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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of
+Winchester, by Philip Walsingham Sergeant
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Winchester
+       A Description of Its Fabric and a Brief History of the Episcopal See
+
+
+Author: Philip Walsingham Sergeant
+
+
+
+Release Date: January 12, 2007  [eBook #20346]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: THE CATHEDRAL
+CHURCH OF WINCHESTER***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Nick Kocharhook, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net/c/)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file
+      which includes the many original illustrations.
+      See 20346-h.htm or 20346-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/0/3/4/20346/20346-h/20346-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/0/3/4/20346/20346-h.zip)
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      1. Words and phrases which were italicized in the original
+         have been surrounded by underscores ('_') in this version.
+         Words or phrases which were in bold face have been
+         surrounded by pound signs ('#').
+
+      2. Inconsistencies in hyphenation or the spelling of proper
+         names and dialect or obsolete word spellings have been
+         left as they were in the original.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF WINCHESTER
+
+A Description of Its Fabric and a Brief History of the
+Episcopal See
+
+by
+
+PHILIP W. SERGEANT
+Late Scholar of Trinity College, Oxford
+
+
+[Illustration: WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL FROM NORTH-WEST END OF CLOSE.
+_S.B. Bolas & Co., Photo._]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+With Fifty Illustrations
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+London George Bell & Sons 1899
+First Published, Jan. 1898
+Second Edition, Revised 1899
+
+W. H. White and Co. Limited
+
+Riverside Press, Edinburgh
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL PREFACE
+
+
+This series of monographs has been planned to supply visitors to the
+great English Cathedrals with accurate and well illustrated guide-books
+at a popular price. The aim of each writer has been to produce a work
+compiled with sufficient knowledge and scholarship to be of value to the
+student of Arch�ology and History, and yet not too technical in
+language for the use of an ordinary visitor or tourist.
+
+To specify all the authorities which have been made use of in each case
+would be difficult and tedious in this place. But amongst the general
+sources of information which have been almost invariably found useful
+are:--(1) the great county histories, the value of which, especially in
+questions of genealogy and local records, is generally recognised; (2)
+the numerous papers by experts which appear from time to time in the
+Transactions of the Antiquarian and Arch�ological Societies; (3) the
+important documents made accessible in the series issued by the Master
+of the Rolls; (4) the well-known works of Britton and Willis on the
+English Cathedrals; and (5) the very excellent series of Handbooks to
+the Cathedrals originated by the late Mr John Murray; to which the
+reader may in most cases be referred for fuller detail, especially in
+reference to the histories of the respective sees.
+
+                                            GLEESON WHITE,
+                                            E.F. STRANGE,
+                                                _Editors of the Series._
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION
+
+
+It would be useless to attempt to record all the sources of information
+to which it has been necessary to have recourse in preparing this short
+account of Winchester Cathedral and its history; but I should like to
+acknowledge the main portion of the debt. "The Proceedings of the
+Arch�ological Institute of Great Britain in 1845" must, of course, take
+the first place, for to Willis's paper every one must go who wishes to
+know the cathedral well. Britton's "Cathedrals," Browne Willis's "Survey
+of the Cathedrals," and Woodward's "History of Hampshire," with the more
+recent Diocesan History of Winchester by Canon Benham, and the
+"Winchester Cathedral Records" of various dates, have been of great
+service. An article in the _Builder_ of October 1, 1892, and one on St
+Cross in _Architecture_ for November 1896, must also be mentioned. Above
+all, I am glad to be able to express my gratitude to one of the editors
+of this series, Mr Gleeson White, without whose assistance this account
+would never have been commenced. The engraving of the iron grill-work is
+reproduced from Mr Starkie Gardiner's "Iron-work," Vol. I., by
+permission of the Science and Art Department, South Kensington.
+
+                                               PHILIP WALSINGHAM SERGEANT.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAPTER I.--History of the Cathedral                            3
+
+CHAPTER II.--The Cathedral Building and Close                  16
+    The Exterior                                               19
+    The West Front                                             20
+    The North and South Sides                                  26
+    The Central Tower                                          27
+    The Transepts                                              27
+    The East End                                               28
+
+CHAPTER III.--The Interior                                     33
+    The Nave                                                   34
+      The Minstrels' Gallery                                   40
+      The Grill-work                                           43
+      The Norman Font                                          44
+      Wykeham's Chantry                                        46
+      Edingdon's Chantry                                       50
+    The Choir                                                  50
+      The Tomb of "William Rufus"                              52
+    The Reredos                                                55
+    The Transepts                                              61
+      North Transept                                           65
+      South Transept                                           65
+      The Library                                              71
+    The Feretory                                               72
+      The Holy Hole                                            72
+      Gardiner's and Fox's Chantries                           74
+    The Mortuary Chests                                        76
+    The Retro-choir and its Chantries                          79
+    The Lady Chapel                                            84
+    The Guardian Angels and Langton Chapels                    90
+    The Crypts                                                 93
+    The Stained Glass                                          94
+
+CHAPTER IV.--History of the See                                96
+
+CHAPTER V.--The Bishops of Winchester                         101
+
+CHAPTER VI.--Other Institutions connected with the Cathedral  118
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+                                                             PAGE
+The Cathedral from the North-West                  _Frontispiece_
+The Deanery                                                     2
+Old View of the North Side of the Cathedral                    11
+Monument to Bishop Ethelmar                                    15
+The Cathedral from the Deanery Gardens                         19
+The West Front                                                 21
+North-West Bay--Exterior                                       25
+East End--Exterior                                             29
+Nave, showing Screen before Restoration                        31
+Transformation of the Nave                                     35
+The Nave, looking East                                         37
+The Nave, looking West                                         39
+The Grill-work from S. Swithun's Shrine                        41
+The Norman Font                                                45
+William of Wykeham's Chantry                                   47
+The Choir, looking East                                        51
+The Choir Stalls                                               53
+The Altar and Reredos                                          57
+The North Transept                                             59
+View in North Transept                                         63
+Door to Henry de Blois' Treasury                               66
+Bishop Wilberforce's Monument                                  67
+South Aisle, from Transept                                     69
+Back of Feretory, with Bishop Gardiner's Chantry               73
+Bishop Fox's Chantry and Details                           75, 76
+South Aisle of Retro-choir                                     77
+Cardinal Beaufort's Chantry                                    81
+The Lady Chapel                                                85
+Details of Lady Chapel                                         85
+Bishop Langton's Chapel and Details                        89, 90
+Queen Mary's Chair                                             91
+Mortuary Chest in Choir                                        95
+Carving on Choir Stalls                                       111
+Details of Font                                               117
+Winchester College: "School"                                  119
+Winchester College: The Outer Gateway                         120
+Winchester College: Chantry Chapel                            121
+Winchester College: Inscription and The Trusty Servant   122, 123
+St Cross from the South                                       124
+St Cross from the Quadrangle                                  125
+St Cross: East End from Nave                                  126
+County Hall with Round Table                                  127
+The City Cross                                                129
+Tombstone in Churchyard                                       131
+The West Gate                                                 132
+PLANS OF THE CATHEDRAL AND CRYPTS                        134, 135
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE DEANERY, WINCHESTER.
+_S.B. Bolas & Co., Photo._]
+
+
+
+
+WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+HISTORY OF THE CATHEDRAL
+
+
+Unlike many of our cathedral cities, "Royal" Winchester has a secular
+history of the greatest importance, which not only is almost
+inextricably interwoven with the ecclesiastical annals down to a
+comparatively recent date, but should at times occupy the foremost
+position in the records of the place. To attempt, however, to trace the
+story of the city as well as that of the cathedral would be to
+recapitulate the most important facts of the history of England during
+those centuries when Winchester was its capital town. Its civic
+importance, indeed, was not dependent upon the cathedral alone, for
+before the introduction of Christianity into the island Winchester was
+undoubtedly the principal place in the south of England. The Roman
+occupation, though it seems a mere incident in its record, lasted over
+three centuries, about as long as from the reign of Henry VIII. to that
+of Queen Victoria. Richard Warner (1795) sums up the various names of
+Winchester when he speaks of "the metropolis of the British Belg�,
+called by Ptolemy and Antoninus Venta Belgarum; by the Welch or modern
+Britons, Caer Gwent; and by the old Saxons, Wintancester; by the Latin
+writers, Wintonia" ("Collections for the History of Hampshire").
+
+Even, therefore, when we read the account of the legendary king of the
+Britons, Lucius, founding a great church at Winchester in A.D. 164, we
+do not touch the source of its fame, nor have we discovered the record
+of the first building devoted to religious worship on the site of the
+present cathedral. How far certain references to early pagan temples may
+be trusted does not here concern us; but at Christchurch Priory, some
+thirty-five miles to the south-west in the same diocese, bones "supposed
+to be those of sacrificial birds" have been exhumed on the site of its
+church. There was, however, a relapse into paganism after the first
+dedication of the Christian building, so that there can be no certainty
+about the date of such discoveries.
+
+On the authority of Vigilantius' "_De Basilica Petri_" (_i.e._ at Wynton
+or Winchester), quoted by Rudborne in "_Anglia Sacra_," John of Exeter,
+and other writers, we have it that a great church was rebuilt from its
+foundations at Caergwent by Lucius after his conversion in A.D. 164; and
+that he erected also smaller buildings with an oratory, refectory, and
+dormitory for the temporary abode of the monks until the monastery
+itself should be completed. Quotations from another lost author,
+Moracius, provide us with the dimensions of this edifice, the length
+being variously given as 209 and 200 _passus_, the breadth as 80 and
+130, while the tower was 92 _passus_ in height. This church, it was
+said, was dedicated to S. Saviour in November 169, and endowed with
+property formerly held by the pagan priests. "The site of the monastery
+to the east of the church was 100 _passus_ in length toward the old
+temple of Concord and 40 in breadth to the new temple of Apollo. The
+north position was 160 in length and 98 in breadth. To the west of the
+church it was 90 in length and 100 in breadth, to the south 405 in
+length and 580 in breadth." Willis, from whom the above dimensions are
+quoted, does not attempt to reconcile the figures except in so far as he
+suggests _pedes_ for _passus_, substituting one foot for five. During
+the persecution of the Christians by Diocletian in A.D. 266 the
+buildings were destroyed; and the new church, dedicated to "S.
+Amphibalus," who was said to be one of the martyrs in that persecution,
+was not so large as its predecessor. In writers of the period we find
+occasional references to the "Vetus Coenobium" or old monastery at
+Winchester. The new building was not destined to remain long undisturbed
+in the service for which it was intended, for when Cerdic, King of the
+West Saxons, was crowned at Winchester and the pagans once more gained
+the ascendancy, the monks were slaughtered and the church, devoted to
+other rites, remained a temple of "Dagon" from 516 to 635. In the latter
+year S. Birinus, in pursuance of his mission from Honorius to "scatter
+the seeds of the holy faith in those farthest inland territories of the
+English which no teacher had yet visited," converted King Cynegils to
+Christianity. This king intended to erect a great new church, and, with
+that end in view, destroyed the desecrated building and granted the law
+for seven miles round to the monks whom he destined to take possession
+of the new building. He died, however, within six years of his
+conversion, and was buried before the altar of the partly-erected
+church. His son Cenwalh therefore completed the building, which S.
+Birinus dedicated to Christ in honour of the Holy and Indivisible
+Trinity. Birinus was followed by Aegelberht, afterwards Bishop of Paris,
+who resigned in 662; Wina, who died as Bishop of London, ejected in 666;
+and Eleutherius, who died in 676.
+
+So far the see was not at Winchester, but was temporarily placed at
+Dorchester in Oxfordshire. Under Hedda, the fourth successor of S.
+Birinus, the seat was at last moved to Winchester, in accordance with
+the intention of the royal founder, and at the same time the body of the
+saint, which had hitherto rested at Dorchester, was removed to the
+cathedral city. King Cenwalh himself also on his death was buried in the
+building which he had completed.
+
+Practically nothing is known of the actual Saxon building, and the very
+legends are scanty. We learn that the city was ravaged by the Danes two
+years after the death of S. Swithun, but the cathedral itself appears
+fortunately to have escaped damage.
+
+The bishopric of Athelwold, commencing with his consecration by Dunstan
+on November 29, A.D. 963, has more importance in the history of the
+cathedral than that of his immediate predecessors. He was chosen by King
+Edgar to undertake the work of a new monastery in which the king took
+such pleasure that he is said to have measured the foundations himself.
+This work carried out at Winchester by Athelwold is described at great
+length in a Latin poem by Wolstan. No doubt the florid eulogy of the
+poem is open to grave suspicion where it concerns the details of the
+building, but, even when we make full allowance for poetic exaggeration,
+the church appears certainly to have been a large and important one. The
+poem in its first form is reproduced in Mabillon's version of Wolstan's
+"Life of S. Athelwold," but in its entirety it consists of an epistle of
+over 300 lines to Bishop Elphege Athelwold's successor. Some passages
+deserve quotation. "He built," says Wolstan, "all these dwelling places
+with strong walls. He covered them with roofs and clothed them with
+beauty. He repaired the courts of the old temple with lofty walls and
+new roofs and strengthened it at the north and south sides with solid
+aisles and various arches. He added also many chapels, with sacred
+altars which distract attention from the threshold of the church, so
+that the stranger walking in the courts is at a loss where to turn,
+seeing on all sides doors open to him, without a certain path. He stands
+with wondering eyes until some experienced guide conducts him to the
+portals of the farthest vestibule. Here marvelling he crosses himself
+and knows not how to quit, so dazzling is the construction and so
+brilliant the variety of the fabric that sustains this ancient church,
+which that devout father himself strengthened, roofed, endowed, and
+dedicated." Later Wolstan speaks of Athelwold's addition of "secret
+crypts," of "such organs that the like were never seen," of a sparkling
+tower reflecting from heaven the sun's first rays, "with at its top a
+rod with golden balls and a mighty golden cock which as it turns boldly
+sets its face to every wind that blows." More might be quoted, but it is
+sufficient here to refer those interested in the matter either to the
+chronicle itself or to Willis in the "Proceedings of the Architectural
+Institute" for 1845. Though Wolstan thus describes Athelwold's
+undertaking at great length, it does not appear that the bishop actually
+did more than commence the restoration of the original buildings, for
+his successor is exhorted in the letter to carry out Athelwold's design.
+The chronicler Rudborne makes mention only of the dedication of a
+minster in honour of the Apostles Peter and Paul, in the presence of
+King Aethelred, Archbishop Dunstan and eight other bishops, on October
+20, 980 A.D. John of Exeter ascribes to Athelwold the entire rebuilding
+of the cathedral, but the Winchester annalist does not mention
+Athelwold's great works.
+
+From Athelwold's death to the succession of Walkelin the history of the
+cathedral is little more than a record of its bishops; but with Walkelin
+we reach a very important epoch in its existence. In 1079, the
+Winchester Annals relate, this bishop began to rebuild the cathedral
+from its very foundations, as was commonly done by the Norman
+ecclesiastics of the time. According to this account, it was in 1086
+that the king granted Walkelin, for the completion of his new building,
+as much wood from the forest of Hempage (three miles distant from the
+city on the Alresford road) as he could cut in four days and nights.
+Walkelin collected all the men he could, and within the given time
+removed the whole forest. The king, passing its site, cried: "Am I
+bewitched? or have I taken leave of my senses?" But the bishop, when he
+heard of his anger, pleaded to be allowed to resign the see if he might
+but keep the chaplaincy and the king's favour. At this William relented,
+saying: "I was as much too liberal in my grant as you were too greedy in
+availing yourself of it" (Willis). In 1093 the new church was formally
+consecrated, and on April 8, "in the presence of almost all the bishops
+and abbots of England, the monks came with the highest exultation and
+glory from the old minster to the new one: on the Feast of S. Swithun
+they went in procession from the new minster to the old one and brought
+thence S. Swithun's shrine and placed it with honour in the new
+buildings; and on the following day Bishop Walkelin's men first began to
+pull down the old minster, and before the end of the year they
+demolished the whole of it, with the exception of one apse and the high
+altar." When the old high altar was pulled down, we are told, "the
+relics of many saints were found." The cathedral, as Walkelin designed
+it, was for the most part so strong that its core and much of its actual
+work remains to this day; but the central tower lacked the stability of
+the rest, for on October 7, 1107, during the vacancy which occurred
+after Walkelin's death, it fell. The monkish chroniclers attributed the
+fall to the fact that William Rufus, "who all his life had been profane
+and sensual and had expired without the Christian viaticum" (Rudborne),
+was interred beneath it in 1100. William of Malmesbury, however, with a
+degree of incredulity rare in his days, says it may have been that it
+would have fallen in any case "through imperfect construction." He
+describes the burial thus:--"A few countrymen conveyed the body, placed
+on a cart, to the cathedral of Winchester, the blood dripping from it
+all the way. Here it was committed to the ground within the tower,
+attended by many of the nobility, but lamented by few. The next year the
+tower fell; though I forbear to mention the different opinions on this
+subject, lest I should seem to assent too readily to unsupported
+trifles."
+
+After Walkelin's death the history of the building is lost sight of for
+some time, owing to the continual disturbances which all England was
+undergoing. With De Lucy's accession, however, in 1189, considerable
+additions were made to the cathedral, in the form of the Early English
+retro-choir, of which the details are given later in this volume. De
+Lucy's work, it has been pointed out, was carried out in such a way as
+to leave the Norman building undisturbed as long as it was practicable
+to do so, the circular apse being left _in situ_ until the new external
+walls had been erected, while the presbytery itself was not touched
+until the Decorated Period set in. De Lucy would doubtless have made
+further alterations but for his death in 1204. As it was, two years
+before that event he instituted a confraternity to carry on his work for
+the space of five years, and to this body is due some of the work which
+is attributed loosely to him.
+
+It was during De Lucy's tenure of Winchester that Richard was re-crowned
+by the Archbishop of Canterbury after his return from captivity. He
+passed the night before at S. Swithun's Priory, and was brought thence
+in the morning to the Cathedral "clothed in his royal robes, with the
+crown upon his head, holding in his right hand a royal sceptre which
+terminated in a cross, and in his left hand a golden wand with a figure
+of a dove at the top of it, ... being conducted on the right hand by his
+chancellor, the Bishop of Ely, and on the left by the Bishop of London"
+(Roger de Hoveden). The Bishop of Winchester himself does not seem to
+have been present, probably on account of a dispute with the king.
+
+Another period of disturbance follows the comparatively quiet rule of
+Bishop De Lucy, and it is not until we reach 1346 that we come to a
+fresh outburst of architectural zeal on the part of the incumbents of
+Winchester. But Edingdon, and still more his successor Wykeham, left
+very lasting monuments of their occupancy at Winchester. It must not be
+forgotten that, while to Wykeham is due the credit of most of the actual
+transformation of the building, Edingdon must have first conceived,
+however vaguely, the design. Edingdon's attachment to Winchester is well
+illustrated by his quaint reason for refusing the offer of Canterbury:
+"if Canterbury is the higher rack, Winchester is the better manger." He
+is, indeed, charged with having left a considerable debt on the
+building, since his successor seems to have recovered a large sum from
+his executors, who had also to compensate Wykeham for large numbers of
+cattle which had "disappeared from the various farms of the bishopric."
+Yet it appears from Edingdon's own will that he began rebuilding the
+nave and left money for the continuation of the work.
+
+Wykeham, as we shall see, had already a reputation for architectural
+skill when first introduced to Edward III., and this reputation stood
+him in good stead in the matter of preferment. When he was elected to
+Winchester he found the bishop's palaces of Farnham, Wolvesey, Waltham,
+and Southwark in a very dilapidated condition, and he set these in order
+before he turned his attention to anything else. New College, Oxford,
+and Winchester College practically occupied him up to 1393; whilst his
+work in the cathedral was really the last great undertaking of his life,
+inasmuch as it was not finished at the time of his death. The actual
+method of Wykeham's transformation of the interior is described more
+fully elsewhere, and we will not therefore do more than quote a few
+words from Willis on the work done. "The old Norman cathedral was cast
+nearly throughout its length and breadth into a new form; the double
+tier of arches in its peristyle was turned into one, by the removal of
+the lower arch, and clothed with Caen casings in the Perpendicular
+style. The old wooden ceilings were replaced with stone vaultings,
+enriched with elegant carvings and cognizances. Scarcely less than a
+total rebuilding is involved in this hazardous and expensive operation,
+carried on during ten years with a systematic order worthy of remark and
+imitation.... Judging from the provision of his will of the expenditure
+for the last year and a half, the cost of this great work to the bishop
+in present money cannot be estimated at less than �200,000."
+
+Wykeham's successor, Beaufort, was far less a bishop of Winchester than
+an English statesman. His contributions to the architecture of his see
+are very small. He did indeed so add to the hospital of St Cross as to
+make it almost a new foundation; but in the cathedral he only left one
+monument, though this Milner styles the "most elegant and finished
+chantry in the kingdom," lying on the south side of the retro-choir.
+Waynflete, who followed him, left another fine chantry in a
+corresponding position to the north. Under Bishops Peter Courtenay and
+Thomas Langton, the latter of whom has his chapel at the east end, next
+the Lady Chapel, considerable additions were made to the architecture of
+the cathedral, though most of the credit is due to the priors Hunton and
+Silkstede, who seem to have been chiefly responsible for the new work.
+This included a prolongation of De Lucy's Lady Chapel, carried out in
+all probability between the years 1470 and 1524; and the erection of the
+present side aisles of the presbytery, in place of the original Norman
+aisles. In the latter year (1524) the side screens of the presbytery
+were added by Bishop Fox, whose motto can be read on them. The work of
+Fox, whose chapel is behind the reredos to the south, began in 1510, and
+was carried out under early Renaissance influence. He found the choir
+and presbytery converted, to a great extent, to the Decorated style,
+though the Norman aisles remained. He completed the transformation,
+adding the above-mentioned screens, together with a wooden vaulting. He
+would probably have also replaced with his own work De Lucy's additions
+at the east end and the Norman transepts, had he but had the time. This,
+however, he did not live long enough to do, for he died in 1528. Roughly
+speaking, his work lies between the transepts and the Early English east
+end.
+
+The Reformation Period did not benefit much to the architectural
+features of Winchester Cathedral, while it most certainly did them harm.
+"The bones of S. Swithun," says Woodward, "were doubtless lost at the
+Reformation, when his costly shrine was taken from the feretory, where
+it stood so long, and destroyed." The period was now at hand when many
+seem to have considered it a religious duty to destroy monuments, or at
+least deface them; and Winchester, though it suffered less than many
+churches, by no means escaped damage. Under Stephen Gardiner, however,
+no great evil befell the building. Gardiner's own chantry behind the
+reredos commemorates his connection with the cathedral, and distinctly
+illustrates the inferior taste of his day, when compared with the
+earlier tombs about him; though it might easily have been far worse. The
+Puritans maltreated it on other grounds than those of taste, it is to be
+feared. It was during Bishop Gardiner's tenure of the see that Philip of
+Spain and Mary were married at Winchester. Contemporary records by a
+Spaniard in Philip's suite, and by an English observer of the same date,
+recently revealed to us by Mr Martin A.S. Hume, set forth the story of
+the marriage most vividly. The king arrived from Southampton in a storm
+of rain, and "donned a black velvet surcoat covered with gold bugles and
+a suit of white velvet trimmed in the same way, and thus he entered,
+passing the usual red-clothed kneeling aldermen with gold keys on
+cushions, and then to the grand cathedral, which impressed the Spaniards
+with wonder, and above all to find that 'Mass was as solemnly sung there
+as at Toledo.' A little crowd of mitred bishops stood at the great west
+door, crosses raised and censers swinging, and in solemn procession to
+the high altar, under a velvet canopy, they led the man whom they looked
+upon as God's chosen instrument to permanently restore their faith in
+England." Two days after the wedding took place. Great attention is paid
+to the clothes by both English and Spanish narrators, and the ceremony
+and dresses were very magnificent; the Queen's ladies "looked more like
+celestial angels than mortal creatures." The Queen, we are told, blazed
+with jewels to such an extent that the eye was blinded as it looked upon
+her; her dress was of black velvet flashing with gems, and a splendid
+mantle of cloth of gold fell from her shoulders; but through the Mass
+that followed the marriage service she never took her eyes off the
+crucifix upon which they were devoutly fixed. The marriage took place in
+the July of 1554, and the chair used by Queen Mary is now standing in
+Bishop Langton's chapel.
+
+[Illustration: OLD VIEW OF THE CATHEDRAL (LOOKING SOUTHWARDS).]
+
+Some stormy years at the end of Gardiner's interrupted episcopacy and
+during the rule of his immediate successors did not much affect
+Winchester externally; but under Robert Horne the whole diocese suffered
+terribly through the "Puritanical" views of its bishop. The Norman
+chapter-house was pulled down, part of the lead on the cathedral roof
+was stripped off, and stained glass, architectural decorations, etc.,
+throughout the neighbourhood were ruthlessly destroyed. However, after a
+short period of comparative peace, far worse had yet to come. Under
+James I. and during the early part of the reign of Charles I., little
+happened to the building beyond the institution of Curle's passage
+through the buttress at the southern end of the cathedral, with its
+quaint inscription on the western wall. The Great Rebellion, as was only
+to be expected, brought Winchester into the utmost peril. The important
+situation of the town in the south of England caused it to become the
+centre of much hard fighting. Sir William Waller, whom Winchester has no
+cause to remember with affection, came very near to destroying the
+interior of the cathedral entirely. His troops marched right up the nave
+in full war equipment, some even being mounted. Tombs were defaced,
+relics scattered, statues mutilated, stained glass smashed, and the more
+portable objects carried out into the streets. It is difficult to
+estimate with any exactitude what was the whole extent of the damage
+done; but we have sufficient testimony in the broken figures, empty
+niches, etc., to see that it was great. One highly creditable incident
+in the midst of the general disgrace has been recorded--namely, the
+preservation from insult of Wykeham's chantry. This was the work of a
+Colonel Fiennes, who had been educated at Wykeham's College at
+Winchester. The protests of the inhabitants seem to have finally induced
+Waller to call off his fanatical troops from their work of destruction
+and violation. What might have happened to the cathedral, had this not
+been done, it is quite impossible to imagine. "Of the brass torn from
+the violated monuments" in 1644 "might have been built a house as strong
+as the brazen towers of old romances" (Ryves's "_Mercurius Rusticus_"
+quoted by Milner).
+
+Here the architectural history of Winchester Cathedral practically ends.
+We find tombs and memorial brasses of all dates, but until the modern
+restorations nothing of importance affected the actual appearance of the
+church. Among the few examples of Jacobean work to be seen within, the
+nave pulpit can hardly be classed, since it was brought from New College
+Chapel at Oxford as late as 1884. The two statues of James I. and
+Charles I. by the west door are the work of Hubert le Sueur, who came to
+England in 1628. The urns which were supposed in the last century to
+decorate the reredos have long ago been removed, as has also the gilt
+Jacobean canopy which formerly disfigured the centre of this screen; but
+Benjamin West's "Raising of Lazarus" still remains above the altar.
+
+This century's work in the cathedral is not very formidable in its
+extent. All of it is mentioned elsewhere in this book, and it is
+sufficient here to say that the erection of Sir G. Scott's choir-screen
+and the restoration of the reredos are the most noticeable "modern"
+features, though the latter was carried out on the old lines as nearly
+as was thought advisable. Sir G. Scott's additions to Winchester have by
+no means given universal satisfaction, severe language having been
+applied to them by more than one expert. The most recent alterations
+have consisted chiefly of a very necessary, though costly, strengthening
+of the nave roof. This work is, of course, invisible from the ground
+level, but can be reached from the stair in the south transept. A repair
+of the organ has also been provided for, and new glass has been inserted
+in the large south window of the Lady Chapel, in memory of Bishop
+Thorold.
+
+[Illustration: MONUMENT TO BISHOP ETHELMAR.
+(From Carter's "Ancient Architecture of England.")]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE CATHEDRAL BUILDING AND CLOSE
+
+
+Before any detailed consideration of the architecture of the cathedral,
+it is well to be clear as to the various dates of the chief parts. But
+it must here be remembered that practically in every instance the now
+existing portions replaced still earlier structures on the same site.
+Mention has been made already of the changes from the original building
+to the one commenced in the eleventh century. In 1079 Bishop Walkelin
+laid the foundations of a great Norman church, of which the transepts,
+the outer face of the south nave wall, the core of the nave itself, the
+crypts, and a portion of the base of the west front are still existing.
+Walkelin's work was completed in fourteen years, just before the end of
+1093. The tower fell in 1107, but was rebuilt soon afterwards in the
+form which we now see it. Bishop de Lucy's work, which came next in date
+(1189-1204), includes the Chapel of the Guardian Angels, flanking the
+Lady Chapel, at the north-east end of the cathedral, and the
+corresponding chapel on the south-east, which afterwards became the
+chantry of Bishop Langton. The piers of the presbytery probably date
+from about 1320. The west front was rebuilt in Edingdon's time
+(1345-1366), and a small part of the reconstruction of the nave, the
+first two bays of the north aisle, and a bay of the south are generally
+attributed to him. The great re-modelling of the nave, the outer walls
+of the presbytery, and the continuation of the Lady Chapel range in date
+of completion from the end of the fourteenth to the sixteenth century.
+So much, however, of each period has been altered, and often modified
+almost beyond recognition by later additions, that it is impossible to
+make more than a rough guess at the age of the various portions. The
+work of Wykeham and his successors is so important that it must be left
+until we reach it in its proper place.
+
+The ground covered by the actual building is one and a half acres in
+extent. The close is fine and extensive, and is surrounded by a high and
+stout wall which marks the limits of the old Benedictine monastery. The
+houses within the close are of widely different dates, from the Early
+English period to recent years. They comprise the official residences of
+the dean and the canons, together with some private houses. The changes
+made from time to time in the distribution of the ground have involved
+the disappearance of the old priory buildings, and it is not possible to
+trace with certainty their original form. The laying out of the close
+has concealed the ground plan of the cloisters which once adjoined the
+cathedral. What is now called by the name is the passage between the
+south transept and the former chapter-house, which was pulled down in
+1570 by the destructive Bishop Horne, in order, it is said, that the
+lead in the roof might be sold. Five extremely fine Early Norman arches
+which were once part of the chapter-house still remain, and may be seen
+in a line with the end of the slype, beyond the south transept. Some
+traces of small arches on what is now the extreme outer wall of the
+transept mark where arcading once ran along the inner wall of the
+chapter-house. No vestige of the roof remains. The "slype" is a passage
+which was cut through the southern buttress by Bishop Curle, to put a
+stop to the constant use of the nave and south aisle as a thoroughfare
+by the townspeople. The anagrams on the walls commemorate the purpose of
+the passage; the first, on the western arch, reading:--
+
+ILL\               PREC\
+    \                   \
+     >AC                 >ATOR
+    /                   /
+  H/       AMBULA    VI/
+
+and that over the eastern arch:--
+
+   /ACR\        S\        ILL\       CH\
+  /     \         \           \         \
+S<       >A        >IT         >A        >ORO[1]
+  \     /         /           /         /
+   \ERV/        S/        IST/        F/
+
+In the angle of an old extension of the chapter-house south wall are
+traces of the dormitory and infirmary which formerly stood there. The
+Early English doorway with Purbeck marble shafts seems to have led to
+this dormitory. To the south of this is the deanery or prior's hall, the
+acute external arches, which date from the reign of Henry III., forming
+a vestibule with a southern aspect, while above are some narrow
+lancet-windows. Although the original portion of this hall dates from
+the fifteenth century, it was considerably altered in the seventeenth,
+during the second Charles's reign. This king himself sometimes stayed at
+the deanery, where Philip of Spain lodged for one night before his
+marriage. Over a wooden building, which now serves as the dean's
+stables, is an ornamental timber roof of late thirteenth-century work,
+which was once part of the old pilgrims' or strangers' hall originally
+standing in this part of the close for the benefit of pilgrims to the
+shrine of S. Swithun.
+
+   [1] _Illac precator, hac viator ambula_ (That way thou that
+       prayest, this way thou that passest by, walk); _Sacra sit illa
+       choro, serva sit ista foro_ (That way is sacred to the Choir,
+       that for use to the market-place).
+
+In the south wall of the cathedral, close to the west front, there is a
+doorway which is reported to have led to the chapel and charnel-house
+mentioned by Leland. "S. Swithin, now called Trinity," he says, "stands
+on the south side of the town, and there is a chapelle with a carnarie
+at the west end of it." S. Swithin is, of course, the cathedral itself.
+Leland's other carnary, which must not be confused with this, was
+attached to a chapel "on the north side of S. Mary Abbey church at
+Winchester, in an area thereby, on which men entre by a certen steppes.
+One Inkepenne, a gentilman that berith in his shield a scheker sylver
+and sables, was founder of it. There be three tumbes of marble of
+prestes _custodes_ of the chapelle."
+
+Among the old houses which have vanished from the close is one in which
+Charles II. in vain requested Bishop Ken to allow Nell Gwynne to lodge;
+and one which was erected for her and not pulled down until this
+century. The cathedral precincts, however, still contain on the southern
+side several buildings well worthy of notice. A picturesque house yet
+standing is that which was known by the name of Cheyney Court. It now
+serves as a porter's lodge, and stands by the wooden-doored gateway
+which opens into Kingsgate Street. The doors are supposed to have come
+down to us from the thirteenth century. Previously this lodge was the
+courthouse of the Soke of Winchester, and the centre of the episcopal
+jurisdiction here. The old timbered front, with its barge-boards, was in
+1886 concealed behind a rough-cast cement coating, but in that year this
+was fortunately stripped away, and the present charming aspect revealed
+to the eye.
+
+[Illustration: SOUTHERN SIDE OF CATHEDRAL, FROM DEANERY GARDEN.
+_S.B. Bolas & Co., Photo._]
+
+#The Exterior.#--It would be difficult to deny that the exterior of
+Winchester Cathedral is disappointing, and few are likely to echo the
+opinion of an over-zealous admirer of the building who said that the
+longer one looks at it the more one feels the low central tower to be
+the only kind that would suit the huge proportions of the building. On
+the contrary, it may be said that it is impossible to look at Winchester
+without a feeling of regret that the superb mass of the great fabric,
+the largest medi�val church in England since the destruction of old S.
+Paul's, is not crowned by a loftier central tower. There is a legend to
+the effect that there were seven towers in the original design--the
+central one, two at the west end, and one at each angle of the
+transepts; and this seems to be supported by the solid character of some
+of the piers in the transepts. Yet, despite the rather ungraceful
+outline of the whole building, when its mere size is realised, it
+gradually asserts its importance and incontrovertibly proves its right
+to be considered one of the very finest structures in England.
+
+It will not be out of place to quote a short criticism which sums up the
+external qualities of the cathedral in a concise way:--"With the
+exception of portions of the late work in the presbytery, the exterior
+of Winchester is severe in treatment, and plain wall-space plays an
+important part in the design. Plain parapets and simply treated
+pinnacles characterise the work of the nave. The Norman transepts are
+externally but little altered, except by the insertion of Decorated
+windows to give more light to the altars in their eastern aisles; and De
+Lucy's work eastwards is, compared with some work of its date, simple in
+the extreme. Rather more elaboration was bestowed on the design of the
+new eastern bay of the Lady Chapel by Prior Silkstede and Bishop
+Courtenay; but, taken as a whole, Winchester has one of the simplest
+exteriors for its size and importance in the country" ("Winchester
+Cathedral" in _The Builder_ for October 1892).
+
+The ground-plan of Winchester Cathedral is in the form of a plain Latin
+cross, hardly broken in its outline save by the Perpendicular
+prolongation of the Lady Chapel at the east end. But, simple as is the
+plan, "the great length of the church" (to use the words of Fergusson)
+"is pleasingly broken ... by the bold projection of its transepts, which
+here extend, as usual in England, three bays beyond the aisles, their
+section being the same width as that of the nave." The width of the nave
+with the aisles is 88 feet, while the transepts measure, from east to
+west, 81 feet. The total length has already been given as 556, and the
+width from north to south across the transepts is 230 feet. The altitude
+of the walls is 75 feet, which is a foot less than at Peterborough,
+though three more than at Ely.
+
+#The West Front#, the work of Bishop Edingdon, has been roughly handled
+by its critics, though Britton calls it a fine specimen of Perpendicular
+architecture. The original Norman work demolished by Edingdon was, as
+excavations have proved, forty feet in advance of the present _fa�ade_.
+To judge by accounts of the destroyed portions, the west front in its
+earlier state must have been far more imposing than it is at present,
+for not only is it now commonplace in mass, but even the detail has no
+particular charm to atone for the change. The whole of this work appears
+so thoroughly Perpendicular in character that it has been questioned
+whether at such an early date as that to which it is assigned the style
+can have been so far developed. Woodward, indeed, though attributing to
+Edingdon the walls and the principal part of the west end, declares the
+tracery, the fronts of the porches, and much of the panelling to be
+later; but a comparison of Winchester with another church undoubtedly
+built by this bishop, at his native town of Edingdon, in Wiltshire,
+supports the tradition which credits him with its erection. Besides this
+evidence, we have additional proof in the fact that he left by his will
+certain property to be devoted to the completion of the nave. Late
+though his work may appear at first sight, yet when it is closely
+examined and compared with Wykeham's work the difference is very
+apparent.
+
+[Illustration: THE WEST FRONT, WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL.
+_S.B. Bolas & Co., Photo._]
+
+The whole western _fa�ade_ with its three bays is wanting in greatness,
+and its effect may be said to be that of a large parish church rather
+than a cathedral. Not only do we miss the western towers which are so
+often the most striking feature of an English west front, but the screen
+which masks the lower storey lacks the richness which distinguishes a
+somewhat similar feature at Exeter. The curiously poor appearance,
+notwithstanding its huge size, of the great west window is perhaps
+chiefly responsible for the want of dignity in the whole; nor is there,
+to redeem this, any delicate fancy in the tracery. The "merest stone
+grating" Willis terms the window, and though from so warm a panegyrist
+of the church this seems a severe criticism, no one can traverse his
+opinion.
+
+By way of further proof that the west front was Edingdon's work, Willis
+points out that, while in Wykeham's panels the masonry itself is
+carefully finished, and the same stones used for the ground of the panel
+and its mouldings, in Edingdon's work the monials and tracery alone
+exhibit good masonry, the panels being filled with rough ashlar. By
+other tests, too technical to quote here, the same critic makes it clear
+that the west front, with two compartments of the nave on the north and
+one to the south, must be attributed to Edingdon, though he probably did
+not finish the gable and turrets, which seem to be the work of Wykeham.
+The present state shows a gable rising in the centre, flanked by
+octagonal pinnacle turrets. On the apex of this gable is a canopied
+finial containing a niche wherein now stands a figure of William of
+Wykeham, the original statue, which was supposed to represent S.
+Swithun, having been removed to the feretory when the west front was
+restored in 1860 at a cost of �3000. The triangle of the gable is filled
+with tracery, the lower part of the central panels in which serve as a
+smaller square-headed six-light window above the parapet which crosses
+at the head of the great nine-light window. Buttresses assist in
+supporting the two towers, and lesser ones project to hide the sides of
+the porch, which, pierced by three doorways and crowned by a parapet,
+extends along the whole lower storey, across the nave and both aisles.
+Above the screen the pitched roofs of aisles may be seen. The bays
+containing the side windows, of four lights each, accord in style with
+the large central one, having also wall tracery in panels over the
+comparatively small surface of unpierced wall. The screen itself has
+three deeply-recessed portals with pointed arches, and a large canopied
+empty niche on each side of the main entrance.
+
+The central doorway is divided by a clustered shaft, where from spring
+two cinquefoil arches. The recessed portal has a groined roof, with an
+arcade of cusped arches on the main west wall, broken by the doorways
+which give admission to the nave. A pierced balcony of simple design
+crowns the whole of the screen and forms a gallery which is said to have
+been used for bestowing episcopal benedictions to the people outside the
+cathedral on festival days.
+
+The excavations which brought to light the old foundations of the
+original west front showed "a wall of 128 feet from north to south, and
+12 feet thick, with returns at each end of the same thickness 60 feet in
+length. At their eastern ends the walls again turn in at right angles
+and meet the present side aisles at 17 feet from each corner. Within the
+parallelogram thus partially traced two other walls run from east to
+west at a distance of 36 feet from each other." In a garden adjoining
+the west end of the cathedral at the time when these observations were
+made, part of the south-west angle of the walls still remained.
+Indications of the western towers were apparent; and Willis suggests
+that they were probably either unfinished, or in a threatening
+condition, so that Edingdon demolished them; even as at Gloucester the
+western towers of the cathedral were removed, and the _fa�ade_ was
+replaced by a perpendicular west front at the beginning of the fifteenth
+century.
+
+[Illustration: EDINGDON'S WINDOWS IN NORTH-WEST BAYS.
+North West Bay.
+Winchester Cathedral.
+H.P. Clifford
+
+From a Drawing by H.P. Clifford.]
+
+The original west front may very probably have been similar to that of
+Lincoln Cathedral, "unornamental," says a writer in _Architecture_,
+"save for some interlacing arches and dwarf blind arcades, and with no
+windows to reflect the setting sun, or to light the cavernous interior."
+
+The two westernmost bays of the #North side# are due to Edingdon, and we
+get here well contrasted the work of Edingdon and of Wykeham. In
+Willis's plan the difference can be clearly seen. The two windows to the
+right are heavier, lower, and broader, and display much deeper exterior
+mouldings, with "a most cavernous and gloomy appearance," while the
+window on the left hand is much narrower and lighter. The left-hand
+buttress is like the others on the north side of the church, whereas the
+other three are different from it and from one another, that on the
+extreme right, together with its pinnacle, being apparently just as
+Edingdon left it. The pinnacles and upper set-off of the two centre
+buttresses in the figure were added by Wykeham to Edingdon's underwork.
+The mouldings of Wykeham's windows are more elaborate than those of
+Edingdon's, where the tracery is similar to that of the west window. Of
+the bays on the north side the nine next to Edingdon's two, together
+with the three beyond the northern transept, are Wykeham's work, as are
+the three bays beyond the transept on the southern side and the
+extension of the Lady Chapel. Edingdon claims, beside what has been
+already mentioned, one bay on the south, next the west front. De Lucy's
+work consists of the three easterly bays on either side, and part of the
+Lady Chapel exterior. The rest of the bays are Norman, and the
+prevailing note is simplicity, not to say rudeness. The #South side# of
+the nave is almost devoid of decoration, the bays being merely divided
+by flat buttresses which do not reach below the bottoms of the aisle
+windows. The eleven windows in the clerestory above are all alike,
+divided only by flat buttresses. Aisle and clerestory both show a plain
+parapet and corbels. The bold buttresses on the north side, with their
+panelled and crocketted pinnacles, save it from the monotony of the
+south side, which, however, was once greatly concealed by cloisters and
+convent buildings, and is even now far more enclosed than the northern
+side.
+
+The low #Central Tower#, the coping of which is only 35 feet above the
+ridge of the transept roof, is Norman, though, as explained before, of
+later date than the transepts. It is of a simple square form, 150 feet
+high by 50 wide, and is divided by a string course into two storeys, the
+lower of which is plain with small round-headed windows; the larger
+upper storey has on each side three narrow round-headed windows, which
+form a kind of arcade round the upper part of the tower, surmounted by a
+zig-zag string course. At the angles are engaged shafts. The massive
+manner in which the tower was rebuilt in the eleventh century can be
+better appreciated from within, when we come to the piers which support
+it. The building has been said to prove that the Normans of the period
+were "still bad masons and imperfectly acquainted with the principles of
+construction," the masses of masonry employed showing an enormous waste
+of both labour and materials. But the architects at any rate gained
+their end, since the tower has stood to the present day. The strength of
+the original Norman work, indeed, is so great that for all the 250 feet
+of nave no flying-buttresses were required to support the later
+vaulting.
+
+The gables of the #Transepts# are not so high as those of the nave, but
+the clerestory parapets are on the same level. The side aisles are much
+lower than those in the nave or the presbytery. The parapets are plain,
+over a series of small arches supported by corbels; except that in the
+eastern aisle of the south transept the parapet rests on plain corbels,
+and above the western clerestory of the other transept is a cornice with
+Perpendicular bosses. In this clerestory, again, the buttresses are
+Perpendicular, whereas otherwise throughout the transepts they are flat
+Norman. Over the eastern aisle of the north there is no cornice or
+corbel; "the parapet," says Woodward, "with no more than a water-table
+under it, is carried across the gable of the north transept, so as to
+form an _alura_ above the buttress, in front of the circular window
+there." The Perpendicular rose-window in the northern gable cannot now
+be seen from the interior, being hidden by the transept ceiling, but in
+the illustration from _Britton_, on page 59, it is visible. The
+corresponding gable on the south shows panelling with interlacing Norman
+arches, but there are only two narrow lights. Many symptoms show that
+square towers were to have been erected flanking the transept gables.
+There is an unfinished turret at the north-east corner of the north
+transept, while the springing of an arcade and the generally incomplete
+appearance prove that a side tower was intended. The other three extreme
+angles of the transepts also bear out this view. The width from east to
+west of the transepts is enormous as compared with the height of the
+central tower above. It rather looks from the presence (barely
+perceptible from outside) of the westernmost windows of the presbytery
+aisles as if those who carried on Wykeham's work had meant to reduce
+this great width, and give more importance to the presbytery and
+retro-choir externally. It is certain, at any rate, that the Norman
+transepts narrowly escaped a complete transformation. That on the north
+side of the cathedral shows very considerable alterations, in the
+majority of its windows, from the old Norman pattern. A built-up doorway
+may be noticed under the first window from the west of this transept.
+
+The exterior of the #Presbytery# has only three compartments on each
+side, but in each there are four lights in aisle and clerestory alike.
+The windows are of the Wykeham pattern, though probably a little later
+in date than his work. The buttresses, which rise above the aisle roof,
+culminate in square panelled pinnacles, surmounted by crocketted ogee
+canopies. From these buttresses spring graceful flying-buttresses, with
+pierced spandrels running to the clerestory walls. On the northern side
+the plain parapet has over it a pierced battlement.
+
+The #East End#, as it now stands, is some 110 feet beyond the original
+Norman termination, and presents a square face, projecting with a flat
+parapet beyond the high gable over the actual east window. The Norman
+apse was demolished about 1320 in all probability, and the present
+polygonal end substituted for it. It seems that originally the aisles of
+the Norman presbytery continued round this apse, which was flanked by
+two small towers. The eastern chapel may have been dedicated to the Holy
+Trinity as at Canterbury, and probably extended as far as the western
+arch of the present Lady Chapel. The central gable of the old
+termination, rather acute in form, is richly decorated with panels and
+crocketting, and is crowned by a tabernacle wherein Bishop Fox is
+represented leaning on the pelican. "Three of the panels in the centre
+are pierced and glazed, forming a small square-headed window; and under
+it is a door opening upon an _alura_, behind a crenelated, panelled, and
+pierced parapet, over a cornice with bosses, at the base of the gable,
+and just above the east window" (Woodward). The Perpendicular east
+window has seven lights, and resembles, in the form of its head,
+Wykeham's windows. A portrait bust of Fox has been discovered on the
+north corbel of the hood-mould of this window, and the flying-buttresses
+(which, as Willis pointed out, the jointing of the masonry proves to be
+later insertions into the clerestory walls) have the pelican carved on
+them. The whole gable is flanked by richly canopied octagonal turrets,
+on which the flying-buttresses abut. The lower part of the east window
+cannot be seen from below, being lost behind the roof of the chantry
+aisles.
+
+[Illustration: THE EAST END--EXTERIOR. _S.B. Bolas & Co., Photo._]
+
+The whole of the eastern arm of the cathedral is curiously mixed in
+style, furnishing examples of Early English, Decorated, and
+Perpendicular architecture. Beyond the main east gable just described
+projects a low Early English structure of three nearly equally high
+aisles, of which the central or Lady Chapel has received a further
+Perpendicular addition. There has been apparently a slight subsidence of
+the Early English walls, which has caused the irregular look of the
+arches in the interior of the southern retro-choir aisle (see page 69).
+Above the plain string-course of the retro-choir there is in each
+compartment, under a level parapet, an arcade of narrow pointed arches,
+four in number, the central couple of each set being pierced and glazed,
+so as to form pairs of lancet windows. The Langton and Guardian Angels'
+chapels, which project not quite half as far as the Lady Chapel from the
+old eastern limit of the church, show a triple series of arcades,
+diminishing in size as they mount. The central arcade is much cut into
+on the eastern face by the large three-light windows of the lateral
+chapels. There is no parapet above the arcades. At the angles between
+these chapels and the retro-choir aisles are staircases enclosed in
+small octagonal turrets rising slightly above the adjoining parts with
+merely a plain parapet at the top.
+
+The #Lady Chapel# has at the end and at each side a fine seven-light
+Perpendicular window, the heads of the lights below the transom being
+cinquefoiled, while above each window is a cornice supported by small
+arches resting on corbels; over all is a pierced battlement, which is
+also crenelated at the actual east end. Below the east window of the
+Lady Chapel, between the two great buttresses with mutilated canopies on
+the two lower of their three divisions, there is some blank panelling,
+consisting of four shallow-arched recesses with a pilaster down the
+centre, each arch uniting two minor ones with cinquefoil cusps at the
+head and crowned by a quatrefoil with a rosette in the middle. There
+were originally four heads at the ends of the corbels under these
+quatrefoils, but the southernmost is broken away. A similar arcade runs
+along the southern wall of the Lady Chapel, but there is none on the
+north side. The two main corbel-tables at the east end show the arms of
+England and France and the bishop's device of three "torteaux." Under
+these, at a short distance from the ground, are two smaller windows,
+which give light to the Lady Chapel crypt. The panelling dates from
+about 1490, and is due to Bishop Peter Courtenay.
+
+[Illustration: NAVE, SHOWING THE SCREEN BEFORE RESTORATION.
+_A. Pumphrey, Photo._]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE INTERIOR
+
+
+The very first glimpse of the nave, as one enters by the west door,
+reveals the superb proportions of the interior. In spite of all
+statistics of its size, the outward appearance of the building hardly
+impresses the spectator with the fact that Winchester is the largest
+cathedral in Northern Europe, and it is not until one is within the
+walls that the great length of the cathedral begins to become real and
+its majesty is properly appreciated. The total span, from end to end, of
+556 feet, compared with the 537 feet of Ely, the 525 of York, the 524 of
+Lincoln, and the 516 of Canterbury, would not alone produce the effect
+of almost infinite vastness, and is certainly not realised either in a
+distant prospect from the hills or in a nearer view from the cathedral
+precincts. But when once the nave is entered, owing partly to the open
+and comparatively low choir-screen, the magnificent vault of nearly 400
+feet may easily be understood to have few rivals in the world. Certainly
+neither of the two buildings in England which are practically equal in
+size to Winchester Cathedral give the peculiarly overwhelming sense of
+length produced here. The old epithet of "Royal" may be said to apply as
+fitly to the cathedral as to the town, and it certainly is a worthy
+shelter for the bones of half-forgotten dynasties, and as fine a
+monument of an earlier England as Westminster is of later periods in the
+development of the country.
+
+Of course, as in all English cathedrals, a lack of colour and a sense of
+coldness and emptiness modifies any unqualified admiration which one
+might at first feel. But Winchester could well afford to admit far more
+than the most captious critic could utter against it, and yet claim to
+be the most stately nave that England can show. Despite the late
+recasting, the proportions are Norman, and the very core of the pillars
+is still the original Norman stonework. Notwithstanding the changes
+wrought by Edingdon and Wykeham, all the more petty detail of the
+Decorated period is lavished on a colossal structure planned with the
+simple magnificence of those that "builded better than they knew."
+
+Perhaps it is not quite fair to the later architects to attribute all
+the excellence of the work to the earlier builders, for the graceful
+columns of the nave's eleven bays which rise unbroken to where the
+roof-groining springs from their capitals are made by Wykeham to fulfil
+a new duty which entirely alters their whole aspect. The general effect
+has been said to be as if a Norman architect had expressed himself in
+the more refined idiom of the early fifteenth century. Yet the work of
+Edingdon and Wykeham was ruthless in its way. The original Norman nave
+of Walkelin consisted of the normal three storeys, of equal height in
+this case--the main arches, triforium, and clerestory. At the present
+day the main arches are fully half as high again as they were in the
+Norman cathedral, while the base of the clerestory has been brought down
+to meet them, so that the triforium appears to have vanished or rather
+to exist merely as a balcony over each arch. As a matter of fact,
+however, it was the old clerestory which was entirely removed and
+replaced by the present upper storey. On p. 35 we see on the one hand
+typical Norman work, of the character still existing at Romsey Abbey and
+Christchurch Priory--to mention only the two large churches nearest to
+Winchester. During the conversion of the nave the bases and capitals of
+the grouped shafts of the main arches were removed, together with all
+the masonry above them. This is not mere conjecture, for the Norman
+shafts and capitals which still remain on the north side of the nave, in
+the second bay from the crossing, where they were covered by the ancient
+rood-screen, show that the pier-arches of the nave sprang from the same
+height as those of the transepts; the Norman main arch of the triforium
+still exists in every compartment over the vault of the side aisles to
+prove that the triforium of the nave was practically on the same level
+as that of the transepts, and the tops of the Norman shafts yet
+remaining above the nave-vaulting are additional evidence that the nave
+was to all intents and purposes uniform with the transepts in its
+general arrangement. In the south aisle, moreover, there is to be seen
+the lower extremity of a Norman shaft, once covered by some votive altar
+or shrine which was removed during the destructive period of the
+Reformation. "It may be readily noted," says the writer of a recent
+article on Winchester Cathedral, "how the new ashlar was brought down to
+the level of this vanished altar, and how Wykeham's vaulting-shaft has
+been made to end in foliation where it once rose in receipt of prayers
+and wax-candles vowed in return for mercies vouchsafed." In the seven
+westerly piers of the south aisle, the Norman stonework has merely
+received new mouldings; while flat Norman buttresses can be seen outside
+between the clerestory windows, also on the south side.
+
+[Illustration: ELEVATION OF TWO BAYS OF THE NAVE,
+SHOWING ITS TRANSFORMATION.
+From Willis's "Architectural History of Winchester Cathedral," 1846.]
+
+On the division into two, in place of the usual three, storeys, it may,
+perhaps, be of interest to quote some remarks of Willis in the
+"Proceedings of the Arch�ological Institute." "The compartment of
+Wykeham's nave," he says, "is divided into two parts vertically instead
+of three; for although it has a triforium gallery, yet this is so
+completely subordinated to the clerestory window that it cannot be held
+as a separate division of the composition, as in the Norman work where
+the triforium compartment is of all importance and similar in decoration
+to the other two, although not exactly like them. In Wykeham's work, on
+the contrary, we find above the lofty pier-arch what at first sight
+appears to be a clerestory window divided at mid-height by a transom,
+and recessed under a deeply-pointed archway. But it is above the transom
+only that the real window is formed by glazing the spaces between the
+monials. Below the transom these spaces are filled with panels, and two
+narrow openings cut through the latter give access from the roof to a
+kind of balcony which projects over the pier-arches. In each compartment
+this balcony exists, but there is no free passage from one to the other.
+This mode of uniting the triforium and clerestory by the employment of a
+transom dividing the stone panels of the former from the glazed lights
+of the latter is common enough at the period of Wykeham's work and
+before it, but the balcony is unusual."
+
+It is needless to add any further explanation, since the diagram fully
+explains both the present state of the nave and the manner in which the
+transformation from the original Norman design was brought about; but it
+may be worth while to quote an architect's verdict on the general effect
+of Wykeham's work in the nave. "If we cannot admire all the details,"
+says this writer, "we can but bear tribute to the conception of the
+whole. Its lofty arcades give no space for triforium, and the proportion
+between the clerestory and the arcade is somewhat unsatisfactory. If we
+except the vaulted roof, and the chantry of the great Wykeham himself,
+and his predecessor Edingdon, this portion of the church may, with
+reason, be considered simple in its character, and bears distinct
+evidence of having been grafted on earlier work. The Norman columns
+still remain in one or two places towards the east end of the nave
+arcade, but with the exception of these and of the Norman masonry
+existing in the piers on the south, and perhaps portions of the aisle
+walls, all is transformed to Perpendicular detail" (_The Builder_,
+October 1892).
+
+[Illustration: THE NAVE, LOOKING EAST. _S.B. Bolas & Co., Photo._]
+
+Altogether there are, between the western doors and the piers supporting
+the tower, twelve arches on each side, one of each series being included
+in the choir. Hooks and brackets may be seen in the face of the piers at
+about three-quarters of their height; these were formerly used for the
+suspension of arras on occasions of great festivity.
+
+It has been practically established that the sculpture at least of the
+nave and its vault was not finished for nearly half-a-century after
+Wykeham's death. We find Cardinal Beaufort's arms and bust, and his
+device, a white hart chained, as well as Waynflete's lily, intermingled
+with the arms and bust of Wykeham. Under the triforium gallery is a
+cornice, in each compartment of which are to be found seven large
+sculptured bosses, representing a cardinal's hat, a lily, roses, etc. Of
+the compartments of the clerestory in the nave we have said that they
+have the appearance of a very fine Perpendicular window. All, however,
+except the upper part of the centre of these seeming windows is really
+panel-work. The old Norman main arch of the triforium may be seen behind
+this panelling, under the present clerestory windows.
+
+Until recently the mass above pressed very heavily on the nave-vaulting,
+but during the last and preceding years (1896-7) the strain has been
+relieved by the insertion of new supplementary timbers above the
+original Hempage Forest beams, which can still be seen by those who
+wish. The cost of this work of repairing the roof and vault has been
+about �9000, and so far has not at all exceeded the original estimate.
+In August 1897 a large amount still remained to be subscribed. As seen
+from below each division of the vault is "bounded by two
+vaulting-shafts, which rise to the level of the clerestory window-sill
+and send out from above the capital nine diverging ribs to the
+ridge-rib, by which the whole vault is divided into a series of bisected
+and interlacing lozenges, as the basis for all the groining" (Woodward).
+
+[Illustration: WEST WINDOW, FROM NAVE. _Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo._]
+
+The general effect of the nave can be gathered from the illustrations,
+which bring out well the appearance of height which is bound to impress
+the spectator standing near the central western door. In the nave aisles
+also a fine view may be obtained, the comparative narrowness
+counteracting the lessened height. As one looks down the church towards
+the west, it will be noticed that the western interior wall is
+practically entirely filled by the great window, for not only does this
+stretch across the whole width, but the mullions also are carried right
+down to the floor-level, a double series of panels occupying the space
+below the sill of the window. The glass in the window proper is, for the
+most part, very old, and, as is pointed out elsewhere (see p. 94), is
+arranged in patterns after the fashion of a kaleidoscope. This arises
+from the fact that the fragments of which it is composed are entirely
+disjointed, and probably incapable of being pieced together.
+
+The monuments and objects of interest in the nave are numerous, but
+chief perhaps are, on the north side, the Minstrels' Gallery, the old
+grill-work, and the font; and, on the south side, the chantries of
+Bishops Wykeham and Edingdon. But, first of all, though not on account
+of pre-eminent merit, should be mentioned the bronze statues of James I.
+and Charles I. to the north and south of the main west door, against the
+interior wall. They were executed by Le Sueur, the artist who executed
+the fine equestrian figure of Charles I. at Charing Cross. A note on the
+sculptor's payment for these bronzes may be seen in the "Record of
+Exchequer," from which it appears that he received �340 for the two,
+with a further �40 for "carrying and erecting them" at Winchester.
+
+In the north-west corner stands the #Minstrels' Gallery# or #Tribune#,
+the work of Edingdon. It is supported by two flattened arches springing
+from the pier shafts, and is panelled on its face and spandrels The
+panelling is decorated with flowered cusps, and the central bosses bear
+the arms of Wykeham. This gallery appears to have been intended for use
+on State occasions; now, however, it is merely used as a room in which
+the episcopal registers may be stored. In height it extends half-way up
+the neighbouring piers.
+
+[Illustration: IRON GRILL-WORK FROM S. SWITHUN'S SHRINE.
+_From Mr Starkie Gardiner's "Iron-work" Vol I., by permission of the
+Science and Art Department, South Kensington._]
+
+Near this, at the western end of the north aisle, is a door made up of
+four pieces of iron #Grill-work#, which originally stood at the top of
+the steps leading up from the south transepts to the retro-choir. The
+place where it used to be is still pointed out, and indeed marks are
+visible in the piers to which it was secured. A paper read to the
+Society of Arts by Mr J. Starkie Gardiner, describes the door as being,
+from its style, "the oldest piece of grill-work in England. The design
+is composed of sprays formed of two rolls of scrolls, welded to a
+central stem, like a much-curled ostrich feather, with lesser scrolls in
+the interstices and the major scrolls, each terminating in an open-work
+trefoil, or quinquefoil. The large scrolls are 5� in. in diameter and
+rather stout, the grill possessing great resisting powers, though it
+would not be hard to climb.... There is, unfortunately, no means of
+fixing the date, since no other grill resembles it; but, from the
+position indicated in the cathedral, it may well have been made as long
+ago as the eleventh or twelfth century." It was originally intended to
+keep the miscellaneous crowd of pilgrims to the shrine of S. Swithun
+from penetrating farther into the church by way of the south transept.
+They were obliged to enter and depart by the Norman doorway in the north
+transept.
+
+It will not be necessary to record all the monuments and the brasses
+which so abundantly cover the walls, but those of the greatest interest
+will be alluded to. In the fifth bay of the north aisle are two
+memorials of very different dates, those of the "Two Brothers of
+Avington" (1662), and of the novelist, Jane Austen, the youngest
+daughter of the rector of Steventon in Hampshire. Her monumental brass
+is affixed to the wall below the other, which records how the two
+brothers were "both of Oxford, both of the Temple, both Officers to
+Queen Elizabeth and our noble King James. Both Justices of the Peace,
+both agree in arms, the one a Knight, the other a Captain."
+
+In the next bay, opposite the Norman Font, is an inscription relating to
+Mrs Montagu, the founder of the "Blue Stocking" Club. It is to this
+effect:--"Here lies the body of Elizabeth Montagu, daughter of Matthew
+Robinson, Esq., of West Layton, in the County of York, who, possessing
+the united advantages of beauty, wit, judgment, reputation, and riches,
+and employing her talents most uniformly for the benefit of mankind,
+might be justly deemed an ornament to her sex and country. She died on
+the 25th August, 1800, aged 81."
+
+The #Norman Font#, which Milner called _crux antiquariorum_, is situated
+on the north side of the nave between the fifth and sixth pillars from
+the west front. It is one of a group of seven found in England; of which
+four are in Hampshire, at East Meon, S. Michael's (Southampton), S. Mary
+Bourne, and Winchester; two in Lincolnshire, in the cathedral and at
+Thornton Curtis; and one at S. Peter's, Ipswich. Of four similar fonts
+on the Continent, that at Zedelghem, near Bruges, is most like the
+Winchester example, and also illustrates the same legend. The material
+of which these fonts are made is a bluish-black calcareous marble, such
+as is still worked at Tournai in Hainault. The font before us is a
+nearly square block of marble supported on a solid central column
+ornamented with horizontal mouldings, with four disengaged pillars of
+lesser diameter, with "cable" mouldings, at each corner. The spandrels
+of the top are decorated with carved symbolic subjects, leaves and
+flowers on two sides, and on the other two doves drinking from vases out
+of which issue crosses, typifying baptism, it is said. It is rather
+curious that the artist has disregarded the usual symmetry, and filled
+his spaces without reference to the corresponding ones. On the north and
+east faces of the font are three circular medallions with symbolic doves
+and salamanders. On the south and west are scenes from the life of S.
+Nicholas of Myra, as was fully demonstrated by Milner; the north side
+showing the saint dowering the three daughters of a poor nobleman, while
+on the west he restores to life a drowned person, probably the king's
+son in one of the stories of his life, and rescues from death by the axe
+three young men who are about to be slain either by the executioner or
+by a wicked innkeeper, for there are two versions. Some authorities
+would find four scenes represented on the west side; but on what grounds
+it is difficult to see. There only appear to be two figures of the
+saint, and the two scenes are divided by what looks like a short
+vertical bar indicating a difference of subject (see p. 117). The cult
+of S. Nicholas of Myra grew rapidly in the twelfth century, being
+popularised by the crusaders. In this century it is known that the
+carved work at Tournai, whence it is probable that the black marble
+came, was remarkable for its symbolism. The font has been thought to be
+older, on account of its archaic figures, but, as the Dean of Winchester
+pointed out in a paper read before the Arch�ological Association in
+1893 (to which we are indebted for much of this account), the mitre
+which S. Nicholas is represented as wearing was not recognised as part
+of a bishop's official dress until the very end of the eleventh century;
+in fact, the particular form of mitre depicted appears to have been late
+twelfth century. The conclusion naturally arrived at is that the font is
+of Belgian origin, carved at Tournai between 1150-1200, and its presence
+at Winchester may well be due either to Henry of Blois or to Toclive.
+
+[Illustration: THE NORMAN FONT--SOUTH AND WEST SIDES.
+_Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo._]
+
+On the north side of the steps leading up to the choir is a brass tablet
+on a pillar, recording the merits of the "renowned martialist," Colonel
+Richard Boles, who fought on the king's side at Edgehill, and died
+bravely in a small action at Alton, Southampton, in 1641, his party of
+sixty being surprised by a large force of the rebels. "His gracious
+sovereign hearing of his Death gave him high Commendation, in that
+passionate expression,--Bring me a Moorning scarf, I have lost one of
+the best Commanders in the Kingdome." Between the ninth and tenth
+pillars on this side is the tomb of Bishop Morley, with an epitaph
+written by himself at eighty years of age. By the next pillar is the
+monument of Bishop Hoadley, with a good medallion-portrait of him on it.
+
+On the south side of the nave we find two remarkable tombs, of which the
+first is the #Chantry of William of Wykeham#, called by Timbs "one of
+the best remaining specimens of a fourteenth century monument." It
+stands, where Wykeham erected it, "in that part of the cross (formed by
+the church) which corresponds to the Saviour's pierced side," and
+occupies the space between the piers which enclose the fifth bay from
+the west end. The site is said to have been previously occupied by an
+altar dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, Wykeham's patroness. He left
+directions, moreover, that three monks should celebrate masses thrice
+daily in his chantry, receiving for this one penny a day, while the boys
+who were to sing there nightly were assigned 6s. 8d. a year. Needless to
+say, his wishes are not now carried out. The stone-screen which
+surrounds the chantry is of beautiful and elaborate workmanship, the
+effect of which has been compared to lace, while above graceful shafts
+support a canopy, of which the pinnacles rise to the level of the
+triforium gallery. At the east end are traces of an altar and credence
+table, and close by is a piscina. Above are two rows of canopied niches,
+which, however they were originally occupied, have for long been
+untenanted until quite recently. During the early part of 1897 the
+pedestals have been filled with ten statue of modern workmanship.[2] A
+row of five empty niches runs along the western wall. The vault of the
+chantry is richly groined with lierne work; it is tinted a vivid blue on
+the back-ground, and the bosses on the groins are gilt. The ironwork in
+this chantry is also noticeable. The tomb within has fortunately
+suffered but little from time, and, thanks to the courage of one of the
+pupils in Wykeham's foundation at Winchester, Colonel Nathaniel Fiennes,
+the Parliamentarians left both this monument and the college buildings
+untouched. On the tomb itself lies the figure of Wykeham with his hands
+folded across his breast, habited in Episcopal robes and mitre, his
+crozier on his shoulder. Three small figures of monks praying kneel at
+his feet, while his head is slightly raised up by supporting angels. A
+little arcade runs all round the tomb, with a series of shields in the
+spaces, containing his arms and motto "Manners Makyth Man" and the arms
+of the see of Winchester. His epitaph, on a slip of red enamelled brass
+in a chamfer round the edge of the tomb, has been thus translated:--
+
+    Here, overthrown by death, lies William, surnamed Wykeham.
+    He was Bishop of this Church, which he repaired.
+    He was unbounded in hospitality, as the rich and poor alike can prove.
+    He was also an able politician, and a counsellor of the State.
+    By the colleges which he founded his piety is made known;
+    The first of which is at Oxford and the second at Winchester.
+    You, who behold this tomb, cease not to pray
+    That, for such great merits, he may enjoy everlasting life.
+
+   [2] "One method of commemorating the Quincentenary of Winchester
+       College (1893) was the insertion of statues into the niches of
+       the Founder's Chantry in the Cathedral. The work was done by Mr
+       Frampton, A.R.A., under the direction of Mr Micklethwaite. The
+       subjects are the Virgin and Child, with Angels; William of
+       Wykeham, presenting a scholar of Winchester; and a Warden of New
+       College, presenting a scholar of that college (the artist worked
+       with a photograph of the present Warden before him); the Pastor
+       Bonus with SS. James and John; SS. Peter and Paul. The altar and
+       fittings were presented by Colonel Shaw Hellier; the cross being
+       inscribed with the chronogram;--nVnC gLorIa In eXCeLsIs Deo et In
+       terra paX hoMInIbVS bonae VoLVntatIs" (_The Church Times_, Aug.
+       20, 1897).
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM OF WYKEHAM'S CHANTRY.
+From Britton's "Winchester."]
+
+As one proceeds along the nave toward the east, the choir is reached by
+two flights of four steps each with a landing between, over which
+formerly there extended a rood-loft from pillar to pillar, bearing on it
+Stigand's great cross. To the south of these choir steps and adjoining
+the intermediate landing is the #Chantry of Bishop Edingdon#, the
+earliest in date of the chapel-tombs at Winchester. The chantry is very
+plain in comparison with the others in the cathedral, and apart from the
+tomb there is only a slightly raised platform at the east end, without
+an altar. A shaft of the large pillars runs down the centre of the east
+and west interior walls. On the tomb lies the figure of the Bishop _in
+pontificalibus_, his stole bearing the symbolic and much-disputed
+"Fylfot" cross, which has been interpreted as a sign of submission.
+Edingdon's curious Latin epitaph, given on page 107, is on a blue
+enamelled strip of brass on the edge of the tomb.
+
+Close to Edingdon's chantry is the #Nave Pulpit#, which is in itself a
+good piece of Jacobean work, though not happily situated in the nave of
+Winchester. It stood formerly in the chapel at New College, Oxford, and
+did not appear at Winchester until 1884, when it was presented by
+members of the Mayo family. If one stands facing east in the aisle to
+the right of this pulpit, one of the most picturesque views in the
+cathedral lies before one, through part of the south transept and up the
+southern ambulatory of the retro-choir to the bright colours of
+Langton's chapel window at the end. It will readily be noticed how out
+of the perpendicular are the piers of this ambulatory as one approaches
+the east end of the church. This seems to have arisen through a slight
+subsidence of the ground here.
+
+The original rood-screen exists no longer, and in its place we have but
+a modern copy, by Sir Gilbert Scott, of the work in the Decorated choir
+stall canopies. This oak #Choir Screen#, which is all that breaks the
+view between west porch and reredos, has not met with much approval, and
+the pallor of its wood does not contrast agreeably with the rich colour
+of the old choir stalls. This, however, cannot with justice be made a
+ground for complaint against the architect, who modelled his work as far
+as possible on the original.
+
+As one enters the #Choir#, which is raised above the level of the nave
+by the two sets of four steps, the stalls above-mentioned will be found
+to reach on either side from the eastern piers of the central tower to
+the first piers of the nave. They are of carved oak and are possibly the
+best existing examples of their date in England. The style is Early
+Decorated, and Willis points out the similarity between their canopies
+and gables and those of Edward Crouchback's chapel in Westminster Abbey.
+The details are varied and graceful, with the design of each pair
+coupled under a pointed arch with a cinquefoil in its head, which is
+again surmounted by a high crocketted gable. The oak has turned a superb
+hue with age, very different from the colour of the modern screen which
+is banked by the reveals of the old bishop's throne. The _misereres_
+below are much earlier in date than the canopies, but do not go quite so
+far back as those at Exeter, which may be assigned to about 1230. The
+desks and stools of the upper tier show the date 1540 and bear also the
+initials of Henry VIII., Bishop Gardiner, and Dean Kingsmill. The pulpit
+on the north side of the choir was given by Prior Silkstede, whose name
+it bears, and is also of finely carved work. Above the choir stalls on
+the northern side is the organ, which was repaired this year.
+
+[Illustration: THE CHOIR, LOOKING EAST. _H.W. Salmon, Photo._]
+
+Toward the east end of the choir stalls, in the centre of the pavement,
+lies the much-disputed #Tomb of William Rufus#. It is a plain coped
+tomb, constructed of Purbeck marble. Since it was known that William was
+buried originally beneath the tower, this tomb was assumed to be his,
+and in Cromwell's time it was violated, when, as Milner relates, there
+was found therein, "besides the dust, some pieces of cloth embroidered
+with gold, a large gold ring, and a small silver chalice." The very fact
+of these discoveries, however, tend to prove that the grave was not that
+of Rufus. It is now frequently held that it is that of Henry of Blois,
+who is known to have been buried "with much honour before the high
+altar"; Rudborne records that he was _sepultus in ecclesia sua coram
+summo altari_. Yet others suppose that he still lies in the space
+_before_ the altar. The ring found in Cromwell's time, set with a
+sapphire which denotes a bishop, may be seen in the cathedral library.
+When the contents of the tomb were last examined, on August 27, 1868,
+the remains, though much disturbed by the previous violation, indicated
+a man of about 5 feet 8 inches, and fragments of red cloth with gold
+embroidery were to be seen. It was also gathered that the body had been
+wrapped in lead, as Henry of Blois was said to have been.
+
+The vaulting of the presbytery, which is of timber carved to imitate
+stone, is remarkable for its very fine and brilliantly coloured bosses,
+forming a quite unique collection of designs. Milner mentions as the
+chief among these, "the arms and badges of the families of Lancaster and
+Tudor, the arms of Castile, of Cardinal Beaufort, and even of the very
+sees held successively by Bishop Fox. The part of the vaulting from the
+altar to the east window bears none but pious ornaments: the several
+instruments of the Saviour's Passion, including S. Peter's denial, and
+the betrayal in the Garden of Gethsemane, the faces of Pilate and his
+wife, of the Jewish high priest, Judas kissing Jesus, Judas' money-bag,
+the Veronica"--this is immediately above the place of the cross on the
+reredos--"the Saviour's coat, with the Cross, crown of thorns, nails,
+hammer, pillar, scourges, reed, sponge, lance, sword with the ear of
+Malchus upon it, lanthorn, ladder, cock, dice, etc." Under the tower the
+vaulting is of wood, dating from 1634. Before this year the
+choir-lantern was visible from below, with its striking late Norman
+stonework divided into two tiers. It has been proposed to re-open the
+lantern, but this would necessitate the removal of the bells from the
+tower, a matter of considerable expense. It would also be a pity to take
+down the vaulting with its various devices, including the arms, etc., of
+Charles I., his queen, and the Prince of Wales, a medallion of the two
+former, the Scotch and Irish arms, and those of Archbishop Laud, Bishop
+Curie, and Dean Young. The central emblem is that of the Trinity, with a
+"chronogram" indicating the year 1634 thus:--sInt DoMUs hUjUs pII reges
+nUtrItII regInae nUtrICes pIae. The larger letters, picked out in red,
+serve as Roman figures which added together make up the required number.
+
+[Illustration: THE CHOIR STALLS. _Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo._]
+
+From the commencement of the choir to the high altar are eleven steps,
+making nineteen in all from the level of the nave. This elevation, of
+course, much enhances the imposing effect of the altar and reredos as
+seen from the lower plane. It is due to the existence of the Norman
+crypt beneath, and can be paralleled both at Canterbury and at
+Rochester. The raised platform includes the presbytery with its aisles
+and the retro-choir, and extends under the central tower to the second
+pillar beyond. The nave and transepts are thus on a lower level. Before
+the altar are rails which date from the reign of Charles I., while the
+Altar Books were presented to the cathedral by Charles II.
+
+The great #Reredos#, which separates the presbytery from the feretory
+and the eastern end of the church, is, to judge from its style, late
+fifteenth-century work. It has been attributed to Cardinal Beaufort, and
+to Bishop Fox and Prior Silkstede, but no inscription or armorial
+details can be discovered to confirm either of these suppositions. It is
+similar in character to the altar-screens of Christchurch Priory, Hants,
+and S. Mary Overy (S. Saviour's, Southwark); but, less fortunate than
+the former, it was despoiled of all the statues which once filled its
+niches, while it has not "the exquisite grace of detail which marks the
+choir of angels at Southwark." The reredos at S. Albans, in the same
+style, though not so large, was erected between 1476 and 1484; and, as
+at Winchester before 1899, shows a cross-shaped space where, according
+to legend, a huge silver crucifix was placed. Now once more, as in the
+sixteenth century, there is a figure on the great cross. It is curious
+to note an attempt, during the rage for pseudo-classic architecture in
+the last century, to beautify the reredos by placing sham funeral urns
+in its niches. These were fortunately removed in 1820, and in recent
+years they have been replaced by a series of statues intended to
+reproduce as far as possible the original effect. In the _Builder_ for
+October 10, 1892, a large reproduction was given of a very interesting
+drawing by the late Mr J.W. Sedding, showing the whole screen completely
+restored; but this scheme was unfortunately not used. A large
+oil-painting, "The Raising of Lazarus," by Benjamin West, purchased in
+1782 by Dean Ogle, till 1899 hung immediately over the altar. Before
+1818 a huge wooden canopy in Jacobean style, freely enriched with gold,
+covered all the central portion of the screen. This was due to Bishop
+Curie.
+
+The reredos is so large that it occupies the whole of the space between
+the choir piers, and, being constructed of a very white stone, is the
+prominent feature of the choir. The work is very elaborate, the whole
+screen being arranged in three tiers with canopied niches containing
+eighteen large statues, while smaller figures--kings, saints, angels,
+etc.--occupy the splays between. The pinnacles are pierced and
+crocketted, and there is a central projecting canopy over the place of
+the original crucifix. On either side of the high altar is a door
+leading to the feretory at the back of the reredos, and these have in
+their four spandrels interesting groups of fifteenth-century sculpture,
+representing various scenes in the life of the Virgin, the Annunciation,
+and the Visitation of S. Elizabeth, still showing traces of colour. The
+fact that these carvings have escaped destruction, just as the lower
+tier at Christchurch escaped, is only to be explained on the assumption
+that they were hidden behind some panelling since removed, for of all
+images which provoked iconoclastic fury those representing the Virgin
+were the most certain to be attacked. The whole is crowned by a triple
+frieze of leaves, Tudor roses, and quatrefoils, at a height little short
+of the corbels which support the arches of the roof.
+
+[Illustration: THE ALTAR AND REREDOS. _H.W. Salmon, Photo._]
+
+The eighteen larger statues were, and are now, since the restoration of
+the reredos, arranged in the following order. In the uppermost tier, to
+the left and right of the head of cross, were S. Peter and S. Paul, who
+were the patron saints of the church. Two on either side of these were
+the four Latin Doctors, SS. Augustine, Gregory, Jerome, and Ambrose.
+"Below these, on the middle tier, we had two great local bishops, S.
+Birinus, first occupant of the see, standing beside the figure of the
+Virgin, and on the other side S. Swithun, the benevolent bishop,
+patron-saint of the church: beyond them, over the two doors, were SS.
+Benedict and Giles,[3] the one founder of the Order to which the Priory
+belonged, the other the Hermit Saint, who always pitched his tabernacle
+just outside the walls of medieval cities; he is here set in honour to
+commemorate S. Giles' Hill, and especially S. Giles' Fair, from which
+the Convent reaped great benefit" (Dean Kitchin: "Great Screen of
+Winchester Cathedral"). Outermost on this tier stand the statues of the
+two deacons, SS. Stephen and Lawrence. In the lowest tier, on either
+side of the altar, stand SS. Hedda and Ethelwolf, two of the most famous
+Anglo-Saxon bishops of the see of Winchester. Next these saints there is
+the doorway on either side and beyond these doors are statues of King
+Edward the Confessor, and S. Edmund the King. Between the figures of SS.
+Swithun and Birinus, stand statues of the Virgin and S. John, while
+above the arms of the Cross are the four Archangels, Uriel, Gabriel,
+Michael, and Raphael. In all there are now fifty-six statues on the
+screen, the smaller figures including famous kings, bishops, women, and
+a representation of Izaak Walton.
+
+   [3] The charter of William Rufus which gave permission for S.
+       Giles' Fair still exists, and may be found, with a commentary by
+       Dean Kitchin, in the "Winchester Cathedral Records." The Fair was
+       granted for three days (August 31, September 1 and 2) on the
+       "eastern hill," known as S. Giles' Hill. The object of the Fair
+       "was evidently," says Dean Kitchin, "to help the Bishop in
+       completing his great Norman Church.... Parts of the proceeds of
+       the Fair were at a later time assigned to Hyde Abbey, to S.
+       Swithun's Priory, and to the Hospital of S. Mary Magdalen."
+
+Above the altar it is said that there was once "a table of images of
+silver and gilt garnished with stones." These images are conjectured to
+have represented Christ and his disciples, possibly at the Last Supper;
+but no traces remain of them. From 1782 till 1899 West's picture, "The
+Raising of Lazarus," now in the South Transept, hung here. The place is
+now more happily occupied by a representation of the Incarnation.
+
+[Illustration: THE NORTH TRANSEPT. From Britton's "Winchester."]
+
+The most recent feature of the screen is the great central figure of
+Christ Crucified, the gift of Canon Valpy and the work of Messrs Farmer
+and Brindley. The final restoration of the screen by the filling of the
+space left vacant for three centuries was commemorated by a solemn
+dedication service, held at the Cathedral on March 24, 1899.
+
+On the reredos as a whole, one authority has said that "no description
+could do justice to the beauty and effect of the whole work." But
+another has declared that "a huge screen of this uncompromising
+squareness of outline is a flagrantly artless device which in previous
+periods (to the latter half of the fifteenth century) would have been
+impossible." Milner again describes its "exquisite workmanship" as being
+"as magnificent as this or any other nation can exhibit." Doctors most
+certainly differ here.
+
+It will perhaps be most convenient to deal at this point with the
+#Transepts#, of which the western walls are almost level with the
+choir-screen. Having been but little injured by the fall of the tower in
+1107, they still remain to a great extent what they were when originally
+built by Walkelin. We therefore get the massive and rugged early Norman
+walls still divided into the three nearly equal storeys which in the
+nave have given place to two. Where the fall of the central tower
+necessitated a partial rebuilding, the difference between the Early and
+the Late masonry is very evident. That of the transepts generally is
+coarse and very thick, as is the case with all Early Norman stonework.
+The new masonry, on the other hand, recalls what William of Malmesbury
+says of the Later Norman masonry at Salisbury, when he speaks of "the
+courses of stone so correctly laid that the joint deceives the eye, and
+leads it to imagine that the whole wall is composed of a single block."
+The juncture of the two works at Winchester can be easily traced. Of the
+general style of the transepts, Willis says: "The architecture is of the
+plainest description. The compartment of the triforium is very nearly of
+the same height as that of the pier-arches, and the clerestory is also
+nearly the same height.... Each pier-arch is formed of two orders or
+courses of voussoirs, the edges of which are left square, wholly
+undecorated by mouldings. This is the case with the pier-arches of Ely
+transept, but in the arches of the triforium at Ely, and in every other
+Norman part of that cathedral, the edges of the voussoirs are richly
+moulded. In Winchester transept, on the contrary, the arches of the
+triforium and clerestory are square-edged like those of the pier below
+and hence arises the peculiarly simple and massive effect of this part
+of the church." Between the tower-piers and the terminal walls of each
+transept there are three piers, making four compartments, the farther
+two of which from the nave and choir open into the terminal aisles. The
+arches were all originally plain, semi-circular, and square-edged, and
+are supported by shafts with the cushioned capitals so characteristic of
+the ruder Norman style, and the bases are simple with a chamfer and
+quarter-round, very different from the ornamental Late Norman bases,
+such as may be seen at S. Cross, Winchester, for example. Where the
+Later Norman work has taken the place of the original, we find stronger
+piers. The vault above is groined, but there are no ribs. Nothing,
+however, can now be seen of the vaulting above the level of the
+side-walls, since a flat wooden ceiling, painted in "Early Tudor" style
+was put up in 1818, by which, among other things, the rose-window in the
+gable of the north transept was hidden, though in Britton's view, which
+we give on page 59, we have the transept previous to the timbering. Each
+transept has an eastern and a western aisle, while at the extreme ends
+there are aisles rising to pier-arch level, consisting of two arches,
+which a triple bearing-shaft supports in the centre. A kind of gallery
+is formed at the terminations of the north and south transepts, over and
+beyond which may be seen the triforium and clerestory windows. This can
+best be appreciated by a reference to the illustration, Plate XV.
+Possibly this platform or gallery was not originally so bare as it
+appears at the present day, but there is no doubt that it was built in
+order that processions might pass round on the triforium level.
+
+It has been mentioned that when the tower was rebuilt the columns
+nearest it in the transepts were strengthened. They now, indeed, present
+a singularly massive outline to the eye, and contrast strongly even with
+the remaining Norman pillars in the transepts. The arches also are
+changed. All were once semi-circular, but the rebuilding necessitated a
+change of the first and second from the actual tower-pier into the
+stilted or "horse-shoe" form. They are doubly recessed (except those
+supporting the end platform, which have but one soffit), and present
+quite plain and unadorned square edges.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW IN NORTH TRANSEPT. _Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo._]
+
+In each transept there is at the eastern angle a spiral staircase
+leading up to the roof.
+
+If we take first the #North Transept#, there will be found at the
+southern end, against the side wall of the choir, and between the two
+great tower-piers, the Chapel of the Holy Sepulchre, a small compartment
+which contains some interesting and still distinct mural paintings on
+the roof and walls, representing scenes of the Passion, etc. The most
+striking is a large head and bust of Christ on the easternmost division
+of the vaulting. One hand holds the Gospels, with the inscription _Salus
+Populi Ego Sum_. On the wall beneath are the Descent from the Cross and
+the Entombment. The Nativity and Annunciation also appear on the roof,
+while on the walls are the Entry into Jerusalem, the Raising of Lazarus,
+the Descent into Hell, and the Appearance to Mary Magdalene in the
+Garden.
+
+Two of the Norman piers on the eastern side of this transept have
+received very elaborate canopies of the Decorated period, under which it
+is probable that there were at one time altars. Some Early English work
+may be seen in the heads carved on some of the larger shafts and the
+caps of the subsidiary pillars, a noticeable figure being "a monk
+crouched in a caryatidal attitude and holding a chess-board."
+
+The modern entry to the crypts is in the south-east interior wall of
+this transept, the old means of entrance, through the "Holy Hole,"
+having been blocked up.
+
+The large tomb in the north transept is that of Prebendary Iremonger. On
+the western wall, at the end of the transept, are very faint traces of
+mural paintings, representing S. Christopher carrying Christ, etc., and
+it is probable the transepts were once thus decorated throughout.
+
+The #South Transept# has received far more additions to its interior
+decorations than has the north. In the back of the choir-wall is
+recessed Sir Isaac Townsend's memorial, not a very noteworthy object.
+Just under it there now stands the old oak settle which was once used by
+the Norman monks. In the central space of the transept itself is a large
+monument to Bishop Wilberforce, showing beneath a canopy a life-sized
+figure, with mitre, cope, and staff, on a slab borne by six kneeling
+angels. A Latin inscription records his birth on 1st September 1805, and
+his death on 19th July 1873. The monument is the work of Sir Gilbert
+Scott, and has met with some severe attacks. It certainly is out of
+place in its Norman surroundings. The aisles of the south transept are
+divided up into six chambers, of which the larger of the two westernmost
+is used as a chapter-room, and does not betray its age by its present
+appearance; the one next the body of the church, Milner's "ancient
+sacristy," but now known as Henry of Blois' treasury, serves as a boys'
+vestry. The Norman work over the door must not be overlooked. The
+chamber to the extreme south is the entrance lobby to the south door,
+which leads into the "slype" or passage running between the church and
+the old chapter-house. Leading out of it is the ancient "calefactory,"
+where the fire for the censers and thuribles was preserved. Panelled oak
+screens enclose this room on both sides. Next it comes Silkstede's
+chapel, the central of the three easterly divisions of the transept
+aisles. The prior's rebus, in the form of a skein of silk, is evident
+among the carvings, and his Christian name Thomas may be seen on the
+cornice with the MA, the monogram of the Virgin, standing out
+distinctly. The screen in this chapel is worthy of remark, and is
+divided into four compartments, the upper part of each being open-work
+and arched with pierced quatrefoils in the spandrels. In this chapel
+traces of painting were discovered in 1848, beneath the whitewash on the
+eastern wall, the subject apparently being Christ upon the water,
+calling to him S. Peter, who, in an attitude of hesitation, holds the
+prow of the boat. Fine canopy-work surmounts the whole. Originally there
+were eight canopies enclosing figures, but little except the canopies
+remain, the distemper-painting having almost vanished. On the floor of
+the chapel may be found a black marble slab, the tomb of Isaak Walton,
+with Bishop Ken's often-quoted inscription, which, however, it is
+perhaps pardonable to quote again:--
+
+    "Alas! Hee's gone before,
+    Gone, to returne noe more;
+    Our panting hearts aspire
+    After their aged Sire,
+    Whose well-spent life did last
+    Full ninety years, and past.
+    But now he hath begun
+    That which will nere be done:
+    Crown'd with eternal Blisse,
+    We wish our souls with his."
+
+[Illustration: DOORWAY FROM THE CLOSE INTO THE RETRO-CHOIR.
+From a Drawing by H.P. Clifford.]
+
+[Illustration: BISHOP WILBERFORCE'S TOMB IN SOUTH TRANSEPT.
+_Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo._]
+
+[Illustration: SOUTH AISLE, FROM TRANSEPT. _S.B. Bolas & Co., Photo._]
+
+Next to Prior Silkstede's chapel comes the "Venerable" chapel, which
+serves as a vestry for the minor canons of the cathedral. The screen of
+this fills the whole archway, the six canopies extending beyond the
+sweep of the arch. Down each side are untenanted niches, and the
+openings of the tracery show some beautiful and elaborate iron-work,
+dating from the Renaissance. A similar screen, though without canopies,
+divides the Venerable Chapel from Silkstede's.
+
+#The Library# is approached from an old wooden staircase in the south
+aisle of this transept. It is a "long, low room, with oaken presses
+curiously carved and ornamented with gilded knobs, after the fashion of
+the latter half of the seventeenth century." It contains three or four
+thousand books, most of which are the gift of Bishop Morley, and there
+are many fine MSS.; but its chief treasure is a Vulgate of the twelfth
+century, in three folio volumes on vellum. The gorgeously illuminated
+manuscript is the best work extant of the Winchester school, and the
+fact that it was never finished renders it only the more interesting,
+since thereby the whole process from the first outline to the final
+touch of colour is evident. A legend concerning Hugh of Avalon,
+afterwards Bishop of Lincoln (associated with this book), is worthy of
+mention. Henry II., who founded the Carthusian Monastery of Witham, in
+Somerset, had appointed Hugh prior in 1175 or 1176, and finding that his
+monks needed MSS. to copy, and in particular a complete copy of the
+Bible, promised to give them one. To avoid expense, he borrowed this
+superb Vulgate from Winchester and sent it to Witham. A chance visit
+long afterwards of a Winchester monk revealed what had happened, and on
+the matter becoming known to Hugh, he returned the volume without the
+king's knowledge.[4] Among other important MSS. in the Library are an
+eleventh century copy of Bede's "Ecclesiastical History"; a twelfth
+century "Life of Edward the Confessor," by S. Aelred, Cistercian Abbot
+of Ri�vaulx about 1160, containing a portrait of the king within one of
+its initial letters; a copy of the "_Promptorium Parvulorum_"; a charter
+of �thelwulf, King of Wessex, dated 854 and bearing the signatures of
+the king, his young son Alfred, and S. Swithun. There are also the
+chapter-books for 1553-1600; the cathedral statutes, with the signatures
+of Charles I. and Bishop Laud; the original charter of Henry VIII. to
+the cathedral, on the dissolution of the priory; and many interesting
+documents and printed books, some with the original chains which were
+fastened to their covers. Here also are kept the great seal of Henry V.,
+the pastoral staff from Bishop Fox's tomb, his ring, those of Bishops
+Gardiner and Woodlock, and the one, set with a sapphire, which comes
+from the tomb of "William Rufus"--probably, as we have said, belonging
+to Henry of Blois. The library was built in 1668 A.D.
+
+   [4] It is now, however, on record that the book was bequeathed by
+       Bishop Nicholas of Ely in 1282.
+
+We may now return to the body of the cathedral and pass to the
+surroundings of the choir.
+
+The #Feretory#, where the _feretra_ or shrines of the saints were
+placed, lies behind the high altar and reredos, and the two doors in the
+latter give access to it. At one time, before the erection of the
+reredos, the feretory must have been visible from the choir. Behind the
+doors is a raised platform, seven feet in breadth, extending right
+across. The upper surface of this is now only three feet above the
+ground level, but originally it must have been far higher. Four steps
+give access to it. Before it is a hollow space with stumps of piers,
+demonstrating the ancient presence of an arcade in front of the
+platform. The feretory is without internal decoration, but the exterior
+of the east wall is adorned with nine rich Decorated tabernacles, with
+the yet legible names of saints and king who once occupied the eighteen
+pedestals within them. This inscription is to be found here:--
+
+    _Corpora sanctorum sunt hic in pace sepulta,
+     Ex meritis quorum fulgent miracula multa_.
+
+The floor beneath the platform is supported by a small vault, "the
+entrance to which (to quote Willis) is by a low arch in the eastern face
+of the wall under the range of tabernacles." This vault is that which
+was designated as the _Sanctum Sanctorum_ or #Holy Hole#. The feretory
+is used as a receptacle for the carved work found at various dates about
+the cathedral, including portions of statuary once belonging to the
+great screen. Here lies a really marvellous lid of a reliquary chest,
+presented in 1309 by Sir William de Lilburn, with events in the life of
+our Lord and various saints vividly portrayed in colours, and decorated
+with the donor's armorial bearings. The "Holy Hole" has been used as a
+receptacle for fragments of various kinds since the end of the fifteenth
+century, before which it was visible from the choir, for no reredos
+intercepted the view. Milner states that in 1789 the whole passage and
+vault was so choked with rubbish that the attempt to enter it had to be
+abandoned. A more recent observer records that there appears to be no
+space for a crypt or receptacle for relics within the "Holy Hole," the
+chest of bones, etc., being placed on the platform over the arcade. The
+fragments now in the feretory are often very fine, but are most of them
+sadly mutilated.
+
+[Illustration: BACK OF FERETORY, WITH BISHOP GARDINER'S CHANTRY
+_S.B. Bolas & Co., Photo._]
+
+The north and south sides of the feretory are flanked by the chantries
+of Bishops Gardiner and Fox, into which it opens. #Gardiner's Chantry#,
+in the Renaissance style, was much damaged by the Reformers, the head
+being knocked off the figure lying in a long niche on the outside of the
+chantry, and other indignities committed. Of the tomb nothing now
+remains, but there is an altar with figures at the back, after Italian
+models, representing, according to one tradition, Justice and Mercy,
+while others say the Law and the Gospel. At the east end is a small
+vestry used as a repository for fragments. The details and the mouldings
+of Gardiner's chantry are of the Renaissance style, and Britton has
+described the chapel as "bad Italian and bad English." This is true of
+the eastern end of the compartment, but there are redeeming features
+amid the curious mixture of styles. Below the floor-level of this
+chantry may be seen the base of one of the Norman apse piers, the sole
+remaining feature of the Norman east end except the crypt.
+
+#Bishop Fox's Chantry# is a far finer piece of work and is certainly the
+most elaborate chantry in the cathedral. It displays no fewer than
+fifty-five richly-groined niches, all different in pattern; only two of
+them are tenanted, and these by very recent figures, on either side of
+the door. There is a great amount of wonderful undercutting to be seen
+in the spandrels to the arches, and the upper part of the erection shows
+open tracery with niches and canopies, under a cornice of running
+foliage and Tudor flowers, surmounted by panelled pinnacles. Fox's
+"pelican in her piety" alternates on the pinnacles with small octagonal
+turrets. At one time, moreover, all the arches, etc., contained stained
+glass, but this has now vanished. Within there is no tomb, but, as in
+Gardiner's chantry, there is, in an arched recess at the side, the
+ghastly carved figure of a corpse so frequently introduced in monuments
+of the period. The altar is surmounted by a small reredos in a sunk
+panel, now unoccupied, crowned by a band of angels bearing emblems of
+the Passion. Over the altar is this inscription in Latin:--
+
+  _O sacrum convivium in quo Christus sumitur._
+
+There is here, as was the case with Gardiner's chantry, a small room at
+the eastern end. In this are chests in which relics were kept.
+
+[Illustration: BISHOP FOX'S CHANTRY.]
+
+The interior part of the choir aisles have received "Wykeham" windows,
+four on each side, though from the exterior only three can be seen. The
+westernmost on the north side has two lights partly looking into the
+open, while two are unglazed and the top of one looks into the northern
+transept. On the south side all are glazed, but only three get any light
+from outside. These can be seen from the close at the junction of
+transept and retro-choir. All these windows have blank panelling or
+arcading below. It looks as if Wykeham or his successors meant to reduce
+the width of the Norman transepts, so as to bring them into better
+proportion with the eastern arm of the church.
+
+[Illustration: DOOR OF FOX'S CHANTRY.]
+
+Between the presbytery and the side aisles, extending from pier to pier,
+are screens of pierced stonework, erected by Bishop Fox, whose motto
+frequently occurs on them, together with his initials and Cardinal
+Beaufort's. On the top of the screens are six painted chests (see p.
+95), in which are collected the bones of saints and kings of the Saxon
+period; the original collection being made by Henry of Blois. These
+#Mortuary Chests# were desecrated by the Cromwellian ruffians when they
+broke into the cathedral, and the bones were hurled through the stained
+glass of the west and other windows. Afterwards they were collected once
+more and replaced in the chests where they now lie. Among the relics are
+the bones of Edred, Edmund, Canute, William Rufus, Emma, Bishops Wina,
+Alwyn, Egbert, Cenwulf or Kenulf, Cynegils, and Ethelwulf, and there are
+the old inscriptions to indicate whose remains were originally enclosed
+within the boxes, though there is now no warrant that the bones within
+correspond at all to the names without.
+
+[Illustration: DETAIL OF PULPIT.]
+
+Among those who have been buried in the presbytery aisles is Bishop de
+Pontissara, of whom Rudborne says that he was buried _ex aquilonari
+plaga majoris altaris_. Accordingly we find his monument on the north
+side. Close by him, and still nearer the altar, was laid Hardicanute,
+the last Danish king, who was brought hither from Lambeth for interment.
+His death was attributed to "excessive drinking." In the southern aisle
+are Richard, the Conqueror's younger son; Edward, eldest born of Alfred
+the Great; and Bishop Nicholas de Ely's heart.
+
+[Illustration: SOUTH AISLE OF RETRO-CHOIR, WITH BEAUFORT'S AND FOX'S
+CHANTRIES. _S.B. Bolas & Co., Photo._]
+
+Eastward of the feretory the building is known by the name of the
+#Retro-choir#, and presents a very old and pure example of Early English
+work from the hands of Bishop de Lucy. The aisles are said to have been
+used as a model in the building of Salisbury Cathedral. Similar
+processional aisles may be seen also at Hereford on a minor scale. This
+part of the cathedral is lower and consequently appears broader than the
+more westerly portion. There is a considerable amount of wall-space,
+only interrupted by the numerous imposing chantries erected on the
+floor. The lower part of the walls is remarkable for some fine, though
+simple, blank arcading, dating also from De Lucy's time; while light is
+given by pairs of lancet windows, the rear arches being borne on groups
+of detached shafts. Many of the original chased tiles of the pavement
+remain to this day, and, in fact, there has been little interference
+with De Lucy's work. Unfortunately, however, as has been remarked, much
+of it has settled considerably, throwing the south-eastern angle
+altogether out of the perpendicular, one vaulting-shaft having in this
+manner been bent back and cracked in half. The effects of the subsidence
+can easily be seen in the photograph of the south aisle of the
+retro-choir looking toward the east.
+
+As one passes beyond the feretory through the retro-choir, the #Chantry
+of William Waynflete# stands to the north of the central alley. The
+canopy is very elaborate and beautiful, and plentiful traces of the
+original colour still can be seen, especially on the groining. On each
+side are three flat-headed arches, those at the east end being closed,
+while on each side of the piers adjoining the west end there are narrow
+open arches. Corniced and battlemented screens fill these arches to
+mid-height. The figure on the tomb is a modern restoration, very
+elaborately clad in full pontificals, while the hands are clasped about
+a heart, representing the _sursum corda_, or lifting up of the heart.
+The chantry is kept in repair by Magdalen College, Oxford, which
+Waynflete founded. Its situation, like that of the companion tomb of
+Cardinal Beaufort, makes it very impressive. There is no altar now. At
+the east end is a blank wall surmounted by three empty canopied niches,
+while at the other are two open gratings.
+
+In the corresponding position to the south is the #Chantry of Cardinal
+Beaufort#, now kept in repair by the Dukes of Beaufort. In Britton's
+time, as he tells us, there had fallen a "horse-load of the pinnacles in
+the canopy of Cardinal Beaufort's chantry." Owing, however, to the
+extreme elaboration, the effect is hardly impaired by this loss. The
+plan of the tomb is two groups of four clustered piers at each end,
+supporting a mass of canopies, niches, and pinnacles, which "bewilder
+the sight and senses by their number and complexity," as Britton
+quaintly says. The screen at the west end is closed, that at the east
+end open. The vault displays some elaborate fan-tracery. The body of the
+cardinal is presented in his scarlet official robes and the tasselled
+and corded hat, and the serenity of his face suggests very little the
+traditional portrait of him, as represented, for example, in
+Shakespeare's "Henry V." His death-bed moments, it is well known, have
+been much misrepresented. The inscription originally on his tomb has
+been destroyed, but Godwin quotes one sentence of it thus:--_Tribularer
+si nescirem misericordias tuas_.
+
+Against the north wall, not far from Waynflete's chantry, is an unknown
+tomb with part of an effigy, to the east of which is the grave of one
+William Symonds, "Gentleman, of Winchester twice Maior and Alderman," as
+his epitaph of 1616 relates. The last four lines of the inscription run
+as follows:--
+
+    His Merrit doth Enherit Life and Fame,
+    For whilst this City stands Symonds his name
+    In alle men's harts shall never be forgotten,
+    For poores prayers rise when flesh lyes rotten.
+
+Between the same chantry and the wall lies the tomb of Bishop de
+Rupibus, while in the space between the chantries of Beaufort and
+Waynflete lies the only ancient military effigy in the cathedral, a
+genuine relic of the fourteenth century. It is commonly known as William
+de Foix, and represents, in a slightly mutilated form, a knight in
+surcoat and complete ringed armour of the thirteenth century. His legs
+are crossed[5] and the feet rest on a crouching lion, while the head is
+supported on two cushions which were formerly held up by angels. The
+right hand grasps the sword hilt, and the pointed shield, one of the
+earliest examples of a quartered shield, bears "quarterly, in the first
+and fourth, the arms of Bearn, two cows passant, gorged with collars and
+bells; in the second and third, three garbs; over all a cross." On the
+front edge of the slab Mr F.J. Baigent discovered the name Petrus
+Gavston or Gauston twice encised, but to this "scribbling" Mr Weston S.
+Walford, who has a note on this tomb in the fifteenth volume of the
+_Archeological Journal_, does not attach much importance, for it may
+merely record the engraver's conjecture as to the person here buried.
+The body of Edward II.'s favourite, Piers, was moved from Oxford to
+King's Langley in Hertfordshire two years after his execution, and
+buried there on January 2, 1314, in the presence of the king. It is not
+known to have been moved since. It seems probable that the effigy here
+is that of the father of the Piers known to us, a Sir Arnold de
+Gavaston, a record of whose interment at Winchester in May 1302 we
+possess, with the additional fact that Edward I. sent money and two
+pieces of cloth of gold to the funeral. Such respect would naturally be
+paid to the father of Edward II.'s foster-brother. Mr Walford suggests
+that the garbs on the shield are a canting allusion to the name Gabaston
+or Gavaston, for the spelling varies very much--Gaveston, Gaverston, and
+Gaberston being also found. The date of the tomb Mr Walford places
+between the death of Arnold in 1302 and the murder of his son in 1312.
+The tomb itself is adorned with five Decorated arches with the Gavaston
+arms on the shield, together with those of England, of France, and of
+Castile and Leon.
+
+   [5] "Such figures as lie crosslegged are those who were in the
+       wars of the Holy Land, or vowed to go and were prevented" (Sir
+       William Dugdale).
+
+[Illustration: CARDINAL BEAUFORT'S CHANTRY.
+_S.B. Bolas & Co., Photo._]
+
+West of this are the tombs of Bishop Sumner and Prior Silkstede. The
+latter's grave, according to Woodward, was found, when opened, to
+contain the complete remains of a body robed in black serge, with the
+"funeral boots" yet on the bones of the feet. The body seems to have
+been removed hither from Silkstede's chapel in the south transept.
+
+Next the western end of Beaufort's chantry is the tomb of William de
+Basynge, prior of this church (_quondam Prior istius ecclesi�_), as his
+inscription states, promising 145 days' indulgence to whoever prays for
+his soul three years. He died in 1295.
+
+On the south wall facing the same chantry is a marble monument of the
+Royalist, Sir John Clobery; and near this is a large slab in the floor,
+in memory of Baptist Levinz, Bishop of Sodor and Man, and prebendary of
+Winchester, who died in 1692.
+
+On the end wall of the ambulatory, to the left of the entrance to the
+Chapel of the Guardian Angels, is a fine monument, somewhat mutilated,
+to Ethelmar or Aymer de Valence, half-brother of Henry III., who was so
+unpopular a bishop at Winchester. Only his heart is in the cathedral,
+having been conveyed hither from Paris, where his body was buried. The
+facts are commemorated by the following inscription on the presbytery
+wall:--
+
+                Corpus Ethelmari
+              Cuius Cor Nunc Tenet
+              Istud Saxum Parisiis
+               Morte Datur Tumulo
+                Obiit A.D. 1261.
+
+When Winchester was attacked by the so-called religious zeal of the
+Puritans, Ethelmar's heart was disturbed, as is recorded by a writer of
+the period, who says that "when the steps of the altar were levelling
+with the rest of the ground one of the workmen accidentally struck his
+mattock on this stone and broke it; underneath which was an urn wherein
+the heart of this Ethelmar was, being enclosed in a golden cup, which
+thing ... being conveyed to the ears of the committee-men they took the
+cup for their own use, and ordered him to bury the heart in the north
+isle, which he accordingly did." The heart, he goes on to say, was "so
+entire and uncorrupt" that it was "as fresh as if it had just been taken
+from the body, and issued forth fresh drops of blood upon his hand. This
+I had from the mouth of the workman himself, whom I believe." The slab
+which once covered the heart shows, within the symbolic vesica, "in a
+trefoil canopy the half-length figure of the Bishop, mitred and in his
+episcopal robes, his uplifted hands holding a heart, his pastoral staff
+represented as resting on his left arm." Below are his arms and the
+inscription in Lombardic letters, + _Ethelmarus. Tibi Cor Meum Dne._
+
+[Illustration: THE LADY CHAPEL. _Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo._]
+
+[Illustration: DETAIL OF LADY CHAPEL.]
+
+The #Lady Chapel#, due in part to De Lucy and in part to Priors Hunton
+and Silkstede, is of rectangular shape, the easternmost portions being
+added about 1524. It should be noticed that in De Lucy's work the
+central aisle is but little higher than the laterals, which still have
+their eastern walls, whereas the actual material of the Lady Chapel east
+wall was erected by Hunton. The north and south walls exhibit De Lucy's
+Early English arcades and lancets, while they become Perpendicular at
+the eastern end, and the east window is of the same period. This large
+seven-light window shows "transom and tracery of a peculiar kind of
+subordination, or rather inter-penetration of patterns, well worth a
+careful study" (Willis). The stone work of the interior is quite plain,
+but a large portion of the wall space is concealed by some richly-carved
+wooden panelling added by Bishop Fox. Seats, desks, and screen are also
+of fine workmanship. Where the walls are not hidden by wood-work are the
+very faint remains of some curious old mural paintings of the miracles
+of the Virgin, executed under the direction of Prior Silkstede in 1489.
+These frescoes are decidedly archaic, but they are extremely
+interesting. Starting from the south side the nineteen pictures
+represent:--
+
+1. Miracle of an image of the Virgin bending its finger to prevent a
+young man taking off a ring which he had placed on the image that it
+might not be lost or injured while he played at ball. By this the young
+man was won to monastic life.
+
+2. Protection and honour conferred by the Virgin on an ignorant priest,
+who knew and could sing only one mass, which was in honour of her.
+
+3. Prior Silkstede kneeling before Virgin, saying: "_Benedicta tu in
+mulieribus_." Beneath is the following:--"Prior Silkstede also caused
+these polished stones, O Mary, to be ornamented at his expense."
+
+4. Jewish boy, after receiving the Eucharist, thrown into a furnace by
+his father, but delivered from the flames by the Virgin.
+
+5. Famous portrait of the Virgin, carried in procession by Pope Gregory
+to allay a fearful pestilence. During the procession the destroying
+angel is seen sheathing his sword.
+
+6. A widow receives back her son who had been kidnapped, and thereupon
+restores the silver image of the child Jesus, which she had taken from
+the image of the Virgin on losing her son.
+
+7. Virgin assisting woman taken ill on pilgrimage.
+
+8. Virgin enables boys, with ease, to raise that which strong men could
+not.
+
+9. Nun brought to life to confess a sin not confessed before death.
+
+10. Virgin saves a monk from drowning, and from two evil spirits, with
+instruments of torture, one who had lived an immoral life.
+
+11. Two Braban�ons seized by devils and killed for throwing stones at an
+image of the Virgin.
+
+12. Deliverance at sea effected by the Virgin.
+
+13. Mass of the Virgin celebrated by Christ himself, with saints and
+angels, on an occasion when the priest was unable to do so.
+
+14. S. John's (of Damascus) arm restored; thereby establishing his
+innocence of having corresponded with unbelievers.
+
+15. Virgin delivering from the gallows a thief who had always venerated
+her.
+
+16. Virgin commanding the burial of a clerk of irreligious life in
+consecrated ground, because he had been her votary.
+
+17. Virgin assisting a painter to paint the devil "as ugly as he knew
+him to be," in spite of all the devil could do to prevent him from
+completing it.
+
+18. The Annunciation--over door, which formerly led to a particular
+sacristy.
+
+19. How, by praying to the Virgin, a robber-knight was delivered from
+the clutches of the devil.
+
+The altar is flanked on the north by a memorial of Bishop Brownlow
+North, representing him kneeling in adoration. The vault above, though
+not so elaborate as that of Langton's chapel on the right hand, is a
+fine example of lierne work, and the shafts are noticeable for their
+capitals and bases. Among the devices are T and the syllable HUN,
+followed by the figure of a tun; and T and the syllable SILK, followed
+by the figure of a horse; signifying Thomas Hunton and Thomas Silkstede
+respectively.
+
+[Illustration: BISHOP LANGTON'S CHAPEL. _S.B. Bolas & Co., Photo._]
+
+[Illustration: DETAIL OF LANGTON'S CHAPEL.]
+
+The southern window of the Lady Chapel has recently been filled with a
+memorial window to the late Bishop Thorold, whose tomb lies in the
+cathedral precincts just below the new window. In pre-Reformation times
+this window, like those on the north and east, was glazed with fine
+painted glass, of which a few fragments still remain in the tracery. The
+remaining portions of the old work have been worked in with the new by
+Mr C.E. Kempe, the designer and executor. The memorial glass presents
+scenes in the life of Christ, while above appear S. Birinus, Pope
+Honorius, S. Swithun, S. Alphege, and other saints. The dedication
+ceremony took place on August 7, 1897, two years after the burial of
+Bishop Thorold at Winchester.
+
+Of the two chapels which flank the Lady Chapel, that to the north is the
+#Chapel of the Guardian Angels#, once the chantry of Bishop Adam de
+Orlton, of whom no memorial here exists, though he is buried in the
+chapel. This compartment is sometimes called the Portland chapel, owing
+to the fact that it contains on the south side the tomb of Richard
+Weston, Earl of Portland, who was treasurer to Charles I. A recumbent
+bronze statue by Le Sueur adorns the tomb, while in the wall above are
+four tabernacles, three of which contain mutilated busts, probably
+representing members of his family. A mural monument of Bishop Peter
+Mews, who is also interred here, is marked by a crozier and mitre. On
+the north side, too, there is in the wall an aumbry with a shelf, having
+a curious square head within a trefoil. The early vaulting of this
+chapel has, between the ribs, figures of seraphim, which are very fresh
+in colour.
+
+[Illustration: QUEEN MARY'S CHAIR. _Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo._]
+
+The corresponding chapel to the south is #Bishop Langton's Chantry#,
+though the work is partly De Lucy's, including the walls and the early
+vaulting shafts. The defaced front-screen and the oak-panelling all
+round are very rich examples of late Gothic, and the stone vaulting has
+been compared in point of elaboration with that in the chapel of Henry
+VII. at Westminster. On the groining, at the junction of the ribs, is
+carved Bishop Langton's rebus, consisting of the musical sign for a
+"long" upon a tun, while his motto _Laus tibi Christe_ also occurs. It
+is supposed that the magnificent carved vine on the upper part of the
+oak-panelling which runs round the chapel originally formed the rebus of
+Langton's see, the tun from which it sprang being now lost. The
+woodwork, which is certainly one of the most striking things in the
+cathedral, is unfortunately mutilated, as is also part of the heraldic
+work on the entrance door. At the east end of the chapel above the
+former altar there is a row of seven tabernacles, under which is a
+cornice which was originally gilt and painted. The statues which once
+occupied the tabernacles are no longer extant. The central tomb here is
+that of Bishop Langton himself. Queen Mary's chair now stands in this
+chapel; it is in a wonderful state of preservation for its age, and the
+woodwork is still sound.
+
+The entrance to the #Crypts# is in the north transept, as was noted
+above. They are three in number, the main division stretching from the
+eastern tower-piers to the first piers of the retro-choir. It consists
+of a central room divided by a row of five columns in the middle, with
+an apsidal eastern termination, and is flanked by two aisles with square
+eastern ends. The well here is said to be considerably older than the
+building above it. From this opens out a narrower crypt, which also has
+five columns down the centre, while its apse reaches to the eastern end
+of the retro-choir. These crypts cannot, as some have supposed (and the
+tradition still survives), form part of the old Saxon church, since it
+has been fairly established that the site of this was not that of the
+present building. The plan of the chambers is in perfect accord, as
+Willis says, with that of Norman churches in general. The main crypt
+shows by its circular apse what was the form of the east end in the old
+Norman church. The actual work is strikingly like that of the transepts,
+the peculiar thin square abacus, combined with a round capital, being a
+noteworthy point in both these portions of the building. The third
+crypt, which is narrow like the second, is rectangular in shape, and its
+vaulting rests on columns. It is Early English in architecture, and is
+contemporary with De Lucy's work in the upper part of the church. In
+1886 the crypts were to a great extent cleared out to their original
+level, a vast quantity of rubbish being removed. Many fragments of early
+work still remain, though in too mutilated a form to indicate where they
+originally stood.
+
+The #stained glass# at Winchester can, perhaps, best be treated
+separately from the windows which it occupies. Most of the information
+may be found summed up in a paper addressed to the Arch�ological
+Association in September 1845, by Mr C. Winston. Two circles of Early
+Decorated glass are to be seen in the west window, but they are merely
+composed of coloured pieces arranged in geometrical patterns. The
+general arrangement of the great window is, as has been already said,
+kaleidoscopic, the fragments which compose it being too scattered to
+admit of being put together again in their original form. The effect,
+however, is striking, particularly at some distance from the west end.
+There are remains of the original glass in the west windows of the
+aisles and in the first window from the west in the south aisle, but the
+Edingdon windows in the north aisle have lost their glass. The glass in
+the above windows consists of the heads of canopies, though in the west
+window some of the original figures are still to be seen. This is the
+earliest Perpendicular glass in the cathedral, and may date from
+Edingdon's time. Next in date is the glass in the other windows of the
+nave aisles and clerestory windows, a little later than that in the west
+window, and of the same character as that at New College, Oxford, in the
+north, south, and west windows. Of this glass, apparently four figures
+and part of their canopies have been removed to the first window from
+the east in the choir clerestory. The heads of the three westerly
+windows, to the north of the choir clerestory, showing canopy-work and
+cherubim, come next in date, with eight canopied figures in the upper
+tier of the two easterly windows on the south of this clerestory. The
+latter seem to have come originally from some other window, being too
+short for their present situation. Their date may be about the end of
+the reign of Henry VI. The east window of the choir may be a little
+earlier than 1525, and has introduced in it Bishop Fox's arms and motto,
+_Est deo gracia_. This window has been much disturbed, the top central
+light being filled with glass of Wykeham's period, while little of Fox's
+glass seems to be in its original position. To Fox also may be
+attributed part of the aisle windows north and south of the choir, and
+some canopies in the side windows of the choir clerestory. Some late
+glass, much mutilated, may be seen in the east window of the Lady
+Chapel. Warner says of the two large windows, that "the great east
+window is remarkable for the beauty of its painted glass, which contains
+the portraits of saints, and of some bishops of this see; it is whole
+and entire, the west window is magnificent, but much inferior to this."
+
+[Illustration: ONE OF THE MORTUARY CHESTS IN THE CHOIR SCREEN
+(see "Mortuary Chests" in Chapter III).
+
+(From a Drawing by Reginald Blomfield in his "History of Renaissance
+Architecture in England." Bell, 1897.)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+HISTORY OF THE SEE
+
+
+The West Saxon kingdom, of which S. Birinus became the first bishop,
+included the counties of Surrey, Berkshire, Sussex, Hampshire, Dorset,
+Devon, and Somerset. When Birinus was consecrated by the Bishop of
+Milan, he was not assigned any exact territorial jurisdiction, as was
+only natural, seeing that he was a missionary to a little-known land. He
+met, however, with a rapid success, and in 635 performed the baptism of
+Cynegils, king of the West Saxons, on the day of his marriage to the
+daughter of the Northumbrian king. The town of Dorchester on the borders
+of Mercia was immediately assigned to Birinus as a bishop's seat. But
+when Aegelberht had succeeded him, the next king, Cenwalh, made a
+division of the kingdom into two distinct dioceses of Dorchester and
+Winchester, the new creation being assigned in 661 to Wina; who,
+however, succeeded to the whole of the original diocese, as Aegelberht
+appears to have left England in disgust. Eleutherius, Wina's successor,
+continued to hold the still united offices at Dorchester, and it was not
+until Hedda became bishop, about 679 A.D., that Winchester was really
+made the seat of a diocese. Even Hedda continued to rule all from
+Winchester, and not before his death was a permanent division of sees
+carried out. Winchester retained Surrey, Sussex, and the Southampton
+district; while the other counties were assigned to Sherborne--Dorchester,
+which belonged more properly to Mercia, having been taken away, as there
+was no longer the same need of an inland centre to the see, with four
+bishops now in Mercia. Sussex was also taken from the Winchester diocese
+during the episcopacy of Daniel, Hedda's successor, and by way of
+compensation he was only able to add the Isle of Wight, hitherto
+unattached to any see. When the West Saxon kingdom became, in the ninth
+century, practically the kingdom of England, Winchester, of course,
+assumed a very important position. S. Swithun, who was chosen as bishop
+in 852, had great influence with King Ethelwulf, and his cathedral
+correspondingly became an object of veneration. The see suffered,
+however, from the Danish raids which occurred during the next two
+reigns; but with Bishop Athelwold its prestige was quite restored. To
+him is due the establishment of a Benedictine monastery at Winchester,
+the previous convent having been one of secular (and non-celibate)
+canons. With the supremacy of the Danes, we find Cnut both elected king
+and subsequently buried at Winchester. Edward the Confessor, moreover,
+was crowned in the cathedral on Easter Day, 1043, so that Winchester
+maintained its position well up to this date. Further invasions of the
+Northmen then very much wasted the south coast, and gradually Winchester
+began to yield its pride of place to Westminster.
+
+However, the town remained a place of considerable importance, for, as
+Mr H. Hall says in his "Antiquities of the Exchequer," "although
+Westminster possessed an irresistible attraction to a pious sovereign
+through the vicinity of a favoured church, Norman kings, engrossed in
+the pleasure of the chase and constantly embroiled in Continental wars,
+found the ancient capital of Winchester better adapted for the pursuit
+of sport, as well as for the maintenance of their foreign communications
+through the proximity of the great medi�val seaport, Southampton." This
+traffic between London and the two Hampshire towns passed through
+Southwark, which always had a close connection with Winchester,
+remaining even to this day in a modified degree. The Norman bishops, if
+they found Winchester no longer the chief town of England, certainly
+added to the glory of the church by the erection and beautifying of a
+new cathedral. Immediately after the death of Walkelin, the first bishop
+of the conquering race, there was a vacancy in the see which lasted for
+nine years, owing to the vexed question of investiture. When Giffard was
+finally installed, he displayed considerable activity. Among his other
+works, he built the town residence of the bishops of Winchester at
+Southwark. Bishop's Waltham remained the principal residence until its
+destruction by Waller in 1644, after which Farnham Castle took its
+place.
+
+Rumour says that there was a suggestion made of raising the see of
+Winchester to the rank of an archbishopric during its tenure by that
+foremost of fighting churchmen, Henry de Blois, who certainly desired
+the elevation. At any rate, Fuller says of Henry that he "outshined
+Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury." The Pope's consent, however, was
+not secured. Henry paid considerable attention to the temporal affairs
+of his see, rebuilding the castles at Farnham and Wolvesey, and founding
+the Hospital of St Cross. He translated also the bodies of the old kings
+and bishops from the site of the Saxon crypt, the remains without
+inscriptions being placed in leaden sarcophagi, mixed in hopeless
+confusion. After Henry's death there occurred another vacancy in the
+see, ended at last by the admittance of Toclive in 1174 A.D.
+
+With De Lucy's accession in 1189 we reach another epoch of building
+activity, for not only was this bishop busy himself, but also under his
+guidance there was instituted in 1202, as the Winchester annalist
+records, a confraternity, to last for five years, for repairing the
+cathedral. De Lucy's work at the eastern end of the building is
+described elsewhere. We should not omit to notice, when considering the
+position of Winchester, that Richard, on his return from captivity in
+1194, was re-crowned here on the octave of Easter Day.
+
+Bishop de Rupibus, De Lucy's successor, introduced preaching friars into
+England, and set up at Winchester in 1225 a Dominican establishment,
+while a few years later the Franciscans were also established here. Both
+institutions have since vanished.
+
+The middle of the thirteenth century was marked at Winchester by
+continual struggles between king, monks, and Pope, as to the right of
+electing the bishop of Winchester. Some record of these struggles will
+be found in the list of bishops of the see. The contest about the
+election of De Raleigh lasted five years, and the king only finally
+accepted the monks' choice after the Pope and the king of France had
+also lent their influence on his behalf. In 1264-7 the town rose up
+against the prior and convent, burning and murdering under pretext of
+assisting the king, the bishop being a partisan of De Montfort. After
+the battle of Evesham the cathedral was laid under an interdict by the
+Papal legate, Ottoboni, and this was not removed until August 1267.
+
+With Wykeham's importance in the story of Winchester we have dealt
+elsewhere. His successor, Beaufort, greatly enlarged the foundation of
+St Cross, adding to it his "Almshouse of Noble Poverty." It is a
+remarkable fact that these two bishops and Waynflete, the founder of
+Magdalen College, Oxford, between them occupied the see for no less than
+120 years. The history of this period, as far as the cathedral is
+concerned, is mainly architectural and therefore uneventful in
+comparison with that of the earlier times. The intervals whose history
+is less stirring, however, fortunately leave far better marks on the
+actual buildings than do the more eventful epochs; and the fact that
+Cardinal Wolsey once was Bishop of Winchester could not be gathered from
+the cathedral itself. Indeed, he never visited the town at all during
+the course of his episcopate--a circumstance which is, perhaps, hardly
+to be regretted.
+
+In 1500 Pope Alexander issued a Bull separating the Channel Islands from
+their former see of Coutances, which was now no longer English
+territory, and attaching them to the see of Salisbury. "This was
+afterwards altered to Winchester," says Canon Benham, "but from some
+cause which does not appear, the transfer was never made until 1568,
+after the Reformed Liturgy has been established in the islands." The
+cathedral itself received architectural additions during this period
+from Bishops Courtenay and Langton, their priors, and Bishop Fox. When
+in Henry VIII.'s reign the former town of Southwark had either been
+conveyed to the city or had become the king's property (the latter being
+such parts as had previously been the holding of Canterbury), the
+"Clink," or the Bishop of Winchester's Liberty, was not interfered with.
+The result of this was that the Clink became the home of the early
+play-houses--the Globe, Hope, Rose, and Swan--since within the city
+bounds actors were not allowed to carry on their profession. In Mr T.
+Fairman Ordish's "Early London Theatres" the extent to which the first
+theatres flourished in the Winchester Liberty may be clearly seen.
+
+The early Reformation period at Winchester led to a great impoverishment
+of the see: so much so that the second William of Wickham (1594-5)
+ventured, in a sermon preached before the queen, to say that, should the
+see continue to suffer such rapine as it had already undergone in her
+reign, there would soon be no means to keep the roof on the cathedral
+building. We do not know that this remonstrance produced much effect,
+for the cathedral and its revenues underwent many losses after this. The
+ravages of the Parliamentarians, however, which were the most serious,
+have been alluded to elsewhere.
+
+It appears from "the old Valor printed 1685," which was quoted by Browne
+Willis in his "Survey of the Cathedrals" of 1742, that some dioceses
+about Calais used once to belong to Winchester. We learn also from
+Browne Willis that in his time the see of Winchester contained "the
+whole County of Southampton, with the Isle of Wight, and one parish in
+Wiltshire, viz. Wiltesbury: It has also all Surrey, except 11 churches
+in Croyden Deanry which are peculiars of the See of Canterbury. Here are
+two Archdeacons, viz. 1. Winchester, valued at 61l. 15s. 2d. for
+First-Fruits, which has all the Deanries in the County of Southampton
+and the Isle of Wight. 2. Surrey, which has all the Deanries in the
+County of Surrey, the corps of which is the Rectory of Farnham; and it
+is rated for First-Fruits at 91l. 3s. 6d."
+
+The subsequent history of the see is mainly bound up with political and
+theological questions which need not be touched on here. It may,
+however, be mentioned that the Ecclesiastical Commission of 1836-7
+re-adjusted the boundaries of the diocese; while in 1846 there were
+transferred to London the following districts:--Battersea, Bermondsey,
+Camberwell, Clapham, Graveney, Lambeth, Merton, Rotherhithe, Southwark,
+Streatham, Tooting, and Wandsworth. This re-arrangement still left
+Winchester the largest rural diocese in England.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE BISHOPS OF WINCHESTER
+
+
+Winchester boasts a very long list of bishops as compared with many of
+our English cathedrals, but the details about a great number of them are
+most scanty. The exact year from which the history of the diocese should
+be dated is not certain, but it is to be placed somewhere during the
+reign of Ine over the West Saxons. Under Bishop Eleutherius, to whom
+Hedda succeeded, the kingdom of Wessex was still but a single diocese.
+The removal of the see from Dorchester to Winchester was rendered
+necessary by the extension of the Mercian rule, which made the former
+town unsuitable for a West Saxon see. The date of the change,
+simultaneous with the moving of the bones of S. Birinus, is fixed by
+Rudborne at 683, but, according to recent authorities, it would appear
+to be earlier.
+
+#Hedda# (? 679-705) was, at any rate, the first bishop of Winchester,
+properly speaking; though he was the fourth successor to S. Birinus. As
+his most recent biographer says, Hedda "was a man of much personal
+holiness and was zealous in the discharge of his episcopal duties.... He
+is reckoned a saint, his day being 30 July. Many miracles were worked at
+his tomb." He figures on the reredos as restored in accordance with the
+original design.
+
+#Daniel# (705-744) had the misfortune to see his diocese considerably
+docked in order to form the see of Sherbourne. He resigned, by reason of
+loss of eyesight, in 744. According to some accounts, Ethelwulf,
+afterwards king of Wessex, and father of Alfred, succeeded him; but this
+story certainly lacks proof, though Ethelwulf seems to have been
+educated at Winchester.
+
+#Hunferth# or Humfredus (744-754), like most of the immediately
+succeeding bishops, has his place of interment at Winchester recorded by
+John of Exeter.
+
+#Cyneheard# became Bishop of Winchester in 754. His successors during
+the next century were #Aethelheard#, #Ecbald# (_circ._ 790); #Dudda#
+(793); #Cyneberht# (_circ._ 799); #Almund# or Ealhmund (_circ._ 803);
+#Wigthegen# (_circ._ 824); #Hereferth# (? 829-833); #Edmund# (833); and
+#Helmstan#. Of none of these do we know much, and their dates cannot be
+assigned with any certainty.
+
+With #S. Swithun# (852-862), who was first prior and afterwards bishop,
+we come upon one of the names especially connected with the history of
+the church. It is, however, to be feared that it is not so much because
+of his fame in church-building and his acts of humanity that he will be
+remembered as for the popular superstition which asserts that the
+weather for forty days after his feast-day on July 15 is dry or rainy
+according to its state on that day. The legend is said to be based on
+the fact that the removal of his body from "a vile and unworthy place
+where his grave might be trampled upon by every passenger and received
+the droppings from the eaves" to the golden shrine in the cathedral was
+delayed by a long continuance of wet weather. Similar legends to explain
+a wet summer are found elsewhere in Europe. "The saint was translated,"
+says Rudborne, "in the 110th year of his rest. And for his glory, so
+great was the concourse of people and so numerous and frequent the
+miracles that the like was never witnessed in England." A figure
+representing S. Swithun seems once to have stood in a niche at the apex
+of the gable of the west front.
+
+He was succeeded by #Alhferth# or Ealhfrith (863-871), translated to
+Canterbury; #Tunbriht# or Dunbert, whose name was Latinised as Tunbertus
+(871-879); #Denewulf# (879-909), whom a singularly incredible legend
+asserts to have been the swineherd in whose cottage Alfred allowed his
+hostess's cakes to burn; #Frithstan# (909-931); #Byrnstan# (931-934);
+#Aelfheah# or Elphege (934-951); #Aelfsige# (951-958), who was nominated
+to Canterbury, but died in the snow while crossing the Alps on his way
+to Rome for his pall--the only fact which is really known about him; and
+#Brithelm# (958-963).
+
+Next came "the holy #Athelwold#, a great builder of churches and of
+various other works, both when he was abbot and after when he became
+bishop of Winchester" (Wolstan). He seems to have moved the bodies of
+Swithun and other saints to a more suitable resting-place than they had
+hitherto enjoyed. Of Athelwold's building operations at Winchester
+Wolstan's account is quoted on page 6. He held the see of Winchester for
+twenty-one years (963-984), and he was by birth a native of the town. It
+was said of him that he was "terrible as a lion" to the rebellious, but
+"gentler than a dove" to the meek.
+
+#Elphege# or Aelfheah (984-1005), his successor, to whom Wolstan's
+account of Athelwold is addressed, was martyred in 1012 by the Danes
+while Archbishop of Canterbury, where his tomb subsequently received
+great honours. Aelfheah's great work was spent in the conversion of the
+"Northmen," or Danish invaders of England.
+
+#Cenwulf# or Kenulf (1005-1006) is allowed three years by Rudborne, but
+apparently wrongly; another #Athelwold# or Ethelwold (1006-1015), and
+#Aelfsige# (1015-1032) are not of great importance.
+
+#Aelfwine# or Alwyn (1032-1037), called by Anglo-Saxon chroniclers "the
+king's priest," seems to have been a monk of S. Swithun's monastery and
+also chaplain to Cnut before he was elevated to Winchester. The legend
+which makes him the lover of Emma, widow of Aethelred and Cnut, and
+mother of Edward the Confessor, has been declared unhistorical; but, at
+any rate, the story of her ordeal, when she walked blindfold and
+barefoot over nine red-hot plough-shares, was once celebrated. It is a
+curious coincidence that the bones of queen and bishop were deposited by
+Bishop Fox in the same chest, Aelfwine's remains being exhumed from his
+grave to the south of the high altar to be placed in a leaden
+sarcophagus above the crypt-door.
+
+#Stigand# (1047-1069) was chiefly remarkable, it appears, for his
+avarice, especially shown in his retention of Winchester after his
+election to Canterbury. He received the pall in 1058 from the
+"anti-Pope" Benedict X., so that he was never regarded as the rightful
+possessor of the dignities he enjoyed, the Normans refusing to recognise
+him except as bishop of Winchester. His wealth attracted the attention
+of William the Conqueror, and by a Council held at Winchester after
+Easter 1070, Stigand was deposed. Some reports state that he was cast
+into prison, where he died of voluntary starvation; and that on his body
+was found a key of a casket containing the clue to great hidden
+treasures, which the king appropriated, giving from them, says Rudborne,
+a great silver cross with two images; but the cross is generally called
+Stigand's. He was buried in a leaden sarcophagus to the south of the
+high altar.
+
+#Walkelin# (1070-1098) was related by blood to the Conqueror, and was
+brother of Simeon, prior of Winchester and afterwards abbot of Ely. He
+was the first of the Norman bishops, and signalised his incumbency by
+rebuilding the cathedral from its very foundations, as the Norman
+ecclesiastics frequently did. He figures more largely in the
+architectural history of the cathedral than in its historical records,
+and his work has been described elsewhere. Walkelin was buried in the
+nave before the rood-loft, where stood the great silver cross.
+
+#William Giffard# (1100-1129) succeeded after an interregnum such as
+occurred in many sees during the reign of William Rufus. He founded S.
+Mary Overy, now S. Saviour's, Southwark, as well as the bishop's
+residence in the same district. Before his death he became a monk.
+
+#Henry de Blois# (1129-1171) was grandson of the Conqueror and younger
+brother of Stephen, afterwards King of England. Although an ecclesiastic
+from his youth, he was by no means a man of peace or a mere scholar and
+theologian; _Vir animosus et audax_, says Giraldus. During his prelacy
+he influenced greatly the secular history of his time. In the quarrel
+between Matilda and Stephen, Henry at first recognised Matilda, but
+subsequently, as the foremost power in the church and a strong partisan
+of his brother, he lent his weight against the Empress, and, with the
+aid of Roger of Salisbury and other bishops, gained the crown for
+Stephen. On Whitsunday 1162 Henry de Blois consecrated Thomas � Becket
+as archbishop, and it is said that when King Henry visited him just
+before his death he was reproved by the bishop for his murder of Becket.
+Henry de Blois was certainly a militant churchman; but in an age not
+conspicuous for such virtues, we are told, his private life was pure,
+and he laboured steadfastly for the good of his diocese. The Winchester
+annalist says of him, "Never was man more chaste and prudent, more
+compassionate, or more earnest in transacting ecclesiastical matters, or
+in beautifying churches." His great foundation was the still existing
+hospital of St Cross.
+
+#Richard Toclive# (1174-1188) was elected by the monks after the see had
+been vacant three years. He was strongly against Becket, having even
+been excommunicated by him; yet after the archbishop was murdered and
+canonised he dedicated to him several new churches at Portsmouth,
+Newport, and elsewhere. He founded a small hospital at Winchester
+dedicated to S. Mary Magdalene, which by the time of Charles II. had
+become a ruin, and was pulled down in 1788. Its Norman doorway may be
+seen in the Roman Catholic chapel in S. Peter's Street.
+
+#Godfrey de Lucy# (1189-1204) was son of Richard de Lucy, Grand
+Justiciary of England, and a great benefactor to the Priory of Lesnes in
+Kent, founded by his father. De Lucy's work at Winchester is a fine
+specimen of Early English architecture, and consists of what is known as
+the retro-choir, where he was buried in accordance with the practice of
+interring a founder amid his work. The large slab of grey marble without
+inscription which marks his grave was, Willis tells us, "by a slight
+confusion of tradition" pointed out by former vergers as the tomb of
+King Lucius.
+
+#Peter de la Roche# or de Rupibus (1204-1238) sprang from a knightly
+family in Poitou, and was consecrated bishop of Winton at Rome in 1205.
+He was a hot and unscrupulous partisan of King John, in spite of the
+latter's scornful treatment of the church, and in 1214, when John had
+submitted to Innocent III., Peter was made Grand Justiciary of England,
+much against the wish of the English nobles. He became guardian of the
+young Henry III., coming often into conflict with Henry de Burgh. Peter
+was in many ways a type of the Norman ecclesiastic so hated by the
+people, but, according to Matthew Paris, he fought bravely in the Holy
+Land, whither he led a body of Crusaders in 1226. He founded the Domus
+Dei at Portsmouth, some portions of which still exist in the "Garrison
+Chapel"; and also the monastery at Selborne, described by Gilbert White.
+He died at Farnham Castle in June 1238.
+
+#William de Raleigh# (1244-1249) came from the see of Norwich to that of
+Winchester. He was elected by the monks in 1238, but, as explained
+elsewhere, it was six years before he gained possession, though
+confirmed in his office by the Pope. He retired to France, then under
+the rule of Louis IX., until Henry at length gave way. Raleigh, however,
+did not live to enjoy his honours long, dying during a stay at Tours in
+1249.
+
+#Ethelmar# or Aymer de Valence (1250-1261), who succeeded him, was
+half-brother of Henry III., being son of the Count of La Marche, who
+married John's widow. As a native of Poitou, his appointment was as
+unpopular as that of de Roches, and, moreover, he is said to have been
+only an acolyte when Henry forced the monks to accept him as their
+bishop. At first he was only styled "bishop-elect" of Winchester, and he
+was not consecrated until Ascension Day 1260. Even before his
+appointment we are told that his revenues exceeded those of the
+Archbishop of Canterbury, and he was permitted to retain them. His
+tyranny and greed provoked the Oxford Parliament in 1258 to expel him
+from the kingdom and he fled to France, dying three years later in Paris
+while on his return from Rome to England; for he had induced the Pope to
+espouse his cause and consecrate him.
+
+#John Of Exeter# or John Gervase (1265-1268) was appointed by the Pope
+on the death of Aymer, in preference to two rivals whose election was
+disputed. He is accused of having purchased his elevation. He assisted
+the barons in the Civil War, and after Simon de Montfort's failure was
+suspended and cited to appear at Rome, where he died.
+
+#Nicholas of Ely# (1268-1280) had been lord chancellor and high
+treasurer before he obtained Winchester. On his death he was buried at
+Waverley Abbey, but an inscription on the wall of the south choir aisle
+marks where his heart was interred in his cathedral.
+
+#John de Pontissara#, Pontoise, or Sawbridge (1282-1304), nominated by
+the Pope against the will of Edward I., at length made his peace by
+paying a fine of 2000 marks and giving his manor of Swainstone, Isle of
+Wight, to the king. He built a college of S. Elizabeth of Hungary at
+Winchester. He had been Chancellor of Oxford University, though at the
+time of his election he was Professor of Civil Law at Modena.
+
+#Henry Woodlock# (1305-1316), former prior of S. Swithun's monastery,
+who performed the coronation of Edward II.; #John Sandale# (1316-1319);
+#Reginald Asser# (1320-1323); #John Stratford# (1323-1333), whose
+election was opposed by the king, but who in the next reign was
+translated to Canterbury--are not particularly noticeable.
+
+#Adam Orleton# or de Orlton (1333-1345) was translated hither from
+Worcester by the Pope against the king's wishes. He has the most
+unenviable notoriety of having been the bishop of Hereford who
+instigated the brutal murder of Edward II. on September 21, 1327. He had
+been accused of high treason and deprived of Hereford, but was restored
+thereto by the barons. Edward III. apparently at length received him
+into favour; but Orleton went blind some years before his death. He is
+buried in the Chapel of the Guardian Angels.
+
+#William Edingdon# (1346-1366), though chiefly notable for his
+architectural work at Winchester, was treasurer of England in 1350 and
+chancellor seven years later. He might, had he wished it, have become
+Archbishop of Canterbury, but preferred Winchester. He began the great
+remodelling of the nave, and, dying before much of the work was done,
+left certain property, as appears from his will, for carrying on the
+work; though it is also said that a claim was made against his executors
+with regard to the dilapidations of the see. His general reputation was,
+as a biographer says, "that he loved the king's advantage more than that
+of the community." He founded a convent of "Bonhommes" at his native
+village of Edingdon, in Wiltshire, where the church building, or rather
+rebuilding, is due chiefly to him. He was buried in his own chantry in
+the cathedral. His "monkish epitaph," as Warner calls it, runs thus:
+
+  Edyndon natus Wilhelmus hic est tumulatus
+  Praesul praegratus, in Wintonia cathedratus.
+  Qui pertransitis, ejus memorare velitis.
+  Providus et mitis ausit cum mille peritis.
+  Pervigil Anglorum fuit adjutor populorum.
+  Dulcis egenorum pater et protector eorum.
+  MC tribus junctum post L.X.V. sit I punctum
+  Octava Sanctum notat hunc Octobris inunctum.
+
+#William of Wykeham# (1367-1404), whose name has become so identified
+with Winchester Cathedral and College, was probably a native of the
+village of Wykeham, near Litchfield. Born in 1324, after education at
+Winchester and Oxford he was in 1346 presented to the king, Edward III.,
+at the age of twenty-three, "with no other advantages than his skill in
+architecture" and "the courtly attribute of a courtly person." In the
+course of the next twenty-one years he rose rapidly, filling various
+offices until he became Bishop of Winchester and Lord High Chancellor of
+England. His first recorded appointment is to the clerkship of all the
+king's works near Windsor, and in the same year he was surveyor of the
+new buildings there, including the round tower and the eastern ward of
+the Castle and a College to the west for the Order of the Garter,
+occupying the site of the ancient Domus Regis, close to the present S.
+George's Chapel. On one of the towers the inscription _This made
+Wykeham_ may or may not be meant to convey a double meaning, but it is
+certainly true that his architectural successes furthered his fortunes.
+In 1357 he received the tonsure, and in 1360 was made Dean of S.
+Martin's Le Grand, Archdeacon of Lincoln, Northampton, and Buckingham,
+and Provost of Wells. In 1361 he commenced Queenborough Castle on the
+island of Sheppey; this important edifice, covering over three acres of
+ground, was demolished about 1650. The castles of Winchester,
+Porchester, Wolvesey, Ledes, and Dover, with many others, are believed
+to have been either entirely rebuilt, or at least enlarged, by him. He
+was only ordained priest five years before his elevation to Winchester.
+In 1394 he undertook the great reformation of the cathedral which is
+dealt with in another part of this book. New College (Sainte Mary of
+Wynchestre), Oxford, opened by Wykeham on April 14, 1386, effected
+almost as great a revolution in university education as his famous
+college at Winchester did for the training of boys. As Dr Ingram has
+pointed out, the very title of "New" College which has clung to it shows
+how completely a new collegiate system was established by its
+foundation, which served as a model for future endowments. His
+well-known motto--chosen when his growing dignity made it necessary for
+him to possess armorial bearings--"Manners Makyth Man" has generally
+been taken to mean that virtue alone is true nobility; Lord Campbell,
+however, would have us rather interpret "manners" as the studied
+etiquette of courts and the polished courtesy which Lord Chesterfield
+held so important a factor in success. Willis styles it "a somewhat
+radical sentiment at the time." In his own day the secular arts Wykeham
+practised did not meet with universal approval, for Wiclif alludes to
+him when he observes, "They wullen not present a clerk able of God's
+word and holy ensample, but a kitchen clerk, or a penny clerk, or one
+wise in building castles and other worldly doings." But despite this
+objection, the whole of Wykeham's biographers, contemporary or
+posthumous, agree in praising him as highly as Fuller, who says that his
+"benefaction to learning is not to be paralleled by any English subject
+in all particulars," and his great innovation, whereby elementary
+education was taken from the hands of the monks and, as in his own
+college, established upon an entirely different plan, would alone stamp
+him as one whose foresight was far beyond his own times. He influenced
+the nation in a way not easy to over-estimate, inasmuch as he
+originated, or at least carried into execution, the idea of the great
+public school, as Englishmen understand it, and, by the building of
+Winchester College, founded the institution he had long meditated in a
+way worthy of his design. Previously to the actual construction of the
+college, he had maintained in temporary shelters numbers of poor
+students. On the death of the Black Prince, whose fortunes he had
+vigorously espoused, and the assumption of power by John of Gaunt,
+Wykeham was impeached on the charge of embezzling the royal revenues,
+accepting bribes, and the like; and the king laid hands on the
+temporalities of his see. But almost the last act of Edward III. was to
+restore what he had seized to the bishop, under certain conditions which
+show the great wealth of the latter. Milman, in his "Latin
+Christianity," does full justice to the "splendid, munificent prelate,
+blameless in character," who devoted his vast riches to the promotion of
+learning, and says that, though his endeavour to maintain the
+hierarchical power over humanity was bitterly opposed by Wiclif, "the
+religious of England may well be proud of both." Wykeham was eighty
+years of age when he died, and his body lies in the chantry erected by
+his orders on the south side of the nave.
+
+#Henry of Beaufort# (1405-1447), who followed Wykeham in the bishopric,
+was the second son of John of Gaunt, by Catharine Swynford, and uncle of
+Henry V. In 1398, at the early age of twenty-one, he was made bishop of
+Lincoln, and in 1404 was translated to Winchester. During the reign of
+Henry V. he thrice filled the office of chancellor. In 1417, when
+ostensibly on pilgrimage to the Holy Land, he was present at the Council
+of Constance which was then considering the affairs of the church. At
+this time he was offered the cardinal's hat by Martin V. and appointed
+papal legate, but the bestowal of this dignity on him was resented by
+the English monarch, who commanded him to surrender his office at
+Winchester, which he declared was forfeited by his becoming a cardinal.
+The dispute, however, was arranged, and "the haughty cardinal, more like
+a soldier than a man of the church," formally received his hat at Calais
+in 1426. In the following year he led a crusade against the followers of
+Huss in Bohemia, where, during the retreat of the great army from Mies,
+he alone at the head of a band of English crusaders endeavoured, but in
+vain, to arrest the utter rout. The death of Henry V. brought about a
+fierce rivalry between the two great uncles, Humphrey Duke of Gloucester
+and the cardinal bishop of Winchester, lasting until the death of the
+former, which only occurred six weeks before that of Beaufort himself.
+During the half-century of his rule at Winchester he rebuilt St Cross
+and founded the "Almshouse of Noble Poverty." Shakespeare has made
+Beaufort a prominent figure in Parts I. and II. of "Henry VI.," but, for
+dramatic reasons, perhaps, he is painted very much blacker than he
+deserved. That he was a militant ecclesiastic, scheming and
+unscrupulous, is no doubt true; but he was a statesman and possessed
+firmness of purpose, fertility of resource, and confidence in those whom
+he selected to carry out his designs. His wealth was very great, for he
+was able to lend his nephew the king �20,000, besides spending an
+enormous amount in charities, including �400,000 devoted to the inmates
+of London prisons.
+
+#William of Waynfleete# (1447-1486), a student in Wykeham's colleges at
+Winchester and Oxford, was first master of Winchester College, then made
+provost of Eton in 1443, and in 1447 succeeded Beaufort in the bishopric
+of Winchester. From 1449 to 1459, like his predecessor, he held the
+chancellor's seal, and during the Wars of the Roses was a firm adherent
+of Henry VI. His death took place in 1486. He founded Magdalen College,
+Oxford, and possibly influenced Henry in his endowment of King's
+College, Cambridge, and Eton. Waynfleete appears to have been a man of
+great piety and learning, and, as Milman observes, his actions, in
+advancing non-monastic institutions, reveal a sagacious fore-knowledge
+of the coming changes in the temporal power of the church, and were
+planned to maintain its supremacy in ways better adapted to the new
+spirit which soon after his death caused the downfall of the religious
+houses. The effigy of this bishop, in his chantry in the retro-choir,
+has been restored.
+
+#Peter Courtenay# (1486-1492) was translated from Exeter to Winchester,
+but at neither see has he left any mark on the history, the
+architectural work of his period being due chiefly to his priors.
+
+#Thomas Langton# (1493-1500), translated hither from Salisbury, where he
+was active against the adherents of Wiclif, was chosen in 1500 to occupy
+the see of Canterbury, but he died of the plague before his translation,
+and was buried in his chantry to the south of the Lady Chapel. He seems
+to have been enthusiastic in the cause of education, since he is said to
+have himself superintended the teaching of boys in his town.
+
+#Richard Fox# (1500-1528) was bishop successively of Exeter, Bath and
+Wells, and Durham before he was appointed to Winchester. Great
+confidence was reposed in him by Henry VII., who chose him as godfather
+of the future Henry VIII. To Fox is attributed the introduction of
+Wolsey to the king. Yet this appears to have failed to win him the
+cardinal's gratitude, for, according to Fuller: "All thought Bishop Fox
+to die too soon, only one excepted who conceived him to live too long,
+Thomas Wolsey, who gaped for his bishopric." With Hugh Oldham, bishop of
+Exeter, Fox was joint-founder of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, the
+pelican in her piety, which appears on the college arms, being borne by
+the bishop. His fine chantry and the reconstruction of the choir aisles
+bear witness to his interest in the fabric of his cathedral, and he is
+otherwise noted for the assistance he gave to various foundations.
+
+[Illustration: CARVING ON CHOIR STALL IN LADY CHAPEL--BISHOP FOX'S WORK.
+(From a Drawing by H.P. Clifford.)]
+
+#Thomas Wolsey# (1529-1530) at length gained the coveted see, which he
+held _in commendam_ with the archbishopric of York, but only for one
+year.
+
+#Stephen Gardiner# (1531-1555), another of the more famous prelates who
+have held this see, is said to have been the illegitimate son of Bishop
+Lionel Woodville of Salisbury, brother-in-law of Edward IV. Fuller, in
+one of his favourite conceits, says that Gardiner retained in his wit
+and quick apprehension the sharpness of the air at his birthplace of
+Bury St Edmunds. In 1529 he became archdeacon of Norwich, and, owing to
+his services to Cardinal Wolsey and Henry VIII., was appointed to
+Winchester. On the whole, he managed to keep on good terms with the
+king; but his famous six articles in support of the Real Presence sent
+so many to the stake that the title of "the bloody statute" has clung to
+them. During the reign of Edward VI. he was kept prisoner in the Tower,
+and in 1550 was deprived of his bishopric, which was restored to him on
+the accession of Mary, whom he crowned at Westminster. He performed also
+the marriage service of Mary and Philip of Spain, mentioned on page 13.
+"His malice," says Fuller, "was like what is commonly said of white
+powder which surely discharged the bullet yet made no report, being
+secret in all his acts of cruelty. This made him often chide Bonner,
+calling him 'ass,' though not so much for killing poor people as for not
+doing it more cunningly." Cruel and vengeful as he was, it is yet
+possible that he has been rather unjustly accused of personal delight in
+his victims' sufferings; but, while the persecutions under Mary continue
+to be the worst chapter of English church history, the "hammer of
+heretics," as he was called, will always continue to be execrated. On
+his death-bed at Westminster in 1555 he is reported to have said: "I
+have sinned with Peter, but I have not wept with him." It has indeed
+been held that in his latter days he was half a Protestant at heart,
+though this is difficult to establish. There is preserved a rather
+amusing appeal of Gardiner to the Privy Council, dating from 1547. He
+had intended to hold in Southwark a solemn dirge and mass in memory of
+Henry VIII., and writes to complain that the players who flourished in
+the neighbourhood say that they will also have "a solemne playe to trye
+who shal have most resorte, they in game, or I in earnest." During
+Gardiner's imprisonment by Edward VI., #John Poynet#, once Cranmer's
+chaplain, held his see. As the author of "On Politique Power" (1558),
+where he pleads that "it is lawful to kill a tyrant," and uses some very
+immoderate language, Poynet may be remembered, but as an ecclesiastic he
+has left only a discreditable record in his short term of office. He
+died in 1556 in Germany, whither he had retired on the Roman Catholic
+revival.
+
+#John White# (1556-1559), who succeeded Gardiner, was deposed by Queen
+Elizabeth. He was born at Farnham, and educated at Winchester. Though
+personally he appears to have been pious, during his tenure of the see
+four burnings of religious opponents took place in the diocese.
+
+#Richard Horne# (1560-1580) was a very vigorous supporter of the
+reformed religion, and suffered consequently under Mary. He appears to
+have been very fanatical against the use of vestments, pictures, and
+ornaments of all kinds. He may have pulled down the monastic buildings
+at Winchester, less from a mistaken zeal than from motives of economy;
+but his reputation in this respect is very bad.
+
+#John Watson# (1580-1583), formerly a Doctor of Medicine, only held the
+see for three years.
+
+#Thomas Cooper# (1583-1594) was ordained on the accession of Elizabeth,
+his Protestancy hindering him from taking holy orders under Mary. His
+preaching abilities rapidly secured his promotion to the see of Lincoln
+in 1570, and Winchester thirteen years later. He was buried in the
+choir, but his monument has disappeared. He engaged in controversies
+both with the "recusants" and with the Puritans.
+
+#William Wickham# (1594-1595), who also came from Lincoln to Winchester,
+only held the see for ten weeks.
+
+#William Day# (1595-1596), brother-in-law of the preceding, was provost
+of Eton for no less than thirty-four years, but he died eight months
+after his elevation to Winchester.
+
+#Thomas Bilson# (1597-1616), though called by Anthony � Wood "as
+reverend and learned a prelate as England ever afforded," and the author
+of several theological works, has left little behind him at Winchester.
+
+#James Montagu# (1616-1618) may also be briefly dismissed. Bilson's "On
+the Perpetual Government of Christ's Church" and Montagu's Latin
+translation of the writings of James I. can hardly be said to have made
+them famous. Montagu's tomb is in Bath Abbey.
+
+#Lancelot Andrewes# (1619-1626) is the most celebrated of the
+post-Reformation bishops who have held the see. He was made Bishop of
+Chichester in 1605, Bishop of Ely in 1609, and moved to Winchester nine
+years later. As a pious and austere man, a powerful preacher (an "angel
+in the pulpit," he was called), a scholar versed in patristic
+literature, and a polemical writer, he is well known. Milton's elegy
+suffices to prove the great respect and admiration which he inspired in
+his contemporaries, and he held a considerable influence over James I.;
+but his "Manual of Devotion" is the only volume of all his writings that
+can fairly be said to have become a classic in any sense of the word.
+Andrewes died at Winchester House, Southwark, on September 11, 1626; and
+his tomb is at S. Saviour's, Southwark, in the Lady Chapel, whither it
+was moved on the destruction of the chapel to the east of the building,
+where it was originally placed.
+
+#Richard Neile# (1627-1631), son of a tallow-chandler, though of good
+descent, became Bishop of Rochester 1608, Lichfield and Coventry 1610,
+Durham 1617, Winchester 1627, and Archbishop of York 1631. He was
+censured by the House of Commons, together with Archbishop Laud, as
+"inclined to Arminianism and favouring Popish doctrines and ceremonies."
+
+#Walter Curle# (1632-1650), who came next, was deprived of his see
+during the Civil War. Like Neile, he was a follower of Laud. He is best
+remembered in the Winchester of to-day for his cutting of the passage
+known as the "slype."
+
+#Brian Duppa# (1660-1662), chaplain to Charles I. and tutor to his sons,
+was appointed to Chichester in 1638, having previously been dean at
+Oxford. In 1641 he was translated to Salisbury, but during the
+Commonwealth he retired to Richmond, where he lived in solitude until
+the Restoration, when he obtained the see of Winchester. An allusion to
+him during his first year here may be found in Pepys, who, in his diary
+for October 4, 1660, says: "I and Lieut. Lambert to Westminster, where
+we saw Dr Frewen translated to the Archbishoprick of York. Here I saw
+the Bishops of Winchester, Bangor, Rochester, Bath and Wells, and
+Salisbury, all in their habits, in King Henry VII.'s chapel. But, Lord!
+at their going out how people did most of them look upon them as strange
+creatures, and few with any kind of love or respect." Duppa was,
+however, we are informed, "a man of such exemplary piety, lively
+conversation, and excess of good nature, that when Charles I. was in
+prison at Carisbrooke Castle he thought himself happy in the company of
+so good a man." He died in 1662 at Richmond (where an almshouse, founded
+by him, bears over its gate the inscription: _I will pay my vow which I
+made to God in my trouble_) and was buried at Westminster Abbey in Abbot
+Islip's chapel, where a tablet records his adherence to his two kings.
+
+#George Morley# (1662-1684), a constant supporter of Charles I., was
+much favoured by him until his death on the scaffold. From this point he
+lived in exile until the Restoration, when he was created Bishop of
+Worcester in 1660, and was chosen to be one of the revisers of the
+liturgy. In 1662 he succeeded Duppa at Winchester. He restored Farnham
+Castle, the palace of the bishops, at a cost of �8000; obtained
+Winchester House, Chelsea, for the see; and founded the "College for
+Widows of the Clergy" near the close at Winchester. He died at Farnham
+Castle in 1684. Bishop Morley was an acquaintance of Isaak Walton the
+angler, whose guest he was after Parliament had expelled him from his
+see. The cathedral library owes its being to a bequest from Morley to
+"the dean and chapter and their successors."
+
+#Peter Mews# (1684-1706), bishop of Bath and Wells in 1672, took part
+personally in the Civil War, attaining the rank of captain, and followed
+Charles II. to Flanders in 1648. Even long after his ordination he
+retained his martial spirit, for as bishop of Winchester he personally
+took part in the battle of Sedgmoor against the followers of Monmouth
+and received a wound. He died in 1706, and was buried in the cathedral.
+
+#Jonathan Trelawney#, Baronet (1707-1721), was one of the famous seven
+bishops who underwent trial in the reign of James II. He was before his
+occupancy of the see of Winchester, bishop of Bristol and of Exeter.
+During his episcopacy, the cathedral received some questionable
+adornments, including the "Grecian" urns in the niches of the reredos,
+now fortunately removed.
+
+#Charles Trimnell# (1721-1723) was a very energetic Whig and a strong
+opponent of the once famous Sacheverell. He only spent two years at
+Winchester, his term being cut short by death.
+
+#Richard Willis# (1723-1734) was bishop successively of Gloucester,
+Salisbury, and Winchester, but he has left little by which he may be
+remembered.
+
+#Benjamin Hoadley# (1734-1761) was "a zealous partisan of religious
+liberty," and a strenuous Low Churchman. He occupied in turn the
+bishoprics of Bangor, Hereford, Salisbury, and Winchester. During his
+tenure of the first-named see he started the famous Bangorian
+Controversy by the publication of a tract and a sermon in which he
+denied the existence of a _visible_ Church of Christ in which "any one
+more than another has authority either to make new laws for Christ's
+subjects, or to impose a sense upon the old ones, or to judge, censure,
+or punish the servants of another master in matters relating purely to
+conscience or salvation." As a result of the heated discussion of the
+matter in Convocation, that body was virtually suspended for a century
+and a half. Pope ridicules Hoadley for his verbose eloquence, speaking
+of "Hoadley with his periods of a mile." He was, however, a great
+favourite of George I., whose private chaplain he became on that king's
+accession; and it was under royal protection that he published the works
+which gave rise to the great controversy.
+
+#John Thomas# (1761-1781) was tutor to George III. He was called by his
+successor "a man of most amiable character and a polite scholar"; and it
+is difficult to say much more about him.
+
+#Hon. Brownlow North# (1781-1826) was half-brother of Lord North, to
+whom he owed a rapid preferment. In 1771, when he was thirty years of
+age, he was made bishop of Coventry and Lichfield; in 1774, bishop of
+Worcester. At Winchester he spent over �6000 on Farnham Castle, and
+during his time �40,000 was devoted to the restoration of the cathedral,
+but the result cannot be commended.
+
+#George Pretyman Tomline#, Baronet (1820-1827), had a distinguished
+university career and was the author of several theological works.
+
+#Charles Sumner# (1827-1869) came to Winchester after a year at
+Llandaff. He was a vigorous supporter of the Evangelical party. During
+his term of office the boundaries of his see were re-adjusted and
+contracted.
+
+#Samuel Wilberforce# (1869-1873), third son of the celebrated
+abolitionist, William Wilberforce, was translated to Winchester from
+Oxford, where for twenty-five years he was bishop. His record at
+Winchester is neither so long nor so important as at Oxford, where he
+successfully passed through the troubles of the Tractarian movement. His
+death was occasioned by a fall when he was out riding with Lord
+Granville.
+
+Since the death of Bishop Wilberforce the see has been occupied by three
+bishops whose names alone need be given here, for their records will be
+fresh in the memories of all:--
+
+#Edward Harold Brown# (1873-1890), who came from Ely to Winchester;
+
+#Antony Wilson Thorold# (1890-1895), whose tomb lies outside the
+cathedral, close to the new memorial south window of the Lady Chapel;
+
+#Randall Thomas Davidson# (1895), the present occupant of the see.
+
+[Illustration: DETAILS OF THE FONT (also see THE NORMAN FONT in Chapter
+III).]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+OTHER INSTITUTIONS CONNECTED WITH THE CATHEDRAL
+
+
+It is hardly possible to conclude an account of Winchester Cathedral
+without briefly alluding to several places in the immediate
+neighbourhood which are more or less intimately connected with the
+church and its benefactors. Only four buildings, however, call for any
+detailed description--Wolvesey Castle, the College, Hyde Abbey, and St
+Cross.
+
+#Wolvesey#, which is said to mean Wolf's Island, is quite close to the
+east end of the cathedral. It contained at one time a regular residence
+of the bishops of Winchester, the greater part of which was erected by
+Henry de Blois. The remains of this castle are very ruinous, though the
+outer walls and the exterior of the keep are in good condition still.
+Woodward pointed out traces of a refectory with a Norman arch and
+window. The building more than once underwent attacks, the earliest
+being during the struggle between Stephen and Matilda, in which Henry de
+Blois took a vigorous part. Finally, in 1646, Cromwell practically
+destroyed it, after it had held out against him in the Royalist cause.
+It served as the residence of many well-known characters in history, and
+among its bishops Cardinal Beaufort died there. Mary slept at Wolvesey
+Castle in 1554, before her marriage at Winchester. Bishop Morley
+commenced building a modern house close by the old site, and subsequent
+bishops completed it. Only the middle portion of this, with the Tudor
+chapel, now remains, the southern end having been pulled down by Bishop
+Brownlow North. The ruins of the castle can be seen from the top of the
+cathedral tower.
+
+On Wykeham's charter for the incorporation of his new foundation,
+"Seinte Marie College of Wynchestre," is the date October 20, 1382; but
+it seems that long before this date and up to the actual completion of
+the #College# buildings, the bishop superintended the education of the
+boys for whom his institution was founded, housing them in temporary
+structures in the meantime--possibly in S. John's parish, on S. Giles'
+Hill, it has been suggested. Before Wykeham's time, and indeed before
+the Conquest, it appears that the monks of S. Swithun's institution had
+a school at Winchester, at which no less celebrated a pupil than Alfred
+the Great was brought up. We have already touched on the subject of
+Wykeham's ideas on education, and the change which he brought about by
+his colleges at Winchester and Oxford, and it is not necessary to go
+into the subject again. The College buildings lie beyond the southern
+limits of the cathedral close, on the south side of the narrow College
+Street, being entered by a gateway with an ancient statue of the Virgin
+in the niche over it. This door leads into the quadrangle, about which
+are ranged various parts of the college. A further arch under the tower
+in this court leads to a larger quadrangle, in which are the Chapel and
+the refectory or Hall, a room 63 feet by 30, with a groined oak roof and
+a dais at one end for the Warden and Fellows; while at the other is the
+audit room, which has some fifteenth-century tapestry and an iron-bound
+chest once belonging to William of Wykeham. Beneath the Hall is "Seventh
+Chamber," an early schoolroom. Beyond are cloisters and more buildings,
+and then the meadows which run down to the Itchen. The niches over the
+second gateway contain figures of the Virgin, the Angel Gabriel, and
+William of Wykeham; while the room below them is known as the election
+chamber, where the annual election of scholars took place. In the inner
+quadrangle the carvings over the windows should be noticed. "Over the
+hall and kitchen entrance are the psaltery and bagpipe; over kitchen
+window, Excess, a head vomiting; opposite a Bursar as Frugality, with
+his iron-bound money-chest; over the Masters' windows are the Pedagogue,
+the Listless Scholar, etc." In the Chapel, which is 93 feet long by 30
+wide and 57 high, the Perpendicular windows should be noticed, and in
+particular, the large east window. The glass is declared by Mr Winston
+to be, with the exception of a few pieces, modern, dating from 1824,
+while the "Jesse" window is "a very good copy of the old design." In the
+vault Wykeham's wooden fan-tracery remains, but there has been much
+change in the fittings of the chapel. The old screen has gone, and the
+reredos is a restoration; the original stalls were removed as early as
+1681. The tower had to be rebuilt in 1863, though the old stonework of
+1470 was used where possible. At the north-east end are the sacristy and
+muniment room, in which the college charters, etc., are kept. Among the
+MSS., etc., kept here are certain Anglo-Saxon documents and charters of
+Privileges from Richard II. to Charles II.; a table of Wykeham's
+domestic expenses; a thirteenth century Vulgate in manuscript; a "Briefe
+description of the Newe Founde Lande of Virginia," by Sir Walter
+Raleigh; and a pedigree of Henry VI., tracing his descent from Adam. The
+chief relic of Wykeham is a gold ring with a large sapphire in it. The
+Cloisters are 132 feet in length on each side, and the stone roofing is
+supported by rafters of Irish oak. The ground enclosed by the Cloisters
+was once used for the burial of the Fellows. Among the names cut in the
+walls may be seen the name of "Thos. Ken, 1646." In the square formed by
+the cloisters is the Chantry Chapel, built in 1420, converted into the
+library after Edward VI. had forbidden its use as a chapel, and now used
+once more as a chapel for the junior scholars. A portrait of Wykeham
+(the oldest on record) is shown in the east window, the glass of which
+dates from 1470, and comes from Warden Thurbern's chantry in the larger
+chapel. Behind the hall is "School," a detached building erected in 1687
+by the Warden, Nicholas. It is now used for glee-club concerts and like
+events. The western wall has on it the often-quoted inscription: _Aut
+Disce Aut Discede Manet Sors Tertia C�di_. Modern additions to the
+college buildings include a library in memory of Bishop Moberly,
+formerly head-master; a gymnasium, fives courts and a racquet court, and
+a new infirmary. One of the most curious properties of the College is
+the old painting (probably sixteenth century) of the "Trusty Servant,"
+the words being ascribed to Johnson, the head-master in 1560-1571.
+
+[Illustration: WINCHESTER COLLEGE "SCHOOL".]
+
+[Illustration: WINCHESTER COLLEGE: THE OUTER GATEWAY]
+
+[Illustration: WINCHESTER COLLEGE: CHANTRY CHAPEL.]
+
+[Illustration: INSCRIPTION ON WESTERN WALL OF "SCHOOL,"
+               WINCHESTER COLLEGE.]
+
+[Illustration: THE TRUSTY SERVANT.
+
+    A trusty servant's portrait would you see,
+    This emblematic figure well survey;
+    The porker's snout--not nice in diet shows;
+    The padlock shut--no secrets he'll disclose;
+    Patient the ass--his master's wrath to bear;
+    Swiftness in errand--the stag's feet declare;
+    Loaded his left hand--apt to labour saith;
+    The vest--his neatness; open hand--his faith;
+    Girt with his sword, his shield upon his arm--
+    Himself and master he'll protect from harm.]
+
+[Illustration: ST CROSS FROM THE SOUTH. _Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo._]
+
+The remains of #Hyde Abbey# lie considerably to the north of the
+cathedral, outside the old North Gate of the city, where it was erected
+during the bishopric of William Giffard by Henry I. The buildings were
+occupied in 1110 A.D. by the monks who were forced to leave Alfred's
+"New Minster," pulled down because of its too close neighbourhood to the
+cathedral. Though the foundations of the abbey still exist, little is
+left of the upper part except an arched gateway with hood-mouldings and
+two royal corbel-heads. This gateway is in some walls that apparently
+were once part of the out-buildings of the abbey. The body of Alfred the
+Great was brought hither in 1110, and must still be here, though all
+traces of the tomb have now vanished utterly. The institution, which was
+a very wealthy one, was not always on good terms with the cathedral
+authorities, of whom it was, of course, independent. A record is kept of
+a dispute between Cardinal Beaufort and the Abbot of Hyde. In the
+dissolution of the monasteries under Henry VIII. it was impossible that
+the riches of Hyde Abbey could escape, and in 1538 pillage and violation
+overtook it. The Royal Commissioners wrote that they intended "to sweep
+away all the rotten bones that be called relices, which we may not omit,
+lest it should be thought that we came more for the treasure than for
+avoiding the abominations of idolatry." Probably Thomas Cromwell, to
+whom they wrote, understood how far the two motives influenced them and
+the king. The monastic buildings did not altogether disappear until
+close on the end of last century, when the materials were devoted to
+other purposes.
+
+[Illustration: ST CROSS FROM THE QUADRANGLE. _Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo._]
+
+The #Hospital of St Cross#, the oldest almshouse in England, lies one
+mile to the south of the town on the Southampton Road, and may be
+reached from Winchester across the fields for part of the way. Situated
+in the hamlet of Sparkford, it was founded originally by Bishop Henry de
+Blois in 1136, on the site of a small monastery destroyed by the Danes.
+The founder's wish was to give refuge to "thirteen poor men, feeble and
+so reduced in strength that they can hardly or with difficulty support
+themselves with another's aid"; while a meal was daily to be provided
+for another hundred poor men. The Knights Hospitallers, in the person of
+their Master, Raymund, were in 1151 A.D. put in charge of the
+foundation. They agreed so ill, however, with the bishops of the
+neighbouring cathedral that, about 1200, the Pope appointed a commission
+which transferred to the bishops the right of choosing the master. The
+new arrangement did not work well, for a little more than a century and
+a half afterwards the master was found to be robbing his charge to such
+an extent that the scandal was intolerable. William of Wykeham turning
+his attention to the matter, a Papal Bull was procured ordering the use
+of the revenues for the benefit of the poor. The next bishop, Cardinal
+Beaufort, added to the buildings by the foundation of the "Almshouse of
+Noble Poverty," for the maintenance of two priests, thirty-five
+brethren, and three sisters. The master of the hospital was to be at its
+head, otherwise the institutions were to be distinct; but by the middle
+of the sixteenth century the hospital had practically absorbed the
+almshouse. At the end of the next century, in 1696, the master and
+brethren of the hospital made a public repudiation of their duties, and
+commenced either to destroy the buildings or to convert them to other
+than their original uses; and shortly after the southern side of
+Beaufort's quadrangle was pulled down. The abuses were rectified in the
+middle of the present century, and now a body of trustees, under the
+control of the Charity Commissioners, has the management of the two
+institutions. All the endowments of the hospital are still intact.
+
+[Illustration: CHURCH OF ST CROSS: VIEW OF EAST END FROM NAVE.
+_Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo._]
+
+[Illustration: COUNTY HALL, WITH ROUND TABLE. From an Old Print.]
+
+After one has passed through the remains of an outer court, the entrance
+to the buildings is by a gatehouse known by the name of the "Beaufort
+Tower." Over the groined vault of the doorway is the founder's chamber,
+surmounted by an octagonal turret. Three niches exist above the exterior
+or northern window, one of which has a kneeling figure of Beaufort,
+while the representation of the Holy Cross, formerly in the centre, and
+the figure of Henry de Blois have vanished. The niche on the inner side
+used to be occupied by a statue of the Virgin, which, after surviving
+the Civil War, fell about a hundred years ago. At the Porter's Lodge in
+the gateway the time-honoured "dole" of beer and bread is given to
+visitors. The square quadrangle on which the gate opens has the
+brethren's rooms on the west (the right hand as one enters), the
+ambulatory or cloister on the east, the church of St Cross at the
+south-east corner, and to the right of the church a view of meadows
+where the buildings were pulled down in 1789. In the centre of the grass
+is a sundial. Next the Beaufort Tower at the south side is the
+refectory, and beyond that the master's house. The refectory has three
+two-light Perpendicular windows, a high-pitched wooden roof, and a
+minstrels' gallery at the west end. It is now only used as a dining-hall
+on great occasions. The master's house is thought to be the old "Hundred
+Mennes Hall," but is now furnished with modern windows. The cloister on
+the east side is of sixteenth-century work, paved with large red tiles;
+"the roof is red-tiled," says a recent observer, "the long blank wall
+faced with rough-cast of a warm yellowish tinge, and supported on a
+range of broad and low timber arcading, which is, in its turn, supported
+by a dwarf wall some three feet in height." The main feature of the
+cloister is a red-brick oriel window; "reared upon two brick arches,
+supported midway by an octangular pillar of the same material, and
+flanked by splayed buttresses with stone quoins, the window-opening
+occupies a comparatively small space, and is filled with stone mullions
+and tracery of a Tudor character; the whole design proclaimed by a stone
+tablet, let into the brickwork, to be the work of Bishop Compton." Above
+the cloister is the infirmary, which opens into the church so as to
+allow the sick to hear the service. The church, though considered by
+many the finest existing example of Late and Transitional Norman, also
+exhibits architecture of all periods down to Late Decorated. Commenced
+by Bishop de Blois in 1171, it was not completed until the end of the
+thirteenth century. From east to west it measures 125 feet, its ordinary
+breadth is 54 feet, while at the transepts it is 115. Woodward thinks
+from the appearance of the exterior that the body of the church was
+widened at some period after its first erection. The windows are various
+in style. In the nave they are Transition Norman and Early English, and
+in the clerestory Decorated; in the choir aisles Late Norman. The
+western doorway is Early English with dogtooth ornament, while the large
+window above with its geometrical tracery is "fully developed
+Decorated." The most striking feature of the exterior, however, is at
+the south-east exterior angle of the south transept, a fine triple arch
+with chevron and billet moulding, which was probably once a doorway into
+a cloister no longer existing. Within the three-bay nave one is in the
+midst of Early English and Transition Norman work. The bases and caps of
+the Norman pillars are very rich, and, as has been pointed out, furnish
+a great contrast to such Norman work as is seen on the transept pillars
+at Winchester itself. The south walls are very plain, and were probably
+connected with De Blois' buildings originally. In the choir above the
+pier-arches is a triforium of intersecting arches (to which Milner
+attributed the origin of the Pointed style), and there is a second
+passage beneath the clerestory windows. The floor-brass of John de
+Camden (1382) lies in the choir. When the church was restored by
+Butterfield the choir was painted in imitation of the old colouring. It
+cannot be said that the effect is at all pleasing. The new floor tiles
+bear the letters Z.O. to commemorate the anonymous donor of the money
+for this restoration. The old encaustic tiles bear the motto "Have
+Mynde." In the chancel the Renaissance carving dates from about Henry
+VII., while the Henry VIII. stalls have been removed to the morning
+chapel in the south aisle. The transepts are a good example of the
+transition to Early English style. In the northern arm can be seen the
+window opening out of the infirmary, already mentioned above.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY CROSS, WINCHESTER. From an Old Print.]
+
+[Illustration: TOMBSTONE IN THE CHURCHYARD. _A. Pumphrey, Photo._]
+
+Of other points of interest in or near Winchester it would be out of
+place to speak here at any length, but among the various objects that
+are worth seeing in the town itself mention may be made of the City
+Cross, erected by the Fraternity of the Holy Cross during the reign of
+Henry VI. The chief figures represent William of Wykeham, Florence de
+Anne, Mayor of Winchester, Alfred the Great, and S. Laurence, the latter
+being the only old figure. Britton, in 1807, said: "The present building
+is called the Butter Cross, because the retail dealers in that article
+usually assemble round it." He complained of the injury done to it by
+"boys and childish men." S. Laurence was the only figure in his day, and
+it was then "generally said to be an effigy of S. John the Evangelist."
+In the County Hall, which includes the remains of the ancient castle of
+William the Conqueror's days, is "King Arthur's Round Table." This is
+mentioned as being here by the chronicler John Harding (1378-1465), so
+that its antiquity is undoubted. Its present painted design, however,
+can not be earlier than the beginning of the sixteenth century, but
+since Henry VIII.'s time the same design has been adhered to. The
+illustration which appears here comes from an old print of the County
+Hall. Milner, in his "History and Survey of Winchester" in the last
+century, remarked that the Round Table "was evidently an eating table
+for the knights who used to meet here to perform feats of chivalry,
+which kind of meetings, from this circumstance, was anciently called
+_The Round Table_. These, however, were not so much as known in England,
+until the reign of King Stephen, 600 years after the reign of Arthur.
+There is great reason to believe that the said Stephen was the real
+author of the present table. The figures and characters now painted on
+it were certainly first executed in the reign of Henry VIII."
+
+[Illustration: THE WEST GATE, WINCHESTER. _Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo._]
+
+The last illustration represents the oldest of the city gates at
+Winchester, parts of it being ascribed to the reign of Stephen. The town
+now, of course, extends considerably beyond its original bounds.
+
+
+DIMENSIONS
+
+Total length (external)          556 feet.
+Total length (internal)          526  "
+Length of Nave (internal)        262  "
+Width of Nave      "              83  "
+Width of Choir     "              88  "
+Length of Transept "             209  "
+Height of Vault                   78  "
+
+TOTAL AREA                53,480 sq. feet.
+
+Altar Screen              {43 ft. 9 in. high.
+                          {39 ft. 6 in. wide.
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL.]
+
+[Illustration: THE CRYPTS. From Britton's "Winchester" (1817).]
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: THE CATHEDRAL
+CHURCH OF WINCHESTER***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 20346-8.txt or 20346-8.zip *******
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+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of
+Winchester, by Philip Walsingham Sergeant</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Winchester</p>
+<p>       A Description of Its Fabric and a Brief History of the Episcopal See</p>
+<p>Author: Philip Walsingham Sergeant</p>
+<p>Release Date: January 12, 2007  [eBook #20346]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF WINCHESTER***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Nick Kocharhook,<br />
+    and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (http://www.pgdp.net/c/)</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES</h4>
+
+<ol><li>Inconsistencies in hyphenation or the spelling of proper
+names and dialect or obsolete word spellings have been
+left as they were in the original.</li>
+<li>Full page photographs in the original text were sometimes placed so as to split paragraphs. These have
+been moved to immediately before or after the paragraph that was split. When this was done, page numbers have
+been moved from their original location to preserve sequential numbering and to show on which page the
+photograph was placed. Where the order could not reasonably be preserved, a note is included in the image caption
+to indicate where the image originally appeared.</li>
+<li>Some page numbers are missing, as there were often blank pages before or after full page photographs.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image01" id="image01"></a>
+<a href="./images/image01.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image01_th.jpg" alt="WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL FROM NORTH-WEST END OF CLOSE." title="Image 01" />
+</a><br /><span class="caption">WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL FROM NORTH-WEST END OF CLOSE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<h1>The Cathedral Church of<br />
+<big>WINCHESTER</big></h1>
+
+<h2>A Description of Its Fabric<br />
+And A Brief History of The<br />
+Episcopal See</h2>
+
+<h4>By</h4>
+<h3>Philip W. Sergeant</h3>
+<h5>Late Scholar Of Trinity College, Oxford</h5>
+
+<h4>WITH FIFTY
+<img src="./images/image02.png" alt="Arms of the See" title="Arms of the See" />
+ILLUSTRATIONS</h4>
+
+<h3>LONDON GEORGE BELL &amp; SONS 1899</h3>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="./images/image03.png" alt="Publisher marks" title="Image 03" />
+</div>
+
+<h5><span class="smcap">First Published, Jan. 1898</span><br />
+Second Edition, Revised 1899</h5>
+<h5>W.H. WHITE AND CO. LIMITED</h5>
+<h5>RIVERSIDE PRESS, EDINBURGH</h5>
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="GENERAL_PREFACE" id="GENERAL_PREFACE"></a>GENERAL PREFACE</h2>
+
+
+<p>This series of monographs has been planned to supply visitors to the
+great English Cathedrals with accurate and well illustrated guide-books
+at a popular price. The aim of each writer has been to produce a work
+compiled with sufficient knowledge and scholarship to be of value to the
+student of Arch&aelig;ology and History, and yet not too technical in
+language for the use of an ordinary visitor or tourist.</p>
+
+<p>To specify all the authorities which have been made use of in each case
+would be difficult and tedious in this place. But amongst the general
+sources of information which have been almost invariably found useful
+are:&mdash;(1) the great county histories, the value of which, especially in
+questions of genealogy and local records, is generally recognised; (2)
+the numerous papers by experts which appear from time to time in the
+Transactions of the Antiquarian and Arch&aelig;ological Societies; (3) the
+important documents made accessible in the series issued by the Master
+of the Rolls; (4) the well-known works of Britton and Willis on the
+English Cathedrals; and (5) the very excellent series of Handbooks to
+the Cathedrals originated by the late Mr John Murray; to which the
+reader may in most cases be referred for fuller detail, especially in
+reference to the histories of the respective sees.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">Gleeson White,<br />
+E.F. Strange,</p>
+<p class="right"><i>Editors of the Series.</i></p>
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="PREFACE_TO_FIRST_EDITION" id="PREFACE_TO_FIRST_EDITION"></a>PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION</h2>
+
+<p>It would be useless to attempt to record all the sources of information
+to which it has been necessary to have recourse in preparing this short
+account of Winchester Cathedral and its history; but I should like to
+acknowledge the main portion of the debt. "The Proceedings of the
+Arch&aelig;ological Institute of Great Britain in 1845" must, of course, take
+the first place, for to Willis's paper every one must go who wishes to
+know the cathedral well. Britton's "Cathedrals," Browne Willis's "Survey
+of the Cathedrals," and Woodward's "History of Hampshire," with the more
+recent Diocesan History of Winchester by Canon Benham, and the
+"Winchester Cathedral Records" of various dates, have been of great
+service. An article in the <i>Builder</i> of October 1, 1892, and one on St
+Cross in <i>Architecture</i> for November 1896, must also be mentioned. Above
+all, I am glad to be able to express my gratitude to one of the editors
+of this series, Mr Gleeson White, without whose assistance this account
+would never have been commenced. The engraving of the iron grill-work is
+reproduced from Mr Starkie Gardiner's "Iron-work," Vol. I., by
+permission of the Science and Art Department, South Kensington.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">Philip Walsingham Sergeant.</p>
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table summary="toc">
+<tr>
+<td class="tocch"><a href="#CHAPTER_I"><span class="smcap">Chapter</span> I.&mdash;History of the Cathedral</a></td><td class="tocpn">3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocch"><a href="#CHAPTER_II"><span class="smcap">Chapter</span> II.&mdash;The Cathedral Building and Close</a></td><td class="tocpn">16</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb"><a href="#II_1">The Exterior</a></td><td class="tocpn">19</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb"><a href="#II_2">The West Front</a></td><td class="tocpn">20</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb"><a href="#II_3">The North and South Sides</a></td><td class="tocpn">26</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb"><a href="#II_4">The Central Tower</a></td><td class="tocpn">27</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb"><a href="#II_5">The Transepts</a></td><td class="tocpn">27</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb"><a href="#II_6">The East End</a></td><td class="tocpn">28</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocch"><a href="#CHAPTER_III"><span class="smcap">Chapter</span> III.&mdash;The Interior</a></td><td class="tocpn">33</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb"><a href="#III_1">The Nave</a></td><td class="tocpn">34</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb3"><a href="#III_1_1">The Minstrels' Gallery</a></td><td class="tocpn">40</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb3"><a href="#III_1_2">The Grill-work</a></td><td class="tocpn">43</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb3"><a href="#III_1_3">The Norman Font</a></td><td class="tocpn">44</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb3"><a href="#III_1_4">Wykeham's Chantry</a></td><td class="tocpn">46</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb3"><a href="#III_1_5">Edingdon's Chantry</a></td><td class="tocpn">50</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb"><a href="#III_2">The Choir</a></td><td class="tocpn">50</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb3"><a href="#III_2_1">The Tomb of "William Rufus"</a></td><td class="tocpn">52</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb"><a href="#III_3">The Reredos</a></td><td class="tocpn">55</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb"><a href="#III_4">The Transepts</a></td><td class="tocpn">61</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb3"><a href="#III_4_1">North Transept</a></td><td class="tocpn">65</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb3"><a href="#III_4_2">South Transept</a></td><td class="tocpn">65</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb3"><a href="#III_4_3">The Library</a></td><td class="tocpn">71</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb"><a href="#III_5">The Feretory</a></td><td class="tocpn">72</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb3"><a href="#III_5_1">The Holy Hole</a></td><td class="tocpn">72</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb3"><a href="#III_5_2">Gardiner's and Fox's Chantries</a></td><td class="tocpn">74</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb"><a href="#III_6">The Mortuary Chests</a></td><td class="tocpn">76</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb"><a href="#III_7">The Retro-choir and its Chantries</a></td><td class="tocpn">79</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb"><a href="#III_8">The Lady Chapel</a></td><td class="tocpn">84</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb"><a href="#III_9">The Guardian Angels and Langton Chapels</a></td><td class="tocpn">90</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb"><a href="#III_10">The Crypts</a></td><td class="tocpn">93</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocsb"><a href="#III_11">The Stained Glass</a></td><td class="tocpn">94</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocch"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV"><span class="smcap">Chapter</span> IV.&mdash;History of the See</a></td><td class="tocpn">96</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocch"><a href="#CHAPTER_V"><span class="smcap">Chapter</span> V.&mdash;The Bishops of Winchester</a></td><td class="tocpn">101</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tocch"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI"><span class="smcap">Chapter</span> VI.&mdash;Other Institutions connected with the Cathedral</a></td><td class="tocpn">118</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS" id="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS"></a>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table summary="list of illustrations">
+<tr><th>&nbsp;</th><th class="plain" align="right">PAGE</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image01">The Cathedral from the North-West</a></td><td align='right'><i>Frontispiece</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image04">The Deanery</a></td><td align='right'>2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image05">Old View of the North Side of the Cathedral</a></td><td align='right'>11</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image06">Monument to Bishop Ethelmar</a></td><td align='right'>15</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image07">The Cathedral from the Deanery Gardens</a></td><td align='right'>19</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image08">The West Front</a></td><td align='right'>21</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image09">North-West Bay&mdash;Exterior</a></td><td align='right'>25</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image10">East End&mdash;Exterior</a></td><td align='right'>29</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image11">Nave, showing Screen before Restoration</a></td><td align='right'>31</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image12">Transformation of the Nave</a></td><td align='right'>35</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image13">The Nave, looking East</a></td><td align='right'>37</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image14">The Nave, looking West</a></td><td align='right'>39</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image15">The Grill-work from S. Swithun's Shrine</a></td><td align='right'>41</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image16">The Norman Font</a></td><td align='right'>45</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image17">William of Wykeham's Chantry</a></td><td align='right'>47</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image18">The Choir, looking East</a></td><td align='right'>51</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image19">The Choir Stalls</a></td><td align='right'>53</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image20">The Altar and Reredos</a></td><td align='right'>57</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image21">The North Transept</a></td><td align='right'>59</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image22">View in North Transept</a></td><td align='right'>63</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image23">Door to Henry de Blois' Treasury</a></td><td align='right'>66</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image24">Bishop Wilberforce's Monument</a></td><td align='right'>67</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image25">South Aisle, from Transept</a></td><td align='right'>69</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image26">Back of Feretory, with Bishop Gardiner's Chantry</a></td><td align='right'>73</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image27">Bishop Fox's Chantry and Details</a></td><td align='right'>75, 76</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image30">South Aisle of Retro-choir</a></td><td align='right'>77</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image31">Cardinal Beaufort's Chantry</a></td><td align='right'>81</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image32">The Lady Chapel</a></td><td align='right'>85</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image33">Details of Lady Chapel</a></td><td align='right'>85</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image34">Bishop Langton's Chapel and Details</a></td><td align='right'>89, 90</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image36">Queen Mary's Chair</a></td><td align='right'>91</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image37">Mortuary Chest in Choir</a></td><td align='right'>95</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image38">Carving on Choir Stalls</a></td><td align='right'>111</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image39">Details of Font</a></td><td align='right'>117</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image40">Winchester College: "School"</a></td><td align='right'>119</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image41">Winchester College: The Outer Gateway</a></td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image42">Winchester College: Chantry Chapel</a></td><td align='right'>121</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image43">Winchester College: Inscription and The Trusty Servant</a></td><td align='right'>122, 123</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image45">St Cross from the South</a></td><td align='right'>124</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image46">St Cross from the Quadrangle</a></td><td align='right'>125</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image47">St Cross: East End from Nave</a></td><td align='right'>126</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image48">County Hall with Round Table</a></td><td align='right'>127</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image49">The City Cross</a></td><td align='right'>129</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image50">Tombstone in Churchyard</a></td><td align='right'>131</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image51">The West Gate</a></td><td align='right'>132</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch"><a href="#image52">PLANS OF THE CATHEDRAL AND CRYPTS</a></td><td align='right'>134, 135</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="image04" id="image04"></a>
+<a href="./images/image04.jpg"><img src="./images/image04_th.jpg" alt="THE DEANERY, WINCHESTER." title="Image 04" /></a><br />
+<span class="caption">THE DEANERY, WINCHESTER.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h1><a name="WINCHESTER_CATHEDRAL" id="WINCHESTER_CATHEDRAL"></a>WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL</h1>
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of<br />Contents</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I<br />
+<span class="subtitle">HISTORY OF THE CATHEDRAL</span></h2>
+
+<p><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3"></a><span class="pagenum">3</span>
+Unlike many of our cathedral cities, "Royal" Winchester has a secular
+history of the greatest importance, which not only is almost
+inextricably interwoven with the ecclesiastical annals down to a
+comparatively recent date, but should at times occupy the foremost
+position in the records of the place. To attempt, however, to trace the
+story of the city as well as that of the cathedral would be to
+recapitulate the most important facts of the history of England during
+those centuries when Winchester was its capital town. Its civic
+importance, indeed, was not dependent upon the cathedral alone, for
+before the introduction of Christianity into the island Winchester was
+undoubtedly the principal place in the south of England. The Roman
+occupation, though it seems a mere incident in its record, lasted over
+three centuries, about as long as from the reign of Henry VIII. to that
+of Queen Victoria. Richard Warner (1795) sums up the various names of
+Winchester when he speaks of "the metropolis of the British Belg&aelig;,
+called by Ptolemy and Antoninus Venta Belgarum; by the Welch or modern
+Britons, Caer Gwent; and by the old Saxons, Wintancester; by the Latin
+writers, Wintonia" ("Collections for the History of Hampshire").</p>
+
+<p>Even, therefore, when we read the account of the legendary king of the
+Britons, Lucius, founding a great church at Winchester in A.D. 164, we
+do not touch the source of its fame, nor have we discovered the record
+of the first building devoted to religious worship on the site of the
+present cathedral. How far certain references to early pagan temples may
+be trusted does not here concern us; but at Christchurch Priory, some
+<a name="Page_4" id="Page_4"></a><span class="pagenum">4</span>thirty-five miles to the south-west in the same diocese, bones "supposed
+to be those of sacrificial birds" have been exhumed on the site of its
+church. There was, however, a relapse into paganism after the first
+dedication of the Christian building, so that there can be no certainty
+about the date of such discoveries.</p>
+
+<p>On the authority of Vigilantius' "<i>De Basilica Petri</i>" (<i>i.e.</i> at Wynton
+or Winchester), quoted by Rudborne in "<i>Anglia Sacra</i>," John of Exeter,
+and other writers, we have it that a great church was rebuilt from its
+foundations at Caergwent by Lucius after his conversion in A.D. 164; and
+that he erected also smaller buildings with an oratory, refectory, and
+dormitory for the temporary abode of the monks until the monastery
+itself should be completed. Quotations from another lost author,
+Moracius, provide us with the dimensions of this edifice, the length
+being variously given as 209 and 200 <i>passus</i>, the breadth as 80 and
+130, while the tower was 92 <i>passus</i> in height. This church, it was
+said, was dedicated to S. Saviour in November 169, and endowed with
+property formerly held by the pagan priests. "The site of the monastery
+to the east of the church was 100 <i>passus</i> in length toward the old
+temple of Concord and 40 in breadth to the new temple of Apollo. The
+north position was 160 in length and 98 in breadth. To the west of the
+church it was 90 in length and 100 in breadth, to the south 405 in
+length and 580 in breadth." Willis, from whom the above dimensions are
+quoted, does not attempt to reconcile the figures except in so far as he
+suggests <i>pedes</i> for <i>passus</i>, substituting one foot for five. During
+the persecution of the Christians by Diocletian in A.D. 266 the
+buildings were destroyed; and the new church, dedicated to "S.
+Amphibalus," who was said to be one of the martyrs in that persecution,
+was not so large as its predecessor. In writers of the period we find
+occasional references to the "Vetus C[oe]nobium" or old monastery at
+Winchester. The new building was not destined to remain long undisturbed
+in the service for which it was intended, for when Cerdic, King of the
+West Saxons, was crowned at Winchester and the pagans once more gained
+the ascendancy, the monks were slaughtered and the church, devoted to
+other rites, remained a temple of "Dagon" from 516 to 635. In the latter
+year S. Birinus, in pursuance of his mission from Honorius to "scatter
+the seeds of the holy faith <a name="Page_5" id="Page_5"></a><span class="pagenum">5</span>in those farthest inland territories of the
+English which no teacher had yet visited," converted King Cynegils to
+Christianity. This king intended to erect a great new church, and, with
+that end in view, destroyed the desecrated building and granted the law
+for seven miles round to the monks whom he destined to take possession
+of the new building. He died, however, within six years of his
+conversion, and was buried before the altar of the partly-erected
+church. His son Cenwalh therefore completed the building, which S.
+Birinus dedicated to Christ in honour of the Holy and Indivisible
+Trinity. Birinus was followed by Aegelberht, afterwards Bishop of Paris,
+who resigned in 662; Wina, who died as Bishop of London, ejected in 666;
+and Eleutherius, who died in 676.</p>
+
+<p>So far the see was not at Winchester, but was temporarily placed at
+Dorchester in Oxfordshire. Under Hedda, the fourth successor of S.
+Birinus, the seat was at last moved to Winchester, in accordance with
+the intention of the royal founder, and at the same time the body of the
+saint, which had hitherto rested at Dorchester, was removed to the
+cathedral city. King Cenwalh himself also on his death was buried in the
+building which he had completed.</p>
+
+<p>Practically nothing is known of the actual Saxon building, and the very
+legends are scanty. We learn that the city was ravaged by the Danes two
+years after the death of S. Swithun, but the cathedral itself appears
+fortunately to have escaped damage.</p>
+
+<p>The bishopric of Athelwold, commencing with his consecration by Dunstan
+on November 29, A.D. 963, has more importance in the history of the
+cathedral than that of his immediate predecessors. He was chosen by King
+Edgar to undertake the work of a new monastery in which the king took
+such pleasure that he is said to have measured the foundations himself.
+This work carried out at Winchester by Athelwold is described at great
+length in a Latin poem by Wolstan. No doubt the florid eulogy of the
+poem is open to grave suspicion where it concerns the details of the
+building, but, even when we make full allowance for poetic exaggeration,
+the church appears certainly to have been a large and important one. The
+poem in its first form is reproduced in Mabillon's version of Wolstan's
+"Life of S. Athelwold," but in its entirety it <a name="Page_6" id="Page_6"></a><span class="pagenum">6</span>consists of an epistle of
+over 300 lines to Bishop Elphege Athelwold's successor. Some passages
+deserve quotation. "He built," says Wolstan, "all these dwelling places
+with strong walls. He covered them with roofs and clothed them with
+beauty. He repaired the courts of the old temple with lofty walls and
+new roofs and strengthened it at the north and south sides with solid
+aisles and various arches. He added also many chapels, with sacred
+altars which distract attention from the threshold of the church, so
+that the stranger walking in the courts is at a loss where to turn,
+seeing on all sides doors open to him, without a certain path. He stands
+with wondering eyes until some experienced guide conducts him to the
+portals of the farthest vestibule. Here marvelling he crosses himself
+and knows not how to quit, so dazzling is the construction and so
+brilliant the variety of the fabric that sustains this ancient church,
+which that devout father himself strengthened, roofed, endowed, and
+dedicated." Later Wolstan speaks of Athelwold's addition of "secret
+crypts," of "such organs that the like were never seen," of a sparkling
+tower reflecting from heaven the sun's first rays, "with at its top a
+rod with golden balls and a mighty golden cock which as it turns boldly
+sets its face to every wind that blows." More might be quoted, but it is
+sufficient here to refer those interested in the matter either to the
+chronicle itself or to Willis in the "Proceedings of the Architectural
+Institute" for 1845. Though Wolstan thus describes Athelwold's
+undertaking at great length, it does not appear that the bishop actually
+did more than commence the restoration of the original buildings, for
+his successor is exhorted in the letter to carry out Athelwold's design.
+The chronicler Rudborne makes mention only of the dedication of a
+minster in honour of the Apostles Peter and Paul, in the presence of
+King Aethelred, Archbishop Dunstan and eight other bishops, on October
+20, 980 A.D. John of Exeter ascribes to Athelwold the entire rebuilding
+of the cathedral, but the Winchester annalist does not mention
+Athelwold's great works.</p>
+
+<p>From Athelwold's death to the succession of Walkelin the history of the
+cathedral is little more than a record of its bishops; but with Walkelin
+we reach a very important epoch in its existence. In 1079, the
+Winchester Annals relate, this <a name="Page_7" id="Page_7"></a><span class="pagenum">7</span>bishop began to rebuild the cathedral
+from its very foundations, as was commonly done by the Norman
+ecclesiastics of the time. According to this account, it was in 1086
+that the king granted Walkelin, for the completion of his new building,
+as much wood from the forest of Hempage (three miles distant from the
+city on the Alresford road) as he could cut in four days and nights.
+Walkelin collected all the men he could, and within the given time
+removed the whole forest. The king, passing its site, cried: "Am I
+bewitched? or have I taken leave of my senses?" But the bishop, when he
+heard of his anger, pleaded to be allowed to resign the see if he might
+but keep the chaplaincy and the king's favour. At this William relented,
+saying: "I was as much too liberal in my grant as you were too greedy in
+availing yourself of it" (Willis). In 1093 the new church was formally
+consecrated, and on April 8, "in the presence of almost all the bishops
+and abbots of England, the monks came with the highest exultation and
+glory from the old minster to the new one: on the Feast of S. Swithun
+they went in procession from the new minster to the old one and brought
+thence S. Swithun's shrine and placed it with honour in the new
+buildings; and on the following day Bishop Walkelin's men first began to
+pull down the old minster, and before the end of the year they
+demolished the whole of it, with the exception of one apse and the high
+altar." When the old high altar was pulled down, we are told, "the
+relics of many saints were found." The cathedral, as Walkelin designed
+it, was for the most part so strong that its core and much of its actual
+work remains to this day; but the central tower lacked the stability of
+the rest, for on October 7, 1107, during the vacancy which occurred
+after Walkelin's death, it fell. The monkish chroniclers attributed the
+fall to the fact that William Rufus, "who all his life had been profane
+and sensual and had expired without the Christian viaticum" (Rudborne),
+was interred beneath it in 1100. William of Malmesbury, however, with a
+degree of incredulity rare in his days, says it may have been that it
+would have fallen in any case "through imperfect construction." He
+describes the burial thus:&mdash;"A few countrymen conveyed the body, placed
+on a cart, to the cathedral of Winchester, the blood dripping from it
+all the way. Here it was committed to the ground within the tower,
+<a name="Page_8" id="Page_8"></a><span class="pagenum">8</span>attended by many of the nobility, but lamented by few. The next year the
+tower fell; though I forbear to mention the different opinions on this
+subject, lest I should seem to assent too readily to unsupported
+trifles."</p>
+
+<p>After Walkelin's death the history of the building is lost sight of for
+some time, owing to the continual disturbances which all England was
+undergoing. With De Lucy's accession, however, in 1189, considerable
+additions were made to the cathedral, in the form of the Early English
+retro-choir, of which the details are given later in this volume. De
+Lucy's work, it has been pointed out, was carried out in such a way as
+to leave the Norman building undisturbed as long as it was practicable
+to do so, the circular apse being left <i>in situ</i> until the new external
+walls had been erected, while the presbytery itself was not touched
+until the Decorated Period set in. De Lucy would doubtless have made
+further alterations but for his death in 1204. As it was, two years
+before that event he instituted a confraternity to carry on his work for
+the space of five years, and to this body is due some of the work which
+is attributed loosely to him.</p>
+
+<p>It was during De Lucy's tenure of Winchester that Richard was re-crowned
+by the Archbishop of Canterbury after his return from captivity. He
+passed the night before at S. Swithun's Priory, and was brought thence
+in the morning to the Cathedral "clothed in his royal robes, with the
+crown upon his head, holding in his right hand a royal sceptre which
+terminated in a cross, and in his left hand a golden wand with a figure
+of a dove at the top of it, ... being conducted on the right hand by his
+chancellor, the Bishop of Ely, and on the left by the Bishop of London"
+(Roger de Hoveden). The Bishop of Winchester himself does not seem to
+have been present, probably on account of a dispute with the king.</p>
+
+<p>Another period of disturbance follows the comparatively quiet rule of
+Bishop De Lucy, and it is not until we reach 1346 that we come to a
+fresh outburst of architectural zeal on the part of the incumbents of
+Winchester. But Edingdon, and still more his successor Wykeham, left
+very lasting monuments of their occupancy at Winchester. It must not be
+forgotten that, while to Wykeham is due the credit of most of the actual
+transformation of the building, Edingdon must have first conceived,
+however vaguely, the design. Edingdon's <a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"></a><span class="pagenum">9</span>attachment to Winchester is well
+illustrated by his quaint reason for refusing the offer of Canterbury:
+"if Canterbury is the higher rack, Winchester is the better manger." He
+is, indeed, charged with having left a considerable debt on the
+building, since his successor seems to have recovered a large sum from
+his executors, who had also to compensate Wykeham for large numbers of
+cattle which had "disappeared from the various farms of the bishopric."
+Yet it appears from Edingdon's own will that he began rebuilding the
+nave and left money for the continuation of the work.</p>
+
+<p>Wykeham, as we shall see, had already a reputation for architectural
+skill when first introduced to Edward III., and this reputation stood
+him in good stead in the matter of preferment. When he was elected to
+Winchester he found the bishop's palaces of Farnham, Wolvesey, Waltham,
+and Southwark in a very dilapidated condition, and he set these in order
+before he turned his attention to anything else. New College, Oxford,
+and Winchester College practically occupied him up to 1393; whilst his
+work in the cathedral was really the last great undertaking of his life,
+inasmuch as it was not finished at the time of his death. The actual
+method of Wykeham's transformation of the interior is described more
+fully elsewhere, and we will not therefore do more than quote a few
+words from Willis on the work done. "The old Norman cathedral was cast
+nearly throughout its length and breadth into a new form; the double
+tier of arches in its peristyle was turned into one, by the removal of
+the lower arch, and clothed with Caen casings in the Perpendicular
+style. The old wooden ceilings were replaced with stone vaultings,
+enriched with elegant carvings and cognizances. Scarcely less than a
+total rebuilding is involved in this hazardous and expensive operation,
+carried on during ten years with a systematic order worthy of remark and
+imitation.... Judging from the provision of his will of the expenditure
+for the last year and a half, the cost of this great work to the bishop
+in present money cannot be estimated at less than &pound;200,000."</p>
+
+<p>Wykeham's successor, Beaufort, was far less a bishop of Winchester than
+an English statesman. His contributions to the architecture of his see
+are very small. He did indeed so add to the hospital of St Cross as to
+make it almost a new <a name="Page_10" id="Page_10"></a><span class="pagenum">10</span>foundation; but in the cathedral he only left one
+monument, though this Milner styles the "most elegant and finished
+chantry in the kingdom," lying on the south side of the retro-choir.
+Waynflete, who followed him, left another fine chantry in a
+corresponding position to the north. Under Bishops Peter Courtenay and
+Thomas Langton, the latter of whom has his chapel at the east end, next
+the Lady Chapel, considerable additions were made to the architecture of
+the cathedral, though most of the credit is due to the priors Hunton and
+Silkstede, who seem to have been chiefly responsible for the new work.
+This included a prolongation of De Lucy's Lady Chapel, carried out in
+all probability between the years 1470 and 1524; and the erection of the
+present side aisles of the presbytery, in place of the original Norman
+aisles. In the latter year (1524) the side screens of the presbytery
+were added by Bishop Fox, whose motto can be read on them. The work of
+Fox, whose chapel is behind the reredos to the south, began in 1510, and
+was carried out under early Renaissance influence. He found the choir
+and presbytery converted, to a great extent, to the Decorated style,
+though the Norman aisles remained. He completed the transformation,
+adding the above-mentioned screens, together with a wooden vaulting. He
+would probably have also replaced with his own work De Lucy's additions
+at the east end and the Norman transepts, had he but had the time. This,
+however, he did not live long enough to do, for he died in 1528. Roughly
+speaking, his work lies between the transepts and the Early English east
+end.<a name="Page_11" id="Page_11"></a><span class="pagenum">11</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="image05" id="image05"></a>
+<a href="./images/image05.png">
+<img src="./images/image05_th.png" width="600" height="352" alt="OLD VIEW OF THE CATHEDRAL (LOOKING SOUTHWARDS)." title="Image 05" />
+</a><span class="caption">OLD VIEW OF THE CATHEDRAL (LOOKING SOUTHWARDS).</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Reformation Period did not benefit much to the architectural
+features of Winchester Cathedral, while it most certainly did them harm.
+"The bones of S. Swithun," says Woodward, "were doubtless lost at the
+Reformation, when his costly shrine was taken from the feretory, where
+it stood so long, and destroyed." The period was now at hand when many
+seem to have considered it a religious duty to destroy monuments, or at
+least deface them; and Winchester, though it suffered less than many
+churches, by no means escaped damage. Under Stephen Gardiner, however,
+no great evil befell the building. Gardiner's own chantry behind the
+reredos commemorates his connection with the cathedral, and distinctly
+illustrates the inferior taste of his day, when compared with the
+earlier tombs about him; though it might easily have <a name="Page_13" id="Page_13"></a><span class="pagenum">13</span>been far worse. The
+Puritans maltreated it on other grounds than those of taste, it is to be
+feared. It was during Bishop Gardiner's tenure of the see that Philip of
+Spain and Mary were married at Winchester. Contemporary records by a
+Spaniard in Philip's suite, and by an English observer of the same date,
+recently revealed to us by Mr Martin A.S. Hume, set forth the story of
+the marriage most vividly. The king arrived from Southampton in a storm
+of rain, and "donned a black velvet surcoat covered with gold bugles and
+a suit of white velvet trimmed in the same way, and thus he entered,
+passing the usual red-clothed kneeling aldermen with gold keys on
+cushions, and then to the grand cathedral, which impressed the Spaniards
+with wonder, and above all to find that 'Mass was as solemnly sung there
+as at Toledo.' A little crowd of mitred bishops stood at the great west
+door, crosses raised and censers swinging, and in solemn procession to
+the high altar, under a velvet canopy, they led the man whom they looked
+upon as God's chosen instrument to permanently restore their faith in
+England." Two days after the wedding took place. Great attention is paid
+to the clothes by both English and Spanish narrators, and the ceremony
+and dresses were very magnificent; the Queen's ladies "looked more like
+celestial angels than mortal creatures." The Queen, we are told, blazed
+with jewels to such an extent that the eye was blinded as it looked upon
+her; her dress was of black velvet flashing with gems, and a splendid
+mantle of cloth of gold fell from her shoulders; but through the Mass
+that followed the marriage service she never took her eyes off the
+crucifix upon which they were devoutly fixed. The marriage took place in
+the July of 1554, and the chair used by Queen Mary is now standing in
+Bishop Langton's chapel.</p>
+
+<p>Some stormy years at the end of Gardiner's interrupted episcopacy and
+during the rule of his immediate successors did not much affect
+Winchester externally; but under Robert Horne the whole diocese suffered
+terribly through the "Puritanical" views of its bishop. The Norman
+chapter-house was pulled down, part of the lead on the cathedral roof
+was stripped off, and stained glass, architectural decorations, etc.,
+throughout the neighbourhood were ruthlessly destroyed. However, after a
+short period of comparative peace, far worse had yet to come. Under
+James I. and during the early part of the reign of <a name="Page_14" id="Page_14"></a><span class="pagenum">14</span>Charles I., little
+happened to the building beyond the institution of Curle's passage
+through the buttress at the southern end of the cathedral, with its
+quaint inscription on the western wall. The Great Rebellion, as was only
+to be expected, brought Winchester into the utmost peril. The important
+situation of the town in the south of England caused it to become the
+centre of much hard fighting. Sir William Waller, whom Winchester has no
+cause to remember with affection, came very near to destroying the
+interior of the cathedral entirely. His troops marched right up the nave
+in full war equipment, some even being mounted. Tombs were defaced,
+relics scattered, statues mutilated, stained glass smashed, and the more
+portable objects carried out into the streets. It is difficult to
+estimate with any exactitude what was the whole extent of the damage
+done; but we have sufficient testimony in the broken figures, empty
+niches, etc., to see that it was great. One highly creditable incident
+in the midst of the general disgrace has been recorded&mdash;namely, the
+preservation from insult of Wykeham's chantry. This was the work of a
+Colonel Fiennes, who had been educated at Wykeham's College at
+Winchester. The protests of the inhabitants seem to have finally induced
+Waller to call off his fanatical troops from their work of destruction
+and violation. What might have happened to the cathedral, had this not
+been done, it is quite impossible to imagine. "Of the brass torn from
+the violated monuments" in 1644 "might have been built a house as strong
+as the brazen towers of old romances" (Ryves's "<i>Mercurius Rusticus</i>"
+quoted by Milner).</p>
+
+<p>Here the architectural history of Winchester Cathedral practically ends.
+We find tombs and memorial brasses of all dates, but until the modern
+restorations nothing of importance affected the actual appearance of the
+church. Among the few examples of Jacobean work to be seen within, the
+nave pulpit can hardly be classed, since it was brought from New College
+Chapel at Oxford as late as 1884. The two statues of James I. and
+Charles I. by the west door are the work of Hubert le Sueur, who came to
+England in 1628. The urns which were supposed in the last century to
+decorate the reredos have long ago been removed, as has also the gilt
+Jacobean canopy which formerly disfigured the <a name="Page_15" id="Page_15"></a><span class="pagenum">15</span>centre of this screen; but
+Benjamin West's "Raising of Lazarus" still remains above the altar.</p>
+
+<p>This century's work in the cathedral is not very formidable in its
+extent. All of it is mentioned elsewhere in this book, and it is
+sufficient here to say that the erection of Sir G. Scott's choir-screen
+and the restoration of the reredos are the most noticeable "modern"
+features, though the latter was carried out on the old lines as nearly
+as was thought advisable. Sir G. Scott's additions to Winchester have by
+no means given universal satisfaction, severe language having been
+applied to them by more than one expert. The most recent alterations
+have consisted chiefly of a very necessary, though costly, strengthening
+of the nave roof. This work is, of course, invisible from the ground
+level, but can be reached from the stair in the south transept. A repair
+of the organ has also been provided for, and new glass has been inserted
+in the large south window of the Lady Chapel, in memory of Bishop
+Thorold.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 307px;">
+<a name="image06" id="image06"></a>
+<img src="./images/image06.png" width="307" height="450" alt="MONUMENT TO BISHOP ETHELMAR." title="Image 06" />
+</div>
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of<br />Contents</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II<br />
+<span class="subtitle">THE CATHEDRAL BUILDING AND CLOSE</span></h2>
+
+<p><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16"></a><span class="pagenum">16</span>Before any detailed consideration of the architecture of the cathedral,
+it is well to be clear as to the various dates of the chief parts. But
+it must here be remembered that practically in every instance the now
+existing portions replaced still earlier structures on the same site.
+Mention has been made already of the changes from the original building
+to the one commenced in the eleventh century. In 1079 Bishop Walkelin
+laid the foundations of a great Norman church, of which the transepts,
+the outer face of the south nave wall, the core of the nave itself, the
+crypts, and a portion of the base of the west front are still existing.
+Walkelin's work was completed in fourteen years, just before the end of
+1093. The tower fell in 1107, but was rebuilt soon afterwards in the
+form which we now see it. Bishop de Lucy's work, which came next in date
+(1189-1204), includes the Chapel of the Guardian Angels, flanking the
+Lady Chapel, at the north-east end of the cathedral, and the
+corresponding chapel on the south-east, which afterwards became the
+chantry of Bishop Langton. The piers of the presbytery probably date
+from about 1320. The west front was rebuilt in Edingdon's time
+(1345-1366), and a small part of the reconstruction of the nave, the
+first two bays of the north aisle, and a bay of the south are generally
+attributed to him. The great re-modelling of the nave, the outer walls
+of the presbytery, and the continuation of the Lady Chapel range in date
+of completion from the end of the fourteenth to the sixteenth century.
+So much, however, of each period has been altered, and often modified
+almost beyond recognition by later additions, that it is impossible to
+make more than a rough guess at the age of the various portions. The
+work of Wykeham and his successors is so important that it must be left
+until we reach it in its proper place.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17"></a><span class="pagenum">17</span>The ground covered by the actual building is one and a half acres in
+extent. The close is fine and extensive, and is surrounded by a high and
+stout wall which marks the limits of the old Benedictine monastery. The
+houses within the close are of widely different dates, from the Early
+English period to recent years. They comprise the official residences of
+the dean and the canons, together with some private houses. The changes
+made from time to time in the distribution of the ground have involved
+the disappearance of the old priory buildings, and it is not possible to
+trace with certainty their original form. The laying out of the close
+has concealed the ground plan of the cloisters which once adjoined the
+cathedral. What is now called by the name is the passage between the
+south transept and the former chapter-house, which was pulled down in
+1570 by the destructive Bishop Horne, in order, it is said, that the
+lead in the roof might be sold. Five extremely fine Early Norman arches
+which were once part of the chapter-house still remain, and may be seen
+in a line with the end of the slype, beyond the south transept. Some
+traces of small arches on what is now the extreme outer wall of the
+transept mark where arcading once ran along the inner wall of the
+chapter-house. No vestige of the roof remains. The "slype" is a passage
+which was cut through the southern buttress by Bishop Curle, to put a
+stop to the constant use of the nave and south aisle as a thoroughfare
+by the townspeople. The anagrams on the walls commemorate the purpose of
+the passage; the first, on the western arch, reading:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table summary="center inscription">
+<tr>
+<td align="right" valign="middle">ILL<br />H</td>
+<td align="left" valign="middle" style="font-size: 4em;">&gt;</td>
+<td align="left" valign="middle">AC</td>
+<td align="center" valign="bottom">AMBULA</td>
+<td align="right" valign="middle">PREC<br />VI</td>
+<td align="left" valign="middle" style="font-size: 4em;">&gt;</td>
+<td align="left" valign="middle">ATOR</td>
+</tr></table>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cont">and that over the eastern arch:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table summary="center inscription">
+<tr>
+<td align="right" valign="middle">S<br />H</td>
+<td align="left" valign="middle" style="font-size: 3.5em;">&lt;</td>
+<td align="center" valign="middle">ACR<br />ERV</td>
+<td align="left" valign="middle" style="font-size: 3.5em;">&gt;</td>
+<td align="left" valign="middle">A</td>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right" valign="middle">S<br />S</td>
+<td align="left" valign="middle" style="font-size: 3.5em;">&gt;</td>
+<td align="left" valign="middle">IT</td>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right" valign="middle">ILL<br />IST</td>
+<td align="left" valign="middle" style="font-size: 3.5em;">&gt;</td>
+<td align="left" valign="middle">A</td>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right" valign="middle">CH<br />F</td>
+<td align="left" valign="middle" style="font-size: 3.5em;">&gt;</td>
+<td align="left" valign="middle">ORO<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">1</a></td>
+</tr></table>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cont"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></a><span class="pagenum">18</span>In the angle of an old extension of the chapter-house south wall are
+traces of the dormitory and infirmary which formerly stood there. The
+Early English doorway with Purbeck marble shafts seems to have led to
+this dormitory. To the south of this is the deanery or prior's hall, the
+acute external arches, which date from the reign of Henry III., forming
+a vestibule with a southern aspect, while above are some narrow
+lancet-windows. Although the original portion of this hall dates from
+the fifteenth century, it was considerably altered in the seventeenth,
+during the second Charles's reign. This king himself sometimes stayed at
+the deanery, where Philip of Spain lodged for one night before his
+marriage. Over a wooden building, which now serves as the dean's
+stables, is an ornamental timber roof of late thirteenth-century work,
+which was once part of the old pilgrims' or strangers' hall originally
+standing in this part of the close for the benefit of pilgrims to the
+shrine of S. Swithun.</p>
+
+<p>In the south wall of the cathedral, close to the west front, there is a
+doorway which is reported to have led to the chapel and charnel-house
+mentioned by Leland. "S. Swithin, now called Trinity," he says, "stands
+on the south side of the town, and there is a chapelle with a carnarie
+at the west end of it." S. Swithin is, of course, the cathedral itself.
+Leland's other carnary, which must not be confused with this, was
+attached to a chapel "on the north side of S. Mary Abbey church at
+Winchester, in an area thereby, on which men entre by a certen steppes.
+One Inkepenne, a gentilman that berith in his shield a scheker sylver
+and sables, was founder of it. There be three tumbes of marble of
+prestes <i>custodes</i> of the chapelle."</p>
+
+<p>Among the old houses which have vanished from the close is one in which
+Charles II. in vain requested Bishop Ken to allow Nell Gwynne to lodge;
+and one which was erected for her and not pulled down until this
+century. The cathedral precincts, however, still contain on the southern
+side several buildings well worthy of notice. A picturesque house yet
+standing is that which was known by the name of Cheyney Court. It now
+serves as a porter's lodge, and stands by the wooden-doored gateway
+which opens into Kingsgate Street. The doors are supposed to have come
+down to us from the thirteenth century. Previously this lodge was the
+<a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></a><span class="pagenum">19</span>courthouse of the Soke of Winchester, and the centre of the episcopal
+jurisdiction here. The old timbered front, with its barge-boards, was in
+1886 concealed behind a rough-cast cement coating, but in that year this
+was fortunately stripped away, and the present charming aspect revealed
+to the eye.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 587px;">
+<a name="image07" id="image07"></a>
+<a href="./images/image07.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image07_th.jpg" width="587" height="400" alt="SOUTHERN SIDE OF CATHEDRAL, FROM DEANERY GARDEN." title="Image 07" />
+</a><span class="caption">SOUTHERN SIDE OF CATHEDRAL, FROM DEANERY GARDEN.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="II_1" id="II_1"></a><b>The Exterior.</b>&mdash;It would be difficult to deny that the exterior of
+Winchester Cathedral is disappointing, and few are likely to echo the
+opinion of an over-zealous admirer of the building who said that the
+longer one looks at it the more one feels the low central tower to be
+the only kind that would suit the huge proportions of the building. On
+the contrary, it may be said that it is impossible to look at Winchester
+without a feeling of regret that the superb mass of the great fabric,
+the largest medi&aelig;val church in England since the destruction of old S.
+Paul's, is not crowned by a loftier central tower. There is a legend to
+the effect that there were seven towers in the original design&mdash;the
+central one, two at the west end, and one at each <a name="Page_20" id="Page_20"></a><span class="pagenum">20</span>angle of the
+transepts; and this seems to be supported by the solid character of some
+of the piers in the transepts. Yet, despite the rather ungraceful
+outline of the whole building, when its mere size is realised, it
+gradually asserts its importance and incontrovertibly proves its right
+to be considered one of the very finest structures in England.</p>
+
+<p>It will not be out of place to quote a short criticism which sums up the
+external qualities of the cathedral in a concise way:&mdash;"With the
+exception of portions of the late work in the presbytery, the exterior
+of Winchester is severe in treatment, and plain wall-space plays an
+important part in the design. Plain parapets and simply treated
+pinnacles characterise the work of the nave. The Norman transepts are
+externally but little altered, except by the insertion of Decorated
+windows to give more light to the altars in their eastern aisles; and De
+Lucy's work eastwards is, compared with some work of its date, simple in
+the extreme. Rather more elaboration was bestowed on the design of the
+new eastern bay of the Lady Chapel by Prior Silkstede and Bishop
+Courtenay; but, taken as a whole, Winchester has one of the simplest
+exteriors for its size and importance in the country" ("Winchester
+Cathedral" in <i>The Builder</i> for October 1892).</p>
+
+<p>The ground-plan of Winchester Cathedral is in the form of a plain Latin
+cross, hardly broken in its outline save by the Perpendicular
+prolongation of the Lady Chapel at the east end. But, simple as is the
+plan, "the great length of the church" (to use the words of Fergusson)
+"is pleasingly broken ... by the bold projection of its transepts, which
+here extend, as usual in England, three bays beyond the aisles, their
+section being the same width as that of the nave." The width of the nave
+with the aisles is 88 feet, while the transepts measure, from east to
+west, 81 feet. The total length has already been given as 556, and the
+width from north to south across the transepts is 230 feet. The altitude
+of the walls is 75 feet, which is a foot less than at Peterborough,
+though three more than at Ely.<a name="Page_21" id="Page_21"></a><span class="pagenum">21</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 322px;">
+<a name="image08" id="image08"></a>
+<a href="./images/image08.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image08_th.jpg" width="322" height="450" alt="THE WEST FRONT, WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL." title="Image 08" />
+</a><span class="caption">THE WEST FRONT, WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="II_2" id="II_2"></a><b>The West Front</b>, the work of Bishop Edingdon, has been roughly handled
+by its critics, though Britton calls it a fine specimen of Perpendicular
+architecture. The original Norman work demolished by Edingdon was, as
+excavations have proved, forty feet in advance of the present <i>fa&ccedil;ade</i>.
+To judge by <a name="Page_23" id="Page_23"></a><span class="pagenum">23</span>accounts of the destroyed portions, the west front in its
+earlier state must have been far more imposing than it is at present,
+for not only is it now commonplace in mass, but even the detail has no
+particular charm to atone for the change. The whole of this work appears
+so thoroughly Perpendicular in character that it has been questioned
+whether at such an early date as that to which it is assigned the style
+can have been so far developed. Woodward, indeed, though attributing to
+Edingdon the walls and the principal part of the west end, declares the
+tracery, the fronts of the porches, and much of the panelling to be
+later; but a comparison of Winchester with another church undoubtedly
+built by this bishop, at his native town of Edingdon, in Wiltshire,
+supports the tradition which credits him with its erection. Besides this
+evidence, we have additional proof in the fact that he left by his will
+certain property to be devoted to the completion of the nave. Late
+though his work may appear at first sight, yet when it is closely
+examined and compared with Wykeham's work the difference is very
+apparent.</p>
+
+<p>The whole western <i>fa&ccedil;ade</i> with its three bays is wanting in greatness,
+and its effect may be said to be that of a large parish church rather
+than a cathedral. Not only do we miss the western towers which are so
+often the most striking feature of an English west front, but the screen
+which masks the lower storey lacks the richness which distinguishes a
+somewhat similar feature at Exeter. The curiously poor appearance,
+notwithstanding its huge size, of the great west window is perhaps
+chiefly responsible for the want of dignity in the whole; nor is there,
+to redeem this, any delicate fancy in the tracery. The "merest stone
+grating" Willis terms the window, and though from so warm a panegyrist
+of the church this seems a severe criticism, no one can traverse his
+opinion.</p>
+
+<p>By way of further proof that the west front was Edingdon's work, Willis
+points out that, while in Wykeham's panels the masonry itself is
+carefully finished, and the same stones used for the ground of the panel
+and its mouldings, in Edingdon's work the monials and tracery alone
+exhibit good masonry, the panels being filled with rough ashlar. By
+other tests, too technical to quote here, the same critic makes it clear
+that the west front, with two compartments of the nave on the north and
+one to the south, must be attributed to Edingdon, though he probably did
+not finish the gable and turrets, which seem to <a name="Page_24" id="Page_24"></a><span class="pagenum">24</span>be the work of Wykeham.
+The present state shows a gable rising in the centre, flanked by
+octagonal pinnacle turrets. On the apex of this gable is a canopied
+finial containing a niche wherein now stands a figure of William of
+Wykeham, the original statue, which was supposed to represent S.
+Swithun, having been removed to the feretory when the west front was
+restored in 1860 at a cost of &pound;3000. The triangle of the gable is filled
+with tracery, the lower part of the central panels in which serve as a
+smaller square-headed six-light window above the parapet which crosses
+at the head of the great nine-light window. Buttresses assist in
+supporting the two towers, and lesser ones project to hide the sides of
+the porch, which, pierced by three doorways and crowned by a parapet,
+extends along the whole lower storey, across the nave and both aisles.
+Above the screen the pitched roofs of aisles may be seen. The bays
+containing the side windows, of four lights each, accord in style with
+the large central one, having also wall tracery in panels over the
+comparatively small surface of unpierced wall. The screen itself has
+three deeply-recessed portals with pointed arches, and a large canopied
+empty niche on each side of the main entrance.</p>
+
+<p>The central doorway is divided by a clustered shaft, where from spring
+two cinquefoil arches. The recessed portal has a groined roof, with an
+arcade of cusped arches on the main west wall, broken by the doorways
+which give admission to the nave. A pierced balcony of simple design
+crowns the whole of the screen and forms a gallery which is said to have
+been used for bestowing episcopal benedictions to the people outside the
+cathedral on festival days.</p>
+
+<p>The excavations which brought to light the old foundations of the
+original west front showed "a wall of 128 feet from north to south, and
+12 feet thick, with returns at each end of the same thickness 60 feet in
+length. At their eastern ends the walls again turn in at right angles
+and meet the present side aisles at 17 feet from each corner. Within the
+parallelogram thus partially traced two other walls run from east to
+west at a distance of 36 feet from each other." In a garden adjoining
+the west end of the cathedral at the time when these observations were
+made, part of the south-west angle of the walls still remained.
+Indications of the western towers were apparent; and Willis suggests
+that they were probably either unfinished, or in a threatening
+condition, so that Edingdon demolished them; even as at Gloucester the
+western towers of the cathedral were removed, and the <i>fa&ccedil;ade</i> was
+replaced by a perpendicular west front at the beginning of the fifteenth
+century.<a name="Page_25" id="Page_25"></a><span class="pagenum">25</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 260px;">
+<a name="image09" id="image09"></a>
+<a href="./images/image09.png">
+<img src="./images/image09_th.png" width="260" height="450" alt="EDINGDONS WINDOWS IN NORTH-WEST BAYS." title="Image 09" />
+</a><span class="caption">EDINGDON&#39;S WINDOWS IN NORTH-WEST BAYS.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26"></a><span class="pagenum">26</span>The original west front may very probably have been similar to that of
+Lincoln Cathedral, "unornamental," says a writer in <i>Architecture</i>,
+"save for some interlacing arches and dwarf blind arcades, and with no
+windows to reflect the setting sun, or to light the cavernous interior."</p>
+
+<p><a name="II_3" id="II_3"></a>The two westernmost bays of the <b>North side</b> are due to Edingdon, and we
+get here well contrasted the work of Edingdon and of Wykeham. In
+Willis's plan the difference can be clearly seen. The two windows to the
+right are heavier, lower, and broader, and display much deeper exterior
+mouldings, with "a most cavernous and gloomy appearance," while the
+window on the left hand is much narrower and lighter. The left-hand
+buttress is like the others on the north side of the church, whereas the
+other three are different from it and from one another, that on the
+extreme right, together with its pinnacle, being apparently just as
+Edingdon left it. The pinnacles and upper set-off of the two centre
+buttresses in the figure were added by Wykeham to Edingdon's underwork.
+The mouldings of Wykeham's windows are more elaborate than those of
+Edingdon's, where the tracery is similar to that of the west window. Of
+the bays on the north side the nine next to Edingdon's two, together
+with the three beyond the northern transept, are Wykeham's work, as are
+the three bays beyond the transept on the southern side and the
+extension of the Lady Chapel. Edingdon claims, beside what has been
+already mentioned, one bay on the south, next the west front. De Lucy's
+work consists of the three easterly bays on either side, and part of the
+Lady Chapel exterior. The rest of the bays are Norman, and the
+prevailing note is simplicity, not to say rudeness. The <b>South side</b> of
+the nave is almost devoid of decoration, the bays being merely divided
+by flat buttresses which do not reach below the bottoms of the aisle
+windows. The eleven windows in the clerestory above are all alike,
+divided only by flat buttresses. Aisle and clerestory both show a plain
+parapet and corbels. The bold buttresses on the north side, with their
+panelled and crocketted pinnacles, save it from <a name="Page_27" id="Page_27"></a><span class="pagenum">27</span>the monotony of the
+south side, which, however, was once greatly concealed by cloisters and
+convent buildings, and is even now far more enclosed than the northern
+side.</p>
+
+<p><a name="II_4" id="II_4"></a>The low <b>Central Tower</b>, the coping of which is only 35 feet above the
+ridge of the transept roof, is Norman, though, as explained before, of
+later date than the transepts. It is of a simple square form, 150 feet
+high by 50 wide, and is divided by a string course into two storeys, the
+lower of which is plain with small round-headed windows; the larger
+upper storey has on each side three narrow round-headed windows, which
+form a kind of arcade round the upper part of the tower, surmounted by a
+zig-zag string course. At the angles are engaged shafts. The massive
+manner in which the tower was rebuilt in the eleventh century can be
+better appreciated from within, when we come to the piers which support
+it. The building has been said to prove that the Normans of the period
+were "still bad masons and imperfectly acquainted with the principles of
+construction," the masses of masonry employed showing an enormous waste
+of both labour and materials. But the architects at any rate gained
+their end, since the tower has stood to the present day. The strength of
+the original Norman work, indeed, is so great that for all the 250 feet
+of nave no flying-buttresses were required to support the later
+vaulting.</p>
+
+<p><a name="II_5" id="II_5"></a>The gables of the <b>Transepts</b> are not so high as those of the nave, but
+the clerestory parapets are on the same level. The side aisles are much
+lower than those in the nave or the presbytery. The parapets are plain,
+over a series of small arches supported by corbels; except that in the
+eastern aisle of the south transept the parapet rests on plain corbels,
+and above the western clerestory of the other transept is a cornice with
+Perpendicular bosses. In this clerestory, again, the buttresses are
+Perpendicular, whereas otherwise throughout the transepts they are flat
+Norman. Over the eastern aisle of the north there is no cornice or
+corbel; "the parapet," says Woodward, "with no more than a water-table
+under it, is carried across the gable of the north transept, so as to
+form an <i>alura</i> above the buttress, in front of the circular window
+there." The Perpendicular rose-window in the northern gable cannot now
+be seen from the interior, being hidden by the transept ceiling, but in
+the illustration from <i>Britton</i>, on page 59, it is visible. The
+corresponding gable on the south shows panelling with interlacing <a name="Page_28" id="Page_28"></a><span class="pagenum">28</span>Norman
+arches, but there are only two narrow lights. Many symptoms show that
+square towers were to have been erected flanking the transept gables.
+There is an unfinished turret at the north-east corner of the north
+transept, while the springing of an arcade and the generally incomplete
+appearance prove that a side tower was intended. The other three extreme
+angles of the transepts also bear out this view. The width from east to
+west of the transepts is enormous as compared with the height of the
+central tower above. It rather looks from the presence (barely
+perceptible from outside) of the westernmost windows of the presbytery
+aisles as if those who carried on Wykeham's work had meant to reduce
+this great width, and give more importance to the presbytery and
+retro-choir externally. It is certain, at any rate, that the Norman
+transepts narrowly escaped a complete transformation. That on the north
+side of the cathedral shows very considerable alterations, in the
+majority of its windows, from the old Norman pattern. A built-up doorway
+may be noticed under the first window from the west of this transept.</p>
+
+<p>The exterior of the <b>Presbytery</b> has only three compartments on each
+side, but in each there are four lights in aisle and clerestory alike.
+The windows are of the Wykeham pattern, though probably a little later
+in date than his work. The buttresses, which rise above the aisle roof,
+culminate in square panelled pinnacles, surmounted by crocketted ogee
+canopies. From these buttresses spring graceful flying-buttresses, with
+pierced spandrels running to the clerestory walls. On the northern side
+the plain parapet has over it a pierced battlement.</p>
+
+<p><a name="II_6" id="II_6"></a>The <b>East End</b>, as it now stands, is some 110 feet beyond the original
+Norman termination, and presents a square face, projecting with a flat
+parapet beyond the high gable over the actual east window. The Norman
+apse was demolished about 1320 in all probability, and the present
+polygonal end substituted for it. It seems that originally the aisles of
+the Norman presbytery continued round this apse, which was flanked by
+two small towers. The eastern chapel may have been dedicated to the Holy
+Trinity as at Canterbury, and probably extended as far as the western
+arch of the present Lady Chapel. The central gable of the old
+termination, rather acute in form, is richly decorated with panels and
+crocketting, and is crowned by a tabernacle wherein Bishop <a name="Page_29" id="Page_29"></a><span class="pagenum">29</span>Fox is
+represented leaning on the pelican. "Three of the panels in the centre
+are pierced and glazed, forming a small square-headed window; and under
+it is a door opening upon an <i>alura</i>, behind a crenelated, panelled, and
+pierced parapet, over a cornice with bosses, at the base of the gable,
+and just above the east window" (Woodward). The Perpendicular east
+window has seven lights, and resembles, in the form of its head,
+Wykeham's windows. A portrait bust of Fox has been discovered on the
+north corbel of the hood-mould of this window, and the flying-buttresses
+(which, as Willis pointed out, the jointing of the masonry proves to be
+later insertions into the clerestory walls) have the pelican carved on
+them. The whole gable is flanked by richly canopied octagonal turrets,
+on which the flying-buttresses abut. The lower part of the east window
+cannot be seen from below, being lost behind the roof of the chantry
+aisles.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 560px;">
+<a name="image10" id="image10"></a>
+<a href="./images/image10.jpg"><img src="./images/image10_th.jpg" width="560" height="400" alt="THE EAST END--EXTERIOR." title="Image 10" />
+</a><span class="caption">THE EAST END--EXTERIOR.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The whole of the eastern arm of the cathedral is curiously <a name="Page_30" id="Page_30"></a><span class="pagenum">30</span>mixed in
+style, furnishing examples of Early English, Decorated, and
+Perpendicular architecture. Beyond the main east gable just described
+projects a low Early English structure of three nearly equally high
+aisles, of which the central or Lady Chapel has received a further
+Perpendicular addition. There has been apparently a slight subsidence of
+the Early English walls, which has caused the irregular look of the
+arches in the interior of the southern retro-choir aisle (see page 69).
+Above the plain string-course of the retro-choir there is in each
+compartment, under a level parapet, an arcade of narrow pointed arches,
+four in number, the central couple of each set being pierced and glazed,
+so as to form pairs of lancet windows. The Langton and Guardian Angels'
+chapels, which project not quite half as far as the Lady Chapel from the
+old eastern limit of the church, show a triple series of arcades,
+diminishing in size as they mount. The central arcade is much cut into
+on the eastern face by the large three-light windows of the lateral
+chapels. There is no parapet above the arcades. At the angles between
+these chapels and the retro-choir aisles are staircases enclosed in
+small octagonal turrets rising slightly above the adjoining parts with
+merely a plain parapet at the top.</p>
+
+<p>The <b>Lady Chapel</b> has at the end and at each side a fine seven-light
+Perpendicular window, the heads of the lights below the transom being
+cinquefoiled, while above each window is a cornice supported by small
+arches resting on corbels; over all is a pierced battlement, which is
+also crenelated at the actual east end. Below the east window of the
+Lady Chapel, between the two great buttresses with mutilated canopies on
+the two lower of their three divisions, there is some blank panelling,
+consisting of four shallow-arched recesses with a pilaster down the
+centre, each arch uniting two minor ones with cinquefoil cusps at the
+head and crowned by a quatrefoil with a rosette in the middle. There
+were originally four heads at the ends of the corbels under these
+quatrefoils, but the southernmost is broken away. A similar arcade runs
+along the southern wall of the Lady Chapel, but there is none on the
+north side. The two main corbel-tables at the east end show the arms of
+England and France and the bishop's device of three "torteaux." Under
+these, at a short distance from the ground, are two smaller windows,
+which give light to the Lady Chapel crypt. The panelling dates from
+about 1490, and is due to Bishop Peter Courtenay.<a name="Page_31" id="Page_31"></a><span class="pagenum">31</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image11" id="image11"></a>
+<a href="./images/image11.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image11_th.jpg" alt="NAVE, SHOWING THE SCREEN BEFORE RESTORATION." title="Image 11" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">NAVE, SHOWING THE SCREEN BEFORE RESTORATION.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of<br />Contents</a></span></p>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III<br />
+<span class="subtitle">THE INTERIOR</span></h2>
+
+
+<p><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33"></a><span class="pagenum">33</span>The very first glimpse of the nave, as one enters by the west door,
+reveals the superb proportions of the interior. In spite of all
+statistics of its size, the outward appearance of the building hardly
+impresses the spectator with the fact that Winchester is the largest
+cathedral in Northern Europe, and it is not until one is within the
+walls that the great length of the cathedral begins to become real and
+its majesty is properly appreciated. The total span, from end to end, of
+556 feet, compared with the 537 feet of Ely, the 525 of York, the 524 of
+Lincoln, and the 516 of Canterbury, would not alone produce the effect
+of almost infinite vastness, and is certainly not realised either in a
+distant prospect from the hills or in a nearer view from the cathedral
+precincts. But when once the nave is entered, owing partly to the open
+and comparatively low choir-screen, the magnificent vault of nearly 400
+feet may easily be understood to have few rivals in the world. Certainly
+neither of the two buildings in England which are practically equal in
+size to Winchester Cathedral give the peculiarly overwhelming sense of
+length produced here. The old epithet of "Royal" may be said to apply as
+fitly to the cathedral as to the town, and it certainly is a worthy
+shelter for the bones of half-forgotten dynasties, and as fine a
+monument of an earlier England as Westminster is of later periods in the
+development of the country.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, as in all English cathedrals, a lack of colour and a sense of
+coldness and emptiness modifies any unqualified admiration which one
+might at first feel. But Winchester could well afford to admit far more
+than the most captious critic could utter against it, and yet claim to
+be the most stately nave that England can show. Despite the late
+recasting, <a name="Page_34" id="Page_34"></a><span class="pagenum">34</span>the proportions are Norman, and the very core of the pillars
+is still the original Norman stonework. Notwithstanding the changes
+wrought by Edingdon and Wykeham, all the more petty detail of the
+Decorated period is lavished on a colossal structure planned with the
+simple magnificence of those that "builded better than they knew."</p>
+
+<p><a name="III_1" id="III_1"></a>Perhaps it is not quite fair to the later architects to attribute all
+the excellence of the work to the earlier builders, for the graceful
+columns of the nave's eleven bays which rise unbroken to where the
+roof-groining springs from their capitals are made by Wykeham to fulfil
+a new duty which entirely alters their whole aspect. The general effect
+has been said to be as if a Norman architect had expressed himself in
+the more refined idiom of the early fifteenth century. Yet the work of
+Edingdon and Wykeham was ruthless in its way. The original Norman nave
+of Walkelin consisted of the normal three storeys, of equal height in
+this case&mdash;the main arches, triforium, and clerestory. At the present
+day the main arches are fully half as high again as they were in the
+Norman cathedral, while the base of the clerestory has been brought down
+to meet them, so that the triforium appears to have vanished or rather
+to exist merely as a balcony over each arch. As a matter of fact,
+however, it was the old clerestory which was entirely removed and
+replaced by the present upper storey. On p. 35 we see on the one hand
+typical Norman work, of the character still existing at Romsey Abbey and
+Christchurch Priory&mdash;to mention only the two large churches nearest to
+Winchester. During the conversion of the nave the bases and capitals of
+the grouped shafts of the main arches were removed, together with all
+the masonry above them. This is not mere conjecture, for the Norman
+shafts and capitals which still remain on the north side of the nave, in
+the second bay from the crossing, where they were covered by the ancient
+rood-screen, show that the pier-arches of the nave sprang from the same
+height as those of the transepts; the Norman main arch of the triforium
+still exists in every compartment over the vault of the side aisles to
+prove that the triforium of the nave was practically on the same level
+as that of the transepts, and the tops of the Norman shafts yet
+remaining above the nave-vaulting are additional evidence that the nave
+was to all intents and purposes uniform with the transepts in its
+general arrangement. In the south aisle, moreover, there is to be seen
+the lower extremity of a Norman shaft, once covered by some votive altar
+or shrine which was removed during the destructive period of the
+Reformation. "It may be readily noted," says the writer of a recent
+article on Winchester Cathedral, "how the new ashlar was brought down to
+the level of this vanished altar, and how Wykeham's vaulting-shaft has
+been made to end in foliation where it once rose in receipt of prayers
+and wax-candles vowed in return for mercies vouchsafed." In the seven
+westerly piers of the south aisle, the Norman stonework has merely
+received new mouldings; while flat Norman buttresses can be seen outside
+between the clerestory windows, also on the south side.<a name="Page_35" id="Page_35"></a><span class="pagenum">35</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image12" id="image12"></a>
+<a href="./images/image12.png">
+<img src="./images/image12_th.png" alt="ELEVATION OF TWO BAYS OF THE NAVE, SHOWING ITS TRANSFORMATION." title="Image 12" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">ELEVATION OF TWO BAYS OF THE NAVE, SHOWING ITS TRANSFORMATION.<br />From Willis's "Architectural History of Winchester Cathedral," 1846.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36"></a><span class="pagenum">36</span>On the division into two, in place of the usual three, storeys, it may,
+perhaps, be of interest to quote some remarks of Willis in the
+"Proceedings of the Arch&aelig;ological Institute." "The compartment of
+Wykeham's nave," he says, "is divided into two parts vertically instead
+of three; for although it has a triforium gallery, yet this is so
+completely subordinated to the clerestory window that it cannot be held
+as a separate division of the composition, as in the Norman work where
+the triforium compartment is of all importance and similar in decoration
+to the other two, although not exactly like them. In Wykeham's work, on
+the contrary, we find above the lofty pier-arch what at first sight
+appears to be a clerestory window divided at mid-height by a transom,
+and recessed under a deeply-pointed archway. But it is above the transom
+only that the real window is formed by glazing the spaces between the
+monials. Below the transom these spaces are filled with panels, and two
+narrow openings cut through the latter give access from the roof to a
+kind of balcony which projects over the pier-arches. In each compartment
+this balcony exists, but there is no free passage from one to the other.
+This mode of uniting the triforium and clerestory by the employment of a
+transom dividing the stone panels of the former from the glazed lights
+of the latter is common enough at the period of Wykeham's work and
+before it, but the balcony is unusual."<a name="Page_37" id="Page_37"></a><span class="pagenum">37</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image13" id="image13"></a>
+<a href="./images/image13.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image13_th.jpg" alt="THE NAVE, LOOKING EAST." title="Image 13" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">THE NAVE, LOOKING EAST.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is needless to add any further explanation, since the diagram fully
+explains both the present state of the nave and the manner in which the
+transformation from the original Norman design was brought about; but it
+may be worth while <a name="Page_38" id="Page_38"></a><span class="pagenum">38</span>to quote an architect's verdict on the general effect
+of Wykeham's work in the nave. "If we cannot admire all the details,"
+says this writer, "we can but bear tribute to the conception of the
+whole. Its lofty arcades give no space for triforium, and the proportion
+between the clerestory and the arcade is somewhat unsatisfactory. If we
+except the vaulted roof, and the chantry of the great Wykeham himself,
+and his predecessor Edingdon, this portion of the church may, with
+reason, be considered simple in its character, and bears distinct
+evidence of having been grafted on earlier work. The Norman columns
+still remain in one or two places towards the east end of the nave
+arcade, but with the exception of these and of the Norman masonry
+existing in the piers on the south, and perhaps portions of the aisle
+walls, all is transformed to Perpendicular detail" (<i>The Builder</i>,
+October 1892).</p>
+
+<p>Altogether there are, between the western doors and the piers supporting
+the tower, twelve arches on each side, one of each series being included
+in the choir. Hooks and brackets may be seen in the face of the piers at
+about three-quarters of their height; these were formerly used for the
+suspension of arras on occasions of great festivity.</p>
+
+<p>It has been practically established that the sculpture at least of the
+nave and its vault was not finished for nearly half-a-century after
+Wykeham's death. We find Cardinal Beaufort's arms and bust, and his
+device, a white hart chained, as well as Waynflete's lily, intermingled
+with the arms and bust of Wykeham. Under the triforium gallery is a
+cornice, in each compartment of which are to be found seven large
+sculptured bosses, representing a cardinal's hat, a lily, roses, etc. Of
+the compartments of the clerestory in the nave we have said that they
+have the appearance of a very fine Perpendicular window. All, however,
+except the upper part of the centre of these seeming windows is really
+panel-work. The old Norman main arch of the triforium may be seen behind
+this panelling, under the present clerestory windows.<a name="Page_39" id="Page_39"></a><span class="pagenum">39</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image14" id="image14"></a>
+<a href="./images/image14.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image14_th.jpg" alt="WEST WINDOW, FROM NAVE." title="Image 14" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">WEST WINDOW, FROM NAVE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Until recently the mass above pressed very heavily on the nave-vaulting,
+but during the last and preceding years (1896-7) the strain has been
+relieved by the insertion of new supplementary timbers above the
+original Hempage Forest beams, which can still be seen by those who
+wish. The cost of this work of repairing the roof and vault has been
+about &pound;9000, <a name="Page_40" id="Page_40"></a><span class="pagenum">40</span>and so far has not at all exceeded the original estimate.
+In August 1897 a large amount still remained to be subscribed. As seen
+from below each division of the vault is "bounded by two
+vaulting-shafts, which rise to the level of the clerestory window-sill
+and send out from above the capital nine diverging ribs to the
+ridge-rib, by which the whole vault is divided into a series of bisected
+and interlacing lozenges, as the basis for all the groining" (Woodward).</p>
+
+<p>The general effect of the nave can be gathered from the illustrations,
+which bring out well the appearance of height which is bound to impress
+the spectator standing near the central western door. In the nave aisles
+also a fine view may be obtained, the comparative narrowness
+counteracting the lessened height. As one looks down the church towards
+the west, it will be noticed that the western interior wall is
+practically entirely filled by the great window, for not only does this
+stretch across the whole width, but the mullions also are carried right
+down to the floor-level, a double series of panels occupying the space
+below the sill of the window. The glass in the window proper is, for the
+most part, very old, and, as is pointed out elsewhere (see p. 94), is
+arranged in patterns after the fashion of a kaleidoscope. This arises
+from the fact that the fragments of which it is composed are entirely
+disjointed, and probably incapable of being pieced together.</p>
+
+<p>The monuments and objects of interest in the nave are numerous, but
+chief perhaps are, on the north side, the Minstrels' Gallery, the old
+grill-work, and the font; and, on the south side, the chantries of
+Bishops Wykeham and Edingdon. But, first of all, though not on account
+of pre-eminent merit, should be mentioned the bronze statues of James I.
+and Charles I. to the north and south of the main west door, against the
+interior wall. They were executed by Le Sueur, the artist who executed
+the fine equestrian figure of Charles I. at Charing Cross. A note on the
+sculptor's payment for these bronzes may be seen in the "Record of
+Exchequer," from which it appears that he received &pound;340 for the two,
+with a further &pound;40 for "carrying and erecting them" at Winchester.<a name="Page_41" id="Page_41"></a><span class="pagenum">41</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image15" id="image15"></a>
+<a href="./images/image15.png">
+<img src="./images/image15_th.png" alt="IRON GRILL-WORK FROM S. SWITHUN'S SHRINE." title="Image 15" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">IRON GRILL-WORK FROM S. SWITHUN'S SHRINE<br />
+<i>From Mr Starkie Gardiner's "Iron-work" Vol I., <br />by permission of the Science and Art Department, South Kensington.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="III_1_1" id="III_1_1"></a>In the north-west corner stands the <b>Minstrels' Gallery</b> or <b>Tribune</b>,
+the work of Edingdon. It is supported by two flattened arches springing
+from the pier shafts, and is panelled <a name="Page_43" id="Page_43"></a><span class="pagenum">43</span>on its face and spandrels The
+panelling is decorated with flowered cusps, and the central bosses bear
+the arms of Wykeham. This gallery appears to have been intended for use
+on State occasions; now, however, it is merely used as a room in which
+the episcopal registers may be stored. In height it extends half-way up
+the neighbouring piers.</p>
+
+<p><a name="III_1_2" id="III_1_2"></a>Near this, at the western end of the north aisle, is a door made up of
+four pieces of iron <b>Grill-work</b>, which originally stood at the top of
+the steps leading up from the south transepts to the retro-choir. The
+place where it used to be is still pointed out, and indeed marks are
+visible in the piers to which it was secured. A paper read to the
+Society of Arts by Mr J. Starkie Gardiner, describes the door as being,
+from its style, "the oldest piece of grill-work in England. The design
+is composed of sprays formed of two rolls of scrolls, welded to a
+central stem, like a much-curled ostrich feather, with lesser scrolls in
+the interstices and the major scrolls, each terminating in an open-work
+trefoil, or quinquefoil. The large scrolls are 5&frac12; in. in diameter and
+rather stout, the grill possessing great resisting powers, though it
+would not be hard to climb.... There is, unfortunately, no means of
+fixing the date, since no other grill resembles it; but, from the
+position indicated in the cathedral, it may well have been made as long
+ago as the eleventh or twelfth century." It was originally intended to
+keep the miscellaneous crowd of pilgrims to the shrine of S. Swithun
+from penetrating farther into the church by way of the south transept.
+They were obliged to enter and depart by the Norman doorway in the north
+transept.</p>
+
+<p>It will not be necessary to record all the monuments and the brasses
+which so abundantly cover the walls, but those of the greatest interest
+will be alluded to. In the fifth bay of the north aisle are two
+memorials of very different dates, those of the "Two Brothers of
+Avington" (1662), and of the novelist, Jane Austen, the youngest
+daughter of the rector of Steventon in Hampshire. Her monumental brass
+is affixed to the wall below the other, which records how the two
+brothers were "both of Oxford, both of the Temple, both Officers to
+Queen Elizabeth and our noble King James. Both Justices of the Peace,
+both agree in arms, the one a Knight, the other a Captain."</p>
+
+<p>In the next bay, opposite the Norman Font, is an inscription <a name="Page_44" id="Page_44"></a><span class="pagenum">44</span>relating to
+Mrs Montagu, the founder of the "Blue Stocking" Club. It is to this
+effect:&mdash;"Here lies the body of Elizabeth Montagu, daughter of Matthew
+Robinson, Esq., of West Layton, in the County of York, who, possessing
+the united advantages of beauty, wit, judgment, reputation, and riches,
+and employing her talents most uniformly for the benefit of mankind,
+might be justly deemed an ornament to her sex and country. She died on
+the 25th August, 1800, aged 81."</p>
+
+<p><a name="III_1_3" id="III_1_3"></a>The <b>Norman Font</b>, which Milner called <i>crux antiquariorum</i>, is situated
+on the north side of the nave between the fifth and sixth pillars from
+the west front. It is one of a group of seven found in England; of which
+four are in Hampshire, at East Meon, S. Michael's (Southampton), S. Mary
+Bourne, and Winchester; two in Lincolnshire, in the cathedral and at
+Thornton Curtis; and one at S. Peter's, Ipswich. Of four similar fonts
+on the Continent, that at Zedelghem, near Bruges, is most like the
+Winchester example, and also illustrates the same legend. The material
+of which these fonts are made is a bluish-black calcareous marble, such
+as is still worked at Tournai in Hainault. The font before us is a
+nearly square block of marble supported on a solid central column
+ornamented with horizontal mouldings, with four disengaged pillars of
+lesser diameter, with "cable" mouldings, at each corner. The spandrels
+of the top are decorated with carved symbolic subjects, leaves and
+flowers on two sides, and on the other two doves drinking from vases out
+of which issue crosses, typifying baptism, it is said. It is rather
+curious that the artist has disregarded the usual symmetry, and filled
+his spaces without reference to the corresponding ones. On the north and
+east faces of the font are three circular medallions with symbolic doves
+and salamanders. On the south and west are scenes from the life of S.
+Nicholas of Myra, as was fully demonstrated by Milner; the north side
+showing the saint dowering the three daughters of a poor nobleman, while
+on the west he restores to life a drowned person, probably the king's
+son in one of the stories of his life, and rescues from death by the axe
+three young men who are about to be slain either by the executioner or
+by a wicked innkeeper, for there are two versions. Some authorities
+would find four scenes represented on the west side; but on what grounds
+it is difficult to see. There only appear <a name="Page_45" id="Page_45"></a><span class="pagenum">45</span>to be two figures of the
+saint, and the two scenes are divided by what looks like a short
+vertical bar indicating a difference of subject (see <a href="#Page_117">p. 117</a>). The cult
+of S. Nicholas of Myra grew rapidly in the twelfth century, being
+popularised by the crusaders. In this century it is known that the
+carved work at Tournai, whence it is probable that the black marble
+came, was remarkable for its symbolism. The font has been thought to be
+older, on account of its archaic figures, but, as the Dean of Winchester
+pointed out in a paper read before the Arch&aelig;ological Association in
+1893 (to which we are indebted for much of this account), the mitre
+which S. Nicholas is represented as wearing was not recognised as part
+of a bishop's official dress until the very end of the eleventh century;
+in fact, the particular form of mitre depicted appears to have been late
+twelfth century. The conclusion naturally arrived at is that the font is
+of Belgian origin, carved at Tournai between 1150-1200, and its presence
+at Winchester may well be due either to Henry of Blois or to Toclive.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image16" id="image16"></a>
+<a href="./images/image16.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image16_th.jpg" alt="THE NORMAN FONT-SOUTH AND WEST SIDES." title="Image 16" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">THE NORMAN FONT&mdash;SOUTH AND WEST SIDES.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46"></a><span class="pagenum">46</span>On the north side of the steps leading up to the choir is a brass tablet
+on a pillar, recording the merits of the "renowned martialist," Colonel
+Richard Boles, who fought on the king's side at Edgehill, and died
+bravely in a small action at Alton, Southampton, in 1641, his party of
+sixty being surprised by a large force of the rebels. "His gracious
+sovereign hearing of his Death gave him high Commendation, in that
+passionate expression,&mdash;Bring me a Moorning scarf, I have lost one of
+the best Commanders in the Kingdome." Between the ninth and tenth
+pillars on this side is the tomb of Bishop Morley, with an epitaph
+written by himself at eighty years of age. By the next pillar is the
+monument of Bishop Hoadley, with a good medallion-portrait of him on it.<a name="Page_47" id="Page_47"></a><span class="pagenum">47</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image17" id="image17"></a>
+<a href="./images/image17.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image17_th.jpg" alt="WILLIAM OF WYKEHAM'S CHANTRY." title="Image 17" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">WILLIAM OF WYKEHAM'S CHANTRY.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="III_1_4" id="III_1_4"></a>On the south side of the nave we find two remarkable tombs, of which the
+first is the <b>Chantry of William of Wykeham</b>, called by Timbs "one of
+the best remaining specimens of a fourteenth century monument." It
+stands, where Wykeham erected it, "in that part of the cross (formed by
+the church) which corresponds to the Saviour's pierced side," and
+occupies the space between the piers which enclose the fifth bay from
+the west end. The site is said to have been previously occupied by an
+altar dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, Wykeham's patroness. He left
+directions, moreover, that three monks should celebrate masses thrice
+daily in his chantry, receiving for this one penny a day, while the boys
+who were to sing there nightly were assigned 6s. 8d. a year. Needless to
+say, his wishes are not now carried out. The stone-screen which
+surrounds the chantry is of beautiful and elaborate workmanship, the
+effect of which has been compared to lace, while above graceful shafts
+support a canopy, of which the pinnacles rise to the level of the
+triforium gallery. At the east end are traces of an altar and credence
+table, and close by is a piscina. Above are two rows of canopied niches,
+which, however they were originally occupied, have for long been
+untenanted until quite recently. During the early part of 1897 the
+pedestals have been filled with ten statues <a name="Page_49" id="Page_49"></a><span class="pagenum">49</span>of modern worksmanship<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">2</a> A
+row of five empty niches runs along the western wall. The vault of the
+chantry is richly groined with lierne work; it is tinted a vivid blue on
+the back-ground, and the bosses on the groins are gilt. The ironwork in
+this chantry is also noticeable. The tomb within has fortunately
+suffered but little from time, and, thanks to the courage of one of the
+pupils in Wykeham's foundation at Winchester, Colonel Nathaniel Fiennes,
+the Parliamentarians left both this monument and the college buildings
+untouched. On the tomb itself lies the figure of Wykeham with his hands
+folded across his breast, habited in Episcopal robes and mitre, his
+crozier on his shoulder. Three small figures of monks praying kneel at
+his feet, while his head is slightly raised up by supporting angels. A
+little arcade runs all round the tomb, with a series of shields in the
+spaces, containing his arms and motto "Manners Makyth Man" and the arms
+of the see of Winchester. His epitaph, on a slip of red enamelled brass
+in a chamfer round the edge of the tomb, has been thus translated:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table summary="center for poem">
+<tr><td align="left">Here, overthrown by death, lies William, surnamed Wykeham.<br />
+He was Bishop of this Church, which he repaired.<br />
+He was unbounded in hospitality, as the rich and poor alike can prove.<br />
+He was also an able politician, and a counsellor of the State.<br />
+By the colleges which he founded his piety is made known;<br />
+The first of which is at Oxford and the second at Winchester.<br />
+You, who behold this tomb, cease not to pray<br />
+That, for such great merits, he may enjoy everlasting life.<br /></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><a name="III_1_5" id="III_1_5"></a>As one proceeds along the nave toward the east, the choir is reached by
+two flights of four steps each with a landing between, over which
+formerly there extended a rood-loft from <a name="Page_50" id="Page_50"></a><span class="pagenum">50</span>pillar to pillar, bearing on it
+Stigand's great cross. To the south of these choir steps and adjoining
+the intermediate landing is the <b>Chantry of Bishop Edingdon</b>, the
+earliest in date of the chapel-tombs at Winchester. The chantry is very
+plain in comparison with the others in the cathedral, and apart from the
+tomb there is only a slightly raised platform at the east end, without
+an altar. A shaft of the large pillars runs down the centre of the east
+and west interior walls. On the tomb lies the figure of the Bishop <i>in
+pontificalibus</i>, his stole bearing the symbolic and much-disputed
+"Fylfot" cross, which has been interpreted as a sign of submission.
+Edingdon's curious Latin epitaph, given on page 107, is on a blue
+enamelled strip of brass on the edge of the tomb.</p>
+
+<p>Close to Edingdon's chantry is the <b>Nave Pulpit</b>, which is in itself a
+good piece of Jacobean work, though not happily situated in the nave of
+Winchester. It stood formerly in the chapel at New College, Oxford, and
+did not appear at Winchester until 1884, when it was presented by
+members of the Mayo family. If one stands facing east in the aisle to
+the right of this pulpit, one of the most picturesque views in the
+cathedral lies before one, through part of the south transept and up the
+southern ambulatory of the retro-choir to the bright colours of
+Langton's chapel window at the end. It will readily be noticed how out
+of the perpendicular are the piers of this ambulatory as one approaches
+the east end of the church. This seems to have arisen through a slight
+subsidence of the ground here.</p>
+
+<p>The original rood-screen exists no longer, and in its place we have but
+a modern copy, by Sir Gilbert Scott, of the work in the Decorated choir
+stall canopies. This oak <b>Choir Screen</b>, which is all that breaks the
+view between west porch and reredos, has not met with much approval, and
+the pallor of its wood does not contrast agreeably with the rich colour
+of the old choir stalls. This, however, cannot with justice be made a
+ground for complaint against the architect, who modelled his work as far
+as possible on the original.</p>
+
+<p><a name="III_2" id="III_2"></a>As one enters the <b>Choir</b>, which is raised above the level of the nave
+by the two sets of four steps, the stalls above-mentioned will be found
+to reach on either side from the eastern piers of the central tower to
+the first piers of the nave. They are of carved oak and are possibly the
+best existing <a name="Page_51" id="Page_51"></a><span class="pagenum">51</span>examples of their date in England. The style is Early
+Decorated, and Willis points out the similarity between their canopies
+and gables and those of Edward Crouchback's chapel in Westminster Abbey.
+The details are varied and graceful, with the design of each pair
+coupled under a pointed arch with a cinquefoil in its head, which is
+again surmounted by a high crocketted gable. The oak has turned a superb
+hue with age, very different from the colour of the modern screen which
+is banked by the reveals of the old bishop's throne. The <i>misereres</i>
+below are much earlier in date than the canopies, but do not go quite so
+far back as those at Exeter, which may be assigned to about 1230. The
+desks and stools of the upper tier show the date 1540 and bear also the
+initials of Henry VIII., Bishop Gardiner, and Dean Kingsmill. The pulpit
+on the north side of the choir was given by Prior Silkstede, whose name
+it bears, and is also of finely carved work. Above the choir stalls on
+the northern side is the organ, which was repaired this year.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image18" id="image18"></a>
+<a href="./images/image18.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image18_th.jpg" alt="THE CHOIR, LOOKING EAST." title="Image 18" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">THE CHOIR, LOOKING EAST.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="III_2_1" id="III_2_1"></a><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52"></a><span class="pagenum">52</span>Toward the east end of the choir stalls, in the centre of the pavement,
+lies the much-disputed <b>Tomb of William Rufus</b>. It is a plain coped
+tomb, constructed of Purbeck marble. Since it was known that William was
+buried originally beneath the tower, this tomb was assumed to be his,
+and in Cromwell's time it was violated, when, as Milner relates, there
+was found therein, "besides the dust, some pieces of cloth embroidered
+with gold, a large gold ring, and a small silver chalice." The very fact
+of these discoveries, however, tend to prove that the grave was not that
+of Rufus. It is now frequently held that it is that of Henry of Blois,
+who is known to have been buried "with much honour before the high
+altar"; Rudborne records that he was <i>sepultus in ecclesia sua coram
+summo altari</i>. Yet others suppose that he still lies in the space
+<i>before</i> the altar. The ring found in Cromwell's time, set with a
+sapphire which denotes a bishop, may be seen in the cathedral library.
+When the contents of the tomb were last examined, on August 27, 1868,
+the remains, though much disturbed by the previous violation, indicated
+a man of about 5 feet 8 inches, and fragments of red cloth with gold
+embroidery were to be seen. It was also gathered that the body had been
+wrapped in lead, as Henry of Blois was said to have been.<a name="Page_53" id="Page_53"></a><span class="pagenum">53</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image19" id="image19"></a>
+<a href="./images/image19.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image19_th.jpg" alt="THE CHOIR STALLS." title="Image 19" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">THE CHOIR STALLS.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The vaulting of the presbytery, which is of timber carved to imitate
+stone, is remarkable for its very fine and brilliantly coloured bosses,
+forming a quite unique collection of designs. Milner mentions as the
+chief among these, "the arms and badges of the families of Lancaster and
+Tudor, the arms of Castile, of Cardinal Beaufort, and even of the very
+sees held <a name="Page_55" id="Page_55"></a><span class="pagenum">55</span>successively by Bishop Fox. The part of the vaulting from the
+altar to the east window bears none but pious ornaments: the several
+instruments of the Saviour's Passion, including S. Peter's denial, and
+the betrayal in the Garden of Gethsemane, the faces of Pilate and his
+wife, of the Jewish high priest, Judas kissing Jesus, Judas' money-bag,
+the Veronica"&mdash;this is immediately above the place of the cross on the
+reredos&mdash;"the Saviour's coat, with the Cross, crown of thorns, nails,
+hammer, pillar, scourges, reed, sponge, lance, sword with the ear of
+Malchus upon it, lanthorn, ladder, cock, dice, etc." Under the tower the
+vaulting is of wood, dating from 1634. Before this year the
+choir-lantern was visible from below, with its striking late Norman
+stonework divided into two tiers. It has been proposed to re-open the
+lantern, but this would necessitate the removal of the bells from the
+tower, a matter of considerable expense. It would also be a pity to take
+down the vaulting with its various devices, including the arms, etc., of
+Charles I., his queen, and the Prince of Wales, a medallion of the two
+former, the Scotch and Irish arms, and those of Archbishop Laud, Bishop
+Curie, and Dean Young. The central emblem is that of the Trinity, with a
+"chronogram" indicating the year 1634 thus:&mdash;<span class="smcap">sInt DoMUs hUjUs pII reges
+nUtrItII regInae nUtrICes pIae</span>. The larger letters, picked out in red,
+serve as Roman figures which added together make up the required number.</p>
+
+<p>From the commencement of the choir to the high altar are eleven steps,
+making nineteen in all from the level of the nave. This elevation, of
+course, much enhances the imposing effect of the altar and reredos as
+seen from the lower plane. It is due to the existence of the Norman
+crypt beneath, and can be paralleled both at Canterbury and at
+Rochester. The raised platform includes the presbytery with its aisles
+and the retro-choir, and extends under the central tower to the second
+pillar beyond. The nave and transepts are thus on a lower level. Before
+the altar are rails which date from the reign of Charles I., while the
+Altar Books were presented to the cathedral by Charles II.</p>
+
+<p><a name="III_3" id="III_3"></a>The great <b>Reredos</b>, which separates the presbytery from the feretory
+and the eastern end of the church, is, to judge from its style, late
+fifteenth-century work. It has been attributed to Cardinal Beaufort, and
+to Bishop Fox and Prior Silkstede, <a name="Page_56" id="Page_56"></a><span class="pagenum">56</span>but no inscription or armorial
+details can be discovered to confirm either of these suppositions. It is
+similar in character to the altar-screens of Christchurch Priory, Hants,
+and S. Mary Overy (S. Saviour's, Southwark); but, less fortunate than
+the former, it was despoiled of all the statues which once filled its
+niches, while it has not "the exquisite grace of detail which marks the
+choir of angels at Southwark." The reredos at S. Albans, in the same
+style, though not so large, was erected between 1476 and 1484; and, as
+at Winchester before 1899, shows a cross-shaped space where, according
+to legend, a huge silver crucifix was placed. Now once more, as in the
+sixteenth century, there is a figure on the great cross. It is curious
+to note an attempt, during the rage for pseudo-classic architecture in
+the last century, to beautify the reredos by placing sham funeral urns
+in its niches. These were fortunately removed in 1820, and in recent
+years they have been replaced by a series of statues intended to
+reproduce as far as possible the original effect. In the <i>Builder</i> for
+October 10, 1892, a large reproduction was given of a very interesting
+drawing by the late Mr J.W. Sedding, showing the whole screen completely
+restored; but this scheme was unfortunately not used. A large
+oil-painting, "The Raising of Lazarus," by Benjamin West, purchased in
+1782 by Dean Ogle, till 1899 hung immediately over the altar. Before
+1818 a huge wooden canopy in Jacobean style, freely enriched with gold,
+covered all the central portion of the screen. This was due to Bishop
+Curie.</p>
+
+<p>The reredos is so large that it occupies the whole of the space between
+the choir piers, and, being constructed of a very white stone, is the
+prominent feature of the choir. The work is very elaborate, the whole
+screen being arranged in three tiers with canopied niches containing
+eighteen large statues, while smaller figures&mdash;kings, saints, angels,
+etc.&mdash;occupy the splays between. The pinnacles are pierced and
+crocketted, and there is a central projecting canopy over the place of
+the original crucifix. On either side of the high altar is a door
+leading to the feretory at the back of the reredos, and these have in
+their four spandrels interesting groups of fifteenth-century sculpture,
+representing various scenes in the life of the Virgin, the Annunciation,
+and the Visitation of S. Elizabeth, still showing traces of colour. The
+fact that these carvings have escaped destruction, just as the lower
+tier at Christchurch <a name="Page_57" id="Page_57"></a><span class="pagenum">57</span>escaped, is only to be explained on the assumption
+that they were hidden behind some panelling since removed, for of all
+images which provoked iconoclastic fury those representing the Virgin
+were the most certain to be attacked. The whole is crowned by a triple
+frieze of leaves, Tudor roses, and quatrefoils, at a height little short
+of the corbels which support the arches of the roof.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image20" id="image20"></a>
+<a href="./images/image20.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image20_th.jpg" alt="THE ALTAR AND REREDOS." title="Image 20" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">THE ALTAR AND REREDOS.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58"></a><span class="pagenum">58</span>The eighteen larger statues were, and are now, since the restoration of
+the reredos, arranged in the following order. In the uppermost tier, to
+the left and right of the head of cross, were S. Peter and S. Paul, who
+were the patron saints of the church. Two on either side of these were
+the four Latin Doctors, SS. Augustine, Gregory, Jerome, and Ambrose.
+"Below these, on the middle tier, we had two great local bishops, S.
+Birinus, first occupant of the see, standing beside the figure of the
+Virgin, and on the other side S. Swithun, the benevolent bishop,
+patron-saint of the church: beyond them, over the two doors, were SS.
+Benedict and Giles,<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> the one founder of the Order to which the Priory
+belonged, the other the Hermit Saint, who always pitched his tabernacle
+just outside the walls of medieval cities; he is here set in honour to
+commemorate S. Giles' Hill, and especially S. Giles' Fair, from which
+the Convent reaped great benefit" (Dean Kitchin: "Great Screen of
+Winchester Cathedral"). Outermost on this tier stand the statues of the
+two deacons, SS. Stephen and Lawrence. In the lowest tier, on either
+side of the altar, stand SS. Hedda and Ethelwolf, two of the most famous
+Anglo-Saxon bishops of the see of Winchester. Next these saints there is
+the doorway on either side and beyond these doors are statues of King
+Edward the Confessor, and S. Edmund the King. Between the figures of SS.
+Swithun and Birinus, stand statues of the Virgin and S. John, while
+above the arms of the Cross are the four Archangels, Uriel, Gabriel,
+Michael, and Raphael. In all there are now fifty-six statues on the
+screen, the smaller figures including famous kings, bishops, women, and
+a representation of Izaak Walton. <a name="Page_59" id="Page_59"></a><span class="pagenum">59</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image21" id="image21"></a>
+<a href="./images/image21.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image21_th.jpg" alt="THE NORTH TRANSEPT." title="Image 21" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">THE NORTH TRANSEPT.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Above the altar it is said that there was once "a table of images of
+silver and gilt garnished with stones." These <a name="Page_61" id="Page_61"></a><span class="pagenum">61</span>images are conjectured to
+have represented Christ and his disciples, possibly at the Last Supper;
+but no traces remain of them. From 1782 till 1899 West's picture, "The
+Raising of Lazarus," now in the South Transept, hung here. The place is
+now more happily occupied by a representation of the Incarnation.</p>
+
+<p>The most recent feature of the screen is the great central figure of
+Christ Crucified, the gift of Canon Valpy and the work of Messrs Farmer
+and Brindley. The final restoration of the screen by the filling of the
+space left vacant for three centuries was commemorated by a solemn
+dedication service, held at the Cathedral on March 24, 1899.</p>
+
+<p>On the reredos as a whole, one authority has said that "no description
+could do justice to the beauty and effect of the whole work." But
+another has declared that "a huge screen of this uncompromising
+squareness of outline is a flagrantly artless device which in previous
+periods (to the latter half of the fifteenth century) would have been
+impossible." Milner again describes its "exquisite workmanship" as being
+"as magnificent as this or any other nation can exhibit." Doctors most
+certainly differ here.</p>
+
+<p><a name="III_4" id="III_4"></a>It will perhaps be most convenient to deal at this point with the
+<b>Transepts</b>, of which the western walls are almost level with the
+choir-screen. Having been but little injured by the fall of the tower in
+1107, they still remain to a great extent what they were when originally
+built by Walkelin. We therefore get the massive and rugged early Norman
+walls still divided into the three nearly equal storeys which in the
+nave have given place to two. Where the fall of the central tower
+necessitated a partial rebuilding, the difference between the Early and
+the Late masonry is very evident. That of the transepts generally is
+coarse and very thick, as is the case with all Early Norman stonework.
+The new masonry, on the other hand, recalls what William of Malmesbury
+says of the Later Norman masonry at Salisbury, when he speaks of "the
+courses of stone so correctly laid that the joint deceives the eye, and
+leads it to imagine that the whole wall is composed of a single block."
+The juncture of the two works at Winchester can be easily traced. Of the
+general style of the transepts, Willis says: "The architecture is of the
+plainest description. The compartment of the triforium is very nearly <a name="Page_62" id="Page_62"></a><span class="pagenum">62</span>of
+the same height as that of the pier-arches, and the clerestory is also
+nearly the same height.... Each pier-arch is formed of two orders or
+courses of voussoirs, the edges of which are left square, wholly
+undecorated by mouldings. This is the case with the pier-arches of Ely
+transept, but in the arches of the triforium at Ely, and in every other
+Norman part of that cathedral, the edges of the voussoirs are richly
+moulded. In Winchester transept, on the contrary, the arches of the
+triforium and clerestory are square-edged like those of the pier below
+and hence arises the peculiarly simple and massive effect of this part
+of the church." Between the tower-piers and the terminal walls of each
+transept there are three piers, making four compartments, the farther
+two of which from the nave and choir open into the terminal aisles. The
+arches were all originally plain, semi-circular, and square-edged, and
+are supported by shafts with the cushioned capitals so characteristic of
+the ruder Norman style, and the bases are simple with a chamfer and
+quarter-round, very different from the ornamental Late Norman bases,
+such as may be seen at S. Cross, Winchester, for example. Where the
+Later Norman work has taken the place of the original, we find stronger
+piers. The vault above is groined, but there are no ribs. Nothing,
+however, can now be seen of the vaulting above the level of the
+side-walls, since a flat wooden ceiling, painted in "Early Tudor" style
+was put up in 1818, by which, among other things, the rose-window in the
+gable of the north transept was hidden, though in Britton's view, which
+we give on page 59, we have the transept previous to the timbering. Each
+transept has an eastern and a western aisle, while at the extreme ends
+there are aisles rising to pier-arch level, consisting of two arches,
+which a triple bearing-shaft supports in the centre. A kind of gallery
+is formed at the terminations of the north and south transepts, over and
+beyond which may be seen the triforium and clerestory windows. This can
+best be appreciated by a reference to the illustration, Plate XV.
+Possibly this platform or gallery was not originally so bare as it
+appears at the present day, but there is no doubt that it was built in
+order that processions might pass round on the triforium level.</p>
+
+<p>It has been mentioned that when the tower was rebuilt the columns
+nearest it in the transepts were strengthened. They now, indeed, present
+a singularly massive outline to the eye, and contrast strongly even with
+the remaining Norman pillars in the transepts. The arches also are
+changed. All were once semi-circular, but the rebuilding necessitated a
+change of the first and second from the actual tower-pier into the
+stilted or "horse-shoe" form. They are doubly recessed (except those
+supporting the end platform, which have but one soffit), and present
+quite plain and unadorned square edges.<a name="Page_63" id="Page_63"></a><span class="pagenum">63</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image22" id="image22"></a>
+<a href="./images/image22.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image22_th.jpg" alt="VIEW IN NORTH TRANSEPT." title="Image 22" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">VIEW IN NORTH TRANSEPT.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65"></a><span class="pagenum">65</span>In each transept there is at the eastern angle a spiral staircase
+leading up to the roof.</p>
+
+<p><a name="III_4_1" id="III_4_1"></a>If we take first the <b>North Transept</b>, there will be found at the
+southern end, against the side wall of the choir, and between the two
+great tower-piers, the Chapel of the Holy Sepulchre, a small compartment
+which contains some interesting and still distinct mural paintings on
+the roof and walls, representing scenes of the Passion, etc. The most
+striking is a large head and bust of Christ on the easternmost division
+of the vaulting. One hand holds the Gospels, with the inscription <i>Salus
+Populi Ego Sum</i>. On the wall beneath are the Descent from the Cross and
+the Entombment. The Nativity and Annunciation also appear on the roof,
+while on the walls are the Entry into Jerusalem, the Raising of Lazarus,
+the Descent into Hell, and the Appearance to Mary Magdalene in the
+Garden.</p>
+
+<p>Two of the Norman piers on the eastern side of this transept have
+received very elaborate canopies of the Decorated period, under which it
+is probable that there were at one time altars. Some Early English work
+may be seen in the heads carved on some of the larger shafts and the
+caps of the subsidiary pillars, a noticeable figure being "a monk
+crouched in a caryatidal attitude and holding a chess-board."</p>
+
+<p>The modern entry to the crypts is in the south-east interior wall of
+this transept, the old means of entrance, through the "Holy Hole,"
+having been blocked up.</p>
+
+<p>The large tomb in the north transept is that of Prebendary Iremonger. On
+the western wall, at the end of the transept, are very faint traces of
+mural paintings, representing S. Christopher carrying Christ, etc., and
+it is probable the transepts were once thus decorated throughout.<a name="Page_66" id="Page_66"></a><span class="pagenum">66</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image23" id="image23"></a>
+<a href="./images/image23.png">
+<img src="./images/image23_th.png" alt="DOORWAY FROM THE CLOSE INTO THE RETRO-CHOIR. From a Drawing by H.P. Clifford." title="Image 23" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">DOORWAY FROM THE CLOSE INTO THE RETRO-CHOIR.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="III_4_2" id="III_4_2"></a>The <b>South Transept</b> has received far more additions to its interior
+decorations than has the north. In the back of the choir-wall is
+recessed Sir Isaac Townsend's memorial, not a very noteworthy object.
+Just under it there now stands the old oak settle which was once used by
+the Norman monks. In the central space of the transept itself is a large
+monument to Bishop Wilberforce, showing beneath a canopy a life-sized
+figure, with mitre, cope, and staff, on a slab borne by six kneeling
+angels. A Latin inscription records his birth on 1st September 1805, and
+his death on 19th July 1873. The monument is the work of Sir Gilbert
+Scott, and has met with <a name="Page_68" id="Page_68"></a><span class="pagenum">68</span>some severe attacks. It certainly is out of
+place in its Norman surroundings. The aisles of the south transept are
+divided up into six chambers, of which the larger of the two westernmost
+is used as a chapter-room, and does not betray its age by its present
+appearance; the one next the body of the church, Milner's "ancient
+sacristy," but now known as Henry of Blois' treasury, serves as a boys'
+vestry. The Norman work over the door must not be overlooked. The
+chamber to the extreme south is the entrance lobby to the south door,
+which leads into the "slype" or passage running between the church and
+the old chapter-house. Leading out of it is the ancient "calefactory,"
+where the fire for the censers and thuribles was preserved. Panelled oak
+screens enclose this room on both sides. Next it comes Silkstede's
+chapel, the central of the three easterly divisions of the transept
+aisles. The prior's rebus, in the form of a skein of silk, is evident
+among the carvings, and his Christian name Thomas may be seen on the
+cornice with the MA, the monogram of the Virgin, standing out
+distinctly. The screen in this chapel is worthy of remark, and is
+divided into four compartments, the upper part of each being open-work
+and arched with pierced quatrefoils in the spandrels. In this chapel
+traces of painting were discovered in 1848, beneath the whitewash on the
+eastern wall, the subject apparently being Christ upon the water,
+calling to him S. Peter, who, in an attitude of hesitation, holds the
+prow of the boat. Fine canopy-work surmounts the whole. Originally there
+were eight canopies enclosing figures, but little except the canopies
+remain, the distemper-painting having almost vanished. On the floor of
+the chapel may be found a black marble slab, the tomb of Isaak Walton,
+with Bishop Ken's often-quoted inscription, which, however, it is
+perhaps pardonable to quote again:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table summary="center poem">
+<tr><td align="left">"Alas! Hee's gone before,<br />
+Gone, to returne noe more;<br />
+Our panting hearts aspire<br />
+After their aged Sire,<br />
+Whose well-spent life did last<br />
+Full ninety years, and past.<br />
+But now he hath begun<br />
+That which will nere be done:<br />
+Crown'd with eternal Blisse,<br />
+We wish our souls with his."<br />
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image24" id="image24"></a>
+<a href="./images/image24.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image24_th.jpg" alt="BISHOP WILBERFORCE'S TOMB IN SOUTH TRANSEPT." title="Image 24" /></a>
+<br /><ins class="tnote" title="Transcriber's Note: This image appeared on page 67 in original">
+<span class="caption">BISHOP WILBERFORCE'S TOMB IN SOUTH TRANSEPT.</span></ins>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69"></a><span class="pagenum">69</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image25" id="image25"></a>
+<a href="./images/image25.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image25_th.jpg" alt="SOUTH AISLE, FROM TRANSEPT." title="Image 25" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">SOUTH AISLE, FROM TRANSEPT.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71"></a><span class="pagenum">71</span>Next to Prior Silkstede's chapel comes the "Venerable" chapel, which
+serves as a vestry for the minor canons of the cathedral. The screen of
+this fills the whole archway, the six canopies extending beyond the
+sweep of the arch. Down each side are untenanted niches, and the
+openings of the tracery show some beautiful and elaborate iron-work,
+dating from the Renaissance. A similar screen, though without canopies,
+divides the Venerable Chapel from Silkstede's.</p>
+
+<p><a name="III_4_3" id="III_4_3"></a><b>The Library</b> is approached from an old wooden staircase in the south
+aisle of this transept. It is a "long, low room, with oaken presses
+curiously carved and ornamented with gilded knobs, after the fashion of
+the latter half of the seventeenth century." It contains three or four
+thousand books, most of which are the gift of Bishop Morley, and there
+are many fine MSS.; but its chief treasure is a Vulgate of the twelfth
+century, in three folio volumes on vellum. The gorgeously illuminated
+manuscript is the best work extant of the Winchester school, and the
+fact that it was never finished renders it only the more interesting,
+since thereby the whole process from the first outline to the final
+touch of colour is evident. A legend concerning Hugh of Avalon,
+afterwards Bishop of Lincoln (associated with this book), is worthy of
+mention. Henry II., who founded the Carthusian Monastery of Witham, in
+Somerset, had appointed Hugh prior in 1175 or 1176, and finding that his
+monks needed MSS. to copy, and in particular a complete copy of the
+Bible, promised to give them one. To avoid expense, he borrowed this
+superb Vulgate from Winchester and sent it to Witham. A chance visit
+long afterwards of a Winchester monk revealed what had happened, and on
+the matter becoming known to Hugh, he returned the volume without the
+king's knowledge.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> Among other important MSS. in the Library are an
+eleventh century copy of Bede's "Ecclesiastical History"; a twelfth
+century "Life of Edward the Confessor," by S. Aelred, Cistercian Abbot
+of Ri&eacute;vaulx about 1160, containing a portrait of the king within one of
+its initial letters; a copy of the "<i>Promptorium Parvulorum</i>"; a charter
+of &AElig;thelwulf, King of Wessex, dated 854 and bearing the signatures of
+the king, his young son Alfred, and S. Swithun. There are also the
+chapter-books for 1553-1600; the cathedral statutes, with the <a name="Page_72" id="Page_72"></a><span class="pagenum">72</span>signatures
+of Charles I. and Bishop Laud; the original charter of Henry VIII. to
+the cathedral, on the dissolution of the priory; and many interesting
+documents and printed books, some with the original chains which were
+fastened to their covers. Here also are kept the great seal of Henry V.,
+the pastoral staff from Bishop Fox's tomb, his ring, those of Bishops
+Gardiner and Woodlock, and the one, set with a sapphire, which comes
+from the tomb of "William Rufus"&mdash;probably, as we have said, belonging
+to Henry of Blois. The library was built in 1668 A.D.</p>
+
+<p>We may now return to the body of the cathedral and pass to the
+surroundings of the choir.</p>
+
+<p><a name="III_5" id="III_5"></a>The <b>Feretory</b>, where the <i>feretra</i> or shrines of the saints were
+placed, lies behind the high altar and reredos, and the two doors in the
+latter give access to it. At one time, before the erection of the
+reredos, the feretory must have been visible from the choir. Behind the
+doors is a raised platform, seven feet in breadth, extending right
+across. The upper surface of this is now only three feet above the
+ground level, but originally it must have been far higher. Four steps
+give access to it. Before it is a hollow space with stumps of piers,
+demonstrating the ancient presence of an arcade in front of the
+platform. The feretory is without internal decoration, but the exterior
+of the east wall is adorned with nine rich Decorated tabernacles, with
+the yet legible names of saints and king who once occupied the eighteen
+pedestals within them. This inscription is to be found here:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table summary="center poem">
+<tr><td><i>Corpora sanctorum sunt hic in pace sepulta,<br />
+Ex meritis quorum fulgent miracula multa</i>.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><a name="III_5_1" id="III_5_1"></a>The floor beneath the platform is supported by a small vault, "the
+entrance to which (to quote Willis) is by a low arch in the eastern face
+of the wall under the range of tabernacles." This vault is that which
+was designated as the <i>Sanctum Sanctorum</i> or <b>Holy Hole</b>. The feretory
+is used as a receptacle for the carved work found at various dates about
+the cathedral, including portions of statuary once belonging to the
+great screen. Here lies a really marvellous lid of a reliquary chest,
+presented in 1309 by Sir William de Lilburn, with events in the life of
+our Lord and various saints vividly portrayed in colours, and <a name="Page_73" id="Page_73"></a><span class="pagenum">73</span>decorated
+with the donor's armorial bearings. The "Holy Hole" has been used as a
+receptacle for fragments of various kinds since the end of the fifteenth
+century, before which it was visible from the choir, for no reredos
+intercepted the view. Milner states that in 1789 the whole passage and
+vault was so choked with rubbish that the attempt to enter it had to be
+abandoned. A more recent observer records that there appears to be no
+space for a crypt or receptacle for relics within the "Holy Hole," the
+chest of bones, etc., being placed on the platform over the arcade. The
+fragments now in the feretory are often very fine, but are most of them
+sadly mutilated.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image26" id="image26"></a>
+<a href="./images/image26.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image26_th.jpg" alt="BACK OF FERETORY, WITH BISHOP GARDINER'S CHANTRY" title="Image 26" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">BACK OF FERETORY, WITH BISHOP GARDINER'S CHANTRY</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="III_5_2" id="III_5_2"></a><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74"></a><span class="pagenum">74</span>The north and south sides of the feretory are flanked by the chantries
+of Bishops Gardiner and Fox, into which it opens. <b>Gardiner's Chantry</b>,
+in the Renaissance style, was much damaged by the Reformers, the head
+being knocked off the figure lying in a long niche on the outside of the
+chantry, and other indignities committed. Of the tomb nothing now
+remains, but there is an altar with figures at the back, after Italian
+models, representing, according to one tradition, Justice and Mercy,
+while others say the Law and the Gospel. At the east end is a small
+vestry used as a repository for fragments. The details and the mouldings
+of Gardiner's chantry are of the Renaissance style, and Britton has
+described the chapel as "bad Italian and bad English." This is true of
+the eastern end of the compartment, but there are redeeming features
+amid the curious mixture of styles. Below the floor-level of this
+chantry may be seen the base of one of the Norman apse piers, the sole
+remaining feature of the Norman east end except the crypt.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bishop Fox's Chantry</b> is a far finer piece of work and is certainly the
+most elaborate chantry in the cathedral. It displays no fewer than
+fifty-five richly-groined niches, all different in pattern; only two of
+them are tenanted, and these by very recent figures, on either side of
+the door. There is a great amount of wonderful undercutting to be seen
+in the spandrels to the arches, and the upper part of the erection shows
+open tracery with niches and canopies, under a cornice of running
+foliage and Tudor flowers, surmounted by panelled pinnacles. Fox's
+"pelican in her piety" alternates on the pinnacles with small octagonal
+turrets. At one time, moreover, all the arches, etc., contained stained
+glass, but this has now vanished. Within there is no tomb, but, as in
+Gardiner's chantry, there is, in an arched recess at the side, the
+ghastly carved figure of a corpse so frequently introduced in monuments
+of the period. The altar is surmounted by a small reredos in a sunk
+panel, now unoccupied, crowned by a band of angels bearing emblems of
+the Passion. Over the altar is this inscription in Latin:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>O sacrum convivium in quo Christus sumitur.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75"></a><span class="pagenum">75</span>There is here, as was the case with Gardiner's chantry, a small room at
+the eastern end. In this are chests in which relics were kept.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image27" id="image27"></a>
+<a href="./images/image27.png">
+<img src="./images/image27_th.png" alt="BISHOP FOX'S CHANTRY." title="Image 27" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">BISHOP FOX'S CHANTRY.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The interior part of the choir aisles have received "Wykeham" windows,
+four on each side, though from the exterior only three can be seen. The
+westernmost on the north side has two lights partly looking into the
+open, while two are unglazed and the top of one looks into the northern
+transept. On the south side all are glazed, but only three get any light
+from outside. These can be seen from the close at the junction of
+transept and retro-choir. All these windows have blank panelling or
+arcading below. It looks as if Wykeham <a name="Page_76" id="Page_76"></a><span class="pagenum">76</span>or his successors meant to reduce
+the width of the Norman transepts, so as to bring them into better
+proportion with the eastern arm of the church.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 166px;">
+<a href="./images/image28.png"><img src="./images/image28_th.png" width="166" height="450" alt="DOOR OF FOXS CHANTRY." title="Image 28" /></a>
+<span class="caption">DOOR OF FOX&#39;S CHANTRY.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 145px;">
+<a href="./images/image29.png"><img src="./images/image29_th.png" width="140" height="500" alt="DETAIL OF PULPIT." title="Image 29" /></a>
+<span class="caption">DETAIL OF PULPIT.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="III_6" id="III_6"></a>Between the presbytery and the side aisles, extending from pier to pier,
+are screens of pierced stonework, erected by Bishop Fox, whose motto
+frequently occurs on them, together with his initials and Cardinal
+Beaufort's. On the top of the screens are six painted chests (see p.
+95), in which are collected the bones of saints and kings of the Saxon
+period; the original collection being made by Henry of Blois. These
+<b>Mortuary Chests</b> were desecrated by the Cromwellian ruffians when they
+broke into the cathedral, and the bones were hurled through the stained
+glass of the west and other windows. Afterwards they were collected once
+more and replaced in the chests where they now lie. Among the relics are
+the bones of Edred, Edmund, Canute, William Rufus, Emma, Bishops Wina,
+Alwyn, Egbert, Cenwulf or Kenulf, Cynegils, and Ethelwulf, and there are
+the old inscriptions to indicate whose remains were originally enclosed
+within the boxes, though there is now no warrant that the bones within
+correspond at all to the names without.</p>
+
+
+<p style="clear: both;"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77"></a><span class="pagenum">77</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image30" id="image30"></a>
+<a href="./images/image30.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image30_th.jpg" alt="SOUTH AISLE OF RETRO-CHOIR, WITH BEAUFORT'S AND FOX'S CHANTRIES." title="Image 30" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">SOUTH AISLE OF RETRO-CHOIR, WITH BEAUFORT'S AND FOX'S CHANTRIES.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Among those who have been buried in the presbytery aisles is Bishop de
+Pontissara, of whom Rudborne says that he was buried <i>ex aquilonari
+plaga majoris altaris</i>. Accordingly we find his monument on the north
+side. Close by him, and still nearer the altar, was laid Hardicanute,
+the last Danish king, who was brought hither from Lambeth for interment.
+His death was attributed to "excessive drinking." In the southern aisle
+are Richard, the Conqueror's younger <a name="Page_79" id="Page_79"></a><span class="pagenum">79</span>son; Edward, eldest born of Alfred
+the Great; and Bishop Nicholas de Ely's heart.</p>
+
+
+<p><a name="III_7" id="III_7"></a>Eastward of the feretory the building is known by the name of the
+<b>Retro-choir</b>, and presents a very old and pure example of Early English
+work from the hands of Bishop de Lucy. The aisles are said to have been
+used as a model in the building of Salisbury Cathedral. Similar
+processional aisles may be seen also at Hereford on a minor scale. This
+part of the cathedral is lower and consequently appears broader than the
+more westerly portion. There is a considerable amount of wall-space,
+only interrupted by the numerous imposing chantries erected on the
+floor. The lower part of the walls is remarkable for some fine, though
+simple, blank arcading, dating also from De Lucy's time; while light is
+given by pairs of lancet windows, the rear arches being borne on groups
+of detached shafts. Many of the original chased tiles of the pavement
+remain to this day, and, in fact, there has been little interference
+with De Lucy's work. Unfortunately, however, as has been remarked, much
+of it has settled considerably, throwing the south-eastern angle
+altogether out of the perpendicular, one vaulting-shaft having in this
+manner been bent back and cracked in half. The effects of the subsidence
+can easily be seen in the photograph of the south aisle of the
+retro-choir looking toward the east.</p>
+
+<p>As one passes beyond the feretory through the retro-choir, the <b>Chantry
+of William Waynflete</b> stands to the north of the central alley. The
+canopy is very elaborate and beautiful, and plentiful traces of the
+original colour still can be seen, especially on the groining. On each
+side are three flat-headed arches, those at the east end being closed,
+while on each side of the piers adjoining the west end there are narrow
+open arches. Corniced and battlemented screens fill these arches to
+mid-height. The figure on the tomb is a modern restoration, very
+elaborately clad in full pontificals, while the hands are clasped about
+a heart, representing the <i>sursum corda</i>, or lifting up of the heart.
+The chantry is kept in repair by Magdalen College, Oxford, which
+Waynflete founded. Its situation, like that of the companion tomb of
+Cardinal Beaufort, makes it very impressive. There is no altar now. At
+the east end is a blank wall surmounted by three empty canopied niches,
+while at the other are two open gratings.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80"></a><span class="pagenum">80</span>In the corresponding position to the south is the <b>Chantry of Cardinal
+Beaufort</b>, now kept in repair by the Dukes of Beaufort. In Britton's
+time, as he tells us, there had fallen a "horse-load of the pinnacles in
+the canopy of Cardinal Beaufort's chantry." Owing, however, to the
+extreme elaboration, the effect is hardly impaired by this loss. The
+plan of the tomb is two groups of four clustered piers at each end,
+supporting a mass of canopies, niches, and pinnacles, which "bewilder
+the sight and senses by their number and complexity," as Britton
+quaintly says. The screen at the west end is closed, that at the east
+end open. The vault displays some elaborate fan-tracery. The body of the
+cardinal is presented in his scarlet official robes and the tasselled
+and corded hat, and the serenity of his face suggests very little the
+traditional portrait of him, as represented, for example, in
+Shakespeare's "Henry V." His death-bed moments, it is well known, have
+been much misrepresented. The inscription originally on his tomb has
+been destroyed, but Godwin quotes one sentence of it thus:&mdash;<i>Tribularer
+si nescirem misericordias tuas</i>.<a name="Page_81" id="Page_81"></a><span class="pagenum">81</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image31" id="image31"></a>
+<a href="./images/image31.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image31_th.jpg" alt="CARDINAL BEAUFORT'S CHANTRY." title="Image 31" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">CARDINAL BEAUFORT'S CHANTRY.<br /></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Against the north wall, not far from Waynflete's chantry, is an unknown
+tomb with part of an effigy, to the east of which is the grave of one
+William Symonds, "Gentleman, of Winchester twice Maior and Alderman," as
+his epitaph of 1616 relates. The last four lines of the inscription run
+as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table summary="center poem">
+<tr><td align="left">
+His Merrit doth Enherit Life and Fame,<br />
+For whilst this City stands Symonds his name<br />
+In alle men's harts shall never be forgotten,<br />
+For poores prayers rise when flesh lyes rotten.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Between the same chantry and the wall lies the tomb of Bishop de
+Rupibus, while in the space between the chantries of Beaufort and
+Waynflete lies the only ancient military effigy in the cathedral, a
+genuine relic of the fourteenth century. It is commonly known as William
+de Foix, and represents, in a slightly mutilated form, a knight in
+surcoat and complete ringed armour of the thirteenth century. His legs
+are crossed<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> and the feet rest on a crouching lion, while the head is
+supported on two cushions which were formerly held up by angels. The
+right hand grasps the sword hilt, and the pointed <a name="Page_83" id="Page_83"></a><span class="pagenum">83</span>shield, one of the
+earliest examples of a quartered shield, bears "quarterly, in the first
+and fourth, the arms of Bearn, two cows passant, gorged with collars and
+bells; in the second and third, three garbs; over all a cross." On the
+front edge of the slab Mr F.J. Baigent discovered the name Petrus
+Gavston or Gauston twice encised, but to this "scribbling" Mr Weston S.
+Walford, who has a note on this tomb in the fifteenth volume of the
+<i>Archeological Journal</i>, does not attach much importance, for it may
+merely record the engraver's conjecture as to the person here buried.
+The body of Edward II.'s favourite, Piers, was moved from Oxford to
+King's Langley in Hertfordshire two years after his execution, and
+buried there on January 2, 1314, in the presence of the king. It is not
+known to have been moved since. It seems probable that the effigy here
+is that of the father of the Piers known to us, a Sir Arnold de
+Gavaston, a record of whose interment at Winchester in May 1302 we
+possess, with the additional fact that Edward I. sent money and two
+pieces of cloth of gold to the funeral. Such respect would naturally be
+paid to the father of Edward II.'s foster-brother. Mr Walford suggests
+that the garbs on the shield are a canting allusion to the name Gabaston
+or Gavaston, for the spelling varies very much&mdash;Gaveston, Gaverston, and
+Gaberston being also found. The date of the tomb Mr Walford places
+between the death of Arnold in 1302 and the murder of his son in 1312.
+The tomb itself is adorned with five Decorated arches with the Gavaston
+arms on the shield, together with those of England, of France, and of
+Castile and Leon.</p>
+
+<p>West of this are the tombs of Bishop Sumner and Prior Silkstede. The
+latter's grave, according to Woodward, was found, when opened, to
+contain the complete remains of a body robed in black serge, with the
+"funeral boots" yet on the bones of the feet. The body seems to have
+been removed hither from Silkstede's chapel in the south transept.</p>
+
+<p>Next the western end of Beaufort's chantry is the tomb of William de
+Basynge, prior of this church (<i>quondam Prior istius ecclesi&aelig;</i>), as his
+inscription states, promising 145 days' indulgence to whoever prays for
+his soul three years. He died in 1295.</p>
+
+<p>On the south wall facing the same chantry is a marble monument of the
+Royalist, Sir John Clobery; and near this is a large <a name="Page_84" id="Page_84"></a><span class="pagenum">84</span>slab in the floor,
+in memory of Baptist Levinz, Bishop of Sodor and Man, and prebendary of
+Winchester, who died in 1692.</p>
+
+<p>On the end wall of the ambulatory, to the left of the entrance to the
+Chapel of the Guardian Angels, is a fine monument, somewhat mutilated,
+to Ethelmar or Aymer de Valence, half-brother of Henry III., who was so
+unpopular a bishop at Winchester. Only his heart is in the cathedral,
+having been conveyed hither from Paris, where his body was buried. The
+facts are commemorated by the following inscription on the presbytery
+wall:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center">Corpus Ethelmari<br />
+Cuius Cor Nunc Tenet<br />
+Istud Saxum Parisiis<br />
+Morte Datur Tumulo<br />
+Obiit A.D. 1261.</p>
+
+<p class="cont">When Winchester was attacked by the so-called religious zeal of the
+Puritans, Ethelmar's heart was disturbed, as is recorded by a writer of
+the period, who says that "when the steps of the altar were levelling
+with the rest of the ground one of the workmen accidentally struck his
+mattock on this stone and broke it; underneath which was an urn wherein
+the heart of this Ethelmar was, being enclosed in a golden cup, which
+thing ... being conveyed to the ears of the committee-men they took the
+cup for their own use, and ordered him to bury the heart in the north
+isle, which he accordingly did." The heart, he goes on to say, was "so
+entire and uncorrupt" that it was "as fresh as if it had just been taken
+from the body, and issued forth fresh drops of blood upon his hand. This
+I had from the mouth of the workman himself, whom I believe." The slab
+which once covered the heart shows, within the symbolic vesica, "in a
+trefoil canopy the half-length figure of the Bishop, mitred and in his
+episcopal robes, his uplifted hands holding a heart, his pastoral staff
+represented as resting on his left arm." Below are his arms and the
+inscription in Lombardic letters, + <i>Ethelmarus. Tibi Cor Meum Dne.</i><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85"></a><span class="pagenum">85</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image32" id="image32"></a>
+<a href="./images/image32.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image32_th.jpg" alt="THE LADY CHAPEL." title="Image 32" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">THE LADY CHAPEL.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 110px;">
+<a name="image33" id="image33"></a>
+<a href="./images/image33.png"><img src="./images/image33_th.png" width="107" height="450" alt="DETAIL OF LADY CHAPEL." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">DETAIL OF LADY CHAPEL.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="III_8" id="III_8"></a>The <b>Lady Chapel</b>, due in part to De Lucy and in part to Priors Hunton
+and Silkstede, is of rectangular shape, the easternmost portions being
+added about 1524. It should be noticed that in De Lucy's work the
+central aisle is but little higher than the laterals, which still have
+their eastern walls, <a name="Page_87" id="Page_87"></a><span class="pagenum">87</span>whereas the actual material of the Lady Chapel east
+wall was erected by Hunton. The north and south walls exhibit De Lucy's
+Early English arcades and lancets, while they become Perpendicular at
+the eastern end, and the east window is of the same period. This large
+seven-light window shows "transom and tracery of a peculiar kind of
+subordination, or rather inter-penetration of patterns, well worth a
+careful study" (Willis). The stone work of the interior is quite plain,
+but a large portion of the wall space is concealed by some richly-carved
+wooden panelling added by Bishop Fox. Seats, desks, and screen are also
+of fine workmanship. Where the walls are not hidden by wood-work are the
+very faint remains of some curious old mural paintings of the miracles
+of the Virgin, executed under the direction of Prior Silkstede in 1489.
+These frescoes are decidedly archaic, but they are extremely
+interesting. Starting from the south side the nineteen pictures
+represent:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1. Miracle of an image of the Virgin bending its finger to prevent a
+young man taking off a ring which he had placed on the image that it
+might not be lost or injured while he played at ball. By this the young
+man was won to monastic life.</p>
+
+<p>2. Protection and honour conferred by the Virgin on an ignorant priest,
+who knew and could sing only one mass, which was in honour of her.</p>
+
+<p>3. Prior Silkstede kneeling before Virgin, saying: "<i>Benedicta tu in
+mulieribus</i>." Beneath is the following:&mdash;"Prior Silkstede also caused
+<a name="Page_88" id="Page_88"></a><span class="pagenum">88</span>these polished stones, O Mary, to be ornamented at his expense."</p>
+
+<p>4. Jewish boy, after receiving the Eucharist, thrown into a furnace by
+his father, but delivered from the flames by the Virgin.</p>
+
+<p>5. Famous portrait of the Virgin, carried in procession by Pope Gregory
+to allay a fearful pestilence. During the procession the destroying
+angel is seen sheathing his sword.</p>
+
+<p>6. A widow receives back her son who had been kidnapped, and thereupon
+restores the silver image of the child Jesus, which she had taken from
+the image of the Virgin on losing her son.</p>
+
+<p>7. Virgin assisting woman taken ill on pilgrimage.</p>
+
+<p>8. Virgin enables boys, with ease, to raise that which strong men could
+not.</p>
+
+<p>9. Nun brought to life to confess a sin not confessed before death.</p>
+
+<p>10. Virgin saves a monk from drowning, and from two evil spirits, with
+instruments of torture, one who had lived an immoral life.</p>
+
+<p>11. Two Braban&ccedil;ons seized by devils and killed for throwing stones at an
+image of the Virgin.</p>
+
+<p>12. Deliverance at sea effected by the Virgin.</p>
+
+<p>13. Mass of the Virgin celebrated by Christ himself, with saints and
+angels, on an occasion when the priest was unable to do so.</p>
+
+<p>14. S. John's (of Damascus) arm restored; thereby establishing his
+innocence of having corresponded with unbelievers.</p>
+
+<p>15. Virgin delivering from the gallows a thief who had always venerated
+her.</p>
+
+<p>16. Virgin commanding the burial of a clerk of irreligious life in
+consecrated ground, because he had been her votary.</p>
+
+<p>17. Virgin assisting a painter to paint the devil "as ugly as he knew
+him to be," in spite of all the devil could do to prevent him from
+completing it.</p>
+
+<p>18. The Annunciation&mdash;over door, which formerly led to a particular
+sacristy.</p>
+
+<p>19. How, by praying to the Virgin, a robber-knight was delivered from
+the clutches of the devil.</p>
+
+<p>The altar is flanked on the north by a memorial of Bishop Brownlow
+North, representing him kneeling in adoration. The vault above, though
+not so elaborate as that of Langton's chapel on the right hand, is a
+fine example of lierne work, and the shafts <a name="Page_89" id="Page_89"></a><span class="pagenum">89</span>are noticeable for their
+capitals and bases. Among the devices are T and the syllable HUN,
+followed by the figure of a tun; and T and the syllable SILK, followed
+by the figure of a horse; signifying Thomas Hunton and Thomas Silkstede
+respectively.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image34" id="image34"></a>
+<a href="./images/image34.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image34_th.jpg" alt="BISHOP LANGTON'S CHAPEL." title="Image 34" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">BISHOP LANGTON'S CHAPEL.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 110px;">
+<a href="./images/image35.png"><img src="./images/image35_th.png" alt="DETAIL OF LANGTON'S CHAPEL" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">DETAIL OF LANGTON'S CHAPEL.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90"></a><span class="pagenum">90</span>The southern window of the Lady Chapel has recently been filled with a
+memorial window to the late Bishop Thorold, whose tomb lies in the
+cathedral precincts just below the new window. In pre-Reformation times
+this window, like those on the north and east, was glazed with fine
+painted glass, of which a few fragments still remain in the tracery. The
+remaining portions of the old work have been worked in with the new by
+Mr C.E. Kempe, the designer and executor. The memorial glass presents
+scenes in the life of Christ, while above appear S. Birinus, Pope
+Honorius, S. Swithun, S. Alphege, and other saints. The dedication
+ceremony took place on August 7, 1897, two years after the burial of
+Bishop Thorold at Winchester.</p>
+
+<p class="split"><a name="III_9" id="III_9"></a>Of the two chapels which flank the Lady Chapel, that to the north is the
+<b>Chapel of the Guardian Angels</b>, once the chantry of Bishop Adam de
+Orlton, of whom no memorial here exists, though he is buried in the
+chapel. This compartment is sometimes called the Portland chapel, owing
+to the fact that it contains on the south side the tomb of Richard
+Weston, Earl of Portland, who was treasurer to Charles I. A recumbent
+bronze statue by Le Sueur adorns the tomb, while in the wall above are
+four tabernacles, three of which contain mutilated busts, probably
+representing members of his family. A mural monument of Bishop Peter
+Mews, who is also interred here, is marked by a crozier and mitre. On
+the north side, too, there is in the wall an aumbry with a shelf, having<a name="Page_91" id="Page_91"></a><span class="pagenum">91</span></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 320px;">
+<a name="image36" id="image36"></a>
+<a href="./images/image36.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image36_th.jpg" alt="QUEEN MARY'S CHAIR." title="Image 36" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">QUEEN MARY'S CHAIR.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cont">a curious square head within a trefoil. The early vaulting of this
+chapel has, between the ribs, figures of seraphim, which are very fresh
+in colour.<a name="Page_93" id="Page_93"></a><span class="pagenum">93</span></p>
+
+<p>The corresponding chapel to the south is <b>Bishop Langton's Chantry</b>,
+though the work is partly De Lucy's, including the walls and the early
+vaulting shafts. The defaced front-screen and the oak-panelling all
+round are very rich examples of late Gothic, and the stone vaulting has
+been compared in point of elaboration with that in the chapel of Henry
+VII. at Westminster. On the groining, at the junction of the ribs, is
+carved Bishop Langton's rebus, consisting of the musical sign for a
+"long" upon a tun, while his motto <i>Laus tibi Christe</i> also occurs. It
+is supposed that the magnificent carved vine on the upper part of the
+oak-panelling which runs round the chapel originally formed the rebus of
+Langton's see, the tun from which it sprang being now lost. The
+woodwork, which is certainly one of the most striking things in the
+cathedral, is unfortunately mutilated, as is also part of the heraldic
+work on the entrance door. At the east end of the chapel above the
+former altar there is a row of seven tabernacles, under which is a
+cornice which was originally gilt and painted. The statues which once
+occupied the tabernacles are no longer extant. The central tomb here is
+that of Bishop Langton himself. Queen Mary's chair now stands in this
+chapel; it is in a wonderful state of preservation for its age, and the
+woodwork is still sound.</p>
+
+<p><a name="III_10" id="III_10"></a>The entrance to the <b>Crypts</b> is in the north transept, as was noted
+above. They are three in number, the main division stretching from the
+eastern tower-piers to the first piers of the retro-choir. It consists
+of a central room divided by a row of five columns in the middle, with
+an apsidal eastern termination, and is flanked by two aisles with square
+eastern ends. The well here is said to be considerably older than the
+building above it. From this opens out a narrower crypt, which also has
+five columns down the centre, while its apse reaches to the eastern end
+of the retro-choir. These crypts cannot, as some have supposed (and the
+tradition still survives), form part of the old Saxon church, since it
+has been fairly established that the site of this was not that of the
+present building. The plan of the chambers is in perfect accord, as
+Willis says, with that of Norman churches in general. The main crypt
+shows by its circular apse what was the form of the east end in the old
+<a name="Page_94" id="Page_94"></a><span class="pagenum">94</span>Norman church. The actual work is strikingly like that of the transepts,
+the peculiar thin square abacus, combined with a round capital, being a
+noteworthy point in both these portions of the building. The third
+crypt, which is narrow like the second, is rectangular in shape, and its
+vaulting rests on columns. It is Early English in architecture, and is
+contemporary with De Lucy's work in the upper part of the church. In
+1886 the crypts were to a great extent cleared out to their original
+level, a vast quantity of rubbish being removed. Many fragments of early
+work still remain, though in too mutilated a form to indicate where they
+originally stood.</p>
+
+<p><a name="III_11" id="III_11"></a>The <b>stained glass</b> at Winchester can, perhaps, best be treated
+separately from the windows which it occupies. Most of the information
+may be found summed up in a paper addressed to the Arch&aelig;ological
+Association in September 1845, by Mr C. Winston. Two circles of Early
+Decorated glass are to be seen in the west window, but they are merely
+composed of coloured pieces arranged in geometrical patterns. The
+general arrangement of the great window is, as has been already said,
+kaleidoscopic, the fragments which compose it being too scattered to
+admit of being put together again in their original form. The effect,
+however, is striking, particularly at some distance from the west end.
+There are remains of the original glass in the west windows of the
+aisles and in the first window from the west in the south aisle, but the
+Edingdon windows in the north aisle have lost their glass. The glass in
+the above windows consists of the heads of canopies, though in the west
+window some of the original figures are still to be seen. This is the
+earliest Perpendicular glass in the cathedral, and may date from
+Edingdon's time. Next in date is the glass in the other windows of the
+nave aisles and clerestory windows, a little later than that in the west
+window, and of the same character as that at New College, Oxford, in the
+north, south, and west windows. Of this glass, apparently four figures
+and part of their canopies have been removed to the first window from
+the east in the choir clerestory. The heads of the three westerly
+windows, to the north of the choir clerestory, showing canopy-work and
+cherubim, come next in date, with eight canopied figures in the upper
+tier of the two easterly windows on the south of this clerestory. The
+latter seem to have come originally from some <a name="Page_95" id="Page_95"></a><span class="pagenum">95</span>other window, being too
+short for their present situation. Their date may be about the end of
+the reign of Henry VI. The east window of the choir may be a little
+earlier than 1525, and has introduced in it Bishop Fox's arms and motto,
+<i>Est deo gracia</i>. This window has been much disturbed, the top central
+light being filled with glass of Wykeham's period, while little of Fox's
+glass seems to be in its original position. To Fox also may be
+attributed part of the aisle windows north and south of the choir, and
+some canopies in the side windows of the choir clerestory. Some late
+glass, much mutilated, may be seen in the east window of the Lady
+Chapel. Warner says of the two large windows, that "the great east
+window is remarkable for the beauty of its painted glass, which contains
+the portraits of saints, and of some bishops of this see; it is whole
+and entire, the west window is magnificent, but much inferior to this."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image37" id="image37"></a>
+<a href="./images/image37.png">
+<img src="./images/image37_th.png" alt="ONE OF THE MORTUARY CHESTS IN THE CHOIR SCREEN." title="Image 37" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">ONE OF THE MORTUARY CHESTS IN THE CHOIR SCREEN<br />
+(see <a href="#III_6">"Mortuary Chests"</a> in Chapter III).<br />
+(From a Drawing by Reginald Blomfield in his "History of Renaissance Architecture in England." Bell, 1897.)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of<br />Contents</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV<br />
+<span class="subtitle">HISTORY OF THE SEE</span></h2>
+
+
+<p><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96"></a><span class="pagenum">96</span>The West Saxon kingdom, of which S. Birinus became the first bishop,
+included the counties of Surrey, Berkshire, Sussex, Hampshire, Dorset,
+Devon, and Somerset. When Birinus was consecrated by the Bishop of
+Milan, he was not assigned any exact territorial jurisdiction, as was
+only natural, seeing that he was a missionary to a little-known land. He
+met, however, with a rapid success, and in 635 performed the baptism of
+Cynegils, king of the West Saxons, on the day of his marriage to the
+daughter of the Northumbrian king. The town of Dorchester on the borders
+of Mercia was immediately assigned to Birinus as a bishop's seat. But
+when Aegelberht had succeeded him, the next king, Cenwalh, made a
+division of the kingdom into two distinct dioceses of Dorchester and
+Winchester, the new creation being assigned in 661 to Wina; who,
+however, succeeded to the whole of the original diocese, as Aegelberht
+appears to have left England in disgust. Eleutherius, Wina's successor,
+continued to hold the still united offices at Dorchester, and it was not
+until Hedda became bishop, about 679 A.D., that Winchester was really
+made the seat of a diocese. Even Hedda continued to rule all from
+Winchester, and not before his death was a permanent division of sees
+carried out. Winchester retained Surrey, Sussex, and the Southampton
+district; while the other counties were assigned to
+Sherborne&mdash;Dorchester, which belonged more properly to Mercia, having
+been taken away, as there was no longer the same need of an inland
+centre to the see, with four bishops now in Mercia. Sussex was also
+taken from the Winchester diocese during the episcopacy of Daniel,
+Hedda's successor, and by way of compensation he was only able to add
+the Isle of Wight, hitherto unattached to any see. When the West Saxon
+kingdom became, in the ninth century, practically the kingdom <a name="Page_97" id="Page_97"></a><span class="pagenum">97</span>of
+England, Winchester, of course, assumed a very important position. S.
+Swithun, who was chosen as bishop in 852, had great influence with King
+Ethelwulf, and his cathedral correspondingly became an object of
+veneration. The see suffered, however, from the Danish raids which
+occurred during the next two reigns; but with Bishop Athelwold its
+prestige was quite restored. To him is due the establishment of a
+Benedictine monastery at Winchester, the previous convent having been
+one of secular (and non-celibate) canons. With the supremacy of the
+Danes, we find Cnut both elected king and subsequently buried at
+Winchester. Edward the Confessor, moreover, was crowned in the cathedral
+on Easter Day, 1043, so that Winchester maintained its position well up
+to this date. Further invasions of the Northmen then very much wasted
+the south coast, and gradually Winchester began to yield its pride of
+place to Westminster.</p>
+
+<p>However, the town remained a place of considerable importance, for, as
+Mr H. Hall says in his "Antiquities of the Exchequer," "although
+Westminster possessed an irresistible attraction to a pious sovereign
+through the vicinity of a favoured church, Norman kings, engrossed in
+the pleasure of the chase and constantly embroiled in Continental wars,
+found the ancient capital of Winchester better adapted for the pursuit
+of sport, as well as for the maintenance of their foreign communications
+through the proximity of the great medi&aelig;val seaport, Southampton." This
+traffic between London and the two Hampshire towns passed through
+Southwark, which always had a close connection with Winchester,
+remaining even to this day in a modified degree. The Norman bishops, if
+they found Winchester no longer the chief town of England, certainly
+added to the glory of the church by the erection and beautifying of a
+new cathedral. Immediately after the death of Walkelin, the first bishop
+of the conquering race, there was a vacancy in the see which lasted for
+nine years, owing to the vexed question of investiture. When Giffard was
+finally installed, he displayed considerable activity. Among his other
+works, he built the town residence of the bishops of Winchester at
+Southwark. Bishop's Waltham remained the principal residence until its
+destruction by Waller in 1644, after which Farnham Castle took its
+place.</p>
+
+<p>Rumour says that there was a suggestion made of raising <a name="Page_98" id="Page_98"></a><span class="pagenum">98</span>the see of
+Winchester to the rank of an archbishopric during its tenure by that
+foremost of fighting churchmen, Henry de Blois, who certainly desired
+the elevation. At any rate, Fuller says of Henry that he "outshined
+Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury." The Pope's consent, however, was
+not secured. Henry paid considerable attention to the temporal affairs
+of his see, rebuilding the castles at Farnham and Wolvesey, and founding
+the Hospital of St Cross. He translated also the bodies of the old kings
+and bishops from the site of the Saxon crypt, the remains without
+inscriptions being placed in leaden sarcophagi, mixed in hopeless
+confusion. After Henry's death there occurred another vacancy in the
+see, ended at last by the admittance of Toclive in 1174 A.D.</p>
+
+<p>With De Lucy's accession in 1189 we reach another epoch of building
+activity, for not only was this bishop busy himself, but also under his
+guidance there was instituted in 1202, as the Winchester annalist
+records, a confraternity, to last for five years, for repairing the
+cathedral. De Lucy's work at the eastern end of the building is
+described elsewhere. We should not omit to notice, when considering the
+position of Winchester, that Richard, on his return from captivity in
+1194, was re-crowned here on the octave of Easter Day.</p>
+
+<p>Bishop de Rupibus, De Lucy's successor, introduced preaching friars into
+England, and set up at Winchester in 1225 a Dominican establishment,
+while a few years later the Franciscans were also established here. Both
+institutions have since vanished.</p>
+
+<p>The middle of the thirteenth century was marked at Winchester by
+continual struggles between king, monks, and Pope, as to the right of
+electing the bishop of Winchester. Some record of these struggles will
+be found in the list of bishops of the see. The contest about the
+election of De Raleigh lasted five years, and the king only finally
+accepted the monks' choice after the Pope and the king of France had
+also lent their influence on his behalf. In 1264-7 the town rose up
+against the prior and convent, burning and murdering under pretext of
+assisting the king, the bishop being a partisan of De Montfort. After
+the battle of Evesham the cathedral was laid under an interdict by the
+Papal legate, Ottoboni, and this was not removed until August 1267.</p>
+
+<p>With Wykeham's importance in the story of Winchester <a name="Page_99" id="Page_99"></a><span class="pagenum">99</span>we have dealt
+elsewhere. His successor, Beaufort, greatly enlarged the foundation of
+St Cross, adding to it his "Almshouse of Noble Poverty." It is a
+remarkable fact that these two bishops and Waynflete, the founder of
+Magdalen College, Oxford, between them occupied the see for no less than
+120 years. The history of this period, as far as the cathedral is
+concerned, is mainly architectural and therefore uneventful in
+comparison with that of the earlier times. The intervals whose history
+is less stirring, however, fortunately leave far better marks on the
+actual buildings than do the more eventful epochs; and the fact that
+Cardinal Wolsey once was Bishop of Winchester could not be gathered from
+the cathedral itself. Indeed, he never visited the town at all during
+the course of his episcopate&mdash;a circumstance which is, perhaps, hardly
+to be regretted.</p>
+
+<p>In 1500 Pope Alexander issued a Bull separating the Channel Islands from
+their former see of Coutances, which was now no longer English
+territory, and attaching them to the see of Salisbury. "This was
+afterwards altered to Winchester," says Canon Benham, "but from some
+cause which does not appear, the transfer was never made until 1568,
+after the Reformed Liturgy has been established in the islands." The
+cathedral itself received architectural additions during this period
+from Bishops Courtenay and Langton, their priors, and Bishop Fox. When
+in Henry VIII.'s reign the former town of Southwark had either been
+conveyed to the city or had become the king's property (the latter being
+such parts as had previously been the holding of Canterbury), the
+"Clink," or the Bishop of Winchester's Liberty, was not interfered with.
+The result of this was that the Clink became the home of the early
+play-houses&mdash;the Globe, Hope, Rose, and Swan&mdash;since within the city
+bounds actors were not allowed to carry on their profession. In Mr T.
+Fairman Ordish's "Early London Theatres" the extent to which the first
+theatres flourished in the Winchester Liberty may be clearly seen.</p>
+
+<p>The early Reformation period at Winchester led to a great impoverishment
+of the see: so much so that the second William of Wickham (1594-5)
+ventured, in a sermon preached before the queen, to say that, should the
+see continue to suffer such rapine as it had already undergone in her
+reign, there would soon be no means to keep the roof on the cathedral<a name="Page_100" id="Page_100"></a><span class="pagenum">100</span>
+building. We do not know that this remonstrance produced much effect,
+for the cathedral and its revenues underwent many losses after this. The
+ravages of the Parliamentarians, however, which were the most serious,
+have been alluded to elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>It appears from "the old Valor printed 1685," which was quoted by Browne
+Willis in his "Survey of the Cathedrals" of 1742, that some dioceses
+about Calais used once to belong to Winchester. We learn also from
+Browne Willis that in his time the see of Winchester contained "the
+whole County of Southampton, with the Isle of Wight, and one parish in
+Wiltshire, viz. Wiltesbury: It has also all Surrey, except 11 churches
+in Croyden Deanry which are peculiars of the See of Canterbury. Here are
+two Archdeacons, viz. 1. Winchester, valued at 61l. 15s. 2d. for
+First-Fruits, which has all the Deanries in the County of Southampton
+and the Isle of Wight. 2. Surrey, which has all the Deanries in the
+County of Surrey, the corps of which is the Rectory of Farnham; and it
+is rated for First-Fruits at 91l. 3s. 6d."</p>
+
+<p>The subsequent history of the see is mainly bound up with political and
+theological questions which need not be touched on here. It may,
+however, be mentioned that the Ecclesiastical Commission of 1836-7
+re-adjusted the boundaries of the diocese; while in 1846 there were
+transferred to London the following districts:&mdash;Battersea, Bermondsey,
+Camberwell, Clapham, Graveney, Lambeth, Merton, Rotherhithe, Southwark,
+Streatham, Tooting, and Wandsworth. This re-arrangement still left
+Winchester the largest rural diocese in England.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of<br />Contents</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V<br />
+<span class="subtitle">THE BISHOPS OF WINCHESTER</span></h2>
+
+
+<p><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101"></a><span class="pagenum">101</span>Winchester boasts a very long list of bishops as compared with many of
+our English cathedrals, but the details about a great number of them are
+most scanty. The exact year from which the history of the diocese should
+be dated is not certain, but it is to be placed somewhere during the
+reign of Ine over the West Saxons. Under Bishop Eleutherius, to whom
+Hedda succeeded, the kingdom of Wessex was still but a single diocese.
+The removal of the see from Dorchester to Winchester was rendered
+necessary by the extension of the Mercian rule, which made the former
+town unsuitable for a West Saxon see. The date of the change,
+simultaneous with the moving of the bones of S. Birinus, is fixed by
+Rudborne at 683, but, according to recent authorities, it would appear
+to be earlier.</p>
+
+<p><b>Hedda</b> (? 679-705) was, at any rate, the first bishop of Winchester,
+properly speaking; though he was the fourth successor to S. Birinus. As
+his most recent biographer says, Hedda "was a man of much personal
+holiness and was zealous in the discharge of his episcopal duties.... He
+is reckoned a saint, his day being 30 July. Many miracles were worked at
+his tomb." He figures on the reredos as restored in accordance with the
+original design.</p>
+
+<p><b>Daniel</b> (705-744) had the misfortune to see his diocese considerably
+docked in order to form the see of Sherbourne. He resigned, by reason of
+loss of eyesight, in 744. According to some accounts, Ethelwulf,
+afterwards king of Wessex, and father of Alfred, succeeded him; but this
+story certainly lacks proof, though Ethelwulf seems to have been
+educated at Winchester.</p>
+
+<p><b>Hunferth</b> or Humfredus (744-754), like most of the immediately
+succeeding bishops, has his place of interment at Winchester recorded by
+John of Exeter.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cyneheard</b> became Bishop of Winchester in 754. His <a name="Page_102" id="Page_102"></a><span class="pagenum">102</span>successors during
+the next century were <b>Aethelheard</b>, <b>Ecbald</b> (<i>circ.</i> 790); <b>Dudda</b>
+(793); <b>Cyneberht</b> (<i>circ.</i> 799); <b>Almund</b> or Ealhmund (<i>circ.</i> 803);
+<b>Wigthegen</b> (<i>circ.</i> 824); <b>Hereferth</b> (? 829-833); <b>Edmund</b> (833); and
+<b>Helmstan</b>. Of none of these do we know much, and their dates cannot be
+assigned with any certainty.</p>
+
+<p>With <b>S. Swithun</b> (852-862), who was first prior and afterwards bishop,
+we come upon one of the names especially connected with the history of
+the church. It is, however, to be feared that it is not so much because
+of his fame in church-building and his acts of humanity that he will be
+remembered as for the popular superstition which asserts that the
+weather for forty days after his feast-day on July 15 is dry or rainy
+according to its state on that day. The legend is said to be based on
+the fact that the removal of his body from "a vile and unworthy place
+where his grave might be trampled upon by every passenger and received
+the droppings from the eaves" to the golden shrine in the cathedral was
+delayed by a long continuance of wet weather. Similar legends to explain
+a wet summer are found elsewhere in Europe. "The saint was translated,"
+says Rudborne, "in the 110th year of his rest. And for his glory, so
+great was the concourse of people and so numerous and frequent the
+miracles that the like was never witnessed in England." A figure
+representing S. Swithun seems once to have stood in a niche at the apex
+of the gable of the west front.</p>
+
+<p>He was succeeded by <b>Alhferth</b> or Ealhfrith (863-871), translated to
+Canterbury; <b>Tunbriht</b> or Dunbert, whose name was Latinised as Tunbertus
+(871-879); <b>Denewulf</b> (879-909), whom a singularly incredible legend
+asserts to have been the swineherd in whose cottage Alfred allowed his
+hostess's cakes to burn; <b>Frithstan</b> (909-931); <b>Byrnstan</b> (931-934);
+<b>Aelfheah</b> or Elphege (934-951); <b>Aelfsige</b> (951-958), who was nominated
+to Canterbury, but died in the snow while crossing the Alps on his way
+to Rome for his pall&mdash;the only fact which is really known about him; and
+<b>Brithelm</b> (958-963).</p>
+
+<p>Next came "the holy <b>Athelwold</b>, a great builder of churches and of
+various other works, both when he was abbot and after when he became
+bishop of Winchester" (Wolstan). He seems to have moved the bodies of
+Swithun and other <a name="Page_103" id="Page_103"></a><span class="pagenum">103</span>saints to a more suitable resting-place than they had
+hitherto enjoyed. Of Athelwold's building operations at Winchester
+Wolstan's account is quoted on page 6. He held the see of Winchester for
+twenty-one years (963-984), and he was by birth a native of the town. It
+was said of him that he was "terrible as a lion" to the rebellious, but
+"gentler than a dove" to the meek.</p>
+
+<p><b>Elphege</b> or Aelfheah (984-1005), his successor, to whom Wolstan's
+account of Athelwold is addressed, was martyred in 1012 by the Danes
+while Archbishop of Canterbury, where his tomb subsequently received
+great honours. Aelfheah's great work was spent in the conversion of the
+"Northmen," or Danish invaders of England.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cenwulf</b> or Kenulf (1005-1006) is allowed three years by Rudborne, but
+apparently wrongly; another <b>Athelwold</b> or Ethelwold (1006-1015), and
+<b>Aelfsige</b> (1015-1032) are not of great importance.</p>
+
+<p><b>Aelfwine</b> or Alwyn (1032-1037), called by Anglo-Saxon chroniclers "the
+king's priest," seems to have been a monk of S. Swithun's monastery and
+also chaplain to Cnut before he was elevated to Winchester. The legend
+which makes him the lover of Emma, widow of Aethelred and Cnut, and
+mother of Edward the Confessor, has been declared unhistorical; but, at
+any rate, the story of her ordeal, when she walked blindfold and
+barefoot over nine red-hot plough-shares, was once celebrated. It is a
+curious coincidence that the bones of queen and bishop were deposited by
+Bishop Fox in the same chest, Aelfwine's remains being exhumed from his
+grave to the south of the high altar to be placed in a leaden
+sarcophagus above the crypt-door.</p>
+
+<p><b>Stigand</b> (1047-1069) was chiefly remarkable, it appears, for his
+avarice, especially shown in his retention of Winchester after his
+election to Canterbury. He received the pall in 1058 from the
+"anti-Pope" Benedict X., so that he was never regarded as the rightful
+possessor of the dignities he enjoyed, the Normans refusing to recognise
+him except as bishop of Winchester. His wealth attracted the attention
+of William the Conqueror, and by a Council held at Winchester after
+Easter 1070, Stigand was deposed. Some reports state that he was cast
+into prison, where he died of voluntary starvation; and that on his body
+was found a key of a casket containing the clue to great hidden<a name="Page_104" id="Page_104"></a><span class="pagenum">104</span>
+treasures, which the king appropriated, giving from them, says Rudborne,
+a great silver cross with two images; but the cross is generally called
+Stigand's. He was buried in a leaden sarcophagus to the south of the
+high altar.</p>
+
+<p><b>Walkelin</b> (1070-1098) was related by blood to the Conqueror, and was
+brother of Simeon, prior of Winchester and afterwards abbot of Ely. He
+was the first of the Norman bishops, and signalised his incumbency by
+rebuilding the cathedral from its very foundations, as the Norman
+ecclesiastics frequently did. He figures more largely in the
+architectural history of the cathedral than in its historical records,
+and his work has been described elsewhere. Walkelin was buried in the
+nave before the rood-loft, where stood the great silver cross.</p>
+
+<p><b>William Giffard</b> (1100-1129) succeeded after an interregnum such as
+occurred in many sees during the reign of William Rufus. He founded S.
+Mary Overy, now S. Saviour's, Southwark, as well as the bishop's
+residence in the same district. Before his death he became a monk.</p>
+
+<p><b>Henry de Blois</b> (1129-1171) was grandson of the Conqueror and younger
+brother of Stephen, afterwards King of England. Although an ecclesiastic
+from his youth, he was by no means a man of peace or a mere scholar and
+theologian; <i>Vir animosus et audax</i>, says Giraldus. During his prelacy
+he influenced greatly the secular history of his time. In the quarrel
+between Matilda and Stephen, Henry at first recognised Matilda, but
+subsequently, as the foremost power in the church and a strong partisan
+of his brother, he lent his weight against the Empress, and, with the
+aid of Roger of Salisbury and other bishops, gained the crown for
+Stephen. On Whitsunday 1162 Henry de Blois consecrated Thomas &agrave; Becket
+as archbishop, and it is said that when King Henry visited him just
+before his death he was reproved by the bishop for his murder of Becket.
+Henry de Blois was certainly a militant churchman; but in an age not
+conspicuous for such virtues, we are told, his private life was pure,
+and he laboured steadfastly for the good of his diocese. The Winchester
+annalist says of him, "Never was man more chaste and prudent, more
+compassionate, or more earnest in transacting ecclesiastical matters, or
+in beautifying churches." His great foundation was the still existing
+hospital of St Cross.<a name="Page_105" id="Page_105"></a><span class="pagenum">105</span></p>
+
+<p><b>Richard Toclive</b> (1174-1188) was elected by the monks after the see had
+been vacant three years. He was strongly against Becket, having even
+been excommunicated by him; yet after the archbishop was murdered and
+canonised he dedicated to him several new churches at Portsmouth,
+Newport, and elsewhere. He founded a small hospital at Winchester
+dedicated to S. Mary Magdalene, which by the time of Charles II. had
+become a ruin, and was pulled down in 1788. Its Norman doorway may be
+seen in the Roman Catholic chapel in S. Peter's Street.</p>
+
+<p><b>Godfrey de Lucy</b> (1189-1204) was son of Richard de Lucy, Grand
+Justiciary of England, and a great benefactor to the Priory of Lesnes in
+Kent, founded by his father. De Lucy's work at Winchester is a fine
+specimen of Early English architecture, and consists of what is known as
+the retro-choir, where he was buried in accordance with the practice of
+interring a founder amid his work. The large slab of grey marble without
+inscription which marks his grave was, Willis tells us, "by a slight
+confusion of tradition" pointed out by former vergers as the tomb of
+King Lucius.</p>
+
+<p><b>Peter de la Roche</b> or de Rupibus (1204-1238) sprang from a knightly
+family in Poitou, and was consecrated bishop of Winton at Rome in 1205.
+He was a hot and unscrupulous partisan of King John, in spite of the
+latter's scornful treatment of the church, and in 1214, when John had
+submitted to Innocent III., Peter was made Grand Justiciary of England,
+much against the wish of the English nobles. He became guardian of the
+young Henry III., coming often into conflict with Henry de Burgh. Peter
+was in many ways a type of the Norman ecclesiastic so hated by the
+people, but, according to Matthew Paris, he fought bravely in the Holy
+Land, whither he led a body of Crusaders in 1226. He founded the Domus
+Dei at Portsmouth, some portions of which still exist in the "Garrison
+Chapel"; and also the monastery at Selborne, described by Gilbert White.
+He died at Farnham Castle in June 1238.</p>
+
+<p><b>William de Raleigh</b> (1244-1249) came from the see of Norwich to that of
+Winchester. He was elected by the monks in 1238, but, as explained
+elsewhere, it was six years before he gained possession, though
+confirmed in his office by the Pope. He retired to France, then under
+the rule of Louis IX., until Henry at length gave way. Raleigh, however,
+did not live <a name="Page_106" id="Page_106"></a><span class="pagenum">106</span>to enjoy his honours long, dying during a stay at Tours in
+1249.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ethelmar</b> or Aymer de Valence (1250-1261), who succeeded him, was
+half-brother of Henry III., being son of the Count of La Marche, who
+married John's widow. As a native of Poitou, his appointment was as
+unpopular as that of de Roches, and, moreover, he is said to have been
+only an acolyte when Henry forced the monks to accept him as their
+bishop. At first he was only styled "bishop-elect" of Winchester, and he
+was not consecrated until Ascension Day 1260. Even before his
+appointment we are told that his revenues exceeded those of the
+Archbishop of Canterbury, and he was permitted to retain them. His
+tyranny and greed provoked the Oxford Parliament in 1258 to expel him
+from the kingdom and he fled to France, dying three years later in Paris
+while on his return from Rome to England; for he had induced the Pope to
+espouse his cause and consecrate him.</p>
+
+<p><b>John Of Exeter</b> or John Gervase (1265-1268) was appointed by the Pope
+on the death of Aymer, in preference to two rivals whose election was
+disputed. He is accused of having purchased his elevation. He assisted
+the barons in the Civil War, and after Simon de Montfort's failure was
+suspended and cited to appear at Rome, where he died.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nicholas of Ely</b> (1268-1280) had been lord chancellor and high
+treasurer before he obtained Winchester. On his death he was buried at
+Waverley Abbey, but an inscription on the wall of the south choir aisle
+marks where his heart was interred in his cathedral.</p>
+
+<p><b>John de Pontissara</b>, Pontoise, or Sawbridge (1282-1304), nominated by
+the Pope against the will of Edward I., at length made his peace by
+paying a fine of 2000 marks and giving his manor of Swainstone, Isle of
+Wight, to the king. He built a college of S. Elizabeth of Hungary at
+Winchester. He had been Chancellor of Oxford University, though at the
+time of his election he was Professor of Civil Law at Modena.</p>
+
+<p><b>Henry Woodlock</b> (1305-1316), former prior of S. Swithun's monastery,
+who performed the coronation of Edward II.; <b>John Sandale</b> (1316-1319);
+<b>Reginald Asser</b> (1320-1323); <b>John Stratford</b> (1323-1333), whose
+election was opposed by the king, but who in the next reign was
+translated to Canterbury&mdash;are not particularly noticeable.<a name="Page_107" id="Page_107"></a><span class="pagenum">107</span></p>
+
+<p><b>Adam Orleton</b> or de Orlton (1333-1345) was translated hither from
+Worcester by the Pope against the king's wishes. He has the most
+unenviable notoriety of having been the bishop of Hereford who
+instigated the brutal murder of Edward II. on September 21, 1327. He had
+been accused of high treason and deprived of Hereford, but was restored
+thereto by the barons. Edward III. apparently at length received him
+into favour; but Orleton went blind some years before his death. He is
+buried in the Chapel of the Guardian Angels.</p>
+
+<p><b>William Edingdon</b> (1346-1366), though chiefly notable for his
+architectural work at Winchester, was treasurer of England in 1350 and
+chancellor seven years later. He might, had he wished it, have become
+Archbishop of Canterbury, but preferred Winchester. He began the great
+remodelling of the nave, and, dying before much of the work was done,
+left certain property, as appears from his will, for carrying on the
+work; though it is also said that a claim was made against his executors
+with regard to the dilapidations of the see. His general reputation was,
+as a biographer says, "that he loved the king's advantage more than that
+of the community." He founded a convent of "Bonhommes" at his native
+village of Edingdon, in Wiltshire, where the church building, or rather
+rebuilding, is due chiefly to him. He was buried in his own chantry in
+the cathedral. His "monkish epitaph," as Warner calls it, runs thus:</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table summary="center text">
+<tr><td align="left">Edyndon natus Wilhelmus hic est tumulatus<br />
+Praesul praegratus, in Wintonia cathedratus.<br />
+Qui pertransitis, ejus memorare velitis.<br />
+Providus et mitis ausit cum mille peritis.<br />
+Pervigil Anglorum fuit adjutor populorum.<br />
+Dulcis egenorum pater et protector eorum.<br />
+MC tribus junctum post L.X.V. sit I punctum<br />
+Octava Sanctum notat hunc Octobris inunctum.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><b>William of Wykeham</b> (1367-1404), whose name has become so identified
+with Winchester Cathedral and College, was probably a native of the
+village of Wykeham, near Litchfield. Born in 1324, after education at
+Winchester and Oxford he was in 1346 presented to the king, Edward III.,
+at the age of twenty-three, "with no other advantages than his skill in
+architecture" and "the courtly attribute of a courtly person." In the
+course of the next twenty-one years he rose rapidly, filling <a name="Page_108" id="Page_108"></a><span class="pagenum">108</span>various
+offices until he became Bishop of Winchester and Lord High Chancellor of
+England. His first recorded appointment is to the clerkship of all the
+king's works near Windsor, and in the same year he was surveyor of the
+new buildings there, including the round tower and the eastern ward of
+the Castle and a College to the west for the Order of the Garter,
+occupying the site of the ancient Domus Regis, close to the present S.
+George's Chapel. On one of the towers the inscription <i>This made
+Wykeham</i> may or may not be meant to convey a double meaning, but it is
+certainly true that his architectural successes furthered his fortunes.
+In 1357 he received the tonsure, and in 1360 was made Dean of S.
+Martin's Le Grand, Archdeacon of Lincoln, Northampton, and Buckingham,
+and Provost of Wells. In 1361 he commenced Queenborough Castle on the
+island of Sheppey; this important edifice, covering over three acres of
+ground, was demolished about 1650. The castles of Winchester,
+Porchester, Wolvesey, Ledes, and Dover, with many others, are believed
+to have been either entirely rebuilt, or at least enlarged, by him. He
+was only ordained priest five years before his elevation to Winchester.
+In 1394 he undertook the great reformation of the cathedral which is
+dealt with in another part of this book. New College (Sainte Mary of
+Wynchestre), Oxford, opened by Wykeham on April 14, 1386, effected
+almost as great a revolution in university education as his famous
+college at Winchester did for the training of boys. As Dr Ingram has
+pointed out, the very title of "New" College which has clung to it shows
+how completely a new collegiate system was established by its
+foundation, which served as a model for future endowments. His
+well-known motto&mdash;chosen when his growing dignity made it necessary for
+him to possess armorial bearings&mdash;"Manners Makyth Man" has generally
+been taken to mean that virtue alone is true nobility; Lord Campbell,
+however, would have us rather interpret "manners" as the studied
+etiquette of courts and the polished courtesy which Lord Chesterfield
+held so important a factor in success. Willis styles it "a somewhat
+radical sentiment at the time." In his own day the secular arts Wykeham
+practised did not meet with universal approval, for Wiclif alludes to
+him when he observes, "They wullen not present a clerk able of God's
+word and holy ensample, but a kitchen clerk, or a penny clerk, or one
+wise in building castles and other worldly doings." But <a name="Page_109" id="Page_109"></a><span class="pagenum">109</span>despite this
+objection, the whole of Wykeham's biographers, contemporary or
+posthumous, agree in praising him as highly as Fuller, who says that his
+"benefaction to learning is not to be paralleled by any English subject
+in all particulars," and his great innovation, whereby elementary
+education was taken from the hands of the monks and, as in his own
+college, established upon an entirely different plan, would alone stamp
+him as one whose foresight was far beyond his own times. He influenced
+the nation in a way not easy to over-estimate, inasmuch as he
+originated, or at least carried into execution, the idea of the great
+public school, as Englishmen understand it, and, by the building of
+Winchester College, founded the institution he had long meditated in a
+way worthy of his design. Previously to the actual construction of the
+college, he had maintained in temporary shelters numbers of poor
+students. On the death of the Black Prince, whose fortunes he had
+vigorously espoused, and the assumption of power by John of Gaunt,
+Wykeham was impeached on the charge of embezzling the royal revenues,
+accepting bribes, and the like; and the king laid hands on the
+temporalities of his see. But almost the last act of Edward III. was to
+restore what he had seized to the bishop, under certain conditions which
+show the great wealth of the latter. Milman, in his "Latin
+Christianity," does full justice to the "splendid, munificent prelate,
+blameless in character," who devoted his vast riches to the promotion of
+learning, and says that, though his endeavour to maintain the
+hierarchical power over humanity was bitterly opposed by Wiclif, "the
+religious of England may well be proud of both." Wykeham was eighty
+years of age when he died, and his body lies in the chantry erected by
+his orders on the south side of the nave.</p>
+
+<p><b>Henry of Beaufort</b> (1405-1447), who followed Wykeham in the bishopric,
+was the second son of John of Gaunt, by Catharine Swynford, and uncle of
+Henry V. In 1398, at the early age of twenty-one, he was made bishop of
+Lincoln, and in 1404 was translated to Winchester. During the reign of
+Henry V. he thrice filled the office of chancellor. In 1417, when
+ostensibly on pilgrimage to the Holy Land, he was present at the Council
+of Constance which was then considering the affairs of the church. At
+this time he was offered the cardinal's hat by Martin V. and appointed
+papal legate, but <a name="Page_110" id="Page_110"></a><span class="pagenum">110</span>the bestowal of this dignity on him was resented by
+the English monarch, who commanded him to surrender his office at
+Winchester, which he declared was forfeited by his becoming a cardinal.
+The dispute, however, was arranged, and "the haughty cardinal, more like
+a soldier than a man of the church," formally received his hat at Calais
+in 1426. In the following year he led a crusade against the followers of
+Huss in Bohemia, where, during the retreat of the great army from Mies,
+he alone at the head of a band of English crusaders endeavoured, but in
+vain, to arrest the utter rout. The death of Henry V. brought about a
+fierce rivalry between the two great uncles, Humphrey Duke of Gloucester
+and the cardinal bishop of Winchester, lasting until the death of the
+former, which only occurred six weeks before that of Beaufort himself.
+During the half-century of his rule at Winchester he rebuilt St Cross
+and founded the "Almshouse of Noble Poverty." Shakespeare has made
+Beaufort a prominent figure in Parts I. and II. of "Henry VI.," but, for
+dramatic reasons, perhaps, he is painted very much blacker than he
+deserved. That he was a militant ecclesiastic, scheming and
+unscrupulous, is no doubt true; but he was a statesman and possessed
+firmness of purpose, fertility of resource, and confidence in those whom
+he selected to carry out his designs. His wealth was very great, for he
+was able to lend his nephew the king &pound;20,000, besides spending an
+enormous amount in charities, including &pound;400,000 devoted to the inmates
+of London prisons.</p>
+
+<p><b>William of Waynfleete</b> (1447-1486), a student in Wykeham's colleges at
+Winchester and Oxford, was first master of Winchester College, then made
+provost of Eton in 1443, and in 1447 succeeded Beaufort in the bishopric
+of Winchester. From 1449 to 1459, like his predecessor, he held the
+chancellor's seal, and during the Wars of the Roses was a firm adherent
+of Henry VI. His death took place in 1486. He founded Magdalen College,
+Oxford, and possibly influenced Henry in his endowment of King's
+College, Cambridge, and Eton. Waynfleete appears to have been a man of
+great piety and learning, and, as Milman observes, his actions, in
+advancing non-monastic institutions, reveal a sagacious fore-knowledge
+of the coming changes in the temporal power of the church, and were
+planned to maintain its supremacy in ways better adapted to the new
+spirit which soon after his death caused the <a name="Page_111" id="Page_111"></a><span class="pagenum">111</span>downfall of the religious
+houses. The effigy of this bishop, in his chantry in the retro-choir,
+has been restored.</p>
+
+<p><b>Peter Courtenay</b> (1486-1492) was translated from Exeter to Winchester,
+but at neither see has he left any mark on the history, the
+architectural work of his period being due chiefly to his priors.</p>
+
+<p><b>Thomas Langton</b> (1493-1500), translated hither from Salisbury, where he
+was active against the adherents of Wiclif, was chosen in 1500 to occupy
+the see of Canterbury, but he died of the plague before his translation,
+and was buried in his chantry to the south of the Lady Chapel. He seems
+to have been enthusiastic in the cause of education, since he is said to
+have himself superintended the teaching of boys in his town.</p>
+
+<p><b>Richard Fox</b> (1500-1528) was bishop successively of Exeter, Bath and
+Wells, and Durham before he was appointed to Winchester. Great
+confidence was reposed in him by Henry VII., who chose him as godfather
+of the future Henry VIII. To Fox is attributed the introduction of
+Wolsey to the king. Yet this appears to have failed to win him the
+cardinal's gratitude, for, according to Fuller: "All thought Bishop Fox
+to die too soon, only one excepted who conceived him to live too long,
+Thomas Wolsey, who gaped for his bishopric." With Hugh Oldham, bishop of
+Exeter, Fox was joint-founder of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, the
+pelican in her piety, which appears on the college arms, being borne by
+the bishop. His fine chantry and the reconstruction of the choir aisles
+bear witness to his interest in the fabric of his cathedral, and he is
+otherwise noted for the assistance he gave to various foundations.<a name="Page_112" id="Page_112"></a><span class="pagenum">112</span></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 141px;">
+<a name="image38" id="image38"></a>
+<a href="./images/image38.png"><img src="./images/image38_th.png" width="141" height="450" alt="CARVING ON CHOIR STALL IN LADY CHAPEL&mdash;BISHOP FOX&#39;S WORK." title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">CARVING ON CHOIR STALL IN LADY CHAPEL&mdash;BISHOP FOX&#39;S WORK.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Thomas Wolsey</b> (1529-1530) at length gained the coveted see, which he
+held <i>in commendam</i> with the archbishopric of York, but only for one
+year.</p>
+
+<p><b>Stephen Gardiner</b> (1531-1555), another of the more famous prelates who
+have held this see, is said to have been the illegitimate son of Bishop
+Lionel Woodville of Salisbury, brother-in-law of Edward IV. Fuller, in
+one of his favourite conceits, says that Gardiner retained in his wit
+and quick apprehension the sharpness of the air at his birthplace of
+Bury St Edmunds. In 1529 he became archdeacon of Norwich, and, owing to
+his services to Cardinal Wolsey and Henry VIII., was appointed to
+Winchester. On the whole, he managed to keep on good terms with the
+king; but his famous six articles in support of the Real Presence sent
+so many to the stake that the title of "the bloody statute" has clung to
+them. During the reign of Edward VI. he was kept prisoner in the Tower,
+and in 1550 was deprived of his bishopric, which was restored to him on
+the accession of Mary, whom he crowned at Westminster. He performed also
+the marriage service of Mary and Philip of Spain, mentioned on page 13.
+"His malice," says Fuller, "was like what is commonly said of white
+powder which surely discharged the bullet yet made no report, being
+secret in all his acts of cruelty. This made him often chide Bonner,
+calling him 'ass,' though not so much for killing poor people as for not
+doing it more cunningly." Cruel and vengeful as he was, it is yet
+possible that he has been rather unjustly accused of personal delight in
+his victims' sufferings; but, while the persecutions under Mary continue
+to be the worst chapter of English church history, the "hammer of
+heretics," as he was called, will always continue to be execrated. On
+his death-bed at Westminster in 1555 he is reported to have said: "I
+have sinned with Peter, but I have not wept with him." It has indeed
+been held that in his latter days he was half a Protestant at heart,
+though this is difficult to establish. There is preserved a rather
+amusing appeal of Gardiner to the Privy Council, dating from 1547. He
+had intended to hold in Southwark a solemn dirge and mass in memory of
+Henry VIII., and writes to complain that the players who flourished in
+the neighbourhood say that they will also have "a solemne playe to trye
+who shal have most resorte, they in game, or I in earnest." During
+Gardiner's <a name="Page_113" id="Page_113"></a><span class="pagenum">113</span>imprisonment by Edward VI., <b>John Poynet</b>, once Cranmer's
+chaplain, held his see. As the author of "On Politique Power" (1558),
+where he pleads that "it is lawful to kill a tyrant," and uses some very
+immoderate language, Poynet may be remembered, but as an ecclesiastic he
+has left only a discreditable record in his short term of office. He
+died in 1556 in Germany, whither he had retired on the Roman Catholic
+revival.</p>
+
+<p><b>John White</b> (1556-1559), who succeeded Gardiner, was deposed by Queen
+Elizabeth. He was born at Farnham, and educated at Winchester. Though
+personally he appears to have been pious, during his tenure of the see
+four burnings of religious opponents took place in the diocese.</p>
+
+<p><b>Richard Horne</b> (1560-1580) was a very vigorous supporter of the
+reformed religion, and suffered consequently under Mary. He appears to
+have been very fanatical against the use of vestments, pictures, and
+ornaments of all kinds. He may have pulled down the monastic buildings
+at Winchester, less from a mistaken zeal than from motives of economy;
+but his reputation in this respect is very bad.</p>
+
+<p><b>John Watson</b> (1580-1583), formerly a Doctor of Medicine, only held the
+see for three years.</p>
+
+<p><b>Thomas Cooper</b> (1583-1594) was ordained on the accession of Elizabeth,
+his Protestancy hindering him from taking holy orders under Mary. His
+preaching abilities rapidly secured his promotion to the see of Lincoln
+in 1570, and Winchester thirteen years later. He was buried in the
+choir, but his monument has disappeared. He engaged in controversies
+both with the "recusants" and with the Puritans.</p>
+
+<p><b>William Wickham</b> (1594-1595), who also came from Lincoln to Winchester,
+only held the see for ten weeks.</p>
+
+<p><b>William Day</b> (1595-1596), brother-in-law of the preceding, was provost
+of Eton for no less than thirty-four years, but he died eight months
+after his elevation to Winchester.</p>
+
+<p><b>Thomas Bilson</b> (1597-1616), though called by Anthony &agrave; Wood "as
+reverend and learned a prelate as England ever afforded," and the author
+of several theological works, has left little behind him at Winchester.</p>
+
+<p><b>James Montagu</b> (1616-1618) may also be briefly dismissed. Bilson's "On
+the Perpetual Government of Christ's Church" and Montagu's Latin
+translation of the writings <a name="Page_114" id="Page_114"></a><span class="pagenum">114</span>of James I. can hardly be said to have made
+them famous. Montagu's tomb is in Bath Abbey.</p>
+
+<p><b>Lancelot Andrewes</b> (1619-1626) is the most celebrated of the
+post-Reformation bishops who have held the see. He was made Bishop of
+Chichester in 1605, Bishop of Ely in 1609, and moved to Winchester nine
+years later. As a pious and austere man, a powerful preacher (an "angel
+in the pulpit," he was called), a scholar versed in patristic
+literature, and a polemical writer, he is well known. Milton's elegy
+suffices to prove the great respect and admiration which he inspired in
+his contemporaries, and he held a considerable influence over James I.;
+but his "Manual of Devotion" is the only volume of all his writings that
+can fairly be said to have become a classic in any sense of the word.
+Andrewes died at Winchester House, Southwark, on September 11, 1626; and
+his tomb is at S. Saviour's, Southwark, in the Lady Chapel, whither it
+was moved on the destruction of the chapel to the east of the building,
+where it was originally placed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Richard Neile</b> (1627-1631), son of a tallow-chandler, though of good
+descent, became Bishop of Rochester 1608, Lichfield and Coventry 1610,
+Durham 1617, Winchester 1627, and Archbishop of York 1631. He was
+censured by the House of Commons, together with Archbishop Laud, as
+"inclined to Arminianism and favouring Popish doctrines and ceremonies."</p>
+
+<p><b>Walter Curle</b> (1632-1650), who came next, was deprived of his see
+during the Civil War. Like Neile, he was a follower of Laud. He is best
+remembered in the Winchester of to-day for his cutting of the passage
+known as the "slype."</p>
+
+<p><b>Brian Duppa</b> (1660-1662), chaplain to Charles I. and tutor to his sons,
+was appointed to Chichester in 1638, having previously been dean at
+Oxford. In 1641 he was translated to Salisbury, but during the
+Commonwealth he retired to Richmond, where he lived in solitude until
+the Restoration, when he obtained the see of Winchester. An allusion to
+him during his first year here may be found in Pepys, who, in his diary
+for October 4, 1660, says: "I and Lieut. Lambert to Westminster, where
+we saw Dr Frewen translated to the Archbishoprick of York. Here I saw
+the Bishops of Winchester, Bangor, Rochester, Bath and Wells, and
+Salisbury, all in their habits, in King Henry VII.'s chapel. But, Lord!
+at their going out <a name="Page_115" id="Page_115"></a><span class="pagenum">115</span>how people did most of them look upon them as strange
+creatures, and few with any kind of love or respect." Duppa was,
+however, we are informed, "a man of such exemplary piety, lively
+conversation, and excess of good nature, that when Charles I. was in
+prison at Carisbrooke Castle he thought himself happy in the company of
+so good a man." He died in 1662 at Richmond (where an almshouse, founded
+by him, bears over its gate the inscription: <i>I will pay my vow which I
+made to God in my trouble</i>) and was buried at Westminster Abbey in Abbot
+Islip's chapel, where a tablet records his adherence to his two kings.</p>
+
+<p><b>George Morley</b> (1662-1684), a constant supporter of Charles I., was
+much favoured by him until his death on the scaffold. From this point he
+lived in exile until the Restoration, when he was created Bishop of
+Worcester in 1660, and was chosen to be one of the revisers of the
+liturgy. In 1662 he succeeded Duppa at Winchester. He restored Farnham
+Castle, the palace of the bishops, at a cost of &pound;8000; obtained
+Winchester House, Chelsea, for the see; and founded the "College for
+Widows of the Clergy" near the close at Winchester. He died at Farnham
+Castle in 1684. Bishop Morley was an acquaintance of Isaak Walton the
+angler, whose guest he was after Parliament had expelled him from his
+see. The cathedral library owes its being to a bequest from Morley to
+"the dean and chapter and their successors."</p>
+
+<p><b>Peter Mews</b> (1684-1706), bishop of Bath and Wells in 1672, took part
+personally in the Civil War, attaining the rank of captain, and followed
+Charles II. to Flanders in 1648. Even long after his ordination he
+retained his martial spirit, for as bishop of Winchester he personally
+took part in the battle of Sedgmoor against the followers of Monmouth
+and received a wound. He died in 1706, and was buried in the cathedral.</p>
+
+<p><b>Jonathan Trelawney</b>, Baronet (1707-1721), was one of the famous seven
+bishops who underwent trial in the reign of James II. He was before his
+occupancy of the see of Winchester, bishop of Bristol and of Exeter.
+During his episcopacy, the cathedral received some questionable
+adornments, including the "Grecian" urns in the niches of the reredos,
+now fortunately removed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Charles Trimnell</b> (1721-1723) was a very energetic Whig <a name="Page_116" id="Page_116"></a><span class="pagenum">116</span>and a strong
+opponent of the once famous Sacheverell. He only spent two years at
+Winchester, his term being cut short by death.</p>
+
+<p><b>Richard Willis</b> (1723-1734) was bishop successively of Gloucester,
+Salisbury, and Winchester, but he has left little by which he may be
+remembered.</p>
+
+<p><b>Benjamin Hoadley</b> (1734-1761) was "a zealous partisan of religious
+liberty," and a strenuous Low Churchman. He occupied in turn the
+bishoprics of Bangor, Hereford, Salisbury, and Winchester. During his
+tenure of the first-named see he started the famous Bangorian
+Controversy by the publication of a tract and a sermon in which he
+denied the existence of a <i>visible</i> Church of Christ in which "any one
+more than another has authority either to make new laws for Christ's
+subjects, or to impose a sense upon the old ones, or to judge, censure,
+or punish the servants of another master in matters relating purely to
+conscience or salvation." As a result of the heated discussion of the
+matter in Convocation, that body was virtually suspended for a century
+and a half. Pope ridicules Hoadley for his verbose eloquence, speaking
+of "Hoadley with his periods of a mile." He was, however, a great
+favourite of George I., whose private chaplain he became on that king's
+accession; and it was under royal protection that he published the works
+which gave rise to the great controversy.</p>
+
+<p><b>John Thomas</b> (1761-1781) was tutor to George III. He was called by his
+successor "a man of most amiable character and a polite scholar"; and it
+is difficult to say much more about him.</p>
+
+<p><b>Hon. Brownlow North</b> (1781-1826) was half-brother of Lord North, to
+whom he owed a rapid preferment. In 1771, when he was thirty years of
+age, he was made bishop of Coventry and Lichfield; in 1774, bishop of
+Worcester. At Winchester he spent over &pound;6000 on Farnham Castle, and
+during his time &pound;40,000 was devoted to the restoration of the cathedral,
+but the result cannot be commended.</p>
+
+<p><b>George Pretyman Tomline</b>, Baronet (1820-1827), had a distinguished
+university career and was the author of several theological works.</p>
+
+<p><b>Charles Sumner</b> (1827-1869) came to Winchester after a year at
+Llandaff. He was a vigorous supporter of the Evangelical <a name="Page_117" id="Page_117"></a><span class="pagenum">117</span>party. During
+his term of office the boundaries of his see were re-adjusted and
+contracted.</p>
+
+<p><b>Samuel Wilberforce</b> (1869-1873), third son of the celebrated
+abolitionist, William Wilberforce, was translated to Winchester from
+Oxford, where for twenty-five years he was bishop. His record at
+Winchester is neither so long nor so important as at Oxford, where he
+successfully passed through the troubles of the Tractarian movement. His
+death was occasioned by a fall when he was out riding with Lord
+Granville.</p>
+
+<p>Since the death of Bishop Wilberforce the see has been occupied by three
+bishops whose names alone need be given here, for their records will be
+fresh in the memories of all:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><b>Edward Harold Brown</b> (1873-1890), who came from Ely to Winchester;</p>
+
+<p><b>Antony Wilson Thorold</b> (1890-1895), whose tomb lies outside the
+cathedral, close to the new memorial south window of the Lady Chapel;</p>
+
+<p><b>Randall Thomas Davidson</b> (1895), the present occupant of the see.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image39" id="image39"></a>
+<a href="./images/image39.png">
+<img src="./images/image39_th.png" alt="DETAILS OF THE FONT" title="Image 39" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">DETAILS OF THE FONT (also see <a href="#III_1_3">THE NORMAN FONT</a> in Chapter III).</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of<br />Contents</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI<br />
+<span class="subtitle">OTHER INSTITUTIONS CONNECTED WITH THE CATHEDRAL</span></h2>
+
+
+<p><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118"></a><span class="pagenum">118</span>It is hardly possible to conclude an account of Winchester Cathedral
+without briefly alluding to several places in the immediate
+neighbourhood which are more or less intimately connected with the
+church and its benefactors. Only four buildings, however, call for any
+detailed description&mdash;Wolvesey Castle, the College, Hyde Abbey, and St
+Cross.</p>
+
+<p><b>Wolvesey</b>, which is said to mean Wolf's Island, is quite close to the
+east end of the cathedral. It contained at one time a regular residence
+of the bishops of Winchester, the greater part of which was erected by
+Henry de Blois. The remains of this castle are very ruinous, though the
+outer walls and the exterior of the keep are in good condition still.
+Woodward pointed out traces of a refectory with a Norman arch and
+window. The building more than once underwent attacks, the earliest
+being during the struggle between Stephen and Matilda, in which Henry de
+Blois took a vigorous part. Finally, in 1646, Cromwell practically
+destroyed it, after it had held out against him in the Royalist cause.
+It served as the residence of many well-known characters in history, and
+among its bishops Cardinal Beaufort died there. Mary slept at Wolvesey
+Castle in 1554, before her marriage at Winchester. Bishop Morley
+commenced building a modern house close by the old site, and subsequent
+bishops completed it. Only the middle portion of this, with the Tudor
+chapel, now remains, the southern end having been pulled down by Bishop
+Brownlow North. The ruins of the castle can be seen from the top of the
+cathedral tower.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image40" id="image40"></a>
+<a href="./images/image40.png">
+<img src="./images/image40_th.png" alt="WINCHESTER COLLEGE &quot;SCHOOL&quot;." title="Image 40" /></a>
+<br /><ins class="tnote" title="Transcriber's Note: This image appeared on page 119 in the original.">
+<span class="caption">WINCHESTER COLLEGE &quot;SCHOOL&quot;.</span></ins>
+</div>
+
+<p class="split">On Wykeham's charter for the incorporation of his new foundation,
+"Seinte Marie College of Wynchestre," is the date October 20, 1382; but
+it seems that long before this date and up to the actual completion of
+the <b>College</b> buildings, the bishop superintended the education of the
+boys for whom his <a name="Page_119" id="Page_119"></a><span class="pagenum">119</span>institution was founded, housing them in temporary
+structures in the meantime&mdash;possibly in S. John's parish, on S. Giles'
+Hill, it has been suggested. Before Wykeham's time, and indeed before
+the Conquest, it appears that the monks of S. Swithun's institution had
+a school at Winchester, at which no less celebrated a pupil than Alfred
+the Great was brought up. We have already touched on the subject of
+Wykeham's ideas on education, and the change which he brought about by
+his colleges at Winchester and Oxford, and it is not necessary to go
+into the subject again. The College buildings lie beyond the southern
+limits of the cathedral close, on the south side of the narrow College
+Street, being entered by a gateway with an ancient statue of the Virgin
+in the niche over it. This door leads into the quadrangle, about which
+are ranged various parts of the college. A further arch under the tower
+in this court leads to a larger quadrangle, in which are the Chapel and
+the refectory or Hall, a room 63 feet by 30, <a name="Page_120" id="Page_120"></a><span class="pagenum">120</span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 270px;">
+<a name="image41" id="image41"></a>
+<a href="./images/image41.png">
+<img src="./images/image41_th.png" alt="WINCHESTER COLLEGE: THE OUTER GATEWAY" title="Image 41" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">WINCHESTER COLLEGE:<br />THE OUTER GATEWAY</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="mid">with a groined oak roof and a dais at one end for the Warden and Fellows; while at the other is the
+audit room, which has some fifteenth-century tapestry and an iron-bound
+chest once belonging to William of Wykeham. Beneath the Hall is "Seventh
+Chamber," an early schoolroom. Beyond are cloisters and more buildings,
+and then the meadows which run down to the Itchen. The niches over the
+second gateway contain figures of the Virgin, the Angel Gabriel, and
+William of Wykeham; while the room below them is known as the election
+chamber, where the annual election of scholars took place. In the inner
+quadrangle the carvings over the windows should be noticed. "Over the
+hall and kitchen entrance are the psaltery and bagpipe; over kitchen
+window, Excess, a head vomiting; opposite a Bursar as Frugality, with
+his iron-bound money-chest; over the Masters' windows are the Pedagogue,
+the Listless Scholar, etc." In the Chapel, which is 93 feet long by 30
+wide and 57 high, the Perpendicular windows should be noticed, and in
+particular, the large east window. The <a name="Page_121" id="Page_121"></a><span class="pagenum">121</span>
+glass is declared by Mr Winston
+to be, with the exception of a few pieces, modern, dating from 1824,
+while the "Jesse" window is "a very good copy of the old design." In the
+vault Wykeham's wooden fan-tracery remains, but there has been much
+change in the fittings of the chapel. The old screen has gone, and the
+reredos is a restoration; the original stalls were removed as early as
+1681. The tower had to be rebuilt in 1863, though the old stonework of
+1470 was used where possible. At the north-east end are the sacristy and
+muniment room, in which the college charters, etc., <a name="Page_122" id="Page_122"></a><span class="pagenum">122</span></p>
+<div class="figright" style="width: 270px;">
+<a name="image43" id="image43"></a>
+<img src="./images/image43.png" alt="INSCRIPTION ON WESTERN WALL OF &quot;SCHOOL,&quot; WINCHESTER COLLEGE." title="Image 42" />
+</div><p class="cont">are kept. Among the
+MSS., etc., kept here are certain Anglo-Saxon documents and charters of
+Privileges from Richard II. to Charles II.; a table of Wykeham's
+domestic expenses; a thirteenth century Vulgate in manuscript; a "Briefe
+description of the Newe Founde Lande of Virginia," by Sir Walter
+Raleigh; and a pedigree of Henry VI., tracing his descent from Adam. The
+chief relic of Wykeham is a gold ring with a large sapphire in it. The
+Cloisters are 132 feet in length on each side, and the stone roofing is
+supported by rafters of Irish oak. The ground enclosed by the Cloisters
+was once used for the burial of the Fellows. Among the names cut in the
+walls may be seen the name of "Thos. Ken, 1646." In the square formed by
+the cloisters is the Chantry Chapel, built in 1420, converted into the
+library after Edward VI. had forbidden its use as a chapel, and now used
+once more as a chapel for the junior scholars. A portrait of Wykeham
+(the oldest on record) is shown in the east window, the glass of which
+dates from 1470, and comes from Warden Thurbern's chantry in the larger
+chapel. Behind the hall is "School," a detached building erected in 1687
+by the Warden, Nicholas. It is now used for glee-club concerts and like
+events. The western wall has on it the often-quoted inscription: <i>Aut
+Disce Aut Discede Manet Sors Tertia C&aelig;di</i>. Modern additions to the
+college buildings include a library in memory of Bishop Moberly,
+formerly head-master; a gymnasium, fives courts and a racquet court, and
+a new infirmary. One of the most curious properties of the College is
+the old painting (probably sixteenth century) of the "Trusty Servant,"
+the words being ascribed to Johnson, the head-master in 1560-1571.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image42" id="image42"></a>
+<a href="./images/image42.png">
+<img src="./images/image42_th.png" alt="WINCHESTER COLLEGE: CHANTRY CHAPEL." title="Image 44" /></a>
+<br /><ins class="tnote" title="Transcriber's Note: This image appeared on page 121 in the original.">
+<span class="caption">WINCHESTER COLLEGE: CHANTRY CHAPEL.</span></ins>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="./images/image44.png" alt="THE TRUSTY SERVANT." title="Image 43" />
+<table summary="center poem">
+<tr><td class="caption" align="center">THE TRUSTY SERVANT</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption" align="left">
+A trusty servant's portrait would you see,<br />
+This emblematic figure well survey;<br />
+The porker's snout&mdash;not nice in diet shows;<br />
+The padlock shut&mdash;no secrets he'll disclose;<br />
+Patient the ass&mdash;his master's wrath to bear;<br />
+Swiftness in errand&mdash;the stag's feet declare;<br />
+Loaded his left hand&mdash;apt to labour saith;<br />
+The vest&mdash;his neatness; open hand&mdash;his faith;<br />
+Girt with his sword, his shield upon his arm&mdash;<br />
+Himself and master he'll protect from harm.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124"></a><span class="pagenum">124</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image45" id="image45"></a>
+<a href="./images/image45.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image45_th.jpg" alt="ST CROSS FROM THE SOUTH." title="Image 45" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">ST CROSS FROM THE SOUTH.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The remains of <b>Hyde Abbey</b> lie considerably to the north of the
+cathedral, outside the old North Gate of the city, where it was erected
+during the bishopric of William Giffard by Henry I.
+The buildings were occupied in 1110 A.D. by the monks who were forced to
+leave Alfred's "New Minster," pulled down because of its too close
+neighbourhood to the cathedral. Though the foundations of the abbey
+still exist, little is left of the upper part except an arched gateway
+with hood-mouldings and two royal corbel-heads. This gateway is in some
+walls that apparently were once part of the out-buildings of the abbey.
+The body of Alfred the Great was brought hither in 1110, and must still
+be here, though all traces of the tomb have now vanished utterly. The
+institution, which was a very wealthy one, was not always on good terms
+with the cathedral authorities, of whom it was, of course, independent.
+A record is kept of a dispute between Cardinal Beaufort and the Abbot of
+Hyde. In the dissolution of the monasteries under Henry VIII. it was
+impossible that the riches of Hyde Abbey could escape, and in 1538
+pillage and violation overtook it. The Royal Commissioners wrote that
+they intended "to sweep away all the rotten bones that be called
+relices, which we may not omit, lest <a name="Page_125" id="Page_125"></a><span class="pagenum">125</span>it should be thought that we came
+more for the treasure than for avoiding the abominations of idolatry."
+Probably Thomas Cromwell, to whom they wrote, understood how far the two
+motives influenced them and the king. The monastic buildings did not
+altogether disappear until close on the end of last century, when the
+materials were devoted to other purposes.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image46" id="image46"></a>
+<a href="./images/image46.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image46_th.jpg" alt="ST CROSS FROM THE QUADRANGLE." title="Image 46" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">ST CROSS FROM THE QUADRANGLE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The #Hospital of St Cross#, the oldest almshouse in England, lies one
+mile to the south of the town on the Southampton Road, and may be
+reached from Winchester across the fields for part of the way. Situated
+in the hamlet of Sparkford, it was founded originally by Bishop Henry de
+Blois in 1136, on the site of a small monastery destroyed by the Danes.
+The founder's wish was to give refuge to "thirteen poor men, feeble and
+so reduced in strength that they can hardly or with difficulty support
+themselves with another's aid"; while a meal was daily to be provided
+for another hundred poor men. The Knights Hospitallers, in the person of
+their Master, Raymund, were in 1151 A.D. put in charge of the
+foundation. They agreed so ill, <a name="Page_126" id="Page_126"></a><span class="pagenum">126</span>however, with the bishops of the
+neighbouring cathedral that, about 1200, the Pope appointed a commission
+which transferred to the bishops the right of choosing the master. The
+new arrangement did not work well, for a little more than a century and
+a half afterwards the master was found to be robbing his charge to such
+an extent that the scandal was intolerable. William of Wykeham turning
+his attention to the matter, a Papal Bull was procured ordering the use
+of the revenues for the benefit of the poor. The next bishop, Cardinal
+Beaufort, added to the buildings by the foundation of the "Almshouse of
+Noble Poverty," for the maintenance of two priests, thirty-five
+brethren, and three sisters. The master of the hospital was to be at its
+head, otherwise the institutions were to be distinct; but by the middle
+of the sixteenth century the hospital had practically absorbed the
+almshouse. At the end of the next century, in 1696, the master and
+brethren of the hospital made a public repudiation of their duties, and
+commenced either to destroy the buildings or to convert them to other
+than their original uses; and shortly after the southern side of
+Beaufort's quadrangle was pulled down. The abuses were rectified in the
+middle of the present century, and now a body of trustees, under the
+control of the Charity Commissioners, has the management of the two
+institutions. All the endowments of the hospital are still intact.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image47" id="image47"></a>
+<a href="./images/image47.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image47_th.jpg" alt="CHURCH OF ST CROSS: VIEW OF EAST END FROM NAVE." title="Image 47" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">CHURCH OF ST CROSS: VIEW OF EAST END FROM NAVE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127"></a><span class="pagenum">127</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image48" id="image48"></a>
+<a href="./images/image48.png">
+<img src="./images/image48_th.png" alt="COUNTY HALL, WITH ROUND TABLE" title="Image 48" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">COUNTY HALL, WITH ROUND TABLE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image49" id="image49"></a>
+<a href="./images/image49.png">
+<img src="./images/image49_th.png" alt="THE CITY CROSS, WINCHESTER." title="Image 49" /></a>
+<br /><ins class="tnote" title="Transcriber's Note: This image appeared on page 129 in the original.">
+<span class="caption">THE CITY CROSS, WINCHESTER.</span></ins>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128"></a><span class="pagenum">128</span>After one has passed through the remains of an outer court, the entrance
+to the buildings is by a gatehouse known by the name of the "Beaufort
+Tower." Over the groined vault of the doorway is the founder's chamber,
+surmounted by an octagonal turret. Three niches exist above the exterior
+or northern window, one of which has a kneeling figure of Beaufort,
+while the representation of the Holy Cross, formerly in the centre, and
+the figure of Henry de Blois have vanished. The niche on the inner side
+used to be occupied by a statue of the Virgin, which, after surviving
+the Civil War, fell about a hundred years ago. At the Porter's Lodge in
+the gateway the time-honoured "dole" of beer and bread is given to
+visitors. The square quadrangle on which the gate opens has the
+brethren's rooms on the west (the right hand as one enters), the
+ambulatory or cloister on the east, the church of St Cross at the
+south-east corner, and to the right of the church a view of meadows
+where the buildings were pulled down in 1789. In the centre of the grass
+is a sundial. Next the Beaufort Tower at the south side is the
+refectory, and beyond that the master's house. The refectory has three
+two-light Perpendicular windows, a high-pitched wooden roof, and a
+minstrels' gallery at the west end. It is now only used as a dining-hall
+on great occasions. The master's house is thought to be the old "Hundred
+Mennes Hall," but is now furnished with modern windows. The cloister on
+the east side is of sixteenth-century work, paved with large red tiles;
+"the roof is red-tiled," says a recent observer, "the long blank wall
+faced with rough-cast of a warm yellowish tinge, and supported on a
+range of broad and low timber arcading, which is, in its turn, supported
+by a dwarf wall some three feet in height." The main feature of the
+cloister is a red-brick oriel window; "reared upon two brick arches,
+supported midway by an octangular pillar of the same material, and
+flanked by splayed buttresses with stone quoins, the window-opening
+occupies a comparatively small space, and is filled with stone mullions
+and tracery of a Tudor character; <a name="Page_130" id="Page_130"></a><span class="pagenum">130</span>the whole design proclaimed by a stone
+tablet, let into the brickwork, to be the work of Bishop Compton." Above
+the cloister is the infirmary, which opens into the church so as to
+allow the sick to hear the service. The church, though considered by
+many the finest existing example of Late and Transitional Norman, also
+exhibits architecture of all periods down to Late Decorated. Commenced
+by Bishop de Blois in 1171, it was not completed until the end of the
+thirteenth century. From east to west it measures 125 feet, its ordinary
+breadth is 54 feet, while at the transepts it is 115. Woodward thinks
+from the appearance of the exterior that the body of the church was
+widened at some period after its first erection. The windows are various
+in style. In the nave they are Transition Norman and Early English, and
+in the clerestory Decorated; in the choir aisles Late Norman. The
+western doorway is Early English with dogtooth ornament, while the large
+window above with its geometrical tracery is "fully developed
+Decorated." The most striking feature of the exterior, however, is at
+the south-east exterior angle of the south transept, a fine triple arch
+with chevron and billet moulding, which was probably once a doorway into
+a cloister no longer existing. Within the three-bay nave one is in the
+midst of Early English and Transition Norman work. The bases and caps of
+the Norman pillars are very rich, and, as has been pointed out, furnish
+a great contrast to such Norman work as is seen on the transept pillars
+at Winchester itself. The south walls are very plain, and were probably
+connected with De Blois' buildings originally. In the choir above the
+pier-arches is a triforium of intersecting arches (to which Milner
+attributed the origin of the Pointed style), and there is a second
+passage beneath the clerestory windows. The floor-brass of John de
+Camden (1382) lies in the choir. When the church was restored by
+Butterfield the choir was painted in imitation of the old colouring. It
+cannot be said that the effect is at all pleasing. The new floor tiles
+bear the letters Z.O. to commemorate the anonymous donor of the money
+for this restoration. The old encaustic tiles bear the motto "Have
+Mynde." In the chancel the Renaissance carving dates from about Henry
+VII., while the Henry VIII. stalls have been removed to the morning
+chapel in the south aisle. The transepts are a good example of the
+transition to Early English <a name="Page_131" id="Page_131"></a><span class="pagenum">131</span>style. In the northern arm can be seen the
+window opening out of the infirmary, already mentioned above.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<a name="image50" id="image50"></a>
+<a href="./images/image50.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image50_th.jpg" alt="TOMBSTONE IN THE CHURCHYARD." title="Image 50" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">TOMBSTONE IN THE CHURCHYARD.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Of other points of interest in or near Winchester it would be out of
+place to speak here at any length, but among the various objects that
+are worth seeing in the town itself mention may be made of the City
+Cross, erected by the Fraternity of the Holy Cross during the reign of
+Henry VI. The chief figures represent William of Wykeham, Florence de
+Anne, Mayor of Winchester, Alfred the Great, and S. Laurence, the latter
+being the only old figure. Britton, in 1807, said: "The present building
+is called the Butter Cross, because the retail dealers in that article
+usually assemble round it." He complained of the injury done to it by
+"boys and childish men." S. Laurence was the only figure in his day, and
+it was then "generally said to be an effigy of S. John the Evangelist."
+In the County Hall, which includes the remains of the ancient castle of
+William the Conqueror's days, is "King Arthur's Round Table." This is
+mentioned as being here by the chronicler John Harding (1378-1465), so
+that its antiquity is undoubted. Its present painted design, however,
+can not be earlier than the beginning of the sixteenth century, but
+since Henry VIII.'s time the same design has been adhered <a name="Page_132" id="Page_132"></a><span class="pagenum">132</span>to. The
+illustration which appears here comes from an old print of the County
+Hall. Milner, in his "History and Survey of Winchester" in the last
+century, remarked that the Round Table "was evidently an eating table
+for the knights who used to meet here to perform feats of chivalry,
+which kind of meetings, from this circumstance, was anciently called
+<i>The Round Table</i>. These, however, were not so much as known in England,
+until the reign of King Stephen, 600 years after the reign of Arthur.
+There is great reason to believe that the said Stephen was the real
+author of the present table. The figures and characters now painted on
+it were certainly first executed in the reign of Henry VIII."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a name="image51" id="image51"></a>
+<a href="./images/image51.jpg">
+<img src="./images/image51_th.jpg" alt="THE WEST GATE, WINCHESTER." title="Image 51" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">THE WEST GATE, WINCHESTER.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The last illustration represents the oldest of the city gates at
+Winchester, parts of it being ascribed to the reign of Stephen. The town
+now, of course, extends considerably beyond its original bounds.</p>
+
+
+<h3>DIMENSIONS</h3>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">Total length</td><td align="center">(external)</td><td align="left">556</td><td align="center">feet.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total length</td><td align="center">(internal)</td><td align="left">526</td><td align="center">&quot;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Length of Nave</td><td align="center">(internal)</td><td align="left">262</td><td align="center">&quot;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Width of Nave</td><td align="center">&quot;</td><td align="left">83</td><td align="center">&quot;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Width of Choir</td><td align="center">&quot;</td><td align="left">88</td><td align="center">&quot;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Length of Transept</td><td align="center">&quot;</td><td align="left">209</td><td align="center">&quot;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Height of Vault</td><td align="center">78</td><td align="left">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2">TOTAL AREA</td><td align="right" colspan="2">53,480 sq. feet.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2">Altar Screen</td>
+<td align="right" colspan="2">
+<table summary="spacing">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="font-size: 2em;">{</td>
+<td align="right" valign="middle">43 ft. 9 in. high.<br />39 ft. 6 in. wide.</td></tr>
+</table>
+</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="margin-left: -5%; margin-right: -5%;">
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 320px;">
+<a name="image52" id="image52"></a>
+<a href="./images/image52.png">
+<img src="./images/image52_th.png" alt="PLAN OF WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL." title="Image 52" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">PLAN OF WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 280px;" >
+<a href="./images/image53.png">
+<img src="./images/image53_th.png" alt="THE CRYPTS." title="Image 53" /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">THE CRYPTS. From Britton's "Winchester" (1817).</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">1</span></a>
+<i>Illac precator, hac viator ambula</i> (That way thou that
+prayest, this way thou that passest by, walk); <i>Sacra sit illa
+choro, serva sit ista foro</i> (That way is sacred to the Choir,
+that for use to the market-place).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">2</span></a>
+"One method of commemorating the Quincentenary of Winchester
+College (1893) was the insertion of statues into the niches of
+the Founder's Chantry in the Cathedral. The work was done by Mr
+Frampton, A.R.A., under the direction of Mr Micklethwaite. The
+subjects are the Virgin and Child, with Angels; William of
+Wykeham, presenting a scholar of Winchester; and a Warden of New
+College, presenting a scholar of that college (the artist worked
+with a photograph of the present Warden before him); the Pastor
+Bonus with SS. James and John; SS. Peter and Paul. The altar and
+fittings were presented by Colonel Shaw Hellier; the cross being
+inscribed with the chronogram;&mdash;<span class="smcap">nVnC gLorIa In eXCeLsIs Deo et In
+terra paX hoMInIbVS bonae VoLVntatIs</span>" (<i>The Church Times</i>, Aug. 20, 1897).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">3</span></a>
+The charter of William Rufus which gave permission
+Giles' Fair still exists, and may be found, with a commentary by
+Dean Kitchin, in the "Winchester Cathedral Records." The Fair was
+granted for three days (August 31, September 1 and 2) on the
+"eastern hill," known as S. Giles' Hill. The object of the Fair
+"was evidently," says Dean Kitchin, "to help the Bishop in
+completing his great Norman Church.... Parts of the proceeds of
+the Fair were at a later time assigned to Hyde Abbey, to S.
+Swithun's Priory, and to the Hospital of S. Mary Magdalen."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">4</span></a>
+It is now, however, on record that the book was bequeathed by
+Bishop Nicholas of Ely in 1282.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">5</span></a>
+"Such figures as lie crosslegged are those who were in the
+wars of the Holy Land, or vowed to go and were prevented" (Sir William Dugdale).</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF WINCHESTER***</p>
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@@ -0,0 +1,3853 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of
+Winchester, by Philip Walsingham Sergeant
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Winchester
+       A Description of Its Fabric and a Brief History of the Episcopal See
+
+
+Author: Philip Walsingham Sergeant
+
+
+
+Release Date: January 12, 2007  [eBook #20346]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: THE CATHEDRAL
+CHURCH OF WINCHESTER***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Nick Kocharhook, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net/c/)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file
+      which includes the many original illustrations.
+      See 20346-h.htm or 20346-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/0/3/4/20346/20346-h/20346-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/0/3/4/20346/20346-h.zip)
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      1. Words and phrases which were italicized in the original
+         have been surrounded by underscores ('_') in this version.
+         Words or phrases which were in bold face have been
+         surrounded by pound signs ('#').
+
+      2. Inconsistencies in hyphenation or the spelling of proper
+         names and dialect or obsolete word spellings have been
+         left as they were in the original.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF WINCHESTER
+
+A Description of Its Fabric and a Brief History of the
+Episcopal See
+
+by
+
+PHILIP W. SERGEANT
+Late Scholar of Trinity College, Oxford
+
+
+[Illustration: WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL FROM NORTH-WEST END OF CLOSE.
+_S.B. Bolas & Co., Photo._]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+With Fifty Illustrations
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+London George Bell & Sons 1899
+First Published, Jan. 1898
+Second Edition, Revised 1899
+
+W. H. White and Co. Limited
+
+Riverside Press, Edinburgh
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL PREFACE
+
+
+This series of monographs has been planned to supply visitors to the
+great English Cathedrals with accurate and well illustrated guide-books
+at a popular price. The aim of each writer has been to produce a work
+compiled with sufficient knowledge and scholarship to be of value to the
+student of Archaeology and History, and yet not too technical in
+language for the use of an ordinary visitor or tourist.
+
+To specify all the authorities which have been made use of in each case
+would be difficult and tedious in this place. But amongst the general
+sources of information which have been almost invariably found useful
+are:--(1) the great county histories, the value of which, especially in
+questions of genealogy and local records, is generally recognised; (2)
+the numerous papers by experts which appear from time to time in the
+Transactions of the Antiquarian and Archaeological Societies; (3) the
+important documents made accessible in the series issued by the Master
+of the Rolls; (4) the well-known works of Britton and Willis on the
+English Cathedrals; and (5) the very excellent series of Handbooks to
+the Cathedrals originated by the late Mr John Murray; to which the
+reader may in most cases be referred for fuller detail, especially in
+reference to the histories of the respective sees.
+
+                                            GLEESON WHITE,
+                                            E.F. STRANGE,
+                                                _Editors of the Series._
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION
+
+
+It would be useless to attempt to record all the sources of information
+to which it has been necessary to have recourse in preparing this short
+account of Winchester Cathedral and its history; but I should like to
+acknowledge the main portion of the debt. "The Proceedings of the
+Archaeological Institute of Great Britain in 1845" must, of course, take
+the first place, for to Willis's paper every one must go who wishes to
+know the cathedral well. Britton's "Cathedrals," Browne Willis's "Survey
+of the Cathedrals," and Woodward's "History of Hampshire," with the more
+recent Diocesan History of Winchester by Canon Benham, and the
+"Winchester Cathedral Records" of various dates, have been of great
+service. An article in the _Builder_ of October 1, 1892, and one on St
+Cross in _Architecture_ for November 1896, must also be mentioned. Above
+all, I am glad to be able to express my gratitude to one of the editors
+of this series, Mr Gleeson White, without whose assistance this account
+would never have been commenced. The engraving of the iron grill-work is
+reproduced from Mr Starkie Gardiner's "Iron-work," Vol. I., by
+permission of the Science and Art Department, South Kensington.
+
+                                               PHILIP WALSINGHAM SERGEANT.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAPTER I.--History of the Cathedral                            3
+
+CHAPTER II.--The Cathedral Building and Close                  16
+    The Exterior                                               19
+    The West Front                                             20
+    The North and South Sides                                  26
+    The Central Tower                                          27
+    The Transepts                                              27
+    The East End                                               28
+
+CHAPTER III.--The Interior                                     33
+    The Nave                                                   34
+      The Minstrels' Gallery                                   40
+      The Grill-work                                           43
+      The Norman Font                                          44
+      Wykeham's Chantry                                        46
+      Edingdon's Chantry                                       50
+    The Choir                                                  50
+      The Tomb of "William Rufus"                              52
+    The Reredos                                                55
+    The Transepts                                              61
+      North Transept                                           65
+      South Transept                                           65
+      The Library                                              71
+    The Feretory                                               72
+      The Holy Hole                                            72
+      Gardiner's and Fox's Chantries                           74
+    The Mortuary Chests                                        76
+    The Retro-choir and its Chantries                          79
+    The Lady Chapel                                            84
+    The Guardian Angels and Langton Chapels                    90
+    The Crypts                                                 93
+    The Stained Glass                                          94
+
+CHAPTER IV.--History of the See                                96
+
+CHAPTER V.--The Bishops of Winchester                         101
+
+CHAPTER VI.--Other Institutions connected with the Cathedral  118
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+                                                             PAGE
+The Cathedral from the North-West                  _Frontispiece_
+The Deanery                                                     2
+Old View of the North Side of the Cathedral                    11
+Monument to Bishop Ethelmar                                    15
+The Cathedral from the Deanery Gardens                         19
+The West Front                                                 21
+North-West Bay--Exterior                                       25
+East End--Exterior                                             29
+Nave, showing Screen before Restoration                        31
+Transformation of the Nave                                     35
+The Nave, looking East                                         37
+The Nave, looking West                                         39
+The Grill-work from S. Swithun's Shrine                        41
+The Norman Font                                                45
+William of Wykeham's Chantry                                   47
+The Choir, looking East                                        51
+The Choir Stalls                                               53
+The Altar and Reredos                                          57
+The North Transept                                             59
+View in North Transept                                         63
+Door to Henry de Blois' Treasury                               66
+Bishop Wilberforce's Monument                                  67
+South Aisle, from Transept                                     69
+Back of Feretory, with Bishop Gardiner's Chantry               73
+Bishop Fox's Chantry and Details                           75, 76
+South Aisle of Retro-choir                                     77
+Cardinal Beaufort's Chantry                                    81
+The Lady Chapel                                                85
+Details of Lady Chapel                                         85
+Bishop Langton's Chapel and Details                        89, 90
+Queen Mary's Chair                                             91
+Mortuary Chest in Choir                                        95
+Carving on Choir Stalls                                       111
+Details of Font                                               117
+Winchester College: "School"                                  119
+Winchester College: The Outer Gateway                         120
+Winchester College: Chantry Chapel                            121
+Winchester College: Inscription and The Trusty Servant   122, 123
+St Cross from the South                                       124
+St Cross from the Quadrangle                                  125
+St Cross: East End from Nave                                  126
+County Hall with Round Table                                  127
+The City Cross                                                129
+Tombstone in Churchyard                                       131
+The West Gate                                                 132
+PLANS OF THE CATHEDRAL AND CRYPTS                        134, 135
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE DEANERY, WINCHESTER.
+_S.B. Bolas & Co., Photo._]
+
+
+
+
+WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+HISTORY OF THE CATHEDRAL
+
+
+Unlike many of our cathedral cities, "Royal" Winchester has a secular
+history of the greatest importance, which not only is almost
+inextricably interwoven with the ecclesiastical annals down to a
+comparatively recent date, but should at times occupy the foremost
+position in the records of the place. To attempt, however, to trace the
+story of the city as well as that of the cathedral would be to
+recapitulate the most important facts of the history of England during
+those centuries when Winchester was its capital town. Its civic
+importance, indeed, was not dependent upon the cathedral alone, for
+before the introduction of Christianity into the island Winchester was
+undoubtedly the principal place in the south of England. The Roman
+occupation, though it seems a mere incident in its record, lasted over
+three centuries, about as long as from the reign of Henry VIII. to that
+of Queen Victoria. Richard Warner (1795) sums up the various names of
+Winchester when he speaks of "the metropolis of the British Belgae,
+called by Ptolemy and Antoninus Venta Belgarum; by the Welch or modern
+Britons, Caer Gwent; and by the old Saxons, Wintancester; by the Latin
+writers, Wintonia" ("Collections for the History of Hampshire").
+
+Even, therefore, when we read the account of the legendary king of the
+Britons, Lucius, founding a great church at Winchester in A.D. 164, we
+do not touch the source of its fame, nor have we discovered the record
+of the first building devoted to religious worship on the site of the
+present cathedral. How far certain references to early pagan temples may
+be trusted does not here concern us; but at Christchurch Priory, some
+thirty-five miles to the south-west in the same diocese, bones "supposed
+to be those of sacrificial birds" have been exhumed on the site of its
+church. There was, however, a relapse into paganism after the first
+dedication of the Christian building, so that there can be no certainty
+about the date of such discoveries.
+
+On the authority of Vigilantius' "_De Basilica Petri_" (_i.e._ at Wynton
+or Winchester), quoted by Rudborne in "_Anglia Sacra_," John of Exeter,
+and other writers, we have it that a great church was rebuilt from its
+foundations at Caergwent by Lucius after his conversion in A.D. 164; and
+that he erected also smaller buildings with an oratory, refectory, and
+dormitory for the temporary abode of the monks until the monastery
+itself should be completed. Quotations from another lost author,
+Moracius, provide us with the dimensions of this edifice, the length
+being variously given as 209 and 200 _passus_, the breadth as 80 and
+130, while the tower was 92 _passus_ in height. This church, it was
+said, was dedicated to S. Saviour in November 169, and endowed with
+property formerly held by the pagan priests. "The site of the monastery
+to the east of the church was 100 _passus_ in length toward the old
+temple of Concord and 40 in breadth to the new temple of Apollo. The
+north position was 160 in length and 98 in breadth. To the west of the
+church it was 90 in length and 100 in breadth, to the south 405 in
+length and 580 in breadth." Willis, from whom the above dimensions are
+quoted, does not attempt to reconcile the figures except in so far as he
+suggests _pedes_ for _passus_, substituting one foot for five. During
+the persecution of the Christians by Diocletian in A.D. 266 the
+buildings were destroyed; and the new church, dedicated to "S.
+Amphibalus," who was said to be one of the martyrs in that persecution,
+was not so large as its predecessor. In writers of the period we find
+occasional references to the "Vetus Coenobium" or old monastery at
+Winchester. The new building was not destined to remain long undisturbed
+in the service for which it was intended, for when Cerdic, King of the
+West Saxons, was crowned at Winchester and the pagans once more gained
+the ascendancy, the monks were slaughtered and the church, devoted to
+other rites, remained a temple of "Dagon" from 516 to 635. In the latter
+year S. Birinus, in pursuance of his mission from Honorius to "scatter
+the seeds of the holy faith in those farthest inland territories of the
+English which no teacher had yet visited," converted King Cynegils to
+Christianity. This king intended to erect a great new church, and, with
+that end in view, destroyed the desecrated building and granted the law
+for seven miles round to the monks whom he destined to take possession
+of the new building. He died, however, within six years of his
+conversion, and was buried before the altar of the partly-erected
+church. His son Cenwalh therefore completed the building, which S.
+Birinus dedicated to Christ in honour of the Holy and Indivisible
+Trinity. Birinus was followed by Aegelberht, afterwards Bishop of Paris,
+who resigned in 662; Wina, who died as Bishop of London, ejected in 666;
+and Eleutherius, who died in 676.
+
+So far the see was not at Winchester, but was temporarily placed at
+Dorchester in Oxfordshire. Under Hedda, the fourth successor of S.
+Birinus, the seat was at last moved to Winchester, in accordance with
+the intention of the royal founder, and at the same time the body of the
+saint, which had hitherto rested at Dorchester, was removed to the
+cathedral city. King Cenwalh himself also on his death was buried in the
+building which he had completed.
+
+Practically nothing is known of the actual Saxon building, and the very
+legends are scanty. We learn that the city was ravaged by the Danes two
+years after the death of S. Swithun, but the cathedral itself appears
+fortunately to have escaped damage.
+
+The bishopric of Athelwold, commencing with his consecration by Dunstan
+on November 29, A.D. 963, has more importance in the history of the
+cathedral than that of his immediate predecessors. He was chosen by King
+Edgar to undertake the work of a new monastery in which the king took
+such pleasure that he is said to have measured the foundations himself.
+This work carried out at Winchester by Athelwold is described at great
+length in a Latin poem by Wolstan. No doubt the florid eulogy of the
+poem is open to grave suspicion where it concerns the details of the
+building, but, even when we make full allowance for poetic exaggeration,
+the church appears certainly to have been a large and important one. The
+poem in its first form is reproduced in Mabillon's version of Wolstan's
+"Life of S. Athelwold," but in its entirety it consists of an epistle of
+over 300 lines to Bishop Elphege Athelwold's successor. Some passages
+deserve quotation. "He built," says Wolstan, "all these dwelling places
+with strong walls. He covered them with roofs and clothed them with
+beauty. He repaired the courts of the old temple with lofty walls and
+new roofs and strengthened it at the north and south sides with solid
+aisles and various arches. He added also many chapels, with sacred
+altars which distract attention from the threshold of the church, so
+that the stranger walking in the courts is at a loss where to turn,
+seeing on all sides doors open to him, without a certain path. He stands
+with wondering eyes until some experienced guide conducts him to the
+portals of the farthest vestibule. Here marvelling he crosses himself
+and knows not how to quit, so dazzling is the construction and so
+brilliant the variety of the fabric that sustains this ancient church,
+which that devout father himself strengthened, roofed, endowed, and
+dedicated." Later Wolstan speaks of Athelwold's addition of "secret
+crypts," of "such organs that the like were never seen," of a sparkling
+tower reflecting from heaven the sun's first rays, "with at its top a
+rod with golden balls and a mighty golden cock which as it turns boldly
+sets its face to every wind that blows." More might be quoted, but it is
+sufficient here to refer those interested in the matter either to the
+chronicle itself or to Willis in the "Proceedings of the Architectural
+Institute" for 1845. Though Wolstan thus describes Athelwold's
+undertaking at great length, it does not appear that the bishop actually
+did more than commence the restoration of the original buildings, for
+his successor is exhorted in the letter to carry out Athelwold's design.
+The chronicler Rudborne makes mention only of the dedication of a
+minster in honour of the Apostles Peter and Paul, in the presence of
+King Aethelred, Archbishop Dunstan and eight other bishops, on October
+20, 980 A.D. John of Exeter ascribes to Athelwold the entire rebuilding
+of the cathedral, but the Winchester annalist does not mention
+Athelwold's great works.
+
+From Athelwold's death to the succession of Walkelin the history of the
+cathedral is little more than a record of its bishops; but with Walkelin
+we reach a very important epoch in its existence. In 1079, the
+Winchester Annals relate, this bishop began to rebuild the cathedral
+from its very foundations, as was commonly done by the Norman
+ecclesiastics of the time. According to this account, it was in 1086
+that the king granted Walkelin, for the completion of his new building,
+as much wood from the forest of Hempage (three miles distant from the
+city on the Alresford road) as he could cut in four days and nights.
+Walkelin collected all the men he could, and within the given time
+removed the whole forest. The king, passing its site, cried: "Am I
+bewitched? or have I taken leave of my senses?" But the bishop, when he
+heard of his anger, pleaded to be allowed to resign the see if he might
+but keep the chaplaincy and the king's favour. At this William relented,
+saying: "I was as much too liberal in my grant as you were too greedy in
+availing yourself of it" (Willis). In 1093 the new church was formally
+consecrated, and on April 8, "in the presence of almost all the bishops
+and abbots of England, the monks came with the highest exultation and
+glory from the old minster to the new one: on the Feast of S. Swithun
+they went in procession from the new minster to the old one and brought
+thence S. Swithun's shrine and placed it with honour in the new
+buildings; and on the following day Bishop Walkelin's men first began to
+pull down the old minster, and before the end of the year they
+demolished the whole of it, with the exception of one apse and the high
+altar." When the old high altar was pulled down, we are told, "the
+relics of many saints were found." The cathedral, as Walkelin designed
+it, was for the most part so strong that its core and much of its actual
+work remains to this day; but the central tower lacked the stability of
+the rest, for on October 7, 1107, during the vacancy which occurred
+after Walkelin's death, it fell. The monkish chroniclers attributed the
+fall to the fact that William Rufus, "who all his life had been profane
+and sensual and had expired without the Christian viaticum" (Rudborne),
+was interred beneath it in 1100. William of Malmesbury, however, with a
+degree of incredulity rare in his days, says it may have been that it
+would have fallen in any case "through imperfect construction." He
+describes the burial thus:--"A few countrymen conveyed the body, placed
+on a cart, to the cathedral of Winchester, the blood dripping from it
+all the way. Here it was committed to the ground within the tower,
+attended by many of the nobility, but lamented by few. The next year the
+tower fell; though I forbear to mention the different opinions on this
+subject, lest I should seem to assent too readily to unsupported
+trifles."
+
+After Walkelin's death the history of the building is lost sight of for
+some time, owing to the continual disturbances which all England was
+undergoing. With De Lucy's accession, however, in 1189, considerable
+additions were made to the cathedral, in the form of the Early English
+retro-choir, of which the details are given later in this volume. De
+Lucy's work, it has been pointed out, was carried out in such a way as
+to leave the Norman building undisturbed as long as it was practicable
+to do so, the circular apse being left _in situ_ until the new external
+walls had been erected, while the presbytery itself was not touched
+until the Decorated Period set in. De Lucy would doubtless have made
+further alterations but for his death in 1204. As it was, two years
+before that event he instituted a confraternity to carry on his work for
+the space of five years, and to this body is due some of the work which
+is attributed loosely to him.
+
+It was during De Lucy's tenure of Winchester that Richard was re-crowned
+by the Archbishop of Canterbury after his return from captivity. He
+passed the night before at S. Swithun's Priory, and was brought thence
+in the morning to the Cathedral "clothed in his royal robes, with the
+crown upon his head, holding in his right hand a royal sceptre which
+terminated in a cross, and in his left hand a golden wand with a figure
+of a dove at the top of it, ... being conducted on the right hand by his
+chancellor, the Bishop of Ely, and on the left by the Bishop of London"
+(Roger de Hoveden). The Bishop of Winchester himself does not seem to
+have been present, probably on account of a dispute with the king.
+
+Another period of disturbance follows the comparatively quiet rule of
+Bishop De Lucy, and it is not until we reach 1346 that we come to a
+fresh outburst of architectural zeal on the part of the incumbents of
+Winchester. But Edingdon, and still more his successor Wykeham, left
+very lasting monuments of their occupancy at Winchester. It must not be
+forgotten that, while to Wykeham is due the credit of most of the actual
+transformation of the building, Edingdon must have first conceived,
+however vaguely, the design. Edingdon's attachment to Winchester is well
+illustrated by his quaint reason for refusing the offer of Canterbury:
+"if Canterbury is the higher rack, Winchester is the better manger." He
+is, indeed, charged with having left a considerable debt on the
+building, since his successor seems to have recovered a large sum from
+his executors, who had also to compensate Wykeham for large numbers of
+cattle which had "disappeared from the various farms of the bishopric."
+Yet it appears from Edingdon's own will that he began rebuilding the
+nave and left money for the continuation of the work.
+
+Wykeham, as we shall see, had already a reputation for architectural
+skill when first introduced to Edward III., and this reputation stood
+him in good stead in the matter of preferment. When he was elected to
+Winchester he found the bishop's palaces of Farnham, Wolvesey, Waltham,
+and Southwark in a very dilapidated condition, and he set these in order
+before he turned his attention to anything else. New College, Oxford,
+and Winchester College practically occupied him up to 1393; whilst his
+work in the cathedral was really the last great undertaking of his life,
+inasmuch as it was not finished at the time of his death. The actual
+method of Wykeham's transformation of the interior is described more
+fully elsewhere, and we will not therefore do more than quote a few
+words from Willis on the work done. "The old Norman cathedral was cast
+nearly throughout its length and breadth into a new form; the double
+tier of arches in its peristyle was turned into one, by the removal of
+the lower arch, and clothed with Caen casings in the Perpendicular
+style. The old wooden ceilings were replaced with stone vaultings,
+enriched with elegant carvings and cognizances. Scarcely less than a
+total rebuilding is involved in this hazardous and expensive operation,
+carried on during ten years with a systematic order worthy of remark and
+imitation.... Judging from the provision of his will of the expenditure
+for the last year and a half, the cost of this great work to the bishop
+in present money cannot be estimated at less than L200,000."
+
+Wykeham's successor, Beaufort, was far less a bishop of Winchester than
+an English statesman. His contributions to the architecture of his see
+are very small. He did indeed so add to the hospital of St Cross as to
+make it almost a new foundation; but in the cathedral he only left one
+monument, though this Milner styles the "most elegant and finished
+chantry in the kingdom," lying on the south side of the retro-choir.
+Waynflete, who followed him, left another fine chantry in a
+corresponding position to the north. Under Bishops Peter Courtenay and
+Thomas Langton, the latter of whom has his chapel at the east end, next
+the Lady Chapel, considerable additions were made to the architecture of
+the cathedral, though most of the credit is due to the priors Hunton and
+Silkstede, who seem to have been chiefly responsible for the new work.
+This included a prolongation of De Lucy's Lady Chapel, carried out in
+all probability between the years 1470 and 1524; and the erection of the
+present side aisles of the presbytery, in place of the original Norman
+aisles. In the latter year (1524) the side screens of the presbytery
+were added by Bishop Fox, whose motto can be read on them. The work of
+Fox, whose chapel is behind the reredos to the south, began in 1510, and
+was carried out under early Renaissance influence. He found the choir
+and presbytery converted, to a great extent, to the Decorated style,
+though the Norman aisles remained. He completed the transformation,
+adding the above-mentioned screens, together with a wooden vaulting. He
+would probably have also replaced with his own work De Lucy's additions
+at the east end and the Norman transepts, had he but had the time. This,
+however, he did not live long enough to do, for he died in 1528. Roughly
+speaking, his work lies between the transepts and the Early English east
+end.
+
+The Reformation Period did not benefit much to the architectural
+features of Winchester Cathedral, while it most certainly did them harm.
+"The bones of S. Swithun," says Woodward, "were doubtless lost at the
+Reformation, when his costly shrine was taken from the feretory, where
+it stood so long, and destroyed." The period was now at hand when many
+seem to have considered it a religious duty to destroy monuments, or at
+least deface them; and Winchester, though it suffered less than many
+churches, by no means escaped damage. Under Stephen Gardiner, however,
+no great evil befell the building. Gardiner's own chantry behind the
+reredos commemorates his connection with the cathedral, and distinctly
+illustrates the inferior taste of his day, when compared with the
+earlier tombs about him; though it might easily have been far worse. The
+Puritans maltreated it on other grounds than those of taste, it is to be
+feared. It was during Bishop Gardiner's tenure of the see that Philip of
+Spain and Mary were married at Winchester. Contemporary records by a
+Spaniard in Philip's suite, and by an English observer of the same date,
+recently revealed to us by Mr Martin A.S. Hume, set forth the story of
+the marriage most vividly. The king arrived from Southampton in a storm
+of rain, and "donned a black velvet surcoat covered with gold bugles and
+a suit of white velvet trimmed in the same way, and thus he entered,
+passing the usual red-clothed kneeling aldermen with gold keys on
+cushions, and then to the grand cathedral, which impressed the Spaniards
+with wonder, and above all to find that 'Mass was as solemnly sung there
+as at Toledo.' A little crowd of mitred bishops stood at the great west
+door, crosses raised and censers swinging, and in solemn procession to
+the high altar, under a velvet canopy, they led the man whom they looked
+upon as God's chosen instrument to permanently restore their faith in
+England." Two days after the wedding took place. Great attention is paid
+to the clothes by both English and Spanish narrators, and the ceremony
+and dresses were very magnificent; the Queen's ladies "looked more like
+celestial angels than mortal creatures." The Queen, we are told, blazed
+with jewels to such an extent that the eye was blinded as it looked upon
+her; her dress was of black velvet flashing with gems, and a splendid
+mantle of cloth of gold fell from her shoulders; but through the Mass
+that followed the marriage service she never took her eyes off the
+crucifix upon which they were devoutly fixed. The marriage took place in
+the July of 1554, and the chair used by Queen Mary is now standing in
+Bishop Langton's chapel.
+
+[Illustration: OLD VIEW OF THE CATHEDRAL (LOOKING SOUTHWARDS).]
+
+Some stormy years at the end of Gardiner's interrupted episcopacy and
+during the rule of his immediate successors did not much affect
+Winchester externally; but under Robert Horne the whole diocese suffered
+terribly through the "Puritanical" views of its bishop. The Norman
+chapter-house was pulled down, part of the lead on the cathedral roof
+was stripped off, and stained glass, architectural decorations, etc.,
+throughout the neighbourhood were ruthlessly destroyed. However, after a
+short period of comparative peace, far worse had yet to come. Under
+James I. and during the early part of the reign of Charles I., little
+happened to the building beyond the institution of Curle's passage
+through the buttress at the southern end of the cathedral, with its
+quaint inscription on the western wall. The Great Rebellion, as was only
+to be expected, brought Winchester into the utmost peril. The important
+situation of the town in the south of England caused it to become the
+centre of much hard fighting. Sir William Waller, whom Winchester has no
+cause to remember with affection, came very near to destroying the
+interior of the cathedral entirely. His troops marched right up the nave
+in full war equipment, some even being mounted. Tombs were defaced,
+relics scattered, statues mutilated, stained glass smashed, and the more
+portable objects carried out into the streets. It is difficult to
+estimate with any exactitude what was the whole extent of the damage
+done; but we have sufficient testimony in the broken figures, empty
+niches, etc., to see that it was great. One highly creditable incident
+in the midst of the general disgrace has been recorded--namely, the
+preservation from insult of Wykeham's chantry. This was the work of a
+Colonel Fiennes, who had been educated at Wykeham's College at
+Winchester. The protests of the inhabitants seem to have finally induced
+Waller to call off his fanatical troops from their work of destruction
+and violation. What might have happened to the cathedral, had this not
+been done, it is quite impossible to imagine. "Of the brass torn from
+the violated monuments" in 1644 "might have been built a house as strong
+as the brazen towers of old romances" (Ryves's "_Mercurius Rusticus_"
+quoted by Milner).
+
+Here the architectural history of Winchester Cathedral practically ends.
+We find tombs and memorial brasses of all dates, but until the modern
+restorations nothing of importance affected the actual appearance of the
+church. Among the few examples of Jacobean work to be seen within, the
+nave pulpit can hardly be classed, since it was brought from New College
+Chapel at Oxford as late as 1884. The two statues of James I. and
+Charles I. by the west door are the work of Hubert le Sueur, who came to
+England in 1628. The urns which were supposed in the last century to
+decorate the reredos have long ago been removed, as has also the gilt
+Jacobean canopy which formerly disfigured the centre of this screen; but
+Benjamin West's "Raising of Lazarus" still remains above the altar.
+
+This century's work in the cathedral is not very formidable in its
+extent. All of it is mentioned elsewhere in this book, and it is
+sufficient here to say that the erection of Sir G. Scott's choir-screen
+and the restoration of the reredos are the most noticeable "modern"
+features, though the latter was carried out on the old lines as nearly
+as was thought advisable. Sir G. Scott's additions to Winchester have by
+no means given universal satisfaction, severe language having been
+applied to them by more than one expert. The most recent alterations
+have consisted chiefly of a very necessary, though costly, strengthening
+of the nave roof. This work is, of course, invisible from the ground
+level, but can be reached from the stair in the south transept. A repair
+of the organ has also been provided for, and new glass has been inserted
+in the large south window of the Lady Chapel, in memory of Bishop
+Thorold.
+
+[Illustration: MONUMENT TO BISHOP ETHELMAR.
+(From Carter's "Ancient Architecture of England.")]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE CATHEDRAL BUILDING AND CLOSE
+
+
+Before any detailed consideration of the architecture of the cathedral,
+it is well to be clear as to the various dates of the chief parts. But
+it must here be remembered that practically in every instance the now
+existing portions replaced still earlier structures on the same site.
+Mention has been made already of the changes from the original building
+to the one commenced in the eleventh century. In 1079 Bishop Walkelin
+laid the foundations of a great Norman church, of which the transepts,
+the outer face of the south nave wall, the core of the nave itself, the
+crypts, and a portion of the base of the west front are still existing.
+Walkelin's work was completed in fourteen years, just before the end of
+1093. The tower fell in 1107, but was rebuilt soon afterwards in the
+form which we now see it. Bishop de Lucy's work, which came next in date
+(1189-1204), includes the Chapel of the Guardian Angels, flanking the
+Lady Chapel, at the north-east end of the cathedral, and the
+corresponding chapel on the south-east, which afterwards became the
+chantry of Bishop Langton. The piers of the presbytery probably date
+from about 1320. The west front was rebuilt in Edingdon's time
+(1345-1366), and a small part of the reconstruction of the nave, the
+first two bays of the north aisle, and a bay of the south are generally
+attributed to him. The great re-modelling of the nave, the outer walls
+of the presbytery, and the continuation of the Lady Chapel range in date
+of completion from the end of the fourteenth to the sixteenth century.
+So much, however, of each period has been altered, and often modified
+almost beyond recognition by later additions, that it is impossible to
+make more than a rough guess at the age of the various portions. The
+work of Wykeham and his successors is so important that it must be left
+until we reach it in its proper place.
+
+The ground covered by the actual building is one and a half acres in
+extent. The close is fine and extensive, and is surrounded by a high and
+stout wall which marks the limits of the old Benedictine monastery. The
+houses within the close are of widely different dates, from the Early
+English period to recent years. They comprise the official residences of
+the dean and the canons, together with some private houses. The changes
+made from time to time in the distribution of the ground have involved
+the disappearance of the old priory buildings, and it is not possible to
+trace with certainty their original form. The laying out of the close
+has concealed the ground plan of the cloisters which once adjoined the
+cathedral. What is now called by the name is the passage between the
+south transept and the former chapter-house, which was pulled down in
+1570 by the destructive Bishop Horne, in order, it is said, that the
+lead in the roof might be sold. Five extremely fine Early Norman arches
+which were once part of the chapter-house still remain, and may be seen
+in a line with the end of the slype, beyond the south transept. Some
+traces of small arches on what is now the extreme outer wall of the
+transept mark where arcading once ran along the inner wall of the
+chapter-house. No vestige of the roof remains. The "slype" is a passage
+which was cut through the southern buttress by Bishop Curle, to put a
+stop to the constant use of the nave and south aisle as a thoroughfare
+by the townspeople. The anagrams on the walls commemorate the purpose of
+the passage; the first, on the western arch, reading:--
+
+ILL\               PREC\
+    \                   \
+     >AC                 >ATOR
+    /                   /
+  H/       AMBULA    VI/
+
+and that over the eastern arch:--
+
+   /ACR\        S\        ILL\       CH\
+  /     \         \           \         \
+S<       >A        >IT         >A        >ORO[1]
+  \     /         /           /         /
+   \ERV/        S/        IST/        F/
+
+In the angle of an old extension of the chapter-house south wall are
+traces of the dormitory and infirmary which formerly stood there. The
+Early English doorway with Purbeck marble shafts seems to have led to
+this dormitory. To the south of this is the deanery or prior's hall, the
+acute external arches, which date from the reign of Henry III., forming
+a vestibule with a southern aspect, while above are some narrow
+lancet-windows. Although the original portion of this hall dates from
+the fifteenth century, it was considerably altered in the seventeenth,
+during the second Charles's reign. This king himself sometimes stayed at
+the deanery, where Philip of Spain lodged for one night before his
+marriage. Over a wooden building, which now serves as the dean's
+stables, is an ornamental timber roof of late thirteenth-century work,
+which was once part of the old pilgrims' or strangers' hall originally
+standing in this part of the close for the benefit of pilgrims to the
+shrine of S. Swithun.
+
+   [1] _Illac precator, hac viator ambula_ (That way thou that
+       prayest, this way thou that passest by, walk); _Sacra sit illa
+       choro, serva sit ista foro_ (That way is sacred to the Choir,
+       that for use to the market-place).
+
+In the south wall of the cathedral, close to the west front, there is a
+doorway which is reported to have led to the chapel and charnel-house
+mentioned by Leland. "S. Swithin, now called Trinity," he says, "stands
+on the south side of the town, and there is a chapelle with a carnarie
+at the west end of it." S. Swithin is, of course, the cathedral itself.
+Leland's other carnary, which must not be confused with this, was
+attached to a chapel "on the north side of S. Mary Abbey church at
+Winchester, in an area thereby, on which men entre by a certen steppes.
+One Inkepenne, a gentilman that berith in his shield a scheker sylver
+and sables, was founder of it. There be three tumbes of marble of
+prestes _custodes_ of the chapelle."
+
+Among the old houses which have vanished from the close is one in which
+Charles II. in vain requested Bishop Ken to allow Nell Gwynne to lodge;
+and one which was erected for her and not pulled down until this
+century. The cathedral precincts, however, still contain on the southern
+side several buildings well worthy of notice. A picturesque house yet
+standing is that which was known by the name of Cheyney Court. It now
+serves as a porter's lodge, and stands by the wooden-doored gateway
+which opens into Kingsgate Street. The doors are supposed to have come
+down to us from the thirteenth century. Previously this lodge was the
+courthouse of the Soke of Winchester, and the centre of the episcopal
+jurisdiction here. The old timbered front, with its barge-boards, was in
+1886 concealed behind a rough-cast cement coating, but in that year this
+was fortunately stripped away, and the present charming aspect revealed
+to the eye.
+
+[Illustration: SOUTHERN SIDE OF CATHEDRAL, FROM DEANERY GARDEN.
+_S.B. Bolas & Co., Photo._]
+
+#The Exterior.#--It would be difficult to deny that the exterior of
+Winchester Cathedral is disappointing, and few are likely to echo the
+opinion of an over-zealous admirer of the building who said that the
+longer one looks at it the more one feels the low central tower to be
+the only kind that would suit the huge proportions of the building. On
+the contrary, it may be said that it is impossible to look at Winchester
+without a feeling of regret that the superb mass of the great fabric,
+the largest mediaeval church in England since the destruction of old S.
+Paul's, is not crowned by a loftier central tower. There is a legend to
+the effect that there were seven towers in the original design--the
+central one, two at the west end, and one at each angle of the
+transepts; and this seems to be supported by the solid character of some
+of the piers in the transepts. Yet, despite the rather ungraceful
+outline of the whole building, when its mere size is realised, it
+gradually asserts its importance and incontrovertibly proves its right
+to be considered one of the very finest structures in England.
+
+It will not be out of place to quote a short criticism which sums up the
+external qualities of the cathedral in a concise way:--"With the
+exception of portions of the late work in the presbytery, the exterior
+of Winchester is severe in treatment, and plain wall-space plays an
+important part in the design. Plain parapets and simply treated
+pinnacles characterise the work of the nave. The Norman transepts are
+externally but little altered, except by the insertion of Decorated
+windows to give more light to the altars in their eastern aisles; and De
+Lucy's work eastwards is, compared with some work of its date, simple in
+the extreme. Rather more elaboration was bestowed on the design of the
+new eastern bay of the Lady Chapel by Prior Silkstede and Bishop
+Courtenay; but, taken as a whole, Winchester has one of the simplest
+exteriors for its size and importance in the country" ("Winchester
+Cathedral" in _The Builder_ for October 1892).
+
+The ground-plan of Winchester Cathedral is in the form of a plain Latin
+cross, hardly broken in its outline save by the Perpendicular
+prolongation of the Lady Chapel at the east end. But, simple as is the
+plan, "the great length of the church" (to use the words of Fergusson)
+"is pleasingly broken ... by the bold projection of its transepts, which
+here extend, as usual in England, three bays beyond the aisles, their
+section being the same width as that of the nave." The width of the nave
+with the aisles is 88 feet, while the transepts measure, from east to
+west, 81 feet. The total length has already been given as 556, and the
+width from north to south across the transepts is 230 feet. The altitude
+of the walls is 75 feet, which is a foot less than at Peterborough,
+though three more than at Ely.
+
+#The West Front#, the work of Bishop Edingdon, has been roughly handled
+by its critics, though Britton calls it a fine specimen of Perpendicular
+architecture. The original Norman work demolished by Edingdon was, as
+excavations have proved, forty feet in advance of the present _facade_.
+To judge by accounts of the destroyed portions, the west front in its
+earlier state must have been far more imposing than it is at present,
+for not only is it now commonplace in mass, but even the detail has no
+particular charm to atone for the change. The whole of this work appears
+so thoroughly Perpendicular in character that it has been questioned
+whether at such an early date as that to which it is assigned the style
+can have been so far developed. Woodward, indeed, though attributing to
+Edingdon the walls and the principal part of the west end, declares the
+tracery, the fronts of the porches, and much of the panelling to be
+later; but a comparison of Winchester with another church undoubtedly
+built by this bishop, at his native town of Edingdon, in Wiltshire,
+supports the tradition which credits him with its erection. Besides this
+evidence, we have additional proof in the fact that he left by his will
+certain property to be devoted to the completion of the nave. Late
+though his work may appear at first sight, yet when it is closely
+examined and compared with Wykeham's work the difference is very
+apparent.
+
+[Illustration: THE WEST FRONT, WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL.
+_S.B. Bolas & Co., Photo._]
+
+The whole western _facade_ with its three bays is wanting in greatness,
+and its effect may be said to be that of a large parish church rather
+than a cathedral. Not only do we miss the western towers which are so
+often the most striking feature of an English west front, but the screen
+which masks the lower storey lacks the richness which distinguishes a
+somewhat similar feature at Exeter. The curiously poor appearance,
+notwithstanding its huge size, of the great west window is perhaps
+chiefly responsible for the want of dignity in the whole; nor is there,
+to redeem this, any delicate fancy in the tracery. The "merest stone
+grating" Willis terms the window, and though from so warm a panegyrist
+of the church this seems a severe criticism, no one can traverse his
+opinion.
+
+By way of further proof that the west front was Edingdon's work, Willis
+points out that, while in Wykeham's panels the masonry itself is
+carefully finished, and the same stones used for the ground of the panel
+and its mouldings, in Edingdon's work the monials and tracery alone
+exhibit good masonry, the panels being filled with rough ashlar. By
+other tests, too technical to quote here, the same critic makes it clear
+that the west front, with two compartments of the nave on the north and
+one to the south, must be attributed to Edingdon, though he probably did
+not finish the gable and turrets, which seem to be the work of Wykeham.
+The present state shows a gable rising in the centre, flanked by
+octagonal pinnacle turrets. On the apex of this gable is a canopied
+finial containing a niche wherein now stands a figure of William of
+Wykeham, the original statue, which was supposed to represent S.
+Swithun, having been removed to the feretory when the west front was
+restored in 1860 at a cost of L3000. The triangle of the gable is filled
+with tracery, the lower part of the central panels in which serve as a
+smaller square-headed six-light window above the parapet which crosses
+at the head of the great nine-light window. Buttresses assist in
+supporting the two towers, and lesser ones project to hide the sides of
+the porch, which, pierced by three doorways and crowned by a parapet,
+extends along the whole lower storey, across the nave and both aisles.
+Above the screen the pitched roofs of aisles may be seen. The bays
+containing the side windows, of four lights each, accord in style with
+the large central one, having also wall tracery in panels over the
+comparatively small surface of unpierced wall. The screen itself has
+three deeply-recessed portals with pointed arches, and a large canopied
+empty niche on each side of the main entrance.
+
+The central doorway is divided by a clustered shaft, where from spring
+two cinquefoil arches. The recessed portal has a groined roof, with an
+arcade of cusped arches on the main west wall, broken by the doorways
+which give admission to the nave. A pierced balcony of simple design
+crowns the whole of the screen and forms a gallery which is said to have
+been used for bestowing episcopal benedictions to the people outside the
+cathedral on festival days.
+
+The excavations which brought to light the old foundations of the
+original west front showed "a wall of 128 feet from north to south, and
+12 feet thick, with returns at each end of the same thickness 60 feet in
+length. At their eastern ends the walls again turn in at right angles
+and meet the present side aisles at 17 feet from each corner. Within the
+parallelogram thus partially traced two other walls run from east to
+west at a distance of 36 feet from each other." In a garden adjoining
+the west end of the cathedral at the time when these observations were
+made, part of the south-west angle of the walls still remained.
+Indications of the western towers were apparent; and Willis suggests
+that they were probably either unfinished, or in a threatening
+condition, so that Edingdon demolished them; even as at Gloucester the
+western towers of the cathedral were removed, and the _facade_ was
+replaced by a perpendicular west front at the beginning of the fifteenth
+century.
+
+[Illustration: EDINGDON'S WINDOWS IN NORTH-WEST BAYS.
+North West Bay.
+Winchester Cathedral.
+H.P. Clifford
+
+From a Drawing by H.P. Clifford.]
+
+The original west front may very probably have been similar to that of
+Lincoln Cathedral, "unornamental," says a writer in _Architecture_,
+"save for some interlacing arches and dwarf blind arcades, and with no
+windows to reflect the setting sun, or to light the cavernous interior."
+
+The two westernmost bays of the #North side# are due to Edingdon, and we
+get here well contrasted the work of Edingdon and of Wykeham. In
+Willis's plan the difference can be clearly seen. The two windows to the
+right are heavier, lower, and broader, and display much deeper exterior
+mouldings, with "a most cavernous and gloomy appearance," while the
+window on the left hand is much narrower and lighter. The left-hand
+buttress is like the others on the north side of the church, whereas the
+other three are different from it and from one another, that on the
+extreme right, together with its pinnacle, being apparently just as
+Edingdon left it. The pinnacles and upper set-off of the two centre
+buttresses in the figure were added by Wykeham to Edingdon's underwork.
+The mouldings of Wykeham's windows are more elaborate than those of
+Edingdon's, where the tracery is similar to that of the west window. Of
+the bays on the north side the nine next to Edingdon's two, together
+with the three beyond the northern transept, are Wykeham's work, as are
+the three bays beyond the transept on the southern side and the
+extension of the Lady Chapel. Edingdon claims, beside what has been
+already mentioned, one bay on the south, next the west front. De Lucy's
+work consists of the three easterly bays on either side, and part of the
+Lady Chapel exterior. The rest of the bays are Norman, and the
+prevailing note is simplicity, not to say rudeness. The #South side# of
+the nave is almost devoid of decoration, the bays being merely divided
+by flat buttresses which do not reach below the bottoms of the aisle
+windows. The eleven windows in the clerestory above are all alike,
+divided only by flat buttresses. Aisle and clerestory both show a plain
+parapet and corbels. The bold buttresses on the north side, with their
+panelled and crocketted pinnacles, save it from the monotony of the
+south side, which, however, was once greatly concealed by cloisters and
+convent buildings, and is even now far more enclosed than the northern
+side.
+
+The low #Central Tower#, the coping of which is only 35 feet above the
+ridge of the transept roof, is Norman, though, as explained before, of
+later date than the transepts. It is of a simple square form, 150 feet
+high by 50 wide, and is divided by a string course into two storeys, the
+lower of which is plain with small round-headed windows; the larger
+upper storey has on each side three narrow round-headed windows, which
+form a kind of arcade round the upper part of the tower, surmounted by a
+zig-zag string course. At the angles are engaged shafts. The massive
+manner in which the tower was rebuilt in the eleventh century can be
+better appreciated from within, when we come to the piers which support
+it. The building has been said to prove that the Normans of the period
+were "still bad masons and imperfectly acquainted with the principles of
+construction," the masses of masonry employed showing an enormous waste
+of both labour and materials. But the architects at any rate gained
+their end, since the tower has stood to the present day. The strength of
+the original Norman work, indeed, is so great that for all the 250 feet
+of nave no flying-buttresses were required to support the later
+vaulting.
+
+The gables of the #Transepts# are not so high as those of the nave, but
+the clerestory parapets are on the same level. The side aisles are much
+lower than those in the nave or the presbytery. The parapets are plain,
+over a series of small arches supported by corbels; except that in the
+eastern aisle of the south transept the parapet rests on plain corbels,
+and above the western clerestory of the other transept is a cornice with
+Perpendicular bosses. In this clerestory, again, the buttresses are
+Perpendicular, whereas otherwise throughout the transepts they are flat
+Norman. Over the eastern aisle of the north there is no cornice or
+corbel; "the parapet," says Woodward, "with no more than a water-table
+under it, is carried across the gable of the north transept, so as to
+form an _alura_ above the buttress, in front of the circular window
+there." The Perpendicular rose-window in the northern gable cannot now
+be seen from the interior, being hidden by the transept ceiling, but in
+the illustration from _Britton_, on page 59, it is visible. The
+corresponding gable on the south shows panelling with interlacing Norman
+arches, but there are only two narrow lights. Many symptoms show that
+square towers were to have been erected flanking the transept gables.
+There is an unfinished turret at the north-east corner of the north
+transept, while the springing of an arcade and the generally incomplete
+appearance prove that a side tower was intended. The other three extreme
+angles of the transepts also bear out this view. The width from east to
+west of the transepts is enormous as compared with the height of the
+central tower above. It rather looks from the presence (barely
+perceptible from outside) of the westernmost windows of the presbytery
+aisles as if those who carried on Wykeham's work had meant to reduce
+this great width, and give more importance to the presbytery and
+retro-choir externally. It is certain, at any rate, that the Norman
+transepts narrowly escaped a complete transformation. That on the north
+side of the cathedral shows very considerable alterations, in the
+majority of its windows, from the old Norman pattern. A built-up doorway
+may be noticed under the first window from the west of this transept.
+
+The exterior of the #Presbytery# has only three compartments on each
+side, but in each there are four lights in aisle and clerestory alike.
+The windows are of the Wykeham pattern, though probably a little later
+in date than his work. The buttresses, which rise above the aisle roof,
+culminate in square panelled pinnacles, surmounted by crocketted ogee
+canopies. From these buttresses spring graceful flying-buttresses, with
+pierced spandrels running to the clerestory walls. On the northern side
+the plain parapet has over it a pierced battlement.
+
+The #East End#, as it now stands, is some 110 feet beyond the original
+Norman termination, and presents a square face, projecting with a flat
+parapet beyond the high gable over the actual east window. The Norman
+apse was demolished about 1320 in all probability, and the present
+polygonal end substituted for it. It seems that originally the aisles of
+the Norman presbytery continued round this apse, which was flanked by
+two small towers. The eastern chapel may have been dedicated to the Holy
+Trinity as at Canterbury, and probably extended as far as the western
+arch of the present Lady Chapel. The central gable of the old
+termination, rather acute in form, is richly decorated with panels and
+crocketting, and is crowned by a tabernacle wherein Bishop Fox is
+represented leaning on the pelican. "Three of the panels in the centre
+are pierced and glazed, forming a small square-headed window; and under
+it is a door opening upon an _alura_, behind a crenelated, panelled, and
+pierced parapet, over a cornice with bosses, at the base of the gable,
+and just above the east window" (Woodward). The Perpendicular east
+window has seven lights, and resembles, in the form of its head,
+Wykeham's windows. A portrait bust of Fox has been discovered on the
+north corbel of the hood-mould of this window, and the flying-buttresses
+(which, as Willis pointed out, the jointing of the masonry proves to be
+later insertions into the clerestory walls) have the pelican carved on
+them. The whole gable is flanked by richly canopied octagonal turrets,
+on which the flying-buttresses abut. The lower part of the east window
+cannot be seen from below, being lost behind the roof of the chantry
+aisles.
+
+[Illustration: THE EAST END--EXTERIOR. _S.B. Bolas & Co., Photo._]
+
+The whole of the eastern arm of the cathedral is curiously mixed in
+style, furnishing examples of Early English, Decorated, and
+Perpendicular architecture. Beyond the main east gable just described
+projects a low Early English structure of three nearly equally high
+aisles, of which the central or Lady Chapel has received a further
+Perpendicular addition. There has been apparently a slight subsidence of
+the Early English walls, which has caused the irregular look of the
+arches in the interior of the southern retro-choir aisle (see page 69).
+Above the plain string-course of the retro-choir there is in each
+compartment, under a level parapet, an arcade of narrow pointed arches,
+four in number, the central couple of each set being pierced and glazed,
+so as to form pairs of lancet windows. The Langton and Guardian Angels'
+chapels, which project not quite half as far as the Lady Chapel from the
+old eastern limit of the church, show a triple series of arcades,
+diminishing in size as they mount. The central arcade is much cut into
+on the eastern face by the large three-light windows of the lateral
+chapels. There is no parapet above the arcades. At the angles between
+these chapels and the retro-choir aisles are staircases enclosed in
+small octagonal turrets rising slightly above the adjoining parts with
+merely a plain parapet at the top.
+
+The #Lady Chapel# has at the end and at each side a fine seven-light
+Perpendicular window, the heads of the lights below the transom being
+cinquefoiled, while above each window is a cornice supported by small
+arches resting on corbels; over all is a pierced battlement, which is
+also crenelated at the actual east end. Below the east window of the
+Lady Chapel, between the two great buttresses with mutilated canopies on
+the two lower of their three divisions, there is some blank panelling,
+consisting of four shallow-arched recesses with a pilaster down the
+centre, each arch uniting two minor ones with cinquefoil cusps at the
+head and crowned by a quatrefoil with a rosette in the middle. There
+were originally four heads at the ends of the corbels under these
+quatrefoils, but the southernmost is broken away. A similar arcade runs
+along the southern wall of the Lady Chapel, but there is none on the
+north side. The two main corbel-tables at the east end show the arms of
+England and France and the bishop's device of three "torteaux." Under
+these, at a short distance from the ground, are two smaller windows,
+which give light to the Lady Chapel crypt. The panelling dates from
+about 1490, and is due to Bishop Peter Courtenay.
+
+[Illustration: NAVE, SHOWING THE SCREEN BEFORE RESTORATION.
+_A. Pumphrey, Photo._]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE INTERIOR
+
+
+The very first glimpse of the nave, as one enters by the west door,
+reveals the superb proportions of the interior. In spite of all
+statistics of its size, the outward appearance of the building hardly
+impresses the spectator with the fact that Winchester is the largest
+cathedral in Northern Europe, and it is not until one is within the
+walls that the great length of the cathedral begins to become real and
+its majesty is properly appreciated. The total span, from end to end, of
+556 feet, compared with the 537 feet of Ely, the 525 of York, the 524 of
+Lincoln, and the 516 of Canterbury, would not alone produce the effect
+of almost infinite vastness, and is certainly not realised either in a
+distant prospect from the hills or in a nearer view from the cathedral
+precincts. But when once the nave is entered, owing partly to the open
+and comparatively low choir-screen, the magnificent vault of nearly 400
+feet may easily be understood to have few rivals in the world. Certainly
+neither of the two buildings in England which are practically equal in
+size to Winchester Cathedral give the peculiarly overwhelming sense of
+length produced here. The old epithet of "Royal" may be said to apply as
+fitly to the cathedral as to the town, and it certainly is a worthy
+shelter for the bones of half-forgotten dynasties, and as fine a
+monument of an earlier England as Westminster is of later periods in the
+development of the country.
+
+Of course, as in all English cathedrals, a lack of colour and a sense of
+coldness and emptiness modifies any unqualified admiration which one
+might at first feel. But Winchester could well afford to admit far more
+than the most captious critic could utter against it, and yet claim to
+be the most stately nave that England can show. Despite the late
+recasting, the proportions are Norman, and the very core of the pillars
+is still the original Norman stonework. Notwithstanding the changes
+wrought by Edingdon and Wykeham, all the more petty detail of the
+Decorated period is lavished on a colossal structure planned with the
+simple magnificence of those that "builded better than they knew."
+
+Perhaps it is not quite fair to the later architects to attribute all
+the excellence of the work to the earlier builders, for the graceful
+columns of the nave's eleven bays which rise unbroken to where the
+roof-groining springs from their capitals are made by Wykeham to fulfil
+a new duty which entirely alters their whole aspect. The general effect
+has been said to be as if a Norman architect had expressed himself in
+the more refined idiom of the early fifteenth century. Yet the work of
+Edingdon and Wykeham was ruthless in its way. The original Norman nave
+of Walkelin consisted of the normal three storeys, of equal height in
+this case--the main arches, triforium, and clerestory. At the present
+day the main arches are fully half as high again as they were in the
+Norman cathedral, while the base of the clerestory has been brought down
+to meet them, so that the triforium appears to have vanished or rather
+to exist merely as a balcony over each arch. As a matter of fact,
+however, it was the old clerestory which was entirely removed and
+replaced by the present upper storey. On p. 35 we see on the one hand
+typical Norman work, of the character still existing at Romsey Abbey and
+Christchurch Priory--to mention only the two large churches nearest to
+Winchester. During the conversion of the nave the bases and capitals of
+the grouped shafts of the main arches were removed, together with all
+the masonry above them. This is not mere conjecture, for the Norman
+shafts and capitals which still remain on the north side of the nave, in
+the second bay from the crossing, where they were covered by the ancient
+rood-screen, show that the pier-arches of the nave sprang from the same
+height as those of the transepts; the Norman main arch of the triforium
+still exists in every compartment over the vault of the side aisles to
+prove that the triforium of the nave was practically on the same level
+as that of the transepts, and the tops of the Norman shafts yet
+remaining above the nave-vaulting are additional evidence that the nave
+was to all intents and purposes uniform with the transepts in its
+general arrangement. In the south aisle, moreover, there is to be seen
+the lower extremity of a Norman shaft, once covered by some votive altar
+or shrine which was removed during the destructive period of the
+Reformation. "It may be readily noted," says the writer of a recent
+article on Winchester Cathedral, "how the new ashlar was brought down to
+the level of this vanished altar, and how Wykeham's vaulting-shaft has
+been made to end in foliation where it once rose in receipt of prayers
+and wax-candles vowed in return for mercies vouchsafed." In the seven
+westerly piers of the south aisle, the Norman stonework has merely
+received new mouldings; while flat Norman buttresses can be seen outside
+between the clerestory windows, also on the south side.
+
+[Illustration: ELEVATION OF TWO BAYS OF THE NAVE,
+SHOWING ITS TRANSFORMATION.
+From Willis's "Architectural History of Winchester Cathedral," 1846.]
+
+On the division into two, in place of the usual three, storeys, it may,
+perhaps, be of interest to quote some remarks of Willis in the
+"Proceedings of the Archaeological Institute." "The compartment of
+Wykeham's nave," he says, "is divided into two parts vertically instead
+of three; for although it has a triforium gallery, yet this is so
+completely subordinated to the clerestory window that it cannot be held
+as a separate division of the composition, as in the Norman work where
+the triforium compartment is of all importance and similar in decoration
+to the other two, although not exactly like them. In Wykeham's work, on
+the contrary, we find above the lofty pier-arch what at first sight
+appears to be a clerestory window divided at mid-height by a transom,
+and recessed under a deeply-pointed archway. But it is above the transom
+only that the real window is formed by glazing the spaces between the
+monials. Below the transom these spaces are filled with panels, and two
+narrow openings cut through the latter give access from the roof to a
+kind of balcony which projects over the pier-arches. In each compartment
+this balcony exists, but there is no free passage from one to the other.
+This mode of uniting the triforium and clerestory by the employment of a
+transom dividing the stone panels of the former from the glazed lights
+of the latter is common enough at the period of Wykeham's work and
+before it, but the balcony is unusual."
+
+It is needless to add any further explanation, since the diagram fully
+explains both the present state of the nave and the manner in which the
+transformation from the original Norman design was brought about; but it
+may be worth while to quote an architect's verdict on the general effect
+of Wykeham's work in the nave. "If we cannot admire all the details,"
+says this writer, "we can but bear tribute to the conception of the
+whole. Its lofty arcades give no space for triforium, and the proportion
+between the clerestory and the arcade is somewhat unsatisfactory. If we
+except the vaulted roof, and the chantry of the great Wykeham himself,
+and his predecessor Edingdon, this portion of the church may, with
+reason, be considered simple in its character, and bears distinct
+evidence of having been grafted on earlier work. The Norman columns
+still remain in one or two places towards the east end of the nave
+arcade, but with the exception of these and of the Norman masonry
+existing in the piers on the south, and perhaps portions of the aisle
+walls, all is transformed to Perpendicular detail" (_The Builder_,
+October 1892).
+
+[Illustration: THE NAVE, LOOKING EAST. _S.B. Bolas & Co., Photo._]
+
+Altogether there are, between the western doors and the piers supporting
+the tower, twelve arches on each side, one of each series being included
+in the choir. Hooks and brackets may be seen in the face of the piers at
+about three-quarters of their height; these were formerly used for the
+suspension of arras on occasions of great festivity.
+
+It has been practically established that the sculpture at least of the
+nave and its vault was not finished for nearly half-a-century after
+Wykeham's death. We find Cardinal Beaufort's arms and bust, and his
+device, a white hart chained, as well as Waynflete's lily, intermingled
+with the arms and bust of Wykeham. Under the triforium gallery is a
+cornice, in each compartment of which are to be found seven large
+sculptured bosses, representing a cardinal's hat, a lily, roses, etc. Of
+the compartments of the clerestory in the nave we have said that they
+have the appearance of a very fine Perpendicular window. All, however,
+except the upper part of the centre of these seeming windows is really
+panel-work. The old Norman main arch of the triforium may be seen behind
+this panelling, under the present clerestory windows.
+
+Until recently the mass above pressed very heavily on the nave-vaulting,
+but during the last and preceding years (1896-7) the strain has been
+relieved by the insertion of new supplementary timbers above the
+original Hempage Forest beams, which can still be seen by those who
+wish. The cost of this work of repairing the roof and vault has been
+about L9000, and so far has not at all exceeded the original estimate.
+In August 1897 a large amount still remained to be subscribed. As seen
+from below each division of the vault is "bounded by two
+vaulting-shafts, which rise to the level of the clerestory window-sill
+and send out from above the capital nine diverging ribs to the
+ridge-rib, by which the whole vault is divided into a series of bisected
+and interlacing lozenges, as the basis for all the groining" (Woodward).
+
+[Illustration: WEST WINDOW, FROM NAVE. _Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo._]
+
+The general effect of the nave can be gathered from the illustrations,
+which bring out well the appearance of height which is bound to impress
+the spectator standing near the central western door. In the nave aisles
+also a fine view may be obtained, the comparative narrowness
+counteracting the lessened height. As one looks down the church towards
+the west, it will be noticed that the western interior wall is
+practically entirely filled by the great window, for not only does this
+stretch across the whole width, but the mullions also are carried right
+down to the floor-level, a double series of panels occupying the space
+below the sill of the window. The glass in the window proper is, for the
+most part, very old, and, as is pointed out elsewhere (see p. 94), is
+arranged in patterns after the fashion of a kaleidoscope. This arises
+from the fact that the fragments of which it is composed are entirely
+disjointed, and probably incapable of being pieced together.
+
+The monuments and objects of interest in the nave are numerous, but
+chief perhaps are, on the north side, the Minstrels' Gallery, the old
+grill-work, and the font; and, on the south side, the chantries of
+Bishops Wykeham and Edingdon. But, first of all, though not on account
+of pre-eminent merit, should be mentioned the bronze statues of James I.
+and Charles I. to the north and south of the main west door, against the
+interior wall. They were executed by Le Sueur, the artist who executed
+the fine equestrian figure of Charles I. at Charing Cross. A note on the
+sculptor's payment for these bronzes may be seen in the "Record of
+Exchequer," from which it appears that he received L340 for the two,
+with a further L40 for "carrying and erecting them" at Winchester.
+
+In the north-west corner stands the #Minstrels' Gallery# or #Tribune#,
+the work of Edingdon. It is supported by two flattened arches springing
+from the pier shafts, and is panelled on its face and spandrels The
+panelling is decorated with flowered cusps, and the central bosses bear
+the arms of Wykeham. This gallery appears to have been intended for use
+on State occasions; now, however, it is merely used as a room in which
+the episcopal registers may be stored. In height it extends half-way up
+the neighbouring piers.
+
+[Illustration: IRON GRILL-WORK FROM S. SWITHUN'S SHRINE.
+_From Mr Starkie Gardiner's "Iron-work" Vol I., by permission of the
+Science and Art Department, South Kensington._]
+
+Near this, at the western end of the north aisle, is a door made up of
+four pieces of iron #Grill-work#, which originally stood at the top of
+the steps leading up from the south transepts to the retro-choir. The
+place where it used to be is still pointed out, and indeed marks are
+visible in the piers to which it was secured. A paper read to the
+Society of Arts by Mr J. Starkie Gardiner, describes the door as being,
+from its style, "the oldest piece of grill-work in England. The design
+is composed of sprays formed of two rolls of scrolls, welded to a
+central stem, like a much-curled ostrich feather, with lesser scrolls in
+the interstices and the major scrolls, each terminating in an open-work
+trefoil, or quinquefoil. The large scrolls are 5-1/2 in. in diameter and
+rather stout, the grill possessing great resisting powers, though it
+would not be hard to climb.... There is, unfortunately, no means of
+fixing the date, since no other grill resembles it; but, from the
+position indicated in the cathedral, it may well have been made as long
+ago as the eleventh or twelfth century." It was originally intended to
+keep the miscellaneous crowd of pilgrims to the shrine of S. Swithun
+from penetrating farther into the church by way of the south transept.
+They were obliged to enter and depart by the Norman doorway in the north
+transept.
+
+It will not be necessary to record all the monuments and the brasses
+which so abundantly cover the walls, but those of the greatest interest
+will be alluded to. In the fifth bay of the north aisle are two
+memorials of very different dates, those of the "Two Brothers of
+Avington" (1662), and of the novelist, Jane Austen, the youngest
+daughter of the rector of Steventon in Hampshire. Her monumental brass
+is affixed to the wall below the other, which records how the two
+brothers were "both of Oxford, both of the Temple, both Officers to
+Queen Elizabeth and our noble King James. Both Justices of the Peace,
+both agree in arms, the one a Knight, the other a Captain."
+
+In the next bay, opposite the Norman Font, is an inscription relating to
+Mrs Montagu, the founder of the "Blue Stocking" Club. It is to this
+effect:--"Here lies the body of Elizabeth Montagu, daughter of Matthew
+Robinson, Esq., of West Layton, in the County of York, who, possessing
+the united advantages of beauty, wit, judgment, reputation, and riches,
+and employing her talents most uniformly for the benefit of mankind,
+might be justly deemed an ornament to her sex and country. She died on
+the 25th August, 1800, aged 81."
+
+The #Norman Font#, which Milner called _crux antiquariorum_, is situated
+on the north side of the nave between the fifth and sixth pillars from
+the west front. It is one of a group of seven found in England; of which
+four are in Hampshire, at East Meon, S. Michael's (Southampton), S. Mary
+Bourne, and Winchester; two in Lincolnshire, in the cathedral and at
+Thornton Curtis; and one at S. Peter's, Ipswich. Of four similar fonts
+on the Continent, that at Zedelghem, near Bruges, is most like the
+Winchester example, and also illustrates the same legend. The material
+of which these fonts are made is a bluish-black calcareous marble, such
+as is still worked at Tournai in Hainault. The font before us is a
+nearly square block of marble supported on a solid central column
+ornamented with horizontal mouldings, with four disengaged pillars of
+lesser diameter, with "cable" mouldings, at each corner. The spandrels
+of the top are decorated with carved symbolic subjects, leaves and
+flowers on two sides, and on the other two doves drinking from vases out
+of which issue crosses, typifying baptism, it is said. It is rather
+curious that the artist has disregarded the usual symmetry, and filled
+his spaces without reference to the corresponding ones. On the north and
+east faces of the font are three circular medallions with symbolic doves
+and salamanders. On the south and west are scenes from the life of S.
+Nicholas of Myra, as was fully demonstrated by Milner; the north side
+showing the saint dowering the three daughters of a poor nobleman, while
+on the west he restores to life a drowned person, probably the king's
+son in one of the stories of his life, and rescues from death by the axe
+three young men who are about to be slain either by the executioner or
+by a wicked innkeeper, for there are two versions. Some authorities
+would find four scenes represented on the west side; but on what grounds
+it is difficult to see. There only appear to be two figures of the
+saint, and the two scenes are divided by what looks like a short
+vertical bar indicating a difference of subject (see p. 117). The cult
+of S. Nicholas of Myra grew rapidly in the twelfth century, being
+popularised by the crusaders. In this century it is known that the
+carved work at Tournai, whence it is probable that the black marble
+came, was remarkable for its symbolism. The font has been thought to be
+older, on account of its archaic figures, but, as the Dean of Winchester
+pointed out in a paper read before the Archaeological Association in
+1893 (to which we are indebted for much of this account), the mitre
+which S. Nicholas is represented as wearing was not recognised as part
+of a bishop's official dress until the very end of the eleventh century;
+in fact, the particular form of mitre depicted appears to have been late
+twelfth century. The conclusion naturally arrived at is that the font is
+of Belgian origin, carved at Tournai between 1150-1200, and its presence
+at Winchester may well be due either to Henry of Blois or to Toclive.
+
+[Illustration: THE NORMAN FONT--SOUTH AND WEST SIDES.
+_Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo._]
+
+On the north side of the steps leading up to the choir is a brass tablet
+on a pillar, recording the merits of the "renowned martialist," Colonel
+Richard Boles, who fought on the king's side at Edgehill, and died
+bravely in a small action at Alton, Southampton, in 1641, his party of
+sixty being surprised by a large force of the rebels. "His gracious
+sovereign hearing of his Death gave him high Commendation, in that
+passionate expression,--Bring me a Moorning scarf, I have lost one of
+the best Commanders in the Kingdome." Between the ninth and tenth
+pillars on this side is the tomb of Bishop Morley, with an epitaph
+written by himself at eighty years of age. By the next pillar is the
+monument of Bishop Hoadley, with a good medallion-portrait of him on it.
+
+On the south side of the nave we find two remarkable tombs, of which the
+first is the #Chantry of William of Wykeham#, called by Timbs "one of
+the best remaining specimens of a fourteenth century monument." It
+stands, where Wykeham erected it, "in that part of the cross (formed by
+the church) which corresponds to the Saviour's pierced side," and
+occupies the space between the piers which enclose the fifth bay from
+the west end. The site is said to have been previously occupied by an
+altar dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, Wykeham's patroness. He left
+directions, moreover, that three monks should celebrate masses thrice
+daily in his chantry, receiving for this one penny a day, while the boys
+who were to sing there nightly were assigned 6s. 8d. a year. Needless to
+say, his wishes are not now carried out. The stone-screen which
+surrounds the chantry is of beautiful and elaborate workmanship, the
+effect of which has been compared to lace, while above graceful shafts
+support a canopy, of which the pinnacles rise to the level of the
+triforium gallery. At the east end are traces of an altar and credence
+table, and close by is a piscina. Above are two rows of canopied niches,
+which, however they were originally occupied, have for long been
+untenanted until quite recently. During the early part of 1897 the
+pedestals have been filled with ten statue of modern workmanship.[2] A
+row of five empty niches runs along the western wall. The vault of the
+chantry is richly groined with lierne work; it is tinted a vivid blue on
+the back-ground, and the bosses on the groins are gilt. The ironwork in
+this chantry is also noticeable. The tomb within has fortunately
+suffered but little from time, and, thanks to the courage of one of the
+pupils in Wykeham's foundation at Winchester, Colonel Nathaniel Fiennes,
+the Parliamentarians left both this monument and the college buildings
+untouched. On the tomb itself lies the figure of Wykeham with his hands
+folded across his breast, habited in Episcopal robes and mitre, his
+crozier on his shoulder. Three small figures of monks praying kneel at
+his feet, while his head is slightly raised up by supporting angels. A
+little arcade runs all round the tomb, with a series of shields in the
+spaces, containing his arms and motto "Manners Makyth Man" and the arms
+of the see of Winchester. His epitaph, on a slip of red enamelled brass
+in a chamfer round the edge of the tomb, has been thus translated:--
+
+    Here, overthrown by death, lies William, surnamed Wykeham.
+    He was Bishop of this Church, which he repaired.
+    He was unbounded in hospitality, as the rich and poor alike can prove.
+    He was also an able politician, and a counsellor of the State.
+    By the colleges which he founded his piety is made known;
+    The first of which is at Oxford and the second at Winchester.
+    You, who behold this tomb, cease not to pray
+    That, for such great merits, he may enjoy everlasting life.
+
+   [2] "One method of commemorating the Quincentenary of Winchester
+       College (1893) was the insertion of statues into the niches of
+       the Founder's Chantry in the Cathedral. The work was done by Mr
+       Frampton, A.R.A., under the direction of Mr Micklethwaite. The
+       subjects are the Virgin and Child, with Angels; William of
+       Wykeham, presenting a scholar of Winchester; and a Warden of New
+       College, presenting a scholar of that college (the artist worked
+       with a photograph of the present Warden before him); the Pastor
+       Bonus with SS. James and John; SS. Peter and Paul. The altar and
+       fittings were presented by Colonel Shaw Hellier; the cross being
+       inscribed with the chronogram;--nVnC gLorIa In eXCeLsIs Deo et In
+       terra paX hoMInIbVS bonae VoLVntatIs" (_The Church Times_, Aug.
+       20, 1897).
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM OF WYKEHAM'S CHANTRY.
+From Britton's "Winchester."]
+
+As one proceeds along the nave toward the east, the choir is reached by
+two flights of four steps each with a landing between, over which
+formerly there extended a rood-loft from pillar to pillar, bearing on it
+Stigand's great cross. To the south of these choir steps and adjoining
+the intermediate landing is the #Chantry of Bishop Edingdon#, the
+earliest in date of the chapel-tombs at Winchester. The chantry is very
+plain in comparison with the others in the cathedral, and apart from the
+tomb there is only a slightly raised platform at the east end, without
+an altar. A shaft of the large pillars runs down the centre of the east
+and west interior walls. On the tomb lies the figure of the Bishop _in
+pontificalibus_, his stole bearing the symbolic and much-disputed
+"Fylfot" cross, which has been interpreted as a sign of submission.
+Edingdon's curious Latin epitaph, given on page 107, is on a blue
+enamelled strip of brass on the edge of the tomb.
+
+Close to Edingdon's chantry is the #Nave Pulpit#, which is in itself a
+good piece of Jacobean work, though not happily situated in the nave of
+Winchester. It stood formerly in the chapel at New College, Oxford, and
+did not appear at Winchester until 1884, when it was presented by
+members of the Mayo family. If one stands facing east in the aisle to
+the right of this pulpit, one of the most picturesque views in the
+cathedral lies before one, through part of the south transept and up the
+southern ambulatory of the retro-choir to the bright colours of
+Langton's chapel window at the end. It will readily be noticed how out
+of the perpendicular are the piers of this ambulatory as one approaches
+the east end of the church. This seems to have arisen through a slight
+subsidence of the ground here.
+
+The original rood-screen exists no longer, and in its place we have but
+a modern copy, by Sir Gilbert Scott, of the work in the Decorated choir
+stall canopies. This oak #Choir Screen#, which is all that breaks the
+view between west porch and reredos, has not met with much approval, and
+the pallor of its wood does not contrast agreeably with the rich colour
+of the old choir stalls. This, however, cannot with justice be made a
+ground for complaint against the architect, who modelled his work as far
+as possible on the original.
+
+As one enters the #Choir#, which is raised above the level of the nave
+by the two sets of four steps, the stalls above-mentioned will be found
+to reach on either side from the eastern piers of the central tower to
+the first piers of the nave. They are of carved oak and are possibly the
+best existing examples of their date in England. The style is Early
+Decorated, and Willis points out the similarity between their canopies
+and gables and those of Edward Crouchback's chapel in Westminster Abbey.
+The details are varied and graceful, with the design of each pair
+coupled under a pointed arch with a cinquefoil in its head, which is
+again surmounted by a high crocketted gable. The oak has turned a superb
+hue with age, very different from the colour of the modern screen which
+is banked by the reveals of the old bishop's throne. The _misereres_
+below are much earlier in date than the canopies, but do not go quite so
+far back as those at Exeter, which may be assigned to about 1230. The
+desks and stools of the upper tier show the date 1540 and bear also the
+initials of Henry VIII., Bishop Gardiner, and Dean Kingsmill. The pulpit
+on the north side of the choir was given by Prior Silkstede, whose name
+it bears, and is also of finely carved work. Above the choir stalls on
+the northern side is the organ, which was repaired this year.
+
+[Illustration: THE CHOIR, LOOKING EAST. _H.W. Salmon, Photo._]
+
+Toward the east end of the choir stalls, in the centre of the pavement,
+lies the much-disputed #Tomb of William Rufus#. It is a plain coped
+tomb, constructed of Purbeck marble. Since it was known that William was
+buried originally beneath the tower, this tomb was assumed to be his,
+and in Cromwell's time it was violated, when, as Milner relates, there
+was found therein, "besides the dust, some pieces of cloth embroidered
+with gold, a large gold ring, and a small silver chalice." The very fact
+of these discoveries, however, tend to prove that the grave was not that
+of Rufus. It is now frequently held that it is that of Henry of Blois,
+who is known to have been buried "with much honour before the high
+altar"; Rudborne records that he was _sepultus in ecclesia sua coram
+summo altari_. Yet others suppose that he still lies in the space
+_before_ the altar. The ring found in Cromwell's time, set with a
+sapphire which denotes a bishop, may be seen in the cathedral library.
+When the contents of the tomb were last examined, on August 27, 1868,
+the remains, though much disturbed by the previous violation, indicated
+a man of about 5 feet 8 inches, and fragments of red cloth with gold
+embroidery were to be seen. It was also gathered that the body had been
+wrapped in lead, as Henry of Blois was said to have been.
+
+The vaulting of the presbytery, which is of timber carved to imitate
+stone, is remarkable for its very fine and brilliantly coloured bosses,
+forming a quite unique collection of designs. Milner mentions as the
+chief among these, "the arms and badges of the families of Lancaster and
+Tudor, the arms of Castile, of Cardinal Beaufort, and even of the very
+sees held successively by Bishop Fox. The part of the vaulting from the
+altar to the east window bears none but pious ornaments: the several
+instruments of the Saviour's Passion, including S. Peter's denial, and
+the betrayal in the Garden of Gethsemane, the faces of Pilate and his
+wife, of the Jewish high priest, Judas kissing Jesus, Judas' money-bag,
+the Veronica"--this is immediately above the place of the cross on the
+reredos--"the Saviour's coat, with the Cross, crown of thorns, nails,
+hammer, pillar, scourges, reed, sponge, lance, sword with the ear of
+Malchus upon it, lanthorn, ladder, cock, dice, etc." Under the tower the
+vaulting is of wood, dating from 1634. Before this year the
+choir-lantern was visible from below, with its striking late Norman
+stonework divided into two tiers. It has been proposed to re-open the
+lantern, but this would necessitate the removal of the bells from the
+tower, a matter of considerable expense. It would also be a pity to take
+down the vaulting with its various devices, including the arms, etc., of
+Charles I., his queen, and the Prince of Wales, a medallion of the two
+former, the Scotch and Irish arms, and those of Archbishop Laud, Bishop
+Curie, and Dean Young. The central emblem is that of the Trinity, with a
+"chronogram" indicating the year 1634 thus:--sInt DoMUs hUjUs pII reges
+nUtrItII regInae nUtrICes pIae. The larger letters, picked out in red,
+serve as Roman figures which added together make up the required number.
+
+[Illustration: THE CHOIR STALLS. _Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo._]
+
+From the commencement of the choir to the high altar are eleven steps,
+making nineteen in all from the level of the nave. This elevation, of
+course, much enhances the imposing effect of the altar and reredos as
+seen from the lower plane. It is due to the existence of the Norman
+crypt beneath, and can be paralleled both at Canterbury and at
+Rochester. The raised platform includes the presbytery with its aisles
+and the retro-choir, and extends under the central tower to the second
+pillar beyond. The nave and transepts are thus on a lower level. Before
+the altar are rails which date from the reign of Charles I., while the
+Altar Books were presented to the cathedral by Charles II.
+
+The great #Reredos#, which separates the presbytery from the feretory
+and the eastern end of the church, is, to judge from its style, late
+fifteenth-century work. It has been attributed to Cardinal Beaufort, and
+to Bishop Fox and Prior Silkstede, but no inscription or armorial
+details can be discovered to confirm either of these suppositions. It is
+similar in character to the altar-screens of Christchurch Priory, Hants,
+and S. Mary Overy (S. Saviour's, Southwark); but, less fortunate than
+the former, it was despoiled of all the statues which once filled its
+niches, while it has not "the exquisite grace of detail which marks the
+choir of angels at Southwark." The reredos at S. Albans, in the same
+style, though not so large, was erected between 1476 and 1484; and, as
+at Winchester before 1899, shows a cross-shaped space where, according
+to legend, a huge silver crucifix was placed. Now once more, as in the
+sixteenth century, there is a figure on the great cross. It is curious
+to note an attempt, during the rage for pseudo-classic architecture in
+the last century, to beautify the reredos by placing sham funeral urns
+in its niches. These were fortunately removed in 1820, and in recent
+years they have been replaced by a series of statues intended to
+reproduce as far as possible the original effect. In the _Builder_ for
+October 10, 1892, a large reproduction was given of a very interesting
+drawing by the late Mr J.W. Sedding, showing the whole screen completely
+restored; but this scheme was unfortunately not used. A large
+oil-painting, "The Raising of Lazarus," by Benjamin West, purchased in
+1782 by Dean Ogle, till 1899 hung immediately over the altar. Before
+1818 a huge wooden canopy in Jacobean style, freely enriched with gold,
+covered all the central portion of the screen. This was due to Bishop
+Curie.
+
+The reredos is so large that it occupies the whole of the space between
+the choir piers, and, being constructed of a very white stone, is the
+prominent feature of the choir. The work is very elaborate, the whole
+screen being arranged in three tiers with canopied niches containing
+eighteen large statues, while smaller figures--kings, saints, angels,
+etc.--occupy the splays between. The pinnacles are pierced and
+crocketted, and there is a central projecting canopy over the place of
+the original crucifix. On either side of the high altar is a door
+leading to the feretory at the back of the reredos, and these have in
+their four spandrels interesting groups of fifteenth-century sculpture,
+representing various scenes in the life of the Virgin, the Annunciation,
+and the Visitation of S. Elizabeth, still showing traces of colour. The
+fact that these carvings have escaped destruction, just as the lower
+tier at Christchurch escaped, is only to be explained on the assumption
+that they were hidden behind some panelling since removed, for of all
+images which provoked iconoclastic fury those representing the Virgin
+were the most certain to be attacked. The whole is crowned by a triple
+frieze of leaves, Tudor roses, and quatrefoils, at a height little short
+of the corbels which support the arches of the roof.
+
+[Illustration: THE ALTAR AND REREDOS. _H.W. Salmon, Photo._]
+
+The eighteen larger statues were, and are now, since the restoration of
+the reredos, arranged in the following order. In the uppermost tier, to
+the left and right of the head of cross, were S. Peter and S. Paul, who
+were the patron saints of the church. Two on either side of these were
+the four Latin Doctors, SS. Augustine, Gregory, Jerome, and Ambrose.
+"Below these, on the middle tier, we had two great local bishops, S.
+Birinus, first occupant of the see, standing beside the figure of the
+Virgin, and on the other side S. Swithun, the benevolent bishop,
+patron-saint of the church: beyond them, over the two doors, were SS.
+Benedict and Giles,[3] the one founder of the Order to which the Priory
+belonged, the other the Hermit Saint, who always pitched his tabernacle
+just outside the walls of medieval cities; he is here set in honour to
+commemorate S. Giles' Hill, and especially S. Giles' Fair, from which
+the Convent reaped great benefit" (Dean Kitchin: "Great Screen of
+Winchester Cathedral"). Outermost on this tier stand the statues of the
+two deacons, SS. Stephen and Lawrence. In the lowest tier, on either
+side of the altar, stand SS. Hedda and Ethelwolf, two of the most famous
+Anglo-Saxon bishops of the see of Winchester. Next these saints there is
+the doorway on either side and beyond these doors are statues of King
+Edward the Confessor, and S. Edmund the King. Between the figures of SS.
+Swithun and Birinus, stand statues of the Virgin and S. John, while
+above the arms of the Cross are the four Archangels, Uriel, Gabriel,
+Michael, and Raphael. In all there are now fifty-six statues on the
+screen, the smaller figures including famous kings, bishops, women, and
+a representation of Izaak Walton.
+
+   [3] The charter of William Rufus which gave permission for S.
+       Giles' Fair still exists, and may be found, with a commentary by
+       Dean Kitchin, in the "Winchester Cathedral Records." The Fair was
+       granted for three days (August 31, September 1 and 2) on the
+       "eastern hill," known as S. Giles' Hill. The object of the Fair
+       "was evidently," says Dean Kitchin, "to help the Bishop in
+       completing his great Norman Church.... Parts of the proceeds of
+       the Fair were at a later time assigned to Hyde Abbey, to S.
+       Swithun's Priory, and to the Hospital of S. Mary Magdalen."
+
+Above the altar it is said that there was once "a table of images of
+silver and gilt garnished with stones." These images are conjectured to
+have represented Christ and his disciples, possibly at the Last Supper;
+but no traces remain of them. From 1782 till 1899 West's picture, "The
+Raising of Lazarus," now in the South Transept, hung here. The place is
+now more happily occupied by a representation of the Incarnation.
+
+[Illustration: THE NORTH TRANSEPT. From Britton's "Winchester."]
+
+The most recent feature of the screen is the great central figure of
+Christ Crucified, the gift of Canon Valpy and the work of Messrs Farmer
+and Brindley. The final restoration of the screen by the filling of the
+space left vacant for three centuries was commemorated by a solemn
+dedication service, held at the Cathedral on March 24, 1899.
+
+On the reredos as a whole, one authority has said that "no description
+could do justice to the beauty and effect of the whole work." But
+another has declared that "a huge screen of this uncompromising
+squareness of outline is a flagrantly artless device which in previous
+periods (to the latter half of the fifteenth century) would have been
+impossible." Milner again describes its "exquisite workmanship" as being
+"as magnificent as this or any other nation can exhibit." Doctors most
+certainly differ here.
+
+It will perhaps be most convenient to deal at this point with the
+#Transepts#, of which the western walls are almost level with the
+choir-screen. Having been but little injured by the fall of the tower in
+1107, they still remain to a great extent what they were when originally
+built by Walkelin. We therefore get the massive and rugged early Norman
+walls still divided into the three nearly equal storeys which in the
+nave have given place to two. Where the fall of the central tower
+necessitated a partial rebuilding, the difference between the Early and
+the Late masonry is very evident. That of the transepts generally is
+coarse and very thick, as is the case with all Early Norman stonework.
+The new masonry, on the other hand, recalls what William of Malmesbury
+says of the Later Norman masonry at Salisbury, when he speaks of "the
+courses of stone so correctly laid that the joint deceives the eye, and
+leads it to imagine that the whole wall is composed of a single block."
+The juncture of the two works at Winchester can be easily traced. Of the
+general style of the transepts, Willis says: "The architecture is of the
+plainest description. The compartment of the triforium is very nearly of
+the same height as that of the pier-arches, and the clerestory is also
+nearly the same height.... Each pier-arch is formed of two orders or
+courses of voussoirs, the edges of which are left square, wholly
+undecorated by mouldings. This is the case with the pier-arches of Ely
+transept, but in the arches of the triforium at Ely, and in every other
+Norman part of that cathedral, the edges of the voussoirs are richly
+moulded. In Winchester transept, on the contrary, the arches of the
+triforium and clerestory are square-edged like those of the pier below
+and hence arises the peculiarly simple and massive effect of this part
+of the church." Between the tower-piers and the terminal walls of each
+transept there are three piers, making four compartments, the farther
+two of which from the nave and choir open into the terminal aisles. The
+arches were all originally plain, semi-circular, and square-edged, and
+are supported by shafts with the cushioned capitals so characteristic of
+the ruder Norman style, and the bases are simple with a chamfer and
+quarter-round, very different from the ornamental Late Norman bases,
+such as may be seen at S. Cross, Winchester, for example. Where the
+Later Norman work has taken the place of the original, we find stronger
+piers. The vault above is groined, but there are no ribs. Nothing,
+however, can now be seen of the vaulting above the level of the
+side-walls, since a flat wooden ceiling, painted in "Early Tudor" style
+was put up in 1818, by which, among other things, the rose-window in the
+gable of the north transept was hidden, though in Britton's view, which
+we give on page 59, we have the transept previous to the timbering. Each
+transept has an eastern and a western aisle, while at the extreme ends
+there are aisles rising to pier-arch level, consisting of two arches,
+which a triple bearing-shaft supports in the centre. A kind of gallery
+is formed at the terminations of the north and south transepts, over and
+beyond which may be seen the triforium and clerestory windows. This can
+best be appreciated by a reference to the illustration, Plate XV.
+Possibly this platform or gallery was not originally so bare as it
+appears at the present day, but there is no doubt that it was built in
+order that processions might pass round on the triforium level.
+
+It has been mentioned that when the tower was rebuilt the columns
+nearest it in the transepts were strengthened. They now, indeed, present
+a singularly massive outline to the eye, and contrast strongly even with
+the remaining Norman pillars in the transepts. The arches also are
+changed. All were once semi-circular, but the rebuilding necessitated a
+change of the first and second from the actual tower-pier into the
+stilted or "horse-shoe" form. They are doubly recessed (except those
+supporting the end platform, which have but one soffit), and present
+quite plain and unadorned square edges.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW IN NORTH TRANSEPT. _Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo._]
+
+In each transept there is at the eastern angle a spiral staircase
+leading up to the roof.
+
+If we take first the #North Transept#, there will be found at the
+southern end, against the side wall of the choir, and between the two
+great tower-piers, the Chapel of the Holy Sepulchre, a small compartment
+which contains some interesting and still distinct mural paintings on
+the roof and walls, representing scenes of the Passion, etc. The most
+striking is a large head and bust of Christ on the easternmost division
+of the vaulting. One hand holds the Gospels, with the inscription _Salus
+Populi Ego Sum_. On the wall beneath are the Descent from the Cross and
+the Entombment. The Nativity and Annunciation also appear on the roof,
+while on the walls are the Entry into Jerusalem, the Raising of Lazarus,
+the Descent into Hell, and the Appearance to Mary Magdalene in the
+Garden.
+
+Two of the Norman piers on the eastern side of this transept have
+received very elaborate canopies of the Decorated period, under which it
+is probable that there were at one time altars. Some Early English work
+may be seen in the heads carved on some of the larger shafts and the
+caps of the subsidiary pillars, a noticeable figure being "a monk
+crouched in a caryatidal attitude and holding a chess-board."
+
+The modern entry to the crypts is in the south-east interior wall of
+this transept, the old means of entrance, through the "Holy Hole,"
+having been blocked up.
+
+The large tomb in the north transept is that of Prebendary Iremonger. On
+the western wall, at the end of the transept, are very faint traces of
+mural paintings, representing S. Christopher carrying Christ, etc., and
+it is probable the transepts were once thus decorated throughout.
+
+The #South Transept# has received far more additions to its interior
+decorations than has the north. In the back of the choir-wall is
+recessed Sir Isaac Townsend's memorial, not a very noteworthy object.
+Just under it there now stands the old oak settle which was once used by
+the Norman monks. In the central space of the transept itself is a large
+monument to Bishop Wilberforce, showing beneath a canopy a life-sized
+figure, with mitre, cope, and staff, on a slab borne by six kneeling
+angels. A Latin inscription records his birth on 1st September 1805, and
+his death on 19th July 1873. The monument is the work of Sir Gilbert
+Scott, and has met with some severe attacks. It certainly is out of
+place in its Norman surroundings. The aisles of the south transept are
+divided up into six chambers, of which the larger of the two westernmost
+is used as a chapter-room, and does not betray its age by its present
+appearance; the one next the body of the church, Milner's "ancient
+sacristy," but now known as Henry of Blois' treasury, serves as a boys'
+vestry. The Norman work over the door must not be overlooked. The
+chamber to the extreme south is the entrance lobby to the south door,
+which leads into the "slype" or passage running between the church and
+the old chapter-house. Leading out of it is the ancient "calefactory,"
+where the fire for the censers and thuribles was preserved. Panelled oak
+screens enclose this room on both sides. Next it comes Silkstede's
+chapel, the central of the three easterly divisions of the transept
+aisles. The prior's rebus, in the form of a skein of silk, is evident
+among the carvings, and his Christian name Thomas may be seen on the
+cornice with the MA, the monogram of the Virgin, standing out
+distinctly. The screen in this chapel is worthy of remark, and is
+divided into four compartments, the upper part of each being open-work
+and arched with pierced quatrefoils in the spandrels. In this chapel
+traces of painting were discovered in 1848, beneath the whitewash on the
+eastern wall, the subject apparently being Christ upon the water,
+calling to him S. Peter, who, in an attitude of hesitation, holds the
+prow of the boat. Fine canopy-work surmounts the whole. Originally there
+were eight canopies enclosing figures, but little except the canopies
+remain, the distemper-painting having almost vanished. On the floor of
+the chapel may be found a black marble slab, the tomb of Isaak Walton,
+with Bishop Ken's often-quoted inscription, which, however, it is
+perhaps pardonable to quote again:--
+
+    "Alas! Hee's gone before,
+    Gone, to returne noe more;
+    Our panting hearts aspire
+    After their aged Sire,
+    Whose well-spent life did last
+    Full ninety years, and past.
+    But now he hath begun
+    That which will nere be done:
+    Crown'd with eternal Blisse,
+    We wish our souls with his."
+
+[Illustration: DOORWAY FROM THE CLOSE INTO THE RETRO-CHOIR.
+From a Drawing by H.P. Clifford.]
+
+[Illustration: BISHOP WILBERFORCE'S TOMB IN SOUTH TRANSEPT.
+_Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo._]
+
+[Illustration: SOUTH AISLE, FROM TRANSEPT. _S.B. Bolas & Co., Photo._]
+
+Next to Prior Silkstede's chapel comes the "Venerable" chapel, which
+serves as a vestry for the minor canons of the cathedral. The screen of
+this fills the whole archway, the six canopies extending beyond the
+sweep of the arch. Down each side are untenanted niches, and the
+openings of the tracery show some beautiful and elaborate iron-work,
+dating from the Renaissance. A similar screen, though without canopies,
+divides the Venerable Chapel from Silkstede's.
+
+#The Library# is approached from an old wooden staircase in the south
+aisle of this transept. It is a "long, low room, with oaken presses
+curiously carved and ornamented with gilded knobs, after the fashion of
+the latter half of the seventeenth century." It contains three or four
+thousand books, most of which are the gift of Bishop Morley, and there
+are many fine MSS.; but its chief treasure is a Vulgate of the twelfth
+century, in three folio volumes on vellum. The gorgeously illuminated
+manuscript is the best work extant of the Winchester school, and the
+fact that it was never finished renders it only the more interesting,
+since thereby the whole process from the first outline to the final
+touch of colour is evident. A legend concerning Hugh of Avalon,
+afterwards Bishop of Lincoln (associated with this book), is worthy of
+mention. Henry II., who founded the Carthusian Monastery of Witham, in
+Somerset, had appointed Hugh prior in 1175 or 1176, and finding that his
+monks needed MSS. to copy, and in particular a complete copy of the
+Bible, promised to give them one. To avoid expense, he borrowed this
+superb Vulgate from Winchester and sent it to Witham. A chance visit
+long afterwards of a Winchester monk revealed what had happened, and on
+the matter becoming known to Hugh, he returned the volume without the
+king's knowledge.[4] Among other important MSS. in the Library are an
+eleventh century copy of Bede's "Ecclesiastical History"; a twelfth
+century "Life of Edward the Confessor," by S. Aelred, Cistercian Abbot
+of Rievaulx about 1160, containing a portrait of the king within one of
+its initial letters; a copy of the "_Promptorium Parvulorum_"; a charter
+of AEthelwulf, King of Wessex, dated 854 and bearing the signatures of
+the king, his young son Alfred, and S. Swithun. There are also the
+chapter-books for 1553-1600; the cathedral statutes, with the signatures
+of Charles I. and Bishop Laud; the original charter of Henry VIII. to
+the cathedral, on the dissolution of the priory; and many interesting
+documents and printed books, some with the original chains which were
+fastened to their covers. Here also are kept the great seal of Henry V.,
+the pastoral staff from Bishop Fox's tomb, his ring, those of Bishops
+Gardiner and Woodlock, and the one, set with a sapphire, which comes
+from the tomb of "William Rufus"--probably, as we have said, belonging
+to Henry of Blois. The library was built in 1668 A.D.
+
+   [4] It is now, however, on record that the book was bequeathed by
+       Bishop Nicholas of Ely in 1282.
+
+We may now return to the body of the cathedral and pass to the
+surroundings of the choir.
+
+The #Feretory#, where the _feretra_ or shrines of the saints were
+placed, lies behind the high altar and reredos, and the two doors in the
+latter give access to it. At one time, before the erection of the
+reredos, the feretory must have been visible from the choir. Behind the
+doors is a raised platform, seven feet in breadth, extending right
+across. The upper surface of this is now only three feet above the
+ground level, but originally it must have been far higher. Four steps
+give access to it. Before it is a hollow space with stumps of piers,
+demonstrating the ancient presence of an arcade in front of the
+platform. The feretory is without internal decoration, but the exterior
+of the east wall is adorned with nine rich Decorated tabernacles, with
+the yet legible names of saints and king who once occupied the eighteen
+pedestals within them. This inscription is to be found here:--
+
+    _Corpora sanctorum sunt hic in pace sepulta,
+     Ex meritis quorum fulgent miracula multa_.
+
+The floor beneath the platform is supported by a small vault, "the
+entrance to which (to quote Willis) is by a low arch in the eastern face
+of the wall under the range of tabernacles." This vault is that which
+was designated as the _Sanctum Sanctorum_ or #Holy Hole#. The feretory
+is used as a receptacle for the carved work found at various dates about
+the cathedral, including portions of statuary once belonging to the
+great screen. Here lies a really marvellous lid of a reliquary chest,
+presented in 1309 by Sir William de Lilburn, with events in the life of
+our Lord and various saints vividly portrayed in colours, and decorated
+with the donor's armorial bearings. The "Holy Hole" has been used as a
+receptacle for fragments of various kinds since the end of the fifteenth
+century, before which it was visible from the choir, for no reredos
+intercepted the view. Milner states that in 1789 the whole passage and
+vault was so choked with rubbish that the attempt to enter it had to be
+abandoned. A more recent observer records that there appears to be no
+space for a crypt or receptacle for relics within the "Holy Hole," the
+chest of bones, etc., being placed on the platform over the arcade. The
+fragments now in the feretory are often very fine, but are most of them
+sadly mutilated.
+
+[Illustration: BACK OF FERETORY, WITH BISHOP GARDINER'S CHANTRY
+_S.B. Bolas & Co., Photo._]
+
+The north and south sides of the feretory are flanked by the chantries
+of Bishops Gardiner and Fox, into which it opens. #Gardiner's Chantry#,
+in the Renaissance style, was much damaged by the Reformers, the head
+being knocked off the figure lying in a long niche on the outside of the
+chantry, and other indignities committed. Of the tomb nothing now
+remains, but there is an altar with figures at the back, after Italian
+models, representing, according to one tradition, Justice and Mercy,
+while others say the Law and the Gospel. At the east end is a small
+vestry used as a repository for fragments. The details and the mouldings
+of Gardiner's chantry are of the Renaissance style, and Britton has
+described the chapel as "bad Italian and bad English." This is true of
+the eastern end of the compartment, but there are redeeming features
+amid the curious mixture of styles. Below the floor-level of this
+chantry may be seen the base of one of the Norman apse piers, the sole
+remaining feature of the Norman east end except the crypt.
+
+#Bishop Fox's Chantry# is a far finer piece of work and is certainly the
+most elaborate chantry in the cathedral. It displays no fewer than
+fifty-five richly-groined niches, all different in pattern; only two of
+them are tenanted, and these by very recent figures, on either side of
+the door. There is a great amount of wonderful undercutting to be seen
+in the spandrels to the arches, and the upper part of the erection shows
+open tracery with niches and canopies, under a cornice of running
+foliage and Tudor flowers, surmounted by panelled pinnacles. Fox's
+"pelican in her piety" alternates on the pinnacles with small octagonal
+turrets. At one time, moreover, all the arches, etc., contained stained
+glass, but this has now vanished. Within there is no tomb, but, as in
+Gardiner's chantry, there is, in an arched recess at the side, the
+ghastly carved figure of a corpse so frequently introduced in monuments
+of the period. The altar is surmounted by a small reredos in a sunk
+panel, now unoccupied, crowned by a band of angels bearing emblems of
+the Passion. Over the altar is this inscription in Latin:--
+
+  _O sacrum convivium in quo Christus sumitur._
+
+There is here, as was the case with Gardiner's chantry, a small room at
+the eastern end. In this are chests in which relics were kept.
+
+[Illustration: BISHOP FOX'S CHANTRY.]
+
+The interior part of the choir aisles have received "Wykeham" windows,
+four on each side, though from the exterior only three can be seen. The
+westernmost on the north side has two lights partly looking into the
+open, while two are unglazed and the top of one looks into the northern
+transept. On the south side all are glazed, but only three get any light
+from outside. These can be seen from the close at the junction of
+transept and retro-choir. All these windows have blank panelling or
+arcading below. It looks as if Wykeham or his successors meant to reduce
+the width of the Norman transepts, so as to bring them into better
+proportion with the eastern arm of the church.
+
+[Illustration: DOOR OF FOX'S CHANTRY.]
+
+Between the presbytery and the side aisles, extending from pier to pier,
+are screens of pierced stonework, erected by Bishop Fox, whose motto
+frequently occurs on them, together with his initials and Cardinal
+Beaufort's. On the top of the screens are six painted chests (see p.
+95), in which are collected the bones of saints and kings of the Saxon
+period; the original collection being made by Henry of Blois. These
+#Mortuary Chests# were desecrated by the Cromwellian ruffians when they
+broke into the cathedral, and the bones were hurled through the stained
+glass of the west and other windows. Afterwards they were collected once
+more and replaced in the chests where they now lie. Among the relics are
+the bones of Edred, Edmund, Canute, William Rufus, Emma, Bishops Wina,
+Alwyn, Egbert, Cenwulf or Kenulf, Cynegils, and Ethelwulf, and there are
+the old inscriptions to indicate whose remains were originally enclosed
+within the boxes, though there is now no warrant that the bones within
+correspond at all to the names without.
+
+[Illustration: DETAIL OF PULPIT.]
+
+Among those who have been buried in the presbytery aisles is Bishop de
+Pontissara, of whom Rudborne says that he was buried _ex aquilonari
+plaga majoris altaris_. Accordingly we find his monument on the north
+side. Close by him, and still nearer the altar, was laid Hardicanute,
+the last Danish king, who was brought hither from Lambeth for interment.
+His death was attributed to "excessive drinking." In the southern aisle
+are Richard, the Conqueror's younger son; Edward, eldest born of Alfred
+the Great; and Bishop Nicholas de Ely's heart.
+
+[Illustration: SOUTH AISLE OF RETRO-CHOIR, WITH BEAUFORT'S AND FOX'S
+CHANTRIES. _S.B. Bolas & Co., Photo._]
+
+Eastward of the feretory the building is known by the name of the
+#Retro-choir#, and presents a very old and pure example of Early English
+work from the hands of Bishop de Lucy. The aisles are said to have been
+used as a model in the building of Salisbury Cathedral. Similar
+processional aisles may be seen also at Hereford on a minor scale. This
+part of the cathedral is lower and consequently appears broader than the
+more westerly portion. There is a considerable amount of wall-space,
+only interrupted by the numerous imposing chantries erected on the
+floor. The lower part of the walls is remarkable for some fine, though
+simple, blank arcading, dating also from De Lucy's time; while light is
+given by pairs of lancet windows, the rear arches being borne on groups
+of detached shafts. Many of the original chased tiles of the pavement
+remain to this day, and, in fact, there has been little interference
+with De Lucy's work. Unfortunately, however, as has been remarked, much
+of it has settled considerably, throwing the south-eastern angle
+altogether out of the perpendicular, one vaulting-shaft having in this
+manner been bent back and cracked in half. The effects of the subsidence
+can easily be seen in the photograph of the south aisle of the
+retro-choir looking toward the east.
+
+As one passes beyond the feretory through the retro-choir, the #Chantry
+of William Waynflete# stands to the north of the central alley. The
+canopy is very elaborate and beautiful, and plentiful traces of the
+original colour still can be seen, especially on the groining. On each
+side are three flat-headed arches, those at the east end being closed,
+while on each side of the piers adjoining the west end there are narrow
+open arches. Corniced and battlemented screens fill these arches to
+mid-height. The figure on the tomb is a modern restoration, very
+elaborately clad in full pontificals, while the hands are clasped about
+a heart, representing the _sursum corda_, or lifting up of the heart.
+The chantry is kept in repair by Magdalen College, Oxford, which
+Waynflete founded. Its situation, like that of the companion tomb of
+Cardinal Beaufort, makes it very impressive. There is no altar now. At
+the east end is a blank wall surmounted by three empty canopied niches,
+while at the other are two open gratings.
+
+In the corresponding position to the south is the #Chantry of Cardinal
+Beaufort#, now kept in repair by the Dukes of Beaufort. In Britton's
+time, as he tells us, there had fallen a "horse-load of the pinnacles in
+the canopy of Cardinal Beaufort's chantry." Owing, however, to the
+extreme elaboration, the effect is hardly impaired by this loss. The
+plan of the tomb is two groups of four clustered piers at each end,
+supporting a mass of canopies, niches, and pinnacles, which "bewilder
+the sight and senses by their number and complexity," as Britton
+quaintly says. The screen at the west end is closed, that at the east
+end open. The vault displays some elaborate fan-tracery. The body of the
+cardinal is presented in his scarlet official robes and the tasselled
+and corded hat, and the serenity of his face suggests very little the
+traditional portrait of him, as represented, for example, in
+Shakespeare's "Henry V." His death-bed moments, it is well known, have
+been much misrepresented. The inscription originally on his tomb has
+been destroyed, but Godwin quotes one sentence of it thus:--_Tribularer
+si nescirem misericordias tuas_.
+
+Against the north wall, not far from Waynflete's chantry, is an unknown
+tomb with part of an effigy, to the east of which is the grave of one
+William Symonds, "Gentleman, of Winchester twice Maior and Alderman," as
+his epitaph of 1616 relates. The last four lines of the inscription run
+as follows:--
+
+    His Merrit doth Enherit Life and Fame,
+    For whilst this City stands Symonds his name
+    In alle men's harts shall never be forgotten,
+    For poores prayers rise when flesh lyes rotten.
+
+Between the same chantry and the wall lies the tomb of Bishop de
+Rupibus, while in the space between the chantries of Beaufort and
+Waynflete lies the only ancient military effigy in the cathedral, a
+genuine relic of the fourteenth century. It is commonly known as William
+de Foix, and represents, in a slightly mutilated form, a knight in
+surcoat and complete ringed armour of the thirteenth century. His legs
+are crossed[5] and the feet rest on a crouching lion, while the head is
+supported on two cushions which were formerly held up by angels. The
+right hand grasps the sword hilt, and the pointed shield, one of the
+earliest examples of a quartered shield, bears "quarterly, in the first
+and fourth, the arms of Bearn, two cows passant, gorged with collars and
+bells; in the second and third, three garbs; over all a cross." On the
+front edge of the slab Mr F.J. Baigent discovered the name Petrus
+Gavston or Gauston twice encised, but to this "scribbling" Mr Weston S.
+Walford, who has a note on this tomb in the fifteenth volume of the
+_Archeological Journal_, does not attach much importance, for it may
+merely record the engraver's conjecture as to the person here buried.
+The body of Edward II.'s favourite, Piers, was moved from Oxford to
+King's Langley in Hertfordshire two years after his execution, and
+buried there on January 2, 1314, in the presence of the king. It is not
+known to have been moved since. It seems probable that the effigy here
+is that of the father of the Piers known to us, a Sir Arnold de
+Gavaston, a record of whose interment at Winchester in May 1302 we
+possess, with the additional fact that Edward I. sent money and two
+pieces of cloth of gold to the funeral. Such respect would naturally be
+paid to the father of Edward II.'s foster-brother. Mr Walford suggests
+that the garbs on the shield are a canting allusion to the name Gabaston
+or Gavaston, for the spelling varies very much--Gaveston, Gaverston, and
+Gaberston being also found. The date of the tomb Mr Walford places
+between the death of Arnold in 1302 and the murder of his son in 1312.
+The tomb itself is adorned with five Decorated arches with the Gavaston
+arms on the shield, together with those of England, of France, and of
+Castile and Leon.
+
+   [5] "Such figures as lie crosslegged are those who were in the
+       wars of the Holy Land, or vowed to go and were prevented" (Sir
+       William Dugdale).
+
+[Illustration: CARDINAL BEAUFORT'S CHANTRY.
+_S.B. Bolas & Co., Photo._]
+
+West of this are the tombs of Bishop Sumner and Prior Silkstede. The
+latter's grave, according to Woodward, was found, when opened, to
+contain the complete remains of a body robed in black serge, with the
+"funeral boots" yet on the bones of the feet. The body seems to have
+been removed hither from Silkstede's chapel in the south transept.
+
+Next the western end of Beaufort's chantry is the tomb of William de
+Basynge, prior of this church (_quondam Prior istius ecclesiae_), as his
+inscription states, promising 145 days' indulgence to whoever prays for
+his soul three years. He died in 1295.
+
+On the south wall facing the same chantry is a marble monument of the
+Royalist, Sir John Clobery; and near this is a large slab in the floor,
+in memory of Baptist Levinz, Bishop of Sodor and Man, and prebendary of
+Winchester, who died in 1692.
+
+On the end wall of the ambulatory, to the left of the entrance to the
+Chapel of the Guardian Angels, is a fine monument, somewhat mutilated,
+to Ethelmar or Aymer de Valence, half-brother of Henry III., who was so
+unpopular a bishop at Winchester. Only his heart is in the cathedral,
+having been conveyed hither from Paris, where his body was buried. The
+facts are commemorated by the following inscription on the presbytery
+wall:--
+
+                Corpus Ethelmari
+              Cuius Cor Nunc Tenet
+              Istud Saxum Parisiis
+               Morte Datur Tumulo
+                Obiit A.D. 1261.
+
+When Winchester was attacked by the so-called religious zeal of the
+Puritans, Ethelmar's heart was disturbed, as is recorded by a writer of
+the period, who says that "when the steps of the altar were levelling
+with the rest of the ground one of the workmen accidentally struck his
+mattock on this stone and broke it; underneath which was an urn wherein
+the heart of this Ethelmar was, being enclosed in a golden cup, which
+thing ... being conveyed to the ears of the committee-men they took the
+cup for their own use, and ordered him to bury the heart in the north
+isle, which he accordingly did." The heart, he goes on to say, was "so
+entire and uncorrupt" that it was "as fresh as if it had just been taken
+from the body, and issued forth fresh drops of blood upon his hand. This
+I had from the mouth of the workman himself, whom I believe." The slab
+which once covered the heart shows, within the symbolic vesica, "in a
+trefoil canopy the half-length figure of the Bishop, mitred and in his
+episcopal robes, his uplifted hands holding a heart, his pastoral staff
+represented as resting on his left arm." Below are his arms and the
+inscription in Lombardic letters, + _Ethelmarus. Tibi Cor Meum Dne._
+
+[Illustration: THE LADY CHAPEL. _Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo._]
+
+[Illustration: DETAIL OF LADY CHAPEL.]
+
+The #Lady Chapel#, due in part to De Lucy and in part to Priors Hunton
+and Silkstede, is of rectangular shape, the easternmost portions being
+added about 1524. It should be noticed that in De Lucy's work the
+central aisle is but little higher than the laterals, which still have
+their eastern walls, whereas the actual material of the Lady Chapel east
+wall was erected by Hunton. The north and south walls exhibit De Lucy's
+Early English arcades and lancets, while they become Perpendicular at
+the eastern end, and the east window is of the same period. This large
+seven-light window shows "transom and tracery of a peculiar kind of
+subordination, or rather inter-penetration of patterns, well worth a
+careful study" (Willis). The stone work of the interior is quite plain,
+but a large portion of the wall space is concealed by some richly-carved
+wooden panelling added by Bishop Fox. Seats, desks, and screen are also
+of fine workmanship. Where the walls are not hidden by wood-work are the
+very faint remains of some curious old mural paintings of the miracles
+of the Virgin, executed under the direction of Prior Silkstede in 1489.
+These frescoes are decidedly archaic, but they are extremely
+interesting. Starting from the south side the nineteen pictures
+represent:--
+
+1. Miracle of an image of the Virgin bending its finger to prevent a
+young man taking off a ring which he had placed on the image that it
+might not be lost or injured while he played at ball. By this the young
+man was won to monastic life.
+
+2. Protection and honour conferred by the Virgin on an ignorant priest,
+who knew and could sing only one mass, which was in honour of her.
+
+3. Prior Silkstede kneeling before Virgin, saying: "_Benedicta tu in
+mulieribus_." Beneath is the following:--"Prior Silkstede also caused
+these polished stones, O Mary, to be ornamented at his expense."
+
+4. Jewish boy, after receiving the Eucharist, thrown into a furnace by
+his father, but delivered from the flames by the Virgin.
+
+5. Famous portrait of the Virgin, carried in procession by Pope Gregory
+to allay a fearful pestilence. During the procession the destroying
+angel is seen sheathing his sword.
+
+6. A widow receives back her son who had been kidnapped, and thereupon
+restores the silver image of the child Jesus, which she had taken from
+the image of the Virgin on losing her son.
+
+7. Virgin assisting woman taken ill on pilgrimage.
+
+8. Virgin enables boys, with ease, to raise that which strong men could
+not.
+
+9. Nun brought to life to confess a sin not confessed before death.
+
+10. Virgin saves a monk from drowning, and from two evil spirits, with
+instruments of torture, one who had lived an immoral life.
+
+11. Two Brabancons seized by devils and killed for throwing stones at an
+image of the Virgin.
+
+12. Deliverance at sea effected by the Virgin.
+
+13. Mass of the Virgin celebrated by Christ himself, with saints and
+angels, on an occasion when the priest was unable to do so.
+
+14. S. John's (of Damascus) arm restored; thereby establishing his
+innocence of having corresponded with unbelievers.
+
+15. Virgin delivering from the gallows a thief who had always venerated
+her.
+
+16. Virgin commanding the burial of a clerk of irreligious life in
+consecrated ground, because he had been her votary.
+
+17. Virgin assisting a painter to paint the devil "as ugly as he knew
+him to be," in spite of all the devil could do to prevent him from
+completing it.
+
+18. The Annunciation--over door, which formerly led to a particular
+sacristy.
+
+19. How, by praying to the Virgin, a robber-knight was delivered from
+the clutches of the devil.
+
+The altar is flanked on the north by a memorial of Bishop Brownlow
+North, representing him kneeling in adoration. The vault above, though
+not so elaborate as that of Langton's chapel on the right hand, is a
+fine example of lierne work, and the shafts are noticeable for their
+capitals and bases. Among the devices are T and the syllable HUN,
+followed by the figure of a tun; and T and the syllable SILK, followed
+by the figure of a horse; signifying Thomas Hunton and Thomas Silkstede
+respectively.
+
+[Illustration: BISHOP LANGTON'S CHAPEL. _S.B. Bolas & Co., Photo._]
+
+[Illustration: DETAIL OF LANGTON'S CHAPEL.]
+
+The southern window of the Lady Chapel has recently been filled with a
+memorial window to the late Bishop Thorold, whose tomb lies in the
+cathedral precincts just below the new window. In pre-Reformation times
+this window, like those on the north and east, was glazed with fine
+painted glass, of which a few fragments still remain in the tracery. The
+remaining portions of the old work have been worked in with the new by
+Mr C.E. Kempe, the designer and executor. The memorial glass presents
+scenes in the life of Christ, while above appear S. Birinus, Pope
+Honorius, S. Swithun, S. Alphege, and other saints. The dedication
+ceremony took place on August 7, 1897, two years after the burial of
+Bishop Thorold at Winchester.
+
+Of the two chapels which flank the Lady Chapel, that to the north is the
+#Chapel of the Guardian Angels#, once the chantry of Bishop Adam de
+Orlton, of whom no memorial here exists, though he is buried in the
+chapel. This compartment is sometimes called the Portland chapel, owing
+to the fact that it contains on the south side the tomb of Richard
+Weston, Earl of Portland, who was treasurer to Charles I. A recumbent
+bronze statue by Le Sueur adorns the tomb, while in the wall above are
+four tabernacles, three of which contain mutilated busts, probably
+representing members of his family. A mural monument of Bishop Peter
+Mews, who is also interred here, is marked by a crozier and mitre. On
+the north side, too, there is in the wall an aumbry with a shelf, having
+a curious square head within a trefoil. The early vaulting of this
+chapel has, between the ribs, figures of seraphim, which are very fresh
+in colour.
+
+[Illustration: QUEEN MARY'S CHAIR. _Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo._]
+
+The corresponding chapel to the south is #Bishop Langton's Chantry#,
+though the work is partly De Lucy's, including the walls and the early
+vaulting shafts. The defaced front-screen and the oak-panelling all
+round are very rich examples of late Gothic, and the stone vaulting has
+been compared in point of elaboration with that in the chapel of Henry
+VII. at Westminster. On the groining, at the junction of the ribs, is
+carved Bishop Langton's rebus, consisting of the musical sign for a
+"long" upon a tun, while his motto _Laus tibi Christe_ also occurs. It
+is supposed that the magnificent carved vine on the upper part of the
+oak-panelling which runs round the chapel originally formed the rebus of
+Langton's see, the tun from which it sprang being now lost. The
+woodwork, which is certainly one of the most striking things in the
+cathedral, is unfortunately mutilated, as is also part of the heraldic
+work on the entrance door. At the east end of the chapel above the
+former altar there is a row of seven tabernacles, under which is a
+cornice which was originally gilt and painted. The statues which once
+occupied the tabernacles are no longer extant. The central tomb here is
+that of Bishop Langton himself. Queen Mary's chair now stands in this
+chapel; it is in a wonderful state of preservation for its age, and the
+woodwork is still sound.
+
+The entrance to the #Crypts# is in the north transept, as was noted
+above. They are three in number, the main division stretching from the
+eastern tower-piers to the first piers of the retro-choir. It consists
+of a central room divided by a row of five columns in the middle, with
+an apsidal eastern termination, and is flanked by two aisles with square
+eastern ends. The well here is said to be considerably older than the
+building above it. From this opens out a narrower crypt, which also has
+five columns down the centre, while its apse reaches to the eastern end
+of the retro-choir. These crypts cannot, as some have supposed (and the
+tradition still survives), form part of the old Saxon church, since it
+has been fairly established that the site of this was not that of the
+present building. The plan of the chambers is in perfect accord, as
+Willis says, with that of Norman churches in general. The main crypt
+shows by its circular apse what was the form of the east end in the old
+Norman church. The actual work is strikingly like that of the transepts,
+the peculiar thin square abacus, combined with a round capital, being a
+noteworthy point in both these portions of the building. The third
+crypt, which is narrow like the second, is rectangular in shape, and its
+vaulting rests on columns. It is Early English in architecture, and is
+contemporary with De Lucy's work in the upper part of the church. In
+1886 the crypts were to a great extent cleared out to their original
+level, a vast quantity of rubbish being removed. Many fragments of early
+work still remain, though in too mutilated a form to indicate where they
+originally stood.
+
+The #stained glass# at Winchester can, perhaps, best be treated
+separately from the windows which it occupies. Most of the information
+may be found summed up in a paper addressed to the Archaeological
+Association in September 1845, by Mr C. Winston. Two circles of Early
+Decorated glass are to be seen in the west window, but they are merely
+composed of coloured pieces arranged in geometrical patterns. The
+general arrangement of the great window is, as has been already said,
+kaleidoscopic, the fragments which compose it being too scattered to
+admit of being put together again in their original form. The effect,
+however, is striking, particularly at some distance from the west end.
+There are remains of the original glass in the west windows of the
+aisles and in the first window from the west in the south aisle, but the
+Edingdon windows in the north aisle have lost their glass. The glass in
+the above windows consists of the heads of canopies, though in the west
+window some of the original figures are still to be seen. This is the
+earliest Perpendicular glass in the cathedral, and may date from
+Edingdon's time. Next in date is the glass in the other windows of the
+nave aisles and clerestory windows, a little later than that in the west
+window, and of the same character as that at New College, Oxford, in the
+north, south, and west windows. Of this glass, apparently four figures
+and part of their canopies have been removed to the first window from
+the east in the choir clerestory. The heads of the three westerly
+windows, to the north of the choir clerestory, showing canopy-work and
+cherubim, come next in date, with eight canopied figures in the upper
+tier of the two easterly windows on the south of this clerestory. The
+latter seem to have come originally from some other window, being too
+short for their present situation. Their date may be about the end of
+the reign of Henry VI. The east window of the choir may be a little
+earlier than 1525, and has introduced in it Bishop Fox's arms and motto,
+_Est deo gracia_. This window has been much disturbed, the top central
+light being filled with glass of Wykeham's period, while little of Fox's
+glass seems to be in its original position. To Fox also may be
+attributed part of the aisle windows north and south of the choir, and
+some canopies in the side windows of the choir clerestory. Some late
+glass, much mutilated, may be seen in the east window of the Lady
+Chapel. Warner says of the two large windows, that "the great east
+window is remarkable for the beauty of its painted glass, which contains
+the portraits of saints, and of some bishops of this see; it is whole
+and entire, the west window is magnificent, but much inferior to this."
+
+[Illustration: ONE OF THE MORTUARY CHESTS IN THE CHOIR SCREEN
+(see "Mortuary Chests" in Chapter III).
+
+(From a Drawing by Reginald Blomfield in his "History of Renaissance
+Architecture in England." Bell, 1897.)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+HISTORY OF THE SEE
+
+
+The West Saxon kingdom, of which S. Birinus became the first bishop,
+included the counties of Surrey, Berkshire, Sussex, Hampshire, Dorset,
+Devon, and Somerset. When Birinus was consecrated by the Bishop of
+Milan, he was not assigned any exact territorial jurisdiction, as was
+only natural, seeing that he was a missionary to a little-known land. He
+met, however, with a rapid success, and in 635 performed the baptism of
+Cynegils, king of the West Saxons, on the day of his marriage to the
+daughter of the Northumbrian king. The town of Dorchester on the borders
+of Mercia was immediately assigned to Birinus as a bishop's seat. But
+when Aegelberht had succeeded him, the next king, Cenwalh, made a
+division of the kingdom into two distinct dioceses of Dorchester and
+Winchester, the new creation being assigned in 661 to Wina; who,
+however, succeeded to the whole of the original diocese, as Aegelberht
+appears to have left England in disgust. Eleutherius, Wina's successor,
+continued to hold the still united offices at Dorchester, and it was not
+until Hedda became bishop, about 679 A.D., that Winchester was really
+made the seat of a diocese. Even Hedda continued to rule all from
+Winchester, and not before his death was a permanent division of sees
+carried out. Winchester retained Surrey, Sussex, and the Southampton
+district; while the other counties were assigned to Sherborne--Dorchester,
+which belonged more properly to Mercia, having been taken away, as there
+was no longer the same need of an inland centre to the see, with four
+bishops now in Mercia. Sussex was also taken from the Winchester diocese
+during the episcopacy of Daniel, Hedda's successor, and by way of
+compensation he was only able to add the Isle of Wight, hitherto
+unattached to any see. When the West Saxon kingdom became, in the ninth
+century, practically the kingdom of England, Winchester, of course,
+assumed a very important position. S. Swithun, who was chosen as bishop
+in 852, had great influence with King Ethelwulf, and his cathedral
+correspondingly became an object of veneration. The see suffered,
+however, from the Danish raids which occurred during the next two
+reigns; but with Bishop Athelwold its prestige was quite restored. To
+him is due the establishment of a Benedictine monastery at Winchester,
+the previous convent having been one of secular (and non-celibate)
+canons. With the supremacy of the Danes, we find Cnut both elected king
+and subsequently buried at Winchester. Edward the Confessor, moreover,
+was crowned in the cathedral on Easter Day, 1043, so that Winchester
+maintained its position well up to this date. Further invasions of the
+Northmen then very much wasted the south coast, and gradually Winchester
+began to yield its pride of place to Westminster.
+
+However, the town remained a place of considerable importance, for, as
+Mr H. Hall says in his "Antiquities of the Exchequer," "although
+Westminster possessed an irresistible attraction to a pious sovereign
+through the vicinity of a favoured church, Norman kings, engrossed in
+the pleasure of the chase and constantly embroiled in Continental wars,
+found the ancient capital of Winchester better adapted for the pursuit
+of sport, as well as for the maintenance of their foreign communications
+through the proximity of the great mediaeval seaport, Southampton." This
+traffic between London and the two Hampshire towns passed through
+Southwark, which always had a close connection with Winchester,
+remaining even to this day in a modified degree. The Norman bishops, if
+they found Winchester no longer the chief town of England, certainly
+added to the glory of the church by the erection and beautifying of a
+new cathedral. Immediately after the death of Walkelin, the first bishop
+of the conquering race, there was a vacancy in the see which lasted for
+nine years, owing to the vexed question of investiture. When Giffard was
+finally installed, he displayed considerable activity. Among his other
+works, he built the town residence of the bishops of Winchester at
+Southwark. Bishop's Waltham remained the principal residence until its
+destruction by Waller in 1644, after which Farnham Castle took its
+place.
+
+Rumour says that there was a suggestion made of raising the see of
+Winchester to the rank of an archbishopric during its tenure by that
+foremost of fighting churchmen, Henry de Blois, who certainly desired
+the elevation. At any rate, Fuller says of Henry that he "outshined
+Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury." The Pope's consent, however, was
+not secured. Henry paid considerable attention to the temporal affairs
+of his see, rebuilding the castles at Farnham and Wolvesey, and founding
+the Hospital of St Cross. He translated also the bodies of the old kings
+and bishops from the site of the Saxon crypt, the remains without
+inscriptions being placed in leaden sarcophagi, mixed in hopeless
+confusion. After Henry's death there occurred another vacancy in the
+see, ended at last by the admittance of Toclive in 1174 A.D.
+
+With De Lucy's accession in 1189 we reach another epoch of building
+activity, for not only was this bishop busy himself, but also under his
+guidance there was instituted in 1202, as the Winchester annalist
+records, a confraternity, to last for five years, for repairing the
+cathedral. De Lucy's work at the eastern end of the building is
+described elsewhere. We should not omit to notice, when considering the
+position of Winchester, that Richard, on his return from captivity in
+1194, was re-crowned here on the octave of Easter Day.
+
+Bishop de Rupibus, De Lucy's successor, introduced preaching friars into
+England, and set up at Winchester in 1225 a Dominican establishment,
+while a few years later the Franciscans were also established here. Both
+institutions have since vanished.
+
+The middle of the thirteenth century was marked at Winchester by
+continual struggles between king, monks, and Pope, as to the right of
+electing the bishop of Winchester. Some record of these struggles will
+be found in the list of bishops of the see. The contest about the
+election of De Raleigh lasted five years, and the king only finally
+accepted the monks' choice after the Pope and the king of France had
+also lent their influence on his behalf. In 1264-7 the town rose up
+against the prior and convent, burning and murdering under pretext of
+assisting the king, the bishop being a partisan of De Montfort. After
+the battle of Evesham the cathedral was laid under an interdict by the
+Papal legate, Ottoboni, and this was not removed until August 1267.
+
+With Wykeham's importance in the story of Winchester we have dealt
+elsewhere. His successor, Beaufort, greatly enlarged the foundation of
+St Cross, adding to it his "Almshouse of Noble Poverty." It is a
+remarkable fact that these two bishops and Waynflete, the founder of
+Magdalen College, Oxford, between them occupied the see for no less than
+120 years. The history of this period, as far as the cathedral is
+concerned, is mainly architectural and therefore uneventful in
+comparison with that of the earlier times. The intervals whose history
+is less stirring, however, fortunately leave far better marks on the
+actual buildings than do the more eventful epochs; and the fact that
+Cardinal Wolsey once was Bishop of Winchester could not be gathered from
+the cathedral itself. Indeed, he never visited the town at all during
+the course of his episcopate--a circumstance which is, perhaps, hardly
+to be regretted.
+
+In 1500 Pope Alexander issued a Bull separating the Channel Islands from
+their former see of Coutances, which was now no longer English
+territory, and attaching them to the see of Salisbury. "This was
+afterwards altered to Winchester," says Canon Benham, "but from some
+cause which does not appear, the transfer was never made until 1568,
+after the Reformed Liturgy has been established in the islands." The
+cathedral itself received architectural additions during this period
+from Bishops Courtenay and Langton, their priors, and Bishop Fox. When
+in Henry VIII.'s reign the former town of Southwark had either been
+conveyed to the city or had become the king's property (the latter being
+such parts as had previously been the holding of Canterbury), the
+"Clink," or the Bishop of Winchester's Liberty, was not interfered with.
+The result of this was that the Clink became the home of the early
+play-houses--the Globe, Hope, Rose, and Swan--since within the city
+bounds actors were not allowed to carry on their profession. In Mr T.
+Fairman Ordish's "Early London Theatres" the extent to which the first
+theatres flourished in the Winchester Liberty may be clearly seen.
+
+The early Reformation period at Winchester led to a great impoverishment
+of the see: so much so that the second William of Wickham (1594-5)
+ventured, in a sermon preached before the queen, to say that, should the
+see continue to suffer such rapine as it had already undergone in her
+reign, there would soon be no means to keep the roof on the cathedral
+building. We do not know that this remonstrance produced much effect,
+for the cathedral and its revenues underwent many losses after this. The
+ravages of the Parliamentarians, however, which were the most serious,
+have been alluded to elsewhere.
+
+It appears from "the old Valor printed 1685," which was quoted by Browne
+Willis in his "Survey of the Cathedrals" of 1742, that some dioceses
+about Calais used once to belong to Winchester. We learn also from
+Browne Willis that in his time the see of Winchester contained "the
+whole County of Southampton, with the Isle of Wight, and one parish in
+Wiltshire, viz. Wiltesbury: It has also all Surrey, except 11 churches
+in Croyden Deanry which are peculiars of the See of Canterbury. Here are
+two Archdeacons, viz. 1. Winchester, valued at 61l. 15s. 2d. for
+First-Fruits, which has all the Deanries in the County of Southampton
+and the Isle of Wight. 2. Surrey, which has all the Deanries in the
+County of Surrey, the corps of which is the Rectory of Farnham; and it
+is rated for First-Fruits at 91l. 3s. 6d."
+
+The subsequent history of the see is mainly bound up with political and
+theological questions which need not be touched on here. It may,
+however, be mentioned that the Ecclesiastical Commission of 1836-7
+re-adjusted the boundaries of the diocese; while in 1846 there were
+transferred to London the following districts:--Battersea, Bermondsey,
+Camberwell, Clapham, Graveney, Lambeth, Merton, Rotherhithe, Southwark,
+Streatham, Tooting, and Wandsworth. This re-arrangement still left
+Winchester the largest rural diocese in England.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE BISHOPS OF WINCHESTER
+
+
+Winchester boasts a very long list of bishops as compared with many of
+our English cathedrals, but the details about a great number of them are
+most scanty. The exact year from which the history of the diocese should
+be dated is not certain, but it is to be placed somewhere during the
+reign of Ine over the West Saxons. Under Bishop Eleutherius, to whom
+Hedda succeeded, the kingdom of Wessex was still but a single diocese.
+The removal of the see from Dorchester to Winchester was rendered
+necessary by the extension of the Mercian rule, which made the former
+town unsuitable for a West Saxon see. The date of the change,
+simultaneous with the moving of the bones of S. Birinus, is fixed by
+Rudborne at 683, but, according to recent authorities, it would appear
+to be earlier.
+
+#Hedda# (? 679-705) was, at any rate, the first bishop of Winchester,
+properly speaking; though he was the fourth successor to S. Birinus. As
+his most recent biographer says, Hedda "was a man of much personal
+holiness and was zealous in the discharge of his episcopal duties.... He
+is reckoned a saint, his day being 30 July. Many miracles were worked at
+his tomb." He figures on the reredos as restored in accordance with the
+original design.
+
+#Daniel# (705-744) had the misfortune to see his diocese considerably
+docked in order to form the see of Sherbourne. He resigned, by reason of
+loss of eyesight, in 744. According to some accounts, Ethelwulf,
+afterwards king of Wessex, and father of Alfred, succeeded him; but this
+story certainly lacks proof, though Ethelwulf seems to have been
+educated at Winchester.
+
+#Hunferth# or Humfredus (744-754), like most of the immediately
+succeeding bishops, has his place of interment at Winchester recorded by
+John of Exeter.
+
+#Cyneheard# became Bishop of Winchester in 754. His successors during
+the next century were #Aethelheard#, #Ecbald# (_circ._ 790); #Dudda#
+(793); #Cyneberht# (_circ._ 799); #Almund# or Ealhmund (_circ._ 803);
+#Wigthegen# (_circ._ 824); #Hereferth# (? 829-833); #Edmund# (833); and
+#Helmstan#. Of none of these do we know much, and their dates cannot be
+assigned with any certainty.
+
+With #S. Swithun# (852-862), who was first prior and afterwards bishop,
+we come upon one of the names especially connected with the history of
+the church. It is, however, to be feared that it is not so much because
+of his fame in church-building and his acts of humanity that he will be
+remembered as for the popular superstition which asserts that the
+weather for forty days after his feast-day on July 15 is dry or rainy
+according to its state on that day. The legend is said to be based on
+the fact that the removal of his body from "a vile and unworthy place
+where his grave might be trampled upon by every passenger and received
+the droppings from the eaves" to the golden shrine in the cathedral was
+delayed by a long continuance of wet weather. Similar legends to explain
+a wet summer are found elsewhere in Europe. "The saint was translated,"
+says Rudborne, "in the 110th year of his rest. And for his glory, so
+great was the concourse of people and so numerous and frequent the
+miracles that the like was never witnessed in England." A figure
+representing S. Swithun seems once to have stood in a niche at the apex
+of the gable of the west front.
+
+He was succeeded by #Alhferth# or Ealhfrith (863-871), translated to
+Canterbury; #Tunbriht# or Dunbert, whose name was Latinised as Tunbertus
+(871-879); #Denewulf# (879-909), whom a singularly incredible legend
+asserts to have been the swineherd in whose cottage Alfred allowed his
+hostess's cakes to burn; #Frithstan# (909-931); #Byrnstan# (931-934);
+#Aelfheah# or Elphege (934-951); #Aelfsige# (951-958), who was nominated
+to Canterbury, but died in the snow while crossing the Alps on his way
+to Rome for his pall--the only fact which is really known about him; and
+#Brithelm# (958-963).
+
+Next came "the holy #Athelwold#, a great builder of churches and of
+various other works, both when he was abbot and after when he became
+bishop of Winchester" (Wolstan). He seems to have moved the bodies of
+Swithun and other saints to a more suitable resting-place than they had
+hitherto enjoyed. Of Athelwold's building operations at Winchester
+Wolstan's account is quoted on page 6. He held the see of Winchester for
+twenty-one years (963-984), and he was by birth a native of the town. It
+was said of him that he was "terrible as a lion" to the rebellious, but
+"gentler than a dove" to the meek.
+
+#Elphege# or Aelfheah (984-1005), his successor, to whom Wolstan's
+account of Athelwold is addressed, was martyred in 1012 by the Danes
+while Archbishop of Canterbury, where his tomb subsequently received
+great honours. Aelfheah's great work was spent in the conversion of the
+"Northmen," or Danish invaders of England.
+
+#Cenwulf# or Kenulf (1005-1006) is allowed three years by Rudborne, but
+apparently wrongly; another #Athelwold# or Ethelwold (1006-1015), and
+#Aelfsige# (1015-1032) are not of great importance.
+
+#Aelfwine# or Alwyn (1032-1037), called by Anglo-Saxon chroniclers "the
+king's priest," seems to have been a monk of S. Swithun's monastery and
+also chaplain to Cnut before he was elevated to Winchester. The legend
+which makes him the lover of Emma, widow of Aethelred and Cnut, and
+mother of Edward the Confessor, has been declared unhistorical; but, at
+any rate, the story of her ordeal, when she walked blindfold and
+barefoot over nine red-hot plough-shares, was once celebrated. It is a
+curious coincidence that the bones of queen and bishop were deposited by
+Bishop Fox in the same chest, Aelfwine's remains being exhumed from his
+grave to the south of the high altar to be placed in a leaden
+sarcophagus above the crypt-door.
+
+#Stigand# (1047-1069) was chiefly remarkable, it appears, for his
+avarice, especially shown in his retention of Winchester after his
+election to Canterbury. He received the pall in 1058 from the
+"anti-Pope" Benedict X., so that he was never regarded as the rightful
+possessor of the dignities he enjoyed, the Normans refusing to recognise
+him except as bishop of Winchester. His wealth attracted the attention
+of William the Conqueror, and by a Council held at Winchester after
+Easter 1070, Stigand was deposed. Some reports state that he was cast
+into prison, where he died of voluntary starvation; and that on his body
+was found a key of a casket containing the clue to great hidden
+treasures, which the king appropriated, giving from them, says Rudborne,
+a great silver cross with two images; but the cross is generally called
+Stigand's. He was buried in a leaden sarcophagus to the south of the
+high altar.
+
+#Walkelin# (1070-1098) was related by blood to the Conqueror, and was
+brother of Simeon, prior of Winchester and afterwards abbot of Ely. He
+was the first of the Norman bishops, and signalised his incumbency by
+rebuilding the cathedral from its very foundations, as the Norman
+ecclesiastics frequently did. He figures more largely in the
+architectural history of the cathedral than in its historical records,
+and his work has been described elsewhere. Walkelin was buried in the
+nave before the rood-loft, where stood the great silver cross.
+
+#William Giffard# (1100-1129) succeeded after an interregnum such as
+occurred in many sees during the reign of William Rufus. He founded S.
+Mary Overy, now S. Saviour's, Southwark, as well as the bishop's
+residence in the same district. Before his death he became a monk.
+
+#Henry de Blois# (1129-1171) was grandson of the Conqueror and younger
+brother of Stephen, afterwards King of England. Although an ecclesiastic
+from his youth, he was by no means a man of peace or a mere scholar and
+theologian; _Vir animosus et audax_, says Giraldus. During his prelacy
+he influenced greatly the secular history of his time. In the quarrel
+between Matilda and Stephen, Henry at first recognised Matilda, but
+subsequently, as the foremost power in the church and a strong partisan
+of his brother, he lent his weight against the Empress, and, with the
+aid of Roger of Salisbury and other bishops, gained the crown for
+Stephen. On Whitsunday 1162 Henry de Blois consecrated Thomas a Becket
+as archbishop, and it is said that when King Henry visited him just
+before his death he was reproved by the bishop for his murder of Becket.
+Henry de Blois was certainly a militant churchman; but in an age not
+conspicuous for such virtues, we are told, his private life was pure,
+and he laboured steadfastly for the good of his diocese. The Winchester
+annalist says of him, "Never was man more chaste and prudent, more
+compassionate, or more earnest in transacting ecclesiastical matters, or
+in beautifying churches." His great foundation was the still existing
+hospital of St Cross.
+
+#Richard Toclive# (1174-1188) was elected by the monks after the see had
+been vacant three years. He was strongly against Becket, having even
+been excommunicated by him; yet after the archbishop was murdered and
+canonised he dedicated to him several new churches at Portsmouth,
+Newport, and elsewhere. He founded a small hospital at Winchester
+dedicated to S. Mary Magdalene, which by the time of Charles II. had
+become a ruin, and was pulled down in 1788. Its Norman doorway may be
+seen in the Roman Catholic chapel in S. Peter's Street.
+
+#Godfrey de Lucy# (1189-1204) was son of Richard de Lucy, Grand
+Justiciary of England, and a great benefactor to the Priory of Lesnes in
+Kent, founded by his father. De Lucy's work at Winchester is a fine
+specimen of Early English architecture, and consists of what is known as
+the retro-choir, where he was buried in accordance with the practice of
+interring a founder amid his work. The large slab of grey marble without
+inscription which marks his grave was, Willis tells us, "by a slight
+confusion of tradition" pointed out by former vergers as the tomb of
+King Lucius.
+
+#Peter de la Roche# or de Rupibus (1204-1238) sprang from a knightly
+family in Poitou, and was consecrated bishop of Winton at Rome in 1205.
+He was a hot and unscrupulous partisan of King John, in spite of the
+latter's scornful treatment of the church, and in 1214, when John had
+submitted to Innocent III., Peter was made Grand Justiciary of England,
+much against the wish of the English nobles. He became guardian of the
+young Henry III., coming often into conflict with Henry de Burgh. Peter
+was in many ways a type of the Norman ecclesiastic so hated by the
+people, but, according to Matthew Paris, he fought bravely in the Holy
+Land, whither he led a body of Crusaders in 1226. He founded the Domus
+Dei at Portsmouth, some portions of which still exist in the "Garrison
+Chapel"; and also the monastery at Selborne, described by Gilbert White.
+He died at Farnham Castle in June 1238.
+
+#William de Raleigh# (1244-1249) came from the see of Norwich to that of
+Winchester. He was elected by the monks in 1238, but, as explained
+elsewhere, it was six years before he gained possession, though
+confirmed in his office by the Pope. He retired to France, then under
+the rule of Louis IX., until Henry at length gave way. Raleigh, however,
+did not live to enjoy his honours long, dying during a stay at Tours in
+1249.
+
+#Ethelmar# or Aymer de Valence (1250-1261), who succeeded him, was
+half-brother of Henry III., being son of the Count of La Marche, who
+married John's widow. As a native of Poitou, his appointment was as
+unpopular as that of de Roches, and, moreover, he is said to have been
+only an acolyte when Henry forced the monks to accept him as their
+bishop. At first he was only styled "bishop-elect" of Winchester, and he
+was not consecrated until Ascension Day 1260. Even before his
+appointment we are told that his revenues exceeded those of the
+Archbishop of Canterbury, and he was permitted to retain them. His
+tyranny and greed provoked the Oxford Parliament in 1258 to expel him
+from the kingdom and he fled to France, dying three years later in Paris
+while on his return from Rome to England; for he had induced the Pope to
+espouse his cause and consecrate him.
+
+#John Of Exeter# or John Gervase (1265-1268) was appointed by the Pope
+on the death of Aymer, in preference to two rivals whose election was
+disputed. He is accused of having purchased his elevation. He assisted
+the barons in the Civil War, and after Simon de Montfort's failure was
+suspended and cited to appear at Rome, where he died.
+
+#Nicholas of Ely# (1268-1280) had been lord chancellor and high
+treasurer before he obtained Winchester. On his death he was buried at
+Waverley Abbey, but an inscription on the wall of the south choir aisle
+marks where his heart was interred in his cathedral.
+
+#John de Pontissara#, Pontoise, or Sawbridge (1282-1304), nominated by
+the Pope against the will of Edward I., at length made his peace by
+paying a fine of 2000 marks and giving his manor of Swainstone, Isle of
+Wight, to the king. He built a college of S. Elizabeth of Hungary at
+Winchester. He had been Chancellor of Oxford University, though at the
+time of his election he was Professor of Civil Law at Modena.
+
+#Henry Woodlock# (1305-1316), former prior of S. Swithun's monastery,
+who performed the coronation of Edward II.; #John Sandale# (1316-1319);
+#Reginald Asser# (1320-1323); #John Stratford# (1323-1333), whose
+election was opposed by the king, but who in the next reign was
+translated to Canterbury--are not particularly noticeable.
+
+#Adam Orleton# or de Orlton (1333-1345) was translated hither from
+Worcester by the Pope against the king's wishes. He has the most
+unenviable notoriety of having been the bishop of Hereford who
+instigated the brutal murder of Edward II. on September 21, 1327. He had
+been accused of high treason and deprived of Hereford, but was restored
+thereto by the barons. Edward III. apparently at length received him
+into favour; but Orleton went blind some years before his death. He is
+buried in the Chapel of the Guardian Angels.
+
+#William Edingdon# (1346-1366), though chiefly notable for his
+architectural work at Winchester, was treasurer of England in 1350 and
+chancellor seven years later. He might, had he wished it, have become
+Archbishop of Canterbury, but preferred Winchester. He began the great
+remodelling of the nave, and, dying before much of the work was done,
+left certain property, as appears from his will, for carrying on the
+work; though it is also said that a claim was made against his executors
+with regard to the dilapidations of the see. His general reputation was,
+as a biographer says, "that he loved the king's advantage more than that
+of the community." He founded a convent of "Bonhommes" at his native
+village of Edingdon, in Wiltshire, where the church building, or rather
+rebuilding, is due chiefly to him. He was buried in his own chantry in
+the cathedral. His "monkish epitaph," as Warner calls it, runs thus:
+
+  Edyndon natus Wilhelmus hic est tumulatus
+  Praesul praegratus, in Wintonia cathedratus.
+  Qui pertransitis, ejus memorare velitis.
+  Providus et mitis ausit cum mille peritis.
+  Pervigil Anglorum fuit adjutor populorum.
+  Dulcis egenorum pater et protector eorum.
+  MC tribus junctum post L.X.V. sit I punctum
+  Octava Sanctum notat hunc Octobris inunctum.
+
+#William of Wykeham# (1367-1404), whose name has become so identified
+with Winchester Cathedral and College, was probably a native of the
+village of Wykeham, near Litchfield. Born in 1324, after education at
+Winchester and Oxford he was in 1346 presented to the king, Edward III.,
+at the age of twenty-three, "with no other advantages than his skill in
+architecture" and "the courtly attribute of a courtly person." In the
+course of the next twenty-one years he rose rapidly, filling various
+offices until he became Bishop of Winchester and Lord High Chancellor of
+England. His first recorded appointment is to the clerkship of all the
+king's works near Windsor, and in the same year he was surveyor of the
+new buildings there, including the round tower and the eastern ward of
+the Castle and a College to the west for the Order of the Garter,
+occupying the site of the ancient Domus Regis, close to the present S.
+George's Chapel. On one of the towers the inscription _This made
+Wykeham_ may or may not be meant to convey a double meaning, but it is
+certainly true that his architectural successes furthered his fortunes.
+In 1357 he received the tonsure, and in 1360 was made Dean of S.
+Martin's Le Grand, Archdeacon of Lincoln, Northampton, and Buckingham,
+and Provost of Wells. In 1361 he commenced Queenborough Castle on the
+island of Sheppey; this important edifice, covering over three acres of
+ground, was demolished about 1650. The castles of Winchester,
+Porchester, Wolvesey, Ledes, and Dover, with many others, are believed
+to have been either entirely rebuilt, or at least enlarged, by him. He
+was only ordained priest five years before his elevation to Winchester.
+In 1394 he undertook the great reformation of the cathedral which is
+dealt with in another part of this book. New College (Sainte Mary of
+Wynchestre), Oxford, opened by Wykeham on April 14, 1386, effected
+almost as great a revolution in university education as his famous
+college at Winchester did for the training of boys. As Dr Ingram has
+pointed out, the very title of "New" College which has clung to it shows
+how completely a new collegiate system was established by its
+foundation, which served as a model for future endowments. His
+well-known motto--chosen when his growing dignity made it necessary for
+him to possess armorial bearings--"Manners Makyth Man" has generally
+been taken to mean that virtue alone is true nobility; Lord Campbell,
+however, would have us rather interpret "manners" as the studied
+etiquette of courts and the polished courtesy which Lord Chesterfield
+held so important a factor in success. Willis styles it "a somewhat
+radical sentiment at the time." In his own day the secular arts Wykeham
+practised did not meet with universal approval, for Wiclif alludes to
+him when he observes, "They wullen not present a clerk able of God's
+word and holy ensample, but a kitchen clerk, or a penny clerk, or one
+wise in building castles and other worldly doings." But despite this
+objection, the whole of Wykeham's biographers, contemporary or
+posthumous, agree in praising him as highly as Fuller, who says that his
+"benefaction to learning is not to be paralleled by any English subject
+in all particulars," and his great innovation, whereby elementary
+education was taken from the hands of the monks and, as in his own
+college, established upon an entirely different plan, would alone stamp
+him as one whose foresight was far beyond his own times. He influenced
+the nation in a way not easy to over-estimate, inasmuch as he
+originated, or at least carried into execution, the idea of the great
+public school, as Englishmen understand it, and, by the building of
+Winchester College, founded the institution he had long meditated in a
+way worthy of his design. Previously to the actual construction of the
+college, he had maintained in temporary shelters numbers of poor
+students. On the death of the Black Prince, whose fortunes he had
+vigorously espoused, and the assumption of power by John of Gaunt,
+Wykeham was impeached on the charge of embezzling the royal revenues,
+accepting bribes, and the like; and the king laid hands on the
+temporalities of his see. But almost the last act of Edward III. was to
+restore what he had seized to the bishop, under certain conditions which
+show the great wealth of the latter. Milman, in his "Latin
+Christianity," does full justice to the "splendid, munificent prelate,
+blameless in character," who devoted his vast riches to the promotion of
+learning, and says that, though his endeavour to maintain the
+hierarchical power over humanity was bitterly opposed by Wiclif, "the
+religious of England may well be proud of both." Wykeham was eighty
+years of age when he died, and his body lies in the chantry erected by
+his orders on the south side of the nave.
+
+#Henry of Beaufort# (1405-1447), who followed Wykeham in the bishopric,
+was the second son of John of Gaunt, by Catharine Swynford, and uncle of
+Henry V. In 1398, at the early age of twenty-one, he was made bishop of
+Lincoln, and in 1404 was translated to Winchester. During the reign of
+Henry V. he thrice filled the office of chancellor. In 1417, when
+ostensibly on pilgrimage to the Holy Land, he was present at the Council
+of Constance which was then considering the affairs of the church. At
+this time he was offered the cardinal's hat by Martin V. and appointed
+papal legate, but the bestowal of this dignity on him was resented by
+the English monarch, who commanded him to surrender his office at
+Winchester, which he declared was forfeited by his becoming a cardinal.
+The dispute, however, was arranged, and "the haughty cardinal, more like
+a soldier than a man of the church," formally received his hat at Calais
+in 1426. In the following year he led a crusade against the followers of
+Huss in Bohemia, where, during the retreat of the great army from Mies,
+he alone at the head of a band of English crusaders endeavoured, but in
+vain, to arrest the utter rout. The death of Henry V. brought about a
+fierce rivalry between the two great uncles, Humphrey Duke of Gloucester
+and the cardinal bishop of Winchester, lasting until the death of the
+former, which only occurred six weeks before that of Beaufort himself.
+During the half-century of his rule at Winchester he rebuilt St Cross
+and founded the "Almshouse of Noble Poverty." Shakespeare has made
+Beaufort a prominent figure in Parts I. and II. of "Henry VI.," but, for
+dramatic reasons, perhaps, he is painted very much blacker than he
+deserved. That he was a militant ecclesiastic, scheming and
+unscrupulous, is no doubt true; but he was a statesman and possessed
+firmness of purpose, fertility of resource, and confidence in those whom
+he selected to carry out his designs. His wealth was very great, for he
+was able to lend his nephew the king L20,000, besides spending an
+enormous amount in charities, including L400,000 devoted to the inmates
+of London prisons.
+
+#William of Waynfleete# (1447-1486), a student in Wykeham's colleges at
+Winchester and Oxford, was first master of Winchester College, then made
+provost of Eton in 1443, and in 1447 succeeded Beaufort in the bishopric
+of Winchester. From 1449 to 1459, like his predecessor, he held the
+chancellor's seal, and during the Wars of the Roses was a firm adherent
+of Henry VI. His death took place in 1486. He founded Magdalen College,
+Oxford, and possibly influenced Henry in his endowment of King's
+College, Cambridge, and Eton. Waynfleete appears to have been a man of
+great piety and learning, and, as Milman observes, his actions, in
+advancing non-monastic institutions, reveal a sagacious fore-knowledge
+of the coming changes in the temporal power of the church, and were
+planned to maintain its supremacy in ways better adapted to the new
+spirit which soon after his death caused the downfall of the religious
+houses. The effigy of this bishop, in his chantry in the retro-choir,
+has been restored.
+
+#Peter Courtenay# (1486-1492) was translated from Exeter to Winchester,
+but at neither see has he left any mark on the history, the
+architectural work of his period being due chiefly to his priors.
+
+#Thomas Langton# (1493-1500), translated hither from Salisbury, where he
+was active against the adherents of Wiclif, was chosen in 1500 to occupy
+the see of Canterbury, but he died of the plague before his translation,
+and was buried in his chantry to the south of the Lady Chapel. He seems
+to have been enthusiastic in the cause of education, since he is said to
+have himself superintended the teaching of boys in his town.
+
+#Richard Fox# (1500-1528) was bishop successively of Exeter, Bath and
+Wells, and Durham before he was appointed to Winchester. Great
+confidence was reposed in him by Henry VII., who chose him as godfather
+of the future Henry VIII. To Fox is attributed the introduction of
+Wolsey to the king. Yet this appears to have failed to win him the
+cardinal's gratitude, for, according to Fuller: "All thought Bishop Fox
+to die too soon, only one excepted who conceived him to live too long,
+Thomas Wolsey, who gaped for his bishopric." With Hugh Oldham, bishop of
+Exeter, Fox was joint-founder of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, the
+pelican in her piety, which appears on the college arms, being borne by
+the bishop. His fine chantry and the reconstruction of the choir aisles
+bear witness to his interest in the fabric of his cathedral, and he is
+otherwise noted for the assistance he gave to various foundations.
+
+[Illustration: CARVING ON CHOIR STALL IN LADY CHAPEL--BISHOP FOX'S WORK.
+(From a Drawing by H.P. Clifford.)]
+
+#Thomas Wolsey# (1529-1530) at length gained the coveted see, which he
+held _in commendam_ with the archbishopric of York, but only for one
+year.
+
+#Stephen Gardiner# (1531-1555), another of the more famous prelates who
+have held this see, is said to have been the illegitimate son of Bishop
+Lionel Woodville of Salisbury, brother-in-law of Edward IV. Fuller, in
+one of his favourite conceits, says that Gardiner retained in his wit
+and quick apprehension the sharpness of the air at his birthplace of
+Bury St Edmunds. In 1529 he became archdeacon of Norwich, and, owing to
+his services to Cardinal Wolsey and Henry VIII., was appointed to
+Winchester. On the whole, he managed to keep on good terms with the
+king; but his famous six articles in support of the Real Presence sent
+so many to the stake that the title of "the bloody statute" has clung to
+them. During the reign of Edward VI. he was kept prisoner in the Tower,
+and in 1550 was deprived of his bishopric, which was restored to him on
+the accession of Mary, whom he crowned at Westminster. He performed also
+the marriage service of Mary and Philip of Spain, mentioned on page 13.
+"His malice," says Fuller, "was like what is commonly said of white
+powder which surely discharged the bullet yet made no report, being
+secret in all his acts of cruelty. This made him often chide Bonner,
+calling him 'ass,' though not so much for killing poor people as for not
+doing it more cunningly." Cruel and vengeful as he was, it is yet
+possible that he has been rather unjustly accused of personal delight in
+his victims' sufferings; but, while the persecutions under Mary continue
+to be the worst chapter of English church history, the "hammer of
+heretics," as he was called, will always continue to be execrated. On
+his death-bed at Westminster in 1555 he is reported to have said: "I
+have sinned with Peter, but I have not wept with him." It has indeed
+been held that in his latter days he was half a Protestant at heart,
+though this is difficult to establish. There is preserved a rather
+amusing appeal of Gardiner to the Privy Council, dating from 1547. He
+had intended to hold in Southwark a solemn dirge and mass in memory of
+Henry VIII., and writes to complain that the players who flourished in
+the neighbourhood say that they will also have "a solemne playe to trye
+who shal have most resorte, they in game, or I in earnest." During
+Gardiner's imprisonment by Edward VI., #John Poynet#, once Cranmer's
+chaplain, held his see. As the author of "On Politique Power" (1558),
+where he pleads that "it is lawful to kill a tyrant," and uses some very
+immoderate language, Poynet may be remembered, but as an ecclesiastic he
+has left only a discreditable record in his short term of office. He
+died in 1556 in Germany, whither he had retired on the Roman Catholic
+revival.
+
+#John White# (1556-1559), who succeeded Gardiner, was deposed by Queen
+Elizabeth. He was born at Farnham, and educated at Winchester. Though
+personally he appears to have been pious, during his tenure of the see
+four burnings of religious opponents took place in the diocese.
+
+#Richard Horne# (1560-1580) was a very vigorous supporter of the
+reformed religion, and suffered consequently under Mary. He appears to
+have been very fanatical against the use of vestments, pictures, and
+ornaments of all kinds. He may have pulled down the monastic buildings
+at Winchester, less from a mistaken zeal than from motives of economy;
+but his reputation in this respect is very bad.
+
+#John Watson# (1580-1583), formerly a Doctor of Medicine, only held the
+see for three years.
+
+#Thomas Cooper# (1583-1594) was ordained on the accession of Elizabeth,
+his Protestancy hindering him from taking holy orders under Mary. His
+preaching abilities rapidly secured his promotion to the see of Lincoln
+in 1570, and Winchester thirteen years later. He was buried in the
+choir, but his monument has disappeared. He engaged in controversies
+both with the "recusants" and with the Puritans.
+
+#William Wickham# (1594-1595), who also came from Lincoln to Winchester,
+only held the see for ten weeks.
+
+#William Day# (1595-1596), brother-in-law of the preceding, was provost
+of Eton for no less than thirty-four years, but he died eight months
+after his elevation to Winchester.
+
+#Thomas Bilson# (1597-1616), though called by Anthony a Wood "as
+reverend and learned a prelate as England ever afforded," and the author
+of several theological works, has left little behind him at Winchester.
+
+#James Montagu# (1616-1618) may also be briefly dismissed. Bilson's "On
+the Perpetual Government of Christ's Church" and Montagu's Latin
+translation of the writings of James I. can hardly be said to have made
+them famous. Montagu's tomb is in Bath Abbey.
+
+#Lancelot Andrewes# (1619-1626) is the most celebrated of the
+post-Reformation bishops who have held the see. He was made Bishop of
+Chichester in 1605, Bishop of Ely in 1609, and moved to Winchester nine
+years later. As a pious and austere man, a powerful preacher (an "angel
+in the pulpit," he was called), a scholar versed in patristic
+literature, and a polemical writer, he is well known. Milton's elegy
+suffices to prove the great respect and admiration which he inspired in
+his contemporaries, and he held a considerable influence over James I.;
+but his "Manual of Devotion" is the only volume of all his writings that
+can fairly be said to have become a classic in any sense of the word.
+Andrewes died at Winchester House, Southwark, on September 11, 1626; and
+his tomb is at S. Saviour's, Southwark, in the Lady Chapel, whither it
+was moved on the destruction of the chapel to the east of the building,
+where it was originally placed.
+
+#Richard Neile# (1627-1631), son of a tallow-chandler, though of good
+descent, became Bishop of Rochester 1608, Lichfield and Coventry 1610,
+Durham 1617, Winchester 1627, and Archbishop of York 1631. He was
+censured by the House of Commons, together with Archbishop Laud, as
+"inclined to Arminianism and favouring Popish doctrines and ceremonies."
+
+#Walter Curle# (1632-1650), who came next, was deprived of his see
+during the Civil War. Like Neile, he was a follower of Laud. He is best
+remembered in the Winchester of to-day for his cutting of the passage
+known as the "slype."
+
+#Brian Duppa# (1660-1662), chaplain to Charles I. and tutor to his sons,
+was appointed to Chichester in 1638, having previously been dean at
+Oxford. In 1641 he was translated to Salisbury, but during the
+Commonwealth he retired to Richmond, where he lived in solitude until
+the Restoration, when he obtained the see of Winchester. An allusion to
+him during his first year here may be found in Pepys, who, in his diary
+for October 4, 1660, says: "I and Lieut. Lambert to Westminster, where
+we saw Dr Frewen translated to the Archbishoprick of York. Here I saw
+the Bishops of Winchester, Bangor, Rochester, Bath and Wells, and
+Salisbury, all in their habits, in King Henry VII.'s chapel. But, Lord!
+at their going out how people did most of them look upon them as strange
+creatures, and few with any kind of love or respect." Duppa was,
+however, we are informed, "a man of such exemplary piety, lively
+conversation, and excess of good nature, that when Charles I. was in
+prison at Carisbrooke Castle he thought himself happy in the company of
+so good a man." He died in 1662 at Richmond (where an almshouse, founded
+by him, bears over its gate the inscription: _I will pay my vow which I
+made to God in my trouble_) and was buried at Westminster Abbey in Abbot
+Islip's chapel, where a tablet records his adherence to his two kings.
+
+#George Morley# (1662-1684), a constant supporter of Charles I., was
+much favoured by him until his death on the scaffold. From this point he
+lived in exile until the Restoration, when he was created Bishop of
+Worcester in 1660, and was chosen to be one of the revisers of the
+liturgy. In 1662 he succeeded Duppa at Winchester. He restored Farnham
+Castle, the palace of the bishops, at a cost of L8000; obtained
+Winchester House, Chelsea, for the see; and founded the "College for
+Widows of the Clergy" near the close at Winchester. He died at Farnham
+Castle in 1684. Bishop Morley was an acquaintance of Isaak Walton the
+angler, whose guest he was after Parliament had expelled him from his
+see. The cathedral library owes its being to a bequest from Morley to
+"the dean and chapter and their successors."
+
+#Peter Mews# (1684-1706), bishop of Bath and Wells in 1672, took part
+personally in the Civil War, attaining the rank of captain, and followed
+Charles II. to Flanders in 1648. Even long after his ordination he
+retained his martial spirit, for as bishop of Winchester he personally
+took part in the battle of Sedgmoor against the followers of Monmouth
+and received a wound. He died in 1706, and was buried in the cathedral.
+
+#Jonathan Trelawney#, Baronet (1707-1721), was one of the famous seven
+bishops who underwent trial in the reign of James II. He was before his
+occupancy of the see of Winchester, bishop of Bristol and of Exeter.
+During his episcopacy, the cathedral received some questionable
+adornments, including the "Grecian" urns in the niches of the reredos,
+now fortunately removed.
+
+#Charles Trimnell# (1721-1723) was a very energetic Whig and a strong
+opponent of the once famous Sacheverell. He only spent two years at
+Winchester, his term being cut short by death.
+
+#Richard Willis# (1723-1734) was bishop successively of Gloucester,
+Salisbury, and Winchester, but he has left little by which he may be
+remembered.
+
+#Benjamin Hoadley# (1734-1761) was "a zealous partisan of religious
+liberty," and a strenuous Low Churchman. He occupied in turn the
+bishoprics of Bangor, Hereford, Salisbury, and Winchester. During his
+tenure of the first-named see he started the famous Bangorian
+Controversy by the publication of a tract and a sermon in which he
+denied the existence of a _visible_ Church of Christ in which "any one
+more than another has authority either to make new laws for Christ's
+subjects, or to impose a sense upon the old ones, or to judge, censure,
+or punish the servants of another master in matters relating purely to
+conscience or salvation." As a result of the heated discussion of the
+matter in Convocation, that body was virtually suspended for a century
+and a half. Pope ridicules Hoadley for his verbose eloquence, speaking
+of "Hoadley with his periods of a mile." He was, however, a great
+favourite of George I., whose private chaplain he became on that king's
+accession; and it was under royal protection that he published the works
+which gave rise to the great controversy.
+
+#John Thomas# (1761-1781) was tutor to George III. He was called by his
+successor "a man of most amiable character and a polite scholar"; and it
+is difficult to say much more about him.
+
+#Hon. Brownlow North# (1781-1826) was half-brother of Lord North, to
+whom he owed a rapid preferment. In 1771, when he was thirty years of
+age, he was made bishop of Coventry and Lichfield; in 1774, bishop of
+Worcester. At Winchester he spent over L6000 on Farnham Castle, and
+during his time L40,000 was devoted to the restoration of the cathedral,
+but the result cannot be commended.
+
+#George Pretyman Tomline#, Baronet (1820-1827), had a distinguished
+university career and was the author of several theological works.
+
+#Charles Sumner# (1827-1869) came to Winchester after a year at
+Llandaff. He was a vigorous supporter of the Evangelical party. During
+his term of office the boundaries of his see were re-adjusted and
+contracted.
+
+#Samuel Wilberforce# (1869-1873), third son of the celebrated
+abolitionist, William Wilberforce, was translated to Winchester from
+Oxford, where for twenty-five years he was bishop. His record at
+Winchester is neither so long nor so important as at Oxford, where he
+successfully passed through the troubles of the Tractarian movement. His
+death was occasioned by a fall when he was out riding with Lord
+Granville.
+
+Since the death of Bishop Wilberforce the see has been occupied by three
+bishops whose names alone need be given here, for their records will be
+fresh in the memories of all:--
+
+#Edward Harold Brown# (1873-1890), who came from Ely to Winchester;
+
+#Antony Wilson Thorold# (1890-1895), whose tomb lies outside the
+cathedral, close to the new memorial south window of the Lady Chapel;
+
+#Randall Thomas Davidson# (1895), the present occupant of the see.
+
+[Illustration: DETAILS OF THE FONT (also see THE NORMAN FONT in Chapter
+III).]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+OTHER INSTITUTIONS CONNECTED WITH THE CATHEDRAL
+
+
+It is hardly possible to conclude an account of Winchester Cathedral
+without briefly alluding to several places in the immediate
+neighbourhood which are more or less intimately connected with the
+church and its benefactors. Only four buildings, however, call for any
+detailed description--Wolvesey Castle, the College, Hyde Abbey, and St
+Cross.
+
+#Wolvesey#, which is said to mean Wolf's Island, is quite close to the
+east end of the cathedral. It contained at one time a regular residence
+of the bishops of Winchester, the greater part of which was erected by
+Henry de Blois. The remains of this castle are very ruinous, though the
+outer walls and the exterior of the keep are in good condition still.
+Woodward pointed out traces of a refectory with a Norman arch and
+window. The building more than once underwent attacks, the earliest
+being during the struggle between Stephen and Matilda, in which Henry de
+Blois took a vigorous part. Finally, in 1646, Cromwell practically
+destroyed it, after it had held out against him in the Royalist cause.
+It served as the residence of many well-known characters in history, and
+among its bishops Cardinal Beaufort died there. Mary slept at Wolvesey
+Castle in 1554, before her marriage at Winchester. Bishop Morley
+commenced building a modern house close by the old site, and subsequent
+bishops completed it. Only the middle portion of this, with the Tudor
+chapel, now remains, the southern end having been pulled down by Bishop
+Brownlow North. The ruins of the castle can be seen from the top of the
+cathedral tower.
+
+On Wykeham's charter for the incorporation of his new foundation,
+"Seinte Marie College of Wynchestre," is the date October 20, 1382; but
+it seems that long before this date and up to the actual completion of
+the #College# buildings, the bishop superintended the education of the
+boys for whom his institution was founded, housing them in temporary
+structures in the meantime--possibly in S. John's parish, on S. Giles'
+Hill, it has been suggested. Before Wykeham's time, and indeed before
+the Conquest, it appears that the monks of S. Swithun's institution had
+a school at Winchester, at which no less celebrated a pupil than Alfred
+the Great was brought up. We have already touched on the subject of
+Wykeham's ideas on education, and the change which he brought about by
+his colleges at Winchester and Oxford, and it is not necessary to go
+into the subject again. The College buildings lie beyond the southern
+limits of the cathedral close, on the south side of the narrow College
+Street, being entered by a gateway with an ancient statue of the Virgin
+in the niche over it. This door leads into the quadrangle, about which
+are ranged various parts of the college. A further arch under the tower
+in this court leads to a larger quadrangle, in which are the Chapel and
+the refectory or Hall, a room 63 feet by 30, with a groined oak roof and
+a dais at one end for the Warden and Fellows; while at the other is the
+audit room, which has some fifteenth-century tapestry and an iron-bound
+chest once belonging to William of Wykeham. Beneath the Hall is "Seventh
+Chamber," an early schoolroom. Beyond are cloisters and more buildings,
+and then the meadows which run down to the Itchen. The niches over the
+second gateway contain figures of the Virgin, the Angel Gabriel, and
+William of Wykeham; while the room below them is known as the election
+chamber, where the annual election of scholars took place. In the inner
+quadrangle the carvings over the windows should be noticed. "Over the
+hall and kitchen entrance are the psaltery and bagpipe; over kitchen
+window, Excess, a head vomiting; opposite a Bursar as Frugality, with
+his iron-bound money-chest; over the Masters' windows are the Pedagogue,
+the Listless Scholar, etc." In the Chapel, which is 93 feet long by 30
+wide and 57 high, the Perpendicular windows should be noticed, and in
+particular, the large east window. The glass is declared by Mr Winston
+to be, with the exception of a few pieces, modern, dating from 1824,
+while the "Jesse" window is "a very good copy of the old design." In the
+vault Wykeham's wooden fan-tracery remains, but there has been much
+change in the fittings of the chapel. The old screen has gone, and the
+reredos is a restoration; the original stalls were removed as early as
+1681. The tower had to be rebuilt in 1863, though the old stonework of
+1470 was used where possible. At the north-east end are the sacristy and
+muniment room, in which the college charters, etc., are kept. Among the
+MSS., etc., kept here are certain Anglo-Saxon documents and charters of
+Privileges from Richard II. to Charles II.; a table of Wykeham's
+domestic expenses; a thirteenth century Vulgate in manuscript; a "Briefe
+description of the Newe Founde Lande of Virginia," by Sir Walter
+Raleigh; and a pedigree of Henry VI., tracing his descent from Adam. The
+chief relic of Wykeham is a gold ring with a large sapphire in it. The
+Cloisters are 132 feet in length on each side, and the stone roofing is
+supported by rafters of Irish oak. The ground enclosed by the Cloisters
+was once used for the burial of the Fellows. Among the names cut in the
+walls may be seen the name of "Thos. Ken, 1646." In the square formed by
+the cloisters is the Chantry Chapel, built in 1420, converted into the
+library after Edward VI. had forbidden its use as a chapel, and now used
+once more as a chapel for the junior scholars. A portrait of Wykeham
+(the oldest on record) is shown in the east window, the glass of which
+dates from 1470, and comes from Warden Thurbern's chantry in the larger
+chapel. Behind the hall is "School," a detached building erected in 1687
+by the Warden, Nicholas. It is now used for glee-club concerts and like
+events. The western wall has on it the often-quoted inscription: _Aut
+Disce Aut Discede Manet Sors Tertia Caedi_. Modern additions to the
+college buildings include a library in memory of Bishop Moberly,
+formerly head-master; a gymnasium, fives courts and a racquet court, and
+a new infirmary. One of the most curious properties of the College is
+the old painting (probably sixteenth century) of the "Trusty Servant,"
+the words being ascribed to Johnson, the head-master in 1560-1571.
+
+[Illustration: WINCHESTER COLLEGE "SCHOOL".]
+
+[Illustration: WINCHESTER COLLEGE: THE OUTER GATEWAY]
+
+[Illustration: WINCHESTER COLLEGE: CHANTRY CHAPEL.]
+
+[Illustration: INSCRIPTION ON WESTERN WALL OF "SCHOOL,"
+               WINCHESTER COLLEGE.]
+
+[Illustration: THE TRUSTY SERVANT.
+
+    A trusty servant's portrait would you see,
+    This emblematic figure well survey;
+    The porker's snout--not nice in diet shows;
+    The padlock shut--no secrets he'll disclose;
+    Patient the ass--his master's wrath to bear;
+    Swiftness in errand--the stag's feet declare;
+    Loaded his left hand--apt to labour saith;
+    The vest--his neatness; open hand--his faith;
+    Girt with his sword, his shield upon his arm--
+    Himself and master he'll protect from harm.]
+
+[Illustration: ST CROSS FROM THE SOUTH. _Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo._]
+
+The remains of #Hyde Abbey# lie considerably to the north of the
+cathedral, outside the old North Gate of the city, where it was erected
+during the bishopric of William Giffard by Henry I. The buildings were
+occupied in 1110 A.D. by the monks who were forced to leave Alfred's
+"New Minster," pulled down because of its too close neighbourhood to the
+cathedral. Though the foundations of the abbey still exist, little is
+left of the upper part except an arched gateway with hood-mouldings and
+two royal corbel-heads. This gateway is in some walls that apparently
+were once part of the out-buildings of the abbey. The body of Alfred the
+Great was brought hither in 1110, and must still be here, though all
+traces of the tomb have now vanished utterly. The institution, which was
+a very wealthy one, was not always on good terms with the cathedral
+authorities, of whom it was, of course, independent. A record is kept of
+a dispute between Cardinal Beaufort and the Abbot of Hyde. In the
+dissolution of the monasteries under Henry VIII. it was impossible that
+the riches of Hyde Abbey could escape, and in 1538 pillage and violation
+overtook it. The Royal Commissioners wrote that they intended "to sweep
+away all the rotten bones that be called relices, which we may not omit,
+lest it should be thought that we came more for the treasure than for
+avoiding the abominations of idolatry." Probably Thomas Cromwell, to
+whom they wrote, understood how far the two motives influenced them and
+the king. The monastic buildings did not altogether disappear until
+close on the end of last century, when the materials were devoted to
+other purposes.
+
+[Illustration: ST CROSS FROM THE QUADRANGLE. _Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo._]
+
+The #Hospital of St Cross#, the oldest almshouse in England, lies one
+mile to the south of the town on the Southampton Road, and may be
+reached from Winchester across the fields for part of the way. Situated
+in the hamlet of Sparkford, it was founded originally by Bishop Henry de
+Blois in 1136, on the site of a small monastery destroyed by the Danes.
+The founder's wish was to give refuge to "thirteen poor men, feeble and
+so reduced in strength that they can hardly or with difficulty support
+themselves with another's aid"; while a meal was daily to be provided
+for another hundred poor men. The Knights Hospitallers, in the person of
+their Master, Raymund, were in 1151 A.D. put in charge of the
+foundation. They agreed so ill, however, with the bishops of the
+neighbouring cathedral that, about 1200, the Pope appointed a commission
+which transferred to the bishops the right of choosing the master. The
+new arrangement did not work well, for a little more than a century and
+a half afterwards the master was found to be robbing his charge to such
+an extent that the scandal was intolerable. William of Wykeham turning
+his attention to the matter, a Papal Bull was procured ordering the use
+of the revenues for the benefit of the poor. The next bishop, Cardinal
+Beaufort, added to the buildings by the foundation of the "Almshouse of
+Noble Poverty," for the maintenance of two priests, thirty-five
+brethren, and three sisters. The master of the hospital was to be at its
+head, otherwise the institutions were to be distinct; but by the middle
+of the sixteenth century the hospital had practically absorbed the
+almshouse. At the end of the next century, in 1696, the master and
+brethren of the hospital made a public repudiation of their duties, and
+commenced either to destroy the buildings or to convert them to other
+than their original uses; and shortly after the southern side of
+Beaufort's quadrangle was pulled down. The abuses were rectified in the
+middle of the present century, and now a body of trustees, under the
+control of the Charity Commissioners, has the management of the two
+institutions. All the endowments of the hospital are still intact.
+
+[Illustration: CHURCH OF ST CROSS: VIEW OF EAST END FROM NAVE.
+_Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo._]
+
+[Illustration: COUNTY HALL, WITH ROUND TABLE. From an Old Print.]
+
+After one has passed through the remains of an outer court, the entrance
+to the buildings is by a gatehouse known by the name of the "Beaufort
+Tower." Over the groined vault of the doorway is the founder's chamber,
+surmounted by an octagonal turret. Three niches exist above the exterior
+or northern window, one of which has a kneeling figure of Beaufort,
+while the representation of the Holy Cross, formerly in the centre, and
+the figure of Henry de Blois have vanished. The niche on the inner side
+used to be occupied by a statue of the Virgin, which, after surviving
+the Civil War, fell about a hundred years ago. At the Porter's Lodge in
+the gateway the time-honoured "dole" of beer and bread is given to
+visitors. The square quadrangle on which the gate opens has the
+brethren's rooms on the west (the right hand as one enters), the
+ambulatory or cloister on the east, the church of St Cross at the
+south-east corner, and to the right of the church a view of meadows
+where the buildings were pulled down in 1789. In the centre of the grass
+is a sundial. Next the Beaufort Tower at the south side is the
+refectory, and beyond that the master's house. The refectory has three
+two-light Perpendicular windows, a high-pitched wooden roof, and a
+minstrels' gallery at the west end. It is now only used as a dining-hall
+on great occasions. The master's house is thought to be the old "Hundred
+Mennes Hall," but is now furnished with modern windows. The cloister on
+the east side is of sixteenth-century work, paved with large red tiles;
+"the roof is red-tiled," says a recent observer, "the long blank wall
+faced with rough-cast of a warm yellowish tinge, and supported on a
+range of broad and low timber arcading, which is, in its turn, supported
+by a dwarf wall some three feet in height." The main feature of the
+cloister is a red-brick oriel window; "reared upon two brick arches,
+supported midway by an octangular pillar of the same material, and
+flanked by splayed buttresses with stone quoins, the window-opening
+occupies a comparatively small space, and is filled with stone mullions
+and tracery of a Tudor character; the whole design proclaimed by a stone
+tablet, let into the brickwork, to be the work of Bishop Compton." Above
+the cloister is the infirmary, which opens into the church so as to
+allow the sick to hear the service. The church, though considered by
+many the finest existing example of Late and Transitional Norman, also
+exhibits architecture of all periods down to Late Decorated. Commenced
+by Bishop de Blois in 1171, it was not completed until the end of the
+thirteenth century. From east to west it measures 125 feet, its ordinary
+breadth is 54 feet, while at the transepts it is 115. Woodward thinks
+from the appearance of the exterior that the body of the church was
+widened at some period after its first erection. The windows are various
+in style. In the nave they are Transition Norman and Early English, and
+in the clerestory Decorated; in the choir aisles Late Norman. The
+western doorway is Early English with dogtooth ornament, while the large
+window above with its geometrical tracery is "fully developed
+Decorated." The most striking feature of the exterior, however, is at
+the south-east exterior angle of the south transept, a fine triple arch
+with chevron and billet moulding, which was probably once a doorway into
+a cloister no longer existing. Within the three-bay nave one is in the
+midst of Early English and Transition Norman work. The bases and caps of
+the Norman pillars are very rich, and, as has been pointed out, furnish
+a great contrast to such Norman work as is seen on the transept pillars
+at Winchester itself. The south walls are very plain, and were probably
+connected with De Blois' buildings originally. In the choir above the
+pier-arches is a triforium of intersecting arches (to which Milner
+attributed the origin of the Pointed style), and there is a second
+passage beneath the clerestory windows. The floor-brass of John de
+Camden (1382) lies in the choir. When the church was restored by
+Butterfield the choir was painted in imitation of the old colouring. It
+cannot be said that the effect is at all pleasing. The new floor tiles
+bear the letters Z.O. to commemorate the anonymous donor of the money
+for this restoration. The old encaustic tiles bear the motto "Have
+Mynde." In the chancel the Renaissance carving dates from about Henry
+VII., while the Henry VIII. stalls have been removed to the morning
+chapel in the south aisle. The transepts are a good example of the
+transition to Early English style. In the northern arm can be seen the
+window opening out of the infirmary, already mentioned above.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY CROSS, WINCHESTER. From an Old Print.]
+
+[Illustration: TOMBSTONE IN THE CHURCHYARD. _A. Pumphrey, Photo._]
+
+Of other points of interest in or near Winchester it would be out of
+place to speak here at any length, but among the various objects that
+are worth seeing in the town itself mention may be made of the City
+Cross, erected by the Fraternity of the Holy Cross during the reign of
+Henry VI. The chief figures represent William of Wykeham, Florence de
+Anne, Mayor of Winchester, Alfred the Great, and S. Laurence, the latter
+being the only old figure. Britton, in 1807, said: "The present building
+is called the Butter Cross, because the retail dealers in that article
+usually assemble round it." He complained of the injury done to it by
+"boys and childish men." S. Laurence was the only figure in his day, and
+it was then "generally said to be an effigy of S. John the Evangelist."
+In the County Hall, which includes the remains of the ancient castle of
+William the Conqueror's days, is "King Arthur's Round Table." This is
+mentioned as being here by the chronicler John Harding (1378-1465), so
+that its antiquity is undoubted. Its present painted design, however,
+can not be earlier than the beginning of the sixteenth century, but
+since Henry VIII.'s time the same design has been adhered to. The
+illustration which appears here comes from an old print of the County
+Hall. Milner, in his "History and Survey of Winchester" in the last
+century, remarked that the Round Table "was evidently an eating table
+for the knights who used to meet here to perform feats of chivalry,
+which kind of meetings, from this circumstance, was anciently called
+_The Round Table_. These, however, were not so much as known in England,
+until the reign of King Stephen, 600 years after the reign of Arthur.
+There is great reason to believe that the said Stephen was the real
+author of the present table. The figures and characters now painted on
+it were certainly first executed in the reign of Henry VIII."
+
+[Illustration: THE WEST GATE, WINCHESTER. _Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo._]
+
+The last illustration represents the oldest of the city gates at
+Winchester, parts of it being ascribed to the reign of Stephen. The town
+now, of course, extends considerably beyond its original bounds.
+
+
+DIMENSIONS
+
+Total length (external)          556 feet.
+Total length (internal)          526  "
+Length of Nave (internal)        262  "
+Width of Nave      "              83  "
+Width of Choir     "              88  "
+Length of Transept "             209  "
+Height of Vault                   78  "
+
+TOTAL AREA                53,480 sq. feet.
+
+Altar Screen              {43 ft. 9 in. high.
+                          {39 ft. 6 in. wide.
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL.]
+
+[Illustration: THE CRYPTS. From Britton's "Winchester" (1817).]
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: THE CATHEDRAL
+CHURCH OF WINCHESTER***
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