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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Capitals, by Frederick W. Hamilton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Capitals
+       A Primer of Information about Capitalization with some
+       Practical Typographic Hints as to the Use of Capitals
+
+Author: Frederick W. Hamilton
+
+Release Date: January 15, 2007 [EBook #20374]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAPITALS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Sigal Alon and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+1. Some examples does not make much sense in this text version (e.g.,
+anything to do with small capitals). There is also an HTML version where
+the examples are formatted to follow the typesetting of the original.
+
+2. Italicized text is rendered as _text_, bold text is rendered as =text=.
+
+
+
+
+TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES FOR APPRENTICES--PART VI, NO. 34
+
+
+CAPITALS
+
+
+A PRIMER _of_ INFORMATION ABOUT
+CAPITALIZATION WITH SOME PRACTICAL
+TYPOGRAPHIC HINTS AS TO
+THE USE OF CAPITALS
+
+
+BY
+
+FREDERICK W. HAMILTON, LL.D.
+
+EDUCATIONAL DIRECTOR
+UNITED TYPOTHETÆ OF AMERICA
+
+
+
+
+PUBLISHED BY THE COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION
+UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA
+1918
+
+
+
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1918
+UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA
+CHICAGO, ILL.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                 PAGE
+INTRODUCTION                                        1
+
+USE OF FULL CAPITALS                                4
+
+SMALL CAPITALS                                     17
+
+SUGGESTIONS AS TO TYPOGRAPHIC USE OF CAPITALS      22
+
+
+
+
+CAPITALS
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+A capital letter is a letter of formal shape. Capitals were originally
+derived from the stiff and angular letters used in formal inscriptions.
+Originally all writing was done in capitals. Later the scribes devised
+less formal shapes for the letters, making use of lines more easily made
+by brush or pen on papyrus, parchment, or paper. The capitals were
+retained for certain uses but the less formal shapes were employed to do
+the greater part of the work. These less formal letters have been known
+by several names. They will be referred to here by that under which they
+are known to modern printers, "lower-case."
+
+A further modification of the letter came with the introduction of the
+sloping, or italic letter. This received its name from its place of
+origin, Italy. It was introduced by Nicholas Jenson, a printer of
+Venice, and was an imitation of the handwriting of the Italian poet
+Petrarch. Originally it was used only for the lower-case and was
+combined with the older form of capital letters, called roman, also from
+the place of its origin. Later the italic characteristics were given to
+capitals as well as lower-case letters.
+
+An ordinary font of book type contains five series of letters: full
+capitals, small capitals, italic capitals (full size), roman lower-case,
+and italic lower-case. The full capital, roman or italic, is larger than
+the other letters of the font, every letter being as high as the
+lower-case ascenders. The small capital is only as high as the
+lower-case round letters. Larger capitals still are sometimes used as
+chapter initials and the like.
+
+It will be observed that the distinction between capital and lower-case
+letters is one of form, not of size. The full capitals being much more
+used than the small capitals and being larger than the other letters in
+the font, the impression is common that the size is the distinguishing
+mark. This erroneous impression has even crept into dictionary
+definitions.
+
+The full capital, which will hereafter be called in this book simply the
+capital, is used in combination with lower-case letters or with small
+capitals in the same word. The small capital is not used in combination
+with lower-case in the same word. We may print GEORGE WASHINGTON, GEORGE
+WASHINGTON, GEORGE WASHINGTON, or George Washington, but not George
+Washington.
+
+In manuscript capitals are indicated by three lines under a word or
+letter, [Symbol: triple line] and small capitals by two lines [Symbol:
+double line]. A single line [Symbol: single underline] indicates that
+italics are to be used.
+
+Originally the writers of manuscripts used capitals for ornament and
+variety in the text. They followed no rules but each writer was guided
+by his own judgment and sense of beauty. As the use of capitals
+gradually became systematized and reduced to rules, different systems
+were adopted in different countries. The use of capitals varies greatly
+in different languages. Attention will be mainly confined in this book
+to the usages followed in the printing of English. Attempts to point out
+the various differences to be found in German, French, etc. would only
+confuse the young apprentice.
+
+These rules grow out of a fundamental principle.
+
+The purpose of capitals is to emphasize the words in which they are
+employed. With the exception of the cases of the words _I_ and _O_,
+which are capitalized for typographical reasons, this idea of calling
+special attention to a word, or words, for one reason or another will be
+found to be at the bottom of the variations in usage in different
+printing offices and by different writers. The same tendency is
+observable here which is so evident in style and in punctuation. Direct
+statements, simple sentences as free from involution and complication as
+possible, are more and more taking the place of the involved,
+complicated, and obscure sentences of old times. The ideal style of
+to-day consists of simple words simply arranged. Such a style needs
+little pointing. The reader is quite able to find his way through the
+paragraph without constant direction. Punctuation marks are directions
+at the crossroads of thought. Consequently the punctuation mark is now
+much more sparingly used than formerly.
+
+Just as we have found out that well chosen words can tell their story
+with very few marks of interpretation so we have found out that they can
+tell their story with very few marks of emphasis. The use of capitals
+has decreased greatly during the last two centuries and is constantly
+decreasing, and this tendency is likely to go still further. The great
+DeVinne whose books on _The Practice of Typography_, written ten to
+fifteen years ago, are still of the highest authority was thoroughly
+up-to-date in his methods and was remarkable for the restrained and
+refined good taste which characterized all his recommendations, but in
+some points restraint in the use of capitals has gone even beyond his
+precepts.
+
+It is worth while to remember that the real implement of English speech
+is the word, not the point nor the letter form. Just to the extent that
+we rely on marks of punctuation and emphasis to convey our meaning we
+betray our ignorance of the really significant elements of the language.
+The schoolgirl says she "had a _perfectly splendid_ time" at the dance,
+when she tells about it in her letter to her dearest friend. If
+"perfectly splendid" were a proper term to use in such a connection,
+which it is not, the words themselves would carry all the emphasis
+possible. Nothing could really be added to them by any typographical
+device. In the same way the common use of profanity among ignorant
+people probably arises mainly from a feeling that the ordinary words
+with which they are familiar are colorless and do not express their
+thoughts with sufficient emphasis.
+
+Just as emphasis in style is difficult when one habitually uses the
+strongest words and emphasis in voice is difficult when one habitually
+shouts, so emphasis in print is difficult when one habitually uses large
+capitals, display type, and italics. Loud printing is as objectionable
+as loud talking.
+
+
+
+
+USE OF FULL CAPITALS
+
+
+General uses:
+
+1. Use a capital letter to begin every sentence and every word or group
+of words punctuated as a sentence.
+
+    _Welcome! We are glad to see you._
+
+This rule does not apply to literal reproductions of matter not
+originally conforming to it.
+
+2. Use a capital letter to begin every line of poetry.
+
+    _The Lord hates a quitter,
+    But he doesn't hate him, son,
+    When the quitter's quitting something
+    He shouldn't have begun.       [that_
+
+This rule does not apply to turned over lines like the third line in the
+stanza just preceding.
+
+3. Use a capital letter to begin every quotation consisting of a
+complete sentence.
+
+    _Ben Franklin says, "Honesty is the best policy."_
+    _The campaign was "a punitive expedition for the suppression of
+    brigandage."_
+
+
+Capitalize:
+
+1. Names of the Deity, of the members of the Trinity, of the Virgin
+Mary, and of the Devil, when a personal devil is referred to.
+
+When the word devil is used as a general term or as an expletive the
+capital is not used.
+
+2. Nouns and adjectives used to designate the Deity or any member of the
+Trinity:
+
+    _the Almighty_, _the Ruler of the Universe_, _the Supreme Architect
+    of the Universe_, _the Creator_, _Providence_ (personified),
+    _Heaven_ (personified, e. g., _Heaven forbid!_), _Father_, _Son_,
+    _Holy Ghost_, _Spirit_, _Messiah_, and the like.
+
+The following list of words of this sort to be capitalized, taken from
+Mr. William Dana Orcutt's _The Writer's Desk Book_ (Frederick A. Stokes,
+New York) will be found useful:
+
+    Almighty
+    Authorized Version
+    Common Version
+    Creator
+    Deity
+    Father
+    God
+    Holy Bible
+    Holy Spirit
+    Holy Writ
+    Jehovah
+    Jesus Christ
+    King
+    Logos
+    Lord
+    Messiah
+    Passover
+    Pentecost
+    Redeemer
+    Revised Version
+    Sabbath
+    Saviour
+    Scriptures
+    Son of Man
+    Son
+    Spirit
+    The Trinity
+    The Virgin Mary
+    Word
+
+Care needs to be taken with words of this class. Particular attention
+should be paid to the wording of rule 2, just given. The same words in
+other senses or other connections are not capitalized. _Heaven_ and
+_hell_ and derived adjectives are not capitalized in their ordinary
+uses:
+
+Adjectives and other derivatives from these words are not capitalized.
+We write _Messiah_, but _messianic_ and _messiahship_; _Christology_ but
+_christological_, _fatherhood_, _sonship_, and the like.
+
+Such words as _deity_, _god_, and the like are not capitalized where any
+but the God of the Bible is referred to.
+
+3. Pronouns referring to God, Christ, or the Holy Spirit in direct
+address or where there might otherwise be ambiguity.
+
+These pronouns are not capitalized in the Bible. They are generally
+capitalized in hymn books and books of devotion. These pronouns were
+formerly all capitalized as a mark of respect to God whenever there was
+any mention of him, even indirect. The tendency is more and more to
+eliminate them except in the second person (direct address). In view of
+the change now going on it is best to follow copy if the author appears
+to have decided preferences.
+
+4. Books, divisions, and versions of the Bible.
+
+    _Book of Job_, _Twenty-third Psalm_,
+    _New Testament_, _Revised Version_.
+
+5. General biblical terms and titles of parables.
+
+    _The Law_, _The Prophets_, _Major and Minor Prophets_ (referring to
+    the collections of prophetic books), _Lord's Prayer_, _Lord's
+    Supper_, _Parable of the Prodigal Son_, _the Beatitudes_, _the
+    Priestly Code_ and many other such terms.
+
+Use lower-case for _biblical_ and _scriptural_.
+
+6. Capitalize _Holy_ in _Holy place_ and _Holy of holies_.
+Say _Gospel of John_, but speak of the _gospel message_.
+
+7. The names of religious bodies and their followers.
+
+    _Catholic_, _Protestant_, _Unitarian_, _Methodist_, _Buddhists_,
+    _Taoists_, _Lamas_.
+
+8. The names of monastic orders and their followers.
+
+    _Jesuits_, _Brothers of the Common Life_, _Recollets_, _Crutched
+    Friars_, _Cowley Fathers_.
+
+9. The word Church when it stands for the Church universal or is a part
+of the name of some particular denomination or organization.
+
+    _For salvation he sought the Church._
+    _The Church of Rome._
+    _The First Presbyterian Church._
+    _I was on my way to church._
+    _He is a student of church history._ (Note use of lower-case in
+    this sentence.)
+
+10. The names of creeds and professions of faith.
+
+    _Apostle's Creed_, _Thirty-nine Articles_, _Nicene Creed_.
+
+Note that the adjective ante-Nicene is printed as it here appears.
+
+11. The word "father" when used in direct reference to the fathers of
+the church, and to the Pilgrim leaders of New England, and the word
+"reformers" when used of the leaders of the Reformation.
+
+    _The ante-Nicene Fathers._
+    _Luther, Calvin and the other Reformers._
+
+The word "father" is not capitalized when the reference is general, as
+in the first sentence of this section.
+
+The capitalization of "reformer" is intended to distinguish persons
+connected with a certain definite historical movement from persons
+interested in reform. Many persons might consider that the Reformers
+were not reformers.
+
+12. Names of persons.
+
+    _John Smith,_
+    _George V._
+
+But write _John o' Groat_, _Tam o' Shanter_, and the like where _o'_ is
+an abbreviation of _of_ and not the Gælic _O'_ as _O'Neil_, etc.
+
+In writing foreign names which contain particles, capitalize the
+particles when not preceded by a Christian name or title.
+
+    _Alfred de Musset_ but _De Musset_,
+    _le Due de Morny_ but _De Morny_,
+    _Prince von Bismarck_ but _Von Bismarck_.
+
+By exception the Dutch particle "van" is always capitalized.
+
+    _Van Hoorn_, _Stephen Van Rensselær_.
+
+13. Epithets appended to proper names or substituted for them.
+
+    _Frederick the Great_
+    _Peter the Hermit_
+    _William Red Head (Rufus)_
+    _the Conqueror_.
+
+14. Names of races of men.
+
+    _Aryan_, _Caucasian_, etc., but generally _negro_ and _gypsy_, by
+    exception.
+
+15. Names of places.
+
+a. Cities, rivers, oceans, lakes, mountains, etc.
+
+    _Chicago_
+    _Mississippi River_
+    _Atlantic Ocean_
+    _Lake Superior_
+    _Pike's Peak_
+    _Strawberry Hill_.
+
+Note that the generic terms ocean, lake, mountain and the like are
+capitalized only when they are an actual part of the name itself. We
+would say "_The Atlantic Ocean lies east of the United States_," but we
+would say "_The states which form the North American republic look out
+on two great oceans, the Atlantic and the Pacific._"
+
+The following tables are taken from _A Manual for Writers_ by John
+Matthews Manley and John Arthur Powell (University of Chicago Press,
+Chicago).
+
+Subject to the rule just stated, they will be found very useful.
+
+Capitalize, in singular form only, when immediately following the name
+
+    Archipelago
+    Borough
+    Branch (stream)
+    Butte
+    Canyon
+    County
+    Crater
+    Creek
+    Delta
+    Forest
+    Fork
+    Gap
+    Glacier
+    Gulch
+    Harbor
+    Head
+    Hollow
+    Mesa
+    Narrows
+    Ocean
+    Parish (La.)
+    Park
+    Plateau
+    Range
+    Reservation
+    Ridge
+    River
+    Run
+
+Capitalize in singular or plural form when immediately following the
+name
+
+    Hill
+    Island
+    Mountain
+    Spring
+
+Capitalize, in singular form, either before or after the name; and in
+plural form before the name
+
+    Bay
+    Bayou
+    Camp (military)
+    Cape
+    Dalles
+    Desert
+    Falls
+    Fort
+    Isle
+    Lake
+    Mount
+    Oasis
+    Pass
+    Peak
+    Point
+    Port
+    Sea
+    Strait
+    Valley
+    Volcano
+
+b. Names of streets, squares, parks, buildings, etc.
+
+    _Amsterdam Avenue_
+    _Van Buren Street_
+    _Independence Square_
+    _Lincoln Park_
+    _Transportation Building_.
+
+The same rule as to capitalization of the generic name holds here as in
+the preceding section. The usual tendency to drop capitals is at work
+here and newspapers now write _Washington street_ and _Federal
+building_. It is very probable that the capitals will finally be dropped
+from the generic terms wherever used.
+
+Printers should keep a careful watch on the usage of the best offices so
+as to keep advised as to the progress of these changes.
+
+c. Nouns, and adjectives derived from them designating recognized
+geographical divisions of a country or of the world.
+
+    _East_, _West_, _North_, _South_,
+    _Westerner_, _Oriental_.
+
+When these words are used in their ordinary significance of mere
+direction or location they are not capitalized except that in writing of
+Biblical history we speak of the _Northern Kingdom_ and the _Southern
+Kingdom_ into which Solomon's territory was split after his death.
+
+16. Generic terms for political divisions.
+
+a. When the term is part of the name and directly follows it.
+
+    _Holy Roman Empire_
+    _British Empire_
+    _Northwest Territory_
+    _Queen's County_.
+
+b. When it is used with the preposition of in such phrases as _Borough
+of the Bronx_, _Department of the Gulf_.
+
+c. When part of a nickname, _The Crescent City_, _the Buckeye State_,
+_the City of Brotherly Love_.
+
+Be careful not to capitalize such words when they are not an actual part
+of the name. _French Republic_ is the name of the county, exactly
+translating _Republique Francaise_, but _American republic_ is not such
+a name. You would write _State of New York_ in a legal document in which
+the state would be considered as a corporate person, but in ordinary
+references it would be _state of New York_.
+
+17. The days of the week and the months of the year, but not the seasons
+unless personified.
+
+    _Monday the fifth of August._
+    _April is the first month of spring._
+    _Spring, beautiful Spring._
+
+But write _ten o'clock_, _nine a.m._, _ten p.m._
+
+18. Festivals and historic or famous days.
+
+    _Easter Day_
+    _Fast Day_
+    _Independence Day_
+    _Black Friday_.
+
+19. Stars, planets, constellations, and the like, except _sun_, _moon_,
+_stars_, _earth_.
+
+    _Mars_, _the Milky Way_, _the Pleiades_.
+
+20. Ordinal numbers used to designate numbered political divisions,
+sessions of Congress, names of regiments, Egyptian dynasties, and the
+like.
+
+    _Second Congressional District_,
+    _First Ward_, _Ninth Precinct_, _Forty-third
+    Congress_, _Sixth Massachusetts Regiment_,
+    _Fifth Dynasty_.
+
+21. Names of genera but not of species: except that in botanical and
+zoölogical copy the species may be capitalized if derived from a proper
+name.
+
+    _Agaricus campestris_
+    _Parkinsonia Torreyana_
+    _Pterygomatopus schmidti_, (Medical).
+
+The English derivatives from these scientific words are not capitalized.
+We write of the _agarics_, the _felids_, the _carnivores_, etc.
+
+22. _Father_, _mother_, and other words denoting relationship when used
+with a proper name or without a personal pronoun.
+
+    _I saw Aunt Lucy and Cousin Charles._
+    _I saw my aunt Lucy and my cousin Charles._
+    _I have received a letter from my mother._
+    _I have received a letter from Mother._
+
+23. Names of political parties and of philosophical, literary, and
+artistic schools, and their adherents.
+
+    _Republican_, _National Liberal_, _Social Democrats_, _Stoics_ (but
+    _neo-Platonism_, _pseudo-Christianity_, etc.) _the Lake school_,
+    _the Romantic movement_, _the Symbolic school of painters_.
+
+24. Political and historical designations which have been much used and
+have come to have special significances such as names of leagues,
+parties, classes, movements, and the like.
+
+    _Holy Alliance_, _Dreibund_, _Roundheads_, _Independents_,
+    _Reformation_, _Dissenter_.
+
+25. Names of well-known historic epochs, periods in the history of
+language, and geological ages and strata. The word "age" is not
+capitalized except when necessary to avoid ambiguity.
+
+    _Stone age_, _Middle Ages_, _Age of Elizabeth_, _Crusades_, _Commune
+    (of Paris)_, _Middle English_, _Neolithic_.
+
+26. Names of important events.
+
+    _Hundred Years War_, _Battle of Trenton_,
+    _Louisiana Purchase_, _Norman Conquest_.
+
+27. Names of specific treaties, important laws, and the like.
+
+    _Peace of Amiens_, _Edict of Nantes_, _Concordat_, _Emancipation
+    Proclamation_, _Fourteenth Amendment_.
+
+28. Names of governmental bodies and departments and their branches when
+specifically designated.
+
+    _Congress_, _the Senate_, _the Board of Aldermen_, _the House of
+    Commons_, _the Committee on Education_.
+
+Care must be taken to distinguish between these specific references and
+general uses of the same word.
+
+    _The state legislature of Massachusetts is officially termed the
+    General Court._
+    _The matter was referred to the War Department but was sent back on
+    the ground that it belonged to another department._
+
+29. The official titles of corporations, organizations, and
+institutions, social, religious, educational, political, business, and
+the like.
+
+    _Knights Templars_, _Knights of Columbus_, _Associated Charities_,
+    _Cook County Normal School_, _Society for the Prevention of Cruelty
+    to Animals_, _Chicago_, _Rock Island and Pacific Railroad_.
+
+In long titles, like the last example given, the important words are
+capitalized as in book titles (see Sec. 31). Use capitals when referring
+to such organizations by initials, _C. R. I. & P. R. R._ Here again it
+must be remembered that the capitals are used in specific references
+only.
+
+    _The Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor of the Third
+    Congregational Church._
+    _The young people's societies connected with the Congregational
+    churches do great good._
+
+30. The names of conventions, congresses, expositions, etc.
+
+    _Parliament of Religions_,
+    _International Peace Congress_,
+    _Panama-Pacific Exposition_.
+
+31. The first words, principal words, and last word in English tides of
+books and other publications; of their divisions (parts, chapters,
+cantos, etc.); of the topics of speeches, sermons, toasts, and the like;
+of pictures; of plays; of musical compositions, etc.
+
+In long titles nouns and pronouns are capitalized always; verbs,
+participles, and adverbs usually; articles, prepositions and
+conjunctions never.
+
+    _Standard Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases_, _Science and
+    Health with Key to the Scriptures_, _Lincoln's Gettysburg Address_,
+    _Paradise Lost_, _Measure for Measure_, _A New Way to Pay Old
+    Debts_, _The Coronation of Charles VII at Rheims_, _the Moonlight
+    Sonata_.
+
+The word "the" is capitalized when it forms an actual part of the title
+of a book but not otherwise.
+
+    _The Printer's Dictionary_. _The Life and Times of Charles V._ _the
+    Review of Reviews_, _the Laacoon_, _the Fifth Symphony_.
+
+32. Dedications; headings of parts and chapters; headings of many
+important minor parts of a book.
+
+    _To All Who Love Good Printing._
+    _Chapter Twenty-Seven._
+    _Part Three._
+    _The Invention of Movable Types._
+    _The Practical Value of Gutenberg's Invention._
+    (These last as sections of a book on the origin of printing).
+
+33. In foreign languages the usage is somewhat different. The following
+rules will be found useful:
+
+a. Always capitalize the first word.
+
+b. In Latin capitalize only proper nouns and adjectives derived
+therefrom.
+
+    _Commentarii Cæsaris de bello Gallico._
+
+c. In French, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, and Norwegian, capitalize
+proper names but not adjectives derived therefrom.
+
+    _La vie de Ronsard_; _Histoire de la litterature francaise_,
+    _Novelle e racconti popolari italiani_, _Antologia de poetas liricos
+    castellanos_.
+
+d. In German capitalize all nouns and all adjectives derived from the
+names of persons but not those derived from other proper nouns.
+
+    _Geschichte des deutsches Reich_
+    _Die Homerische Frage_.
+
+e. In Danish capitalize all nouns.
+
+f. In Dutch capitalize all nouns and all adjectives derived from proper
+nouns.
+
+34. Titles of ancient manuscripts.
+
+    _Codex Alexandrinus._
+
+35. In titles of books, etc. all nouns forming parts of hyphenated
+compounds should be capitalized.
+
+36. In side heads capitalize the first word and proper nouns only.
+
+37. Personal titles as follows:
+
+a. Titles preceding a name and so forming part of it.
+
+    _King George V._
+    _Pope Benedict XV._
+    _Duke William of Aquitaine._
+
+But not otherwise.
+
+    _Woodrow Wilson_, _president of the United States_, _the emperor of
+    Germany_, _the present king of Spain is Alfonso XIII_.
+
+b. Titles used in place of the name with reference to a particular
+person or to the present holder of an office.
+
+    _I hope when in Rome to see the Pope._
+    _He hoped some day to become pope._
+
+c. Familiar names applied to a particular person.
+
+    _the Father of his Country._
+    _Unser Fritz._
+    _the Little Corporal._
+
+d. Orders of knighthood and titles attached to them.
+
+    _Knight of the Garter_,
+    _Knight Commander of St. Michael and St. George_.
+
+e. Titles used in direct address.
+
+    _Good morning, Mr. President._
+
+f. Academic degrees in abbreviated form following a name.
+
+    _David Starr Jordan, Ph. D., LL. D._
+
+So also letters following a name indicating membership of certain
+scientific and artistic organizations.
+
+    _F. R. G. S._ (Fellow of the Royal Geographic Society).
+    _R. A._ (Member of the Royal Academy).
+
+So also in the United States and Great Britain, _M. C._ (Member of
+Congress) and _M. P._ (Member of Parliament).
+
+Where a person has many titles the following of this rule involves
+certain difficulties. Such a name as
+
+    _John Smith, A. M., D. D., Ph. D., L. H. D., D. C. L., LL. D._ is by
+    no means impossible.
+
+In such a case the titles become much more prominent than the name and
+the page is disfigured by the spotty appearance of the text. Small
+capitals may sometimes be used with good effect in such a case but this
+should not be done without obtaining proper permission.
+
+The difficulty of handling these long and numerous titles in the
+composition of title pages is sometimes considerable. Three methods of
+dealing with the difficulty are open.
+
+a. The honorary titles may be put in capitals regardless of the
+unsightly appearance of the line.
+
+b. The honorary titles may be put in a small size of the same face and
+justified in the line. This lessens the undue prominence of the titles,
+but puts the line out of balance.
+
+c. The honorary titles may be put in a separate line, or lines, below
+the name, set in small type, and spelled out in full. It is not
+necessary to capitalize _jr._ and _sr._ in lower-case text matter unless
+so desired by the author.
+
+In compound titles capitalize each word if it would be capitalized
+separately.
+
+    _Major General Leonard Wood_,
+    _Chief Justice Taney_,
+    _Commander-in-Chief Field_
+    _Marshal Sir John French_.
+
+38. Names of things personified.
+
+    _Nature_, _Vice_, _Thrift_, and the like.
+
+39. Adjectives derived from proper nouns.
+
+    _The Elizabethan age._
+    _Roman law._
+
+Such adjectives and even proper nouns themselves lose the capital when
+they are applied as trade or scientific names to articles of common use
+or reference.
+
+    _roman type_, _india ink_, _chinese white_, _volt_, _watt_,
+    _boycott_, _platonic_, _bohemian_.
+
+40. The first word of a direct quotation.
+
+    _As he turned to go he said: "Farewell, we shall never meet again."_
+
+41. The first word after "Whereas" and "Resolved" in resolutions.
+
+    _WHEREAS. It has pleased God...._
+    _therefore be it
+    RESOLVED, That...._
+
+42. The first word after a colon when the colon introduces a logically
+complete phrase not very closely connected with what precedes.
+
+    _My conclusion is: A policy of consistent neutrality is the only
+    proper one for the country._
+    _As the proverb well says: Beware the anger of a patient man._
+
+43. _O_ interjection, but not _oh_ unless it begins a sentence.
+
+In Latin sentences of exclamation, denunciation or appeal the lower-case
+_o_ is used.
+
+    _O tempora, o mores temporum._
+
+44. The first personal pronoun _I_ wherever it occurs.
+
+45. Emphasized words.
+
+    _We stand for Liberty and Union._
+
+This use should be avoided except for advertising display, or job work.
+
+    _We call attention to our Stock of
+    Boots, Shoes, and Furnishings._
+
+
+
+
+SMALL CAPITALS
+
+
+The use of small capitals presents its own peculiar problems to the
+printer. The small capital has the form of the large capital but without
+its size and conspicuousness. The small capitals are ordinarily no
+taller than the round letters of the lower-case. They are usually on a
+smaller set, with a lighter face and obscured by more connecting lines.
+In many fonts of type they are really the weakest and least
+distinguished of all the five series. Wide enough to cover the body of
+the type fairly thoroughly in most letters and thus to reduce the
+apparent space between letters, without ascenders and without
+descenders, they are very monotonous and singularly ineffective when
+used in any considerable quantity. When used in masses it is at times
+even difficult to read them.
+
+The use of small capitals is quite different from that of large ones.
+For the reasons just given they are not suited to display. For this
+purpose they are no better than italics, if as good. Owing to their lack
+of striking appearance and commanding quality they are not used for
+emphasis. Display and emphasis it will be remembered are the two
+principal uses of the full capital.
+
+Small capitals are used more for variety than for display. They are
+commonly used for:
+
+    Side heads
+
+    Running titles
+
+    Catch lines of title pages when particular display is not desired.
+
+They are sometimes used for the first word after a blank line,
+especially for the first word of a new chapter.
+
+Long quotations of poetry are often printed with the first word in small
+capitals. In this, as in the preceding case, the whole word is printed
+in small capitals except the first letter which is a full capital.
+
+Proper names standing at the beginning of a chapter, occasionally even
+of a paragraph, are sometimes spelled in capitals or small capitals. If
+small capitals are used the initials of the name are put in full
+capitals.
+
+Until within a comparatively short time tables of contents were often
+set in small capitals. At the same time it was customary to give a
+fairly full synopsis of the contents of each chapter under the chapter
+head. The result was a very monotonous page, dull, dense, hard to read.
+It is much better and now more common to use small caps for the chapter
+heads and ordinary text type for abstracts, using dashes or dots to
+separate the phrases in the synopsis and beginning each phrase with a
+capital.
+
+The following reproduction of a part of a page from the table of
+contents of DeVinne's _Modern Methods of Book Composition_ shows this
+method of treatment.
+
+                             CONTENTS
+
+Chapter                                                     Page
+
+  I EQUIPMENT                                                  1
+
+    Types...Stands...Cases...Case-racks.
+
+ II EQUIPMENT                                                 39
+
+    Galleys and galley-racks...Compositors' implements
+    Brass rules and cases for labor-saving rule and leads
+    Dashes and braces...Leads...Furniture of wood and
+    of metal...Furniture-racks...Quotations and electrotype
+    guards.
+
+III COMPOSITION                                               75
+
+    Time-work and piece-work...Customary routine
+    on book-work...Justification...Spacing and leading
+    Distribution...Composition by hand and machine
+    Proper methods of hand work...Recent mannerisms.
+
+ IV COMPOSITION OF BOOKS                                     111
+
+    Title-page...Preface matter...Chapter headings and
+    synopsis...Subheadings...Extracts...Notes and il-
+    lustrations...Running titles and paging at head or at
+    foot Poetry...Appendix and index...Initials...Headbands,
+    etc.
+
+Where chapter synopses are not given, ordinary text type may be used for
+the table of contents.
+
+The following reproduction of the table of contents of DeVinne's
+_Correct Composition_ shows this method of treatment.
+
+                             CONTENTS
+
+CHAPTER                                                     PAGE
+        Preface                                              vii
+
+     I  Spelling                                               5
+
+    II  Abbreviations                                         33
+
+   III  Compound Words                                        61
+
+    IV  Figures and Numerals                                  76
+
+     V  Italic                                                94
+
+    VI  Capital Letters                                      108
+
+   VII  Division of Words                                    128
+
+  VIII  Small Capitals                                       145
+
+    IX  Extracts and Letters                                 157
+
+     X  Notes                                                171
+
+    XI  Indention                                            182
+
+   XII  Spacing                                              198
+
+  XIII  Quotation-marks                                      209
+
+   XIV  Subheadings                                          230
+
+    XV  Punctuation                                          241
+
+   XVI  Proof-reading                                        294
+
+  XVII  About Copy                                           327
+
+ XVIII  Errors of the Press                                  345
+
+        Appendix                                             359
+
+        Index                                                447
+
+Small capitals are best for subheads when of not more than two lines. If
+the subheads are longer it is best to use lower-case.
+
+Signatures and credits are often put in small capitals. It is usually,
+however, better to use italics for the purpose. There is no need of a
+dash to connect the name with the quotation. When two or more quotations
+from the same author are used as mottoes, with reference to the works
+from which they are taken or the occasion on which they were said, the
+name of the author may be put in small capitals in a separate line, the
+name of the book or speech in italics, and the occasion in smaller roman
+type.
+
+Numerous signatures to a document or petition, such as the _Mayflower
+Compact_ or the _Declaration of Independence_, are often set in columns
+using capitals for the initials and small capitals for the rest of the
+name. Full capitals are too large for the purpose.
+
+    We therefore, the Commissioners for the Massachusetts, Connecticut,
+    and New Haven, do also, for our several governments, subscribe unto
+    these.
+
+    JOHN WINTHROP, Governor of the Massachusetts
+    THOMAS DUDLEY           THEOPHILUS EATON
+    GEORGE FENWICK          EDWARD HOPKINS
+                            THOMAS GREGSON
+
+Dedications of books are commonly set in small capitals. As these
+dedicatory formulas are ordinarily brief there should be wide leading,
+good display, and care as to margins. The author will often give very
+definite specifications as to the arrangement of his copy in lines, and
+this will sometimes cause difficulty, occasionally compelling the use of
+too small type. The author's specifications must be followed if he
+adheres to them.
+
+Small capitals are much favored for running titles of pages. Full
+capitals are much more effective and are to be preferred where the words
+are few. Small capitals of 12 or 14 point body are distinct but smaller
+sizes are crowded and hard to read. This difficulty can sometimes be
+remedied by hair spacing. Over spacing of such lines is objectionable
+though it has sometimes prevailed as a temporary fashion.
+
+Small capitals used in running titles are exposed to heavy wear and
+their shallow counters are liable to get choked up with ink. Capitals of
+the monotint or of a light-faced antique are sometimes selected for
+books frequently reprinted where the wear on the exposed running titles
+is very severe.
+
+In reprinting letters it is common to use small capitals for the name of
+the place from which the letter was written, for the name of the
+addressee, and for the signature. In job and advertising work the name
+of the month and day and date are generally put in lower-case of the
+text letter. This rule is not followed, however, in books. When the
+heading of the letter is very long lower-case letters are preferable to
+small capitals under the general rules of taste which govern the use of
+types. The salutation, _Dear Sir_, _Gentlemen_, or the like, does not
+need small capitals. It is better printed in italic lower-case with a
+colon (not followed by a dash) at the end. If the matter is double
+leaded the salutation may go in a line by itself, otherwise conforming
+to the rules just given.
+
+Reprints of formal inscriptions on tablets and the like are often made
+in small capitals surrounded by a border. There should be a good relief
+of white space between the type and the border.
+
+In the Bible and in hymn books the words LORD and GOD are usually set
+with full capital initial and the rest of the word in small capitals.
+
+This is, of course, a method of showing veneration and at one time it
+was customary to print all names of spiritual or temporal dignitaries
+and magnates or even ordinary names in small capitals. This practice
+still lingers in a few newspapers which print the names of persons, even
+those of small consequence, in small capitals, especially on the
+editorial page.
+
+The tendency is steady toward the discriminating use of capitals, small
+capitals, and italics. More and more we restrict the use of marks of
+emphasis to the really necessary places leaving the words to tell their
+story without outside aid.
+
+
+
+
+SUGGESTIONS AS TO TYPOGRAPHIC USE OF CAPITALS
+
+
+Capitals are too strong to be used with Arabic numerals. This fault of
+proportion is increased by the custom of casting Arabic numerals on an
+en body for table work, making them only half as thick as the type. Full
+capitals may be used with full figures the width of an ordinary letter.
+Condensed capitals may be used with en body numerals.
+
+If old-style capitals and figures are required in the same line use
+figures about one-half larger in body than the capitals and justify them
+to the line.
+
+It is this difficulty in combining capitals and Arabic numerals in the
+same line that causes the extensive use of Roman numerals in chapter
+numbers, numbers of other headings, dates on title pages, and the like.
+
+When a large initial three or four lines high is used for the first
+letter of a new chapter, large capitals are sometimes used, although
+such usage is not free from the reproach of looking too much like
+newspaper advertising. When this initial is a two line letter it should
+be in alignment with the small capitals of the upper line and the base
+line of the text letter of the lower line.
+
+[Illustration:
+AMONG the earliest methods of communicating
+ideas to the absent pictures
+hold the largest place.]
+
+[Illustration: THERE comes a tide in the affairs of men which,
+taken at the flood, leads on to fortune.]
+
+Care should be taken not to compact capitals. Use wider leading and
+broader spacing than for lower-case; for example, where you would use
+one lead between lower-case lines you should use two or three between
+lines of capitals.
+
+Capitals occupy more of the type-body than lower-case letters and
+consequently words or lines set entirely with capitals need wider
+spacing and leading than the lower-case to make composition readable.
+When lines of roman capitals are set solid or single-leaded the en-quad
+will usually be enough space between words especially if the words are
+short; but for wide-leaded lines and head-lines double spaces (two
+three-to-em) will be needed. A head-line of round, open capitals may
+even need em-quad spaces. Wide letter words require wide spaces and
+words of thin or condensed letters require thin spaces.
+
+[Illustration:
+UNITED TYPOTHETAE
+OF AMERICA
+
+UNITED TYPOTHETAE
+OF AMERICA]
+
+Words which begin or end with A Y L V W T may need spaces a little less
+than those with H I M, etc. In small types the inequalities in white
+space beside or between combinations like L Y A T W and letters with
+regular shape like H I M N, may not be readily noticed, but in large
+sizes of capitals these differences are greatly increased and will often
+make unequal white spaces in a line with uniform metal spaces. In some
+styles of types a line may need unequal metal spaces in order to space
+the words evenly.
+
+(Marks indicate insertion of spaces.)
+
+[Illustration: TEN MAIL TRAINS]
+
+    This line has en-quads between the words, but the forms
+    of L and T make the white space greater than
+    between the first and second words.
+
+[Illustration: TEN MAI'L TRAI'N'S]
+
+    This line has an en-quad in first space and three-to-em
+    in the second, with hair-spaces between some
+    letters of the words.
+
+So, also, it will often be necessary to insert pieces of paper, card, or
+thin leads between the letters of a word in large display, in order to
+make them evenly spaced, as shown in these examples:
+
+(Marks indicate insertion of spaces.)
+
+[Illustration:
+PLAINLY
+PLAI'N'LY
+UNEVENLY SPACED
+EVE'N'LY S'PA'C'E'D]
+
+This differential spacing in a line of capitals will also be required in
+a line having abbreviations or initials. The following line, spaced with
+en-quads throughout, has unnecessarily wide spaces between the initials:
+
+[Illustration: JOHN ENDICOTT LODGE, A. O. U. W.]
+
+Spaced with four-to-em in the last three places, it is improved:
+
+[Illustration: JOHN ENDICOTT LODGE, A. O. U. W.]
+
+Capitals used as initials of titles and for other abbreviations, with
+the accompanying periods, should be thin-spaced or set close together,
+as shown in the second of these examples:
+
+[Illustration:
+GEORGE MARKHAM, D. D., PH. D.
+GEORGE MARKHAM, D.D., PH.D.
+JOHN FLINT, M. D. V., BOSTON, U. S. A.
+JOHN FLINT, M.D.V., BOSTON, U.S.A.]
+
+Two or more lines of capitals of the same size should be spaced as
+nearly alike as possible. These three lines are so disproportionately
+spaced that they are not pleasing:
+
+[Illustration:
+NORTH END UNION
+B  O  S  T  O  N
+MASSACHUSETTS]
+
+The squaring up is arbitrary and strained. The lines are better like
+this:
+
+[Illustration:
+NORTH END UNION
+    BOSTON
+MASSACHUSETTS]
+
+But if it is necessary to square up lines and no additional words or
+letters can be inserted the short line may be filled with florets or
+other characters which should not be bolder than the type itself and
+should be of a style to harmonize with it as nearly as possible.
+
+[Illustration:
+NORTH END UNION
+*** BOSTON ***
+MASSACHUSETTS]
+
+The extra wide spacing of words set in capitals, as in head-lines and
+running-heads, should be avoided by the young compositor; there are
+places where it may be unobjectionable but it will require good judgment
+and some experience to prevent such lines making the page look freakish
+or amateurish.
+
+In jobbing, advertisement, and display work, capitals are used more
+freely than in plain reading matter. In book work the practice is to use
+capitals more freely than in newspaper composition. A study of the
+reading columns of daily newspapers will discover that capitals are used
+very sparingly and words are "kept down" in many cases which in more
+formal book and pamphlet work would be capitalized.
+
+In advertisements, announcements, and circular letters, words are often
+capitalized for distinction or emphasis, as in these examples:
+
+    Those who win a Second or First Prize through a monthly or special
+    contest become Honor Members of the Guild, and receive the Guild
+    badge without charge.
+
+    You are cordially invited to attend the Spring Opening of Suits and
+    Outside Garments for Women, on Wednesday and Thursday, April 28 and
+    29, in our new Mason Street Annex.
+
+Precise rules for the use of capitals cannot be given for work of all
+kinds. Their insertion or omission will be governed greatly by the
+subject matter and the style of treatment desired by the proof-reader or
+the customer and the compositor's duty will not go further than to
+maintain some consistency in their use in each piece of work. When he
+has copy in which capitals are used as in the following example he will
+be expected either to discard all capitals except at the beginning of
+the sentences or to capitalize the words as in the second example:
+
+    Fifty styles of the Smartest and nobbiest wheel specialties for
+    ponies and Small horses, Pony carts, light horse novelties, traps,
+    wagons, Harness, Saddles, etc.
+
+    Fifty Styles of the Smartest and Nobbiest Wheel Specialties for
+    Ponies and Small Horses, Pony Carts, Light Horse Novelties, Traps,
+    Wagons, Harness, Saddles, etc.
+
+In lines of large display, like head-lines, set in capitals and
+lower-case, all the important words should begin with capitals.
+Unimportant words, such as _of_, _the_, _by_, _for_, _but_, _in_, etc.,
+except when they are at the beginning of the displayed phrase, are not
+capitalized.
+
+    Notice to the Public
+    The Best is the Cheapest
+    A Great Bargain in Hats
+    By Right of Conquest
+    For Love and Honor
+
+A line of capitals containing an abbreviation or other short word should
+have capitals throughout when possible, as in the second form of these
+examples:
+
+    JOHN SMITH, Jr.              JOHN SMITH, JR.
+    ROBINSON & Co.               ROBINSON & CO.
+
+In advertisement display lines like the following are permissible:
+
+    The GOLDEN HARVESTER
+    REGAL SHOES _for_ MEN
+
+Combinations of different sizes and styles of types are also common and
+serve their purpose properly, as in this style, often used in billheads,
+etc.
+
+    TO THOMAS W. ABBOTT, DR.
+    _In account with_ FRANK ABBOTT
+
+Combinations of large and small capitals and lower-case like the
+following are, however, not approved:
+
+    WILLIAM BROWN, President
+
+The words in small capitals as well as the word in lower-case should
+begin with large capitals, like this:
+
+    WILLIAM BROWN, President
+
+When lines of capitals are used in books and pamphlets, for headings and
+display, they should be used consistently--that is, all headings of a
+similar kind should be alike in any piece of work, and not one heading
+in capitals and another in lower-case. The composition of a title page
+is more pleasing when its chief lines are in one style of letters,
+giving a harmonious effect. When lines of capitals and lines of
+lower-case are interspersed in a page an appearance of confusion is
+liable to be the result.
+
+
+
+
+SUPPLEMENTARY READING
+
+
+A Manual for Writers. By John Matthews Manley and John Arthur Powell.
+The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
+
+The Writer's Desk Book. By William Dana Orcutt. Frederick Stokes
+Company, New York.
+
+Correct Composition. By Theodore L. DeVinne. The Oswald Publishing
+Company, New York.
+
+A Handbook of Composition. By Edwin D. Woolley. D. C. Heath, Boston.
+
+Punctuation. With Chapters on Hyphenization, Capitalization and
+Spelling. By F. Horace Teale. Appleton & Co., New York.
+
+
+
+
+QUESTIONS
+
+
+As the subject matter of this book is such that many of the questions
+will serve only to bring out the accuracy of the pupil's memory of rules
+it is very desirable that care should be taken to insure intelligent use
+and application of the rules. To be able to repeat a rule is of very
+little importance compared with the ability to apply it intelligently.
+
+The instructor should give the pupils constant practice in the
+application of these rules. This should consist of;--
+
+(a) Study of passages taken from all kinds of printed matter.
+
+(b) Rewriting of passages given out without capitalization.
+
+In the first case a wide range of material should be used from the most
+carefully printed books to the most carelessly printed matter that can
+be found, including newspapers of varying excellence and pure
+advertising matter. The capitalization found should be studied and
+explained by the rules and the criticisms or changes suggested justified
+in the same way.
+
+In like manner in the second case every capital used in the rewritten
+text should be justified by the proper rule.
+
+Without such exercises as these, the book will have comparatively little
+value.
+
+1. What is a capital letter?
+
+2. How many series of letters does an ordinary font of type contain?
+
+3. Name them, and tell what you know about each one.
+
+4. In what does the distinction between capital and lower-case letter
+consist?
+
+5. What combinations of capitals and lower-case are permissible?
+
+6. In manuscript how do you indicate capitals? Italics?
+
+7. What are capitals used for?
+
+8. What tendencies are observable in style?
+
+9. What is the real implement of English speech?
+
+10. What are the general rules for the use of capitals?
+
+11. Capitalize, _men pray to god, to christ and to the virgin mary that
+they may be defended by the holy ghost from those assaults of the devil
+which would make devils of them_. Give the rule for so doing.
+
+12. Capitalize, _the supreme architect of the universe, sometimes called
+providence, has his own ways of bringing men to heaven_. Give the rule
+for so doing.
+
+13. Learn the list of words under rule 2.
+
+14. Are these words capitalized in all cases?
+
+15. Are adjectives derived from these words capitalized?
+
+16. When do you not capitalize _God_ and its synonyms?
+
+17. What is the usage as to pronouns referring to God and the other
+persons of the Trinity?
+
+18. What is the rule regarding the Bible and matter related to it?
+
+19. What is the rule regarding biblical terms?
+
+20. Capitalize, _the holy man entered the holy place at the appointed
+time_. _The message of the gospel is found in the most spiritual form in
+the gospel of John._ Give the rule.
+
+21. What is the rule about religious bodies and their members?
+
+22. What is the rule about monastic orders?
+
+23. What is the rule about _church_? Give examples of the different
+uses.
+
+24. What is the rule about names of creeds?
+
+25. Give different uses of _father_ and _reformer_ and explain them.
+
+26. How do you use capitals in writing names of persons in English and
+in other languages?
+
+27. What is the usage with regard to epithets and the like?
+
+28. What is the usage with regard to races of men?
+
+29. Give the rule for names of places, and examples of each usage.
+
+30. Learn the tables under rule 15.
+
+31. When do you capitalize generic terms for political divisions and
+when do you not?
+
+32. What is the rule about words denoting time?
+
+33. What is the rule about festivals, etc.?
+
+34. What is the rule about astronomical terms?
+
+35. When are ordinal numbers capitalized?
+
+36. How are capitals used in scientific names?
+
+37. What is the usage in such words as _father_, _mother_, and other
+terms denoting relationship?
+
+38. What is the rule regarding names of parties, political, literary,
+etc.?
+
+39. What is the rule as to historic parties, leagues, etc.?
+
+40. What is the usage in writing of periods, historic, geological, etc.?
+
+41. What is the usage regarding important events?
+
+42. How are treaties, laws, etc., treated?
+
+43. When are the names of governmental bodies, departments, etc.,
+capitalized?
+
+44. How are official titles of corporations and other bodies treated?
+
+45. How are names of conventions, expositions, and the like treated?
+
+46. How are capitals used in book titles and similar copy, including the
+use of _the_?
+
+47. How are capitals used in dedications and headings?
+
+48. Give the rules for the use of capitals in foreign book titles.
+
+49. Give the rules for the use of capitals in personal titles.
+
+50. What can you do when a name is followed by the initials of a number
+of titles?
+
+51. What do you do in case of compound titles?
+
+52. How do you write the names of things personified?
+
+53. How are adjectives derived from proper nouns treated?
+
+54. How are capitals used in direct quotations?
+
+55. How are capitals used in resolutions?
+
+56. Are capitals used after colons?
+
+57. How do we write the interjections _O_ and _oh_?
+
+58. How do we write the first personal pronoun?
+
+59. When and where are capitals used for emphasis?
+
+60. Describe the peculiarities of small capitals.
+
+61. Are they used in the same way as full capitals? Why?
+
+62. What is the principal use of small capitals?
+
+63. Give some of the places where small capitals are commonly used.
+
+64. How are small capitals now used in tables of contents, and how were
+they formerly used?
+
+65. What type would you use for a table of contents when chapter
+synopses are not given?
+
+66. How are subheads treated?
+
+67. How are signatures and credits treated?
+
+68. How are dedications of books treated?
+
+69. How are running titles treated?
+
+70. What is good usage in reprinting letters?
+
+71. What is a good way to set reprints of formal inscriptions?
+
+72. What is the usage with regard to the names of persons treated with
+veneration?
+
+73. What is the tendency in the use of capitals and other devices for
+emphasis?
+
+74. How would you handle combinations of capitals and numerals, and why?
+
+75. How would you treat large initials?
+
+76. How should you space and lead capitals as compared with lower-case?
+
+77. How should lines of capitals be spaced, and why?
+
+78. Would capitals set with even spacing or without spacing appear to be
+evenly spaced?
+
+79. What is the reason for the appearance just noted?
+
+80. What would you do about it?
+
+81. How should you space capitals used as initials of titles with
+accompanying periods?
+
+82. How should you space two or more lines of capitals of the same size?
+
+83. If squaring up is necessary, how should it be done?
+
+84. What can you say about wide spacing of words set in capitals?
+
+85. What can you say of the use of capitals in different sorts of
+matter?
+
+86. How is the compositor guided in these cases?
+
+87. How are capitals used in lines of large display?
+
+88. How would you set a line of capitals containing an abbreviation or
+other short word?
+
+89. How may capitals be used in lines of advertising display?
+
+90. Under what circumstances are combinations of different sizes and
+styles of type permissible?
+
+91. Are combinations of large and small capitals and lower-case
+advisable?
+
+92. What rule should be followed when lines of capitals are used in
+books and pamphlets for headings and display?
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY
+
+
+FORMAL--Made in accordance with regular and established forms, or with
+dignity and impressiveness: stiff.
+
+GENERA--Plural of genus, a group for purposes of classification,
+embracing one or more species.
+
+GENERIC--Of or pertaining to a genus (see genera) as distinct from
+specific, of or pertaining to a species (which see).
+
+ORDINAL--That form of the numeral that shows the order of anything in a
+series.
+
+SPECIES--A group for purposes of classification subordinate to a genus
+and composed of individuals having only minor differences.
+
+VERSIONS--(Of the Bible) Different translations of the original into the
+same or different languages.
+
+
+
+
+TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES FOR APPRENTICES
+
+
+The following list of publications, comprising the TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL
+SERIES FOR APPRENTICES, has been prepared under the supervision of the
+Committee on Education of the United Typothetae of America for use in trade
+classes, in course of printing instruction, and by individuals.
+
+Each publication has been compiled by a competent author or group of
+authors, and carefully edited, the purpose being to provide the printers of
+the United States--employers, journeymen, and apprentices--with a
+comprehensive series of handy and inexpensive compendiums of reliable,
+up-to-date information upon the various branches and specialties of the
+printing craft, all arranged in orderly fashion for progressive study.
+
+The publications of the series are of uniform size, 5×8 inches. Their
+general make-up, in typography, illustrations, etc., has been, as far as
+practicable, kept in harmony throughout. A brief synopsis of the particular
+contents and other chief features of each volume will be found under each
+title in the following list.
+
+Each topic is treated in a concise manner, the aim being to embody in each
+publication as completely as possible all the rudimentary information and
+essential facts necessary to an understanding of the subject. Care has been
+taken to make all statements accurate and clear, with the purpose of
+bringing essential information within the understanding of beginners in the
+different fields of study. Wherever practicable, simple and well-defined
+drawings and illustrations have been used to assist in giving additional
+clearness to the text.
+
+In order that the pamphlets may be of the greatest possible help for use in
+trade-school classes and for self-instruction, each title is accompanied by
+a list of Review Questions covering essential items of the subject matter.
+A short Glossary of technical terms belonging to the subject or department
+treated is also added to many of the books.
+
+These are the Official Text-books of the United Typothetae of America.
+
+Address all orders and inquiries to COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION, UNITED
+TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, U. S. A.
+
+
+PART I--_Types, Tools, Machines, and Materials_
+
+=1.= =Type: a Primer of Information=                  By A. A. Stewart
+
+     Relating to the mechanical features of printing types; their sizes,
+     font schemes, etc., with a brief description of their manufacture.
+     44 pp.; illustrated; 74 review questions; glossary.
+
+=2.= =Compositors' Tools and Materials=               By A. A. Stewart
+
+     A primer of information about composing sticks, galleys, leads,
+     brass rules, cutting and mitering machines, etc. 47 pp.;
+     illustrated; 50 review questions; glossary.
+
+=3.= =Type Cases, Composing Room Furniture=           By A. A. Stewart
+
+     A primer of information about type cases, work stands, cabinets,
+     case racks, galley racks, standing galleys, etc. 43 pp.;
+     illustrated; 33 review questions; glossary.
+
+=4.= =Imposing Tables and Lock-up Appliances=         By A. A. Stewart
+
+     Describing the tools and materials used in locking up forms for the
+     press, including some modern utilities for special purposes. 59
+     pp.; illustrated; 70 review questions; glossary.
+
+=5.= =Proof Presses=                                  By A. A. Stewart
+
+     A primer of information about the customary methods and machines
+     for taking printers' proofs. 40 pp.; illustrated; 41 review
+     questions; glossary.
+
+=6.= =Platen Printing Presses=                         By Daniel Baker
+
+     A primer of information regarding the history and mechanical
+     construction of platen printing presses, from the original hand
+     press to the modern job press, to which is added a chapter on
+     automatic presses of small size. 51 pp.; illustrated; 49 review
+     questions; glossary.
+
+=7.= =Cylinder Printing Presses=                   By Herbert L. Baker
+
+     Being a study of the mechanism and operation of the principal types
+     of cylinder printing machines. 64 pp.; illustrated; 47 review
+     questions; glossary.
+
+=8.= =Mechanical Feeders and Folders=           By William E. Spurrier
+
+     The history and operation of modern feeding and folding machines;
+     with hints on their care and adjustments. Illustrated; review
+     questions; glossary.
+
+=9.= =Power for Machinery in Printing Houses=         By Carl F. Scott
+
+     A treatise on the methods of applying power to printing presses and
+     allied machinery with particular reference to electric drive. 53
+     pp.; illustrated; 69 review questions; glossary.
+
+=10.= =Paper Cutting Machines=                       By Niel Gray, Jr.
+
+     A primer of information about paper and card trimmers, hand-lever
+     cutters, power cutters, and other automatic machines for cutting
+     paper, 70 pp.; illustrated; 115 review questions; glossary.
+
+=11.= =Printers' Rollers=                             By A. A. Stewart
+
+     A primer of information about the composition, manufacture, and
+     care of inking rollers. 46 pp.; illustrated; 61 review questions;
+     glossary.
+
+=12.= =Printing Inks=                                 By Philip Ruxton
+
+     Their composition, properties and manufacture (reprinted by
+     permission from Circular No. 53, United States Bureau of
+     Standards); together with some helpful suggestions about the
+     everyday use of printing inks by Philip Ruxton. 80 pp.; 100 review
+     questions; glossary.
+
+=13.= =How Paper is Made=                  By William Bond Wheelwright
+
+     A primer of information about the materials and processes of
+     manufacturing paper for printing and writing. 68 pp.; illustrated;
+     62 review questions; glossary.
+
+=14.= =Relief Engravings=                         By Joseph P. Donovan
+
+     Brief history and non-technical description of modern methods of
+     engraving; woodcut, zinc plate, halftone; kind of copy for
+     reproduction; things to remember when ordering engravings.
+     Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
+
+=15.= =Electrotyping and Sterotyping=
+                                  By Harris B. Hatch and A. A. Stewart
+
+     A primer of information about the processes of electrotyping and
+     stereotyping. 94 pp.; illustrated; 129 review questions;
+     glossaries.
+
+
+PART II--_Hand and Machine Composition_
+
+=16.= =Typesetting=                                   By A. A. Stewart
+
+     A handbook for beginners, giving information about justifying,
+     spacing, correcting, and other matters relating to typesetting.
+     Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
+
+=17.= =Printers' Proofs=                              By A. A. Stewart
+
+     The methods by which they are made, marked, and corrected, with
+     observations on proofreading. Illustrated; review questions;
+     glossary.
+
+=18.= =First Steps in Job Composition=               By Camille DeVéze
+
+     Suggestions for the apprentice compositor in setting his first
+     jobs, especially about the important little things which go to make
+     good display in typography. 63 pp.; examples; 55 review questions;
+     glossary.
+
+=19.= =General Job Composition=
+
+     How the job compositor handles business stationery, programs and
+     miscellaneous work. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
+
+=20.= =Book Composition=                             By J. W. Bothwell
+
+     Chapters from DeVinne's "Modern Methods of Book Composition,"
+     revised and arranged for this series of text-books by J. W. Bothwell
+     of The DeVinne Press, New York. Part I: Composition of pages. Part
+     II: Imposition of pages. 229 pp.; illustrated; 525 review
+     questions; glossary.
+
+=21.= =Tabular Composition=                           By Robert Seaver
+
+     A study of the elementary forms of table composition, with examples
+     of more difficult composition. 36 pp.; examples; 45 review
+     questions.
+
+=22.= =Applied Arithmetic=                            By E. E. Sheldon
+
+     Elementary arithmetic applied to problems of the printing trade,
+     calculation of materials, paper weights and sizes, with standard
+     tables and rules for computation, each subject amplified with
+     examples and exercises. 159 pp.
+
+=23.= =Typecasting and Composing Machines=        A. W. Finlay, Editor
+
+     Section I--The Linotype                        By L. A. Hornstein
+     Section II--The Monotype                           By Joseph Hays
+     Section III--The Intertype                    By Henry W. Cozzens
+     Section IV--Other Typecasting and Typesetting Machines
+                                                     By Frank H. Smith
+
+     A brief history of typesetting machines, with descriptions of their
+     mechanical principles and operations. Illustrated; review
+     questions; glossary.
+
+
+PART III--_Imposition and Stonework_
+
+=24.= =Locking Forms for the Job Press=              By Frank S. Henry
+
+     Things the apprentice should know about locking up small forms, and
+     about general work on the stone. Illustrated; review questions;
+     glossary.
+
+=25.= =Preparing Forms for the Cylinder Press=       By Frank S. Henry
+
+     Pamphlet and catalog imposition; margins; fold marks, etc. Methods
+     of handling type forms and electrotype forms. Illustrated; review
+     questions; glossary.
+
+
+PART IV--_Presswork_
+
+=26.= =Making Ready on Platen Presses=                 By T. G. McGrew
+
+     The essential parts of a press and their functions; distinctive
+     features of commonly used machines. Preparing the tympan,
+     regulating the impression, underlaying and overlaying, setting
+     gauges, and other details explained. Illustrated; review questions;
+     glossary.
+
+=27.= =Cylinder Presswork=                             By T. G. McGrew
+
+     Preparing the press; adjustment of bed and cylinder, form rollers,
+     ink fountain, grippers and delivery systems. Underlaying and
+     overlaying; modern overlay methods. Illustrated; review questions;
+     glossary.
+
+=28.= =Pressroom Hints and Helps=                 By Charles L. Dunton
+
+     Describing some practical methods of pressroom work, with
+     directions and useful information relating to a variety of
+     printing-press problems. 87 pp.; 176 review questions.
+
+=29.= =Reproductive Processes of the Graphic Arts=      By A. W. Elson
+
+     A primer of information about the distinctive features of the
+     relief, the intaglio, and the planographic processes of printing.
+     84 pp.; illustrated; 100 review questions; glossary.
+
+
+PART V--_Pamphlet and Book Binding_
+
+=30.= =Pamphlet Binding=                        By Bancroft L. Goodwin
+
+     A primer of information about the various operations employed in
+     binding pamphlets and other work in the bindery. Illustrated;
+     review questions; glossary.
+
+=31.= =Book Binding=                                 By John J. Pleger
+
+     Practical information about the usual operations in binding books;
+     folding; gathering, collating, sewing, forwarding, finishing. Case
+     making and cased-in books. Hand work and machine work. Job and
+     blank-book binding. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
+
+
+PART VI--_Correct Literary Composition_
+
+=32.= =Word Study and English Grammar=               By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A primer of information about words, their relations, and their
+     uses. 68 pp.; 84 review questions; glossary.
+
+=33.= =Punctuation=                                  By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A primer of information about the marks of punctuation and their
+     use, both grammatically and typographically. 56 pp.; 59 review
+     questions; glossary.
+
+=34.= =Capitals=                                     By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A primer of information about capitalization, with some practical
+     typographic hints as to the use of capitals. 48 pp.; 92 review
+     questions; glossary.
+
+=35.= =Division of Words=                            By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     Rules for the division of words at the ends of lines, with remarks
+     on spelling, syllabication and pronunciation. 42 pp.; 70 review
+     questions.
+
+=36.= =Compound Words=                               By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A study of the principles of compounding, the components of
+     compounds, and the use of the hyphen. 34 pp.; 62 review questions.
+
+=37.= =Abbreviations and Signs=                      By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A primer of information about abbreviations and signs, with
+     classified lists of those in most common use. 58 pp.; 32 review
+     questions.
+
+=38.= =The Uses of Italic=                           By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A primer of information about the history and uses of italic
+     letters. 31 pp.; 37 review questions.
+
+=39.= =Proofreading=                                 By Arnold Levitas
+
+     The technical phases of the proofreader's work; reading, marking,
+     revising, etc.; methods of handling proofs and copy. Illustrated by
+     examples. 59 pp.; 69 review questions; glossary.
+
+=40.= =Preparation of Printers' Copy=                By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     Suggestions for authors, editors, and all who are engaged in
+     preparing copy for the composing room. 36 pp.; 67 review questions.
+
+=41.= =Printers' Manual of Style=
+
+     A reference compilation of approved rules, usages, and suggestions
+     relating to uniformity in punctuation, capitalization,
+     abbreviations, numerals, and kindred features of composition.
+
+=42.= =The Printer's Dictionary=                      By A. A. Stewart
+
+     A handbook of definitions and miscellaneous information about
+     various processes of printing, alphabetically arranged. Technical
+     terms explained. Illustrated.
+
+
+PART VII--_Design, Color, and Lettering_
+
+=43.= =Applied Design for Printers=                   By Harry L. Gage
+
+     A handbook of the principles of arrangement, with brief comment on
+     the periods of design which have most influenced printing. Treats
+     of harmony, balance, proportion, and rhythm; motion; symmetry and
+     variety; ornament, esthetic and symbolic. 37 illustrations; 46
+     review questions; glossary; bibliography.
+
+=44.= =Elements of Typographic Design=                By Harry L. Gage
+
+     Applications of the principles of decorative design. Building
+     material of typography paper, types, ink, decorations and
+     illustrations. Handling of shapes. Design of complete book,
+     treating each part. Design of commercial forms and single units.
+     Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography.
+
+=45.= =Rudiments of Color in Printing=                By Harry L. Gage
+
+     Use of color: for decoration of black and white, for broad poster
+     effect, in combinations of two, three, or more printings with
+     process engravings. Scientific nature of color, physical and
+     chemical. Terms in which color may be discussed: hue, value,
+     intensity. Diagrams in color, scales and combinations. Color theory
+     of process engraving. Experiments with color. Illustrations in full
+     color, and on various papers. Review questions; glossary;
+     bibliography.
+
+=46.= =Lettering in Typography=                       By Harry L. Gage
+
+     Printer's use of lettering: adaptability and decorative effect.
+     Development of historic writing and lettering and its influence on
+     type design. Classification of general forms in lettering.
+     Application of design to lettering. Drawing for reproduction. Fully
+     illustrated; review questions; glossary; bibliography.
+
+=47.= =Typographic Design in Advertising=             By Harry L. Gage
+
+     The printer's function in advertising. Precepts upon which
+     advertising is based. Printer's analysis of his copy. Emphasis,
+     legibility, attention, color. Method of studying advertising
+     typography. Illustrations; review questions; glossary;
+     bibliography.
+
+=48.= =Making Dummies and Layouts=                    By Harry L. Gage
+
+     A layout: the architectural plan. A dummy: the imitation of a
+     proposed final effect. Use of dummy in sales work. Use of layout.
+     Function of layout man. Binding schemes for dummies. Dummy
+     envelopes. Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography.
+
+
+PART VIII--_History of Printing_
+
+=49.= =Books Before Typography=                      By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A primer of information about the invention of the alphabet and the
+     history of bookmaking up to the invention of movable types. 62 pp.;
+     illustrated; 64 review questions.
+
+=50.= =The Invention of Typography=                  By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A brief sketch of the invention of printing and how it came about.
+     64 pp.; 62 review questions.
+
+=51.= =History of Printing--Part I=                  By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A primer of information about the beginnings of printing, the
+     development of the book, the development of printers' materials,
+     and the work of the great pioneers. 63 pp.; 55 review questions.
+
+=52.= =History of Printing--Part II=                 By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A brief sketch of the economic conditions of the printing industry
+     from 1450 to 1789, including government regulations, censorship,
+     internal conditions and industrial relations. 94 pp.; 128 review
+     questions.
+
+=53.= =Printing in England=                          By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A short history of printing in England from Caxton to the present
+     time. 89 pp.; 65 review questions.
+
+=54.= =Printing in America=                          By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A brief sketch of the development of the newspaper, and some notes
+     on publishers who have especially contributed to printing. 98 pp.;
+     84 review questions.
+
+=55.= =Type and Presses in America=                  By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A brief historical sketch of the development of type casting and
+     press building in the United States. 52 pp.; 61 review questions.
+
+
+PART IX--_Cost Finding and Accounting_
+
+=56.= =Elements of Cost in Printing=                By Henry P. Porter
+
+     The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should
+     show. How to utilize the information they give. Review questions.
+     Glossary.
+
+=57.= =Use of a Cost System=                        By Henry P. Porter
+
+     The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should
+     show. How to utilize the information they give. Review questions.
+     Glossary.
+
+=58.= =The Printer as a Merchant=                   By Henry P. Porter
+
+     The selection and purchase of materials and supplies for printing.
+     The relation of the cost of raw material and the selling price of
+     the finished product. Review questions. Glossary.
+
+=59.= =Fundamental Principles of Estimating=        By Henry P. Porter
+
+     The estimator and his work; forms to use; general rules for
+     estimating. Review questions. Glossary.
+
+=60.= =Estimating and Selling=                      By Henry P. Porter
+
+     An insight into the methods used in making estimates, and their
+     relation to selling. Review questions. Glossary.
+
+=61.= =Accounting for Printers=                     By Henry P. Porter
+
+     A brief outline of an accounting system for printers; necessary
+     books and accessory records. Review questions. Glossary.
+
+
+PART X--_Miscellaneous_
+
+=62.= =Health, Sanitation, and Safety=              By Henry P. Porter
+
+     Hygiene in the printing trade; a study of conditions old and new;
+     practical suggestions for improvement; protective appliances and
+     rules for safety.
+
+=63.= =Topical Index=                                By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A book of reference covering the topics treated in the Typographic
+     Technical Series, alphabetically arranged.
+
+=64.= =Courses of Study=                             By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A guidebook for teachers, with outlines and suggestions for
+     classroom and shop work.
+
+
+
+
+ACKNOWLEDGMENT
+
+
+This series of Typographic Text-books is the result of the splendid
+co-operation of a large number of firms and individuals engaged in the
+printing business and its allied industries in the United States of
+America.
+
+The Committee on Education of the United Typothetae of America, under whose
+auspices the books have been prepared and published, acknowledges its
+indebtedness for the generous assistance rendered by the many authors,
+printers, and others identified with this work.
+
+While due acknowledgment is made on the title and copyright pages of those
+contributing to each book, the Committee nevertheless felt that a group
+list of co-operating firms would be of interest.
+
+The following list is not complete, as it includes only those who have
+co-operated in the production of a portion of the volumes, constituting the
+first printing. As soon as the entire list of books comprising the
+Typographic Technical Series has been completed (which the Committee hopes
+will be at an early date), the full list will be printed in each volume.
+
+The Committee also desires to acknowledge its indebtedness to the many
+subscribers to this Series who have patiently awaited its publication.
+
+COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION,
+UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA.
+
+  HENRY P. PORTER, _Chairman_,
+  E. LAWRENCE FELL,
+  A. M. GLOSSBRENNER,
+  J. CLYDE OSWALD,
+  TOBY RUBOVITS.
+
+FREDERICK W. HAMILTON, _Education Director_.
+
+
+
+
+CONTRIBUTORS
+
+
+=For Composition and Electrotypes=
+
+ISAAC H. BLANCHARD COMPANY, New York, N. Y.
+S. H. BURBANK & CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
+J. S. CUSHING & CO., Norwood, Mass.
+THE DEVINNE PRESS, New York, N. Y.
+R. R. DONNELLEY & SONS CO., Chicago, Ill.
+GEO. H. ELLIS CO., Boston, Mass.
+EVANS-WINTER-HEBB, Detroit, Mich.
+FRANKLIN PRINTING COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa.
+F. H. GILSON COMPANY, Boston, Mass.
+STEPHEN GREENE & CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
+W. F. HALL PRINTING CO., Chicago, Ill.
+J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
+MCCALLA & CO. INC., Philadelphia, Pa.
+THE PATTESON PRESS, New York, New York
+THE PLIMPTON PRESS, Norwood, Mass.
+POOLE BROS., Chicago, Ill.
+EDWARD STERN & CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
+THE STONE PRINTING & MFG. CO., Roanoke, Va.
+C. D. TRAPHAGEN, Lincoln, Neb.
+THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, Cambridge, Mass.
+
+=For Composition=
+
+BOSTON TYPOTHETAE SCHOOL OF PRINTING, Boston, Mass.
+WILLIAM F. FELL CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
+THE KALKHOFF COMPANY, New York, N. Y.
+OXFORD-PRINT, Boston, Mass.
+TOBY RUBOVITS, Chicago, Ill.
+
+=For Electrotypes=
+
+BLOMGREN BROTHERS CO., Chicago, Ill.
+FLOWER STEEL ELECTROTYPING CO., New York, N. Y.
+C. J. PETERS & SON CO., Boston, Mass.
+ROYAL ELECTROTYPE CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
+H. C. WHITCOMB & CO., Boston, Mass.
+
+=For Engravings=
+
+AMERICAN TYPE FOUNDERS CO., Boston, Mass.
+C. B. COTTRELL & SONS CO., Westerly, R. I.
+GOLDING MANUFACTURING CO., Franklin, Mass.
+HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge, Mass.
+INLAND PRINTER CO., Chicago, Ill.
+LANSTON MONOTYPE MACHINE COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa.
+MERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY, New York, N. Y.
+GEO. H. MORRILL CO., Norwood, Mass.
+OSWALD PUBLISHING CO., New York, N. Y.
+THE PRINTING ART, Cambridge, Mass.
+B. D. RISING PAPER COMPANY, Housatonic, Mass.
+THE VANDERCOOK PRESS, Chicago, Ill.
+
+=For Book Paper=
+
+AMERICAN WRITING PAPER CO., Holyoke, Mass.
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+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Capitals, by Frederick W. Hamilton, LL.D.    </title>
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Capitals, by Frederick W. Hamilton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Capitals
+       A Primer of Information about Capitalization with some
+              Practical Typographic Hints as to the Use of Capitals
+
+Author: Frederick W. Hamilton
+
+Release Date: January 15, 2007 [EBook #20374]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAPITALS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Sigal Alon and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<h5>TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES FOR APPRENTICES&mdash;PART VI, NO. 34</h5>
+
+
+<h1>CAPITALS</h1>
+
+
+<h3>A PRIMER <i>of</i> INFORMATION ABOUT<br />
+CAPITALIZATION WITH SOME PRACTICAL<br />
+TYPOGRAPHIC HINTS AS TO<br />
+THE USE OF CAPITALS</h3>
+
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2>FREDERICK W. HAMILTON, LL.D.</h2>
+
+<h6>EDUCATIONAL DIRECTOR <br />
+UNITED TYPOTHET&AElig; OF AMERICA</h6>
+
+
+
+
+<h5>PUBLISHED BY THE COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION <br />
+UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA <br />
+1918</h5>
+
+
+
+
+<h5><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1918<br />
+United Typothetae of America<br />
+Chicago, Ill.</span>
+</h5>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<ul class="TOC">
+<li> <span class="ralign">PAGE</span><br /></li>
+<li><a href="#INTRODUCTION"><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#USE_OF_FULL_CAPITALS"><span class="smcap">Use of Full Capitals</span></a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#SMALL_CAPITALS"><span class="smcap">Small Capitals</span></a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#SUGGESTIONS_AS_TO_TYPOGRAPHIC"><span class="smcap">Suggestions as to Typographic Use of Capitals</span></a>
+<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CAPITALS" id="CAPITALS"></a>CAPITALS</h2>
+
+
+<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION</h2>
+
+
+<p>A capital letter is a letter of formal shape. Capitals
+were originally derived from the stiff and angular letters
+used in formal inscriptions. Originally all writing was
+done in capitals. Later the scribes devised less formal shapes
+for the letters, making use of lines more easily made by brush
+or pen on papyrus, parchment, or paper. The capitals were
+retained for certain uses but the less formal shapes were
+employed to do the greater part of the work. These less
+formal letters have been known by several names. They
+will be referred to here by that under which they are known
+to modern printers, &#8220;lower-case.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A further modification of the letter came with the introduction
+of the sloping, or italic letter. This received its
+name from its place of origin, Italy. It was introduced by
+Nicholas Jenson, a printer of Venice, and was an imitation
+of the handwriting of the Italian poet Petrarch. Originally
+it was used only for the lower-case and was combined with
+the older form of capital letters, called roman, also from
+the place of its origin. Later the italic characteristics
+were given to capitals as well as lower-case letters.</p>
+
+<p>An ordinary font of book type contains five series of letters:
+full capitals, small capitals, italic capitals (full size),
+roman lower-case, and italic lower-case. The full capital,
+roman or italic, is larger than the other letters of the font,
+every letter being as high as the lower-case ascenders. The
+small capital is only as high as the lower-case round letters.
+Larger capitals still are sometimes used as chapter initials
+and the like.</p>
+
+<p>It will be observed that the distinction between capital
+and lower-case letters is one of form, not of size. The full
+capitals being much more used than the small capitals and
+being larger than the other letters in the font, the impression<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span>
+is common that the size is the distinguishing mark.
+This erroneous impression has even crept into dictionary
+definitions.</p>
+
+<p>The full capital, which will hereafter be called in this book
+simply the capital, is used in combination with lower-case
+letters or with small capitals in the same word. The small
+capital is not used in combination with lower-case in the
+same word. We may print GEORGE WASHINGTON,
+<span class="smcap">George Washington</span>, <span class="smcap lowercase">GEORGE WASHINGTON</span>, or George
+Washington, but not <span class="smcap">g</span>eorge <span class="smcap">w</span>ashington.</p>
+
+<p>In manuscript capitals are indicated by three lines under
+a word or letter, <img src="images/iltriple.gif" width="30" height="15" alt="triple line" title="triple line" />
+ and small capitals by two lines <img src="images/ildouble.gif" width="30" height="15" alt="double line" title="double line" />.
+A single line <img src="images/ilsingle.gif" width="30" height="15" alt="single line" title="single line" /> indicates that italics are to
+be used.</p>
+
+<p>Originally the writers of manuscripts used capitals for
+ornament and variety in the text. They followed no rules
+but each writer was guided by his own judgment and sense
+of beauty. As the use of capitals gradually became systematized
+and reduced to rules, different systems were adopted
+in different countries. The use of capitals varies greatly in
+different languages. Attention will be mainly confined in
+this book to the usages followed in the printing of English.
+Attempts to point out the various differences to be found
+in German, French, etc. would only confuse the young
+apprentice.</p>
+
+<p>These rules grow out of a fundamental principle.</p>
+
+<p>The purpose of capitals is to emphasize the words in
+which they are employed. With the exception of the cases
+of the words <i>I</i> and <i>O</i>, which are capitalized for typographical
+reasons, this idea of calling special attention to a word,
+or words, for one reason or another will be found to be at
+the bottom of the variations in usage in different printing
+offices and by different writers. The same tendency is
+observable here which is so evident in style and in punctuation.
+Direct statements, simple sentences as free from involution
+and complication as possible, are more and more
+taking the place of the involved, complicated, and obscure
+sentences of old times. The ideal style of to-day consists
+of simple words simply arranged. Such a style needs little<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span>
+pointing. The reader is quite able to find his way through
+the paragraph without constant direction. Punctuation
+marks are directions at the crossroads of thought. Consequently
+the punctuation mark is now much more sparingly
+used than formerly.</p>
+
+<p>Just as we have found out that well chosen words can
+tell their story with very few marks of interpretation so we
+have found out that they can tell their story with very few
+marks of emphasis. The use of capitals has decreased
+greatly during the last two centuries and is constantly
+decreasing, and this tendency is likely to go still further.
+The great DeVinne whose books on <i>The Practice of
+Typography</i>, written ten to fifteen years ago, are still of the
+highest authority was thoroughly up-to-date in his methods
+and was remarkable for the restrained and refined good
+taste which characterized all his recommendations, but in
+some points restraint in the use of capitals has gone even
+beyond his precepts.</p>
+
+<p>It is worth while to remember that the real implement
+of English speech is the word, not the point nor the letter
+form. Just to the extent that we rely on marks of punctuation
+and emphasis to convey our meaning we betray our
+ignorance of the really significant elements of the language.
+The schoolgirl says she &#8220;had a <i>perfectly splendid</i> time&#8221; at
+the dance, when she tells about it in her letter to her dearest
+friend. If &#8220;perfectly splendid&#8221; were a proper term to
+use in such a connection, which it is not, the words themselves
+would carry all the emphasis possible. Nothing could
+really be added to them by any typographical device. In
+the same way the common use of profanity among ignorant
+people probably arises mainly from a feeling that the
+ordinary words with which they are familiar are colorless
+and do not express their thoughts with sufficient emphasis.</p>
+
+<p>Just as emphasis in style is difficult when one habitually
+uses the strongest words and emphasis in voice is difficult
+when one habitually shouts, so emphasis in print is difficult
+when one habitually uses large capitals, display type, and
+italics. Loud printing is as objectionable as loud talking.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="USE_OF_FULL_CAPITALS" id="USE_OF_FULL_CAPITALS"></a>USE OF FULL CAPITALS</h2>
+
+
+<p>General uses:</p>
+
+<p>1. Use a capital letter to begin every sentence and every
+word or group of words punctuated as a sentence.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Welcome! We are glad to see you.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>This rule does not apply to literal reproductions of
+matter not originally conforming to it.</p>
+
+<p>2. Use a capital letter to begin every line of poetry.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>The Lord hates a quitter,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>But he doesn&rsquo;t hate him, son,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>When the quitter&rsquo;s quitting something</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>He shouldn&rsquo;t have begun. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [that</i><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>This rule does not apply to turned over lines like the
+third line in the stanza just preceding.</p>
+
+<p>3. Use a capital letter to begin every quotation consisting
+of a complete sentence.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Ben Franklin says, &#8220;Honesty is the best policy.&#8221;</i></p>
+
+<p><i>The campaign was &#8220;a punitive expedition for the
+suppression of brigandage.&#8221;</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p>Capitalize:</p>
+
+<p>1. Names of the Deity, of the members of the Trinity, of
+the Virgin Mary, and of the Devil, when a personal
+devil is referred to.</p>
+
+<p>When the word devil is used as a general term or as
+an expletive the capital is not used.</p>
+
+<p>2. Nouns and adjectives used to designate the Deity or
+any member of the Trinity:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>the Almighty</i>, <i>the Ruler of the Universe</i>, <i>the Supreme
+Architect of the Universe</i>, <i>the Creator</i>,
+<i>Providence</i> (personified), <i>Heaven</i> (personified,
+e. g., <i>Heaven forbid!</i>), <i>Father</i>, <i>Son</i>, <i>Holy Ghost</i>,
+<i>Spirit</i>, <i>Messiah</i>, and the like.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>The following list of words of this sort to be capitalized,
+taken from Mr. William Dana Orcutt&rsquo;s <i>The Writer&rsquo;s Desk
+Book</i> (Frederick A. Stokes, New York) will be found
+useful:</p>
+
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+Almighty<br />
+Authorized Version<br />
+Common Version<br />
+Creator<br />
+Deity<br />
+Father<br />
+God<br />
+Holy Bible<br />
+Holy Spirit<br />
+Holy Writ<br />
+Jehovah<br />
+Jesus Christ<br />
+King<br />
+Logos<br />
+Lord<br />
+Messiah<br />
+Passover<br />
+Pentecost<br />
+Redeemer<br />
+Revised Version<br />
+Sabbath<br />
+Saviour<br />
+Scriptures<br />
+Son of Man<br />
+Son<br />
+Spirit<br />
+The Trinity<br />
+The Virgin Mary<br />
+Word<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Care needs to be taken with words of this class. Particular
+attention should be paid to the wording of rule 2, just
+given. The same words in other senses or other connections
+are not capitalized. <i>Heaven</i> and <i>hell</i> and derived adjectives
+are not capitalized in their ordinary uses:</p>
+
+<p>Adjectives and other derivatives from these words are
+not capitalized. We write <i>Messiah</i>, but <i>messianic</i> and
+<i>messiahship</i>; <i>Christology</i> but <i>christological</i>, <i>fatherhood</i>, <i>sonship</i>,
+and the like.</p>
+
+<p>Such words as <i>deity</i>, <i>god</i>, and the like are not capitalized
+where any but the God of the Bible is referred to.</p>
+
+<p>3. Pronouns referring to God, Christ, or the Holy Spirit
+in direct address or where there might otherwise be
+ambiguity.</p>
+
+<p>These pronouns are not capitalized in the Bible. They
+are generally capitalized in hymn books and books of devotion.
+These pronouns were formerly all capitalized as a
+mark of respect to God whenever there was any mention
+of him, even indirect. The tendency is more and more to
+eliminate them except in the second person (direct address).
+In view of the change now going on it is best to
+follow copy if the author appears to have decided preferences.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>4. Books, divisions, and versions of the Bible.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>Book of Job</i>, <i>Twenty-third Psalm</i>,<br />
+<i>New Testament</i>, <i>Revised Version</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>5. General biblical terms and titles of parables.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>The Law</i>, <i>The Prophets</i>, <i>Major and Minor
+Prophets</i> (referring to the collections of prophetic
+books), <i>Lord&rsquo;s Prayer</i>, <i>Lord&rsquo;s Supper</i>,
+<i>Parable of the Prodigal Son</i>, <i>the Beatitudes</i>, <i>the
+Priestly Code</i> and many other such terms.</p></div>
+
+<p>Use lower-case for <i>biblical</i> and <i>scriptural</i>.</p>
+
+<p>6. Capitalize <i>Holy</i> in <i>Holy place</i> and <i>Holy of holies</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Say <i>Gospel of John</i>, but speak of the <i>gospel message</i>.</p>
+
+<p>7. The names of religious bodies and their followers.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Catholic</i>, <i>Protestant</i>, <i>Unitarian</i>, <i>Methodist</i>,
+<i>Buddhists</i>, <i>Taoists</i>, <i>Lamas</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>8. The names of monastic orders and their followers.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Jesuits</i>, <i>Brothers of the Common Life</i>,
+<i>Recollets</i>, <i>Crutched Friars</i>, <i>Cowley Fathers</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>9. The word Church when it stands for the Church
+universal or is a part of the name of some particular
+denomination or organization.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>For salvation he sought the Church.</i><br />
+<i>The Church of Rome.</i><br />
+<i>The First Presbyterian Church.</i><br />
+<i>I was on my way to church.</i><br />
+<i>He is a student of church history.</i> (Note use of lower-case in this sentence.)<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>10. The names of creeds and professions of faith.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Apostle&rsquo;s Creed</i>, <i>Thirty-nine
+Articles</i>, <i>Nicene Creed</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>Note that the adjective ante-Nicene is printed as it here
+appears.</p>
+
+<p>11. The word &#8220;father&#8221; when used in direct reference to
+the fathers of the church, and to the Pilgrim leaders
+of New England, and the word &#8220;reformers&#8221; when
+used of the leaders of the Reformation.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>The ante-Nicene Fathers.</i><br />
+<i>Luther, Calvin and the other Reformers.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
+The word &#8220;father&#8221; is not capitalized when the reference
+is general, as in the first sentence of this section.</p>
+
+<p>The capitalization of &#8220;reformer&#8221; is intended to distinguish
+persons connected with a certain definite historical
+movement from persons interested in reform. Many persons
+might consider that the Reformers were not reformers.</p>
+
+<p>12. Names of persons.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>John Smith,</i><br />
+<i>George V.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>But write <i>John o&rsquo; Groat</i>, <i>Tam o&rsquo; Shanter</i>, and the like
+where <i>o&rsquo;</i> is an abbreviation of <i>of</i> and not the G&aelig;lic <i>O&rsquo;</i> as
+<i>O&rsquo;Neil</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p>In writing foreign names which contain particles, capitalize
+the particles when not preceded by a Christian name
+or title.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>Alfred de Musset</i> but <i>De Musset</i>,<br />
+<i>le Due de Morny</i> but <i>De Morny</i>,<br />
+<i>Prince von Bismarck</i> but <i>Von Bismarck</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>By exception the Dutch particle &#8220;van&#8221; is always
+capitalized.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Van Hoorn</i>, <i>Stephen Van Renssel&aelig;r</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>13. Epithets appended to proper names or substituted for
+them.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>Frederick the Great</i><br />
+<i>Peter the Hermit</i><br />
+<i>William Red Head (Rufus)</i><br />
+<i>the Conqueror</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>14. Names of races of men.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Aryan</i>, <i>Caucasian</i>, etc., but generally <i>negro</i> and
+<i>gypsy</i>, by exception.</p></div>
+
+<p>15. Names of places.</p>
+
+<p>a. Cities, rivers, oceans, lakes, mountains, etc.</p>
+
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>Chicago</i><br />
+<i>Mississippi River</i><br />
+<i>Atlantic Ocean</i><br />
+<i>Lake Superior</i><br />
+<i>Pike&rsquo;s Peak</i><br />
+<i>Strawberry Hill</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
+Note that the generic terms ocean, lake, mountain and
+the like are capitalized only when they are an actual part
+of the name itself. We would say &#8220;<i>The Atlantic Ocean lies
+east of the United States</i>,&#8221; but we would say &#8220;<i>The states
+which form the North American republic look out on two great
+oceans, the Atlantic and the Pacific.</i>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The following tables are taken from <i>A Manual for
+Writers</i> by John Matthews Manley and John Arthur Powell
+(University of Chicago Press, Chicago).</p>
+
+<p>Subject to the rule just stated, they will be found very
+useful.</p>
+
+<p>Capitalize, in singular form only, when immediately
+following the name</p>
+
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+Archipelago<br />
+Borough<br />
+Branch (stream)<br />
+Butte<br />
+Canyon<br />
+County<br />
+Crater<br />
+Creek<br />
+Delta<br />
+Forest<br />
+Fork<br />
+Gap<br />
+Glacier<br />
+Gulch<br />
+Harbor<br />
+Head<br />
+Hollow<br />
+Mesa<br />
+Narrows<br />
+Ocean<br />
+Parish (La.)<br />
+Park<br />
+Plateau<br />
+Range<br />
+Reservation<br />
+Ridge<br />
+River<br />
+Run<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Capitalize in singular or plural form when immediately
+following the name</p>
+
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+Hill<br />
+Island<br />
+Mountain<br />
+Spring<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Capitalize, in singular form, either before or after the
+name; and in plural form before the name</p>
+
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+Bay<br />
+Bayou<br />
+Camp (military)<br />
+Cape<br />
+Dalles<br />
+Desert<br />
+Falls<br />
+Fort<br />
+Isle<br />
+Lake<br />
+Mount<br />
+Oasis<br />
+Pass<br />
+Peak<br />
+Point<br />
+Port<br />
+Sea<br />
+Strait<br />
+Valley<br />
+Volcano<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>b. Names of streets, squares, parks, buildings, etc.</p>
+
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>Amsterdam Avenue</i><br />
+<i>Van Buren Street</i><br />
+<i>Independence Square</i><br />
+<i>Lincoln Park</i><br />
+<i>Transportation Building</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>
+The same rule as to capitalization of the generic name
+holds here as in the preceding section. The usual tendency
+to drop capitals is at work here and newspapers now write
+<i>Washington street</i> and <i>Federal building</i>. It is very probable
+that the capitals will finally be dropped from the generic
+terms wherever used.</p>
+
+<p>Printers should keep a careful watch on the usage of the
+best offices so as to keep advised as to the progress of these
+changes.</p>
+
+<p>c. Nouns, and adjectives derived from them designating
+recognized geographical divisions of a country or of the
+world.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>East</i>, <i>West</i>, <i>North</i>, <i>South</i>,<br />
+<i>Westerner</i>, <i>Oriental</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>When these words are used in their ordinary significance
+of mere direction or location they are not capitalized
+except that in writing of Biblical history we speak of the
+<i>Northern Kingdom</i> and the <i>Southern Kingdom</i> into which
+Solomon&rsquo;s territory was split after his death.</p>
+
+<p>16. Generic terms for political divisions.</p>
+
+<p>a. When the term is part of the name and directly
+follows it.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>Holy Roman Empire</i><br />
+<i>British Empire</i><br />
+<i>Northwest Territory</i><br />
+<i>Queen&rsquo;s County</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>b. When it is used with the preposition of in such
+phrases as <i>Borough of the Bronx</i>, <i>Department of the Gulf</i>.</p>
+
+<p>c. When part of a nickname, <i>The Crescent City</i>, <i>the
+Buckeye State</i>, <i>the City of Brotherly Love</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Be careful not to capitalize such words when they are
+not an actual part of the name. <i>French Republic</i> is the name
+of the county, exactly translating <i>Republique Francaise</i>, but
+<i>American republic</i> is not such a name. You would write
+<i>State of New York</i> in a legal document in which the state
+would be considered as a corporate person, but in ordinary
+references it would be <i>state of New York</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>
+17. The days of the week and the months of the year, but
+not the seasons unless personified.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>Monday the fifth of August.</i><br />
+<i>April is the first month of spring.</i><br />
+<i>Spring, beautiful Spring.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>But write <i>ten o&rsquo;clock</i>, <i>nine a.m.</i>, <i>ten p.m.</i></p>
+
+<p>18. Festivals and historic or famous days.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>Easter Day</i><br />
+<i>Fast Day</i><br />
+<i>Independence Day</i><br />
+<i>Black Friday</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>19. Stars, planets, constellations, and the like, except <i>sun</i>,
+<i>moon</i>, <i>stars</i>, <i>earth</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Mars</i>, <i>the Milky Way</i>, <i>the Pleiades</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>20. Ordinal numbers used to designate numbered political
+divisions, sessions of Congress, names of regiments,
+Egyptian dynasties, and the like.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>Second Congressional District</i>,<br />
+<i>First Ward</i>, <i>Ninth Precinct</i>, <i>Forty-third<br />
+Congress</i>, <i>Sixth Massachusetts Regiment</i>,<br />
+<i>Fifth Dynasty</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>21. Names of genera but not of species: except that in
+botanical and zo&ouml;logical copy the species may be
+capitalized if derived from a proper name.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>Agaricus campestris</i><br />
+<i>Parkinsonia Torreyana</i><br />
+<i>Pterygomatopus schmidti</i>, (Medical).<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The English derivatives from these scientific words are
+not capitalized. We write of the <i>agarics</i>, the <i>felids</i>, the
+<i>carnivores</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p>22. <i>Father</i>, <i>mother</i>, and other words denoting relationship
+when used with a proper name or without a personal
+pronoun.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>I saw Aunt Lucy and Cousin Charles.</i><br />
+<i>I saw my aunt Lucy and my cousin Charles.</i><br />
+<i>I have received a letter from my mother.</i><br />
+<i>I have received a letter from Mother.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
+23. Names of political parties and of philosophical, literary,
+and artistic schools, and their adherents.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Republican</i>, <i>National Liberal</i>, <i>Social Democrats</i>,
+<i>Stoics</i> (but <i>neo-Platonism</i>, <i>pseudo-Christianity</i>,
+etc.) <i>the Lake school</i>, <i>the Romantic movement</i>,
+<i>the Symbolic school of painters</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>24. Political and historical designations which have been
+much used and have come to have special significances
+such as names of leagues, parties, classes, movements,
+and the like.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Holy Alliance</i>, <i>Dreibund</i>, <i>Roundheads</i>,
+<i>Independents</i>, <i>Reformation</i>, <i>Dissenter</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>25. Names of well-known historic epochs, periods in the
+history of language, and geological ages and strata.
+The word &#8220;age&#8221; is not capitalized except when necessary
+to avoid ambiguity.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Stone age</i>, <i>Middle Ages</i>, <i>Age of Elizabeth</i>,
+<i>Crusades</i>, <i>Commune (of Paris)</i>, <i>Middle
+English</i>, <i>Neolithic</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>26. Names of important events.</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Hundred Years War</i>, <i>Battle of Trenton</i>,<br />
+<i>Louisiana Purchase</i>, <i>Norman Conquest</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>27. Names of specific treaties, important laws, and the like.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Peace of Amiens</i>, <i>Edict of Nantes</i>, <i>Concordat</i>,
+<i>Emancipation Proclamation</i>, <i>Fourteenth Amendment</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>28. Names of governmental bodies and departments and
+their branches when specifically designated.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Congress</i>, <i>the Senate</i>, <i>the Board of Aldermen</i>,
+<i>the House of Commons</i>, <i>the Committee on Education</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>Care must be taken to distinguish between these specific
+references and general uses of the same word.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>The state legislature of Massachusetts is
+officially termed the General Court.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>The matter was referred to the War Department
+but was sent back on the ground that it belonged to
+another department.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>
+29. The official titles of corporations, organizations, and
+institutions, social, religious, educational, political,
+business, and the like.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Knights Templars</i>, <i>Knights of Columbus</i>, <i>Associated
+Charities</i>, <i>Cook County Normal School</i>, <i>Society for
+the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals</i>, <i>Chicago</i>,
+<i>Rock Island and Pacific Railroad</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>In long titles, like the last example given, the important
+words are capitalized as in book titles (see Sec. 31). Use
+capitals when referring to such organizations by initials,
+<i>C.&nbsp;R.&nbsp;I. &amp; P.&nbsp;R.&nbsp;R.</i> Here again it must be remembered
+that the capitals are used in specific references only.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>The Young People&rsquo;s Society of Christian Endeavor
+of the Third Congregational Church.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>The young people&rsquo;s societies connected with the Congregational
+churches do great good.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>30. The names of conventions, congresses, expositions,
+etc.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>Parliament of Religions</i>,<br />
+<i>International Peace Congress</i>,<br />
+<i>Panama-Pacific Exposition</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>31. The first words, principal words, and last word in
+English tides of books and other publications; of their
+divisions (parts, chapters, cantos, etc.); of the topics
+of speeches, sermons, toasts, and the like; of pictures;
+of plays; of musical compositions, etc.</p>
+
+<p>In long titles nouns and pronouns are capitalized
+always; verbs, participles, and adverbs usually; articles,
+prepositions and conjunctions never.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Standard Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases</i>,
+<i>Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures</i>,
+<i>Lincoln&rsquo;s Gettysburg Address</i>, <i>Paradise Lost</i>,
+<i>Measure for Measure</i>, <i>A New Way to Pay Old
+Debts</i>, <i>The Coronation of Charles VII at Rheims</i>,
+<i>the Moonlight Sonata</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>
+The word &#8220;the&#8221; is capitalized when it forms an actual
+part of the title of a book but not otherwise.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>The Printer&rsquo;s Dictionary</i>. <i>The Life and Times of
+Charles V.</i> <i>the Review of Reviews</i>, <i>the Laacoon</i>,
+<i>the Fifth Symphony</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>32. Dedications; headings of parts and chapters; headings
+of many important minor parts of a book.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>To All Who Love Good Printing.</i><br />
+<i>Chapter Twenty-Seven.</i><br />
+<i>Part Three.</i><br />
+<i>The Invention of Movable Types.</i><br />
+<i>The Practical Value of Gutenberg&rsquo;s Invention.</i><br />
+(These last as sections of a book on the origin<br />
+of printing).<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>33. In foreign languages the usage is somewhat different.
+The following rules will be found useful:</p>
+
+<p>a. Always capitalize the first word.</p>
+
+<p>b. In Latin capitalize only proper nouns and adjectives
+derived therefrom.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Commentarii C&aelig;saris de bello Gallico.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>c. In French, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, and Norwegian,
+capitalize proper names but not adjectives derived therefrom.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>La vie de Ronsard</i>; <i>Histoire de la litterature
+francaise</i>, <i>Novelle e racconti popolari italiani</i>,
+<i>Antologia de poetas liricos castellanos</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>d. In German capitalize all nouns and all adjectives derived
+from the names of persons but not those derived
+from other proper nouns.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>Geschichte des deutsches Reich</i><br />
+<i>Die Homerische Frage</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>e. In Danish capitalize all nouns.</p>
+
+<p>f. In Dutch capitalize all nouns and all adjectives derived
+from proper nouns.</p>
+
+<p>34. Titles of ancient manuscripts.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Codex Alexandrinus.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>
+35. In titles of books, etc. all nouns forming parts of
+hyphenated compounds should be capitalized.</p>
+
+<p>36. In side heads capitalize the first word and proper
+nouns only.</p>
+
+<p>37. Personal titles as follows:</p>
+
+<p>a. Titles preceding a name and so forming part of it.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>King George V.</i><br />
+<i>Pope Benedict XV.</i><br />
+<i>Duke William of Aquitaine.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>But not otherwise.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Woodrow Wilson</i>, <i>president of the United States</i>,
+<i>the emperor of Germany</i>, <i>the present king of Spain
+is Alfonso XIII</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>b. Titles used in place of the name with reference to a
+particular person or to the present holder of an
+office.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>I hope when in Rome to see the Pope.</i><br />
+<i>He hoped some day to become pope.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>c. Familiar names applied to a particular person.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>the Father of his Country.</i><br />
+<i>Unser Fritz.</i><br />
+<i>the Little Corporal.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>d. Orders of knighthood and titles attached to them.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>Knight of the Garter</i>,<br />
+<i>Knight Commander of St. Michael and St. George</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>e. Titles used in direct address.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Good morning, Mr. President.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>f. Academic degrees in abbreviated form following a
+name.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><i>David Starr Jordan, Ph. D., LL.&nbsp;D.</i></p>
+
+<p>So also letters following a name indicating membership
+of certain scientific and artistic organizations.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>F.&nbsp;R.&nbsp;G.&nbsp;S.</i> (Fellow of the Royal Geographic Society).<br />
+<i>R.&nbsp;A.</i> (Member of the Royal Academy).<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>So also in the United States and Great Britain, <i>M.&nbsp;C.</i>
+(Member of Congress) and <i>M.&nbsp;P.</i> (Member of
+Parliament).</p>
+
+<p>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>
+Where a person has many titles the following of this rule
+involves certain difficulties. Such a name as</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>John Smith, A.&nbsp;M., D.&nbsp;D., Ph. D., L.&nbsp;H.&nbsp;D.,
+D.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;L., LL.&nbsp;D.</i> is by no means impossible.</p></div>
+
+<p>In such a case the titles become much more prominent
+than the name and the page is disfigured by the spotty
+appearance of the text. Small capitals may sometimes
+be used with good effect in such a case but this should
+not be done without obtaining proper permission.</p>
+
+<p>The difficulty of handling these long and numerous
+titles in the composition of title pages is sometimes
+considerable. Three methods of dealing with the
+difficulty are open.</p>
+
+<p>a. The honorary titles may be put in capitals regardless
+of the unsightly appearance of the line.</p>
+
+<p>b. The honorary titles may be put in a small size of the
+same face and justified in the line. This lessens the
+undue prominence of the titles, but puts the line out
+of balance.</p>
+
+<p>c. The honorary titles may be put in a separate line, or
+lines, below the name, set in small type, and spelled
+out in full. It is not necessary to capitalize <i>jr.</i> and
+<i>sr.</i> in lower-case text matter unless so desired by the
+author.</p>
+
+<p>In compound titles capitalize each word if it would
+be capitalized separately.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>Major General Leonard Wood</i>,<br />
+<i>Chief Justice Taney</i>,<br />
+<i>Commander-in-Chief Field</i><br />
+<i>Marshal Sir John French</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>38. Names of things personified.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Nature</i>, <i>Vice</i>, <i>Thrift</i>, and the like.</p></div>
+
+<p>39. Adjectives derived from proper nouns.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>The Elizabethan age.</i><br />
+<i>Roman law.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>
+Such adjectives and even proper nouns themselves lose
+the capital when they are applied as trade or scientific names
+to articles of common use or reference.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>roman type</i>, <i>india ink</i>, <i>chinese white</i>, <i>volt</i>, <i>watt</i>,
+<i>boycott</i>, <i>platonic</i>, <i>bohemian</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>40. The first word of a direct quotation.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>As he turned to go he said: &#8220;Farewell, we shall
+never meet again.&#8221;</i></p></div>
+
+<p>41. The first word after &#8220;Whereas&#8221; and &#8220;Resolved&#8221;
+in resolutions.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<i>WHEREAS. It has pleased God....</i><br />
+<i>therefore be it<br />
+RESOLVED, That....</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>42. The first word after a colon when the colon introduces
+a logically complete phrase not very closely connected
+with what precedes.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>My conclusion is: A policy of consistent neutrality
+is the only proper one for the country.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>As the proverb well says: Beware the anger of a
+patient man.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>43. <i>O</i> interjection, but not <i>oh</i> unless it begins a sentence.</p>
+
+<p>In Latin sentences of exclamation, denunciation or appeal
+the lower-case <i>o</i> is used.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>O tempora, o mores temporum.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>44. The first personal pronoun <i>I</i> wherever it occurs.</p>
+
+<p>45. Emphasized words.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>We stand for Liberty and Union.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>This use should be avoided except for advertising display,
+or job work.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>We call attention to our Stock of
+Boots, Shoes, and Furnishings.</i></p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="SMALL_CAPITALS" id="SMALL_CAPITALS"></a>SMALL CAPITALS</h2>
+
+
+<p>The use of small capitals presents its own peculiar problems
+to the printer. The small capital has the form of
+the large capital but without its size and conspicuousness.
+The small capitals are ordinarily no taller than the round
+letters of the lower-case. They are usually on a smaller set,
+with a lighter face and obscured by more connecting lines.
+In many fonts of type they are really the weakest and least
+distinguished of all the five series. Wide enough to cover
+the body of the type fairly thoroughly in most letters and
+thus to reduce the apparent space between letters, without
+ascenders and without descenders, they are very monotonous
+and singularly ineffective when used in any considerable
+quantity. When used in masses it is at times even
+difficult to read them.</p>
+
+<p>The use of small capitals is quite different from that
+of large ones. For the reasons just given they are not
+suited to display. For this purpose they are no better
+than italics, if as good. Owing to their lack of striking
+appearance and commanding quality they are not used for
+emphasis. Display and emphasis it will be remembered
+are the two principal uses of the full capital.</p>
+
+<p>Small capitals are used more for variety than for display.
+They are commonly used for:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Side heads</p>
+
+<p>Running titles</p>
+
+<p>Catch lines of title pages when
+particular display is not desired.</p></div>
+
+<p>They are sometimes used for the first word after a blank
+line, especially for the first word of a new chapter.</p>
+
+<p>Long quotations of poetry are often printed with the first
+word in small capitals. In this, as in the preceding case,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>
+the whole word is printed in small capitals except the first
+letter which is a full capital.</p>
+
+<p>Proper names standing at the beginning of a chapter,
+occasionally even of a paragraph, are sometimes spelled in
+capitals or small capitals. If small capitals are used the
+initials of the name are put in full capitals.</p>
+
+<p>Until within a comparatively short time tables of contents
+were often set in small capitals. At the same time
+it was customary to give a fairly full synopsis of the contents
+of each chapter under the chapter head. The result
+was a very monotonous page, dull, dense, hard to read.
+It is much better and now more common to use small caps
+for the chapter heads and ordinary text type for abstracts,
+using dashes or dots to separate the phrases in the synopsis
+and beginning each phrase with a capital.</p>
+
+<p>The following reproduction of a part of a page from the
+table of contents of DeVinne&rsquo;s <i>Modern Methods of Book
+Composition</i> shows this method of treatment.</p>
+
+<table  border="0" style="width: 30em;" summary="ToC example 1">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdtitle" colspan="3">CONTENTS</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdleft" colspan="2">Chapter</td>
+<td class="tdright">Page</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td style="width: 2em;" class="tdright">I</td>
+<td style="width: 25.5em;" class="tdleft"><span class="smcap">Equipment</span></td>
+<td style="width: 2.5em;" class="tdright">1</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="tdjust">Types...Stands...Cases...Case-racks.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdright">II</td>
+<td class="tdleft"><span class="smcap">Equipment</span></td>
+<td class="tdright">39</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="tdjust">Galleys and galley-racks...Compositors&rsquo; implements
+Brass rules and cases for labor-saving rule and leads
+Dashes and braces...Leads...Furniture of wood and
+of metal...Furniture-racks...Quotations and electrotype
+guards.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdright">III</td>
+<td class="tdleft"><span class="smcap">Composition</span></td>
+<td class="tdright">75</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="tdjust">Time-work and piece-work...Customary routine
+on book-work...Justification...Spacing and leading
+Distribution...Composition by hand and machine
+Proper methods of hand work...Recent mannerisms.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdright">IV</td>
+<td class="tdleft"><span class="smcap">Composition of Books</span></td>
+<td class="tdright">111</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="tdjust">Title-page...Preface matter...Chapter headings and
+synopsis...Subheadings...Extracts...Notes and illustrations...Running
+titles and paging at head or at foot
+Poetry...Appendix and index...Initials...Headbands,
+etc.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>
+Where chapter synopses are not given, ordinary text
+type may be used for the table of contents.</p>
+
+<p>The following reproduction of the table of contents of
+DeVinne&rsquo;s <i>Correct Composition</i> shows this method of treatment.</p>
+
+<table  border="0" style="width: 30em;" summary="ToC example 2">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdtitle" colspan="3">CONTENTS</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdleft" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">chapter</span></td>
+<td class="tdright"><span class="smcap">page</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdright" style="width: 2.5em;">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="tdleft" style="width: 25em;">Preface</td>
+<td class="tdright" style="width: 2.5em;">vii</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdright">I</td>
+<td class="tdleft">Spelling</td>
+<td class="tdright">5</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdright">II</td>
+<td class="tdleft">Abbreviations</td>
+<td class="tdright">33</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdright">III</td>
+<td class="tdleft">Compound Words</td>
+<td class="tdright">61</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdright">IV</td>
+<td class="tdleft">Figures and Numerals</td>
+<td class="tdright">76</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdright">V</td>
+<td class="tdleft">Italic</td>
+<td class="tdright">94</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdright">VI</td>
+<td class="tdleft">Capital Letters</td>
+<td class="tdright">108</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdright">VII</td>
+<td class="tdleft">Division of Words</td>
+<td class="tdright">128</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdright">VII</td>
+<td class="tdleft">Small Capitals</td>
+<td class="tdright">145</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdright">IX</td>
+<td class="tdleft">Extracts and Letters</td>
+<td class="tdright">157</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdright">X</td>
+<td class="tdleft">Notes</td>
+<td class="tdright">171</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdright">XI</td>
+<td class="tdleft">Indention</td>
+<td class="tdright">182</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdright">XII</td>
+<td class="tdleft">Spacing</td>
+<td class="tdright">198</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdright">XIII</td>
+<td class="tdleft">Quotation-marks</td>
+<td class="tdright">209</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdright">XIV</td>
+<td class="tdleft">Subheadings</td>
+<td class="tdright">230</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdright">XV</td>
+<td class="tdleft">Punctuation</td>
+<td class="tdright">241</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdright">XVI</td>
+<td class="tdleft">Proof-reading</td>
+<td class="tdright">294</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdright">XVII</td>
+<td class="tdleft">About Copy</td>
+<td class="tdright">327</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdright">XVIII</td>
+<td class="tdleft">Errors of the Press</td>
+<td class="tdright">345</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdright">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="tdleft">Appendix</td>
+<td class="tdright">359</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdright">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="tdleft">Index</td>
+<td class="tdright">447</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>
+Small capitals are best for subheads when of not more
+than two lines. If the subheads are longer it is best to use
+lower-case.</p>
+
+<p>Signatures and credits are often put in small capitals.
+It is usually, however, better to use italics for the purpose.
+There is no need of a dash to connect the name with the
+quotation. When two or more quotations from the same
+author are used as mottoes, with reference to the works
+from which they are taken or the occasion on which they
+were said, the name of the author may be put in small
+capitals in a separate line, the name of the book or speech
+in italics, and the occasion in smaller roman type.</p>
+
+<p>Numerous signatures to a document or petition, such as
+the <i>Mayflower Compact</i> or the <i>Declaration of Independence</i>, are
+often set in columns using capitals for the initials and small
+capitals for the rest of the name. Full capitals are too
+large for the purpose.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>We therefore, the Commissioners for the Massachusetts,
+Connecticut, and New Haven, do also, for
+our several governments, subscribe unto these.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="smcap">John Winthrop</span>, Governor of the Massachusetts<br />
+<span class="smcap">Thomas Dudley</span> <span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Theophilus Eaton</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">George Fenwick</span><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2.7em;">Edward Hopkins</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 9.7em;"><span class="smcap">Thomas Gregson</span></span><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Dedications of books are commonly set in small capitals.
+As these dedicatory formulas are ordinarily brief there
+should be wide leading, good display, and care as to margins.
+The author will often give very definite specifications
+as to the arrangement of his copy in lines, and this will
+sometimes cause difficulty, occasionally compelling the use
+of too small type. The author&rsquo;s specifications must be
+followed if he adheres to them.</p>
+
+<p>Small capitals are much favored for running titles of pages.
+Full capitals are much more effective and are to be preferred
+where the words are few. Small capitals of 12 or 14 point
+body are distinct but smaller sizes are crowded and hard to
+read. This difficulty can sometimes be remedied by hair
+spacing. Over spacing of such lines is objectionable though
+it has sometimes prevailed as a temporary fashion.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>
+Small capitals used in running titles are exposed to heavy
+wear and their shallow counters are liable to get choked up
+with ink. Capitals of the monotint or of a light-faced
+antique are sometimes selected for books frequently reprinted
+where the wear on the exposed running titles is
+very severe.</p>
+
+<p>In reprinting letters it is common to use small capitals
+for the name of the place from which the letter was written,
+for the name of the addressee, and for the signature. In
+job and advertising work the name of the month and day
+and date are generally put in lower-case of the text letter.
+This rule is not followed, however, in books. When the
+heading of the letter is very long lower-case letters are preferable
+to small capitals under the general rules of taste
+which govern the use of types. The salutation, <i>Dear Sir</i>,
+<i>Gentlemen</i>, or the like, does not need small capitals. It is
+better printed in italic lower-case with a colon (not followed
+by a dash) at the end. If the matter is double leaded the
+salutation may go in a line by itself, otherwise conforming
+to the rules just given.</p>
+
+<p>Reprints of formal inscriptions on tablets and the like
+are often made in small capitals surrounded by a border.
+There should be a good relief of white space between the
+type and the border.</p>
+
+<p>In the Bible and in hymn books the words <span class="smcap">Lord</span> and
+<span class="smcap">God</span> are usually set with full capital initial and the rest of
+the word in small capitals.</p>
+
+<p>This is, of course, a method of showing veneration and
+at one time it was customary to print all names of spiritual
+or temporal dignitaries and magnates or even ordinary
+names in small capitals. This practice still lingers in a few
+newspapers which print the names of persons, even those
+of small consequence, in small capitals, especially on the
+editorial page.</p>
+
+<p>The tendency is steady toward the discriminating use of
+capitals, small capitals, and italics. More and more we restrict
+the use of marks of emphasis to the really necessary
+places leaving the words to tell their story without outside
+aid.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="SUGGESTIONS_AS_TO_TYPOGRAPHIC" id="SUGGESTIONS_AS_TO_TYPOGRAPHIC"></a>SUGGESTIONS AS TO TYPOGRAPHIC
+USE OF CAPITALS</h2>
+
+
+<p>Capitals are too strong to be used with Arabic numerals.
+This fault of proportion is increased by the
+custom of casting Arabic numerals on an en body for table
+work, making them only half as thick as the type. Full capitals
+may be used with full figures the width of an ordinary letter.
+Condensed capitals may be used with en body numerals.</p>
+
+<p>If old-style capitals and figures are required in the same
+line use figures about one-half larger in body than the capitals
+and justify them to the line.</p>
+
+<p>It is this difficulty in combining capitals and Arabic numerals
+in the same line that causes the extensive use of
+Roman numerals in chapter numbers, numbers of other
+headings, dates on title pages, and the like.</p>
+
+<p>When a large initial three or four lines high is used for
+the first letter of a new chapter, large capitals are sometimes
+used, although such usage is not free from the reproach of
+looking too much like newspaper advertising. When this
+initial is a two line letter it should be in alignment with
+the small capitals of the upper line and the base line of the
+text letter of the lower line.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 571px;">
+<img src="images/il001.png" width="571" height="164" alt="Large initial capital examples" title="Large initial capital examples" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Care should be taken not to compact capitals. Use wider
+leading and broader spacing than for lower-case; for example,
+where you would use one lead between lower-case
+lines you should use two or three between lines of capitals.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>
+Capitals occupy more of the type-body than lower-case
+letters and consequently words or lines set entirely with
+capitals need wider spacing and leading than the lower-case
+to make composition readable. When lines of roman capitals
+are set solid or single-leaded the en-quad will usually
+be enough space between words especially if the words are
+short; but for wide-leaded lines and head-lines double
+spaces (two three-to-em) will be needed. A head-line of
+round, open capitals may even need em-quad spaces. Wide
+letter words require wide spaces and words of thin or condensed
+letters require thin spaces.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 592px;">
+<img src="images/il002.png" width="592" height="220" alt="Spacing when using capitals examples" title="Spacing when using capitals examples" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Words which begin or end with A Y L V W T may
+need spaces a little less than those with H I M, etc. In
+small types the inequalities in white space beside or between
+combinations like L Y A T W and letters with
+regular shape like H I M N, may not be readily noticed,
+but in large sizes of capitals these differences are greatly
+increased and will often make unequal white spaces in a
+line with uniform metal spaces. In some styles of types
+a line may need unequal metal spaces in order to space the
+words evenly.</p>
+
+<p class="center">(Marks indicate insertion of spaces.)</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 572px;">
+<img src="images/il003.png" width="572" height="62" alt="TEN MAIL TRAINS" title="TEN MAIL TRAINS" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">
+This line has en-quads between the words, but the forms<br />
+of L and T make the white space greater than<br />
+between the first and second words.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 590px;">
+<img src="images/il004.png" width="590" height="75" alt="TEN MAI&#39;L TRAI&#39;N&#39;S" title="TEN MAI&#39;L TRAI&#39;N&#39;S" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">
+This line has an en-quad in first space and three-to-em<br />
+in the second, with hair-spaces between some<br />
+letters of the words.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>
+So, also, it will often be necessary to insert pieces of
+paper, card, or thin leads between the letters of a word
+in large display, in order to make them evenly spaced, as
+shown in these examples:</p>
+
+<p class="center">(Marks indicate insertion of spaces.)</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 562px;">
+<img src="images/il005.png" width="562" height="330" alt="PLAINLY EVENLY and UNEVELY SPACED" title="PLAINLY EVENLY and UNEVELY SPACED" />
+</div>
+
+<p>This differential spacing in a line of capitals will also be
+required in a line having abbreviations or initials. The following
+line, spaced with en-quads throughout, has unnecessarily
+wide spaces between the initials:</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 581px;">
+<img src="images/il006.png" width="582" height="38" alt="Spacing abbreviations and initials example" title="Spacing abbreviations and initials example" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Spaced with four-to-em in the last three places, it is
+improved:</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 581px;">
+<img style="left: 0;" src="images/il007.png" width="567" height="36" alt="Spacing abbreviations and initials example" title="Spacing abbreviations and initials example" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Capitals used as initials of titles and for other abbreviations,
+with the accompanying periods, should be thin-spaced
+or set close together, as shown in the second of
+these examples:</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/il008.png" width="600" height="161" alt="Spacing example" title="Spacing example" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>
+Two or more lines of capitals of the same size should
+be spaced as nearly alike as possible. These three lines are
+so disproportionately spaced that they are not pleasing:</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 419px;">
+<img src="images/il009.png" width="419" height="145" alt="Spacing example" title="Spacing example" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The squaring up is arbitrary and strained. The lines are
+better like this:</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 426px;">
+<img src="images/il010.png" width="426" height="152" alt="Spacing example" title="Spacing example" />
+</div>
+
+<p>But if it is necessary to square up lines and no additional
+words or letters can be inserted the short line may be filled
+with florets or other characters which should not be bolder
+than the type itself and should be of a style to harmonize
+with it as nearly as possible.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 423px;">
+<img src="images/il011.png" width="423" height="148" alt="Spacing example" title="Spacing example" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The extra wide spacing of words set in capitals, as in
+head-lines and running-heads, should be avoided by the
+young compositor; there are places where it may be unobjectionable
+but it will require good judgment and some
+experience to prevent such lines making the page look
+freakish or amateurish.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>
+In jobbing, advertisement, and display work, capitals are
+used more freely than in plain reading matter. In book
+work the practice is to use capitals more freely than in
+newspaper composition. A study of the reading columns
+of daily newspapers will discover that capitals are used very
+sparingly and words are &#8220;kept down&#8221; in many cases which
+in more formal book and pamphlet work would be capitalized.</p>
+
+<p>In advertisements, announcements, and circular letters,
+words are often capitalized for distinction or emphasis, as
+in these examples:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Those who win a Second or First Prize
+through a monthly or special contest become
+Honor Members of the Guild, and
+receive the Guild badge without charge.</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>You are cordially invited to attend the
+Spring Opening of Suits and Outside
+Garments for Women, on Wednesday
+and Thursday, April 28 and 29, in our
+new Mason Street Annex.</p></div>
+
+<p>Precise rules for the use of capitals cannot be given for
+work of all kinds. Their insertion or omission will be
+governed greatly by the subject matter and the style of
+treatment desired by the proof-reader or the customer and
+the compositor&rsquo;s duty will not go further than to maintain
+some consistency in their use in each piece of work. When
+he has copy in which capitals are used as in the following
+example he will be expected either to discard all capitals
+except at the beginning of the sentences or to capitalize
+the words as in the second example:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Fifty styles of the Smartest and nobbiest
+wheel specialties for ponies and Small
+horses, Pony carts, light horse novelties,
+traps, wagons, Harness, Saddles, etc.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Fifty Styles of the Smartest and Nobbiest
+Wheel Specialties for Ponies and Small
+Horses, Pony Carts, Light Horse Novelties,
+Traps, Wagons, Harness, Saddles,
+etc.</p></div>
+
+<p>In lines of large display, like head-lines, set in capitals
+and lower-case, all the important words should begin with
+capitals. Unimportant words, such as <i>of</i>, <i>the</i>, <i>by</i>, <i>for</i>, <i>but</i>,
+<i>in</i>, etc., except when they are at the beginning of the displayed
+phrase, are not capitalized.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot" style="font-size: larger;">
+Notice to the Public<br />
+The Best is the Cheapest<br />
+A Great Bargain in Hats<br />
+By Right of Conquest<br />
+For Love and Honor<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>A line of capitals containing an abbreviation or other
+short word should have capitals throughout when possible,
+as in the second form of these examples:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+JOHN SMITH, Jr.  <span style="margin-left: 5em;">JOHN SMITH, JR.</span><br />
+ROBINSON &amp; Co.  <span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">ROBINSON &amp; CO.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In advertisement display lines like the following are
+permissible:</p>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot" style="width: 12em;">
+<p class="center">
+The GOLDEN HARVESTER<br />
+REGAL SHOES <i>for</i> <span class="smcap">Men</span><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Combinations of different sizes and styles of types are
+also common and serve their purpose properly, as in this
+style, often used in billheads, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<span class="smcap">to THOMAS W. ABBOTT, dr.</span><br />
+<i>In account with</i> FRANK ABBOTT<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>
+Combinations of large and small capitals and lower-case
+like the following are, however, not approved:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">william brown</span>, President</p></div>
+
+<p>The words in small capitals as well as the word in lower-case
+should begin with large capitals, like this:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">William Brown</span>, President</p></div>
+
+<p>When lines of capitals are used in books and pamphlets,
+for headings and display, they should be used consistently&mdash;that
+is, all headings of a similar kind should be alike in any
+piece of work, and not one heading in capitals and another
+in lower-case. The composition of a title page is more
+pleasing when its chief lines are in one style of letters,
+giving a harmonious effect. When lines of capitals and
+lines of lower-case are interspersed in a page an appearance
+of confusion is liable to be the result.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="SUPPLEMENTARY_READING" id="SUPPLEMENTARY_READING"></a>SUPPLEMENTARY READING</h2>
+
+
+<p>A Manual for Writers. By John Matthews Manley and John Arthur
+Powell. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>The Writer&rsquo;s Desk Book. By William Dana Orcutt. Frederick
+Stokes Company, New York.</p>
+
+<p>Correct Composition. By Theodore L. DeVinne. The Oswald Publishing
+Company, New York.</p>
+
+<p>A Handbook of Composition. By Edwin D. Woolley. D.&nbsp;C.
+Heath, Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Punctuation. With Chapters on Hyphenization, Capitalization and
+Spelling. By F. Horace Teale. Appleton &amp; Co., New York.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="QUESTIONS" id="QUESTIONS"></a>QUESTIONS</h2>
+
+
+<p>As the subject matter of this book is such that many of the questions
+will serve only to bring out the accuracy of the pupil&rsquo;s memory of
+rules it is very desirable that care should be taken to insure intelligent
+use and application of the rules. To be able to repeat a rule is of very
+little importance compared with the ability to apply it intelligently.</p>
+
+<p>The instructor should give the pupils constant practice in the application
+of these rules. This should consist of;&mdash;</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 3em;">(a) Study of passages taken from all kinds of printed matter.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 3em;">(b) Rewriting of passages given out without capitalization.</p>
+
+<p>In the first case a wide range of material should be used from the
+most carefully printed books to the most carelessly printed matter that
+can be found, including newspapers of varying excellence and pure
+advertising matter. The capitalization found should be studied and
+explained by the rules and the criticisms or changes suggested justified
+in the same way.</p>
+
+<p>In like manner in the second case every capital used in the rewritten
+text should be justified by the proper rule.</p>
+
+<p>Without such exercises as these, the book will have comparatively
+little value.</p>
+
+<p>1. What is a capital letter?</p>
+
+<p>2. How many series of letters does an ordinary font of
+type contain?</p>
+
+<p>3. Name them, and tell what you know about each one.</p>
+
+<p>4. In what does the distinction between capital and lower-case
+letter consist?</p>
+
+<p>5. What combinations of capitals and lower-case are
+permissible?</p>
+
+<p>6. In manuscript how do you indicate capitals? Italics?</p>
+
+<p>7. What are capitals used for?</p>
+
+<p>8. What tendencies are observable in style?</p>
+
+<p>9. What is the real implement of English speech?</p>
+
+<p>10. What are the general rules for the use of capitals?</p>
+
+<p>11. Capitalize, <i>men pray to god, to christ and to the virgin
+mary that they may be defended by the holy ghost from
+those assaults of the devil which would make devils of
+them</i>. Give the rule for so doing.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>
+12. Capitalize, <i>the supreme architect of the universe, sometimes
+called providence, has his own ways of bringing
+men to heaven</i>. Give the rule for so doing.</p>
+
+<p>13. Learn the list of words under rule 2.</p>
+
+<p>14. Are these words capitalized in all cases?</p>
+
+<p>15. Are adjectives derived from these words capitalized?</p>
+
+<p>16. When do you not capitalize <i>God</i> and its synonyms?</p>
+
+<p>17. What is the usage as to pronouns referring to God
+and the other persons of the Trinity?</p>
+
+<p>18. What is the rule regarding the Bible and matter
+related to it?</p>
+
+<p>19. What is the rule regarding biblical terms?</p>
+
+<p>20. Capitalize, <i>the holy man entered the holy place at the appointed
+time</i>. <i>The message of the gospel is found in the
+most spiritual form in the gospel of John.</i> Give the rule.</p>
+
+<p>21. What is the rule about religious bodies and their
+members?</p>
+
+<p>22. What is the rule about monastic orders?</p>
+
+<p>23. What is the rule about <i>church</i>? Give examples of the
+different uses.</p>
+
+<p>24. What is the rule about names of creeds?</p>
+
+<p>25. Give different uses of <i>father</i> and <i>reformer</i> and explain
+them.</p>
+
+<p>26. How do you use capitals in writing names of persons
+in English and in other languages?</p>
+
+<p>27. What is the usage with regard to epithets and the like?</p>
+
+<p>28. What is the usage with regard to races of men?</p>
+
+<p>29. Give the rule for names of places, and examples of
+each usage.</p>
+
+<p>30. Learn the tables under rule 15.</p>
+
+<p>31. When do you capitalize generic terms for political
+divisions and when do you not?</p>
+
+<p>32. What is the rule about words denoting time?</p>
+
+<p>33. What is the rule about festivals, etc.?</p>
+
+<p>34. What is the rule about astronomical terms?</p>
+
+<p>35. When are ordinal numbers capitalized?</p>
+
+<p>36. How are capitals used in scientific names?</p>
+
+<p>37. What is the usage in such words as <i>father</i>, <i>mother</i>,
+and other terms denoting relationship?</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>
+38. What is the rule regarding names of parties, political,
+literary, etc.?</p>
+
+<p>39. What is the rule as to historic parties, leagues, etc.?</p>
+
+<p>40. What is the usage in writing of periods, historic,
+geological, etc.?</p>
+
+<p>41. What is the usage regarding important events?</p>
+
+<p>42. How are treaties, laws, etc., treated?</p>
+
+<p>43. When are the names of governmental bodies, departments,
+etc., capitalized?</p>
+
+<p>44. How are official titles of corporations and other bodies
+treated?</p>
+
+<p>45. How are names of conventions, expositions, and the
+like treated?</p>
+
+<p>46. How are capitals used in book titles and similar copy,
+including the use of <i>the</i>?</p>
+
+<p>47. How are capitals used in dedications and headings?</p>
+
+<p>48. Give the rules for the use of capitals in foreign book
+titles.</p>
+
+<p>49. Give the rules for the use of capitals in personal
+titles.</p>
+
+<p>50. What can you do when a name is followed by the
+initials of a number of titles?</p>
+
+<p>51. What do you do in case of compound titles?</p>
+
+<p>52. How do you write the names of things personified?</p>
+
+<p>53. How are adjectives derived from proper nouns treated?</p>
+
+<p>54. How are capitals used in direct quotations?</p>
+
+<p>55. How are capitals used in resolutions?</p>
+
+<p>56. Are capitals used after colons?</p>
+
+<p>57. How do we write the interjections <i>O</i> and <i>oh</i>?</p>
+
+<p>58. How do we write the first personal pronoun?</p>
+
+<p>59. When and where are capitals used for emphasis?</p>
+
+<p>60. Describe the peculiarities of small capitals.</p>
+
+<p>61. Are they used in the same way as full capitals?
+Why?</p>
+
+<p>62. What is the principal use of small capitals?</p>
+
+<p>63. Give some of the places where small capitals are
+commonly used.</p>
+
+<p>64. How are small capitals now used in tables of contents,
+and how were they formerly used?</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>
+65. What type would you use for a table of contents
+when chapter synopses are not given?</p>
+
+<p>66. How are subheads treated?</p>
+
+<p>67. How are signatures and credits treated?</p>
+
+<p>68. How are dedications of books treated?</p>
+
+<p>69. How are running titles treated?</p>
+
+<p>70. What is good usage in reprinting letters?</p>
+
+<p>71. What is a good way to set reprints of formal inscriptions?</p>
+
+<p>72. What is the usage with regard to the names of persons
+treated with veneration?</p>
+
+<p>73. What is the tendency in the use of capitals and other
+devices for emphasis?</p>
+
+<p>74. How would you handle combinations of capitals and
+numerals, and why?</p>
+
+<p>75. How would you treat large initials?</p>
+
+<p>76. How should you space and lead capitals as compared
+with lower-case?</p>
+
+<p>77. How should lines of capitals be spaced, and why?</p>
+
+<p>78. Would capitals set with even spacing or without
+spacing appear to be evenly spaced?</p>
+
+<p>79. What is the reason for the appearance just noted?</p>
+
+<p>80. What would you do about it?</p>
+
+<p>81. How should you space capitals used as initials of titles
+with accompanying periods?</p>
+
+<p>82. How should you space two or more lines of capitals
+of the same size?</p>
+
+<p>83. If squaring up is necessary, how should it be done?</p>
+
+<p>84. What can you say about wide spacing of words set in
+capitals?</p>
+
+<p>85. What can you say of the use of capitals in different
+sorts of matter?</p>
+
+<p>86. How is the compositor guided in these cases?</p>
+
+<p>87. How are capitals used in lines of large display?</p>
+
+<p>88. How would you set a line of capitals containing an
+abbreviation or other short word?</p>
+
+<p>89. How may capitals be used in lines of advertising
+display?</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>
+90. Under what circumstances are combinations of
+different sizes and styles of type permissible?</p>
+
+<p>91. Are combinations of large and small capitals and
+lower-case advisable?</p>
+
+<p>92. What rule should be followed when lines of capitals
+are used in books and pamphlets for headings and
+display?</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="GLOSSARY" id="GLOSSARY"></a>GLOSSARY</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Formal</span>&mdash;Made in accordance with regular and established
+forms, or with dignity and impressiveness: stiff.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Genera</span>&mdash;Plural of genus, a group for purposes of classification,
+embracing one or more species.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Generic</span>&mdash;Of or pertaining to a genus (see genera) as
+distinct from specific, of or pertaining to a species
+(which see).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ordinal</span>&mdash;That form of the numeral that shows the order
+of anything in a series.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Species</span>&mdash;A group for purposes of classification subordinate
+to a genus and composed of individuals having only
+minor differences.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Versions</span>&mdash;(Of the Bible) Different translations of the
+original into the same or different languages.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="TYPOGRAPHIC_TECHNICAL_SERIES" id="TYPOGRAPHIC_TECHNICAL_SERIES"></a>TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES<br />
+FOR APPRENTICES</h2>
+
+
+<p>The following list of publications, comprising the <span class="smcap">Typographic
+Technical Series for Apprentices</span>, has been prepared
+under the supervision of the Committee on Education of the
+United Typothetae of America for use in trade classes, in course of
+printing instruction, and by individuals.</p>
+
+<p>Each publication has been compiled by a competent author or
+group of authors, and carefully edited, the purpose being to provide
+the printers of the United States&mdash;employers, journeymen,
+and apprentices&mdash;with a comprehensive series of handy and
+inexpensive compendiums of reliable, up-to-date information upon
+the various branches and specialties of the printing craft, all
+arranged in orderly fashion for progressive study.</p>
+
+<p>The publications of the series are of uniform size, 5&times;8 inches.
+Their general make-up, in typography, illustrations, etc., has
+been, as far as practicable, kept in harmony throughout. A brief
+synopsis of the particular contents and other chief features of each
+volume will be found under each title in the following list.</p>
+
+<p>Each topic is treated in a concise manner, the aim being to
+embody in each publication as completely as possible all the
+rudimentary information and essential facts necessary to an understanding
+of the subject. Care has been taken to make all statements
+accurate and clear, with the purpose of bringing essential
+information within the understanding of beginners in the different
+fields of study. Wherever practicable, simple and well-defined
+drawings and illustrations have been used to assist in giving
+additional clearness to the text.</p>
+
+<p>In order that the pamphlets may be of the greatest possible
+help for use in trade-school classes and for self-instruction, each
+title is accompanied by a list of Review Questions covering
+essential items of the subject matter. A short Glossary of technical
+terms belonging to the subject or department treated is also
+added to many of the books.</p>
+
+<p>These are the Official Text-books of the United Typothetae of
+America.</p>
+
+<p>Address all orders and inquiries to <span class="smcap">Committee on Education,
+United Typothetae of America, Chicago, Illinois, U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;A.</span></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[ii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="parth">PART I&mdash;<i>Types, Tools, Machines, and Materials</i></p>
+
+<ul class="books">
+<li><p><b>1.</b> <b>Type: a Primer of Information</b>    <span class="author">By A.&nbsp;A. Stewart</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">Relating to the mechanical features of printing types; their sizes, font
+schemes, etc., with a brief description of their manufacture. 44 pp.;
+illustrated; 74 review questions; glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>2.</b> <b>Compositors&rsquo; Tools and Materials</b>    <span class="author">By A.&nbsp;A. Stewart</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A primer of information about composing sticks, galleys, leads, brass
+rules, cutting and mitering machines, etc. 47 pp.; illustrated; 50 review
+questions; glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>3.</b> <b>Type Cases, Composing Room Furniture</b>    <span class="author">By A.&nbsp;A. Stewart</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A primer of information about type cases, work stands, cabinets, case
+racks, galley racks, standing galleys, etc. 43 pp.; illustrated; 33 review
+questions; glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>4.</b> <b>Imposing Tables and Lock-up Appliances</b>    <span class="author">By A.&nbsp;A. Stewart</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">Describing the tools and materials used in locking up forms for the press,
+including some modern utilities for special purposes. 59 pp.; illustrated;
+70 review questions; glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>5.</b> <b>Proof Presses</b>    <span class="author">By A.&nbsp;A. Stewart</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A primer of information about the customary methods and machines for
+taking printers&rsquo; proofs. 40 pp.; illustrated; 41 review questions; glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>6.</b> <b>Platen Printing Presses</b>    <span class="author">By Daniel Baker</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A primer of information regarding the history and mechanical construction
+of platen printing presses, from the original hand press to the modern
+job press, to which is added a chapter on automatic presses of small size.
+51 pp.; illustrated; 49 review questions; glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>7.</b> <b>Cylinder Printing Presses</b>    <span class="author">By Herbert L. Baker</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">Being a study of the mechanism and operation of the principal types of
+cylinder printing machines. 64 pp.; illustrated; 47 review questions;
+glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>8.</b> <b>Mechanical Feeders and Folders</b>    <span class="author">By William E. Spurrier</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">The history and operation of modern feeding and folding machines; with
+hints on their care and adjustments. Illustrated; review questions;
+glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>9.</b> <b>Power for Machinery in Printing Houses</b>    <span class="author">By Carl F. Scott</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A treatise on the methods of applying power to printing presses and allied
+machinery with particular reference to electric drive. 53 pp.; illustrated;
+69 review questions; glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>10.</b> <b>Paper Cutting Machines</b>    <span class="author">By Niel Gray, Jr.</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A primer of information about paper and card trimmers, hand-lever
+cutters, power cutters, and other automatic machines for cutting paper,
+70 pp.; illustrated; 115 review questions; glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>11.</b> <b>Printers&rsquo; Rollers</b>    <span class="author">By A.&nbsp;A. Stewart</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A primer of information about the composition, manufacture, and care of
+inking rollers. 46 pp.; illustrated; 61 review questions; glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>12.</b> <b>Printing Inks</b>    <span class="author">By Philip Ruxton</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">Their composition, properties and manufacture (reprinted by permission
+from Circular No. 53, United States Bureau of Standards); together with
+some helpful suggestions about the everyday use of printing inks by
+Philip Ruxton. 80 pp.; 100 review questions; glossary.</p></li>
+
+</ul><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span></p><ul class="books">
+<li><p><b>13.</b> <b>How Paper is Made</b>    <span class="author">By William Bond Wheelwright</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A primer of information about the materials and processes of manufacturing
+paper for printing and writing. 68 pp.; illustrated; 62 review questions;
+glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>14.</b> <b>Relief Engravings</b>    <span class="author">By Joseph P. Donovan</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">Brief history and non-technical description of modern methods of engraving;
+woodcut, zinc plate, halftone; kind of copy for reproduction; things
+to remember when ordering engravings. Illustrated; review questions;
+glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>15.</b> <b>Electrotyping and Sterotyping</b> <span class="author">By Harris B. Hatch and A.&nbsp;A. Stewart</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A primer of information about the processes of electrotyping and stereotyping.
+94 pp.; illustrated; 129 review questions; glossaries.</p></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p class="parth">PART II&mdash;<i>Hand and Machine Composition</i></p>
+
+<ul class="books">
+<li><p><b>16.</b> <b>Typesetting</b>    <span class="author">By A.&nbsp;A. Stewart</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A handbook for beginners, giving information about justifying, spacing,
+correcting, and other matters relating to typesetting. Illustrated;
+review questions; glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>17.</b> <b>Printers&rsquo; Proofs</b>    <span class="author">By A.&nbsp;A. Stewart</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">The methods by which they are made, marked, and corrected, with
+observations on proofreading. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>18.</b> <b>First Steps in Job Composition</b>    <span class="author">By Camille DeV&eacute;ze</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">Suggestions for the apprentice compositor in setting his first jobs,
+especially about the important little things which go to make good
+display in typography. 63 pp.; examples; 55 review questions; glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>19.</b> <b>General Job Composition</b></p>
+
+<p class="brief">How the job compositor handles business stationery, programs and
+miscellaneous work. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>20.</b> <b>Book Composition</b>    <span class="author">By J.&nbsp;W. Bothwell</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">Chapters from DeVinne&rsquo;s &#8220;Modern Methods of Book Composition,&#8221;
+revised and arranged for this series of text-books by J.&nbsp;W. Bothwell of
+The DeVinne Press, New York. Part I: Composition of pages. Part II:
+Imposition of pages. 229 pp.; illustrated; 525 review questions; glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>21.</b> <b>Tabular Composition</b>    <span class="author">By Robert Seaver</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A study of the elementary forms of table composition, with examples of
+more difficult composition. 36 pp.; examples; 45 review questions.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>22.</b> <b>Applied Arithmetic</b>    <span class="author">By E.&nbsp;E. Sheldon</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">Elementary arithmetic applied to problems of the printing trade, calculation
+of materials, paper weights and sizes, with standard tables and rules
+for computation, each subject amplified with examples and exercises.
+159 pp.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>23.</b> <b>Typecasting and Composing Machines</b>    <span class="author">A.&nbsp;W. Finlay, Editor</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">
+Section I&mdash;The Linotype    <span class="author">By L.&nbsp;A. Hornstein</span><br />
+Section II&mdash;The Monotype    <span class="author">By Joseph Hays</span><br />
+Section III&mdash;The Intertype    <span class="author">By Henry W. Cozzens</span><br />
+Section IV&mdash;Other Typecasting and Typesetting Machines    <span class="author">By Frank H. Smith</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="brief">A brief history of typesetting machines, with descriptions of their
+mechanical principles and operations. Illustrated; review questions;
+glossary.</p></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="parth">PART III&mdash;<i>Imposition and Stonework</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span></p>
+
+<ul class="books">
+<li><p><b>24.</b> <b>Locking Forms for the Job Press</b>    <span class="author">By Frank S. Henry</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">Things the apprentice should know about locking up small forms, and
+about general work on the stone. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>25.</b> <b>Preparing Forms for the Cylinder Press</b>    <span class="author">By Frank S. Henry</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">Pamphlet and catalog imposition; margins; fold marks, etc. Methods of
+handling type forms and electrotype forms. Illustrated; review questions;
+glossary.</p></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="parth">PART IV&mdash;<i>Presswork</i></p>
+
+<ul class="books">
+<li><p><b>26.</b> <b>Making Ready on Platen Presses</b>    <span class="author">By T.&nbsp;G. McGrew</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">The essential parts of a press and their functions; distinctive features of
+commonly used machines. Preparing the tympan, regulating the
+impression, underlaying and overlaying, setting gauges, and other
+details explained. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>27.</b> <b>Cylinder Presswork</b>    <span class="author">By T.&nbsp;G. McGrew</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">Preparing the press; adjustment of bed and cylinder, form rollers, ink
+fountain, grippers and delivery systems. Underlaying and overlaying;
+modern overlay methods. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>28.</b> <b>Pressroom Hints and Helps</b>    <span class="author">By Charles L. Dunton</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">Describing some practical methods of pressroom work, with directions
+and useful information relating to a variety of printing-press problems.
+87 pp.; 176 review questions.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>29.</b> <b>Reproductive Processes of the Graphic Arts</b>    <span class="author">By A.&nbsp;W. Elson</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A primer of information about the distinctive features of the relief, the
+intaglio, and the planographic processes of printing. 84 pp.; illustrated;
+100 review questions; glossary.</p></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="parth">PART V&mdash;<i>Pamphlet and Book Binding</i></p>
+
+<ul class="books">
+<li><p><b>30.</b> <b>Pamphlet Binding</b>    <span class="author">By Bancroft L. Goodwin</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A primer of information about the various operations employed in
+binding pamphlets and other work in the bindery. Illustrated; review
+questions; glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>31.</b> <b>Book Binding</b>    <span class="author">By John J. Pleger</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">Practical information about the usual operations in binding books;
+folding; gathering, collating, sewing, forwarding, finishing. Case making
+and cased-in books. Hand work and machine work. Job and blank-book
+binding. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.</p></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="parth">PART VI&mdash;<i>Correct Literary Composition</i></p>
+
+<ul class="books">
+<li><p><b>32.</b> <b>Word Study and English Grammar</b>    <span class="author">By F.&nbsp;W. Hamilton</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A primer of information about words, their relations, and their uses.
+68 pp.; 84 review questions; glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>33.</b> <b>Punctuation</b>    <span class="author">By F.&nbsp;W. Hamilton</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A primer of information about the marks of punctuation and their use,
+both grammatically and typographically. 56 pp.; 59 review questions;
+glossary.</p></li>
+
+</ul><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span></p><ul class="books">
+
+<li><p><b>34.</b> <b>Capitals</b>    <span class="author">By F.&nbsp;W. Hamilton</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A primer of information about capitalization, with some practical typographic
+hints as to the use of capitals. 48 pp.; 92 review questions;
+glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>35.</b> <b>Division of Words</b>    <span class="author">By F.&nbsp;W. Hamilton</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">Rules for the division of words at the ends of lines, with remarks on
+spelling, syllabication and pronunciation. 42 pp.; 70 review questions.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>36.</b> <b>Compound Words</b>    <span class="author">By F.&nbsp;W. Hamilton</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A study of the principles of compounding, the components of compounds,
+and the use of the hyphen. 34 pp.; 62 review questions.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>37.</b> <b>Abbreviations and Signs</b>    <span class="author">By F.&nbsp;W. Hamilton</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A primer of information about abbreviations and signs, with classified
+lists of those in most common use. 58 pp.; 32 review questions.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>38.</b> <b>The Uses of Italic</b>    <span class="author">By F.&nbsp;W. Hamilton</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A primer of information about the history and uses of italic letters.
+31 pp.; 37 review questions.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>39.</b> <b>Proofreading</b>    <span class="author">By Arnold Levitas</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">The technical phases of the proofreader&rsquo;s work; reading, marking,
+revising, etc.; methods of handling proofs and copy. Illustrated by
+examples. 59 pp.; 69 review questions; glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>40.</b> <b>Preparation of Printers&rsquo; Copy</b>    <span class="author">By F.&nbsp;W. Hamilton</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">Suggestions for authors, editors, and all who are engaged in preparing
+copy for the composing room. 36 pp.; 67 review questions.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>41.</b> <b>Printers&rsquo; Manual of Style</b></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A reference compilation of approved rules, usages, and suggestions
+relating to uniformity in punctuation, capitalization, abbreviations,
+numerals, and kindred features of composition.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>42.</b> <b>The Printer&rsquo;s Dictionary</b>    <span class="author">By A.&nbsp;A. Stewart</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A handbook of definitions and miscellaneous information about various
+processes of printing, alphabetically arranged. Technical terms explained.
+Illustrated.</p></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="parth">PART VII&mdash;<i>Design, Color, and Lettering</i></p>
+
+<ul class="books">
+<li><p><b>43.</b> <b>Applied Design for Printers</b>    <span class="author">By Harry L. Gage</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A handbook of the principles of arrangement, with brief comment on the
+periods of design which have most influenced printing. Treats of harmony,
+balance, proportion, and rhythm; motion; symmetry and variety;
+ornament, esthetic and symbolic. 37 illustrations; 46 review questions;
+glossary; bibliography.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>44.</b> <b>Elements of Typographic Design</b>    <span class="author">By Harry L. Gage</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">Applications of the principles of decorative design. Building material
+of typography paper, types, ink, decorations and illustrations. Handling
+of shapes. Design of complete book, treating each part. Design of
+commercial forms and single units. Illustrations; review questions;
+glossary; bibliography.</p></li>
+</ul><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span></p><ul class="books">
+
+<li><p><b>45.</b> <b>Rudiments of Color in Printing</b>    <span class="author">By Harry L. Gage</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">Use of color: for decoration of black and white, for broad poster effect,
+in combinations of two, three, or more printings with process engravings.
+Scientific nature of color, physical and chemical. Terms in which color
+may be discussed: hue, value, intensity. Diagrams in color, scales and
+combinations. Color theory of process engraving. Experiments with
+color. Illustrations in full color, and on various papers. Review questions;
+glossary; bibliography.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>46.</b> <b>Lettering in Typography</b>    <span class="author">By Harry L. Gage</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">Printer&rsquo;s use of lettering: adaptability and decorative effect. Development
+of historic writing and lettering and its influence on type design.
+Classification of general forms in lettering. Application of design to
+lettering. Drawing for reproduction. Fully illustrated; review questions;
+glossary; bibliography.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>47.</b> <b>Typographic Design in Advertising</b>    <span class="author">By Harry L. Gage</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">The printer&rsquo;s function in advertising. Precepts upon which advertising
+is based. Printer&rsquo;s analysis of his copy. Emphasis, legibility, attention,
+color. Method of studying advertising typography. Illustrations;
+review questions; glossary; bibliography.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>48.</b> <b>Making Dummies and Layouts</b>    <span class="author">By Harry L. Gage</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A layout: the architectural plan. A dummy: the imitation of a proposed
+final effect. Use of dummy in sales work. Use of layout. Function of
+layout man. Binding schemes for dummies. Dummy envelopes.
+Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography.</p></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="parth">PART VIII&mdash;<i>History of Printing</i></p>
+
+<ul class="books">
+<li><p><b>49.</b> <b>Books Before Typography</b>    <span class="author">By F.&nbsp;W. Hamilton</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A primer of information about the invention of the alphabet and the
+history of bookmaking up to the invention of movable types. 62 pp.;
+illustrated; 64 review questions.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>50.</b> <b>The Invention of Typography</b>    <span class="author">By F.&nbsp;W. Hamilton</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A brief sketch of the invention of printing and how it came about.
+64 pp.; 62 review questions.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>51.</b> <b>History of Printing&mdash;Part I</b>    <span class="author">By F.&nbsp;W. Hamilton</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A primer of information about the beginnings of printing, the development
+of the book, the development of printers&rsquo; materials, and the work
+of the great pioneers. 63 pp.; 55 review questions.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>52.</b> <b>History of Printing&mdash;Part II</b>    <span class="author">By F.&nbsp;W. Hamilton</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A brief sketch of the economic conditions of the printing industry from
+1450 to 1789, including government regulations, censorship, internal
+conditions and industrial relations. 94 pp.; 128 review questions.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>53.</b> <b>Printing in England</b>    <span class="author">By F.&nbsp;W. Hamilton</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A short history of printing in England from Caxton to the present time.
+89 pp.; 65 review questions.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>54.</b> <b>Printing in America</b>    <span class="author">By F.&nbsp;W. Hamilton</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A brief sketch of the development of the newspaper, and some notes on
+publishers who have especially contributed to printing. 98 pp.; 84
+review questions.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>55.</b> <b>Type and Presses in America</b>    <span class="author">By F.&nbsp;W. Hamilton</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A brief historical sketch of the development of type casting and press
+building in the United States. 52 pp.; 61 review questions.</p></li>
+</ul>
+<p class="parth"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span>
+PART IX&mdash;<i>Cost Finding and Accounting</i></p>
+
+<ul class="books">
+<li><p><b>56.</b> <b>Elements of Cost in Printing</b> <span class="author">By Henry P. Porter</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should
+show. How to utilize the information they give. Review questions.
+Glossary.</p>
+</li>
+
+<li><p><b>57.</b> <b>Use of a Cost System</b>  <span class="author">By Henry P. Porter</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should
+show. How to utilize the information they give. Review questions.
+Glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>58.</b> <b>The Printer as a Merchant</b>  <span class="author">By Henry P. Porter</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">The selection and purchase of materials and supplies for printing. The
+relation of the cost of raw material and the selling price of the finished
+product. Review questions. Glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>59.</b> <b>Fundamental Principles of Estimating</b> <span class="author">By Henry P. Porter</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">The estimator and his work; forms to use; general rules for estimating.
+Review questions. Glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>60.</b> <b>Estimating and Selling</b>  <span class="author">By Henry P. Porter</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">An insight into the methods used in making estimates, and their relation
+to selling. Review questions. Glossary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>61.</b> <b>Accounting for Printers</b>  <span class="author">By Henry P. Porter</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A brief outline of an accounting system for printers; necessary books and
+accessory records. Review questions. Glossary.</p></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="parth">PART X&mdash;<i>Miscellaneous</i></p>
+
+<ul class="books">
+<li><p><b>62.</b> <b>Health, Sanitation, and Safety</b>  <span class="author">By Henry P. Porter</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">Hygiene in the printing trade; a study of conditions old and new; practical
+suggestions for improvement; protective appliances and rules for safety.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>63.</b> <b>Topical Index</b>  <span class="author">By F.&nbsp;W. Hamilton</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A book of reference covering the topics treated in the Typographic
+Technical Series, alphabetically arranged.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>64.</b> <b>Courses of Study</b>  <span class="author">By F.&nbsp;W. Hamilton</span></p>
+
+<p class="brief">A guidebook for teachers, with outlines and suggestions for classroom and
+shop work.</p></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="ACKNOWLEDGMENT" id="ACKNOWLEDGMENT"></a>ACKNOWLEDGMENT</h2>
+
+
+<p>This series of Typographic Text-books is the result of the
+splendid co-operation of a large number of firms and individuals
+engaged in the printing business and its allied industries
+in the United States of America.</p>
+
+<p>The Committee on Education of the United Typothetae of
+America, under whose auspices the books have been prepared and
+published, acknowledges its indebtedness for the generous assistance
+rendered by the many authors, printers, and others identified
+with this work.</p>
+
+<p>While due acknowledgment is made on the title and copyright
+pages of those contributing to each book, the Committee nevertheless
+felt that a group list of co-operating firms would be of
+interest.</p>
+
+<p>The following list is not complete, as it includes only those who
+have co-operated in the production of a portion of the volumes,
+constituting the first printing. As soon as the entire list of books
+comprising the Typographic Technical Series has been completed
+(which the Committee hopes will be at an early date), the full list
+will be printed in each volume.</p>
+
+<p>The Committee also desires to acknowledge its indebtedness to
+the many subscribers to this Series who have patiently awaited its
+publication.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 6em;">
+<span class="smcap">Committee on Education,<br />
+United Typothetae of America.</span></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 9em;">
+<span class="smcap">Henry P. Porter</span>, <i>Chairman</i>,<br />
+<span class="smcap">E. Lawrence Fell</span>,<br />
+<span class="smcap">A.&nbsp;M. Glossbrenner</span>,<br />
+<span class="smcap">J. Clyde Oswald</span>,<br />
+<span class="smcap">Toby Rubovits</span>.<br />
+</p>
+<p style="margin-left: 6em;">
+<span class="smcap">Frederick W. Hamilton</span>, <i>Education Director</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CONTRIBUTORS" id="CONTRIBUTORS"></a>CONTRIBUTORS</h2>
+
+
+<p><b>For Composition and Electrotypes</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+<span class="smcap">Isaac H. Blanchard Company</span>, New York, N.&nbsp;Y.<br />
+<span class="smcap">S.&nbsp;H. Burbank &amp; Co.</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.<br />
+<span class="smcap">J.&nbsp;S. Cushing &amp; Co.</span>, Norwood, Mass.<br />
+<span class="smcap">The DeVinne Press</span>, New York, N.&nbsp;Y.<br />
+<span class="smcap">R.&nbsp;R. Donnelley &amp; Sons Co.</span>, Chicago, Ill.<br />
+<span class="smcap">Geo. H. Ellis Co.</span>, Boston, Mass.<br />
+<span class="smcap">Evans-Winter-Hebb</span>, Detroit, Mich.<br />
+<span class="smcap">Franklin Printing Company</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.<br />
+<span class="smcap">F.&nbsp;H. Gilson Company</span>, Boston, Mass.<br />
+<span class="smcap">Stephen Greene &amp; Co.</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.<br />
+<span class="smcap">W.&nbsp;F. Hall Printing Co.</span>, Chicago, Ill.<br />
+<span class="smcap">J.&nbsp;B. Lippincott Co.</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.<br />
+<span class="smcap">McCalla &amp; Co. Inc.</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.<br />
+<span class="smcap">The Patteson Press</span>, New York, New York<br />
+<span class="smcap">The Plimpton Press</span>, Norwood, Mass.<br />
+<span class="smcap">Poole Bros.</span>, Chicago, Ill.<br />
+<span class="smcap">Edward Stern &amp; Co.</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.<br />
+<span class="smcap">The Stone Printing &amp; Mfg. Co.</span>, Roanoke, Va.<br />
+<span class="smcap">C.&nbsp;D. Traphagen</span>, Lincoln, Neb.<br />
+<span class="smcap">The University Press</span>, Cambridge, Mass.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><b>For Composition</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+<span class="smcap">Boston Typothetae School of Printing</span>, Boston, Mass.<br />
+<span class="smcap">William F. Fell Co.</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.<br />
+<span class="smcap">The Kalkhoff Company</span>, New York, N.&nbsp;Y.<br />
+<span class="smcap">Oxford-Print</span>, Boston, Mass.<br />
+<span class="smcap">Toby Rubovits</span>, Chicago, Ill.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><b>For Electrotypes</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+<span class="smcap">Blomgren Brothers Co.</span>, Chicago, Ill.<br />
+<span class="smcap">Flower Steel Electrotyping Co.</span>, New York, N.&nbsp;Y.<br />
+<span class="smcap">C.&nbsp;J. Peters &amp; Son Co.</span>, Boston, Mass.<br />
+<span class="smcap">Royal Electrotype Co.</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.<br />
+<span class="smcap">H.&nbsp;C. Whitcomb &amp; Co.</span>, Boston, Mass.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><b>For Engravings</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+<span class="smcap">American Type Founders Co.</span>, Boston, Mass.<br />
+<span class="smcap">C.&nbsp;B. Cottrell &amp; Sons Co.</span>, Westerly, R.&nbsp;I.<br />
+<span class="smcap">Golding Manufacturing Co.</span>, Franklin, Mass.<br />
+<span class="smcap">Harvard University</span>, Cambridge, Mass.<br />
+<span class="smcap">Inland Printer Co.</span>, Chicago, Ill.<br />
+<span class="smcap">Lanston Monotype Machine Company</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.<br />
+<span class="smcap">Mergenthaler Linotype Company</span>, New York, N.&nbsp;Y.<br />
+<span class="smcap">Geo. H. Morrill Co.</span>, Norwood, Mass.<br />
+<span class="smcap">Oswald Publishing Co.</span>, New York, N.&nbsp;Y.<br />
+<span class="smcap">The Printing Art</span>, Cambridge, Mass.<br />
+<span class="smcap">B.&nbsp;D. Rising Paper Company</span>, Housatonic, Mass.<br />
+<span class="smcap">The Vandercook Press</span>, Chicago, Ill.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><b>For Book Paper</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+<span class="smcap">American Writing Paper Co.</span>, Holyoke, Mass.<br />
+<span class="smcap">West Virginia Pulp &amp; Paper Co.</span>, Mechanicville, N.&nbsp;Y.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Capitals, by Frederick W. Hamilton
+
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+</body>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Capitals, by Frederick W. Hamilton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Capitals
+       A Primer of Information about Capitalization with some
+       Practical Typographic Hints as to the Use of Capitals
+
+Author: Frederick W. Hamilton
+
+Release Date: January 15, 2007 [EBook #20374]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAPITALS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Sigal Alon and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+1. Some examples does not make much sense in this text version (e.g.,
+anything to do with small capitals). There is also an HTML version where
+the examples are formatted to follow the typesetting of the original.
+
+2. Italicized text is rendered as _text_, bold text is rendered as =text=.
+
+
+
+
+TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES FOR APPRENTICES--PART VI, NO. 34
+
+
+CAPITALS
+
+
+A PRIMER _of_ INFORMATION ABOUT
+CAPITALIZATION WITH SOME PRACTICAL
+TYPOGRAPHIC HINTS AS TO
+THE USE OF CAPITALS
+
+
+BY
+
+FREDERICK W. HAMILTON, LL.D.
+
+EDUCATIONAL DIRECTOR
+UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA
+
+
+
+
+PUBLISHED BY THE COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION
+UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA
+1918
+
+
+
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1918
+UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA
+CHICAGO, ILL.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                 PAGE
+INTRODUCTION                                        1
+
+USE OF FULL CAPITALS                                4
+
+SMALL CAPITALS                                     17
+
+SUGGESTIONS AS TO TYPOGRAPHIC USE OF CAPITALS      22
+
+
+
+
+CAPITALS
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+A capital letter is a letter of formal shape. Capitals were originally
+derived from the stiff and angular letters used in formal inscriptions.
+Originally all writing was done in capitals. Later the scribes devised
+less formal shapes for the letters, making use of lines more easily made
+by brush or pen on papyrus, parchment, or paper. The capitals were
+retained for certain uses but the less formal shapes were employed to do
+the greater part of the work. These less formal letters have been known
+by several names. They will be referred to here by that under which they
+are known to modern printers, "lower-case."
+
+A further modification of the letter came with the introduction of the
+sloping, or italic letter. This received its name from its place of
+origin, Italy. It was introduced by Nicholas Jenson, a printer of
+Venice, and was an imitation of the handwriting of the Italian poet
+Petrarch. Originally it was used only for the lower-case and was
+combined with the older form of capital letters, called roman, also from
+the place of its origin. Later the italic characteristics were given to
+capitals as well as lower-case letters.
+
+An ordinary font of book type contains five series of letters: full
+capitals, small capitals, italic capitals (full size), roman lower-case,
+and italic lower-case. The full capital, roman or italic, is larger than
+the other letters of the font, every letter being as high as the
+lower-case ascenders. The small capital is only as high as the
+lower-case round letters. Larger capitals still are sometimes used as
+chapter initials and the like.
+
+It will be observed that the distinction between capital and lower-case
+letters is one of form, not of size. The full capitals being much more
+used than the small capitals and being larger than the other letters in
+the font, the impression is common that the size is the distinguishing
+mark. This erroneous impression has even crept into dictionary
+definitions.
+
+The full capital, which will hereafter be called in this book simply the
+capital, is used in combination with lower-case letters or with small
+capitals in the same word. The small capital is not used in combination
+with lower-case in the same word. We may print GEORGE WASHINGTON, GEORGE
+WASHINGTON, GEORGE WASHINGTON, or George Washington, but not George
+Washington.
+
+In manuscript capitals are indicated by three lines under a word or
+letter, [Symbol: triple line] and small capitals by two lines [Symbol:
+double line]. A single line [Symbol: single underline] indicates that
+italics are to be used.
+
+Originally the writers of manuscripts used capitals for ornament and
+variety in the text. They followed no rules but each writer was guided
+by his own judgment and sense of beauty. As the use of capitals
+gradually became systematized and reduced to rules, different systems
+were adopted in different countries. The use of capitals varies greatly
+in different languages. Attention will be mainly confined in this book
+to the usages followed in the printing of English. Attempts to point out
+the various differences to be found in German, French, etc. would only
+confuse the young apprentice.
+
+These rules grow out of a fundamental principle.
+
+The purpose of capitals is to emphasize the words in which they are
+employed. With the exception of the cases of the words _I_ and _O_,
+which are capitalized for typographical reasons, this idea of calling
+special attention to a word, or words, for one reason or another will be
+found to be at the bottom of the variations in usage in different
+printing offices and by different writers. The same tendency is
+observable here which is so evident in style and in punctuation. Direct
+statements, simple sentences as free from involution and complication as
+possible, are more and more taking the place of the involved,
+complicated, and obscure sentences of old times. The ideal style of
+to-day consists of simple words simply arranged. Such a style needs
+little pointing. The reader is quite able to find his way through the
+paragraph without constant direction. Punctuation marks are directions
+at the crossroads of thought. Consequently the punctuation mark is now
+much more sparingly used than formerly.
+
+Just as we have found out that well chosen words can tell their story
+with very few marks of interpretation so we have found out that they can
+tell their story with very few marks of emphasis. The use of capitals
+has decreased greatly during the last two centuries and is constantly
+decreasing, and this tendency is likely to go still further. The great
+DeVinne whose books on _The Practice of Typography_, written ten to
+fifteen years ago, are still of the highest authority was thoroughly
+up-to-date in his methods and was remarkable for the restrained and
+refined good taste which characterized all his recommendations, but in
+some points restraint in the use of capitals has gone even beyond his
+precepts.
+
+It is worth while to remember that the real implement of English speech
+is the word, not the point nor the letter form. Just to the extent that
+we rely on marks of punctuation and emphasis to convey our meaning we
+betray our ignorance of the really significant elements of the language.
+The schoolgirl says she "had a _perfectly splendid_ time" at the dance,
+when she tells about it in her letter to her dearest friend. If
+"perfectly splendid" were a proper term to use in such a connection,
+which it is not, the words themselves would carry all the emphasis
+possible. Nothing could really be added to them by any typographical
+device. In the same way the common use of profanity among ignorant
+people probably arises mainly from a feeling that the ordinary words
+with which they are familiar are colorless and do not express their
+thoughts with sufficient emphasis.
+
+Just as emphasis in style is difficult when one habitually uses the
+strongest words and emphasis in voice is difficult when one habitually
+shouts, so emphasis in print is difficult when one habitually uses large
+capitals, display type, and italics. Loud printing is as objectionable
+as loud talking.
+
+
+
+
+USE OF FULL CAPITALS
+
+
+General uses:
+
+1. Use a capital letter to begin every sentence and every word or group
+of words punctuated as a sentence.
+
+    _Welcome! We are glad to see you._
+
+This rule does not apply to literal reproductions of matter not
+originally conforming to it.
+
+2. Use a capital letter to begin every line of poetry.
+
+    _The Lord hates a quitter,
+    But he doesn't hate him, son,
+    When the quitter's quitting something
+    He shouldn't have begun.       [that_
+
+This rule does not apply to turned over lines like the third line in the
+stanza just preceding.
+
+3. Use a capital letter to begin every quotation consisting of a
+complete sentence.
+
+    _Ben Franklin says, "Honesty is the best policy."_
+    _The campaign was "a punitive expedition for the suppression of
+    brigandage."_
+
+
+Capitalize:
+
+1. Names of the Deity, of the members of the Trinity, of the Virgin
+Mary, and of the Devil, when a personal devil is referred to.
+
+When the word devil is used as a general term or as an expletive the
+capital is not used.
+
+2. Nouns and adjectives used to designate the Deity or any member of the
+Trinity:
+
+    _the Almighty_, _the Ruler of the Universe_, _the Supreme Architect
+    of the Universe_, _the Creator_, _Providence_ (personified),
+    _Heaven_ (personified, e. g., _Heaven forbid!_), _Father_, _Son_,
+    _Holy Ghost_, _Spirit_, _Messiah_, and the like.
+
+The following list of words of this sort to be capitalized, taken from
+Mr. William Dana Orcutt's _The Writer's Desk Book_ (Frederick A. Stokes,
+New York) will be found useful:
+
+    Almighty
+    Authorized Version
+    Common Version
+    Creator
+    Deity
+    Father
+    God
+    Holy Bible
+    Holy Spirit
+    Holy Writ
+    Jehovah
+    Jesus Christ
+    King
+    Logos
+    Lord
+    Messiah
+    Passover
+    Pentecost
+    Redeemer
+    Revised Version
+    Sabbath
+    Saviour
+    Scriptures
+    Son of Man
+    Son
+    Spirit
+    The Trinity
+    The Virgin Mary
+    Word
+
+Care needs to be taken with words of this class. Particular attention
+should be paid to the wording of rule 2, just given. The same words in
+other senses or other connections are not capitalized. _Heaven_ and
+_hell_ and derived adjectives are not capitalized in their ordinary
+uses:
+
+Adjectives and other derivatives from these words are not capitalized.
+We write _Messiah_, but _messianic_ and _messiahship_; _Christology_ but
+_christological_, _fatherhood_, _sonship_, and the like.
+
+Such words as _deity_, _god_, and the like are not capitalized where any
+but the God of the Bible is referred to.
+
+3. Pronouns referring to God, Christ, or the Holy Spirit in direct
+address or where there might otherwise be ambiguity.
+
+These pronouns are not capitalized in the Bible. They are generally
+capitalized in hymn books and books of devotion. These pronouns were
+formerly all capitalized as a mark of respect to God whenever there was
+any mention of him, even indirect. The tendency is more and more to
+eliminate them except in the second person (direct address). In view of
+the change now going on it is best to follow copy if the author appears
+to have decided preferences.
+
+4. Books, divisions, and versions of the Bible.
+
+    _Book of Job_, _Twenty-third Psalm_,
+    _New Testament_, _Revised Version_.
+
+5. General biblical terms and titles of parables.
+
+    _The Law_, _The Prophets_, _Major and Minor Prophets_ (referring to
+    the collections of prophetic books), _Lord's Prayer_, _Lord's
+    Supper_, _Parable of the Prodigal Son_, _the Beatitudes_, _the
+    Priestly Code_ and many other such terms.
+
+Use lower-case for _biblical_ and _scriptural_.
+
+6. Capitalize _Holy_ in _Holy place_ and _Holy of holies_.
+Say _Gospel of John_, but speak of the _gospel message_.
+
+7. The names of religious bodies and their followers.
+
+    _Catholic_, _Protestant_, _Unitarian_, _Methodist_, _Buddhists_,
+    _Taoists_, _Lamas_.
+
+8. The names of monastic orders and their followers.
+
+    _Jesuits_, _Brothers of the Common Life_, _Recollets_, _Crutched
+    Friars_, _Cowley Fathers_.
+
+9. The word Church when it stands for the Church universal or is a part
+of the name of some particular denomination or organization.
+
+    _For salvation he sought the Church._
+    _The Church of Rome._
+    _The First Presbyterian Church._
+    _I was on my way to church._
+    _He is a student of church history._ (Note use of lower-case in
+    this sentence.)
+
+10. The names of creeds and professions of faith.
+
+    _Apostle's Creed_, _Thirty-nine Articles_, _Nicene Creed_.
+
+Note that the adjective ante-Nicene is printed as it here appears.
+
+11. The word "father" when used in direct reference to the fathers of
+the church, and to the Pilgrim leaders of New England, and the word
+"reformers" when used of the leaders of the Reformation.
+
+    _The ante-Nicene Fathers._
+    _Luther, Calvin and the other Reformers._
+
+The word "father" is not capitalized when the reference is general, as
+in the first sentence of this section.
+
+The capitalization of "reformer" is intended to distinguish persons
+connected with a certain definite historical movement from persons
+interested in reform. Many persons might consider that the Reformers
+were not reformers.
+
+12. Names of persons.
+
+    _John Smith,_
+    _George V._
+
+But write _John o' Groat_, _Tam o' Shanter_, and the like where _o'_ is
+an abbreviation of _of_ and not the Gaelic _O'_ as _O'Neil_, etc.
+
+In writing foreign names which contain particles, capitalize the
+particles when not preceded by a Christian name or title.
+
+    _Alfred de Musset_ but _De Musset_,
+    _le Due de Morny_ but _De Morny_,
+    _Prince von Bismarck_ but _Von Bismarck_.
+
+By exception the Dutch particle "van" is always capitalized.
+
+    _Van Hoorn_, _Stephen Van Rensselaer_.
+
+13. Epithets appended to proper names or substituted for them.
+
+    _Frederick the Great_
+    _Peter the Hermit_
+    _William Red Head (Rufus)_
+    _the Conqueror_.
+
+14. Names of races of men.
+
+    _Aryan_, _Caucasian_, etc., but generally _negro_ and _gypsy_, by
+    exception.
+
+15. Names of places.
+
+a. Cities, rivers, oceans, lakes, mountains, etc.
+
+    _Chicago_
+    _Mississippi River_
+    _Atlantic Ocean_
+    _Lake Superior_
+    _Pike's Peak_
+    _Strawberry Hill_.
+
+Note that the generic terms ocean, lake, mountain and the like are
+capitalized only when they are an actual part of the name itself. We
+would say "_The Atlantic Ocean lies east of the United States_," but we
+would say "_The states which form the North American republic look out
+on two great oceans, the Atlantic and the Pacific._"
+
+The following tables are taken from _A Manual for Writers_ by John
+Matthews Manley and John Arthur Powell (University of Chicago Press,
+Chicago).
+
+Subject to the rule just stated, they will be found very useful.
+
+Capitalize, in singular form only, when immediately following the name
+
+    Archipelago
+    Borough
+    Branch (stream)
+    Butte
+    Canyon
+    County
+    Crater
+    Creek
+    Delta
+    Forest
+    Fork
+    Gap
+    Glacier
+    Gulch
+    Harbor
+    Head
+    Hollow
+    Mesa
+    Narrows
+    Ocean
+    Parish (La.)
+    Park
+    Plateau
+    Range
+    Reservation
+    Ridge
+    River
+    Run
+
+Capitalize in singular or plural form when immediately following the
+name
+
+    Hill
+    Island
+    Mountain
+    Spring
+
+Capitalize, in singular form, either before or after the name; and in
+plural form before the name
+
+    Bay
+    Bayou
+    Camp (military)
+    Cape
+    Dalles
+    Desert
+    Falls
+    Fort
+    Isle
+    Lake
+    Mount
+    Oasis
+    Pass
+    Peak
+    Point
+    Port
+    Sea
+    Strait
+    Valley
+    Volcano
+
+b. Names of streets, squares, parks, buildings, etc.
+
+    _Amsterdam Avenue_
+    _Van Buren Street_
+    _Independence Square_
+    _Lincoln Park_
+    _Transportation Building_.
+
+The same rule as to capitalization of the generic name holds here as in
+the preceding section. The usual tendency to drop capitals is at work
+here and newspapers now write _Washington street_ and _Federal
+building_. It is very probable that the capitals will finally be dropped
+from the generic terms wherever used.
+
+Printers should keep a careful watch on the usage of the best offices so
+as to keep advised as to the progress of these changes.
+
+c. Nouns, and adjectives derived from them designating recognized
+geographical divisions of a country or of the world.
+
+    _East_, _West_, _North_, _South_,
+    _Westerner_, _Oriental_.
+
+When these words are used in their ordinary significance of mere
+direction or location they are not capitalized except that in writing of
+Biblical history we speak of the _Northern Kingdom_ and the _Southern
+Kingdom_ into which Solomon's territory was split after his death.
+
+16. Generic terms for political divisions.
+
+a. When the term is part of the name and directly follows it.
+
+    _Holy Roman Empire_
+    _British Empire_
+    _Northwest Territory_
+    _Queen's County_.
+
+b. When it is used with the preposition of in such phrases as _Borough
+of the Bronx_, _Department of the Gulf_.
+
+c. When part of a nickname, _The Crescent City_, _the Buckeye State_,
+_the City of Brotherly Love_.
+
+Be careful not to capitalize such words when they are not an actual part
+of the name. _French Republic_ is the name of the county, exactly
+translating _Republique Francaise_, but _American republic_ is not such
+a name. You would write _State of New York_ in a legal document in which
+the state would be considered as a corporate person, but in ordinary
+references it would be _state of New York_.
+
+17. The days of the week and the months of the year, but not the seasons
+unless personified.
+
+    _Monday the fifth of August._
+    _April is the first month of spring._
+    _Spring, beautiful Spring._
+
+But write _ten o'clock_, _nine a.m._, _ten p.m._
+
+18. Festivals and historic or famous days.
+
+    _Easter Day_
+    _Fast Day_
+    _Independence Day_
+    _Black Friday_.
+
+19. Stars, planets, constellations, and the like, except _sun_, _moon_,
+_stars_, _earth_.
+
+    _Mars_, _the Milky Way_, _the Pleiades_.
+
+20. Ordinal numbers used to designate numbered political divisions,
+sessions of Congress, names of regiments, Egyptian dynasties, and the
+like.
+
+    _Second Congressional District_,
+    _First Ward_, _Ninth Precinct_, _Forty-third
+    Congress_, _Sixth Massachusetts Regiment_,
+    _Fifth Dynasty_.
+
+21. Names of genera but not of species: except that in botanical and
+zooelogical copy the species may be capitalized if derived from a proper
+name.
+
+    _Agaricus campestris_
+    _Parkinsonia Torreyana_
+    _Pterygomatopus schmidti_, (Medical).
+
+The English derivatives from these scientific words are not capitalized.
+We write of the _agarics_, the _felids_, the _carnivores_, etc.
+
+22. _Father_, _mother_, and other words denoting relationship when used
+with a proper name or without a personal pronoun.
+
+    _I saw Aunt Lucy and Cousin Charles._
+    _I saw my aunt Lucy and my cousin Charles._
+    _I have received a letter from my mother._
+    _I have received a letter from Mother._
+
+23. Names of political parties and of philosophical, literary, and
+artistic schools, and their adherents.
+
+    _Republican_, _National Liberal_, _Social Democrats_, _Stoics_ (but
+    _neo-Platonism_, _pseudo-Christianity_, etc.) _the Lake school_,
+    _the Romantic movement_, _the Symbolic school of painters_.
+
+24. Political and historical designations which have been much used and
+have come to have special significances such as names of leagues,
+parties, classes, movements, and the like.
+
+    _Holy Alliance_, _Dreibund_, _Roundheads_, _Independents_,
+    _Reformation_, _Dissenter_.
+
+25. Names of well-known historic epochs, periods in the history of
+language, and geological ages and strata. The word "age" is not
+capitalized except when necessary to avoid ambiguity.
+
+    _Stone age_, _Middle Ages_, _Age of Elizabeth_, _Crusades_, _Commune
+    (of Paris)_, _Middle English_, _Neolithic_.
+
+26. Names of important events.
+
+    _Hundred Years War_, _Battle of Trenton_,
+    _Louisiana Purchase_, _Norman Conquest_.
+
+27. Names of specific treaties, important laws, and the like.
+
+    _Peace of Amiens_, _Edict of Nantes_, _Concordat_, _Emancipation
+    Proclamation_, _Fourteenth Amendment_.
+
+28. Names of governmental bodies and departments and their branches when
+specifically designated.
+
+    _Congress_, _the Senate_, _the Board of Aldermen_, _the House of
+    Commons_, _the Committee on Education_.
+
+Care must be taken to distinguish between these specific references and
+general uses of the same word.
+
+    _The state legislature of Massachusetts is officially termed the
+    General Court._
+    _The matter was referred to the War Department but was sent back on
+    the ground that it belonged to another department._
+
+29. The official titles of corporations, organizations, and
+institutions, social, religious, educational, political, business, and
+the like.
+
+    _Knights Templars_, _Knights of Columbus_, _Associated Charities_,
+    _Cook County Normal School_, _Society for the Prevention of Cruelty
+    to Animals_, _Chicago_, _Rock Island and Pacific Railroad_.
+
+In long titles, like the last example given, the important words are
+capitalized as in book titles (see Sec. 31). Use capitals when referring
+to such organizations by initials, _C. R. I. & P. R. R._ Here again it
+must be remembered that the capitals are used in specific references
+only.
+
+    _The Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor of the Third
+    Congregational Church._
+    _The young people's societies connected with the Congregational
+    churches do great good._
+
+30. The names of conventions, congresses, expositions, etc.
+
+    _Parliament of Religions_,
+    _International Peace Congress_,
+    _Panama-Pacific Exposition_.
+
+31. The first words, principal words, and last word in English tides of
+books and other publications; of their divisions (parts, chapters,
+cantos, etc.); of the topics of speeches, sermons, toasts, and the like;
+of pictures; of plays; of musical compositions, etc.
+
+In long titles nouns and pronouns are capitalized always; verbs,
+participles, and adverbs usually; articles, prepositions and
+conjunctions never.
+
+    _Standard Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases_, _Science and
+    Health with Key to the Scriptures_, _Lincoln's Gettysburg Address_,
+    _Paradise Lost_, _Measure for Measure_, _A New Way to Pay Old
+    Debts_, _The Coronation of Charles VII at Rheims_, _the Moonlight
+    Sonata_.
+
+The word "the" is capitalized when it forms an actual part of the title
+of a book but not otherwise.
+
+    _The Printer's Dictionary_. _The Life and Times of Charles V._ _the
+    Review of Reviews_, _the Laacoon_, _the Fifth Symphony_.
+
+32. Dedications; headings of parts and chapters; headings of many
+important minor parts of a book.
+
+    _To All Who Love Good Printing._
+    _Chapter Twenty-Seven._
+    _Part Three._
+    _The Invention of Movable Types._
+    _The Practical Value of Gutenberg's Invention._
+    (These last as sections of a book on the origin of printing).
+
+33. In foreign languages the usage is somewhat different. The following
+rules will be found useful:
+
+a. Always capitalize the first word.
+
+b. In Latin capitalize only proper nouns and adjectives derived
+therefrom.
+
+    _Commentarii Caesaris de bello Gallico._
+
+c. In French, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, and Norwegian, capitalize
+proper names but not adjectives derived therefrom.
+
+    _La vie de Ronsard_; _Histoire de la litterature francaise_,
+    _Novelle e racconti popolari italiani_, _Antologia de poetas liricos
+    castellanos_.
+
+d. In German capitalize all nouns and all adjectives derived from the
+names of persons but not those derived from other proper nouns.
+
+    _Geschichte des deutsches Reich_
+    _Die Homerische Frage_.
+
+e. In Danish capitalize all nouns.
+
+f. In Dutch capitalize all nouns and all adjectives derived from proper
+nouns.
+
+34. Titles of ancient manuscripts.
+
+    _Codex Alexandrinus._
+
+35. In titles of books, etc. all nouns forming parts of hyphenated
+compounds should be capitalized.
+
+36. In side heads capitalize the first word and proper nouns only.
+
+37. Personal titles as follows:
+
+a. Titles preceding a name and so forming part of it.
+
+    _King George V._
+    _Pope Benedict XV._
+    _Duke William of Aquitaine._
+
+But not otherwise.
+
+    _Woodrow Wilson_, _president of the United States_, _the emperor of
+    Germany_, _the present king of Spain is Alfonso XIII_.
+
+b. Titles used in place of the name with reference to a particular
+person or to the present holder of an office.
+
+    _I hope when in Rome to see the Pope._
+    _He hoped some day to become pope._
+
+c. Familiar names applied to a particular person.
+
+    _the Father of his Country._
+    _Unser Fritz._
+    _the Little Corporal._
+
+d. Orders of knighthood and titles attached to them.
+
+    _Knight of the Garter_,
+    _Knight Commander of St. Michael and St. George_.
+
+e. Titles used in direct address.
+
+    _Good morning, Mr. President._
+
+f. Academic degrees in abbreviated form following a name.
+
+    _David Starr Jordan, Ph. D., LL. D._
+
+So also letters following a name indicating membership of certain
+scientific and artistic organizations.
+
+    _F. R. G. S._ (Fellow of the Royal Geographic Society).
+    _R. A._ (Member of the Royal Academy).
+
+So also in the United States and Great Britain, _M. C._ (Member of
+Congress) and _M. P._ (Member of Parliament).
+
+Where a person has many titles the following of this rule involves
+certain difficulties. Such a name as
+
+    _John Smith, A. M., D. D., Ph. D., L. H. D., D. C. L., LL. D._ is by
+    no means impossible.
+
+In such a case the titles become much more prominent than the name and
+the page is disfigured by the spotty appearance of the text. Small
+capitals may sometimes be used with good effect in such a case but this
+should not be done without obtaining proper permission.
+
+The difficulty of handling these long and numerous titles in the
+composition of title pages is sometimes considerable. Three methods of
+dealing with the difficulty are open.
+
+a. The honorary titles may be put in capitals regardless of the
+unsightly appearance of the line.
+
+b. The honorary titles may be put in a small size of the same face and
+justified in the line. This lessens the undue prominence of the titles,
+but puts the line out of balance.
+
+c. The honorary titles may be put in a separate line, or lines, below
+the name, set in small type, and spelled out in full. It is not
+necessary to capitalize _jr._ and _sr._ in lower-case text matter unless
+so desired by the author.
+
+In compound titles capitalize each word if it would be capitalized
+separately.
+
+    _Major General Leonard Wood_,
+    _Chief Justice Taney_,
+    _Commander-in-Chief Field_
+    _Marshal Sir John French_.
+
+38. Names of things personified.
+
+    _Nature_, _Vice_, _Thrift_, and the like.
+
+39. Adjectives derived from proper nouns.
+
+    _The Elizabethan age._
+    _Roman law._
+
+Such adjectives and even proper nouns themselves lose the capital when
+they are applied as trade or scientific names to articles of common use
+or reference.
+
+    _roman type_, _india ink_, _chinese white_, _volt_, _watt_,
+    _boycott_, _platonic_, _bohemian_.
+
+40. The first word of a direct quotation.
+
+    _As he turned to go he said: "Farewell, we shall never meet again."_
+
+41. The first word after "Whereas" and "Resolved" in resolutions.
+
+    _WHEREAS. It has pleased God...._
+    _therefore be it
+    RESOLVED, That...._
+
+42. The first word after a colon when the colon introduces a logically
+complete phrase not very closely connected with what precedes.
+
+    _My conclusion is: A policy of consistent neutrality is the only
+    proper one for the country._
+    _As the proverb well says: Beware the anger of a patient man._
+
+43. _O_ interjection, but not _oh_ unless it begins a sentence.
+
+In Latin sentences of exclamation, denunciation or appeal the lower-case
+_o_ is used.
+
+    _O tempora, o mores temporum._
+
+44. The first personal pronoun _I_ wherever it occurs.
+
+45. Emphasized words.
+
+    _We stand for Liberty and Union._
+
+This use should be avoided except for advertising display, or job work.
+
+    _We call attention to our Stock of
+    Boots, Shoes, and Furnishings._
+
+
+
+
+SMALL CAPITALS
+
+
+The use of small capitals presents its own peculiar problems to the
+printer. The small capital has the form of the large capital but without
+its size and conspicuousness. The small capitals are ordinarily no
+taller than the round letters of the lower-case. They are usually on a
+smaller set, with a lighter face and obscured by more connecting lines.
+In many fonts of type they are really the weakest and least
+distinguished of all the five series. Wide enough to cover the body of
+the type fairly thoroughly in most letters and thus to reduce the
+apparent space between letters, without ascenders and without
+descenders, they are very monotonous and singularly ineffective when
+used in any considerable quantity. When used in masses it is at times
+even difficult to read them.
+
+The use of small capitals is quite different from that of large ones.
+For the reasons just given they are not suited to display. For this
+purpose they are no better than italics, if as good. Owing to their lack
+of striking appearance and commanding quality they are not used for
+emphasis. Display and emphasis it will be remembered are the two
+principal uses of the full capital.
+
+Small capitals are used more for variety than for display. They are
+commonly used for:
+
+    Side heads
+
+    Running titles
+
+    Catch lines of title pages when particular display is not desired.
+
+They are sometimes used for the first word after a blank line,
+especially for the first word of a new chapter.
+
+Long quotations of poetry are often printed with the first word in small
+capitals. In this, as in the preceding case, the whole word is printed
+in small capitals except the first letter which is a full capital.
+
+Proper names standing at the beginning of a chapter, occasionally even
+of a paragraph, are sometimes spelled in capitals or small capitals. If
+small capitals are used the initials of the name are put in full
+capitals.
+
+Until within a comparatively short time tables of contents were often
+set in small capitals. At the same time it was customary to give a
+fairly full synopsis of the contents of each chapter under the chapter
+head. The result was a very monotonous page, dull, dense, hard to read.
+It is much better and now more common to use small caps for the chapter
+heads and ordinary text type for abstracts, using dashes or dots to
+separate the phrases in the synopsis and beginning each phrase with a
+capital.
+
+The following reproduction of a part of a page from the table of
+contents of DeVinne's _Modern Methods of Book Composition_ shows this
+method of treatment.
+
+                             CONTENTS
+
+Chapter                                                     Page
+
+  I EQUIPMENT                                                  1
+
+    Types...Stands...Cases...Case-racks.
+
+ II EQUIPMENT                                                 39
+
+    Galleys and galley-racks...Compositors' implements
+    Brass rules and cases for labor-saving rule and leads
+    Dashes and braces...Leads...Furniture of wood and
+    of metal...Furniture-racks...Quotations and electrotype
+    guards.
+
+III COMPOSITION                                               75
+
+    Time-work and piece-work...Customary routine
+    on book-work...Justification...Spacing and leading
+    Distribution...Composition by hand and machine
+    Proper methods of hand work...Recent mannerisms.
+
+ IV COMPOSITION OF BOOKS                                     111
+
+    Title-page...Preface matter...Chapter headings and
+    synopsis...Subheadings...Extracts...Notes and il-
+    lustrations...Running titles and paging at head or at
+    foot Poetry...Appendix and index...Initials...Headbands,
+    etc.
+
+Where chapter synopses are not given, ordinary text type may be used for
+the table of contents.
+
+The following reproduction of the table of contents of DeVinne's
+_Correct Composition_ shows this method of treatment.
+
+                             CONTENTS
+
+CHAPTER                                                     PAGE
+        Preface                                              vii
+
+     I  Spelling                                               5
+
+    II  Abbreviations                                         33
+
+   III  Compound Words                                        61
+
+    IV  Figures and Numerals                                  76
+
+     V  Italic                                                94
+
+    VI  Capital Letters                                      108
+
+   VII  Division of Words                                    128
+
+  VIII  Small Capitals                                       145
+
+    IX  Extracts and Letters                                 157
+
+     X  Notes                                                171
+
+    XI  Indention                                            182
+
+   XII  Spacing                                              198
+
+  XIII  Quotation-marks                                      209
+
+   XIV  Subheadings                                          230
+
+    XV  Punctuation                                          241
+
+   XVI  Proof-reading                                        294
+
+  XVII  About Copy                                           327
+
+ XVIII  Errors of the Press                                  345
+
+        Appendix                                             359
+
+        Index                                                447
+
+Small capitals are best for subheads when of not more than two lines. If
+the subheads are longer it is best to use lower-case.
+
+Signatures and credits are often put in small capitals. It is usually,
+however, better to use italics for the purpose. There is no need of a
+dash to connect the name with the quotation. When two or more quotations
+from the same author are used as mottoes, with reference to the works
+from which they are taken or the occasion on which they were said, the
+name of the author may be put in small capitals in a separate line, the
+name of the book or speech in italics, and the occasion in smaller roman
+type.
+
+Numerous signatures to a document or petition, such as the _Mayflower
+Compact_ or the _Declaration of Independence_, are often set in columns
+using capitals for the initials and small capitals for the rest of the
+name. Full capitals are too large for the purpose.
+
+    We therefore, the Commissioners for the Massachusetts, Connecticut,
+    and New Haven, do also, for our several governments, subscribe unto
+    these.
+
+    JOHN WINTHROP, Governor of the Massachusetts
+    THOMAS DUDLEY           THEOPHILUS EATON
+    GEORGE FENWICK          EDWARD HOPKINS
+                            THOMAS GREGSON
+
+Dedications of books are commonly set in small capitals. As these
+dedicatory formulas are ordinarily brief there should be wide leading,
+good display, and care as to margins. The author will often give very
+definite specifications as to the arrangement of his copy in lines, and
+this will sometimes cause difficulty, occasionally compelling the use of
+too small type. The author's specifications must be followed if he
+adheres to them.
+
+Small capitals are much favored for running titles of pages. Full
+capitals are much more effective and are to be preferred where the words
+are few. Small capitals of 12 or 14 point body are distinct but smaller
+sizes are crowded and hard to read. This difficulty can sometimes be
+remedied by hair spacing. Over spacing of such lines is objectionable
+though it has sometimes prevailed as a temporary fashion.
+
+Small capitals used in running titles are exposed to heavy wear and
+their shallow counters are liable to get choked up with ink. Capitals of
+the monotint or of a light-faced antique are sometimes selected for
+books frequently reprinted where the wear on the exposed running titles
+is very severe.
+
+In reprinting letters it is common to use small capitals for the name of
+the place from which the letter was written, for the name of the
+addressee, and for the signature. In job and advertising work the name
+of the month and day and date are generally put in lower-case of the
+text letter. This rule is not followed, however, in books. When the
+heading of the letter is very long lower-case letters are preferable to
+small capitals under the general rules of taste which govern the use of
+types. The salutation, _Dear Sir_, _Gentlemen_, or the like, does not
+need small capitals. It is better printed in italic lower-case with a
+colon (not followed by a dash) at the end. If the matter is double
+leaded the salutation may go in a line by itself, otherwise conforming
+to the rules just given.
+
+Reprints of formal inscriptions on tablets and the like are often made
+in small capitals surrounded by a border. There should be a good relief
+of white space between the type and the border.
+
+In the Bible and in hymn books the words LORD and GOD are usually set
+with full capital initial and the rest of the word in small capitals.
+
+This is, of course, a method of showing veneration and at one time it
+was customary to print all names of spiritual or temporal dignitaries
+and magnates or even ordinary names in small capitals. This practice
+still lingers in a few newspapers which print the names of persons, even
+those of small consequence, in small capitals, especially on the
+editorial page.
+
+The tendency is steady toward the discriminating use of capitals, small
+capitals, and italics. More and more we restrict the use of marks of
+emphasis to the really necessary places leaving the words to tell their
+story without outside aid.
+
+
+
+
+SUGGESTIONS AS TO TYPOGRAPHIC USE OF CAPITALS
+
+
+Capitals are too strong to be used with Arabic numerals. This fault of
+proportion is increased by the custom of casting Arabic numerals on an
+en body for table work, making them only half as thick as the type. Full
+capitals may be used with full figures the width of an ordinary letter.
+Condensed capitals may be used with en body numerals.
+
+If old-style capitals and figures are required in the same line use
+figures about one-half larger in body than the capitals and justify them
+to the line.
+
+It is this difficulty in combining capitals and Arabic numerals in the
+same line that causes the extensive use of Roman numerals in chapter
+numbers, numbers of other headings, dates on title pages, and the like.
+
+When a large initial three or four lines high is used for the first
+letter of a new chapter, large capitals are sometimes used, although
+such usage is not free from the reproach of looking too much like
+newspaper advertising. When this initial is a two line letter it should
+be in alignment with the small capitals of the upper line and the base
+line of the text letter of the lower line.
+
+[Illustration:
+AMONG the earliest methods of communicating
+ideas to the absent pictures
+hold the largest place.]
+
+[Illustration: THERE comes a tide in the affairs of men which,
+taken at the flood, leads on to fortune.]
+
+Care should be taken not to compact capitals. Use wider leading and
+broader spacing than for lower-case; for example, where you would use
+one lead between lower-case lines you should use two or three between
+lines of capitals.
+
+Capitals occupy more of the type-body than lower-case letters and
+consequently words or lines set entirely with capitals need wider
+spacing and leading than the lower-case to make composition readable.
+When lines of roman capitals are set solid or single-leaded the en-quad
+will usually be enough space between words especially if the words are
+short; but for wide-leaded lines and head-lines double spaces (two
+three-to-em) will be needed. A head-line of round, open capitals may
+even need em-quad spaces. Wide letter words require wide spaces and
+words of thin or condensed letters require thin spaces.
+
+[Illustration:
+UNITED TYPOTHETAE
+OF AMERICA
+
+UNITED TYPOTHETAE
+OF AMERICA]
+
+Words which begin or end with A Y L V W T may need spaces a little less
+than those with H I M, etc. In small types the inequalities in white
+space beside or between combinations like L Y A T W and letters with
+regular shape like H I M N, may not be readily noticed, but in large
+sizes of capitals these differences are greatly increased and will often
+make unequal white spaces in a line with uniform metal spaces. In some
+styles of types a line may need unequal metal spaces in order to space
+the words evenly.
+
+(Marks indicate insertion of spaces.)
+
+[Illustration: TEN MAIL TRAINS]
+
+    This line has en-quads between the words, but the forms
+    of L and T make the white space greater than
+    between the first and second words.
+
+[Illustration: TEN MAI'L TRAI'N'S]
+
+    This line has an en-quad in first space and three-to-em
+    in the second, with hair-spaces between some
+    letters of the words.
+
+So, also, it will often be necessary to insert pieces of paper, card, or
+thin leads between the letters of a word in large display, in order to
+make them evenly spaced, as shown in these examples:
+
+(Marks indicate insertion of spaces.)
+
+[Illustration:
+PLAINLY
+PLAI'N'LY
+UNEVENLY SPACED
+EVE'N'LY S'PA'C'E'D]
+
+This differential spacing in a line of capitals will also be required in
+a line having abbreviations or initials. The following line, spaced with
+en-quads throughout, has unnecessarily wide spaces between the initials:
+
+[Illustration: JOHN ENDICOTT LODGE, A. O. U. W.]
+
+Spaced with four-to-em in the last three places, it is improved:
+
+[Illustration: JOHN ENDICOTT LODGE, A. O. U. W.]
+
+Capitals used as initials of titles and for other abbreviations, with
+the accompanying periods, should be thin-spaced or set close together,
+as shown in the second of these examples:
+
+[Illustration:
+GEORGE MARKHAM, D. D., PH. D.
+GEORGE MARKHAM, D.D., PH.D.
+JOHN FLINT, M. D. V., BOSTON, U. S. A.
+JOHN FLINT, M.D.V., BOSTON, U.S.A.]
+
+Two or more lines of capitals of the same size should be spaced as
+nearly alike as possible. These three lines are so disproportionately
+spaced that they are not pleasing:
+
+[Illustration:
+NORTH END UNION
+B  O  S  T  O  N
+MASSACHUSETTS]
+
+The squaring up is arbitrary and strained. The lines are better like
+this:
+
+[Illustration:
+NORTH END UNION
+    BOSTON
+MASSACHUSETTS]
+
+But if it is necessary to square up lines and no additional words or
+letters can be inserted the short line may be filled with florets or
+other characters which should not be bolder than the type itself and
+should be of a style to harmonize with it as nearly as possible.
+
+[Illustration:
+NORTH END UNION
+*** BOSTON ***
+MASSACHUSETTS]
+
+The extra wide spacing of words set in capitals, as in head-lines and
+running-heads, should be avoided by the young compositor; there are
+places where it may be unobjectionable but it will require good judgment
+and some experience to prevent such lines making the page look freakish
+or amateurish.
+
+In jobbing, advertisement, and display work, capitals are used more
+freely than in plain reading matter. In book work the practice is to use
+capitals more freely than in newspaper composition. A study of the
+reading columns of daily newspapers will discover that capitals are used
+very sparingly and words are "kept down" in many cases which in more
+formal book and pamphlet work would be capitalized.
+
+In advertisements, announcements, and circular letters, words are often
+capitalized for distinction or emphasis, as in these examples:
+
+    Those who win a Second or First Prize through a monthly or special
+    contest become Honor Members of the Guild, and receive the Guild
+    badge without charge.
+
+    You are cordially invited to attend the Spring Opening of Suits and
+    Outside Garments for Women, on Wednesday and Thursday, April 28 and
+    29, in our new Mason Street Annex.
+
+Precise rules for the use of capitals cannot be given for work of all
+kinds. Their insertion or omission will be governed greatly by the
+subject matter and the style of treatment desired by the proof-reader or
+the customer and the compositor's duty will not go further than to
+maintain some consistency in their use in each piece of work. When he
+has copy in which capitals are used as in the following example he will
+be expected either to discard all capitals except at the beginning of
+the sentences or to capitalize the words as in the second example:
+
+    Fifty styles of the Smartest and nobbiest wheel specialties for
+    ponies and Small horses, Pony carts, light horse novelties, traps,
+    wagons, Harness, Saddles, etc.
+
+    Fifty Styles of the Smartest and Nobbiest Wheel Specialties for
+    Ponies and Small Horses, Pony Carts, Light Horse Novelties, Traps,
+    Wagons, Harness, Saddles, etc.
+
+In lines of large display, like head-lines, set in capitals and
+lower-case, all the important words should begin with capitals.
+Unimportant words, such as _of_, _the_, _by_, _for_, _but_, _in_, etc.,
+except when they are at the beginning of the displayed phrase, are not
+capitalized.
+
+    Notice to the Public
+    The Best is the Cheapest
+    A Great Bargain in Hats
+    By Right of Conquest
+    For Love and Honor
+
+A line of capitals containing an abbreviation or other short word should
+have capitals throughout when possible, as in the second form of these
+examples:
+
+    JOHN SMITH, Jr.              JOHN SMITH, JR.
+    ROBINSON & Co.               ROBINSON & CO.
+
+In advertisement display lines like the following are permissible:
+
+    The GOLDEN HARVESTER
+    REGAL SHOES _for_ MEN
+
+Combinations of different sizes and styles of types are also common and
+serve their purpose properly, as in this style, often used in billheads,
+etc.
+
+    TO THOMAS W. ABBOTT, DR.
+    _In account with_ FRANK ABBOTT
+
+Combinations of large and small capitals and lower-case like the
+following are, however, not approved:
+
+    WILLIAM BROWN, President
+
+The words in small capitals as well as the word in lower-case should
+begin with large capitals, like this:
+
+    WILLIAM BROWN, President
+
+When lines of capitals are used in books and pamphlets, for headings and
+display, they should be used consistently--that is, all headings of a
+similar kind should be alike in any piece of work, and not one heading
+in capitals and another in lower-case. The composition of a title page
+is more pleasing when its chief lines are in one style of letters,
+giving a harmonious effect. When lines of capitals and lines of
+lower-case are interspersed in a page an appearance of confusion is
+liable to be the result.
+
+
+
+
+SUPPLEMENTARY READING
+
+
+A Manual for Writers. By John Matthews Manley and John Arthur Powell.
+The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
+
+The Writer's Desk Book. By William Dana Orcutt. Frederick Stokes
+Company, New York.
+
+Correct Composition. By Theodore L. DeVinne. The Oswald Publishing
+Company, New York.
+
+A Handbook of Composition. By Edwin D. Woolley. D. C. Heath, Boston.
+
+Punctuation. With Chapters on Hyphenization, Capitalization and
+Spelling. By F. Horace Teale. Appleton & Co., New York.
+
+
+
+
+QUESTIONS
+
+
+As the subject matter of this book is such that many of the questions
+will serve only to bring out the accuracy of the pupil's memory of rules
+it is very desirable that care should be taken to insure intelligent use
+and application of the rules. To be able to repeat a rule is of very
+little importance compared with the ability to apply it intelligently.
+
+The instructor should give the pupils constant practice in the
+application of these rules. This should consist of;--
+
+(a) Study of passages taken from all kinds of printed matter.
+
+(b) Rewriting of passages given out without capitalization.
+
+In the first case a wide range of material should be used from the most
+carefully printed books to the most carelessly printed matter that can
+be found, including newspapers of varying excellence and pure
+advertising matter. The capitalization found should be studied and
+explained by the rules and the criticisms or changes suggested justified
+in the same way.
+
+In like manner in the second case every capital used in the rewritten
+text should be justified by the proper rule.
+
+Without such exercises as these, the book will have comparatively little
+value.
+
+1. What is a capital letter?
+
+2. How many series of letters does an ordinary font of type contain?
+
+3. Name them, and tell what you know about each one.
+
+4. In what does the distinction between capital and lower-case letter
+consist?
+
+5. What combinations of capitals and lower-case are permissible?
+
+6. In manuscript how do you indicate capitals? Italics?
+
+7. What are capitals used for?
+
+8. What tendencies are observable in style?
+
+9. What is the real implement of English speech?
+
+10. What are the general rules for the use of capitals?
+
+11. Capitalize, _men pray to god, to christ and to the virgin mary that
+they may be defended by the holy ghost from those assaults of the devil
+which would make devils of them_. Give the rule for so doing.
+
+12. Capitalize, _the supreme architect of the universe, sometimes called
+providence, has his own ways of bringing men to heaven_. Give the rule
+for so doing.
+
+13. Learn the list of words under rule 2.
+
+14. Are these words capitalized in all cases?
+
+15. Are adjectives derived from these words capitalized?
+
+16. When do you not capitalize _God_ and its synonyms?
+
+17. What is the usage as to pronouns referring to God and the other
+persons of the Trinity?
+
+18. What is the rule regarding the Bible and matter related to it?
+
+19. What is the rule regarding biblical terms?
+
+20. Capitalize, _the holy man entered the holy place at the appointed
+time_. _The message of the gospel is found in the most spiritual form in
+the gospel of John._ Give the rule.
+
+21. What is the rule about religious bodies and their members?
+
+22. What is the rule about monastic orders?
+
+23. What is the rule about _church_? Give examples of the different
+uses.
+
+24. What is the rule about names of creeds?
+
+25. Give different uses of _father_ and _reformer_ and explain them.
+
+26. How do you use capitals in writing names of persons in English and
+in other languages?
+
+27. What is the usage with regard to epithets and the like?
+
+28. What is the usage with regard to races of men?
+
+29. Give the rule for names of places, and examples of each usage.
+
+30. Learn the tables under rule 15.
+
+31. When do you capitalize generic terms for political divisions and
+when do you not?
+
+32. What is the rule about words denoting time?
+
+33. What is the rule about festivals, etc.?
+
+34. What is the rule about astronomical terms?
+
+35. When are ordinal numbers capitalized?
+
+36. How are capitals used in scientific names?
+
+37. What is the usage in such words as _father_, _mother_, and other
+terms denoting relationship?
+
+38. What is the rule regarding names of parties, political, literary,
+etc.?
+
+39. What is the rule as to historic parties, leagues, etc.?
+
+40. What is the usage in writing of periods, historic, geological, etc.?
+
+41. What is the usage regarding important events?
+
+42. How are treaties, laws, etc., treated?
+
+43. When are the names of governmental bodies, departments, etc.,
+capitalized?
+
+44. How are official titles of corporations and other bodies treated?
+
+45. How are names of conventions, expositions, and the like treated?
+
+46. How are capitals used in book titles and similar copy, including the
+use of _the_?
+
+47. How are capitals used in dedications and headings?
+
+48. Give the rules for the use of capitals in foreign book titles.
+
+49. Give the rules for the use of capitals in personal titles.
+
+50. What can you do when a name is followed by the initials of a number
+of titles?
+
+51. What do you do in case of compound titles?
+
+52. How do you write the names of things personified?
+
+53. How are adjectives derived from proper nouns treated?
+
+54. How are capitals used in direct quotations?
+
+55. How are capitals used in resolutions?
+
+56. Are capitals used after colons?
+
+57. How do we write the interjections _O_ and _oh_?
+
+58. How do we write the first personal pronoun?
+
+59. When and where are capitals used for emphasis?
+
+60. Describe the peculiarities of small capitals.
+
+61. Are they used in the same way as full capitals? Why?
+
+62. What is the principal use of small capitals?
+
+63. Give some of the places where small capitals are commonly used.
+
+64. How are small capitals now used in tables of contents, and how were
+they formerly used?
+
+65. What type would you use for a table of contents when chapter
+synopses are not given?
+
+66. How are subheads treated?
+
+67. How are signatures and credits treated?
+
+68. How are dedications of books treated?
+
+69. How are running titles treated?
+
+70. What is good usage in reprinting letters?
+
+71. What is a good way to set reprints of formal inscriptions?
+
+72. What is the usage with regard to the names of persons treated with
+veneration?
+
+73. What is the tendency in the use of capitals and other devices for
+emphasis?
+
+74. How would you handle combinations of capitals and numerals, and why?
+
+75. How would you treat large initials?
+
+76. How should you space and lead capitals as compared with lower-case?
+
+77. How should lines of capitals be spaced, and why?
+
+78. Would capitals set with even spacing or without spacing appear to be
+evenly spaced?
+
+79. What is the reason for the appearance just noted?
+
+80. What would you do about it?
+
+81. How should you space capitals used as initials of titles with
+accompanying periods?
+
+82. How should you space two or more lines of capitals of the same size?
+
+83. If squaring up is necessary, how should it be done?
+
+84. What can you say about wide spacing of words set in capitals?
+
+85. What can you say of the use of capitals in different sorts of
+matter?
+
+86. How is the compositor guided in these cases?
+
+87. How are capitals used in lines of large display?
+
+88. How would you set a line of capitals containing an abbreviation or
+other short word?
+
+89. How may capitals be used in lines of advertising display?
+
+90. Under what circumstances are combinations of different sizes and
+styles of type permissible?
+
+91. Are combinations of large and small capitals and lower-case
+advisable?
+
+92. What rule should be followed when lines of capitals are used in
+books and pamphlets for headings and display?
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY
+
+
+FORMAL--Made in accordance with regular and established forms, or with
+dignity and impressiveness: stiff.
+
+GENERA--Plural of genus, a group for purposes of classification,
+embracing one or more species.
+
+GENERIC--Of or pertaining to a genus (see genera) as distinct from
+specific, of or pertaining to a species (which see).
+
+ORDINAL--That form of the numeral that shows the order of anything in a
+series.
+
+SPECIES--A group for purposes of classification subordinate to a genus
+and composed of individuals having only minor differences.
+
+VERSIONS--(Of the Bible) Different translations of the original into the
+same or different languages.
+
+
+
+
+TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES FOR APPRENTICES
+
+
+The following list of publications, comprising the TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL
+SERIES FOR APPRENTICES, has been prepared under the supervision of the
+Committee on Education of the United Typothetae of America for use in trade
+classes, in course of printing instruction, and by individuals.
+
+Each publication has been compiled by a competent author or group of
+authors, and carefully edited, the purpose being to provide the printers of
+the United States--employers, journeymen, and apprentices--with a
+comprehensive series of handy and inexpensive compendiums of reliable,
+up-to-date information upon the various branches and specialties of the
+printing craft, all arranged in orderly fashion for progressive study.
+
+The publications of the series are of uniform size, 5x8 inches. Their
+general make-up, in typography, illustrations, etc., has been, as far as
+practicable, kept in harmony throughout. A brief synopsis of the particular
+contents and other chief features of each volume will be found under each
+title in the following list.
+
+Each topic is treated in a concise manner, the aim being to embody in each
+publication as completely as possible all the rudimentary information and
+essential facts necessary to an understanding of the subject. Care has been
+taken to make all statements accurate and clear, with the purpose of
+bringing essential information within the understanding of beginners in the
+different fields of study. Wherever practicable, simple and well-defined
+drawings and illustrations have been used to assist in giving additional
+clearness to the text.
+
+In order that the pamphlets may be of the greatest possible help for use in
+trade-school classes and for self-instruction, each title is accompanied by
+a list of Review Questions covering essential items of the subject matter.
+A short Glossary of technical terms belonging to the subject or department
+treated is also added to many of the books.
+
+These are the Official Text-books of the United Typothetae of America.
+
+Address all orders and inquiries to COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION, UNITED
+TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, U. S. A.
+
+
+PART I--_Types, Tools, Machines, and Materials_
+
+=1.= =Type: a Primer of Information=                  By A. A. Stewart
+
+     Relating to the mechanical features of printing types; their sizes,
+     font schemes, etc., with a brief description of their manufacture.
+     44 pp.; illustrated; 74 review questions; glossary.
+
+=2.= =Compositors' Tools and Materials=               By A. A. Stewart
+
+     A primer of information about composing sticks, galleys, leads,
+     brass rules, cutting and mitering machines, etc. 47 pp.;
+     illustrated; 50 review questions; glossary.
+
+=3.= =Type Cases, Composing Room Furniture=           By A. A. Stewart
+
+     A primer of information about type cases, work stands, cabinets,
+     case racks, galley racks, standing galleys, etc. 43 pp.;
+     illustrated; 33 review questions; glossary.
+
+=4.= =Imposing Tables and Lock-up Appliances=         By A. A. Stewart
+
+     Describing the tools and materials used in locking up forms for the
+     press, including some modern utilities for special purposes. 59
+     pp.; illustrated; 70 review questions; glossary.
+
+=5.= =Proof Presses=                                  By A. A. Stewart
+
+     A primer of information about the customary methods and machines
+     for taking printers' proofs. 40 pp.; illustrated; 41 review
+     questions; glossary.
+
+=6.= =Platen Printing Presses=                         By Daniel Baker
+
+     A primer of information regarding the history and mechanical
+     construction of platen printing presses, from the original hand
+     press to the modern job press, to which is added a chapter on
+     automatic presses of small size. 51 pp.; illustrated; 49 review
+     questions; glossary.
+
+=7.= =Cylinder Printing Presses=                   By Herbert L. Baker
+
+     Being a study of the mechanism and operation of the principal types
+     of cylinder printing machines. 64 pp.; illustrated; 47 review
+     questions; glossary.
+
+=8.= =Mechanical Feeders and Folders=           By William E. Spurrier
+
+     The history and operation of modern feeding and folding machines;
+     with hints on their care and adjustments. Illustrated; review
+     questions; glossary.
+
+=9.= =Power for Machinery in Printing Houses=         By Carl F. Scott
+
+     A treatise on the methods of applying power to printing presses and
+     allied machinery with particular reference to electric drive. 53
+     pp.; illustrated; 69 review questions; glossary.
+
+=10.= =Paper Cutting Machines=                       By Niel Gray, Jr.
+
+     A primer of information about paper and card trimmers, hand-lever
+     cutters, power cutters, and other automatic machines for cutting
+     paper, 70 pp.; illustrated; 115 review questions; glossary.
+
+=11.= =Printers' Rollers=                             By A. A. Stewart
+
+     A primer of information about the composition, manufacture, and
+     care of inking rollers. 46 pp.; illustrated; 61 review questions;
+     glossary.
+
+=12.= =Printing Inks=                                 By Philip Ruxton
+
+     Their composition, properties and manufacture (reprinted by
+     permission from Circular No. 53, United States Bureau of
+     Standards); together with some helpful suggestions about the
+     everyday use of printing inks by Philip Ruxton. 80 pp.; 100 review
+     questions; glossary.
+
+=13.= =How Paper is Made=                  By William Bond Wheelwright
+
+     A primer of information about the materials and processes of
+     manufacturing paper for printing and writing. 68 pp.; illustrated;
+     62 review questions; glossary.
+
+=14.= =Relief Engravings=                         By Joseph P. Donovan
+
+     Brief history and non-technical description of modern methods of
+     engraving; woodcut, zinc plate, halftone; kind of copy for
+     reproduction; things to remember when ordering engravings.
+     Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
+
+=15.= =Electrotyping and Sterotyping=
+                                  By Harris B. Hatch and A. A. Stewart
+
+     A primer of information about the processes of electrotyping and
+     stereotyping. 94 pp.; illustrated; 129 review questions;
+     glossaries.
+
+
+PART II--_Hand and Machine Composition_
+
+=16.= =Typesetting=                                   By A. A. Stewart
+
+     A handbook for beginners, giving information about justifying,
+     spacing, correcting, and other matters relating to typesetting.
+     Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
+
+=17.= =Printers' Proofs=                              By A. A. Stewart
+
+     The methods by which they are made, marked, and corrected, with
+     observations on proofreading. Illustrated; review questions;
+     glossary.
+
+=18.= =First Steps in Job Composition=               By Camille DeVeze
+
+     Suggestions for the apprentice compositor in setting his first
+     jobs, especially about the important little things which go to make
+     good display in typography. 63 pp.; examples; 55 review questions;
+     glossary.
+
+=19.= =General Job Composition=
+
+     How the job compositor handles business stationery, programs and
+     miscellaneous work. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
+
+=20.= =Book Composition=                             By J. W. Bothwell
+
+     Chapters from DeVinne's "Modern Methods of Book Composition,"
+     revised and arranged for this series of text-books by J. W. Bothwell
+     of The DeVinne Press, New York. Part I: Composition of pages. Part
+     II: Imposition of pages. 229 pp.; illustrated; 525 review
+     questions; glossary.
+
+=21.= =Tabular Composition=                           By Robert Seaver
+
+     A study of the elementary forms of table composition, with examples
+     of more difficult composition. 36 pp.; examples; 45 review
+     questions.
+
+=22.= =Applied Arithmetic=                            By E. E. Sheldon
+
+     Elementary arithmetic applied to problems of the printing trade,
+     calculation of materials, paper weights and sizes, with standard
+     tables and rules for computation, each subject amplified with
+     examples and exercises. 159 pp.
+
+=23.= =Typecasting and Composing Machines=        A. W. Finlay, Editor
+
+     Section I--The Linotype                        By L. A. Hornstein
+     Section II--The Monotype                           By Joseph Hays
+     Section III--The Intertype                    By Henry W. Cozzens
+     Section IV--Other Typecasting and Typesetting Machines
+                                                     By Frank H. Smith
+
+     A brief history of typesetting machines, with descriptions of their
+     mechanical principles and operations. Illustrated; review
+     questions; glossary.
+
+
+PART III--_Imposition and Stonework_
+
+=24.= =Locking Forms for the Job Press=              By Frank S. Henry
+
+     Things the apprentice should know about locking up small forms, and
+     about general work on the stone. Illustrated; review questions;
+     glossary.
+
+=25.= =Preparing Forms for the Cylinder Press=       By Frank S. Henry
+
+     Pamphlet and catalog imposition; margins; fold marks, etc. Methods
+     of handling type forms and electrotype forms. Illustrated; review
+     questions; glossary.
+
+
+PART IV--_Presswork_
+
+=26.= =Making Ready on Platen Presses=                 By T. G. McGrew
+
+     The essential parts of a press and their functions; distinctive
+     features of commonly used machines. Preparing the tympan,
+     regulating the impression, underlaying and overlaying, setting
+     gauges, and other details explained. Illustrated; review questions;
+     glossary.
+
+=27.= =Cylinder Presswork=                             By T. G. McGrew
+
+     Preparing the press; adjustment of bed and cylinder, form rollers,
+     ink fountain, grippers and delivery systems. Underlaying and
+     overlaying; modern overlay methods. Illustrated; review questions;
+     glossary.
+
+=28.= =Pressroom Hints and Helps=                 By Charles L. Dunton
+
+     Describing some practical methods of pressroom work, with
+     directions and useful information relating to a variety of
+     printing-press problems. 87 pp.; 176 review questions.
+
+=29.= =Reproductive Processes of the Graphic Arts=      By A. W. Elson
+
+     A primer of information about the distinctive features of the
+     relief, the intaglio, and the planographic processes of printing.
+     84 pp.; illustrated; 100 review questions; glossary.
+
+
+PART V--_Pamphlet and Book Binding_
+
+=30.= =Pamphlet Binding=                        By Bancroft L. Goodwin
+
+     A primer of information about the various operations employed in
+     binding pamphlets and other work in the bindery. Illustrated;
+     review questions; glossary.
+
+=31.= =Book Binding=                                 By John J. Pleger
+
+     Practical information about the usual operations in binding books;
+     folding; gathering, collating, sewing, forwarding, finishing. Case
+     making and cased-in books. Hand work and machine work. Job and
+     blank-book binding. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
+
+
+PART VI--_Correct Literary Composition_
+
+=32.= =Word Study and English Grammar=               By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A primer of information about words, their relations, and their
+     uses. 68 pp.; 84 review questions; glossary.
+
+=33.= =Punctuation=                                  By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A primer of information about the marks of punctuation and their
+     use, both grammatically and typographically. 56 pp.; 59 review
+     questions; glossary.
+
+=34.= =Capitals=                                     By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A primer of information about capitalization, with some practical
+     typographic hints as to the use of capitals. 48 pp.; 92 review
+     questions; glossary.
+
+=35.= =Division of Words=                            By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     Rules for the division of words at the ends of lines, with remarks
+     on spelling, syllabication and pronunciation. 42 pp.; 70 review
+     questions.
+
+=36.= =Compound Words=                               By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A study of the principles of compounding, the components of
+     compounds, and the use of the hyphen. 34 pp.; 62 review questions.
+
+=37.= =Abbreviations and Signs=                      By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A primer of information about abbreviations and signs, with
+     classified lists of those in most common use. 58 pp.; 32 review
+     questions.
+
+=38.= =The Uses of Italic=                           By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A primer of information about the history and uses of italic
+     letters. 31 pp.; 37 review questions.
+
+=39.= =Proofreading=                                 By Arnold Levitas
+
+     The technical phases of the proofreader's work; reading, marking,
+     revising, etc.; methods of handling proofs and copy. Illustrated by
+     examples. 59 pp.; 69 review questions; glossary.
+
+=40.= =Preparation of Printers' Copy=                By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     Suggestions for authors, editors, and all who are engaged in
+     preparing copy for the composing room. 36 pp.; 67 review questions.
+
+=41.= =Printers' Manual of Style=
+
+     A reference compilation of approved rules, usages, and suggestions
+     relating to uniformity in punctuation, capitalization,
+     abbreviations, numerals, and kindred features of composition.
+
+=42.= =The Printer's Dictionary=                      By A. A. Stewart
+
+     A handbook of definitions and miscellaneous information about
+     various processes of printing, alphabetically arranged. Technical
+     terms explained. Illustrated.
+
+
+PART VII--_Design, Color, and Lettering_
+
+=43.= =Applied Design for Printers=                   By Harry L. Gage
+
+     A handbook of the principles of arrangement, with brief comment on
+     the periods of design which have most influenced printing. Treats
+     of harmony, balance, proportion, and rhythm; motion; symmetry and
+     variety; ornament, esthetic and symbolic. 37 illustrations; 46
+     review questions; glossary; bibliography.
+
+=44.= =Elements of Typographic Design=                By Harry L. Gage
+
+     Applications of the principles of decorative design. Building
+     material of typography paper, types, ink, decorations and
+     illustrations. Handling of shapes. Design of complete book,
+     treating each part. Design of commercial forms and single units.
+     Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography.
+
+=45.= =Rudiments of Color in Printing=                By Harry L. Gage
+
+     Use of color: for decoration of black and white, for broad poster
+     effect, in combinations of two, three, or more printings with
+     process engravings. Scientific nature of color, physical and
+     chemical. Terms in which color may be discussed: hue, value,
+     intensity. Diagrams in color, scales and combinations. Color theory
+     of process engraving. Experiments with color. Illustrations in full
+     color, and on various papers. Review questions; glossary;
+     bibliography.
+
+=46.= =Lettering in Typography=                       By Harry L. Gage
+
+     Printer's use of lettering: adaptability and decorative effect.
+     Development of historic writing and lettering and its influence on
+     type design. Classification of general forms in lettering.
+     Application of design to lettering. Drawing for reproduction. Fully
+     illustrated; review questions; glossary; bibliography.
+
+=47.= =Typographic Design in Advertising=             By Harry L. Gage
+
+     The printer's function in advertising. Precepts upon which
+     advertising is based. Printer's analysis of his copy. Emphasis,
+     legibility, attention, color. Method of studying advertising
+     typography. Illustrations; review questions; glossary;
+     bibliography.
+
+=48.= =Making Dummies and Layouts=                    By Harry L. Gage
+
+     A layout: the architectural plan. A dummy: the imitation of a
+     proposed final effect. Use of dummy in sales work. Use of layout.
+     Function of layout man. Binding schemes for dummies. Dummy
+     envelopes. Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography.
+
+
+PART VIII--_History of Printing_
+
+=49.= =Books Before Typography=                      By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A primer of information about the invention of the alphabet and the
+     history of bookmaking up to the invention of movable types. 62 pp.;
+     illustrated; 64 review questions.
+
+=50.= =The Invention of Typography=                  By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A brief sketch of the invention of printing and how it came about.
+     64 pp.; 62 review questions.
+
+=51.= =History of Printing--Part I=                  By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A primer of information about the beginnings of printing, the
+     development of the book, the development of printers' materials,
+     and the work of the great pioneers. 63 pp.; 55 review questions.
+
+=52.= =History of Printing--Part II=                 By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A brief sketch of the economic conditions of the printing industry
+     from 1450 to 1789, including government regulations, censorship,
+     internal conditions and industrial relations. 94 pp.; 128 review
+     questions.
+
+=53.= =Printing in England=                          By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A short history of printing in England from Caxton to the present
+     time. 89 pp.; 65 review questions.
+
+=54.= =Printing in America=                          By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A brief sketch of the development of the newspaper, and some notes
+     on publishers who have especially contributed to printing. 98 pp.;
+     84 review questions.
+
+=55.= =Type and Presses in America=                  By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A brief historical sketch of the development of type casting and
+     press building in the United States. 52 pp.; 61 review questions.
+
+
+PART IX--_Cost Finding and Accounting_
+
+=56.= =Elements of Cost in Printing=                By Henry P. Porter
+
+     The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should
+     show. How to utilize the information they give. Review questions.
+     Glossary.
+
+=57.= =Use of a Cost System=                        By Henry P. Porter
+
+     The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should
+     show. How to utilize the information they give. Review questions.
+     Glossary.
+
+=58.= =The Printer as a Merchant=                   By Henry P. Porter
+
+     The selection and purchase of materials and supplies for printing.
+     The relation of the cost of raw material and the selling price of
+     the finished product. Review questions. Glossary.
+
+=59.= =Fundamental Principles of Estimating=        By Henry P. Porter
+
+     The estimator and his work; forms to use; general rules for
+     estimating. Review questions. Glossary.
+
+=60.= =Estimating and Selling=                      By Henry P. Porter
+
+     An insight into the methods used in making estimates, and their
+     relation to selling. Review questions. Glossary.
+
+=61.= =Accounting for Printers=                     By Henry P. Porter
+
+     A brief outline of an accounting system for printers; necessary
+     books and accessory records. Review questions. Glossary.
+
+
+PART X--_Miscellaneous_
+
+=62.= =Health, Sanitation, and Safety=              By Henry P. Porter
+
+     Hygiene in the printing trade; a study of conditions old and new;
+     practical suggestions for improvement; protective appliances and
+     rules for safety.
+
+=63.= =Topical Index=                                By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A book of reference covering the topics treated in the Typographic
+     Technical Series, alphabetically arranged.
+
+=64.= =Courses of Study=                             By F. W. Hamilton
+
+     A guidebook for teachers, with outlines and suggestions for
+     classroom and shop work.
+
+
+
+
+ACKNOWLEDGMENT
+
+
+This series of Typographic Text-books is the result of the splendid
+co-operation of a large number of firms and individuals engaged in the
+printing business and its allied industries in the United States of
+America.
+
+The Committee on Education of the United Typothetae of America, under whose
+auspices the books have been prepared and published, acknowledges its
+indebtedness for the generous assistance rendered by the many authors,
+printers, and others identified with this work.
+
+While due acknowledgment is made on the title and copyright pages of those
+contributing to each book, the Committee nevertheless felt that a group
+list of co-operating firms would be of interest.
+
+The following list is not complete, as it includes only those who have
+co-operated in the production of a portion of the volumes, constituting the
+first printing. As soon as the entire list of books comprising the
+Typographic Technical Series has been completed (which the Committee hopes
+will be at an early date), the full list will be printed in each volume.
+
+The Committee also desires to acknowledge its indebtedness to the many
+subscribers to this Series who have patiently awaited its publication.
+
+COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION,
+UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA.
+
+  HENRY P. PORTER, _Chairman_,
+  E. LAWRENCE FELL,
+  A. M. GLOSSBRENNER,
+  J. CLYDE OSWALD,
+  TOBY RUBOVITS.
+
+FREDERICK W. HAMILTON, _Education Director_.
+
+
+
+
+CONTRIBUTORS
+
+
+=For Composition and Electrotypes=
+
+ISAAC H. BLANCHARD COMPANY, New York, N. Y.
+S. H. BURBANK & CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
+J. S. CUSHING & CO., Norwood, Mass.
+THE DEVINNE PRESS, New York, N. Y.
+R. R. DONNELLEY & SONS CO., Chicago, Ill.
+GEO. H. ELLIS CO., Boston, Mass.
+EVANS-WINTER-HEBB, Detroit, Mich.
+FRANKLIN PRINTING COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa.
+F. H. GILSON COMPANY, Boston, Mass.
+STEPHEN GREENE & CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
+W. F. HALL PRINTING CO., Chicago, Ill.
+J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
+MCCALLA & CO. INC., Philadelphia, Pa.
+THE PATTESON PRESS, New York, New York
+THE PLIMPTON PRESS, Norwood, Mass.
+POOLE BROS., Chicago, Ill.
+EDWARD STERN & CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
+THE STONE PRINTING & MFG. CO., Roanoke, Va.
+C. D. TRAPHAGEN, Lincoln, Neb.
+THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, Cambridge, Mass.
+
+=For Composition=
+
+BOSTON TYPOTHETAE SCHOOL OF PRINTING, Boston, Mass.
+WILLIAM F. FELL CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
+THE KALKHOFF COMPANY, New York, N. Y.
+OXFORD-PRINT, Boston, Mass.
+TOBY RUBOVITS, Chicago, Ill.
+
+=For Electrotypes=
+
+BLOMGREN BROTHERS CO., Chicago, Ill.
+FLOWER STEEL ELECTROTYPING CO., New York, N. Y.
+C. J. PETERS & SON CO., Boston, Mass.
+ROYAL ELECTROTYPE CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
+H. C. WHITCOMB & CO., Boston, Mass.
+
+=For Engravings=
+
+AMERICAN TYPE FOUNDERS CO., Boston, Mass.
+C. B. COTTRELL & SONS CO., Westerly, R. I.
+GOLDING MANUFACTURING CO., Franklin, Mass.
+HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge, Mass.
+INLAND PRINTER CO., Chicago, Ill.
+LANSTON MONOTYPE MACHINE COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa.
+MERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY, New York, N. Y.
+GEO. H. MORRILL CO., Norwood, Mass.
+OSWALD PUBLISHING CO., New York, N. Y.
+THE PRINTING ART, Cambridge, Mass.
+B. D. RISING PAPER COMPANY, Housatonic, Mass.
+THE VANDERCOOK PRESS, Chicago, Ill.
+
+=For Book Paper=
+
+AMERICAN WRITING PAPER CO., Holyoke, Mass.
+WEST VIRGINIA PULP & PAPER CO., Mechanicville, N. Y.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Capitals, by Frederick W. Hamilton
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