearly to the top of
+the tree, when the branches spread out abruptly, forming a broad,
+shallow arch, fringed at the circumference with long, drooping
+branchlets.
+
+3. The slender trunk of the plume elm rises, usually undivided, a
+considerable height, begins to curve midway, and is capped with a
+one-sided tuft of branches and delicate, elongated branchlets.
+
+4. The drooping elm differs from the type in the height of the arch and
+greater droop of the branches, which sometimes sweep the ground.
+
+5. In the oak form the limbs are more or less tortuous and less arching,
+forming a wide-spreading, rounded head.
+
+In all forms short, irregular, pendent branchlets are occasional along
+the trunks. The trees most noticeably feathered are usually of medium
+size, and have few large branches, the superfluous vitality manifesting
+itself in a copious fringe, which sometimes invests and obliterates the
+great pillars which support the masses of foliage. Conspicuous at all
+seasons of the year,--in spring when its brown buds are swollen to
+bursting, or when the myriads of flowers, insignificant singly, give in
+the sunlight an atmosphere of purplish-brown; when clothed with light,
+airy masses of deep green in summer or pale yellow in autumn, or in
+winter when the great trunk and mighty sweep of the arching branches
+distinguish it from all other trees. The roots lie near the surface and
+run a great distance.
+
+=Bark.=--Dark gray, irregularly and broadly striate, rather firmly
+ridged, in very old trees sometimes partially detached in plates;
+branches ash-gray, smooth; branchlets reddish-brown; season's shoots
+often pubescent, light brown in late fall.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate, brown, flattened, obtuse to
+acute, smooth. Leaves simple, alternate, 2-5 inches long, 2-3 inches
+wide, dark green and roughish above, lighter and downy at first beneath;
+outline ovate or oval to obovate-oblong, sharply and usually doubly
+serrate; apex abruptly pointed; base half acute, half rounded, produced
+on one side, often slightly heart-shaped or obtuse; veins straight and
+prominent; leafstalk stout, short; stipules small, soon falling. Leaves
+drop in early autumn.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April. In loose lateral clusters along the preceding
+season's shoots; flowers brown or purplish, mostly perfect, with
+occasional sterile and fertile on the same tree; stems slender; calyx
+7-9-lobed, hairy or smooth; stamens 7-9, filaments slender, anthers
+exserted, brownish-red; ovary flat, green, ciliate; styles 2.
+
+=Fruit.=--Ripening in May, before the leaves are fully grown, a samara,
+1/2 inch in diameter, oval or ovate, smooth on both sides, hairy on
+the edge, the notch in the margin closed or partially closed by the two
+incurved points.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in any soil,
+but prefers a deep, rich loam; the ideal street tree with its high,
+overarching branches and moderate shade; grows rapidly, throws out few
+low branches, bears pruning well; now so seriously affected by numerous
+insect enemies that it is not planted as freely as heretofore;
+objectionable on the borders of gardens or mowing land, as the roots run
+along near the surface for a great distance. Very largely grown in
+nurseries, usually from seed, sometimes from small collected plants.
+Though so extremely variable in outline, there are no important
+horticultural forms in cultivation.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLVIII.--Ulmus Americana.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower, side view.
+  4. Fruiting branch.
+  5. Mature leaf.
+
+
+=Ulmus fulva, Michx.=
+
+_Ulmus pubescens, Walt._
+
+SLIPPERY ELM. RED ELM.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Rich, low grounds, low, rocky woods and hillsides.
+
+     Valley of the St. Lawrence, apparently not abundant.
+
+Maine,--District of Maine (Michaux, _Sylva of North America_, ed. 1853,
+III, 53), rare; Waterborough (York county, Chamberlain, 1898); New
+Hampshire,--valley of the Connecticut, usually disappearing within ten
+miles of the river; ranges as far north as the mouth of the Passumpsic;
+Vermont,--frequent; Massachusetts,--rare in the eastern sections,
+frequent westward; Rhode Island.--infrequent; Connecticut,--occasional.
+
+    South to Florida; west to North Dakota and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A small or medium-sized tree, 40-60 feet high, with a trunk
+diameter of 1-2-1/2 feet; head in proportion to the height of the tree,
+the widest spreading of the species, characterized by its dark, hairy
+buds and rusty-green, dense and rough foliage.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk brown and in old trees deeply furrowed; larger
+branches grayish-brown, somewhat striate; branchlets grayish-brown,
+rough, marked with numerous dots, downy; season's shoots light gray and
+very rough; inner bark mucilaginous, hence the name "slippery elm."
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate to rounded-cylindrical, acute or
+obtuse, very dark, densely tomentose, very conspicuous just before
+unfolding. Leaves simple, alternate, 4-8 inches long, 3-4 inches wide,
+thickish, minutely hairy above and woolly beneath when young, at
+maturity pale rusty-green and very rough both ways upon the upper
+surface, scarcely less beneath, rough and hairy along the ribs;
+sweet-scented when dried; outline oblong, ovate-oblong, or oval, doubly
+serrate; apex acuminate; base more or less heart-shaped or obtuse,
+inequilateral; leafstalk short, rough, hairy; stipules small, soon
+falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--March to April. Preceding the leaves, from the lateral
+buds of the preceding season, in clusters of nearly sessile, purplish
+flowers; sterile, fertile, and perfect on the same tree; calyx
+5-9-lobed, downy; corolla none; stamens 5-9, anthers dark red; ovary
+flattened; styles two, purple, downy.
+
+=Fruit.=--A samara, winged all round, 3/4 inch in diameter, roundish,
+pubescent over the seed, not fringed, larger than the fruit of _U.
+Americana_.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; does well in
+various situations, but prefers a light, sandy or gravelly soil near
+running water; grows more rapidly than _U. Americana_, and is less
+liable to the attacks of insects; its large foliage and graceful outline
+make it worthy of a place in ornamental plantations. Propagated from
+seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLIX.--Ulmus fulva.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch,
+  3. Flower, top view.
+  4. Flower, side view, part of perianth and stamens removed.
+  5. Pistil.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Ulmus racemosa, Thomas.=
+
+CORK ELM. ROCK ELM.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Dry, gravelly soils, rich soils, river banks.
+
+     Quebec through Ontario.
+
+Maine,--not reported; New Hampshire,--rare and extremely local; Meriden
+and one or two other places (Jessup); Vermont,--rare, Bennington, Pownal
+(Robbins), Knowlton (Brainerd), Highgate (Eggleston); comparatively
+abundant in Champlain valley and westward (T. H. Haskins, _Garden and
+Forest_, V, 86); Massachusetts,--rare; Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,--not reported native.
+
+     South to Tennessee; west to Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska and Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--A large tree, scarcely inferior at its best to _U. Americana_,
+50-75 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet; reaching in southern
+Michigan a height of 100 feet and a diameter of 5 feet; trunk rather
+slender; branches short and stout, often twiggy in the interior of the
+tree; branchlets slender, spreading, sometimes with a drooping tendency;
+head rather narrow, round-topped.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk brownish-gray, in old trees irregularly separated
+into deep, wide, flat-topped ridges; branches grayish-brown; leaf-scars
+conspicuous; season's shoots light brown, more or less pubescent or
+glabrous, oblong-dotted; branches and branchlets often marked lengthwise
+with corky, wing-like ridges.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate to oblong, pointed, scales
+downy-ciliate, pubescent. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-4 inches long,
+half as wide, glabrous above, minutely pubescent beneath; outline ovate,
+doubly serrate (less sharp than the serratures in _U. Americana_); apex
+acuminate; base inequilateral, produced and rounded on one side, acute
+or slightly rounded on the other; veins straight; leafstalk short,
+stout; stipules soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Appearing before the leaves from lateral
+buds of the preceding season, in drooping racemes; calyx lobes 7-8,
+broad-triangular, with rounded edges and a mostly obtuse apex: pedicels
+thread-like, jointed; stamens 5-10, exserted, anthers purple, ovary
+2-styled: stigmas recurved or spreading.
+
+=Fruit.=--Samara ovate, broadly oval, or obovate, pubescent, margin
+densely fringed, resembling fruit of _U. Americana_ but somewhat larger.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a moist,
+rich soil, in open situations; less variable in habit than the American
+elm and a smaller tree with smaller foliage, scarcely varying enough to
+justify its extensive use as a substitute. Not often obtainable in
+nurseries, but readily transplanted, and easily propagated from the
+seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE L.--Ulmus racemosa.]
+
+  1. Winter buds, at the time the flowers open.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower, side view.
+  4. Flower, side view, perianth and stamens partly removed.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS, L.
+
+HACKBERRY. NETTLE TREE. HOOP ASH. SUGAR BERRY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In divers situations and soils; woods, river
+banks, near salt marshes.
+
+     Province of Quebec to Lake of the Woods, occasional.
+
+Maine,--not reported; New Hampshire,--sparingly along the Connecticut
+valley, as far as Wells river; Vermont,--along Lake Champlain, not
+common; Norwich and Windsor on the Connecticut (Eggleston);
+Massachusetts,--occasional throughout the state; Rhode Island,--common
+(Bailey); Connecticut,--common (J. N. Bishop).
+
+     South to the Gulf states; west to Minnesota and Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--A small or medium-sized tree, 20-45 feet high, with a trunk
+diameter of 8 inches to 2 feet; attaining farther south a maximum of 100
+feet in height, with a trunk diameter of 4-6 feet; variable; most
+commonly the rough, straight trunk, sometimes buttressed at the base,
+branches a few feet from the ground, sending out a few large limbs and
+numerous slender, horizontal or slightly drooping and more or less
+tortuous branches; head wide-spreading, flattish or often rounded, with
+deep green foliage which lasts into late autumn with little change in
+color, and with cherry-like fruit which holds on till the next spring.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in young trees grayish, rough, unbroken, in old
+trees with deep, short ridges; main branches corrugated; secondary
+branches close and even; branchlets pubescent; season's shoots
+reddish-brown, often downy, more or less shining.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, ovate, acute, scales chestnut
+brown. Leaves simple, alternate, extremely variable in size, outline,
+and texture, usually 2-4 inches long, two-thirds as wide, thin, deep
+green, and scarcely rough above, more or less pubescent beneath, with
+numerous and prominent veins, outline ovate to ovate-lanceolate, sharply
+serrate above the lower third; apex usually narrowly and sharply
+acuminate; base acutish, inequilateral, 3-nerved, entire; leafstalk
+slender; stipules lanceolate, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing with the leaves from the axils of the
+season's shoots, sterile and fertile flowers usually separate on the
+same tree; flowers slender-stemmed, the sterile in clusters at the base
+of the shoot, the fertile in the axils above, usually solitary; calyx
+greenish, segments oblong; stamens 4-6, in the fertile flowers about the
+length of the 4 lobes, in the sterile exserted; ovary with two long,
+recurved stigmas.
+
+=Fruit.=--Drupes, on long slender stems, globular, about the size of the
+fruit of the wild red cherry, purplish-red when ripe, thin-meated,
+edible, lasting through the winter.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in all
+well-drained soils, but prefers a deep, rich, moist loam. Young trees
+grow rather slowly and are more or less distorted, and trees of the same
+age often vary considerably in size and habit; hence it is not a
+desirable street tree, but it appears well in ornamental grounds. A
+disease which seriously disfigures the tree is extending to New England,
+and the leaves are sometimes attacked by insects. Occasionally offered
+by nurserymen and easily transplanted.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LI.--Celtis occidentalis.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Fertile flower.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+MORACEAE. MULBERRY FAMILY.
+
+
+=Morus rubra, L.=
+
+MULBERRY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Banks of rivers, rich woods.
+
+     Canadian shore of Lake Erie.
+
+A rare tree in New England. Maine,--doubtfully reported; New
+Hampshire,--Pemigewasset valley, White mountains (Matthews);
+Vermont,--northern extremity of Lake Champlain, banks of the Connecticut
+(Flagg), Pownal (Oakes), North Pownal (Eggleston); Massachusetts,--rare;
+Rhode Island,--no station reported; Connecticut,--rare; Bristol,
+Plainville, North Guilford, East Rock and Norwich (J. N. Bishop).
+
+    South to Florida; west to Michigan, South Dakota, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A small tree, 15-25 feet in height, with a trunk diameter of
+8-15 inches; attaining much greater dimensions in the Ohio and
+Mississippi basins; a wide-branching, rounded tree, characterized by a
+milky sap, rather dense foliage, and fruit closely resembling in shape
+that of the high blackberry.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk light brown, rough, and more or less furrowed according
+to age; larger branches light greenish-brown; season's shoots gray and
+somewhat downy.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate, obtuse. Leaves simple, alternate,
+4-8 inches long, two-thirds as wide, rough above, yellowish-green and
+densely pubescent when young; at maturity dark green and downy beneath,
+turning yellow in autumn; conspicuously reticulated; outline variable,
+ovate, obovate, oblong or broadly oval, serrate-dentate with equal
+teeth, or irregularly 3-7-lobed; apex acuminate; base heart-shaped to
+truncate; stalk 1-2 inches long; stipules linear, serrate, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing with the leaves from the season's
+shoots, in axillary spikes, sterile and fertile flowers sometimes on the
+same tree, sometimes on different trees,--sterile flowers in spreading
+or pendulous spikes, about 1 inch long; calyx 4-parted; petals none;
+stamens 4, the inflexed filaments of which suddenly straighten
+themselves as the flower expands: fertile spikes spreading or pendent;
+calyx 4-parted, becoming fleshy in fruit; ovary sessile; stigmas 2,
+spreading.
+
+=Fruit.=--July to August. In drooping spikes about 1 inch long and 1/2
+inch in diameter; dark purplish-red, oblong, sweet and edible;
+apparently a simple fruit but really made up of the thickened calyx
+lobes of the spike.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in southern New England; grows rapidly in
+a good, moist soil in sun or shade; the large leaves start late and drop
+early; useful where it is hardy, in low tree plantations or as an
+undergrowth in woods; readily transplanted, but seldom offered for sale
+by nurserymen or collectors; propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LII.--Morus rubra.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  3. Sterile flower with stamens incurved.
+  4. Sterile flower expanded.
+  5. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  6. Fertile flower, side view.
+  7. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Morus alba, L.=
+
+Probably a native of China, where its leaves have from time immemorial
+furnished food for silkworms; extensively introduced and naturalized in
+India and central and southern Europe; introduced likewise into the
+United States and Canada from Ontario to Florida; occasionally
+spontaneous near dwellings, old trees sometimes marking the sites of
+houses that have long since disappeared.
+
+It may be distinguished from _M. rubra_ by its smooth, shining leaves,
+its whitish or pinkish fruit, and its greater susceptibility to frost.
+
+
+
+
+MAGNOLIACEAE. MAGNOLIA FAMILY.
+
+
+=Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.=
+
+TULIP TREE. WHITEWOOD. POPLAR.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Prefers a rich, loamy, moist soil.
+
+Vermont,--valley of the Hoosac river in the southwestern corner of the
+state; Massachusetts,--frequent in the Connecticut river valley and
+westward; reported as far east as Douglas, southeastern corner of
+Worcester county (R. M. Harper, _Rhodora_, II, 122); Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,--frequent, especially in the central and southern portions
+of the latter state.
+
+     South to the Gulf states; west to Wisconsin; occasional in the
+     eastern sections of Missouri and Arkansas; attains great size in
+     the basins of the Ohio and its tributaries, and southward along the
+     Mississippi river bottoms.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 50-70 feet high; trunk 2-3 feet in
+diameter, straight, cylindrical; head rather open, more or less
+cone-shaped, in the dense forest lifted high and spreading; branches
+small for the size of the tree, set at varying angles, often decurrent,
+becoming scraggly with age. The shapely trunk, erect, showy blossoms,
+green, cone-like fruit, and conspicuous bright green truncate leaves
+give the tulip tree an air of peculiar distinction.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk ashen-gray and smoothish in young trees, becoming
+at length dark, seamed, and furrowed; the older branches gray; the
+season's shoots of a shining chestnut, with minute dots and conspicuous
+leaf-scars; glabrous or dusty-pubescent; bark of roots pale brown,
+fleshy, with an agreeable aromatic smell and pungent taste.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Terminal buds 1/2-1 inch long; narrow-oblong;
+flattish; covered by two chestnut-brown dotted scales, which persist as
+appendages at the base of the leafstalk, often enclosing several leaves
+which develop one after the other. Leaves simple, alternate, lobed; 3-5
+inches long and nearly as broad, dark green and smooth on the upper
+surface, lighter, with minute dusty pubescence beneath, becoming yellow
+and russet brown in autumn; usually with four rounded or pointed lobes,
+the two upper abruptly cut off at the apex, and separated by a slight
+indentation or notch more or less broad and shallow at the top; all the
+lobes entire, or 2-3 sublobed, or coarsely toothed; base truncate, acute
+or heart-shaped; leafstalks as long or longer than the blade, slender,
+enlarged at the base; stipules 1-2 inches long, pale yellow, oblong,
+often persisting till the leaf is fully developed.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Late May or early June. Flowers conspicuous, solitary,
+terminal, held erect by a stout stem, tulip-shaped, 1-1/2-2 inches long,
+opening at the top about 2 inches. There are two triangular bracts which
+fall as the flower opens; three greenish, concave sepals, at length
+reflexed; six greenish-yellow petals with an orange spot near the base
+of each; numerous stamens somewhat shorter than the petals; and pistils
+clinging together about a central axis.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cone-like, formed of numerous carpels, often abortive, which
+fall away from the axis at maturity; each long, flat carpel encloses in
+the cavity at its base one or two orange seeds which hang out for a time
+on flexible, silk-like threads.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--An ornamental tree of great merit; hardy except
+in the coldest parts of New England; difficult to transplant, but
+growing rapidly when established; comes into leaf rather early and holds
+its foliage till mid-fall, shedding it in a short time when mature;
+adapts itself readily to good, light soils, but grows best in moist
+loam. It has few disfiguring insect enemies. Mostly propagated by seed,
+but sometimes successfully collected; for sale in the leading nurseries
+and usually obtainable in large quantities. Of abnormal forms offered by
+nurserymen, one has an upright habit approaching that of the Lombardy
+poplar; another has variegated leaves, and another leaves without lobes.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LIII.--Liriodendron Tulipifera.]
+
+  1. Winter bud, terminal.
+  2. Opening leaf-bud with stipules.
+  3. Flowering branch.
+  4. Fruit.
+  5. Fruit with many carpels removed.
+  6. Carpel with seeds.
+
+
+
+
+LAURACEAE. LAUREL FAMILY.
+
+
+=Sassafras officinale, Nees.=
+
+_Sassafras Sassafras, Karst._
+
+SASSAFRAS.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In various soils and situations; sandy or rich
+woods, along the borders of peaty swamps.
+
+     Provinces of Quebec and Ontario.
+
+Maine,--this tree grows not beyond Black Point (Scarboro, Cumberland
+county) eastward (Josselyn's _New England Rarities_, 1672); not reported
+again by botanists for more than two hundred years; rediscovered at
+Wells in 1895 (Walter Deane) and North Berwick in 1896 (J. C. Parlin);
+New Hampshire,--lower Merrimac valley, eastward to the coast and along
+the Connecticut valley to Bellows Falls; Vermont,--occasional south of
+the center; Pownal (Robbins, Eggleston); Hartland and Brattleboro
+(Bates), Vernon (Grant); Massachusetts,--common especially in the
+eastern sections; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Michigan, Iowa, Kansas, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--Generally a shrub or small tree but sometimes reaching a
+height of 40-50 feet and a trunk diameter of 2-4 feet; attaining a
+maximum in the southern and southwestern states of 80-100 feet in height
+and a trunk diameter of 6-7 feet; head open, flattish or rounded;
+branches at varying angles, stout, crooked, and irregular; spray bushy;
+marked in winter by the contrasting reddish-brown of the trunk, the
+bright yellowish-green of the shoots and the prominent flower-buds, in
+early spring by the drooping racemes of yellow flowers, in autumn by the
+rich yellow or red-tinted foliage and handsome fruit, at all seasons by
+the aromatic odor and spicy flavor of all parts of the tree, especially
+the bark of the root.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk deep reddish-brown, deeply and firmly ridged in
+old trees, in young trees greenish-gray, finely and irregularly striate,
+the outer layer often curiously splitting, resembling a sort of filagree
+work; branchlets reddish-brown, marked with warts of russet brown;
+season's shoots at first minutely pubescent, in the fall more or less
+mottled, bright yellowish-green.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Flower-buds conspicuous, terminal, ovate to
+elliptical, the outer scales rather loose, more or less pubescent, the
+inner glossy, pubescent; lateral buds much smaller. Leaves simple,
+alternate, often opposite, 3-5 inches long, two-thirds as wide,
+downy-tomentose when young, at maturity smooth, yellowish-green above,
+lighter beneath, with midrib conspicuous and minutely hairy; outline of
+two forms, one oval to oblong, entire, usually rounded at the apex,
+wedge-shaped at base; the other oval to obovate, mitten-shaped or
+3-lobed to about the center, with rounded sinuses; apex obtuse or
+rounded; base wedge-shaped; leafstalk about 1 inch long; stipules none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April or early May. Appearing with the leaves in
+slender, bracted, greenish-yellow, corymbous racemes, from terminal buds
+of the preceding season, sterile and fertile flowers on separate
+trees,--sterile flowers with 9 stamens, each of the three inner with two
+stalked orange-colored glands, anthers 4-celled, ovary abortive or
+wanting: fertile flowers with 6 rudimentary stamens in one row; ovary
+ovoid; style short.
+
+=Fruit.=--Generally scanty, drupes, ovoid, deep blue, with club-shaped,
+bright red stalk.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; adapted to a great
+variety of soils, but prefers a stony, well-drained loam or gravel. Its
+irregular masses of foliage, which color so brilliantly in the fall,
+make it an extremely interesting tree in plantations, but it has always
+been rare in nurseries and difficult to transplant; suckers, however,
+can be moved readily. Propagated easily from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LIV.--Sassafras officinale.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+HAMAMELIDACEAE. WITCH HAZEL FAMILY.
+
+
+=Liquidambar Styraciflua, L.=
+
+SWEET GUM.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, wet soil, swamps, moist woods.
+
+Connecticut,--restricted to the southwest corner of the state, not far
+from the seacoast; Darien to Five Mile river, probably the northeastern
+limit of its natural growth.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Missouri and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--Tree 40-60 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 10 inches to 2
+feet, attaining a height of 150 feet and a diameter of 3-5 feet in the
+Ohio and Mississippi valleys; trunk tall and straight; branches rather
+small for the diameter and height of the tree, the lower mostly
+horizontal or declining; branchlets beset with numerous short, rather
+stout, curved twigs; head wide-spreading, ovoid or narrow-pyramidal,
+symmetrical; conspicuous in summer by its deep green, shining foliage,
+in autumn by the splendor of its coloring, and in winter by the
+long-stemmed, globular fruit, which does not fall till spring.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk gray or grayish-brown, in old trees deeply furrowed and
+broken up into rather small, thickish, loose scales; branches
+brown-gray; branchlets with or without prominent corky ridges on the
+upper side; young twigs yellowish.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate, reddish-brown, glossy, acute.
+Leaves simple, alternate, regular, 3-4 inches in diameter, dark green
+turning to reds, purples, and yellows in autumn, cut into the figure of
+a star by 5-7 equal, pointed lobes, glandular-serrate, smooth, shining
+on the upper surface, fragrant when bruised; base more or less
+heart-shaped; stalk slender.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Developing from a bud of the season; sterile
+flowers in an erect or spreading, cylindrical catkin; calyx none; petals
+none, stamens many, intermixed with minute scales: fertile flowers
+numerous, gathered in a long peduncled head; calyx consisting of fine
+scales; corolla none; pistil with 2-celled ovary and 2 long styles.
+
+=Fruit.=--In spherical, woody heads, about 1 inch in diameter, suspended
+by a slender thread: a sort of aggregate fruit made up of the hardened,
+coherent ovaries, holding on till spring, each containing one or two
+perfect seeds.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy along the southern shores of New England;
+grows in good wet or dry soils, preferring clays. Young plants are
+tender in Massachusetts, but if protected a few seasons until well
+established make hardy trees of medium size. It is offered by
+nurserymen, but must be frequently transplanted to be moved with safety;
+rate of growth rather slow and nearly uniform to maturity. Propagated
+from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LV.--Liquidambar styraciflua.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Fertile flower.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+PLATANACEAE. PLANE-TREE FAMILY.
+
+
+=Platanus occidentalis, L.=
+
+BUTTONWOOD. SYCAMORE. BUTTONBALL. PLANE TREE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Near streams, river bottoms, and low, damp woods.
+
+     Ontario.
+
+Maine,--apparently restricted to York county; New Hampshire,--Merrimac
+valley towards the coast; along the Connecticut as far as Walpole;
+Vermont,--scattering along the river shores, quite abundant along the
+Hoosac in Pownal (Eggleston); Massachusetts,--occasional; Rhode Island
+and Connecticut,--rather common.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A tree of the first magnitude, 50-100 feet and upwards in
+height, with a diameter of 3-8 feet; reaching in the rich alluvium of
+the Ohio and Mississippi valleys a maximum of 125 feet in height and a
+diameter of 20 feet; the largest tree of the New England forest,
+conspicuous by its great height, massive trunk and branches, and by its
+magnificent, wide-spreading, dome-shaped or pyramidal, open head. The
+sunlight, streaming through the large-leafed, rusty foliage, reveals the
+curiously mottled patchwork bark; and the long-stemmed, globular fruit
+swings to every breeze till spring comes again.
+
+The lower branches are often very long and almost horizontal, and the
+branchlets frequently have a tufted, broom-like appearance, due probably
+to the action of a fungous disease on the young growth.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and large branches dark greenish-gray, sometimes
+rough and closely adherent, but usually flaking off in broad, thin,
+brittle scales, exposing the green or buff inner bark, which becomes
+nearly white on exposure; branchlets light brown, sometimes ridgy
+towards the ends, marked with numerous inconspicuous dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds short, ovate, obtuse, enclosed in the
+swollen base of a petiole, and, after the fall of the leaf, encircled
+by the leaf-scar. Leaves simple, alternate, 5-6 inches long, 7-10 wide,
+pubescent on both sides when young, at maturity light rusty-green above,
+light green beneath, finally smooth, turning yellow in autumn,
+coriaceous; outline reniform; margin coarse-toothed or sinuate-lobed,
+the short lobes ending in a sharp point; base heart-shaped to nearly
+truncate; leafstalk 1-2 inches long, swollen at the base; stipules
+sheathing, often united, forming a sort of ruffle.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. In crowded spherical heads; flowers of both kinds
+with insignificant calyx and corolla,--sterile heads from terminal or
+lateral buds of the preceding season, on short and pendulous stems;
+stamens few, usually 4, anthers 2-celled: fertile heads from shoots of
+the season, on long, slender stems, made up of closely compacted ovate
+ovaries with intermingled scales, ovaries surmounted by hairy one-sided
+recurved styles, with bright red stigmas.
+
+=Fruit.=--In heads, mostly solitary, about 1 inch in diameter,
+persistent till spring: nutlets small, hairy, 1-seeded.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a deep,
+rich, loamy soil near water, but grows in almost any situation; of more
+rapid growth than almost any other native tree, and formerly planted
+freely in ornamental grounds and on streets, but fungous diseases
+disfigure it so seriously, and the late frosts so often kill the young
+leaves that it is now seldom obtainable in nurseries; usually propagated
+from seed. The European plane, now largely grown in some nurseries, is a
+suitable substitute.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LVI.--Platanus occidentalis.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch with sterile and fertile heads.
+  3. Stamen.
+  4. Pistil.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+  6. Stipule.
+  7. Bud with enclosing base of leafstalk.
+
+
+
+
+POMACEAE. APPLE FAMILY.
+
+
+Trees or shrubs; leaves simple or pinnate, mostly alternate, with
+stipules free from the leafstalk and usually soon falling; flowers
+regular, perfect; calyx 5-lobed; calyx-tube adnate to ovary; petals 5,
+inserted on the disk which lines the calyx-tube; stamens usually many,
+distinct, inserted with the petals; carpels of the ovary 1-5, partially
+or entirely united with each other; ovules 1-2 in each carpel; styles
+1-5; fruit a fleshy pome, often berry-like or drupe-like, formed by
+consolidation of the carpels with the calyx-tube.
+
+
+PYRUS. MALUS. AMELANCHIER. CRATAEGUS.
+
+
+=Pyrus Americana, DC.=
+
+_Sorbus Americana, Marsh._
+
+MOUNTAIN ASH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--River banks, cool woods, swamps, and mountains.
+
+     Newfoundland to Manitoba.
+
+Maine,--common; New Hampshire,--common along the watersheds of the
+Connecticut and Merrimac rivers and on the slopes of the White
+mountains; Vermont,--abundant far up the slopes of the Green mountains;
+Massachusetts,--Graylock, Wachusett, Watatic, and other mountainous
+regions; rare eastward; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--occasional in the
+northern sections.
+
+     South, in cold swamps and along the mountains to North Carolina;
+     west to Michigan and Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--A small tree, 15-20 feet high, often attaining in the woods of
+northern Maine and on the slopes of the White mountains a height of
+25-30 feet, with a trunk diameter of 12-15 inches; reduced at its
+extreme altitudes to a low shrub; head, in open ground, pyramidal or
+roundish; branches spreading and slender.
+
+=Bark.=--Closely resembling bark of _P. sambucifolia_.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.,=--Buds more or less scythe-shaped, acute,
+smooth, glutinous. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate; stem grooved,
+enlarged at base, reddish-brown above; stipules deciduous; leaflets
+11-19, 2-4 inches long, bright green above, paler beneath, smooth,
+narrow-oblong or lanceolate, the terminal often elliptical, finely and
+sharply serrate above the base; apex acuminate; base roundish to acute
+and unequally sided; sessile or nearly so, except in the odd leaflet.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--In terminal, densely compound, large and flattish
+cymes; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, white, roundish, short-clawed; stamens
+numerous; ovary inferior; styles 3.
+
+=Fruit.=--Round, bright red, about the size of a pea, lasting into
+winter.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a good,
+well-drained soil; rate of growth slow and nearly uniform. It is readily
+transplanted and would be useful on the borders of woods, in plantations
+of low trees, and in seaside exposures. Rare in nurseries and seldom for
+sale by collectors. The readily obtainable and more showy European _P.
+aucuparia_ is to be preferred for ornamental purposes.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LVII.--Pyrus Americana.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.
+  4. Petal.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht.=
+
+_Sorbus sambucifolia, R[oe]m._
+
+MOUNTAIN ASH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Mountain slopes, cool woods, along the shores of
+rivers and ponds, often associated with _P. Americana_, but climbing
+higher up the mountains.
+
+From Labrador and Nova Scotia west to the Rocky mountains, then
+northward along the mountain ranges to Alaska.
+
+Maine,--abundant in Aroostook county, Piscataquis county, Somerset
+county at least north to the Moose river, along the boundary mountains,
+about the Rangeley lakes and locally on Mount Desert Island; New
+Hampshire,--in the White mountain region; Vermont,--Mt. Mansfield,
+Willoughby mountain (Pringle); undoubtedly in other sections of these
+states; to be looked for along the edges of deep, cool swamps and at
+considerable elevations.
+
+     South of New England, probably only as an escape from cultivation;
+     west through the northern tier of states to the Rocky mountains,
+     thence northward along the mountain ranges to Alaska and south to
+     New Mexico and California.
+
+=Habit.=--A shrub 3-10 feet high, or small tree rising to a height of
+15-25 feet, reaching its maximum in northern New England, where it
+occasionally attains a height of 30-35 feet, with a trunk diameter of 15
+inches. It forms an open, wide-spreading, pyramidal or roundish head,
+resembling the preceding species in the color of bark, in foliage and
+fruit. Whether these are two distinct species is at the present
+problematical, as there are many intermediate forms, and the same tree
+sometimes furnishes specimens that would indubitably be referred to
+different species.
+
+=Bark.=--On old trees light brown and roughish on the trunk, separating
+into small scales curling up on one side; large limbs light-colored,
+smoothish, often conspicuously marked with coarse horizontal blotches
+and leaf-scars; season's shoots light brown, smooth, silvery dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Terminal bud 1 inch long, lateral 1/2 inch,
+appressed, brownish, scythe-shaped, acute, more or less glutinous.
+Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, stems grooved and reddish above,
+enlarged at base; stipules deciduous; leaflets 7-15, the odd one
+stalked, 1-3 inches long, 1/2-1 inch wide, bright green above, paler
+beneath, smooth, mostly ovate-oblong, serrate above the base; apex
+rounded or more usually tapering suddenly to a short point, or rarely
+acuminate; base inequilateral.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--In broad, compound cymes at the ends of the branches;
+flowers white and rather larger than those of _P. Americanus_; calyx
+5-lobed; petals 5, ovate, short-clawed; stamens numerous; pistil
+3-styled.
+
+=Fruit.=--In broad cymes; berries bright red, roundish, rather larger
+than those of _P. Americana_, holding on till winter.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England, though of shrub-like
+proportions in the southern sections; grows in exposed situations
+inland, and along the seashore. The dwarf habit, graceful foliage, and
+showy fruit give it an especial value in artificial plantations; but it
+is seldom for sale in nurseries and only occasionally by collectors. It
+is readily transplanted and is propagated by seed.
+
+=Note.=--In the European mountain ash, _P. aucuparia_, the leaves have a
+blunter apex than is usually found in either of the American species,
+and have a more decided tendency to double serration.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LVIII.--Pyrus sambucifolia.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.
+  4. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Pyrus communis, L.=
+
+PEAR TREE.
+
+The common pear, introduced from Europe; a frequent escape from
+cultivation throughout New England and elsewhere; becomes scraggly and
+shrubby in a wild state.
+
+
+=Pyrus Malus, L.=
+
+_Malus Malus, Britton_.
+
+APPLE TREE.
+
+The common apple; introduced from Europe; a more or less frequent escape
+wherever extensively cultivated, like the pear showing a tendency in a
+wild state to reversion.
+
+
+=Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic.=
+
+SHADBUSH. JUNE-BERRY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Dry, open woods, hillsides.
+
+     Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Lake Superior.
+
+New England,--throughout.
+
+     South to the Gulf of Mexico; west to Minnesota, Kansas, and
+     Louisiana.
+
+=Habit.=--Shrub or small tree, 10-25 feet high, with a trunk diameter of
+6-10 inches, reaching sometimes a height of 40 feet and trunk diameter
+of 18 inches; head rather wide-spreading, slender-branched, open;
+conspicuous in early spring, while other trees are yet naked, by its
+profuse display of loose spreading clusters of white flowers, and the
+delicate tints of the silky opening foliage.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk and large branches greenish-gray, smooth; branchlets
+purplish-brown, smooth.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, oblong-conical, pointed. Leaves
+2-3-1/2 inches long, about half as wide, slightly pubescent when young,
+dark bluish-green above at maturity, lighter beneath; outline varying
+from ovate to obovate, finely and sharply serrate; apex pointed or
+mucronate, often abruptly so; base somewhat heart-shaped or rounded;
+leafstalk about 1 inch long; stipules slender, silky, ciliate, soon
+falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Appearing with the leaves at the end of
+the branchlets in long, loose, spreading or drooping, nearly glabrous
+racemes; flowers large; calyx 5-cleft, campanulate, pubescent to nearly
+glabrous; segments lanceolate, acute, reflexed; petals 5, whole,
+narrow-oblong or oblong-spatulate, about 1 inch long, two to three times
+the length of the calyx; stamens numerous: ovary with style deeply
+5-parted.
+
+=Fruit.=--June to July. In drooping racemes, globose, passing through
+various colors to reddish, purplish, or black purple, long-stemmed,
+sweet and edible without decided flavor.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in all soils
+and situations except in wet lands, but prefers deep, rich, moist loam;
+very irregular in its habit of growth, sometimes forming a shrub, at
+other times a slender, unsymmetrical tree, and again a symmetrical tree
+with well-defined trunk. Its beautiful flowers, clean growth, attractive
+fruit and autumn foliage make it a desirable plant in landscape
+plantations where it can be grouped with other trees. Occasionally in
+nurseries; procurable from collectors.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LIX.--Amelanchier Canadensis.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.
+  4. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+CRATAEGUS.
+
+A revision of genus _Crataegus_ has long been a desideratum with
+botanists. The present year has added numerous new species, most of
+which must be regarded as provisional until sufficient time has elapsed
+to note more carefully the limits of variation in previously existing
+species and to eliminate possible hybrids. During the present period of
+uncertainty it seems best to exclude most of the new species from the
+manuals until their status has been satisfactorily established by
+raising plants from the seed, or by prolonged observation over wide
+areas.
+
+
+=Crataegus Crus-Galli, L.=
+
+COCKSPUR THORN.
+
+Rich soils, edge of swamps.
+
+     Quebec to Manitoba.
+
+Found sparingly in western Vermont (_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); southern
+Connecticut (C. H. Bissell).
+
+     South to Georgia; west to Iowa.
+
+A small tree, 10-25 feet in height and 6-12 inches in trunk diameter;
+best distinguished by its thorns and leaves.
+
+Thorns numerous, straight, long (2-4 inches), slender; leaves thick,
+smooth, dark green, shining on the upper surface, pale beneath, turning
+dark orange red in autumn; outline obovate-oblanceolate, serrate above,
+entire or nearly so near base; apex acute or rounded; base decidedly
+wedge-shaped shaped; leafstalks short.
+
+Fruit globose or very slightly pear-shaped, remaining on the tree
+throughout the winter.
+
+Hardy throughout southern New England; used frequently for a hedge
+plant.
+
+
+=Crataegus punctata, Jacq.=
+
+Thickets, hillsides, borders of forests.
+
+     Quebec and Ontario.
+
+Small tree, common in Vermont (Brainerd) and occasional in the other New
+England states.
+
+     South to Georgia.
+
+Thorns 1-2 inches long, sometimes branched; leaves 1-2-1/2 inches long,
+smooth on the upper surface, finally smooth and dull beneath; outline
+obovate, toothed or slightly lobed above, entire or nearly so beneath,
+short-pointed or somewhat obtuse at the apex, wedge-shaped at base;
+leafstalk slender, 1-2 inches long; calyx lobes linear, entire; fruit
+large, red or yellow.
+
+
+=Crataegus coccinea, L.=
+
+In view of the fact of great variation in the bark, leaves,
+inflorescence, and fruit of plants that have all passed in this country
+as _C. coccinea_, and in view of the further uncertainty as to the plant
+on which the species was originally founded, it seems "best to consider
+the specimen in the Linnaean herbarium as the type of _C. coccinea_ which
+can be described as follows:
+
+     "Leaves elliptical or on vigorous shoots mostly semiorbicular,
+     acute or acuminate, divided above the middle into numerous acute
+     coarsely glandular-serrate lobes, cuneate and finely
+     glandular-serrate below the middle and often quite entire toward
+     the base, with slender midribs and remote primary veins arcuate
+     and running to the points of the lobes, at the flowering time
+     membranaceous, coated on the upper surface and along the upper
+     surface of the midribs and veins with short soft white hairs, at
+     maturity thick, coriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper
+     surface, paler on the lower surface, glabrous or nearly so, 1-1/2-2
+     inches long and 1-1-1/2 inches wide, with slender glandular
+     petioles 3/4-1 inch long, slightly grooved on the upper surface,
+     often dark red toward the base, and like the young branchlets
+     villous with pale soft hairs; stipules lanceolate to oblanceolate,
+     conspicuously glandular-serrate with dark red glands, 1/2-3/4 inch
+     long. Flowers 1/2-3/4 inch in diameter when fully expanded, in
+     broad, many-flowered, compound tomentose cymes; bracts and
+     bractlets linear-lanceolate, coarsely glandular-serrate, caducous;
+     calyx tomentose, the lobes lanceolate, glandular-serrate, nearly
+     glabrous or tomentose, persistent, wide-spreading or erect on the
+     fruit, dark red above at the base; stamens 10; anthers yellow;
+     styles 3 or 4. Fruit subglobose, occasionally rather longer than
+     broad, dark crimson, marked with scattered dark dots, about 1/2
+     inch in diameter, with thin, sweet, dry yellow flesh; nutlets 3 or
+     4, about 1/4 inch long, conspicuously ridged on the back with high
+     grooved ridges.
+
+     "A low, bushy tree, occasionally 20 feet in height with a short
+     trunk 8-10 inches in diameter, or more frequently shrubby and
+     forming wide dense thickets, and with stout more or less zigzag
+     branches bright chestnut brown and lustrous during their first
+     year, ashy-gray during their second season and armed with many
+     stout, chestnut-brown, straight or curved spines 1-1-1/2 inches
+     long. Flowers late in May. Fruit ripens and falls toward the end of
+     October, usually after the leaves.
+
+     "Slopes of hills and the high banks of salt marshes usually in
+     rich, well-drained soil, Essex county, Massachusetts, John
+     Robinson, 1900; Gerrish island, Maine, J. G. Jack, 1899-1900;
+     Brunswick, Maine, Miss Kate Furbish, May, 1899; Newfoundland, A. C.
+     Waghorne, 1894."[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: Prof. C. S. Sargent in _Bot. Gaz._, XXXI, 12. By permission
+of the publishers.]
+
+
+=Crataegus mollis, Scheele.=
+
+_Crataegus subvillosa, Schr. Crataegus coccinea,_ var. _mollis, T. & G._
+
+THORN.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Bordering on low lands and along streams.
+
+     Provinces of Quebec and Ontario.
+
+Maine,--as far north as Mattawamkeag on the middle Penobscot, Dover on
+the Piscataquis, and Orono on the lower Penobscot; reported also from
+southern sections; Vermont,--Charlotte (Hosford); Massachusetts,--in the
+eastern part infrequent; no stations reported in the other New England
+states.
+
+     South to Pennsylvania, Louisiana, and Texas; west to Michigan and
+     Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--Shrub or often a small tree, 20-30 feet high, with trunk 6-12
+inches in diameter, often with numerous suckers; branches at 4-6 feet
+from the ground, at an acute angle with the stem, lower often horizontal
+or declining; head spreading, widest at base, spray short, angular, and
+bushy; thorns slender, 1-3 inches long, straight or slightly recurved.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of the whole tree, except the ultimate shoots, light gray,
+on the trunk and larger branches separating lengthwise into thin narrow
+plates, in old trees dark gray and more or less shreddy; season's shoots
+reddish or yellowish-brown, glossy.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, ovate, reddish-brown, shining;
+scales broad, glandular-edged. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-5 inches
+long, light green above, lighter beneath, broad-ovate to
+broad-elliptical; rather regularly and slightly incised with fine,
+glandular-tipped teeth; apex acute; base wedge-shaped, truncate, or
+subcordate; roughish above and slightly pubescent beneath, especially
+along the veins; leaf-stalk pubescent; stipules linear,
+glandular-edged, deciduous.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May to June. In cymes from the season's growth;
+flowers white, 3/4 inch broad, ill-smelling; calyx lobes 5, often
+incised, pubescent; petals roundish; stamens indefinite, styles 3-5;
+flower stems pubescent; bracts glandular.
+
+=Fruit.=--A drupe-like pome, 1/2-1 inch long, bright scarlet, larger
+than the fruit of the other New England species; ripens and falls in
+September.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England. An attractive and useful
+tree in low plantations; rarely for sale by nurserymen or collectors;
+propagated from the seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LX.--Crataegus mollis.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with thorns.
+  3. Flowering branch.
+  4. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+     =Note.=--The New England plants here put under the head of
+     _Crataegus mollis_ have been referred by Prof. C. S. Sargent to
+     _Crataegus submollis_ (_Bot. Gaz_., XXXI, 7, 1901). The new species
+     differs from the true _Crataegus mollis_ in its smaller ovate leaves
+     with cuneate base and more or less winged leafstalk, in the smaller
+     number of its stamens, usually 10, and in its pear-shaped
+     orange-red fruit, which drops in early September.
+
+     It is also probable that _C. Arnoldiana_, Sargent, new species, has
+     been collected in Massachusetts as _C. mollis_. It differs from _C.
+     submollis_ "in its broader, darker green, more villose leaves which
+     are usually rounded, not cuneate at the base, in its smaller
+     flowers, subglobose, not oblong or pear-shaped, crimson fruit with
+     smaller spreading calyx lobes, borne on shorter peduncles and
+     ripening two or three weeks earlier, and by its much more zigzag
+     and more spiny branches, which make this tree particularly
+     noticeable in winter, when it may readily be recognized from all
+     other thorn trees."--C. S. Sargent in _Bot. Gaz._, XXXI, 223, 1901.
+
+
+
+
+DRUPACEAE. PLUM FAMILY.
+
+
+Trees or shrubs; bark exuding gum; bark, leaves, and especially seeds of
+several species abounding in prussic acid; leaves simple, alternate,
+mostly serrate; stipules small, soon falling; leafstalk often with one
+to several glands; flowers in umbels, racemes, or solitary, regular;
+calyx tube free from the ovary, 5-lobed; petals 5, inserted on the
+calyx; stamens indefinite, distinct, inserted with the petals; pistil 1,
+ovary with 1 carpel, 1-seeded; fruit a more or less fleshy drupe.
+
+
+=Prunus nigra, Ait.=
+
+_Prunus Americana_, var. _nigra, Waugh._
+
+WILD PLUM. RED PLUM. HORSE PLUM. CANADA PLUM.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Native along streams and in thickets, often
+spontaneous around dwellings and along fences.
+
+     From Newfoundland through the valley of the St. Lawrence to Lake
+     Manitoba.
+
+Maine,--abundant in the northern sections and common throughout; New
+Hampshire and Vermont,--frequent, especially in the northern sections;
+Massachusetts,--occasional; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--not reported.
+
+     Rare south of New England; west to Wisconsin.
+
+=Habit.=--A shrub or small tree, 20-25 feet high; trunk 5-8 inches in
+diameter; branches stout, ascending, somewhat angular, with short, rigid
+branchlets, forming a stiff, narrow head.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk grayish-brown, smooth in young trees, in old
+trees separating into large plates; smaller branches dark brown,
+season's shoots green.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, ovate, acute, dark brown.
+
+Leaves 3-5 inches long, light green on the upper side, paler beneath,
+pubescent when young; outline ovate-obovate or orbicular,
+crenulate-serrate; teeth not bristle-tipped; apex abruptly acuminate;
+base wedge-shaped, rounded, somewhat heart-shaped, or narrowing to a
+short petiole more or less red-glandular near the blade; stipules
+usually linear, ciliate, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Appearing in May before the leaves, in lateral,
+2-3-flowered, slender-stemmed umbels; flowers about an inch broad, white
+when expanding, turning to pink; calyx 5-lobed, glandular; petals 5,
+obovate-oblong, contracting to a claw; stamens numerous; style 1, stigma
+1.
+
+=Fruit.=--A drupe, oblong-oval, 1-1-1/2 inches long, orange or
+orange-red, skin tough, flesh adherent to the flat stone and pleasant to
+the taste. The fruit toward the southern limit of the species is often
+abortive, or develops through the growth of a fungus into monstrous
+forms.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England, and will grow,
+when not shaded, in almost any dry or moist soil. It has a tendency to
+sucker freely, forming low, broad thickets, especially attractive from
+their early spring flowers and handsome autumn leaves.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXI.--Prunus nigra.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower with petals removed.
+  4. Petal.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+  6. Stone.
+
+
+=Prunus Americana, Marsh.=
+
+A rare plant in New England, scarcely attaining tree-form. The most
+northern station yet reported is along the slopes of Graylock,
+Massachusetts, where a few scattered shrubs were discovered in 1900 (J.
+R. Churchill). In Connecticut it seems to be native in the vicinity of
+Southington, shrubs, and small trees 10-15 feet high (C. H. Bissell _in
+lit._, 1900); New Milford and Munroe, small trees (C. K. Averill).
+
+Distinguished from _P. nigra_ by its sharply toothed leaves, smaller
+blossoms (the petals of which do not turn pink), and by its globose
+fruit.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXII.--Prunus Americana.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.
+  4. Petal.
+  5. Flowering branch.
+  6. Stone.
+
+=Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.=
+
+ RED CHERRY. PIN CHERRY. PIGEON CHERRY. BIRD CHERRY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Roadsides, clearings, burnt lands, hill slopes,
+occasional in rather low grounds.
+
+     From Labrador to the Rocky mountains, through British Columbia to
+     the Coast Range.
+
+Throughout New England; very common in the northern portions, as high up
+as 4500 feet upon Katahdin, less common southward and near the seacoast.
+
+     South to North Carolina; west to Minnesota and Missouri.
+
+=Habit=.--A slender tree, seldom more than 30 feet high; trunk 8-10
+inches in diameter, erect; branches at an angle of 45 deg. or less; head
+rather open, roundish or oblong, characterized in spring by clusters of
+long-stemmed white flowers, and in autumn by a profusion of small red
+fruit.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in fully grown trees dark brownish-red,
+conspicuously marked with coarse horizontal lines; the outer layer
+peeling off in fine scales, disclosing a brighter red layer beneath; in
+young trees very smooth and shining throughout; lines very conspicuous
+in the larger branches; branchlets brownish-red with small horizontal
+lines; spray and season's shoots polished red, with minute orange dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, broad-conical, acute. Leaves
+numerous, 3-4 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, light green and shining on
+both sides, ovate-lanceolate, oval or oblong-lanceolate, finely
+serrate; teeth sharp-pointed, sometimes incurved; apex acuminate; base
+obtuse or roundish; midrib depressed above; leafstalks short, channeled;
+stipules falling early.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--June. Appearing with the leaves, in lateral clusters,
+the flowers on long, slender, somewhat branching stems; calyx 5-cleft;
+segments thin, reflexed; petals 5, white, obovate, short-clawed; stamens
+numerous; pistil 1; style 1.
+
+=Fruit.=--About the size of a pea, round, light red, thin-meated and
+sour: stone oval or ovate.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a light
+gravelly loam, but grows in poor soils and exposed situations; habit so
+uncertain and tendency to sprout so decided that it is not wise to use
+it in ornamental plantations; sometimes very useful in sterile land. A
+variety with transparent yellowish fruit is occasionally met with, but
+is not yet in cultivation.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXIII.--Prunus Pennsylvanica.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.
+  4. Petal.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Prunus Virginiana, L.=
+
+CHOKECHERRY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In varying soils; along river banks, on dry
+plains, in woods, common along walls, often thickets.
+
+     From Newfoundland across the continent, as far north on the
+     Mackenzie river as 62 deg..
+
+Common throughout New England; at an altitude of 4500 feet upon Mt.
+Katahdin.
+
+     South to Georgia; west to Minnesota and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--Usually a shrub a few feet high, but occasionally a tree 15-25
+feet in height, with a trunk diameter of 5-6 inches; head, in open
+places, spreading, somewhat symmetrical, with dull foliage, but very
+attractive in flower and fruit, the latter variable in color and
+quantity.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk and branches dull gray, darker on older trees, rough with
+raised buff-orange spots; branchlets dull grayish or reddish brown;
+season's shoots lighter, minutely dotted. Bitter to the taste.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds 1-1-1/4 inches long, conical,
+sharp-pointed, brown, slightly divergent from the stem.
+
+Leaves 2-5 inches long and two-thirds as wide, dull green on the upper
+side, lighter beneath, obovate or oblong, thin, finely, sharply, and
+often doubly serrate; apex abruptly pointed; base roundish, obtuse or
+slightly heart-shaped; leafstalk round, grooved, with two or more glands
+near base of leaf; stipules long, narrow, ciliate, falling when the
+leaves expand.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Appearing in May, a week earlier than _P. serotina_,
+terminating lateral, leafy shoots of the season in numerous handsome,
+erect or spreading racemes, 2-4 inches long; flowers short-stemmed,
+about 1/3 inch across; petals white, roundish; edge often eroded; calyx
+5-cleft with thin reflexed lobes, soon falling; stamens numerous; pistil
+1; style 1.
+
+=Fruit.=--In drooping racemes; varying from yellow to nearly black,
+commonly bright red, edible, but more or less astringent; stem somewhat
+persistent after the cherry falls.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in almost
+any soil, but prefers a deep, rich, moist loam. Vigorous young trees are
+attractive, but in New England they soon begin to show dead branches,
+and are so seriously affected by insects and fungous diseases that it is
+not wise to use them in ornamental plantations, or to permit them to
+remain on the roadside.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXIV.--Prunus Virginia.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.
+  4. A petal.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Prunus serotina, Ehrh.=
+
+RUM CHERRY. BLACK CHERRY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In all sorts of soils and exposures; open places
+and rich woods.
+
+     Nova Scotia to Lake Superior.
+
+Maine,--not reported north of Oldtown (Penobscot county); frequent
+throughout the other New England states.
+
+     South to Florida; west to North Dakota, Kansas, and Texas,
+     extending through Mexico, along the Pacific coast of Central
+     America to Peru.
+
+=Habit.=--Usually a medium-sized tree, 30-50 feet in height, with a
+trunk diameter varying from 8 or 10 inches to 2 feet; attaining much
+greater dimensions in the middle and southern states; branches few,
+large, often tortuous, subdividing irregularly; head open, widest near
+the base, rather ungraceful when naked, but very attractive when clothed
+with bright green, polished foliage, profusely decked with white
+flowers, or laden with drooping racemes of handsome black fruit.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk deep reddish-brown and smooth in young trees, in
+old trees very rough, separating into close, thick, irregular, blackish
+scales; branches dark reddish-brown, marked with small oblong, raised
+dots. Bitter to the taste.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate, 1/8 inch long, covered with
+imbricated brown scales.
+
+Leaves 2-5 inches long, about half as wide, dark green above and glossy
+when full grown, paler below, turning in autumn to orange, deep red, or
+pale yellow, firm, smooth on both sides, elliptical, oblong, or
+lanceolate-oblong; finely serrate with short, incurved teeth; apex
+sharp; base acute or roundish; meshes of veins minute; petioles 1/2 inch
+long, with usually two or more glands near the base of the leaf;
+stipules glandular-edged, falling as the leaf expands.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May to June. From new leafy shoots, in simple, loose
+racemes, 4-5 inches long; flowers small; calyx with 5 short teeth
+separated by shallow sinuses, persistent after the cherry falls; petals
+5, spreading, white, obovate; stamens numerous; pistil one; style
+single.
+
+=Fruit.=--September. Somewhat flattened vertically, 1/4 inch in
+diameter; purplish-black, edible, slightly bitter.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; in rich soil in open
+situations young trees grow very rapidly, old trees rather slowly.
+Seldom used for ornamental purposes, but serves well as a nurse tree for
+forest plantations, or where quick results and a luxurious foliage
+effect is desired, on inland exposures or near the seacoast. The
+branches are very liable to disfigurement by the black-knot and the
+foliage by the tent-caterpillar. Large plants are seldom for sale, but
+seedlings may be obtained in large quantities and at low prices. A
+weeping horticultural form is occasionally offered. Propagated from
+seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXV.--Prunus serotina.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.
+  4. A petal.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+  6. Mature leaf.
+
+
+=Prunus Avium, L.=
+
+MAZARD CHERRY.
+
+Introduced from England; occasionally spontaneous along fences and the
+borders of woodlands. As an escape, 25-50 feet high, with a trunk
+diameter of 1-2 feet; head oblong or ovate; branches mostly ascending.
+Leaves ovate to obovate, more or less pubescent beneath, serrate, 3-5
+inches long; leafstalk about 1/2 inch long, often glandular near base of
+leaf; inflorescence in umbels; flowers white, expanding with the leaves;
+fruit dark red, sweet, mostly inferior or blighted.
+
+
+
+
+LEGUMINOSAE. PULSE FAMILY.
+
+
+=Gleditsia triacanthos, L.=
+
+HONEY LOCUST. THREE-THORNED ACACIA.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In its native habitat growing in a variety of
+soils; rich woods, mountain sides, sterile plains.
+
+     Southern Ontario.
+
+Maine,--young trees in the southern sections said to have been
+produced from self-sown seed (M. L. Fernald); New Hampshire and
+Vermont,--introduced; Massachusetts,--occasional; Rhode
+Island,--introduced and fully at home (J. F. Collins); Connecticut,--not
+reported. Probably sparingly naturalized in many other places in New
+England.
+
+     Spreading by seed southward; indigenous along the western slopes of
+     the Alleghanies in Pennsylvania; south to Georgia and Alabama; west
+     from western New York through southern Ontario (Canada) and
+     Michigan to Nebraska, Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, reaching a height of 40-60 feet and a
+trunk diameter of 1-3 feet; becoming a tree of the first magnitude in
+the river bottoms of Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee; trunk dark and
+straight, the upper branches going off at an acute angle, the lower
+often horizontal, both trunk and larger branches armed above the axils
+with stout, sharp-pointed, simple, three-pronged or numerously branched
+thorns, sometimes clustered in forbidding tangles a foot or two in
+length; head wide-spreading, very open, rounded or flattish, with
+extremely delicate, fern-like foliage lying in graceful planes or
+masses; pods flat and pendent, conspicuous in autumn.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk and larger branches a sombre iron gray, deepening on old
+trees almost to black; yellowish-brown in second year's growth; season's
+shoots green, marked with short buff, longitudinal lines; branchlets
+rough-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Winter buds minute, in clusters of three or
+four, the upper the largest. Leaves compound, once to twice pinnate,
+both forms often in the same leaf, alternate, 6 inches to 1 foot long,
+rachis abruptly enlarged at base and covering the winter buds: leaflets
+18-28, 3/4-1-1/4 inches long, about one-third as wide, yellowish-green
+when unfolding, turning to dark green above, slightly lighter beneath,
+yellow in autumn; outline lanceolate, oblong to oval, obscurely
+crenulate-serrate; apex obtuse, scarcely mucronate; base mostly rounded;
+leafstalks and leaves downy, especially when young.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Early June. From lateral or terminal buds on the old
+wood, in slender, pendent, greenish racemes scarcely distinguishable
+among the young leaves; sterile and fertile flowers on different trees
+or on the same tree and even in the same cluster; calyx somewhat
+campanulate, 3-5-cleft; petals 3-5, somewhat wider than the sepals, and
+inserted with the 3-10 stamens on the calyx: pistil in sterile flowers
+abortive or wanting, conspicuous in the fertile flowers. Parts of the
+flower more or less pubescent, arachnoid-pubescent within, near the
+base.
+
+=Fruit.=--Pods dull red, 1-1-1/2 feet long, flat, pendent, and often
+twisted, containing several flat brown seeds.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England, grows in any
+well-drained soil, but prefers a deep, rich loam; transplants readily,
+grows rapidly, is long-lived, free from disease, and makes a picturesque
+object in ornamental plantations, but is objectionable in public places
+and highly finished grounds on account of the stiff spines, which are a
+source of danger to pedestrians, and also on account of the long
+strap-shaped pods, which litter the ground. There is a thornless form
+which is better adapted than the type for ornamental purposes. The type
+is sometimes offered in nurseries at a low price by the quantity.
+Propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXVI.--Gleditsia triacanthos.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Winter buds with thorns.
+  3. Flowering branch.
+  4. Sterile flower, enlarged.
+  5. Flowering branch, flowers mostly fertile.
+  6. Fertile flower, enlarged.
+  7. Fruiting branch.
+  8. Leaf partially twice pinnate.
+
+
+=Robinia Pseudacacia, L.=
+
+LOCUST.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In its native habitat growing upon mountain
+slopes, along the borders of forests, in rich soils.
+
+     Naturalized from Nova Scotia to Ontario.
+
+Maine,--thoroughly at home, forming wooded banks along streams; New
+Hampshire,--abundant enough to be reckoned among the valuable timber
+trees; Vermont,--escaped from cultivation in many places; Massachusetts,
+Rhode Island, and Connecticut,--common in patches and thickets and along
+the roadsides and fences.
+
+     Native from southern Pennsylvania along the mountains to Georgia;
+     west to Iowa and southward.
+
+=Habit.=--Mostly a small tree, 20-35 feet high, under favorable
+conditions reaching a height of 50-75 feet; trunk diameter 8 inches to 2
+1/2 feet; lower branches thrown out horizontally or at a broad angle,
+forming a few-branched, spreading top, clothed with a tender green,
+delicate, tremulous foliage, and distinguished in early June by loose,
+pendulous clusters of white fragrant flowers.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk dark, rough and seamy even in young trees, and
+armed with stout prickles which disappear as the tree matures; in old
+trees coarsely, deeply, and firmly ridged, not flaky; larger branches a
+dull brown, rough; branchlets grayish-brown, armed with prickles;
+season's shoots green, more or less rough-dotted, thin, and often
+striped.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Winter buds minute, partially sunken within
+the leaf-scar. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate; petiole swollen at
+the base, covering bud of the next season; often with spines in the
+place of stipules; leaflets 7-21, opposite or scattered, 3/4-1-1/4
+inches long, about half as wide, light green; outline ovate or
+oval-oblong; apex round or obtuse, tipped with a minute point; base
+truncate, rounded, obtuse or acutish; distinctly short-stalked;
+stipellate at first.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Late May or early June. Showy and abundant, in loose,
+pendent, axillary racemes; calyx short, bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the two
+upper segments mostly coherent; corolla shaped like a pea blossom, the
+upper petal large, side petals obtuse and separate; style and stigma
+simple.
+
+=Fruit.=--A smooth, dark brown, flat pod, about 3 inches long,
+containing several small brown flattish seeds, remaining on the tree
+throughout the winter.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England in all dry, sunny
+situations, of rapid growth, spreading by underground stems, ordinarily
+short-lived and subject to serious injury by the attacks of borers.
+Occasionally procurable in large quantities at a low rate. In Europe
+there are many horticultural forms, a few of which are occasionally
+offered in American nurseries. The type is propagated from seed, the
+forms by grafting.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXVII.--Robinia Pseudacacia.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower with corolla removed.
+  4. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Robinia viscosa, Vent.=
+
+CLAMMY LOCUST.
+
+This tree appears to be sparingly established in southern Canada and at
+many points throughout New England.
+
+Common in cultivation and occasionally established through the middle
+states; native from Virginia along the mountains of North Carolina,
+South Carolina, and Georgia.
+
+Easily distinguished from _R. Pseudacacia_ by its smaller size,
+glandular, viscid branchlets, later period of blossoming, and by its
+more compact, usually upright, scarcely fragrant, rose-colored
+flower-clusters.
+
+
+
+
+SIMARUBACEAE. AILANTHUS FAMILY.
+
+
+=Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.=
+
+AILANTHUS. TREE-OF-HEAVEN. CHINESE SUMAC.
+
+Sparsely and locally naturalized in southern Ontario, New England, and
+southward.
+
+A native of China; first introduced into the United States on an
+extensive scale in 1820 at Flushing, Long Island; afterwards
+disseminated by nursery plants and by seed distributed from the
+Agricultural Department at Washington. Its rapid growth, ability to
+withstand considerable variations in temperature, and its dark luxuriant
+foliage made it a great favorite for shade and ornament. It was planted
+extensively in Philadelphia and New York, and generally throughout the
+eastern sections of the country. When these trees began to fill the
+ground with suckers and the vile-scented sterile flowers poisoned the
+balmy air of June and the water in the cisterns, occasioning many
+distressing cases of nausea, a reaction set in and hundreds of trees
+were cut down. The female trees, against the blossoms of which no such
+objection lay, were allowed to grow, and have often attained a height of
+50-75 feet, with a trunk diameter of 3-5 feet. The fruit is very
+beautiful, consisting of profuse clusters of delicate pinkish or
+greenish keys.
+
+The tree is easily distinguished by its ill-scented compound leaves,
+often 2-3 feet long, by the numerous leaflets, sometimes exceeding 40,
+each ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, with one or two teeth near the base, by
+its vigorous growth from suckers, and in winter by the coarse, blunt
+shoots and conspicuous, heart-shaped leaf-scars.
+
+
+
+
+ANACARDIACEAE. SUMAC FAMILY.
+
+
+=Rhus typhina, L.=
+
+_Rhus hirta, Sudw._
+
+STAGHORN SUMAC.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In widely varying soils and localities; river
+banks, rocky slopes to an altitude of 2000 feet, cellar-holes and waste
+places generally, often forming copses.
+
+     From Nova Scotia to Lake Huron.
+
+Common throughout New England.
+
+     South to Georgia; west to Minnesota and Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--A shrub, or small tree, rarely exceeding 25 feet in height;
+trunk 8-10 inches in diameter; branches straggling, thickish, mostly
+crooked when old; branchlets forked, straight, often killed at the tips
+several inches by the frost; head very open, irregular, characterized by
+its velvety shoots, ample, elegant foliage, turning in early autumn to
+rich yellows and reds, and by its beautiful, soft-looking crimson cones.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk light brown, mottled with gray, becoming dark
+brownish-gray and more or less rough-scaly in old trees; the season's
+shoots densely covered with velvety hairs, like the young horns of deer
+(giving rise to the common name), the pubescence disappearing after two
+or three years; the extremities dotted with minute orange spots which
+enlarge laterally in successive seasons, giving a roughish feeling to
+the branches.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds roundish, obtuse, densely covered with
+tawny wool, sunk within a large leaf-scar. Leaves pinnately compound,
+1-2 feet long; stalk hairy, reddish above, enlarged at base covering the
+axillary bud; leaflets 11-31, mostly in opposite pairs, the middle pair
+longest, nearly sessile except the odd one, 2-4 inches long; dark green
+above, light and often downy beneath; outline narrow to broad-oblong or
+broad-lanceolate, usually serrate, rarely laciniate, long-pointed,
+slightly heart-shaped or rounded at base; stipules none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--June to July. Flowers in dense terminal, thyrsoid
+panicles, often a foot in length and 5-6 inches wide; sterile and
+fertile mostly on separate trees, but sterile, fertile, and perfect
+occasionally on the same tree; calyx small, the 5 hairy,
+ovate-lanceolate sepals united at the base and, in sterile flowers,
+about half the length of the usually recurved petals; stamens 5,
+somewhat exserted; ovary abortive, smooth; in the fertile flowers the
+sepals are nearly as long as the upright petals; stamens short; ovary
+pubescent, 1-celled, with 3 short styles and 3 spreading stigmas.
+
+=Fruit.=--In compound terminal panicles, 6-10 or 12 inches long, made up
+of small, dryish, smooth-stoned drupes densely covered with acid,
+crimson hairs, persistent till spring.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England. Grows in any
+well-drained soil, but prefers a deep, rich loam. The vigorous growth,
+bold, handsome foliage, and freedom from disease make it desirable for
+landscape plantations. It spreads rapidly from suckers, a single plant
+becoming in a few years the center of a broad-spreading group. Seldom
+obtainable in nurseries, but collected plants transplant easily.
+
+The cut-leaved form is cultivated in nurseries for the sake of its
+exceedingly graceful and delicate foliage.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXVIII.--Rhus typhina.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with staminate flowers.
+  3. Staminate flower.
+  4. Branch with pistillate flowers.
+  5. Pistillate flower.
+  6. Fruit cluster.
+  7. Fruit.
+
+
+=Rhus Vernix, L.=
+
+_Rhus venenata, DC._
+
+DOGWOOD. POISON SUMAC. POISON ELDER.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low grounds and swamps; occasional on the moist
+slopes of hills.
+
+     Infrequent in Ontario.
+
+Maine,--local and apparently restricted to the southwestern sections; as
+far north as Chesterville (Franklin county); Vermont,--infrequent;
+common throughout the other New England states, especially near the
+seacoast.
+
+     South to northern Florida; west to Minnesota and Louisiana.
+
+=Habit.=--- A handsome shrub or small tree, 5-20 feet high; trunk
+sometimes 8-10 inches in diameter; broad-topped in the open along the
+edge of swamps; conspicuous in autumn by its richly colored foliage and
+diffusely panicled, pale, yellowish-white fruit.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk and branches mottled gray, roughish with round spots;
+branchlets light brown; season's shoots reddish at first, turning later
+to gray, thickly beset with rough yellowish warts; leaf-scars prominent,
+triangular.
+
+=Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, roundish. Leaves pinnately compound,
+alternate; rachis abruptly widened at base; leaflets 5-13, opposite,
+short-stalked except the odd one, 2-3 inches long, 1-2 inches wide,
+smooth, light green and mostly glossy when young, becoming dark green
+and often dull, obovate to oval or ovate; entire, often wavy-margined;
+apex acute, acuminate, or obtuse; base mostly obtuse or rounded; veins
+prominent, often red; stipules none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Early in July. Near the tips of the branches, in
+loose, axillary clusters of small greenish flowers; sterile, fertile,
+and perfect flowers on the same tree, or occasionally sterile and
+fertile on separate trees; calyx deeply 5-parted, divisions ovate,
+acute; petals 5, oblong; stamens 5, exserted in the sterile flowers;
+ovary globose, styles 3.
+
+=Fruit.=--Drupes about as large as peas, smooth, more or less glossy,
+whitish; stone ridged; strongly resembling the fruit of _R.
+Toxicodendron_ (poison ivy).
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--No large shrub or small tree, so attractive as
+this, does so well in wet ground; it grows also in any good soil, but it
+is seldom advisable to use it, on account of its noxious qualities. It
+can be obtained only from collectors of native plants.
+
+=Note.=--This sumac has the reputation of being the most poisonous of
+New England plants. The treacherous beauty of its autumn leaves is a
+source of grief to collectors. Many are seriously affected, without
+actual contact, by the exhalation of vapor from the leaves, by grains of
+pollen floating in the air, and even by the smoke of the burning wood.
+
+It is easily distinguished from the other sumacs. The leaflets are not
+toothed like those of _R. typhina_ (staghorn sumac) and _R. glabra_
+(smooth sumac); it is not pubescent like _R. typhina_ and _R. copallina_
+(dwarf sumac); the rachis of the compound leaf is not wing-margined as
+in _R. copallina_; the panicles of flower and fruit are not upright and
+compact, but drooping and spreading; the fruit is not red-dotted with
+dense crimson hairs, but is smooth and whitish. Unlike the other sumacs,
+it grows for the most part in lowlands and swamps.
+
+In the vicinity of Southington, southern Connecticut, _Rhus copallina_
+is occasionally found with a trunk 5 or 6 inches in diameter (C. H.
+Bissell).
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXIX.--Rhus Vernix.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+AQUIFOLIACEAE. HOLLY FAMILY.
+
+
+=Ilex opaca, Ait.=
+
+HOLLY. AMERICAN HOLLY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Generally found in somewhat sheltered situations
+in sandy loam or in low, moist soil in the vicinity of water.
+
+Maine,--reported on the authority of Gray's _Manual_, sixth edition, in
+various botanical works, but no station is known; New Hampshire and
+Vermont,--no station reported; Massachusetts,--occasional from Quincy
+southward upon the mainland and the island of Naushon; rare in the peat
+swamps of Nantucket; Rhode Island,--common in South Kingston and Little
+Compton and sparingly found upon Prudence and Conanicut islands in
+Narragansett bay; Connecticut,--mostly restricted to the southwestern
+sections.
+
+     Southward to Florida; westward to Missouri and the bottom-lands of
+     eastern Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A shrub or small tree, exceptionally reaching a height of 30
+feet, with a trunk diameter of 15-18 inches, but attaining larger
+proportions south and west; head conical or dome-shaped, compact;
+branches irregular, mostly horizontal, clothed with a spiny evergreen
+foliage. The fertile trees are readily distinguished through late fall
+and early winter by the conspicuous red berries.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk thick, smooth on young trees, roughish, dotted on
+old, of a nearly uniform ash-gray on trunk and branches; the young
+shoots more or less downy, bright greenish-yellow, becoming smooth and
+grayish at the end of the season.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds short, roundish, generally obtuse,
+scales minutely ciliate. Leaves evergreen, simple, alternate, 2-4 inches
+long, 1-1/2-3 inches wide, flat when compared with those of the European
+holly, thickish, smooth on both sides, yellowish-green, scarcely glossy
+on the upper surface, paler beneath, elliptical, oval or oval-oblong;
+apex acutish, spine-tipped; base acutish or obtuse; margin wavy and
+concave between the large spiny teeth, sometimes with one or two teeth
+or entire; midrib prominent beneath; leafstalks short, grooved; stipules
+minute, awl-shaped, becoming blackish, persistent.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Flowers in June along the base of the season's shoots;
+sterile and fertile flowers usually on separate trees,--the sterile in
+loose, few-flowered clusters, the fertile mostly solitary; peduncles and
+pedicels slender, bracted midway; calyx persistent, with 4 pointed,
+ciliate teeth; corolla white, monopetalous, with 4 roundish, oblong
+divisions; stamens 4, alternating with and shorter than the lobes of the
+corolla in the fertile flowers, but longer in the sterile; ovary green,
+nearly cylindrical, surmounted by the sessile, 4-lobed stigma. Parts of
+the flower sometimes in fives or sixes.
+
+=Fruit.=--A dull red, berry-like drupe, with 4 nutlets, ribbed or
+grooved on the convex back, ripening late, and persistent into winter. A
+yellow-fruited form reported at New Bedford, Mass. (_Rhodora_, III, 58).
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in southern New England; though preferring
+moist, gravelly loam, it does fairly well in dry soil; of slow growth;
+useful to form low plantation in shade and to enrich the undergrowth of
+woods; occasionally sold by collectors but rare in nurseries; nursery
+plants must be frequently transplanted to be moved successfully; only a
+small percentage of ordinary collected plants live. The seed seldom
+germinates in less than two years.
+
+=Notes.=--The cultivated European holly, which the American tree closely
+resembles, may be distinguished by its deeper green, glossier, and more
+wave-margined leaves and the deeper red of its berries.
+
+"There are several fine specimens of the _Ilex opaca_ on the farm of
+Col. Minot Thayer in Braintree, Mass., which are about a foot in
+diameter a yard above the ground and 25 feet in height. They have
+maintained their present dimensions for more than fifty years."--D. T.
+Browne's _Trees of North America_, published in 1846.
+
+This estate is now owned by Mr. Thomas A. Watson. Several of these
+trees have been cut down, but one of them is still standing and of
+substantially the dimensions given above. It must have reached the limit
+of growth a hundred years ago and now shows very evident signs of
+decrepitude. This may be due, however, to the loss of a square foot or
+more of bark from the trunk.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXX.--Ilex opaca.]
+
+  1. Branch with staminate flowers.
+  2. Staminate flower.
+  3. Pistillate flower.
+  4. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+ACERACEAE. MAPLE FAMILY.
+
+
+=Acer rubrum, L.=
+
+RED MAPLE. SWAMP MAPLE. SOFT MAPLE. WHITE MAPLE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Borders of streams, low lands, wet forests,
+swamps, rocky hillsides.
+
+     Nova Scotia to the Lake of the Woods.
+
+Common throughout New England from the sea to an altitude of 3000 feet
+on Katahdin.
+
+     South to southern Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 40-50 feet high, rising occasionally in
+swamps to a height of 60-75 feet; trunk 2-4 feet in diameter, throwing
+out limbs at varying angles a few feet from the ground; branches and
+branchlets slender, forming a bushy spray, the tips having a slightly
+upward tendency; head compact, in young trees usually rounded and
+symmetrical, widest just above the point of furcation. In the first warm
+days of spring there shimmers amid the naked branches a faint glow of
+red, which at length becomes embodied in the abundant scarlet, crimson,
+or yellow of the long flowering stems; succeeded later by the brilliant
+fruit, which is outlined against the sober green of the foliage till it
+pales and falls in June. The colors of the autumn leaves vie in
+splendor with those of the sugar maple.
+
+=Bark.=--In young trees smooth and light gray, becoming very dark and
+ridgy in large trunks, the surface separating into scales, and in very
+old trees hanging in long flakes; young shoots often bright red in
+autumn, conspicuously marked with oblong white spots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds aggregated at or near the ends of the
+preceding year's shoots, about 1/8 inch long; protected by dark reddish
+scales; inner scales lengthening with the growth of the shoot. Leaves
+simple, opposite, 3-4 inches long, green and smooth above, lighter and
+more or less pubescent beneath, especially along the veins; turning
+crimson or scarlet in early autumn; ovate, 3-5-lobed, the middle lobe
+generally the longest, the lower pair (when 5 lobes are present) the
+smallest; unequally sharp-toothed, with broad, acute sinuses; apex
+acute; base heart-shaped, truncate, or obtuse; leafstalk 1-3 inches
+long. The leaves of the red maple vary greatly in size, outline, lobing,
+and shape of base.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April 1-15. Appearing before the leaves in close
+clusters encircling the shoots of the previous year, varying in color
+from dull red or pale yellow to scarlet; the sterile and fertile flowers
+mostly in separate clusters, sometimes on the same tree, but more
+frequently on different trees; calyx lobes oblong and obtuse; petals
+linear-oblong; pedicels short; stamens 5-8, much longer than the petals
+in the sterile and about the same length in the fertile flowers; the
+smooth ovary surmounted by a style separating into two much-projecting
+stigmatic lobes.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruit ripe in June, hanging on long stems, varying from brown
+to crimson; keys about an inch in length, at first convergent, at
+maturity more or less divergent.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; found in a wider
+range of soils than any other species of the genus, but seeming to
+prefer a gravelly or peaty loam in positions where its roots can reach a
+constant supply of moisture. It is more variable than any other of the
+native maples and consequently is not so good a tree for streets, where
+a symmetrical outline and uniform habit are required. It is
+transplanted readily, but recovers its vigor more slowly than does the
+sugar or silver maple and is usually of slower growth. Its variable
+habit makes it an exceedingly interesting tree in the landscape.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXI.--Acer rubrum.]
+
+  1. Leaf-buds.
+  2. Flower-buds.
+  3. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  4. Sterile flower.
+  5. Branch with sterile and fertile flowers.
+  6. Fertile flower.
+  7. Fruiting branch.
+  8. Variant leaves.
+
+
+=Acer saccharinum, L.=
+
+_Acer dasycarpum, Ehrh._
+
+SILVER MAPLE. SOFT MAPLE. WHITE MAPLE. RIVER MAPLE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Along streams, in rich intervale lands, and in
+moist, deep-soiled forests, but not in swamps.
+
+     Infrequent from New Brunswick to Ottawa, abundant from Ottawa
+     throughout Ontario.
+
+Occasional throughout the New England states; most common and best
+developed upon the banks of rivers and lakes at low altitudes.
+
+     South to the Gulf states; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and
+     Indian territory; attaining its maximum size in the basins of the
+     Ohio and its tributaries; rare towards the seacoast throughout the
+     whole range.
+
+=Habit.=--A handsome tree, 50-60 feet in height; trunk 2-5 feet in
+diameter, separating a few feet from the ground into several large,
+slightly diverging branches. These, naked for some distance, repeatedly
+subdivide at wider angles, forming a very wide head, much broader near
+the top. The ultimate branches are long and slender, often forming on
+the lower limbs a pendulous fringe sometimes reaching to the ground.
+Distinguished in winter by its characteristic graceful outlines, and by
+its flower-buds conspicuously scattered along the tips of the
+branchlets; in summer by the silvery-white under-surface of its deeply
+cut leaves. It is among the first of the New England trees to blossom,
+preceding the red maple by one to three weeks.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk smooth and gray in young trees, becoming with age
+rougher and darker, more or less ridged, separating into thin, loose
+scales; young shoots chestnut-colored in autumn, smooth, polished,
+profusely marked with light dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Flower-buds clustered near the ends of the
+branchlets, conspicuous in winter; scales imbricated, convex, polished,
+reddish, with ciliate margins; leaf-buds more slender, about 1/8 inch
+long, with similar scales, the inner lengthening, falling as the leaf
+expands. Leaves simple, opposite, 3-5 inches long, of varying width,
+light green above, silvery-white beneath, turning yellow in autumn;
+lobes 3, or more usually 5, deeply cut, sharp-toothed, sharp-pointed,
+more or less sublobed; sinuses deep, narrow, with concave sides; base
+sub-heart-shaped or truncate; stems long.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--March to April. Much preceding the leaves; from short
+branchlets of the previous year, in simple, crowded umbels; flowers
+rarely perfect, the sterile and fertile sometimes on the same tree and
+sometimes on different trees, generally in separate clusters,
+yellowish-green or sometimes pinkish; calyx 5-notched, wholly included
+in bud-scales; petals none; sterile flowers long, stamens 3-7 much
+exserted, filaments slender, ovary abortive or none: fertile flowers
+broad, stamens about the length of calyx-tube, ovary woolly, with two
+styles scarcely united at the base.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruit ripens in June, earliest of the New England maples. Keys
+large, woolly when young, at length smooth, widely divergent,
+scythe-shaped or straight, yellowish-green, one key often aborted.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in cultivation throughout New England. The
+grace of its branches, the beauty of its foliage, and its rapid growth
+make it a favorite ornamental tree. It attains its finest development
+when planted by the margin of pond or stream where its roots can reach
+water, but it grows well in any good soil. Easily transplanted, and more
+readily obtainable at a low price than any other tree in general use for
+street or ornamental purposes. The branches are easily broken by wind
+and ice, and the roots fill the ground for a long distance and exhaust
+its fertility.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXII.--Acer saccharinum.]
+
+  1. Leaf-buds.
+  2. Flower-buds.
+  3. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  5. Branch with sterile and fertile flowers.
+  6. Sterile flower.
+  7. Fertile flower.
+  8. Perfect flower.
+  9. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Acer Saccharum, Marsh.=
+
+_Acer saccharinum, Wang._ _Acer barbatum, Michx._
+
+ROCK MAPLE. SUGAR MAPLE. HARD MAPLE. SUGAR TREE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Rich woods and cool, rocky slopes.
+
+     Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, westward to Lake of the Woods.
+
+New England,--abundant, distributed throughout the woods, often forming
+in the northern portions extensive upland forests; attaining great size
+in the mountainous portions of New Hampshire and Vermont, and in the
+Connecticut river valley; less frequent toward the seacoast.
+
+     South to the Gulf states; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and
+     Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A noble tree, 50-90 feet in height; trunk 2-5 feet in
+diameter, stout, erect, throwing out its primary branches at acute
+angles; secondary branches straight, slender, nearly horizontal or
+declining at the base, leaving the stem higher up at sharper and sharper
+angles, repeatedly subdividing, forming a dense and rather stiff spray
+of nearly uniform length; head symmetrical, varying greatly in shape; in
+young trees often narrowly cylindrical, becoming pyramidal or broadly
+egg-shaped with age; clothed with dense masses of foliage, purple-tinged
+in spring, light green in summer, and gorgeous beyond all other trees of
+the forest, with the possible exception of the red maple, in its
+autumnal oranges, yellows, and reds.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and principal branches gray, very smooth, close
+and firm in young trees, in old trees becoming deeply furrowed, often
+cleaving up at one edge in long, thick, irregular plates; season's
+shoots at length of a shining reddish-brown, smooth, numerously
+pale-dotted, turning gray the third year.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds sharp-pointed, reddish-brown, minutely
+pubescent, terminal 1/4 inch long, lateral 1/8 inch, appressed, the
+inner scales lengthening with the growth of the shoot. Leaves simple,
+opposite, 3-5 inches long, with a somewhat greater breadth, purplish and
+more or less pubescent when opening, at maturity dark green above,
+paler, with or without pubescence beneath, changing to brilliant reds
+and yellows in autumn; lobes sometimes 3, usually 5, acuminate,
+sparingly sinuate-toothed, with shallow, rounded sinuses; base
+subcordate, truncate, or wedge-shaped; veins and veinlets conspicuous
+beneath; leafstalks long, slender.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April 1-15. Appearing with the leaves in nearly
+sessile clusters, from terminal and lateral buds; flowers
+greenish-yellow, pendent on long thread-like, hairy stems; sterile and
+fertile on the same or on different trees, usually in separate, but not
+infrequently in the same cluster; the 5-lobed calyx cylindrical or
+bell-shaped, hairy; petals none; stamens 6-8, in sterile flowers much
+longer than the calyx, in fertile scarcely exserted; ovary smooth,
+abortive in sterile flowers, in fertile surmounted by a single style
+with two divergent, thread-like, stigmatic lobes.
+
+=Fruit.=--Keys usually an inch or more in length, glabrous, wings broad,
+mostly divergent, falling late in autumn.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England. Its long life,
+noble proportions, beautiful foliage, dense shade, moderately rapid
+growth, usual freedom from disease or insect disfigurement, and
+adaptability to almost any soil not saturated with water make it a
+favorite in cultivation; readily obtainable in nurseries, transplants
+easily, recovers its vigor quickly, and has a nearly uniform habit of
+growth.
+
+=Note.=--Not liable to be taken for any other native maple, but
+sometimes confounded with the cultivated Norway maple, _Acer
+platanoides_, from which it is easily distinguished by the milky juice
+which exudes from the broken petiole of the latter.
+
+The leaves of the Norway maple are thinner, bright green and glabrous
+beneath, and its keys diverge in a straight line.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXIII.--Acer saccharum.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Fertile flower, part of perianth and stamens removed.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Acer saccharum, Marsh., var. nigrum, Britton.=
+
+_Acer nigrum, Michx. Acer saccharinum,_ var. _nigrum, T. & G. Acer
+barbatum,_ var. _nigrum, Sarg._
+
+BLACK MAPLE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, damp ground on which, in New England at
+least, the sugar maple is rarely if ever seen, or upon moist, rocky
+slopes.
+
+     Apparently a common tree from Ottawa westward throughout Ontario.
+
+The New England specimens, with the exception of those from the
+Champlain valley, appear to be dubious intermediates between the type
+and the variety.
+
+Maine,--the Rangeley lake region; New Hampshire,--occasional near the
+Connecticut river; Vermont,--frequent in the western part in the
+Champlain valley, occasional in all other sections, especially in the
+vicinity of the Connecticut; Massachusetts,--occasional in the
+Connecticut river valley and westward, doubtfully reported from eastern
+sections; Rhode Island,--doubtful, resting on the authority of Colonel
+Olney's list; Connecticut,--doubtfully reported.
+
+     South along the Alleghanies to the Gulf states; west to the 95th
+     meridian.
+
+The extreme forms of _nigrum_ show well-marked varietal differences; but
+there are few, if any, constant characters. Further research in the
+field is necessary to determine the status of these interesting plants.
+
+=Habit.=--The black maple is somewhat smaller than the sugar maple, the
+bark is darker and the foliage more sombre. It generally has a
+symmetrical outline, which it retains to old age.
+
+=Leaves.=--The fully grown leaves are often larger than those of the
+type, darker green above, edges sometimes drooping, width equal to or
+exceeding the length, 5-lobed, margin blunt-toothed, wavy-toothed, or
+entire, the two lower lobes small, often reduced to a curve in the
+outline, broad at the base, which is usually heart-shaped; texture firm;
+the lengthening scales of the opening leaves, the young shoots, the
+petioles, and the leaves themselves are covered with a downy to a
+densely woolly pubescence. As the parts mature, the woolliness usually
+disappears, except along the midrib and principal veins, which become
+almost glabrous.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England, preferring a
+moist, fertile, gravelly loam; young trees are rather more vigorous than
+those of the sugar maple, and easily transplanted. Difficult to secure,
+for it is seldom offered for sale or recognized by nurseries, although
+occasionally found mixed with the sugar maple in nursery rows.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXIV.--Acer Saccharum, var. nigrum.]
+
+  1. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Acer spicatum, Lam.=
+
+MOUNTAIN MAPLE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In damp forests, rocky highland woods, along the
+sides of mountain brooks at altitudes of 500-1000 feet.
+
+     From Nova Scotia and Newfoundland to Saskatchewan.
+
+Maine,--common, especially northward in the forests; New Hampshire and
+Vermont,--common; Massachusetts,--rather common in western and central
+sections, occasional eastward; Rhode Island,--occasional northward;
+Connecticut,--occasional in northern and central sections; reported as
+far south as North Branford (New Haven county).
+
+     Along mountain ranges to Georgia.
+
+=Habit.=--Mostly a shrub, but occasionally attaining a height of 25
+feet, with a diameter, near the ground, of 6-8 inches; characterized by
+a short, straight trunk and slender branches; bright green foliage
+turning a rich red in autumn, and long-stemmed, erect racemes of
+delicate flowers, drooping at length beneath the weight of the maturing
+keys.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk thin, smoothish, grayish-brown; primary branches
+gray; branchlets reddish-brown streaked with green, retaining in the
+second year traces of pubescence; season's shoots yellowish-green,
+reddish on the upper side when exposed to the sun, minutely pubescent.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, flattish, acute, slightly
+divergent from the stem. Leaves simple, opposite, 4-5 inches long,
+two-thirds as wide, pubescent on both sides when unfolding, at length
+glabrous on the upper surface, 3-lobed above the center, often with two
+small additional lobes at the base, coarsely or finely serrate, lobes
+acuminate; base more or less heart-shaped; veining 3-5-nerved,
+prominent, especially on the lower side, furrowed above; leafstalks
+long, enlarged at the base.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--June. Appearing after the expansion of the leaves, in
+long-stemmed, terminal, more or less panicled, erect or slightly
+drooping racemes; flowers small and numerous, both kinds in the same
+raceme, the fertile near the base; all upon very slender pedicels; lobes
+of calyx 5, greenish, downy, about half as long as the alternating
+linear petals; stamens usually 8, in the sterile flower nearly as long
+as the petals, in the fertile much shorter; pistil rudimentary, hairy in
+the sterile flower; in the fertile the ovary is surmounted by an erect
+style with short-lobed stigma.
+
+=Fruit.=--In long racemes, drooping or pendent; the keys, which are
+smaller than those of any other American maple, set on hair-like
+pedicels, and at a wide but not constant angle; at length reddish, with
+a small cavity upon one side.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in cultivation throughout New England;
+prefers moist, well-drained, gravelly loam in partial shade, but grows
+well in any good soil; easily transplanted, but recovers its vigor
+rather slowly; foliage free from disease.
+
+Seldom grown in nurseries, but readily obtainable from northern
+collectors of native plants.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXV.--Acer spicatum.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Abortive ovary in sterile flower.
+  5. Fertile flower with part of the perianth and stamens removed.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.=
+
+STRIPED MAPLE. MOOSEWOOD. WHISTLEWOOD.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Cool, rocky or sandy woods.
+
+     Nova Scotia to Lake Superior.
+
+Maine,--abundant, especially northward in the forests; New Hampshire and
+Vermont,--common in highland woods; Massachusetts,--common in the
+western and central sections, rare towards the coast; Rhode
+Island,--frequent northward; Connecticut,--frequent, reported as far
+south as Cheshire (New Haven county).
+
+     South on shaded mountain slopes and in deep ravines to Georgia;
+     west to Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--Shrub or small tree, 15-25 feet high, with a diameter at the
+ground of 5-8 inches; characterized by a slender, beautifully striate
+trunk and straight branches; by the roseate flush of the opening
+foliage, deepening later to a yellowish-green; and by the long,
+graceful, pendent racemes of yellowish flowers, succeeded by the
+abundant, drooping fruit.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and branches deep reddish-brown or dark green,
+conspicuously striped longitudinally with pale and blackish bands;
+roughish with light buff, irregular dots; the younger branches marked
+with oval leaf-scars and the linear scars of the leaf-scales; the
+season's shoots smooth, light green, mottled with black.
+
+In spring the bark of the small branches is easily separable, giving
+rise to the name "whistle wood."
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Terminal bud long, short-stalked, obscurely
+4-sided, tapering to a blunt tip; lateral buds small and flat; opening
+foliage roseate. Leaves simple, opposite; 5-6 inches long and nearly as
+broad; the upper leaves much narrower; when fully grown light green
+above, paler beneath, finally nearly glabrous, yellow in autumn, divided
+above the center into three deep acuminate lobes, finely, sharply, and
+usually doubly serrate; base heart-shaped, truncate, or rounded;
+leafstalks 1-3 inches long, grooved, the enlarged base including the
+leaf-buds of the next season.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--In simple, drooping racemes, often 5-6 inches long,
+appearing after the leaves in late May or early June; the sterile and
+fertile flowers mostly in separate racemes on the same tree; the
+bell-shaped flowers on slender pedicels; petals and sepals
+greenish-yellow; sepals narrowly oblong, somewhat shorter than the
+obovate petals; stamens usually 8, shorter than the petals in the
+sterile flower, rudimentary in the fertile, the pistil abortive or none
+in the sterile flower, in the fertile terminating in a recurved
+stigma.
+
+=Fruit.=--In long, drooping racemes of pale green keys, set at a wide
+but not uniform angle; distinguished from the other maples, except _A.
+spicatum_, by a small cavity in the side of each key; abundant; ripening
+in August.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy, under favorable conditions, throughout
+New England. Prefers a rich, moist soil near water, in shade; but grows
+well in almost any soil when once established, many young plants failing
+to start into vigorous growth. Occasionally grown by nurserymen, but
+more readily obtainable from northern collectors of native plants.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXVI.--Acer Pennsylvanicum.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Fertile flower with part of the perianth removed.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Acer Negundo, L.=
+
+_Negundo aceroides, Moench. Negundo Negundo, Karst._
+
+BOX ELDER. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In deep, moist soil; river valleys and borders of
+swamps.
+
+     Infrequent from eastern Ontario to Lake of the Woods; abundant from
+     Manitoba westward to the Rocky mountains south of 55 deg. north
+     latitude.
+
+Maine,--along the St. John and its tributaries, especially in the French
+villages, the commonest roadside tree, brought in from the wild state
+according to the people there; thoroughly established young trees,
+originating from planted specimens, in various parts of the state; New
+Hampshire,--occasional along the Connecticut, abundant at Walpole;
+extending northward as far as South Charlestown (W. F. Flint _in lit._);
+Vermont,--shores of the Winooski river and of Lake Champlain;
+Connecticut,--banks of the Housatonic river at New Milford, Cornwall
+Bridge, and Lime Rock station.
+
+     South to Florida; west to the Rocky and Wahsatch mountains,
+     reaching its greatest size in the river bottoms of the Ohio and its
+     tributaries.
+
+=Habit.=--A small but handsome tree, 30-40 feet high, with a diameter of
+1-2 feet. Trunk separating at a small height, occasionally a foot or two
+from the ground, into several wide-spreading branches, forming a broad,
+roundish, open head, characterized by lively green branchlets and
+foliage, delicate flowers and abundant, long, loose racemes of
+yellowish-green keys hanging till late autumn, the stems clinging
+throughout the winter.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk when young, smooth, yellowish-green, in old trees
+becoming grayish-brown and ridgy; smaller branchlets greenish-yellow;
+season's shoots pale green or sometimes reddish-purple, smooth and
+shining or sometimes glaucous.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, ovate, enclosed in two dull-red,
+minutely pubescent scales. Leaves pinnately compound, opposite; leaflets
+usually 3, sometimes 5 or 7, 2-4 inches long, 1-1/2-2-1/2 inches broad,
+light green above, paler beneath and woolly when opening, slightly
+pubescent at maturity, ovate or oval, irregularly and remotely
+coarse-toothed mostly above the middle, 3-lobed or nearly entire; apex
+acute; base extremely variable; veins prominent; petioles 2-3 inches
+long, enlarging at the base, leaving, when they fall, conspicuous
+leaf-scars which unite at an angle midway between the winter buds.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April 1-15. Flowers appearing at the ends of the
+preceding year's shoots as the leaf-buds begin to open, small,
+greenish-yellow; sterile and fertile on separate trees,--the sterile in
+clusters, on long, hairy, drooping, thread-like stems; the calyx hairy,
+5-lobed, with about 5 hairy-stemmed, much-projecting linear anthers;
+pistil none: the fertile in delicate, pendent racemes, scarcely
+distinguishable at a distance from the foliage; ovary pubescent, rising
+out of the calyx; styles long, divergent; stamens none.
+
+=Fruit.=--Loose, pendent, greenish-yellow racemes, 6-8 inches long, the
+slender-pediceled keys joined at a wide angle, broadest and often
+somewhat wavy near the extremity, dropping in late autumn from the
+reddish stems, which hang on till spring.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; flourishes best in
+moist soil near running water or on rocky slopes, but accommodates
+itself to almost any situation; easily transplanted. Plants of the same
+age are apt to vary so much in size and habit as to make them unsuitable
+for street planting.
+
+An attractive tree when young, especially when laden with fruit in the
+fall. There are several horticultural varieties with colored foliage,
+some of which are occasionally offered in nurseries. A western form,
+having the new growth covered with a glaucous bloom, is said to be
+longer-lived and more healthy than the type.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXVII.--Acer Negundo.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+TILIACEAE. LINDEN FAMILY.
+
+
+=Tilia Americana, L.=
+
+BASSWOOD. LINDEN. LIME. WHITEWOOD.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In rich woods and loamy soils.
+
+     Southern Canada from New Brunswick to Lake Winnipeg.
+
+Throughout New England, frequent from the seacoast to altitudes of 1000
+feet; rare from 1000 to 2000 feet.
+
+     South along the mountains to Georgia; west to Kansas, Nebraska, and
+     Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A large tree, 5O-75 feet high, rising in the upper valley of
+the Connecticut river to the height of 100 feet; trunk 2-4 feet in
+diameter, erect, diminishing but slightly to the branching point; head,
+in favorable situations, broadly ovate to oval, rather compact,
+symmetrical; branches mostly straight, striking out in different trees
+at varying angles; the numerous secondary branches mostly horizontal,
+slender, often drooping at the extremities, repeatedly subdividing,
+forming a dense spray set at broad angles. Foliage very abundant, green
+when fully grown, almost impervious to sunlight; the small creamy
+flowers in numerous clusters; the pale, odd-shaped bracts and pea-like
+fruit conspicuous among the leaves till late autumn.
+
+=Bark.=--Dark gray, very thick, smooth in young trees, later becoming
+broadly and firmly ridged; in old trees irregularly furrowed; branches,
+especially upon the upper side, dark brown and blackish; the season's
+shoots yellowish-green to reddish-brown, and numerously rough-dotted.
+The inner bark is fibrous and tough.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leaf-buds small, conical, brownish red,
+contrasting strongly with the dark stems. Leaves simple, alternate, 4-5
+inches long, three-fourths as wide, green and smooth on both sides,
+thickish, paler beneath, broad-ovate, one-sided, serrate, the point
+often incurved; apex acuminate or acute; base heart-shaped to truncate;
+midrib and veins conspicuous on the under surface with minute, reddish
+tufts of down at the angles; stems smooth, 1-1-1/2 inches long; stipules
+soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Late June or early July. In loose, slightly fragrant,
+drooping cymes, the peduncle attached about half its length to a
+narrowly oblong, yellowish bract, obtuse at both ends, free at the top,
+and tapering slightly at the base, pedicels slender; calyx of 5 colored
+sepals united toward the base; corolla of 5 petals alternate with the
+sepals, often obscurely toothed at the apex; 5 petal-like scales in
+front of the petals and nearly as long; calyx, petals, and scales
+yellowish-white; stamens indefinite, mostly in clusters inserted with
+the scales; anthers 2-celled, ovary 5-celled; style 1; stigma 5-toothed.
+
+=Fruit.=--About the size of a pea, woody, globose, pale green, 1-celled
+by abortion: 1-2 seeds.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Useful as an ornamental or street tree; hardy
+throughout New England, easily transplanted, and grows rapidly in almost
+any well-drained soil; comes into leaf late and drops its foliage in
+early fall. The European species are more common in nurseries. They are,
+however, seriously affected by wood borers, while the native tree has
+few disfiguring insect enemies. Usually propagated from the seed. A
+horticultural form with weeping branches is sometimes cultivated.
+
+=Note.=--There is so close a resemblance between the lindens that it is
+difficult to distinguish the American species from each other, or from
+their European relatives.
+
+American species sometimes found in cultivation:
+
+_Tilia pubescens, Ait._, is distinguished from _Americana_ by its
+smaller, thinner leaves and densely pubescent shoots.
+
+_Tilia heterophylla, Vent._, is easily recognized by the pale or silver
+white under-surface of the leaves.
+
+There are several European species more or less common in cultivation,
+indiscriminately known in nurseries as _Tilia Europaea_. They are all
+easily distinguished from the American species by the absence of
+petal-like scales.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXVIII.--Tilia Americana.]
+
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower enlarged.
+  4. Pistil with cluster of stamens, petaloid scale, petal, and sepal.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+CORNACEAE. DOGWOOD FAMILY.
+
+
+=Cornus florida, L.=
+
+FLOWERING DOGWOOD. BOXWOOD.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Woodlands, rocky hillsides, moist, gravelly
+ridges.
+
+     Provinces of Quebec and Ontario.
+
+Maine,--Fayette Ridge, Kennebec county; New Hampshire,--along the
+Atlantic coast and very near the Connecticut river, rarely farther north
+than its junction with the West river; Vermont,--southern and
+southwestern sections, rare; Massachusetts,--occasional throughout the
+state, common in the Connecticut river valley, frequent eastward; Rhode
+Island and Connecticut,--common.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Minnesota and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A small tree, 15-30 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 6-10
+inches. The spreading branches form an open, roundish head, the young
+twigs curving upwards at their extremities. In spring, when decked with
+its abundant, showy white blossoms, it is the fairest of the minor trees
+of the forest; in autumn, scarcely less beautiful in the rich reds of
+its foliage and fruit.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees blackish, broken-ridged, rough,
+often separating into small, firm, 4-angled or roundish plates; branches
+grayish, streaked with white lines; season's twigs purplish-green,
+downy; taste bitter.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Terminal leaf-buds narrowly conical, acute;
+flower-buds spherical or vertically flattened, grayish. Leaves simple,
+opposite, 3-5 inches long, two-thirds as wide, dark green above, whitish
+beneath, turning to reds, purples, and yellows in the autumn, ovate to
+oval, nearly smooth, with minute appressed pubescence on both surfaces;
+apex pointed; base acutish; veins distinctly indented above, ribs
+curving upward and parallel; leafstalk short-grooved.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May to June. Appearing with the unfolding leaves in
+close clusters at the ends of the branches, each cluster subtended by
+a very conspicuous 4-leafed involucre (often mistaken for the corolla
+and constituting all the beauty of the blossom), the leaves of which are
+white or pinkish, 1-1/2 inches long, obovate, curiously notched at the
+rounded end. The real flowers are insignificant, suggesting the tubular
+disk flowers of the Compositae; calyx-tube coherent with the ovary,
+surmounting it by 4 small teeth; petals greenish-yellow, oblong,
+reflexed; stamens 4; pistil with capitate style.
+
+=Fruit.=--Ovoid, scarlet drupes, about 1/2 inch long, united in
+clusters, persistent till late autumn or till eaten by the birds.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in southern and southern-central New
+England, but liable farther north to be killed outright or as far down
+as the surface of the snow; not only one of the most attractive small
+trees on account of its flowers, habit, and foliage, but one of the most
+useful for shady places or under tall trees. The species, a
+red-flowering and also a weeping variety are obtainable in leading
+nurseries. Collected plants can be made to succeed. It is a plant of
+rather slow growth.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXIX.--Cornus florida.]
+
+  1. Leaf-buds.
+  2. Flower-buds.
+  3. Flowering branch.
+  4. Flower.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Cornus alternifolia, L. f.=
+
+DOGWOOD. GREEN OSIER.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Hillsides, open woods and copses, borders of
+streams and swamps.
+
+     Nova Scotia and New Brunswick along the valley of the St. Lawrence
+     river to the western shores of Lake Superior.
+
+Common throughout New England.
+
+     South to Georgia and Alabama; west to Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--A shrub or small tree, 6-20 feet high, trunk diameter 3-6
+inches; head usually widest near the top, flat; branches nearly
+horizontal with lateral spray, the lively green, dense foliage lying in
+broad planes.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk and larger branches greenish, warty, streaked with gray;
+season's shoots bright yellowish-green or purplish, oblong-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, acute. Leaves simple, alternate
+or sometimes opposite, clustered at the ends of the branchlets, 2-4
+inches long, dark green on the upper side, paler beneath, with minute
+appressed pubescence on both sides, ovate to oval, almost entire; apex
+long-pointed; base acutish or rounded; veins indented above, ribs
+curving upward and parallel; petiole long, slender, and grooved.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--June. From shoots of the season, in irregular open
+cymes; calyx coherent with ovary, surmounting it by 4 minute teeth;
+corolla white or pale yellow, with the 4 oblong petals at length
+reflexed: stamens 4, exserted; style short, with capitate stigma.
+
+=Fruit.=--October. Globular, blue or blue black, on slender, reddish
+stems.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England, adapting itself to
+a great variety of situations, but preferring a soil that is constantly
+moist. Nursery or good collected plants are easily transplanted. A
+disease, similar in its effect to the pear blight, so often disfigures
+it that it is not desirable for use in important plantations.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXX.--Cornus alternifolia.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower with one petal and two stamens removed, side view.
+  4. Flower, view from above.
+  5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.=
+
+TUPELO. SOUR GUM. PEPPERIDGE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In rich, moist soil, in swamps and on the borders
+of rivers and ponds.
+
+     Ontario.
+
+Maine,--Waterville on the Kennebec, the most northern station
+yet reported (Dr. Ezekiel Holmes); New Hampshire,--most
+common in the Merrimac valley, seldom seen north of the White
+mountains; Vermont,--occasional; Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
+and Connecticut,--rather common.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Michigan, Missouri, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--Tree 20-50 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet,
+rising in the forest to the height of 60-80 feet; attaining greater
+dimensions farther south; lower branches horizontal or declining, often
+touching the ground at their tips, the upper horizontal or slightly
+rising, angular, repeatedly subdividing; branchlets very numerous, short
+and stiff, making a flat spray; head extremely variable, unique in
+picturesqueness of outline; usually broad-spreading, flat-topped or
+somewhat rounded; often reduced in Nantucket and upon the southern shore
+of Cape Cod to a shrub or small tree of 10-15 feet in height, forming
+low, dense, tangled thickets. Foliage very abundant, dark lustrous
+green, turning early in the fall to a brilliant crimson.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk of young trees grayish-white, with irregular and shallow
+striations, in old trees darker, breaking up into somewhat hexagonal or
+lozenge-shaped scales; branches smooth and brown; season's shoots
+reddish-green, with a few minute dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovoid, 1/8-1/4 inch long, obtuse. Leaves
+simple, irregularly alternate, often apparently whorled when clustered
+at the ends of the shoots, 2-5 inches long, one-half as wide; at first
+bright green beneath, dullish-green above, becoming dark glossy green
+above, paler beneath, obovate or oblanceolate to oval; entire, few or
+obscurely toothed, or wavy-margined above the center; apex more or less
+abruptly acute; base acutish; firm, smooth, finely sub-veined; stem
+short, flat, grooved, minutely ciliate, at least when young; stipules
+none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May or early June. Appearing with the leaves in
+axillary clusters of small greenish flowers, sterile and fertile usually
+on separate trees, sometimes on the same tree,--sterile flowers in
+simple or compound clusters; calyx minutely 5-parted, petals 5, small or
+wanting; stamens 5-12, inserted on the outside of a disk; pistil none:
+fertile flowers larger, solitary, or several sessile in a bracted
+cluster; petals 5, small or wanting; calyx minutely 5-toothed.
+
+=Fruit.=--Drupes 1-several, ovoid, blue black, about 1/2 inch long,
+sour: stone striated lengthwise.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; adapts itself
+readily to most situations but prefers deep soil near water. Seldom
+offered in nurseries and difficult to transplant unless frequently
+root-pruned or moved; collected plants do not thrive well; seedlings are
+raised with little difficulty. Few trees are of greater ornamental
+value.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXXI.--Nyssa sylvatica.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  3-4. Sterile flowers.
+  5. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  6. Fertile flower.
+  7. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+EBENACEAE. EBONY FAMILY.
+
+
+=Diospyros Virginiana, L.=
+
+PERSIMMON.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Rhode Island,--occasional but doubtfully native;
+Connecticut,--at Lighthouse Point, New Haven, near the East Haven
+boundary line, there is a grove consisting of about one hundred
+twenty-five small trees not more than a hundred feet from the water's
+edge, in sandy soil just above the beach grass, exposed to the
+buffeting of fierce winds and the incursions of salt water, which comes
+up around them during the heavy winter storms. These trees are not in
+thriving condition; several are dead or dying, and no new plants are
+springing up to take their places. A cross-section of the trunk of a
+dead tree, as large as any of those living, shows about fifty annual
+rings. There is no reason to suppose that the survivors are older. This
+station is said to have been known as early as 1846, at which date the
+ground where they stand was grassy and fertile. These trees, if standing
+at that time, must assuredly have been in their infancy. The
+encroachment of the sea and subsequent change of conditions account well
+enough for the present decrepitude, but their general similarity in size
+and apparent age point rather to introduction than native growth.
+
+     South to Florida, Alabama, and Louisiana; west to Iowa, Kansas, and
+     Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--One of the Rhode Island trees measured 3 feet 11 inches girth
+at the base, and gradually tapered to a height of more than 40 feet (L.
+W. Russell). The trees at New Haven are 15-20 feet in height, with a
+trunk diameter of 6-10 inches, trunk and limbs much twisted by the
+winds. Their branches, beginning to put out at a height of 6-8 feet, lie
+in almost horizontal planes, forming a roundish, open head.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk in old trees dark, rough, deeply furrowed, separating
+into small, firm sections; large limbs dark reddish-brown; season's
+shoots green, turning to brown.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds oblong, conical, short. Leaves simple,
+alternate, 3-6 inches long, about half as wide, dark green and mostly
+glossy above, somewhat lighter and minutely downy (at least when young)
+beneath, ovate to oval, entire; apex acute to acuminate; base acute,
+rounded or truncate; leafstalk short; stipules none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--June. Sterile and fertile flowers on separate or on
+the same trees; not conspicuous, axillary; sterile often in clusters,
+fertile solitary; calyx 4-6-parted; corolla 4-6-parted; about 1/2 inch
+long, pale yellow, thickish, urn-shaped, constricted at the mouth and
+somewhat smaller in the sterile flowers; stamens 16 in the sterile
+flowers, in fertile flowers 8 or less, imperfect; styles 4, ovary
+8-celled.
+
+=Fruit.=--A berry, ripe in late fall, roundish, about an inch in
+diameter, larger farther south, with thick, spreading, persistent calyx,
+yellow to yellowish-brown, very astringent when immature, edible and
+agreeable to the taste after exposure to the frost; several-seeded.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy along the south shore of New England;
+prefers well-drained soil in open situations; free from disfiguring
+enemies; occasionally cultivated in nurseries but difficult to
+transplant. Propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXXII.--Diospyros Virginiana.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  3. Vertical section of sterile flower.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  5. Section of fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+OLEACEAE. OLIVE FAMILY.
+
+
+Fraxinus Americana, L.
+
+WHITE ASH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Rich or moist woods, fields and pastures, near
+streams.
+
+     Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Ontario.
+
+Maine,--very common, often forming large forest areas; in the other New
+England states, widely distributed, but seldom occurring in large
+masses.
+
+     South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A tall forest tree, 50-75 feet high, with a trunk diameter of
+2-3 feet; rising in the rich bottom lands of the Ohio river 100 feet or
+more, often in the forest half its height without a limb. In open
+ground the trunk, separating at a height of a few feet, throws off two
+or three large limbs, and is soon lost amid the slender, often gently
+curving branches, forming a rather open, rounded head widest at or near
+the base, with light and graceful foliage, and a stout, rather sparse,
+glabrous, and sometimes flattish spray.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in mature trees easily distinguishable at some
+distance by the characteristic gray color and uniform striation; ridges
+prominent, narrow, flattish, firm, without surface scales but with fine
+transverse seams; furrows fine and strong, sinuous, parallel or
+connecting at intervals; large limbs more or less furrowed; smaller
+branches smooth and grayish-green; season's shoots polished olive green;
+leaf-scars prominent.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds short, rather prominent, smooth, dark or
+pale rusty brown. Leaves pinnately compound, opposite, 6-12 inches long;
+petiole smooth and grooved; leaflets 5-9, 2-5 inches long, deep green
+and smooth above, paler and smooth, or slightly pubescent (at least when
+young) beneath; ovate to lance-oblong, entire or somewhat toothed; apex
+pointed; base obtuse, rounded or sometimes acute; leaflet stalks short,
+smooth; stipules and stipels none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. In loose panicles from lateral or terminal buds
+of the previous season's shoots, sterile and fertile flowers for the
+most part on separate trees, numerous, inconspicuous; calyx in sterile
+flowers 4-toothed, petals none, stamens 2-4, anthers oblong; calyx in
+fertile flowers unequally 4-toothed or nearly entire, persistent; petals
+none, stamens none, pistil 1, style 1, stigma 2-cleft.
+
+=Fruit.=--Ripening in early fall, and hanging in clusters into the
+winter; a samara or key 1-2 inches long, body nearly terete, marginless
+below, dilating from near the tip into a wing two or three times as long
+as the body.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a rich,
+moist, loamy soil, but grows in any well-drained situation; easily
+transplanted, usually obtainable in nurseries, and can be collected
+successfully. It is one of the most desirable native trees for landscape
+and street plantations, on account of its rapid and clean growth,
+freedom from disease, moderate shade, and richly colored autumn foliage.
+As the leaves appear late in spring and fall early in autumn, it is
+desirable to plant with other trees of different habit. Propagated from
+seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXXIII.--Fraxinus Americana.]
+
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  3. Sterile flowers.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.=
+
+_Fraxinus pubescens, Lam._
+
+RED ASH. BROWN ASH. RIVER ASH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--River banks, swampy lowlands, margins of streams
+and ponds.
+
+     New Brunswick to Manitoba.
+
+Maine,--infrequent; New Hampshire,--occasional, extending as far north
+as Boscawen in the Merrimac valley; Vermont,--common along Lake
+Champlain and its tributaries (_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); occasional in
+other sections; Massachusetts and Rhode Island,--sparingly scattered
+throughout; Connecticut,--reported from East Hartford, Westville,
+Canaan, and Lisbon (J. N. Bishop).
+
+     South to Florida and Alabama; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and
+     Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--Medium-sized to large tree, 30-70 feet high, with trunk 1-3
+feet in diameter; erect, branches spreading, broad-headed; in general
+appearance resembling the white ash.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk dark gray or brown, smooth in young trees, furrowed in
+old, furrows rather shallower than in the white ash; branches grayish;
+young shoots greenish-gray with a rusty-velvety or scurfy pubescence
+lasting often into the second year.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds rounded, dark reddish-brown, more or
+less downy, smaller than those of the white ash, partially covered by
+the swollen petiole. Leaves pinnately compound, opposite, 9-15 inches
+long; petiole short, downy, enlarged at base; leaflets 7-9, opposite,
+3-5 inches long, about one half as wide, light green and smooth above,
+paler and more or less downy beneath; outline extremely variable, ovate,
+narrow-oblong, elliptical or sometimes obovate, entire or slightly
+toothed; apex acute to acuminate; base acute or rounded; leaflet stalks
+short, grooved, downy; stipules and stipels none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Similar to that of the white ash.
+
+=Fruit.=--Ripening in early fall, and hanging in clusters into the
+winter; samara or key about 1-1/2 inches long; body of the fruit
+narrowly cylindrical, the edges gradually widening from about the center
+into linear or spatulate wings, obtuse or rounded at the ends, sometimes
+mucronate.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows readily in
+any good soil, but prefers a wet or moist, rich loam; almost as rapid
+growing when young as the white ash, and is not seriously affected by
+insects or fungous diseases; worthy of a place in landscape plantations
+and on streets, but not often found in nurseries; propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXXIV.--Fraxinus Pennsylvanica.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  3. Sterile flowers.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+  7. Mature leaf.
+
+
+=Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata, Sarg.=
+
+_Fraxinus viridis, Michx. f. Fraxinus lanceolata, Borkh._
+
+GREEN ASH.
+
+River valleys and wet woods.
+
+     Ontario to Saskatchewan.
+
+Maine,--common along the Penobscot river from Oldtown to Bangor;
+Vermont,--along Lake Champlain; Gardner's island, and the north end of
+South Hero; Rhode Island (Bailey); Connecticut,--frequent (J. N. Bishop,
+_Report of Connecticut Board of Agriculture_, 1895).
+
+     South along the mountains to Florida; west to the Rocky mountains.
+
+The claims to specific distinction rest mainly upon the usual absence of
+pubescence from the young shoots, leaves and petioles, the color of the
+leaves (which is bright green above and scarcely less so beneath), the
+usually more distinct serratures above the center, and a rather more
+acuminate apex.
+
+Apparently an extreme form of _F. pubescens_, connected with it by
+numerous intermediate forms through the entire range of the species.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXXV.--Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var.
+lanceolata.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.=
+
+_Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lam._
+
+BLACK ASH. SWAMP ASH. BASKET ASH. HOOP ASH. BROWN ASH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Wet woods, river bottoms, and swamps.
+
+     Anticosti through Ontario.
+
+Maine,--common; New Hampshire,--south of the White mountains;
+Vermont,--common; Massachusetts,--more common in central and western
+sections; Rhode Island,--infrequent; Connecticut,--occasional
+throughout.
+
+     South to Delaware and Virginia; west to Arkansas and Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--A tall tree reaching a height of 60-80 feet, with a trunk
+diameter of 1-2 feet; attaining greater dimensions southward. In swamps,
+when shut in by other trees, the trunk is straight, very slender,
+scarcely tapering to point of branching, in open situations under
+favorable conditions forming a large, round, open head. Easily
+distinguished from the other ashes by its sessile leaflets.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk a soft ash-gray, in old trees marked by parallel
+ridges separating into fine, thin, close flakes; limbs light gray,
+rough-warted, the smaller with conspicuous leaf-scars; season's shoots
+olive green, stout; flattened at apex, with small, black, vertical dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds roundish, pointed, very dark, the
+terminal 1/8 inch long. Leaves compound, opposite, 12-15 inches long;
+stipules none; stem grooved and smooth; leaflets 7-11, more frequently
+9, 3-5 inches long, 1-1/2-2 inches wide, green on both sides, lighter
+beneath and more or less hairy on the veins; outline variable, more
+usually oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate; apex acuminate; base obtuse
+to rounded, sessile except the odd leaflets; stipels none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing before the leaves in loose panicles
+from lateral or terminal buds of the preceding season, sterile and
+fertile flowers on different trees; bracted; calyx none; petals none.
+
+=Fruit.=--August to September. Samaras, in panicles, rather more than 1
+inch long, rounded at both ends: body entirely surrounded by the wing.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in any good
+soil, but prefers swamp or wet land. Its very tall, slender habit makes
+it a useful tree in some positions, but it is not readily obtainable in
+nurseries and is seldom used. Propagated from the seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXXVI.--Fraxinus nigra.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+  3. Sterile flower.
+  4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+  5. Fertile flower.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+  7. Fruit.
+
+
+
+
+CAPRIFOLIACEAE. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.
+
+
+=Viburnum Lentago, L.=
+
+SHEEP BERRY. SWEET VIBURNUM. NANNY PLUM.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Rich woods, thickets, river valleys, along fences.
+
+     Province of Quebec to Saskatchewan.
+
+Frequent throughout New England.
+
+     South along the mountains to Georgia and Kentucky; west to
+     Minnesota, Nebraska, and Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--A shrub or small tree, 10-25 feet in height with numerous
+branches forming a wide-spreading, compact rounded head; conspicuous by
+rich foliage, profuse, fragrant yellowish-white flowers, and long,
+drooping clusters of crimson fruit which deepen to a rich purple when
+fully ripe.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk and larger branches dark purplish or reddish brown,
+separating in old trees into small, firm sections; branchlets
+grayish-brown; season's shoots reddish-brown, dotted, more or less
+scurfy.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leaf-buds long, narrow, covered with scurfy,
+brown, leaf-like scales; flower-buds much longer, swollen at the base,
+with two leaf-like scales extended into a long, spire-like point. Leaves
+simple, opposite, 2-4 inches long, upper surface bright green, lower
+paler and set with rusty scales, ovate to oblong-ovate or orbicular,
+sharply and finely serrate, smooth, tapered or abruptly pointed; base
+acute to rounded or truncate; stem slender, wavy-margined, channeled
+above; stipules none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May or early June. Terminal, in broad, flat-topped,
+compound, sessile cymes; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, 5-toothed;
+corolla white, salver-shaped, segments 5, oval, reflexed; stamens 5,
+projecting, anthers yellow; pistil truncate.
+
+=Fruit.=--Profuse, in clusters; drupes 1/2 inch long, oval, crimson when
+ripening, deep purple when fully ripe, edible, sweet: stone flat, oval,
+rough, obscurely striate lengthwise.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a rich
+soil in open places or in light shade. Its showy flowers, healthy
+foliage, and vigorous growth make it a desirable plant for high shrub
+plantations, and as an undergrowth in open woods. Offered for sale by
+collectors and occasionally by nurserymen; easily transplanted;
+propagated from seed or from cuttings.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXXVII.--Viburnum Lentago.]
+
+  1. Winter buds.
+  2. Flowering branch.
+  3. Flower.
+  4. Flower, side view.
+  5. Flower with petals and stamens removed.
+  6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+The range of several trees as given in the text has been extended by
+discoveries made during the summer of 1901, but reported too late for
+incorporation in its proper place.
+
+_Populus balsamifera_, L., var. _candicans_, Gray.--One of the commonest
+and stateliest trees in the alluvium of the Connecticut and the Cold
+rivers; with negundo, river maple, and white and slippery elm, forming a
+tall and dense forest along the Connecticut at the foot of Fall
+mountain, and opposite Bellows Falls. The densely pubescent petioles and
+the ciliate margins of the broad cordate leaves at once distinguish this
+tree from the usually smaller but more common _P. balsamifera_ ("Some
+Trees and Shrubs of Western Cheshire County, N. H." Mr. M. L. Fernald,
+in _Rhodora_, III, 233).
+
+The above is the _Populus candicans_, Ait., of the text.
+
+_Salix discolor_, Muhl.--There are many fine trees at Fort Kent, Maine,
+one with trunk 13 inches in diameter. (M. L. Fernald _in lit._,
+September, 1901.)
+
+_Salix balsamifera_, Barrett.--A handsome tree at Fort Kent, 25-30 feet
+high, with trunk 4-6 inches in diameter. (M. L. Fernald _in lit._,
+September, 1901.)
+
+_Crataegus Crus-Galli_, L.--Nantucket, Massachusetts. Young trees were
+set out in 1830, enclosing an oblong of about an acre and a half. The
+most flourishing of these have obtained a height of about 30 feet and a
+trunk diameter near the ground of 10-12 inches. Now established,
+probably through the agency of birds, along swamps and upon
+hill-slopes. (L. L. D.)
+
+_Prunus Americana_, Marsh.--One clump of small trees in a thicket at
+Alstead Centre, N. H., has the characteristic spherical fruit of this
+species. _P. nigra_, Ait., with oblong, laterally flattened fruit, is
+abundant. (_Rhodora_, III, 234.)
+
+_Acer Saccharum_, Marsh., var. _barbatum_, Trelease.--Characteristic
+trees (Cheshire County, N. H.), with small, firm, deep green,
+three-lobed leaves, appear very distinct, but many transitions are noted
+between this and the typical _Acer Saccharum_. (_Rhodora_, III, 234.)
+
+_Acer Saccharum_, Marsh., var. _nigrum_, Britton.--Occasional in
+alluvium of the Cold river (Cheshire county, N. H.). The large, dark
+green, "flabby" leaves, with closed sinuses and with densely pubescent
+petioles and lower surfaces, quickly distinguish this tree from the
+ordinary forms of the sugar maple. (_Rhodora_, III. 234.)
+
+_Fraxinus Pennsylvanica_. Marsh., var. _lanceolata_, Sarg.--Common along
+the Connecticut at Walpole, N. H. (M. L. Fernald _in lit._, September,
+1901.)
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY.
+
+
+=Abortive.= Defective or barren, through non-development of a part.
+
+=Acuminate.= Long-pointed.
+
+=Acute.= Ending with a sharp but not prolonged point.
+
+=Adherent.= Growing fast to; adnate anther, attached for its whole
+length to the ovary.
+
+=Adnate.= Essentially same as adherent, with the added idea of
+congenital adhesion.
+
+=Aggregate fruits.= Formed by crowding together all the carpels of the
+same flower; as in the blackberry.
+
+=Ament.= Name given to such flower-clusters as those of the willow,
+birch, poplar, etc.
+
+=Anther.= The part of the stamen which bears the pollen.
+
+=Appressed.= Lying close against another organ.
+
+=Ascending.= Rising upward, or obliquely upward.
+
+=Axil.= Angle formed on the upper side between the leaf stem or flower
+stem and the branch from which it springs.
+
+=Bract.= Reduced leaf subtending a flower or flower-cluster.
+
+=Branches, primary.= The leading or main branches thrown out directly
+from the trunk, giving a general shape to the head.
+
+=Branches, secondary.= Never directly from the trunk but from other
+branches.
+
+=Buttressed.= Supported against strain in any direction by a conspicuous
+ridge-like enlargement of the trunk vertically to the roots. Several of
+these buttresses often give a tree a square appearance.
+
+=Caducous.= Dropping off very early after development.
+
+=Calyx.= The outer set of the leaves of the flower.
+
+=Campanulate.= Bell-shaped.
+
+=Capitate.= Head-shaped or collected in a head.
+
+=Capsule.= A dry compound fruit.
+
+=Carpel.= A simple pistil.
+
+=Catkin.= See ament.
+
+=Ciliate.= Margin with hairs or bristles.
+
+=Coherent.= One organ uniting with another.
+
+=Compound.= See leaf, ovary, etc.
+
+=Connate.= Similar organs, more or less grown together.
+
+=Connective.= The part of the anther connecting its two cells.
+
+=Coriaceous.= Thick, leathery in texture.
+
+=Corolla.= Leaves of the flower within the calyx.
+
+=Corymb.= That sort of flower-cluster in which the flower stems arranged
+along the central axis elongate, forming a broad convex or level top,
+the flowers opening successively from the outer edge towards the center.
+
+=Crenate.= Edge with rounded teeth.
+
+=Crenulate.= Edge with small rounded teeth.
+
+=Cyme.= Flat-topped or convex flower-cluster, the central flower opening
+first; blossoming outward.
+
+=Deciduous.= Falling off, as leaves in autumn, or calyx and corolla
+before fruit grows.
+
+=Declining.= Bent downwards.
+
+=Decurrent.= Leaves prolonged on the stem beneath the insertion:
+branchlets springing out beneath the point of furcation, as the
+feathering along the trunk of elms, etc.
+
+=Dentate.= With teeth pointing outwards.
+
+=Disk.= Central part of a head of flowers; fleshy expansion of the
+receptacle of a flower; any rounded, flat surface.
+
+=Drupe.= A stone fruit; soft externally with a stone at the center, as
+the cherry and peach.
+
+=Erose.= Eroded, as if gnawed.
+
+=Exserted.= Protruding, projecting out of.
+
+=Falcate.= Scythe-shaped.
+
+=Fertile.= Flowers containing the pistil, capable of producing fruit.
+Anthers in such blossoms, if any, are generally abortive.
+
+=Fibrovascular.= Bundle or tissue, formed of wood fibers, ducts, etc.
+
+=Filament.= Part of stamen supporting anther.
+
+=Fungus.= A division of cryptogamous plants, including mushrooms, etc.
+
+=Furcation.= Branching.
+
+=Glabrous.= Smooth without hairiness or roughness.
+
+=Glandular.= Bearing glands or appendages having the appearance of
+glands.
+
+=Glaucous.= Covered with a bloom: bluish hoary.
+
+=Globose= or =globous.= Spherical or nearly so.
+
+=Habit.= The general appearance of a plant.
+
+=Habitat.= The place where a plant naturally grows, as in swamps, in
+water, upon dry hillsides, etc.
+
+=Hybrid.= A cross between two species.
+
+=Imbricated.= Overlapping.
+
+=Inflorescence.= Mode of disposition of flowers; sometimes applied to
+the flower-cluster itself.
+
+=Involucre.= Bracts subtending a flower or a cluster of flowers.
+
+=Keeled.= Having a central dorsal ridge like the keel of a boat.
+
+=Key.= A winged fruit; a samara.
+
+=Lacerate.= Irregularly cleft, as if torn.
+
+=Lanceolate.= Lance-shaped, broadest above the base, gradually narrowing
+to the apex.
+
+=Leaf.= Consisting when botanically complete of a blade, usually flat, a
+footstalk and two appendages at base of the footstalk; often consisting
+of blade only.
+
+=Leaf, compound.= Having two to many distinct blades on a common
+leafstalk or rachis. These blades may be sessile or have leafstalks of
+their own.
+
+=Leaf, pinnately compound.= With the leaflets arranged along the sides
+of the rachis.
+
+=Leaf, palmately compound.= With leaflets all standing on summit of
+petiole.
+
+=Leaf-cushions.= Organs resembling persistent decurrent footstalks, upon
+which leaves of spruces, etc., stand; sterigmata.
+
+=Leaf-scar.= The scar left on the twig where the petiole was attached.
+
+=Lenticel.= Externally appearing upon the bark as spots, warts, and
+perpendicular or transverse lines.
+
+=Linear.= Long and narrow with sides nearly parallel.
+
+=Monopetalous.= Having petals more or less united.
+
+=Mucronate.= Abruptly tipped with a small, sharp point.
+
+=Nerved.= Having prominent unbranched ribs or veins.
+
+=Obcordate.= Inversely heart-shaped.
+
+=Obovate.= Ovate with the broader end towards the apex.
+
+=Obtuse.= Blunt or rounded at the end.
+
+=Orbicular.= Having a circular or nearly circular outline.
+
+=Ovary.= The part of the pistil containing the ovules.
+
+=Ovoid.= A solid with an oval or ovate outline.
+
+=Ovuliferous.= Bearing ovules.
+
+=Panicle.= General term for any loose and irregular flower-cluster,
+commonly of the racemose type, with pedicellate flowers.
+
+=Pedicel.= The stalk of a single flower in the ultimate divisions of an
+inflorescence.
+
+=Peduncle.= The stem of a solitary flower or of a cluster.
+
+=Perfect.= Having both pistils and stamens.
+
+=Perianth.= The floral envelope consisting of calyx, corolla, or both.
+
+=Persistent.= Not falling for a long time.
+
+=Petal.= A division of the corolla.
+
+=Petiole.= The stalk of a leaf.
+
+=Petiolule.= The stalk of a leaflet in a compound leaf.
+
+=Pistil.= The seed-bearing organ of the flower.
+
+=Pistillate.= Provided with pistils; usually applied to flowers without
+stamens.
+
+=Pollen.= The fertilizing grains contained in the anthers.
+
+=Puberulent.= Minutely pubescent.
+
+=Pubescent.= Covered with short soft or downy hairs.
+
+=Raceme.= A simple cluster of pediceled flowers upon a common axis.
+
+=Rachis.= The main axis of a compound leaf, of a raceme or of a spike.
+
+=Ramification.= Branching.
+
+=Range.= The geographical extent and limits of a species.
+
+=Reflexed.= Turned backward.
+
+=Reticulated.= Netted; in the form of a network.
+
+=Revolute.= Rolled backward from the margin or apex.
+
+=Samara.= Key fruit; winged fruit, like that of the ash or maple.
+
+=Scarf-bark.= The thin, outermost layer which often peels off.
+
+=Segment.= One of the divisions into which a plane organ, such as a
+leaf, may be divided.
+
+=Sepal.= A calyx leaf.
+
+=Serrate.= With teeth inclining forward.
+
+=Serrulate.= With small teeth inclining forward.
+
+=Sessile.= Not stalked, as when the leaf blade or flower rests directly
+upon the twig.
+
+=Simple leaf.= Not compound, having one blade not jointed with its stem.
+
+=Sinuate.= Strongly wavy-margined.
+
+=Sinus.= Interval between two lobes or divisions of a leaf; sometimes
+sharp-angular, sometimes rounded.
+
+=Spatulate.= Gradually narrowed downward from a rounded summit.
+
+=Spike.= A cluster of sessile or nearly sessile lateral flowers on an
+elongated axis.
+
+=Spray.= The smaller branches and ultimate branchlets of a tree taken as
+a whole.
+
+=Stamens.= The pollen-bearing organs of a flower, each stamen consisting
+of a filament (stem) and anther which contains the pollen.
+
+=Staminate.= Having stamens.
+
+=Sterile.= Variously applied: to flowers with stamens only; to stamens
+without anthers; to anthers without pollen; to ovaries not producing
+seed, etc.
+
+=Stigma.= Part of pistil which receives the pollen.
+
+=Stipels.= Appendages to a leaflet, analogous to the stipules of a leaf.
+
+=Stipules.= Appendages of a leaf, usually at the point of insertion.
+
+=Striate.= Streaked, or very finely ridged lengthwise.
+
+=Style.= Part of pistil uniting ovary with stigma; often wanting.
+
+=Sucker.= A shoot of subterranean origin.
+
+=Suture.= The line of union between parts which have grown together;
+most often used with reference to the line along which an ovary opens.
+
+=Terete.= Cylindrical.
+
+=Ternate.= In threes.
+
+=Tomentose.= Densely pubescent or woolly.
+
+=Truncate.= As if cut off at the end.
+
+=Umbel.= An inflorescence in which the flower stems spring from the same
+point like the rays of an umbrella.
+
+=Verticillate.= Arranged in a circle round an axis; whorled.
+
+=Villose= or =villous.= With long, soft hairs.
+
+=Whorl.= Arranged in a circle about an axis.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+  A
+
+  Abele. (Populus alba, L.) 39, 40
+
+  Abies balsamea, Mill. _Fir balsam_ 20-22
+
+  =Abietacae.= (=Pinoideae=) 1-22
+    Larix 1-4
+    Pinus 4-12
+    Picea 12-18
+    Tsuga 19, 20
+    Abies 20-22
+
+  Acacia, (Robinia Pseudacacia, L.) 131, 132
+          (Robinia viscosa, Vent.) 132
+          Three-thorned. (Gleditsia triacanthos, L.) 129, 130
+
+  =Aceraceae.= (Maple family). 140-153
+    Acer barbatum, Michx. _Rock, Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree_ 144-146
+       barbatum, var. nigrum, Sarg. _Black maple_ 146, 147
+       dasycarpum, Ehrh. _Silver, Soft, White, River maple_ 142-144
+       Negundo, L. _Box elder, Ash-leaved maple_ 151-153
+       nigrum, Michx. _Black maple_ 146,147
+       Pennsylvanicum, L. _Striped maple, Moosewood, Whistlewood_ 149-151
+       platanoides _Norway maple_ 146
+       rubrum, L. _Red, Swamp, Soft, White maple_ 140-142
+       saccharinum, L. _Silver, Soft, White, River maple_ 142-144
+       saccharinum, Wang. _Rocky Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree_ 144-146
+       saccharinum, var. nigrum, T. and G. _Black maple_ 146, 147
+       Saccharum, Marsh. _Rock, Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree_ 144-146
+       Saccharum, Marsh., var. barbatum, Trelease 172
+       Saccharum, Marsh., var. nigrum, Britton. _Black maple_ 146, 147, 172
+       spicatum, Lam. _Mountain maple_ 148, 149
+    Negundo aceroides, Moench. _Box elder, Ash-leaved maple_ 151-153
+            Negundo, Karst, _Box elder, Ash-leaved maple_ 151-153
+
+  Ailanthus family. (=Simarubaceae=) 133
+
+  Ailanthus, Tree of Heaven, Chinese sumac (Ailanthus glanulosus,
+              Desf.) 133
+
+  Alder, European. (Alnus glutinosa, Medic.) 70
+
+  Alnus glutinosa, Medic, _European alder_ 70
+  Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic. _Shadbush, June-berry_, 116, 117
+  American elm (Ulmus Americana, L.) 95-97
+           holly. (Hex opaca, Alt.) 138-146
+
+  =Anacardiaceae.=  (Sumac family) 134-137
+    Rhus copallina.      _Dwarf sumac_, 137
+         glabra.         _Smooth sumac_, 137
+         hirta, Sudw.    _Staghorn sumac_, 134, 135
+         toxicodendron.  _Poison ivy_, 137
+         typhina, L.     _Staghorn sumac_, 134, 135
+         venenata, DC.   _Dogwood, Poison sumac. Poison elder_, 136, 137
+         vernix, L. _Dogwood, Poison sumac. Poison elder_, 136, 137
+
+  Apple family. (=Pomaceae=) 112-121
+    Apple tree. (Pyrus malus, L.) 1
+  =Aquifoliaceae.= (Holly family) 138-140
+    Ilex opaca, Ait. _American holly_ 138, 140
+
+  Ash, Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash. (Fraxinus nigra,
+         Marsh.) 167-168
+       European mountain ash. (Pyrus aucuparia) 113, 115
+       Green ash.  (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata,
+                     Sarg.) 166, 172
+       Mountain ash. (Pyrus Americana, DC.) 112, 113
+       Mountain ash. (Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht.) 113-115
+       Red, Brown, River ash. (Fraxinus pubescens. Lam.) 164,165
+       White ash.  (Fraxinus Americana, L.) 162-164
+
+  Ash-leaved maple. (Acer negundo, L.) 151-153
+
+  Aspen, Large-toothed. (Populusgrandidentata, Michx.) 31, 32
+                        (Populus tremuloides, Michx.) 29, 30
+
+
+  B
+
+  Balm of Gilead. (Populus balsamifera, L.) 36, 37
+                  (Populus candicans, Alt.). 37-39, 171
+
+  Balsam.         (Abies balsamea, Mill.) 20-22
+                  (Populus balsamifera, L.) 36, 37
+
+  Basket ash.    (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) 167, 168
+
+  Basswood.      (Tilia Americana, L.) 153-155
+
+  Bear oak.     (Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.) 93, 94
+
+  Beech family. (=Fagaceae=) 70-94
+
+  Beech      (Fagus ferruginea, Alt.) 70-72
+      Blue beech, Water beech. (Carpinus Caroliniana. Walt.) 59, 60
+
+  Betula lenta, L.    _Black, Cherry, Sweet birch_  61, 62
+         lutea, Michx. L.   _Yellow, Gray birch_  63, 64
+         nigra, L.   _Red, River birch_ 55,66
+         papyrifera. Marsh.   _White, Canoe. Paper birch,_ 68-70
+  Betula papyrifera, var. minor, Tuckerman. _Dwarf birch_ 68
+    populifolia, Marsh. _Gray, Poplar, Oldfield, Poverty, Small
+      white birch_ 66-68
+
+  =Betulaceae.= (Birch family) 57-70
+    Alnus glutinosa, Medic.  _European alder_ 70
+    Betula lenta, L.    _Black, Cherry, Sweet birch_ 61, 62
+      lutea, Michx. f.   _Yellow, Gray birch_  63, 64
+      nigra, L.       _Red, River birch_ 65, 66
+      papyrifera, Marsh.  _White, Canoe, Paper birch_ 68-70
+      var. minor, Tuckerman.  _Dwarf birch_ 68
+      populifolia, Marsh. _Gray, Poplar, Oldfield, Poverty, Small
+        white birch_ 66-68
+    Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. _Hornbeam, Blue beech, Ironwood,
+      Water beech_ 59, 60
+    Ostrya Virginica, Willd. _Hop hornbeam, Ironwood, Leverwood_ 57, 58
+
+  Birch family. (=Betulaceae=)  57-70
+
+  Birch. Black, Cherry, Sweet birch. (Betula lenta, L.) 61, 62
+    Canoe, White, Paper birch. (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.) 68-70
+    Red, River birch    (Betula nigra, L.) 65, 66
+    White, Gray, Oldfield, Poplar, Poverty, Small white birch
+       (Betula populifolia, Marsh.)  66-68
+    Yellow, Gray birch. (Betula lutea, Michx. f.) 63, 64
+
+  Bird cherry     (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.) 124, 125
+
+  Bitternut    (Carya amara, Nutt.) 55-57
+
+  Black ash    (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) 167, 168
+    birch   (Betula lenta, L.) 61, 62
+    cherry  (Prunus serotina, Ehrh.) 127, 128
+    maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var_. nigrum, Britton) 146, 147, 172
+    oak    (Quercus velutina, Lam.) 89-91
+    spruce    (Picea nigra, Link) 12-14
+    walnut   (Juglans nigra, L.) 48, 49
+    willow   (Salix nigra, Marsh.) 42, 43
+
+  Blue beech   (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.) 59, 60
+
+  Box elder     (Acer negundo, L.) 151-153
+    white oak  (Quercus stellata, Wang.) 77, 78
+
+  Boxwood     (Cornus florida, L.) 156, 157
+
+  Braintree, Mass. Fine specimen of _Ilex opaca_ on farm of
+    Col. Minot Thayer 139
+
+  Brittle willow    (Salix fragilis, L.) 43-45
+
+  Brown ash   (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) 167, 168
+      (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.) 164, 165
+
+  Bur oak     (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.) 79, 80
+
+  Butternut    (Juglans cinerea, L.) 46, 47
+
+  Buttonball     (Platanus occidentalis, L.) 110, 111
+
+  Buttonwood     (Platanus occidentalis, L.) 110, 111
+
+
+  C
+
+  Canada plum  (Primus nigra. Ait.), 122, 123
+
+  Canoe birch  (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.), 68-70
+
+  =Caprifoliaceae.=  (Honeysuckle family) 168, 169
+
+    Viburnum Lentas L. _Sheep berry sweet viburnum. Nanny plum_ 168, 169
+
+  Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. _Hornbeam. Blue beech. Ironwood.
+    Water beech_ 59,60
+
+  Carya alba, Nutt. _Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut_ 49-51
+    amara, Nutt.     _Bitter nut. Swamp hickory_ 55-57
+    porcina, Nutt.   _Pignut. White hickory_ 53-55
+    tomentosa, Nutt. _Mockernut. White-heart hickory. Walnut_ 51-53
+
+  Castanea dentata. Borkh. _Chestnut_ 72-74
+    sativa, _var._ Americana, Watson & Coulter.  _Chestnut_ 72-74
+    vesca, _var._ Americana, Michx. _Chestnut_ 72-74
+
+  Cat spruce.   (Picea alba, Link) 16-18
+
+  Cedar, Arbor vitae. White cedar. (Thuja occidentals, L.) 23,24
+    Red cedar. Savin. (Juniperus Virginiana. L.) 26-28
+    White cedar. (Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea, Spach) 25,26
+
+  Celtis occidentalis. L. _Hackberry, Nettle tree, Hoop ash,
+    Sugar berry_ 100-102
+
+  Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea. Spach.  White cedar 25,26
+
+  Cherry.      (Primus Avium, L.) 128
+    Chokecherry.   (Prunus Virginiana, L.) 125,126
+    Rum, Black cherry. (Prunus serotina, Ehrh.) 127,128
+    Wild red, Pin, Pigeon, Bird cherry Prunus Pennsylvania, L. f. 124,125
+
+  Cherry birch.   (Betula lenta, L.) 61,62
+
+  Chestnut. (Castanea sativa, _var_. Americana, Watson & Coulter) 72-74
+
+  Chestnut oak.    (Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm.) 84,85
+      (Quercus prinus, L.) 82-84
+
+  Chinese sumac.     (Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.) 133
+
+  Chokecherry.    (Prunus Virginiana, L.) 125,126
+
+  Clammy locust.      (Robinia viscosa, Vent.) 132
+
+  Cockspur thorn   (Crataegus Crus-Galli, L.) 117, 118, 171
+
+  Conifer family, (=Pinoideae=) 1-28
+
+  Cork elm.      (Ulmus racemosa, Thomas) 99,100
+
+  =Cornaceae.= (Dogwood family)     150-160
+    Cornus alternifolia, L, f. _Dogwood, Green osier_ 157, 158
+      florida, L  _Flowering dogwood, Boxwood_ 156, 157
+    Nyssa sylvatica. Marsh. _Tupelo, Sour gum, Pepperidge_ 159, 160
+
+  Cottonwood   (Populus deltoides, Marsh.) 34, 35
+    (Populus heterophylla. L.) 33, 34
+
+  Crack willow. (Salix fragilis, L.) 43-45
+
+  Crataegus Arnoldiana, Sarg. _Thorn_ 121
+    coccinea, L. _Thorn_ 118, 119
+    coccinea, _var._ mollis, T. & G.  _Thorn_, 120, 121
+    Crus-Galli, L. _Cockspur thorn_ 117, 118, 171
+    mollis, Scheele _Thorn_ 120, 121
+    punctata, Jacq. _Cockspur thorn_ 118
+    submollis, Sarg. _Thorn_ 121
+    subvillosa, Schr. _Thorn_ 120, 121
+
+  =Cupressaceae.= (Pinoideae) 23-28
+    Cupressus 25, 26
+    Juniperus 26-28
+    Thuja 23, 24
+
+  Cupressus thyoides, L. _White cedar_ 25, 26
+
+
+  D
+
+  Diospyros Virginiana, L.  _Persimmon_ 160-162
+
+  Dogwood family. (=Cornaceae=) 156-160
+
+  Dogwood (Rhus vernix, L.) 136, 137
+    Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida, L.) 156, 157
+    Green osier (Cornus alternifolia, L. f.) 157, 158
+
+  Double spruce (Picea nigra, Link) 12-14
+
+  =Drupaceae.= (Plum family) 122-128
+    Prunus Americana, Marsh. _Wild plum_ 123, 124, 171
+      Americana, _var._ nigra, Waugh. _Wild, Red, Horse,
+        Canada plum_ 122, 123
+      Avium, L. _Mazard cherry_ 128
+      nigra, Ait. _Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum_ 122, 123, 171
+      Pennsylvanica, L. f. _Wild red, Pin, Pigeon, Bird cherry_ 124, 125
+      serotina, Ehrh. _Rum, Black cherry_ 127, 128
+      Virginiana, L.  _Chokecherry_ 125, 126
+
+  Dwarf birch. (Betula papyrifera, _var._ minor, Tuckerman) 68
+    black spruce. (Picea nigra, var. semiprostrata) 12
+    sumac. (Rhus copallina) 137
+
+
+  E
+
+  =Ebenaceae.= (Ebony family) 160-162
+    Diospyros Virginiana, L.  Persimmon 160-162
+
+  Ebony family. (=Ebenaceae=) 160-162
+
+  Elder, Poison elder. (Rhus vernix, L.) 136, 137
+
+  Elm family. (=Ulmaceae=) 95-102
+
+  Elm, American elm (Ulmus Americana, L.) 95-97
+    Cork, Rock elm (Ulmus racemosa. Thomas) 99, 100
+    Slippery, Red elm  (Ulmus fulva, Michx.) 97, 98
+
+  European alder (Alnus glutinosa. Medic.) 70
+    mountain ash  (Pyrus aucuparia) 113-115
+
+
+  F
+
+  =Fagaceae.=  (Beech family) 70-94
+
+  Castanea dentata, Borkh. _Chestnut_ 72-74
+    sativa, _var._ Americana, Watson & Coulter _Chestnut_ 72-74
+    vesca, _var._ Americana, Michx. _Chestnut_ 72-74
+
+  Fagus Americana, Sweet _Beech_ 70-72
+    atropunicea, Sudw. _Beech_ 70-72
+    ferruginea, Ait.  _Beech_ 70-72
+
+  Quercus acuminata, Sarg. _Chestnut oak_ 84, 85
+    alba, L. _White oak_ 75-77
+    bicolor, Willd. _Swamp white oak_ 80-82
+    coccinea, Wang. _Scarlet oak_ 88, 89
+    coccinea, _var._ tinctoria, Gray. _Black, Yellow oak_ 89-91
+    ilicifolia, Wang. _Scrub, Bear oak_ 93, 94
+    macrocarpa, Michx.   _Bur, Over-cup, Mossy-cup oak_ 79, 80
+    minor, Sarg.   _Post, Box white oak_ 77-78
+    Muhlenbergii, Engelm. _Chestnut oak_ 84, 85
+    nana, Sarg.    _Scrub oak, Bear oak_ 93, 94
+    obtusiloba, Michx.   _Post, Box white oak_ 77, 78
+    palustris, Du Roi   _Pin, Swamp, Water oak_ 91-93
+    platanoides, Sudw.  _Swamp white oak_ 80-82
+    prinoides, Willd. _Scrub white oak. Scrub chestnut oak_ 85
+    prinus, L.   _Chestnut, Rock chestnut oak_ 82-84
+    pumila, Sudw.  _Scrub, Bear oak_ 93, 94
+    rubra, L. _Red oak_ 86, 87
+    stellata, Wang. _Post, Box white oak_ 77, 78
+    tinctoria, Bartram  _Black, Yellow oak_ 89-91
+    velutina, Lam.   _Black, Yellow oak_ 89-91
+
+  Fir (Abies balsamea, Mill.) 20-22
+
+  Fir balsam (Abies balsamea, Mill.) 20-22
+
+  Fraxinus Americana, L. _White ash_ 162-164
+    lanceolata. Borkh.  _Green ash_ 166, 172
+    nigra. Marsh. _Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash_ 167, 168
+    Pennsylvanica, Marsh. _Red, Brown, River ash_ 164, 165
+
+  Fraxinus Pennsylvania, _var._ lanceolata, Sarg. _Green ash_ 166, 172
+    pubescens, Lam. _Red, Brown, River ash_ 164,165
+    sambucifolia, Lam. _Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash_ 167, 168
+    viridis, Michx. f. _Green ash_ 166, 172
+
+
+  G
+
+  Glaucous willow. (Salix discolor, Muhl.) 40, 41
+
+  Gleditsia triacanthos, L. _Honey locust_ 129, 130
+
+  Gray birch. (Betula lutea, Michx. f.) 63,64
+      (Betula populifolia, Marsh.) 66-68
+    pine. (Pinus Banksiana, Lam.) 8, 9
+
+  Green ash. (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, _var._ lanceolata, Sarg.) 166, 172
+    osier. (Cornus alternifolia, L. f.) 157, 158
+
+  Groome estate, Dorchester, Mass., Willow. (_Salix fragilis_, 1890) 44
+
+  Gum, (Liquidambar Styraciflua, L.) 108, 109
+    Sour gum. (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.) 159, 160
+
+
+  H
+
+  Hackberry. (Celtis occidentalis, L.) 100-102
+
+  Hacmatack. (Larix Americana, Michx.) 2-4
+
+  =Hamamelidaceae.= (Witch Hazel family) 108, 109
+    Liquidambar styraciflua, L. _Sweet gum_ 108, 109
+
+  Hard maple. (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.) 144-146
+    pine. (Pinus rigida, Mill.) 6, 7
+
+  Hemlock. (Tsuga Canadensis, Carr.) 19, 20
+
+  Hickory. Bitternut, Swamp hickory. (Carya amara, Nutt.) 55-57
+    Mockernut, White-heart hickory.  (Carya tomentosa, Nutt.) 51-53
+    Pignut, White hickory. (Carya porcina, Nutt.) 53-55
+    Shagbark, Shellbark hickory. (Carya alba, Nutt.) 49-51
+
+  Hicoria alba, Britton. _Mockernut, White-heart hickory, Walnut_ 51-53
+    glabra, Britton.  _Pignut, White hickory_ 53-55
+    minima, Britton. _Butternut, Swamp hickory_ 55-57
+    ovata, Britton. _Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut_ 49-51
+
+  Holly family. (=Aquifoliaceae=) 138-140
+
+  Holly, American holly. (Ilex opaca, Ait.) 138-140
+
+  Honey locust. (Gleditsia triacanthos, L.) 129,130
+
+  Honeysuckle family. (=Caprifoliaceae=) 168,169
+
+  Hoop ash. (Celtis occidentals, L.) 100-102
+    (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) 167, 168
+
+  Hop hornbeam. (Ostrya Virginica, Willd.) 57,58
+
+  Hornbeam. (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.) 59, 60
+
+  Horse plum. (Prunus nigra, Ait.) 122,123
+
+
+  I
+
+  Ilex opaca, Ait. _American holly_ 138-140
+
+  Ironwood.    (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.) 59, 60
+    (Ostrya Virginica, Willd.) 57, 58
+
+  Ivy, Poison ivy. (Rhus toxicodendron) 137
+
+
+  J
+
+  Jack pine. (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb) 8, 9
+
+  =Juglandaceae.= (Walnut family) 47-57
+    Carya alba, Nutt.  _Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut_ 49-51
+      amara, Nutt.  _Bitternut, Swamp hickory_ 55-57
+      porcina, Nutt. _Pignut, White hickory_ 53-55
+      tomentosa, Nutt. _Mockernut, White-heart hickory. Walnut_ 51-53
+
+    Hicoria alba, Britton   _Mockernut, White-heart hickory. Walnut_ 51-53
+      glabra, Britton.  _Pignut, White hickory_ 53-55
+      minima, Britton.   _Bitternut, Swamp hickory_ 55-57
+      ovata, Britton.     _Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut_,  49-51
+
+    Juglans cinerea, L.    _Butternut, Oilnut, Lemon walnut_, 46, 47
+      nigra, L.       _Black walnut_ 48, 49
+
+  June-berry. (Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic.) 116, 117
+
+  Juniper.  (Larix Americana, Michx.) 2-4
+
+  Juniperus Virginiana, L. _Red cedar, Savin_ 26-28
+
+
+  L
+
+  Labrador spruce.    (Picea alba, Link) 16-18
+
+  Laconia, N.H., Pussy willow, 35 ft. high. (Salix discolor, Muhl.) 41
+
+  Larch.        (Larix Americana, Michx.) 2-4
+
+  Large-toothed aspen . . (Populus grandidenta, Michx.) 31,32
+
+  Larix Americana, Michx. _Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper_ 2-4
+    laricina, Koch.      _Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper_ 2-4
+
+  =Lauraceae.= (Laurel family) 106-108
+    Sassafras officinale. Nees.  _Sassafras_ 106-108
+      Sassafras, Karst. _Sassafras_ 106-108
+
+  Laurel family. (=Lauraceae=) 106-108
+
+  =Leguminosae.=  (Pulse family) 129-132
+    Gleditsia triacanthos, L. _Honey locust, Three-thorned acacia_ 129, 130
+    Robinia pseudacacia. L. _Locust_ 131, 132
+      viscosa, Vent.  _Clammy locust_ 132
+
+  Lemon walnut (Juglans cinerea, L.) 46, 47
+
+  Leverwood      (Ostrya Virginica, Willd.) 57, 58
+
+  Lime.        (Tilia Americana, L.) 153-155
+
+  Linden family. (=Tiliaceae=) 153-155
+
+  Linden.      (Tilia Americana, L.) 153-155
+
+  Liquidambar Styraciflua, L. _Sweet gum_ 108, 109
+
+  Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. _Tulip tree, Whitewood, Poplar_ 104-106
+
+  Locust.  (Robinia pseudacacia, L.) 131, 132
+    Clammy locust  (Robinia viscosa, Vent.) 132
+    Honey locust  (Gleditsia triacanthos, L.) 129,130
+
+
+  M
+
+  Magnolia family. (=Magnoliaceae=) 104-106
+
+  =Magnoliaceae.=  (Magnolia family) 104-106
+    Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.  _Tulip tree, Whitewood, Poplar_ 104-106
+
+  Malus Malus, Britton.   Apple tree 115
+
+  Maple family. (=Aceraceae=) 140-153
+
+  Maple, Black maple  (Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var._ nigrum,
+      Britton) 127, 146, 172
+    Box elder, Ash-leaved maple. (Acer negundo, L.) 151-153
+    Mountain maple      (Acer spicatum, Lam.) 148, 149
+    Norway maple (_cultivated_)    (Acer platanoides) 146
+    Red, Swamp, Soft, White maple. (Acer rubrum, L.) 140-142
+    Rock, Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree. (Acer Saccharum,
+      Marsh.) 144-146, 172
+    Silver, Soft, White maple, River     (Acer saccharinum, L.) 142-144
+    Striped maple, Moosewood, Whistlewood. (Acer Pennsylvanicum,
+      L.) 149-151
+
+  Mazard cherry.    (Prunus Avium, L.) 128
+
+  Mockernut.  (Carya tomentosa, Nutt.) 51-53
+
+  Moosewood.       (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.) 149-151
+
+  =Moraceae.=  (Mulberry family) 102-104
+
+    Morus alba, L.  _White mulberry_ 104
+      rubra, L.   _Red mulberry_ 102, 103
+
+  Mossy-cup oak   (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.) 79, 80
+
+  Mountain ash  (Pyrus Americana, DC.) 112, 113
+      (Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht.) 113-115
+
+  Mountain ash, European. (Pyrus aucuparia) 113, 115
+    maple  (Acer spicatum, Lam.) 148, 149
+
+  Mulberry family. (=Moraceae=) 102-104
+
+  Mulberry, Red mulberry. (Morus rubra. L.) 102, 103
+    White mulberry. (Morus alba, L.) 104
+
+
+  N
+
+  Nanny plum (Viburnum Lentago, L.) 168, 169
+
+  Negundo aceroides, Moench. _Box elder, Ash-leaved maple_ 151-153
+    Negundo, Karst. 151-153
+
+  Nettle tree (Celtis occidentalis, L.) 100-102
+
+  Norway maple. (Acer platanoides) 146
+    pine (Pinus resinosa, Ait.) 10, 11
+
+  Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.  _Tupelo, Sour gum, Pepperidge_ 159, 160
+
+
+  O
+
+  Oak, Black, Yellow oak  (Quercus velutina, Lam.) 89-91
+    Bur, Over-cup, Mossy-cup oak (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.) 79, 80
+    Chestnut oak (Quercus Muhlenbergii) 84, 85
+    Chestnut, Rock chestnut oak (Quercus prinus, L.) 82-84
+    Pin, Swamp, Water oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi) 91-08
+    Post, Box white oak (Quercus stellata, Wang.) 77, 78
+    Red oak (Quercus rubra, L.) 86, 87
+    Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea, Wang.) 88, 89
+    Scrub, Bear oak (Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.) 93, 94
+    Scrub chestnut, Scrub white oak (Quercus prinoides. Willd.) 85
+    Swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor, Willd.), 80-82
+    White oak (Quercus alba, L.) 75-77
+
+  Oilnut (Juglans cinerea, L.) 46, 47
+
+  Oldfield birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh.) 66-68
+
+  =Oleaceae.= (Olive family) 162-168
+    Fraxinus Americana, L.  _White ash_ 162-164
+      lanceolata, Borkh.  _Green ash_ 166, 172
+      nigra, Marsh.  _Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash_ 167, 168
+      Pennsylvania, Marsh. _Red, Brown, River ash_ 164, 165
+      Pennsylvania, _var._ lanceolata, Sarg. _Green ash_ 166, 172
+      pubescens, Lam.  _Red, Brown, River ash_ 164, 165
+      sambucifolia, Lam.  _Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash_ 167, 168
+      viridis, Michx. f.  _Green ash_ 166
+
+  Olive family. (=Oleaceae=) 162-168
+
+  Osier (Cornus alternifolia, L. f.) 157, 158
+
+  Ostrya Virginica, Willd.  _Hop hornbeam, Ironwood, Leverwood_ 57, 58
+
+  Over-cup oak. (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.) 79, 80
+
+
+  P
+
+  Paper birch (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.) 68-70
+
+  Pear tree (Pyrus communis, L.) 115
+
+  Pepperidge (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.) 159, 160
+
+  Persimmon (Diospyros Virginiana, L.) 160-162
+
+  Picea alba, Link _White spruce_ 16-18
+    Canadensis, B. S. P. _White spruce_ 16-18
+    nigra, Link. _Black spruce_ 12-14
+    nigra, _var._ semiprostrata _Dwarf black spruce_ 12
+    rubra, Link  _Red spruce_ 15, 16
+
+  Pigeon cherry (Primus Pennsylvanica, L. f.) 124, 125
+
+  Pignut (Carya porcina, Nutt.) 53-55
+
+  Pin cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.) 124, 125
+    oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi)  91-93
+
+  Pine family: Conifers.  (=Pinoideae=) 1-28
+
+  Pine. Jack, Gray, Scrub, Spruce pine  (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb) 8, 9
+    Pitch, Hard pine (Pinus rigida, Mill.) 6, 7
+    Red, Norway pine (Pinus resinosa, Ait.) 10, 11
+    Scotch pine (_dit_ incorrectly Scotch fir) (Pinus sylvestris,
+      L.) 11, 12
+    White pine (Pinus Strobus, L.) 4-6
+
+  =Pinoideae.=  (Pine family: Conifers) 1-28
+    =Abietaceae.= 1-22
+      Abies balsamea, Mill. _Fir balsam, Balsam, Fir_ 20-22
+      Larix Americana, Michx. _Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper_  2-4
+        laricina, Koch. _Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch,  Juniper_ 2-4
+      Picea alba, Link  _White, Cat, Skunk, Labrador spruce_ 16-18
+        Canadensis, B.S.P. _White, Cat, Skunk, Labrador spruce_ 16-18
+        nigra, Link.   _Black, Double, Swamp, Water spruce_ 12-14
+        rubra, Link.   _Red spruce_ 15, 16
+        semiprostrata  _Dwarf black spruce_ 12
+      Pinus Banksiana, Lamb. _Jack, Gray, Scrub, Spruce pine_ 8, 9
+        resinosa, Ait. _Red, Norway pine_ 10, 11
+        rigida, Mill. _Pitch, Hard pine_ 6, 7
+        Strobus, L. _White pine_ 4-6
+        sylvestris, L. _Scotch pine_ 11, 12
+      Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. _Hemlock_ 19, 20
+
+  =Cupressaceae.= 2, 23-28
+    Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea, Spach. _White cedar, Cedar_ 25, 26
+      thyoides, L. _White cedar, Cedar_ 25, 26
+    Juniperus Virginiana, L. _Red cedar, Savin_ 26-28
+    Thuja occidentalis, L. _Arbor-vitae, White cedar_ 23, 24
+
+  Pitch pine. (Pinus rigida. Mill.) 6, 7
+
+  Plane tree family. (=Platanaceae=) 110, 111
+  =Platanaceae.=  (Plane tree family) 110, 111
+
+    Platanus occidentalis, L. _Buttonwood, Sycamore. Buttonball,
+      Plane tree_ 110, 111
+
+  Plum family.  (=Drupaceae=) 122-128
+
+  Plum, Wild plum. (Prunus Americana, Marsh.) 123, 124, 171
+    Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum. (Prunus nigra, Ait.) 122, 123, 171
+
+  Poison elder  (Rhus vernix. L.) 136, 137
+    ivy  (Rhus toxicodendron) 137
+    sumac  (Rhus vernix, L.) 136, 137
+
+  =Pomaceae.=  (Apple family) 112-121
+    Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic. _Shadbush, June-berry_ 116, 117
+    Crataegus Arnoldiana, Sarg., _Thorn_ 121
+      coccinea, L,. _Thorn_ 118, 119
+      coccinea, _var._ mollis, T. & G. 120, 121
+      Crus-Galli, L. _Cockspur thorn_ 117, 118, 171
+      mollis, Scheele _Thorn_ 120, 121
+      punctata, Jacq....._Cockspur thorn_ 118
+      submollis, Sarg. _Thorn_ 121
+      subvillosa, Schr. _Thorn_ 120, 121
+
+    Malus malus, Britton  _Apple tree_ 115
+
+    Pyrus Americana, DC. _Mountain ash_ 112, 113
+      aucuparia _European mountain ash_ 113, 115
+      communis, L. _Pear tree_ 115
+      malus, L. _Apple tree_ 115
+      sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. _Mountain ash_ 113-115
+
+    Sorbus Americana, Marsh. _Mountain ash_ 112, 113
+      sambucifolia, R[oe]m.  _Mountain ash_ 113, 115
+
+  Poplar, Tulip tree, White wood. (Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.) 104-106
+    Aspen. (Populus tremuloides, Michx.) 29, 30
+    Balsam, Balm of Gilead.  (Populus balsamifera. L.) 36, 37
+    Cottonwood. (Populus deltoides, Marsh.) 34, 35
+    Poplar, Large-toothed aspen. (Populus grandidentata, Michx.) 31, 32
+    Swamp poplar, Cottonwood, Poplar. (Populus heterophylla, L.) 33, 34
+    White, Silver-leaved poplar. (Populus alba, L.) 39, 40
+
+  Poplar birch. (Betula populifolia, Marsh.)  66-68
+
+  Populus alba, L. _Abele, White, Silver-leaved poplar_ 39, 40
+    balsamifera, L. _Balsam_ 3, 36, 37
+    balsamifera, _var._ candicans, Gray. _Balm of Gilead_ 37-39, 171
+    balsamifera, _var._ intermedia  _Balsam, Poplar, Balm of Gilead_ 36
+
+  Populus balsamifera, _var._ latifolia  _Balsam, Poplar,
+      Balm of Gilead_ 36
+    candicans, Ait., _Balm of Gilead_ 37-39, 171
+    deltoides, Marsh.  _Cottonwood, Poplar_ 34, 35
+    grandidentata, Michx.  _Poplar, Large-toothed aspen_ 31, 32
+    heterophylla, L. _Swamp poplar, Poplar, Cottonwood_ 33, 34
+    monilifera, Ait.  _Cottonwood_  34, 35
+    tremuloides, Michx.  _Aspen, Poplar_  29, 30
+
+  Post oak (Quercus stellata, Wang.) 77, 78
+
+  Poverty birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh.) 66-68
+
+  Prunus Americana, Marsh. _Wild plum_ 123, 124, 171
+      _var_. nigra, Waugh _Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum_ 122, 123, 171
+    Avium, L. _Mazard cherry_ 128
+    nigra, Ait.  _Wild plum_ 122, 123, 171
+    Pennsylvanica, L. f. _Wild red, Pin, Pigeon, Bird cherry_ 124, 125
+    serotina, Ehrh. _Rum, Black cherry_ 127, 128
+    Virginiana, L. _Chokecherry_ 125, 126
+
+  Pulse family. (=Leguminosae=) 129-132
+
+  Pussy willow (Salix discolor, Muhl.) 40, 41, 171
+
+  Pyrus Americana, DC. _Mountain ash_ 112, 113
+    aucuparia  _European mountain ash_ 113, 115
+    communis, L. _Pear tree_ 115
+    malus, L. _Apple tree_ 115
+    sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. _Mountain ash_ 113-115
+
+
+  Q
+
+  Quercus acuminata, Sarg. _Chestnut oak_ 84, 85
+    alba, L. _White oak_ 75-77
+    bicolor, Willd. _Swamp white oak_ 80-82
+    coccinea, Wang. _Scarlet oak_ 88, 89
+    coccinea, _var._ tinctoria, Gray.  _Black oak_ 89-91
+    ilicifolia, Wang. _Scrub, Bear oak_ 93, 94
+    macrocarpa, Michx. _Bur, Over-cup, Mossy-cup oak_ 79, 80
+    minor, Sarg. _Post, Box white oak_ 77, 78
+    Muhlenbergii, Engelm. _Chestnut oak_ 84, 85
+    nana, Sarg. ...._Scrub, Bear oak_ 93, 94
+    obtusiloba, Michx. _Post, Box white oak_ 77, 78
+    palustris, Du Roi. _Pin, Swamp, Water oak_ 91-93
+    platanoides, Sudw. _Swamp white oak_ 80-82
+    prinoides, Willd. _Scrub white, Scrub chestnut oak_ 85
+    prinus, L. _Chestnut, Rock chestnut oak_ 82-84
+    pumila, Sudw. _Scrub, Bear oak_ 93, 94
+
+  Quercus rubra, L. _Red oak_ 86, 87
+    stellata, Wang.  _Post, Box white oak_ 77, 78
+    tinctoria, Bartram.  _Black, Yellow oak_ 89-91
+    velutina, Lam. _Black, Yellow oak_ 89-91
+
+
+  R
+
+  Red ash (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.) 164, 165
+    birch (Betula nigra, L.) 65, 66
+    cedar (Juniperus Virginiana, L.) 26-28
+    elm  (Ulmus fulva, Michx.) 97, 98
+    maple (Acer rubrum, L.) 140-142
+    mulberry (Morus rubra, L.) 102, 103
+    oak  (Quercus rubra, L.)  86, 87
+    pine (Pinus resinosa, Ait.) 10, 11
+    plum (Prunus nigra, Ait.) 22, 123
+    spruce  (Picea rubra, Link) 15, 16
+
+  Rhus copallina _Dwarf sumac_ 137
+    glabra _Smooth sumac_ 137
+    hirta, Sudw. _Staghorn sumac_ 134, 135
+    toxicodendron _Poison ivy_ 137
+    typhina, L.  _Staghorn sumac_ 134, 135
+    venenata, DC.  _Dogwood, Poison sumac_ 136, 137
+    vernix, L.   _Dogwood, Poison sumac_ 136, 137
+
+  River ash  (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.) 164, 165
+    birch  (Betula nigra, L.) 65, 66
+    maple  (Acer saccharinum, L.) 142-144
+
+  Robinia pseudacacia, L.  _Locust_ 131, 132
+    viscosa, Vent.  _Clammy locust_ 132
+
+  Rock chestnut oak (Quercus prinus, L.) 82-84
+    elm  (Ulmus racemosa, Thomas) 99, 100
+    maple  (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.) 144-146, 172
+
+  Rum cherry (Primus serotina, Ehrh.) 127, 128
+
+
+  S
+
+  =Salicaceae.= (Willow family) 28-46
+    Populus alba, L. _Abele, White, Silver-leaf poplar_ 39, 40
+      balsamifera, L.  _Poplar, Balsam. Balm of Gilead_ 36, 37
+      balsamifera, _var._ candicans, Gray. _Balm of Gilead_ 37-39, 171
+      balsamifera, _var._ intermedia _Poplar, Balsam_ 36
+      balsamifera, _var._ latifolia _Poplar, Balsam_ 36
+      candicans, Ait. _Balm of Gilead_ 37-39, 171
+      deltoides, Marsh. _Cottonwood, Poplar_ 34, 35
+
+  Populus grandidentata, Michx.  _Poplar, Large-toothed aspen_ 31, 32
+      heterophylla, L.  _Poplar, Swamp poplar, Cottonwood_ 33, 34
+      monilifera, Ait. _Cottonwood poplar_ 34, 35
+      tremuloides, Michx. _Poplar, Aspen_ 29, 30
+
+    Salix alba, L. _White willow_ 43, 45, 46
+        _var._ caerulea, Koch _White willow_ 45
+        _var._ vitellina, Koch _White willow_ 4
+      balsamifera, Barrett 171
+      discolor, Muhl. _Pussy willow, Glaucous willow_ 40, 41, 171
+      falcata, Pursh _Black willow_ 42
+      fragilis, L. _Crack willow, Brittle willow_ 43-45
+      nigra, Marsh. _Black willow_ 42, 43
+
+  Sassafras officinale, Nees _Sassafras_ 106-108
+    Sassafras, Karst. _Sassafras_ 106-108
+
+  Savin  (Juniperus Virginiana, L.) 26-28
+
+  Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea, Wang.) 88, 89
+
+  Scotch pine  (Pinus sylvestris, L.) 11, 12
+
+  Scrub chestnut oak  (Quercus prinoides, Willd.) 85
+    oak  (Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.) 93, 94
+    pine (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb) 8,9
+    white oak  (Quercus prinoides, Willd.) 85
+
+  Shadbush (Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic.) 116, 117
+
+  Shagbark (Carya alba, Nutt.) 49-51
+
+  Sheep berry  (Viburnum Lentago, L.) 168, 169
+
+  Silver-leaf poplar   (Populus alba, L.) 39, 40
+    maple  (Acer saccharinum, L.) 142-144
+
+  =Simarubaceae.= (Ailanthus family) 133
+    Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf. _Tree of Heaven, Chinese sumac_ 133
+
+  Skunk spruce (Picea alba, Link) 16-18
+
+  Slippery elm  (Ulmus fulva, Michx.) 97, 98
+
+  Small white birch  (Betula populifolia, Marsh.)  66-68
+
+  Smooth sumac  (Rhus glabra) 137
+
+  Soft maple  (Acer rubrum, L.) 140-142
+      (Acer saccharinum, L.), 142-144
+
+  Sorbus Americana, Marsh. _Mountain ash_ 112, 113
+    sambucifolia, R[oe]m.  _Mountain ash_ 113, 115
+
+  Sour gum (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.) 159, 160
+
+  Spruce, Black, Swamp, Double, Water. (Picea nigra, Link) 12-14
+    Red spruce  (Picea rubra, Link) 15, 16
+    White, Cat, Skunk, Labrador.  (Picea alba, Link) 16-18
+
+  Spruce pine (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb) 8, 9
+
+  Staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina, L.) 134, 135
+
+  Striped maple (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.) 149-151
+
+  Sugar berry (Celtis occidentalis, L.) 100-102
+
+  Sugar maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.) 144-146
+    tree (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.) 144-146
+
+  Sumac family. (=Anacardiaceae=) 134-137
+
+  Sumac, Ailanthus, Tree of Heaven, Chinese sumac
+      (Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.) 133
+    Dogwood, poison sumac. (Rhus vernix, L.) 136, 137
+    Dwarf sumac (Rhus copallina) 137
+    Smooth sumac (Rhus glabra) 137
+    Staghorn sumac (Rhus tyhina, L.) 134, 135
+
+  Swamp ash (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) 167, 168
+    hickory (Carya amara, Nutt.) 55-57
+    maple (Acer rubrum, L.), 140-142
+    oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi) 91-93
+    poplar (Populus heterophylla, L.) 33, 34
+    spruce (Picea nigra, Link) 12-14
+    white oak (Quercus bicolor, Willd.) 80-82
+
+  Sweet birch (Betula lenta, L.) 61, 62
+    gum (Liquidambar Styraciflua, L.) 108, 109
+    viburnum (Viburnum Lentago, L.) 168, 169
+
+  Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis, L.) 110, 111
+
+
+  T
+
+  Tamarack. (Larix Americana, Michx.) 2-4
+
+  Thayer, Col. Minot estate, Braintree, Mass.,
+     _Ilex opaca_, fine specimen 139
+
+  Thorn. Cockspur (Crataegus Crus-Galli, L.) 117, 118, 171
+      (Crataegus coccinea, L.) 118, 119
+      (Crataegus mollis, Scheele) 120, 121
+
+  Three-thorned acacia (Gleditsia tricanthus, L.) 129, 130
+
+  Thuja occidentalis, L. _Arbor-vitae, White cedar, Cedar_ 23, 24
+
+  =Tiliaceae.= (Linden family) 153-155
+    Tilia Americana, L.  _Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood_ 153-155
+    Europaea _Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood_ 155
+    heterophylla, Vent. _Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood_ 155
+    puebescens, Ait. _Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood_ 155
+
+  Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.) 183
+
+  Tsuga Canadensis, Carr.  _Hemlock_ 19, 20
+
+  Tulip tree (Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.) 104-106
+
+  Tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.) 159, 160
+
+
+  U
+
+  =Ulmaceae.=  (Elm family) 95-102
+    Celtis occidentalis, L.  _Hackberry_, _Nettle tree_, _Hoop ash_,
+      _Sugar berry_ 100-102
+    Ulmus Americana, L.  _American_, _White elm_ 95-97
+      fulva, Michx.  _Slippery_, _Red elm_ 97, 98
+      puebescens, Walt. _Slippery_, _Red elm_ 97, 98
+      racemosa, Thomas.  _Cork_, _Rock elm_ 99, 100
+
+
+  V
+
+  Viburnum Lentago, L.  _Sheep berry_ 168, 169
+
+
+  W
+
+  Walnut family.  (=Juglandaceae=) 47-57
+
+  Walnut, Black walnut   (Juglans nigra, L.) 48, 49
+    Butternut, Oilnut, Lemon walnut. (Juglans cinerea, L.) 46, 47
+    Mockernut, White-heart hickory. (Carya tomentosa, Nutt.) 51-53
+    Walnut, Shagbark, Shellbark hickory. (Carya alba, Nutt.) 49-51
+
+  Water beech  (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.) 59, 60
+    oak  (Quercus palustris, Du Roi) 91-93
+    spruce  (Picea nigra, Link) 12-14
+
+  Watson, Thomas, Braintree, Mass., _Ilex opaca_, on estate of 139
+
+  Whistlewood  (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.) 149-151
+
+  White ash  (Fraxinus Americana, L.) 162-164
+    birch  (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.) 68-70
+           (Betula populifolia, Marsh.) 66-68
+    cedar  (Cupressus thyoides, L.) 25, 26
+           (Thuja occidentalis, L.) 23, 24
+    elm  (Ulmus Americana, L.) 95-97
+    hickory  (Carya porcina, Nutt.) 53-55
+    maple  (Acer rubrum, L.) 140-142
+           (Acer saccharinum, L.) 142-144
+    mulberry  (Morus alba, L.) 104
+    oak  (Quercus alba, L.) 75-77
+    pine  (Pinus Strobus, L.) 4-6
+    poplar  (Populus alba, L.) 39, 40
+    spruce  (Picea alba, Link) 16-18
+    willow  (Salix alba) 43, 45, 46
+
+  White-heart hickory  (Carya tomentosa, Nutt) 51-53
+
+  Whitewood  (Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.) 104-106
+
+  Whitewood  (Tilia Americana, L.) 153-155
+
+  Wild plum  (Prunus Americana, Marsh.) 171
+      (Prunus nigra, Ait.) 122, 123, 171
+    red cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.) 124, 125
+
+  Willow family. (=Salicaceae=) 28-46
+
+  Willow, Black willow (Salix nigra, Marsh.) 42, 43
+    Crack, Brittle willow. (Salix fragilis, L.) 43-45
+    Pussy willow, Glaucous willow (Salix discolor, Muhl.) 40, 41, 171
+    White willow. (Salix alba, L., _var._ vitellina, Koch) 45, 46
+
+  Witch hazel family.  (=Hamamelidaceae=) 108, 109
+
+
+  Y
+
+  Yellow birch. (Betula lutea, Michx. f.) 63, 64
+    oak.  (Quercus velutina, Lam.) 89-91
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Handbook of the Trees of New England, by
+Lorin Low Dame and Henry Brooks
+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #20467 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20467)