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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association Report of
+the Proceedings at the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting
+       Downington, Pennsylvania, September 11 and 12, 1933
+
+Author: Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Release Date: December 29, 2006 [EBook #20221]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS REPORT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, J. Henkin, Janet Blenkinship
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|DISCLAIMER                                                              |
+|                                                                        |
+|The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers|
+|Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are |
+|not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers       |
+|Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is  |
+|intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not|
+|mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may   |
+|have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide|
+|applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current     |
+|label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion  |
+|of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut   |
+|trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular   |
+|time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere.      |
+|                                                                        |
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+  _Northern Nut Growers_
+  _Association_
+
+  _INCORPORATED_
+
+
+
+
+  _Affiliated with_
+
+  _THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY_
+
+
+
+
+  =REPORT=
+
+  _of the proceedings of the_
+
+  =Twenty-fourth Annual Meeting=
+
+  =DOWNINGTOWN, PA.=
+
+  _SEPTEMBER 11 and 12, 1933_
+
+
+
+
+  INDEX
+
+
+  Officers, Directors and Committees                                   3
+  State Vice-Presidents                                                4
+  List of Members                                                      5
+  Constitution                                                         8
+  By-Laws                                                              9
+  My Butternut, A Poem, by J. H. Helmick                              10
+  Proceedings of the Twenty-fourth Annual Convention                  11
+  Address of Rev. G. Paul Musselman                                   11
+  Report of the Treasurer                                             13
+  J. F. Jones' Experimental Work in Hybridizing Filberts and
+      Hazels--Miss Mildred Jones                                      14
+  Commercial Cracking of the Black Walnut--H. F. Stoke                16
+  Walnut Notes for 1933--C. A. Reed                                   20
+  Is Information of General Orchard Fertility of Value in the Nut
+      Grove--Prof. F. N. Fagan                                        25
+  Forward March of the Nut Cultural Project in Michigan--Prof.
+     James A. Neilson                                                 28
+  Notes on the Filbert Orchard at Geneva, N. Y.--Prof. G. L. Slate    34
+  Developing a Walnut Grove as a Side Line by a Bee-keeper--L. K.
+      Hostetter                                                       37
+  Nut Trees as Used in Landscaping--Dr. Lewis E. Theiss               39
+  My Experience in Growing Nut Trees on the Home Lawn--M. Glen
+      Kirkpatrick                                                     42
+  Developing a Thousand Tree Improved Black Walnut Grove--C. F.
+      Hostetter                                                       43
+  Tribute to Mr. Bixby                                                45
+  Message to Dr. Morris                                               46
+  A Black Walnut Grove and Why--Dr. Frank L. Baum                     47
+  Nut Contests                                                        48
+  Filbert Pollinization                                               48
+  Green Shoot Grafting of Trees--Dr. R. T. Morris                     49
+  Communications from:
+    Robert T. Morris, M.D.                                            49
+    Prof. A. S. Colby                                                 53
+    J. U. Gellatly                                                    54
+  Notes on the "Tour," Tuesday, September 12, 1933                    55
+  Notes on the Banquet, Tuesday evening, September 12, 1933           56
+  Address of Al. Bergstrom                                            57
+  Reports of Standing Committees                                      57
+  Reports of the Resolutions Committee                                57
+  List of member nurserymen having budded and grafted stock           58
+  Exhibits at the Convention                                          59
+  Attendance                                                          60
+  Books and Bulletins on Northern Nut Growing                         62
+  Advertisements--"Hobbies Magazine"                                  63
+
+
+
+
+OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION
+
+
+  _President._ FRANK H. FREY, ROOM 930, LA SALLE ST. STATION, CHICAGO, ILL.
+
+  _Vice-President._ DR. G. A. ZIMMERMAN, 32 SOUTH 13TH ST., HARRISBURG, PA.
+
+  _Secretary._ GEO. L. SLATE, STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,
+  GENEVA, N. Y.
+
+  _Treasurer._ NEWTON H. RUSSELL, 12 BURNETT AVE., SOUTH HADLEY, MASS.
+
+  _DIRECTORS_
+
+  FRANK H. FREY, DR. G. A. ZIMMERMAN, GEO. L. SLATE, NEWTON H. RUSSELL,
+  CARL F. WALKER, PROF. J. A. NEILSON.
+
+  _EDITOR OF PUBLICATIONS_
+
+  DR. W. C. DEMING.
+
+  _COMMITTEES_
+
+  _Executive._ FRANK H. FREY, DR. G. A. ZIMMERMAN, GEO. L. SLATE, NEWTON
+  H. RUSSELL, CARL F. WALKER, PROF. J. A. NEILSON.
+
+  _Auditing._ ZENAS H. ELLIS, CARL F. WALKER.
+
+  _Finance._ T. P. LITTLEPAGE, DR. W. C. DEMING, H. R. WEBER.
+
+  _Press and Publication._ DR. W. C. DEMING, KARL W. GREENE, DR. J. RUSSELL
+  SMITH, ZENAS H. ELLIS, GEO. L. SLATE.
+
+  _Membership._  NEWTON H. RUSSELL, MISS DOROTHY C. SAWYER, J. U. GELLATLY,
+  JOHN W. HERSHEY, D. C. SNYDER.
+
+  _Program._  PROF. J. A. NEILSON, DR. W. C. DEMING, C. A. REED, H.
+  BURGART, KARL W. GREENE.
+
+  _Hybrids and Promising Seedlings._  DR. G. A. ZIMMERMAN, PROF. N. F.
+  DRAKE, MISS AMELIA RIEHL, H. F. STOKE, J. F. WILKINSON.
+
+  _Survey._ CARL F. WALKER, DR. A. S. COLBY, H. F. STOKE, J. F. WILKINSON.
+
+  _Exhibits._ J. W. HERSHEY, MISS MILDRED JONES, H. BURGART, PROF. A. S.
+  COLBY.
+
+  _DEAN OF THE ASSOCIATION_
+
+  DR. ROBERT T. MORRIS, OF NEW YORK AND CONNECTICUT.
+
+  _FIELD SECRETARY_
+
+  ZENAS H. ELLIS, FAIR HAVEN, VERMONT.
+
+  _OFFICIAL JOURNAL_
+
+  NATIONAL NUT NEWS, 2810 S. MICHIGAN AVE., CHICAGO, ILLINOIS.
+
+
+
+
+STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS
+
+
+  Arkansas Prof. N. F. Drake
+
+  California Will J. Thorpe
+
+  Canada J. U. Gellatly
+
+  China P. W. Wang
+
+  Connecticut Dr. W. C. Deming
+
+  Dist. of Columbia L. H. Mitchell
+
+  England Howard Spence
+
+  Illinois Prof. A. S. Colby
+
+  Indiana J. F. Wilkinson
+
+  Iowa D. C. Snyder
+
+  Maryland T. P. Littlepage
+
+  Massachusetts James H. Bowditch
+
+  Michigan Harry Burgart
+
+  Minnesota Carl Weschcke
+
+  Missouri P. C. Stark
+
+  Nebraska William Caha
+
+  New York Prof. L. H. MacDaniels
+
+  New Jersey Lee W. Jaques
+
+  Ohio Harry R. Weber
+
+  Pennsylvania John Rick
+
+  Rhode Island Philip Allen
+
+  Vermont Zenas H. Ellis
+
+  Virginia Dr. Russel J. Smith
+
+  Washington D. H. Berg
+
+  West Virginia Dr. J. E. Cannaday
+
+  Wisconsin Lt. G. H. Turner
+
+
+
+
+  NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION
+
+
+  List of Members as of January 1, 1934
+
+  Abbott, Mrs. Laura W., Route No. 2, Bristol, Pennsylvania.
+  Adams, Gerald W., R. F. D. 4, Moorehead, Iowa.
+  Aldrich, A. W., Route 3, Springfield, Vermont.
+  Allen, Edward E., Hotel Ambassador, Cambridge, Mass.
+  Allen, Philip, 178 Dorance St., Providence, R. I.
+  Andrews, Miss Frances E., 245 Clifton Ave., Minneapolis, Minn.
+  Anthony, A. B., Sterling, Illinois.
+
+  Ballock, J. S., 1559 Main Street, Springfield, Mass.
+  Bartlett, Frances A., Stamford, Connecticut.
+  Baum, Dr. F. L., Boyertown, Pennsylvania.
+  Bennett, F. H., 19 East 92nd St., New York, N. Y.
+  Berg, D. H., Nooksack, Washington.
+  Betz, Frank S. (Personal), Betz Bldg., Hammond, Indiana.
+  Bixby, Mrs. Willard G., 32 Grand Ave., Baldwin, N. Y.
+  Bontz, Mrs. Geo. I., Route No. 2, Peoria, Illinois.
+  * Bowditch, James H., 903 Tremont St., Boston, Mass.
+  Boyce, Daniel, Rt. 4, Winterset, Iowa.
+  Bradley, Homer, c/o Kellogg Farms, Rt. 1, Augusta, Mich.
+  Brown, Daniel L., 60 State Street, Boston, Mass.
+  Brown, Roy W., Spring Valley, Illinois.
+  Bryant, Dr. Ward C., 31 Federal St., Greenfield, Mass.
+  Buckwalter, Alan R., Flemington, New Jersey.
+  Burgart H., c/o Mich. Nut Nursery, Rt. 2, Union City, Michigan.
+
+  Caha, William, Wahoo, Nebraska.
+  Canaday, Ward M., Home Bank Building, Toledo, Ohio.
+  Cannaday, Dr. J. E., c/o Charleston Gen. Hosp., Charleston, West
+      Virginia.
+  Chipman, G. F., "The Country Guide," Winnipeg, Man., Canada.
+  Close, Prof. C. P., U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+  Colby, Arthur S., University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.
+  Collins, Joseph N., 335 W. 87th St., New York, N. Y.
+  Cooley, Ralph B., Hotel Kimbal, Springfield, Mass.
+  Crysdale, Stanley A., R. D. 5, Auburn, N. Y.
+  Curtis, Elroy, Brookfield, Conn.
+
+  Deeben, Fred, Trevorton, Pennsylvania.
+  Deming, Dr. W. C, 31 Owen Street, Hartford, Conn.
+  * Drake, Prof. N. F., Fayetteville, Arkansas.
+
+  Elfgren, Ivan P., 11 Sheldon Place, Rutland, Vermont.
+  * Ellis, Zenas H., Fair Haven, Vermont.
+  Ellwanger, Mrs. W. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester, New York.
+  Ettari, Oscar A., 71 North Ave., New Rochelle, N. Y.
+
+  Ferris, Major Hiram B., P. O. Box 74, Spokane, Wash.
+  Fickes, W. R., Route 7, Wooster, Ohio.
+  Fontaine, Arthur, 21 Highland Ave., Ludlow, Mass.
+  Frey, Frank H., Room 930 La Salle St. Station, Chicago, Ill.
+
+  Gable, Jas. B., Jr., Stewartstown, Pennsylvania.
+  Gage, J. H., 107 Flatt Ave., Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
+  Galbreath, R. S., Huntington, Indiana.
+  Garber, Hugh G., 75 Fulton St., New York City, N. Y.
+  Gellatly, J. U., Box 19, West Bank P. O., Gellatly, British Columbia.
+  Gerber, E. P., Route No. 1, Apple Creek, Ohio.
+  Graham, J. W., Walnut Orchard Farm, Ithaca, N. Y.
+  Greene, Mrs. Avice M., 2203 Ridge Rd., N. W., Washington, D. C.
+  Greene, Karl W., 2203 Ridge Rd., N. W., Washington, D. C.
+  Gribbel, Mrs. John, Box 31, Wyncote, Pennsylvania.
+
+  Hahn, Albert G., Rural Route No. 6, Bethesda, Md.
+  Hale, Richard W., 60 State Street, Boston, Mass.
+  Hammond, Julian T., 3rd, D.D.S., Newtown, Pa.
+  Harman-Brown, Miss Helen, Croton Falls, New York.
+  Harrington, F. O., Williamsburg, Iowa.
+  Hartzell, B. F., Shepardstown, West Virginia.
+  Healey, Scott, R. F. D. No. 219. Otsego, Mich.
+  Healy, Oliver T., c/o Michigan Nut Nursery, Rt. 2, Union City, Michigan.
+  Helmick, James H., Columbus Junction, Iowa.
+  Hershey, John W., Downington, Pennsylvania.
+  Hilliard, H. J., Sound View, Connecticut.
+  Holden, Frank H., 56 West 45th St., New York City, N. Y.
+  Hostetter, C. F., Bird-in-Hand, Pennsylvania.
+  Hostetter, L. K., Route No. 5, Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
+  * Huntington, A. M., 3 East 89th St., New York City, N. Y.
+  Hutchinson, Galen Otis, 691 Main Ave., Passaic, N. J.
+
+  Iowa State Horticultural Society, Des Moines, Iowa.
+  Isakson, Walter R., Route No. 1, Hobart, Indiana.
+
+  Jacob, C. M., Stockbridge, Mass.
+  Jacobs, Homer L., c/o Davey Tree Exp. Co., Kent, Ohio.
+  * Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly Place, Jersey City, N. J.
+  Jones Nurseries, J. F., Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
+
+  Kaan, Helen W., Wellesley, Mass.
+  Kaufman, M. M., Clarion, Pennsylvania.
+  Kellogg, Dr. J. H., 202 Manchester St., Battle Creek, Mich.
+  Kelly, Mortimer B., 21 West St., New York City.
+  Kendrick, Mrs. Jay G., 44 Main St., Shelburne Falls, Mass.
+  * Kinsan Arboretum, Lang Terrace, North Szechuan Rd., Shanghai, China.
+  Knox, Loy J., c/o First National Bank, Morrison, Ill.
+
+  Lamb, Gilbert D., Woolworth Bldg., New York, N. Y.
+  Lancaster, S. S., Jr., Rock Point, Maryland.
+  Leach, Will, Cornell Building, Scranton, Pa.
+  Lester, Henry, 35 Pintard Ave., New Rochelle, N. Y.
+  * Lewis, Clarence, 1000 Park Ave., New York City, N. Y.
+  Little, Norman B., Rocky Hill, Conn.
+  * Littlepage, Thos. P., Union Trust Bldg., Washington, D. C.
+
+  MacDaniels, L. H., c/o Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
+  McIntyre, A. C., Dep't of Forestry, State College, Pa.
+  Mehring, Upton F., Keymar, Maryland.
+  Meyer, Dr. R. C. J., 1815 Third Ave., Moline, Ill.
+  Middleton, M. S., District Horticulturist, Vernon, British Columbia.
+  Miller, Herbert, Pinecrest Poultry Farms, Richfield, Pa.
+  Mitchell, Lennard H., 2219 California St., N. W., Washington, D. C.
+  * Montgomery, Robert H., 385 Madison Ave., New York City, N. Y.
+  * Morris, Dr. Robert T., R. F. D., Stamford, Connecticut.
+  Morton, Joy, Lisle, Illinois.
+
+  Neilson, Jas. A., c/o Michigan State College, East Lansing, Michigan.
+  New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y.
+
+  Orner, George D., 751 Ridgewood Road, Maplewood, N. J.
+  Otto, Arnold G., 4150 Three Mile Drive, Detroit, Michigan.
+
+  Paden, Riley W., Rte. 2, Enon Valley, Penna.
+  Park, J. B., c/o Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
+  Peters, E. S., 4241 Folsom Ave., St. Louis, Mo.
+  Pickhardt, Dr. O. C, 117 East 80th St., New York City, N. Y.
+  Porter, John J., 1199 The Terrace, Hagerstown, Md.
+  Pratt, Geo. D., Jr, Bridgewater, Connecticut.
+  Purnell, J. Eiger, Box 24, Salisbury, Maryland.
+  Putnam, Mrs. Ellen M., 129 Babson St., Mattapan, Mass.
+
+  Reed, C. A., Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+  Richardson, J. B., Lakeside, Washington.
+  * Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Square, Reading, Pa.
+  Riehl, Miss Amelia, Godfrey, Illinois.
+  Rowley, Dr. John C., 1046 Ashburn Ave., Hartford, Conn.
+  Russell, Newton H., 12 Burnett Ave., So. Hadley Falls, Mass.
+  Ryan, Henry E., Sunderland, Mass.
+
+  Sawyer, Dorothy C., c/o Living Tree Guild, 468 4th Ave., New York.
+  Sefton, Pennington, 94 Lake Ave., Auburn, N. Y.
+  Schlagenbusch Bros., Rt. 3, Fort Madison, Iowa.
+  Schlemmer, Claire D., Rt. 2, Fredericksburg, Virginia.
+  Schmidt, A. G., Nazareth, Pennsylvania.
+  Schuster, C. E., Horticulturist, Corvallis, Oregon.
+  Scott, Harry E., P. O. Box 191, Petersburg, N. Y.
+  Sherer, J. F., c/o C. T. Sherer Co., Worcester, Mass.
+  Slate, George L., State Agri. Exper. Station, Geneva, N. Y.
+  Smith, Dr. J. Russell, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania.
+  Smith, Leon C., 60 Day Ave., Westfield, Mass.
+  Snyder, D. C., Center Point, Iowa.
+  Spence, Howard, The Red House, Ainsdale, near Southport, England.
+  Spencer, Mrs. May R., 275 West Decatur St., Decatur, Ill.
+  Stark Bros., Nurseries, Louisiana, Missouri.
+  Steffee, Jno. G., 317 6th Ave., New York City, N. Y.
+  Stiebeling, Mrs. Anna E., 1458 Monroe St., Washington, D. C.
+  Stocking, Frederick N., 3456 Cadillac St., Detroit, Michigan.
+  Stoke, H. F., 1421 Watts Ave., Roanoke, Virginia.
+  Stover, Jacob E., Springwood Farms, York, Pa.
+  Strickland, C. H., Snow Hill, Maryland.
+
+  Taylor, C. W., 1723 Eye St., Eureka, California.
+  Theiss, Lewis Edwin, Muncy, Pennsylvania.
+  Thorpe, Will J., 1545 Divisarero St., San Francisco, Calif.
+  Tice, David, Savings Bank Building, Lockport, N. Y.
+  Turner, Lt. G. H., 932 Prospect Ave., Portage, Wisconsin.
+
+  University of Illinois Library, Urbana, Illinois.
+
+  Van Meter, W. L., Adel, Iowa.
+  Von Ammon S., c/o Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C.
+
+  Walker, C. F., 2851 E. Overlook Rd., Cleveland Heights, Ohio.
+  Watson, John F., 16 Dumont Apart, Lynchburg, Va.
+  * Weber, Harry R., 123 East 6th St., Cincinnati, Ohio.
+  Weidhass, William H., Gaston St., Easthampton, Mass.
+  Wellman, Sargeant, Windridge, Topsfield, Mass.
+  Went, Robert E., 551 McDonough St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
+  Weschcke, Carl, 1048 Lincoln Ave., St. Paul, Minn.
+  Wigglesworth, Alfred.
+  Wilkinson, J. F., Rockport, Indiana.
+  Williams, Dr. Chas. Mallory, Stonington, Connecticut.
+  Williams, Moses, 18 Tremont St., Boston, Mass.
+  Windhorst, Dr. M. R., University Club Bldg., St. Louis, Mo.
+  * Wissman, Mrs. F. de R., 9 W. 54th St., New York City, N. Y.
+  * Wister, John C., Clarkson Ave. and Wister St., Germantown, Pa.
+  Wright, Ross Pier, 235 West 6th St., Erie, Pa.
+
+  Zimmerman, Dr. G. A., 32 So. 13th St., Harrisburg, Pa.
+
+    * Life Member.
+
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION
+
+
+ARTICLE I
+
+_Name._ This Society shall be known as the NORTHERN NUT GROWERS
+ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED.
+
+ARTICLE II
+
+_Object._ Its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing
+plants, their products and their culture.
+
+ARTICLE III
+
+_Membership._ Membership in this society shall be open to all persons
+who desire to further nut culture, without reference to place of
+residence or nationality, subject to the rules and regulations of the
+committee on membership.
+
+ARTICLE IV
+
+_Officers._ There shall be a president, a vice-president, a secretary
+and a treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting;
+and an executive committee of six persons, of which the president, the
+two last retiring presidents, the vice-president, the secretary and the
+treasurer shall be members. There shall be a state vice-president from
+each state, dependency, or country represented in the membership of the
+association, who shall be appointed by the president.
+
+ARTICLE V
+
+_Election of Officers._ A committee of five members shall be elected at
+the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the
+following year.
+
+ARTICLE VI
+
+_Meetings._ The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected
+by the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made
+at this time, the executive committee shall choose the place and time
+for the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may
+seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee.
+
+ARTICLE VII
+
+_Quorum._ Ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum, but
+must include two of the four elected officers.
+
+ARTICLE VIII
+
+_Amendments._ This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of
+the members present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment
+having been read at the previous annual meeting, or a copy of the
+proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member
+thirty days before the date of the annual meeting.
+
+
+
+
+BY-LAWS
+
+
+ARTICLE I
+
+_Committees._ The Association shall appoint standing committees as
+follows: On membership, on finance, on programme, on press and
+publication, on exhibits, on hybrids, on survey, and an auditing
+committee. The committee on membership may make recommendations to the
+Association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member.
+
+ARTICLE II
+
+_Fees._ Annual members shall pay two dollars annually. Contributing
+members shall pay ten dollars annually. Life members shall make one
+payment of fifty dollars, and shall be exempt from further dues and will
+be entitled to same benefits as annual members. Honorary members shall
+be exempt from dues. "Perpetual" membership is eligible to any one who
+leaves at least five hundred dollars to the Association and such
+membership on payment of said sum to the Association will entitle the
+name of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members as
+"Perpetual" with the words "In Memoriam" added thereto. Funds received
+therefor shall be invested by the Treasurer in interest bearing
+securities legal for trust funds in the District of Columbia. Only the
+interest shall be expended by the Association. When such funds are in
+the treasury the Treasurer shall be bonded. Provided; that in the event
+the Association becomes defunct or dissolves then, in that event, the
+Treasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purpose
+for such uses, individuals or companies that the donor may designate at
+the time he makes the bequest or the donation.
+
+ARTICLE III
+
+_Membership._ All annual memberships shall begin either with the first
+day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining the
+Association, or with the first day of the calendar quarter preceding
+that date as may be arranged between the new member and the Treasurer.
+
+ARTICLE IV
+
+_Amendments._ By-laws may be amended by a two-third vote of members
+present at any annual meeting.
+
+ARTICLE V
+
+Members shall be sent a notification of annual dues at the time they are
+due, and if not paid within two months, they shall be sent a second
+notice, telling them that they are not in good standing on account of
+non-payment of dues, and are not entitled to receive the annual report.
+
+At the end of thirty days from the sending of the second notice, a third
+notice shall be sent notifying such members that unless dues are paid
+within ten days from the receipt of this notice, their names will be
+dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues.
+
+
+
+
+MY BUTTERNUT
+
+
+  The butternut crop is always sure
+    And raised at easy cost,
+  There is nothing it will not endure,
+    It is never harmed by frost.
+
+  The hopper and the cabbage worm
+    Care not to chew its leaves,
+  Comes weather hot or wet or cold,
+    This sturdy tree ne'er grieves.
+
+  It has no fear of 'tater bugs,
+    Or cultivation's errors,
+  The measly scale from San Jose,
+    And Green bug bring no terrors.
+
+  No squash bug races o'er its frame,
+    Nor caterpillar weaving,
+  It is never doped with Paris Green,
+    Yet never found a grieving.
+
+  It has no use for bumblebees,
+    No nodules on its feet,
+  But when the frost is on the pumpkin
+    Oft has the hay crop beat.
+
+  If you wish a crop that always comes
+    Without an "if" or "but,"
+  The surest thing in all the list,
+    Just plant a butternut.
+
+  JAMES H. HELMICK
+  Columbus Junction, Iowa
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  Grand-pa come out to the butter nut tree,
+    And crack some nuts for Nicodemus and me.]
+
+
+
+
+=Report of the Proceedings=
+
+_at the_
+
+Twenty-fourth Annual Convention
+
+_of the_
+
+=Northern Nut Growers Association=
+
+_Incorporated_
+
+_SEPTEMBER 11, 12, 1933_
+
+_DOWNINGTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA_
+
+
+The first session convened at 9:00 A. M., September 11th at Minquas Fire
+Hall, with President Walker in the chair.
+
+The President: "This is the opening of the 24th annual convention and I
+will introduce at once for his address of welcome, Rev. G. Paul
+Musselman."
+
+Rev. G. Paul Musselman: "Thank you, Mr. Walker. It is my most pleasant
+duty to welcome you to Downingtown. Downingtown is quite an appropriate
+place for a convention because it is a place where we try to prepare
+beforehand for things we believe are going to happen, and try to get
+ready to prevent other things from happening."
+
+Less than a mile from here to the north are stretches through the woods
+of infantry breastworks. Occupying that woods and those breastworks was
+the regiment under the command of Col. Stewart. The British were down by
+the Brandywine to the south, and it was supposed the British would do
+the logical thing, which they never do, and come up to take Downingtown,
+which was at that time the most important industrial area in the United
+States. It was the arsenal of the Revolutionary War. It has continued to
+grow in its industrial manufacturing until it is now important in paper
+manufacturing.
+
+That we are still trying to prevent nasty things from happening is
+strikingly evident in the fact that we have not had to call for help to
+take care of the people suffering from the depression. The Community
+Chest had, in the beginning, adopted a policy of preparing for an
+emergency by creating a fund for this purpose and has been able to do
+its work without any other than the usual annual drive for funds.
+
+The first paper mill in America was established by Mr. Rittenhouse and
+after that paper mills began to be built in this valley. We have gone
+through a great cycle. The farms in this community used to be farmed
+for money, later interest was shown in the mills and the farmer farmed
+without money. Again they are being farmed with money by the
+industrialists and bankers and city men who are coming out and buying up
+these old farms for country places. I am happy to state that the farms
+are coming into their own again. It is this class of people that are
+interested in such things as nut trees as something new and different.
+
+It is Downingtown's faculty of being prepared for what is to come that
+makes it a particularly appropriate place for your convention. It is
+always a little ahead of the parade. We are proud of our local nut
+nursery which, in line with the spirit of the town, is just a little
+ahead of the parade. You too are a little ahead of the parade, so in
+that spirit I welcome you.
+
+The Burgess has directed me to welcome you to Downingtown. I trust your
+stay will be interesting and helpful and we shall count it a privilege
+for you to call upon us for any further services you may require. I hope
+I shall be able to go on the bus trip with you but I am very busy and
+cannot make any promises for the moment. So, welcome!
+
+Dr. Zimmerman: Fellow members of the convention! I am sure that it has
+been a pleasure to receive the fine welcome that Rev. Musselman has
+given us and I wish to assure him that it is a pleasure to be here. We
+are particularly glad to be in this district which is a land of plenty
+compared with other parts of the country which have suffered greatly
+from the depression. I am sorry that I do not live here.
+
+We nut growers have been in the habit of thinking of growing nut trees
+on land which is good for nothing else, so that it is interesting to
+find nurseries using this good land and making a success of nut tree
+growing. In fact nut culture had its beginning in this district through
+Mr. Rush, and Mr. Jones and then Mr. Hershey.
+
+I do not wish to take any more of your time as we have a heavy program
+and a lot of good speakers, and if they can add anything to nut culture,
+I shall be happy indeed.
+
+Dr. Zimmerman: We welcome members of the Penna. Nut Growers Association.
+It is their field day tomorrow in connection with ours and we welcome
+them to this convention.
+
+The President appointed the resolutions and the nominating committees.
+
+
+
+
+  TREASURER'S REPORT
+
+    Balance September 1, 1932 as reported to Washington
+      Convention                                         $ 8.79
+    Stamps and Canadian money redeemed by Treasurer        3.42
+    Balance in Litchfield Savings Society                 15.94
+                                                         ______
+
+    Receipts                                             $28.15   $ 28.15
+
+  Profit on Bus Trip at Washington                                  15.00
+  Memberships @ $3.50 old rate. No Nut News 21 @ $3.50              73.50
+  Memberships @ $4.00 new rate. No Nut News  3 @ $4.00              12.00
+  Memberships @ $4.50--$3.50 to Assn. $1.00 to Nut News  2 @ $4.50   9.00
+  Memberships @ $5.00--$4.00 to Assn. $1.00 to Nut News 43 @ $5.00 215.00
+  Memberships @ $5.00 without Nut News                   3 @ $5.00  15.00
+  Membership @ $10.00--Mr. Ellis                                    10.00
+  Membership @ $10.00 with Nut News--Mr. Neilson                    10.00
+  Miscellaneous Receipts                                             9.00
+                                                                  _______
+
+    Total Receipts                                                $396.65 $396.65
+
+  DISBURSEMENTS
+
+  Refund to D. C. Snyder                                          $  2.00
+  Programs Washington Convention                                    25.00
+  Paid National Nut News                                            38.00
+  Membership American Horticultural Society                          3.00
+  C. A. Reed. Expense Washington Convention                          6.70
+
+    Total                                                         $ 74.70 $ 74.70
+    Balance to account for                                                $321.95
+  Litchfield Savings Society                                      $ 15.94
+  Cash on hand or in bank                                          306.01
+                                                                  _______
+
+  Total                                                           $321.95 $321.95
+
+
+
+
+J. F. Jones' Experimental Work in Hybridizing Filberts and Hazels
+
+_By_ MILDRED JONES
+
+_Lancaster, Pennsylvania_
+
+
+The first crosses of the hybrid filberts were made in the year 1919. The
+small plants when taken from the nursery row were set 5 x 8 feet with
+the thought in mind of taking out every other bush in the rows when they
+began to crowd, and in case they were of value they could be
+transplanted to a permanent place. It was not thought that many of the
+plants would bear superior nuts promising enough to keep longer than to
+observe the type of nuts the bushes bore. The first lot of plants, which
+were mostly of the Barcelona cross, bore in the fall of 1924.
+
+The object in view mainly was to produce, if possible, a variety or
+varieties that could be made a commercial proposition here or elsewhere
+in the eastern U. S. Not very much was thought at the time about the
+flavor or the quality of the kernel. The main thought was to get away
+from the corky substance adhering to the kernel of the most of the
+filberts. Barcelona, the main commercial nut in the West, has a lot of
+this, which makes the kernel unattractive and is probably more or less
+injurious to the digestive system because of the tannin content. After
+this fault was eliminated it was going to be necessary to work for size
+and quality of the nut.
+
+The filbert blight has not been found on our place, so not much stress
+was put on the point of producing a blight-resistant or blight-free
+filbert. Probably if we had the filbert blight we would consider it more
+seriously.
+
+The method used in crossing these hybrids was to remove the catkins on
+the pistillate plant at any time before they developed and scattered
+their pollen. The wood containing the catkins to be used for pollinating
+was observed closely in order to bring it in at the same time with the
+Rush pistillates by cutting and holding back in a cold cellar after the
+catkins were swelling well. This was the Barcelona which blooms very
+early.
+
+The Italian Red, Cosford and Giant De Halles bloom later than the Rush
+so this was another problem. These were forced by cutting and putting in
+a sunny window. In cutting wood for pollinating, the cuttings should be
+large. The stored up starch in the wood then gives the catkins more to
+draw on. Apparently the filbert catkins and pistillates develop entirely
+from the stored up starch in the wood and do not draw on the roots at
+all. This being so it was figured they would develop just as well off
+the bush.
+
+The last pollinating on the Rush was done in the spring of 1921. The
+catkins appeared to be all right and the limbs were cut and stored in
+the cellar. These were taken from the DuChilly. Finding they did not
+respond promptly to warmth it was seen that the catkins were drying up
+and getting stiff. As Father was very anxious to use this variety he
+tried soaking the limbs in water and then exposed them to the sun. Some
+of the catkins only swelled and then appeared to stop. The soaking was
+then repeated making it several hours and again they were exposed to the
+sun and warmth. Most of them developed nicely after this treatment. As
+those on the bush dried up and turned black it was thought probably the
+pollen used after treated as just mentioned was not good, but the
+pistillates developed promptly after being pollinated and the bush
+produced a large crop of nuts. I suppose these had been injured in the
+winter, but it would seem surprising that they could be made to develop
+artificially and the pollen be good.
+
+It was found that Rush crossed Cosford made the largest nuts but the
+kernels of these nuts were not of the best quality.
+
+On our eastern market I think it will be found that the longer type nuts
+will bring the premium in price. I find in selling the nuts that people
+mostly desire the longer nuts, but will take the other nuts if they
+cannot get the longer ones.
+
+This past spring we tried to graft several of the most promising hybrids
+in the older block of trees. We used the modified cleft graft method and
+we set the grafts on layered plants of the Barcelona filbert which were
+lined out in April. We grafted them in May after the layers had started
+to grow. Out of 200 plants grafted we have growing 16 nice plants from
+18 to 24 inches tall, an 8% stand. The roots of the Barcelona layers
+died also on the grafts that failed to live. I believe the main trouble
+in this experiment was that there was not enough root system to carry
+the graft rather than the fault of the grafting, as most of the grafts
+started to grow. We should have tried grafting on layers established one
+year and we will try this next spring.
+
+We have several very promising filberts in the older block of bearing
+plants. The Buchanan, No. 92, was named for President Buchanan, the only
+President of the U. S. from Pennsylvania, whose home is in Lancaster.
+No. 200 is also an excellent plant and was classed by my Father as one
+of the best in the collection. This plant has not been given a name as
+yet. I would like to have a name suggested that would be suitable. These
+two plants just mentioned bear nuts very much the shape of Italian Red.
+The kernels come out with little or no corky substance on the kernel.
+The flavor is very good and the plants have borne very well. We have a
+plant called "B." Letters were given to the plants where mice got in the
+seed beds and mixed the nuts. The nut of this plant is more the shape of
+Barcelona and is very good. It also bears well.
+
+In the younger block of plants we have quite a few promising plants but
+these must be tested further before we can say anything definite for or
+against them.
+
+I notice considerable leaf burn in the block of hybrids since the severe
+storm we had two weeks ago. Quite a few of the nuts were knocked off too
+but there is still a good crop which you will see tomorrow.
+
+Since my Father died we have not done any hybridizing. We hope to do so
+in the future as the work is very interesting.
+
+Mr. Stoke: Year before last I bought 2 lbs. of supposedly stratified
+nuts. I planted them but only one or two came up. This year they have
+made a pretty fair start so I know it takes two years to germinate. It
+seems as though it sometimes takes three years because these were
+stratified for a year and it took them two years to come up after I had
+them planted. I think you could probably get some stratified nuts from
+Carlton Nursery Co., Carlton, Oregon. I sent to Carlton for mine but
+they were shipped by someone else. It is my belief that the Carlton
+Nursery Co. controls the supply, so you will have to write to them for
+them.
+
+I have three or four dozen trees out of the first planting. They were
+planted in a very crowded position among walnut trees but are doing
+surprisingly well. The trees are now three years old and are shoulder
+high.
+
+Prof. Slate: I planted some Turkish hazel nuts. They have been planted
+two years and have not yet come up, but I believe they will next year,
+as they take two years to germinate.
+
+The following is a list of houses where seed of different species can be
+obtained. Submitted by the courtesy of Miss Jones:
+
+Sources of CORYLUS
+
+  CHINENSIS
+  Hillier Bros., Winchester, England.
+  Vilmorin & Co., Paris, France.
+
+  CORYLUS COLURNA
+  Carlton Nursery Co., Carlton, Ore.
+
+  C. TIBITICA
+  Forest Experiment Station, Dehra Dun, British India.
+
+
+
+
+Notes on the Commercial Cracking of Black Walnuts
+
+_By_ H. F. STOKE, _Roanoke, Virginia_
+
+
+A year ago I reported to this body an experiment in the commercial
+production of black walnut kernels by factory methods, including the use
+of a power-driven cracking device. During the past year the experiment
+was continued, with the variation that the shelling was done as a home
+industry rather than as a factory operation. Ten families were furnished
+with hand-power cracking devices and the whole nuts were delivered to
+their homes. The workers received 10c per pound for cracking and picking
+out the kernels and in addition retained the shells for fuel. Forty-five
+thousand pounds of nuts were used in the experiment for which a uniform
+price of $1 per hundred weight was paid.
+
+The more efficient and conscientious workers produced as high as 15% of
+kernels per unit of whole nuts, which was slightly better than the
+production by factory methods. The general average, however, was around
+12-1/2%, or about the same for both methods. As to quality of product
+there was no appreciable difference. It is necessary to exercise greater
+care in the selection of workers where the work is done in homes without
+supervision than in the factory. By actual experience it was found that
+some workers would produce less than half the percentage made by the
+more efficient workers. Such workers were dropped.
+
+Where relatively small quantities of nuts are to be shelled there is
+little to be chosen between the home-industry method and such factory
+method as was used by me. The cost of delivering the nuts to the homes
+may be roughly set over against the cost of operating a factory. Based
+on the hours of work required to produce a given quantity of kernels,
+the factory method is more efficient. On the other hand, the home worker
+will work for a smaller wage per hour. Where large quantities of nuts
+are available, commercial cracking by machine methods will be
+increasingly used in the future, especially if economic conditions so
+far improve that people will no longer work for starvation wages. Point
+is given to this observation by the fact that local buyers paid from 8
+to 15c for country-produced kernels last season, while my bare cost,
+without overhead or profit, was 20c per pound.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The most notable advance that has come to my attention during the past
+year in the way of commercial production of black walnut kernels is that
+contributed by Mr. C. E. Werner, President of the Forest Park Nut
+Company, of Ottawa, Kansas. Mr. Werner, who is 84 years of age and a
+veteran inventor with several notable inventions to his credit, has
+designed and built a machine that seems to mark a new era in black
+walnut kernel production. This machine, which is mounted on a truck, is
+not only used for the local operations of the company, but is moved from
+place to place in the performance of custom work, after the manner of a
+grain threshing outfit. Mention is made in company correspondence of
+cracking twenty thousand bushels of nuts for one customer in southwest
+Missouri. The following details were supplied by the manager of the
+company.
+
+The machine has a capacity of from 75 to 100 pounds of kernels per hour.
+As they come from the machine they carry not more than 10% shells, and
+run from 28 to 30% full quarters. After being hand cleaned the net
+recovery of kernels represents from 10 to 11-1/2% of the weight of the
+whole nuts. Custom work is charged for at the rate of from 3 to 5c per
+pound for the kernels produced. The cost of the final hand cleaning and
+packaging is given as 2c per pound, which makes a total production cost
+of from 5 to 7c per pound.
+
+The operation of the machine may be briefly described as follows: The
+nuts are run through a revolving screen which separates and cleans them
+from all adhering husk and grades them into three sizes. They then pass
+through the cracker and thence, by conveyor belt, to the picker. This
+ingenious device holds the broken nuts with soft rubber rolls while a
+set of fingers literally pick the kernels from the shells. Careful
+sifting is the last step as the kernels leave the machine, after which
+they are hand-picked to remove any remaining pieces of shell. The owners
+advise that the machine has been built primarily for their own use, and
+has not yet been offered for sale. They would, however, consider
+building the machines for sale.
+
+While the subject assigned me did not include the marketing of kernels,
+I cannot refrain from stating that no commodity is in greater need of
+orderly, organized marketing. In the meantime I would urge the small
+producer to cultivate his own local market as far as possible and refuse
+to produce at unprofitable prices.
+
+Cracked black walnuts make an excellent supplementary feed for growing
+chicks and laying hens.
+
+I advertised in the Rural New Yorker, The American Magazine and Better
+Homes and Gardens. Mr. Hershey advised me I would go broke advertising
+but I wanted to see what would happen. The Rural New Yorker gave the
+best results. I got $1.25 for a 2-lb. package. The kernels were in
+clean, first-class condition. I noticed some were advertised as low as
+95c for two pounds. Some people in answering my advertisement said they
+had bought others that were not in first-class condition. I had no
+complaints about mine. In Better Homes and Gardens I did not get enough
+orders to pay for my advertising. I would not advise anyone to advertise
+there or in the American Magazine, as I got very poor results. I even
+got a bad check. The Rural New Yorker was very satisfactory.
+
+The prices I paid locally were from .05 to .08 and sometimes .10 to .15
+to old customers. Twelve and a half cents was the average price. I think
+maybe I should have advertised in a confectioners' journal in order to
+reach a large consumer source, but I felt at the time that I was using
+the only way I had of reaching a market.
+
+This carton (showing a mailing container) is a 2-pound carton which I
+used in shipping in response to mail orders. It makes a very nice
+package that is received in good condition. I might add that the
+contents are 50 cubic inches.
+
+Question: Do you use a paper bag inside?
+
+Mr. Stoke: I line it with wax paper. I made a form and fold the wax
+paper around it to get the size. This makes a neat lining and then I
+just pour in the nuts and fold the top down.
+
+Mr. Graham: Do you notice much difference in the kernels?
+
+Mr. Stoke: Not in black walnuts. I found a few nuts which I could not
+use. The best nuts I found this year were in and about our locality.
+
+Mr. Smith: Did you try offering prizes? Mr. Hershey and I once got
+almost tipsy testing a lot of walnuts in a prize contest.
+
+Mr. Stoke: No. The best nuts I got would score not higher than the
+Thomas. They were brought in by different people and mixed together so
+that I was unable to tell their source.
+
+The President: Do you do your separating of kernel and shell by hand?
+
+Mr. Stoke: Yes. I use sieves, too. I use first a 3/8 x 3/4 inch mesh. It
+will take out most of the shell. Then for a minimum size, the best is 8
+mesh to an inch, as used by the Forest Park Nut Co., Ottawa, Kans. This
+is smaller mesh and eliminates the smaller bits of shell.
+
+Mr. Hershey: Did you have any correspondence with those people?
+
+Mr. Stoke: I was interested in their machine for cracking nuts and I
+wrote the company a letter. Two or three months later I received a
+letter from Mr. Werner, a son of Mr. C. E. Werner, and who signed
+himself as Len Werner of the Werner Steel Products Co., and I received
+details and facts about the machine. He asked me if I would be
+interested in buying a machine or renting on a basis of kernel
+production. The younger Mr. Werner said they built the machine for
+themselves but could supply orders if they came in.
+
+Miss Sawyer: Did you get any information on the price?
+
+Mr. Stoke: No, none whatever. It seems to be taken from place to place
+mounted on a truck and cracks the nuts right on the job.
+
+Mr. Reed: Do you have any difficulty in cracking nuts when they are dry?
+
+Mr. Stoke: The nut cracks best when not too wet or too dry but just
+right. If too dry, they are too brittle and you break up the kernels too
+much, also get too many spalls of shells. If wet you have other
+troubles. In the South and Southwest the summers get hot and so some
+nuts get rancid. The sweet type that have less oil seem to stand up
+better.
+
+Question: Do you ever steam nuts before cracking?
+
+Mr. Stoke: No, I haven't. To keep them in a damp atmosphere is also not
+good. Nuts should be kept dry while in storage. Kernels should also be
+kept in a dry place. I put them in trays of wire mesh and if the nuts
+are too green or I am in a hurry for them, I turn on the electric fan.
+
+Last Fall I put some in cold storage in December. I also put some in
+cold storage in May and I found that I would not have needed to put any
+in cold storage until May as they have kept just as nicely as those
+stored earlier. But I find it is essential to have the kernels
+thoroughly dried before they are put away. If thoroughly dried they will
+not mold, but if kept in too warm a place they will turn rancid. To keep
+them in a damp atmosphere is also not good. If they are treated right
+they will keep indefinitely.
+
+Dr. Zimmerman: Mr. Stoke, how many nuts did you crack?
+
+Mr. Stoke: About 40,000 or 50,000 lbs.
+
+Mr. Reed: What did you do with screenings?
+
+Mr. Stoke: I fed them to the chickens. Some said that they would keep
+the chickens from laying but I found that by mixing about 25% with
+ordinary mash it worked fine.
+
+Mr. Hershey: Did you find that it made the egg shells hard?
+
+Mr. Stoke: No, the chickens had too much sense.
+
+Question: What percent do you lose in sieving?
+
+Mr. Stoke: When I did my fine sieving, I used a 4-inch screen. The
+shells were taken out entirely. I lost, maybe, 4%.
+
+Prof. Reed: Do you people in Virginia have local names for different
+types of walnuts? What is the swamp black walnut?
+
+Mr. Stoke: My own opinion is that there is only one black walnut in the
+East. We have a butternut that some people call the English walnut and
+some the white walnut. The Japanese walnut is sometimes called an
+English walnut. We also have the English or Persian walnut.
+
+Prof. Reed: I believe the botanists recognize only the one black walnut.
+
+Prof. Slate: I do not think there is more than one kind.
+
+Mr. Stoke: It is interesting to know that while the black walnut has
+been higher in price than the English walnut, so that manufacturers have
+been substituting the English walnut for the black walnut, this year the
+black walnut has dropped as much as 10c per pound under the English and
+is now about 5c, I believe. Consequently the black walnut has come into
+its own and is now being substituted for the English walnut.
+
+Mr. Frey: I would like to mention alternate years in bearing. If apple
+trees can be made to give a fair crop each year by good care, feeding
+and spraying, it is my thought that walnut trees will do the same thing
+under the same conditions. But we must remember that forming the hard
+shell is a most difficult thing for a tree to do.
+
+Prof. Neilson: I should like to draw your attention to a drawing sent me
+by J. U. Gellatly. (The paper was held up for all to see.) Just look at
+the size of the leaves. That is a tracing of the leaf of a hybrid
+English walnut and heartnut. He sent it along as evidence of its vigor
+of growth. This large compound hybrid leaf measured 27 inches from tip
+of the leaf to the bottom of the last leaflet, exclusive of the stem
+which was 5 inches long. Many of the larger leaflets measured 5 × 9
+inches, shape, oblong ovate, edges of leaf, serrate, total width of
+compound leaf, 17 inches.
+
+Dr. Smith: I should like to suggest to Mr. Frey that the theory he
+suggested might be supported if the tree were placed in a particularly
+favorable location.
+
+Mr. Hershey: I should like to remind the audience of Judge Potter who
+told me some years ago that on his farm in Southern Illinois he got
+three doubles of his meadow grove of about 50 hickory trees, by using
+plenty of good horse manure, phosphoric acid, and potash. The increases
+were that he doubled the amount of growth and the size of the nut and
+changed the trees from alternate bearing to yearly bearing.
+
+
+
+
+Black Walnut Notes for 1933
+
+  _By_ C. A. REED, _Associate Pomologist
+  Fruit and Vegetable Crops and Diseases
+  U. S. Department of Agriculture_
+
+
+A number of developments in connection with the black walnut industry of
+the East have taken place during the last 12 months which appear to be
+of such importance as to justify special record at this time. Some of
+these have to do with the production and marketing of and prices
+received for, the wild product, others with certain features in
+connection with orchard and nursery management, and still others with
+walnut relationships both inside and outside of the genus.
+
+
+The Black Walnut Kernel Industry
+
+Production of black walnut kernels in this country is fully 99 per cent
+from seedling trees of the fields, forests, roadsides and dooryards.
+That from orchard and top-worked trees, while now considerably on the
+increase, due to recent activity in planting and top-working, will
+hardly become of relative importance for some years to come. The wild
+crop is actually on the increase each year, due partly to greater care
+now taken of old bearing trees and partly to the large number of young
+trees coming into bearing each year but more largely to the greater
+extent to which nuts are now being gathered and not allowed to decay on
+the ground.
+
+This increase in production is working both for and against the
+permanent welfare of the industry, and by this use of the term
+"industry", it is meant to include the cultivated as well as the
+uncultivated phases. Consumption has increased tremendously. No figures
+are available as to either total production or percentage of total crop
+which is still allowed each year to remain on the ground until it
+becomes decomposed.
+
+However, it is the opinion of Baltimore merchants who have long handled
+this product that in certain large districts the wild nuts are now
+gathered closely and that very few are allowed to decay on the ground.
+There is no available information upon which to base a curve as to the
+probable increase in production which may be expected from young trees
+just beginning to bear or the thousands still too young to bear or yet
+the other thousands to be planted by squirrels each year. Whether or not
+the increase in consumption and its coincident change in eating habits
+of the American people will prove permanent after the return of normal
+times, remains to be seen, but it may be accepted as fact that the
+future of this country is likely to see greater competition in the home
+markets among foods than has been the case in the past and that,
+eventually, only those having the greatest values in nutrition and
+palatability will survive. Salesmanship may defeat this for a while but
+ultimately, palatability assumed, cash values and human tastes will most
+certainly arrive at pretty much the same point. The ultimate future of
+the walnut would therefore appear to depend largely upon its ability to
+become one of the fittest survivers.
+
+One of the most important developments during the past year is of very
+recent occurrence. It is the fact that the 1933 season is opening with
+the highest prices received during the last two years. This may in part
+be due to reports that the outlook in the Tennessee--Kentucky--Virginia
+and North Carolina district is for a light crop. According to Baltimore
+merchants who have recently been consulted, consumption last year was
+the greatest in history and, while prices reached the lowest level since
+the depression began, relatively speaking, the total drop has probably
+not been as great as for other food products during the same period.
+These merchants look forward with confidence to a continuance of
+increased consumption.
+
+This forecast is encouraging, but it is based on the assumption that
+there will be continued improvement in the manner of handling and
+packing the kernels for delivery. At present, considerable overhead is
+usually charged back to the farmers because of labor involved in
+cleaning, grading, and sometimes curing, after the kernels reach the
+city merchants. This handling is necessary with much of the output in
+order that it may be made acceptable to the manufacturers. One of the
+most desirable characteristics in connection with the sale of black
+walnut kernels is brightness of color. This is a matter largely due to
+the manner of handling during the process of harvesting, curing, and
+cracking. Once the kernels become dark, they cannot be brightened except
+by bleaching and removing the pellicles. However, the importance of
+prompt gathering as soon as the nuts fall from the trees, removing the
+hulls, and curing the nuts cannot be overestimated. These are matters
+easily within the ability of the producers to adjust.
+
+
+The Orchard Industry
+
+On the orchard side of the industry, several developments may be listed,
+although the majority are merely old developments newly emphasized.
+
+Black walnut trees, seedlings and grafted trees alike tend to bear full
+crops not oftener than during alternate years, and with conditions at
+all unfavorable, full crops may be delayed for several years.
+
+Grafted trees of many varieties begin to bear their first fruits quite
+as promptly as with apples. Not infrequently walnuts appear by the end
+of the second year after grafting. This is especially true with
+top-worked trees.
+
+
+Recent Adverse Weather Conditions
+
+The spring and summer season of 1933 made an adverse combination in some
+localities. In the Ohio and Mississippi River Sections, the result was
+disastrous to a large part of the crop. In those sections, May was an
+exceedingly rainy month. June was equally hot and dry. It is in May that
+the blossoming periods of most varieties of walnut occur, also it is
+then that most of the nursery grafting is performed. Insofar as
+pollination was concerned, there were probably enough hours of sunshine
+during the blossoming period for the distribution of pollen to have been
+adequate and effective. On some of the trees the rains came at just the
+right time to wash practically all of the pollen to the ground. Had it
+not been for later pollinating trees either of the same variety, or of
+other varieties, or even of seedlings in the neighborhood, it is
+probable that no nuts would have set. However the actual set was about
+normal, but the heat and drouth which followed resulted in a drop which
+took the greater part of the crop. A pecan grower in southwestern
+Indiana, with between 300 and 400 grafted trees now of bearing age,
+recently reported that in August he was unable to find a single nut in
+his entire orchard. The result has not been quite as serious with the
+walnuts. Nevertheless, the crop prospects are reported to be not at all
+bright.
+
+Nursery grafting in southern Indiana had literally to be performed
+between showers. Sap flow was excessive and the resulting stand below
+normal. The heat and drouth which followed killed outright many of the
+scions which had begun to grow. Thus, in that section the orchardists
+lost most of their crops and the nurserymen most of their grafts.
+
+
+Walnut Relationships
+
+In regard to walnut relationships within the genus, continued studies
+have led to certain conclusions which would appear to bear mentioning.
+One of these is to the effect that not all so-called "butterjaps" appear
+to owe their origin to staminate parentage of butternut but that they
+may be due to chance crosses of either Japanese walnut with Persian or
+possibly black walnut, or quite as often to reversion to the true
+Manchurian walnut, _Juglans mandschurica_.
+
+
+Hybrids and Intermediate Forms
+
+It is generally known that natural hybridity occurs so frequently
+between almost any two species of _Juglans_ when growing together and
+blossoming simultaneously that it is unwise to plant the seed of either
+if pure types are desired. Intermediate forms, evidently between Persian
+(English) and black are fairly common throughout the East. The James
+River and O'Connor hybrids are well known typical examples. Such hybrids
+are most apt to occur in vicinities of Persian walnut trees. Crosses in
+which the Persian walnut is the staminate or pollen producing parent may
+sometimes occur but if so, they have never come to the attention of the
+writer. Crosses between these two species commonly have the Persian
+walnut as the pistillate or nut producing parent.
+
+The most commonly seen forms which appear to be due to hybridity are in
+the case of certain Japanese walnut seedlings in the East. The offspring
+of these trees frequently takes on much of the character of the American
+butternut. Nuts of this type have been recognized by this Association
+and other authorities as "butterjaps." In his Manual of American Trees,
+Dr. Albert H. Rehder of the Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plains, Mass.,
+recognizes crosses between the Japanese walnut and American butternut
+under the technical name of _Juglans bixbyi_ after the late Willard G.
+Bixby of the Association by whom the matter was called to his attention.
+However, it is not certain that nuts definitely known to represent a
+cross between these two species have yet been brought to notice.
+
+
+Butterjaps
+
+It has been commonly assumed that nuts of the butternut type, from trees
+grown from Japanese walnut seed are due to butternut hybridity, but the
+theory is clearly open to reasonable doubt. Nuts of this identical type
+are common in the orient where the butternut does not occur and also
+they sometimes occur in this country on trees grown from imported
+Japanese walnut seed. The late Luther Burbank wrote the Department of
+Agriculture in 1899 that in California where he had grown many thousands
+of seedlings from both imported and California grown seed, he was unable
+to detect the slightest differences in foliage, yet the trees were apt
+to produce nuts of any one of three types then known as _Juglans
+sieboldiana_, _J. cordiformis_ or _J. mandschurica_. He wrote that "They
+all run together and are evidently all from the butternut family."
+
+An authentic case of butterjaps from imported seed was made public
+during the first annual meeting of the Pennsylvania Nut Growers'
+Association which was held in Harrisburg on January 11 of this year.
+Butterjaps were on display during that meeting which had been grown by
+Mr. Ross Pier Wright of Erie, Pa., from seed which he had imported
+directly from Japan. His trees are growing in the outskirts of
+Westfield, Chautauqua County, N. Y., and within a mile of Lake Erie.
+
+In July of this year, Dr. E. A. Scott of Galena, Md., called the
+attention of the writer to a number of fine trees in his small town, all
+of which had been grown by him from _J. sieboldiana_ seed obtained from
+a tree nearby and "every one" of which was bearing "butternuts," as he
+and his neighbors call them. The American butternut does not occur in
+that part of Maryland which is on the upper end of the Chesapeake
+Peninsula, probably 10 miles from Chesapeake Bay. Both black and Persian
+walnut trees are very common in that region. The tree which bore the
+original seed is a typical Japanese walnut. It stands at the end of a
+row of Persian walnut trees along the driveway of a private country
+lane. There are several black walnut trees, perhaps 500 yards to the
+southwest, but no butternuts for many miles. As the Persian and Japanese
+walnuts blossom at about the same time and the black walnut considerably
+later, it would seem altogether probable that if any cross had taken
+place it would have been Japanese x Persian, rather than Japanese x
+black. The chances of a Japanese x butternut cross would have been so
+remote as to be altogether improbable.
+
+Many years ago, Judge F. P. Andrus of Almont, Mich., planted one tree
+each of Persian and Japanese walnuts in his dooryard. Both soon came
+into bearing. Squirrels planted nuts in the ground and presently the
+yard was filled with offspring, the majority of which were of the type
+now called butterjaps. The trees were extremely vigorous but the nuts
+were of so little value that all were finally cut down. Butternut trees
+are common in Michigan and butternut pollen may have been responsible
+for these crosses but circumstantially the evidence pointed much more
+strongly to Japanese × Persian crosses than to Japanese × butternut
+crosses.
+
+Other cases of these sorts might be cited, but the evidence which the
+writer has been able to bring together up to the present month,
+September, 1933, strongly indicates that butterjaps may be due to either
+an actual cross with a Persian or black walnut and possibly with
+butternut or to reversion to a parent oriental type. So far, it has been
+out of the question to hazard a reasonably safe assumption as to the
+staminate parent of all particular crosses by merely studying the
+botanical characteristics of the butterjap offspring.
+
+Several years ago Mr. Bixby planted a number of butterjap seed nuts,
+hoping that under the Mendelian law, the characteristics of the two
+parents would segregate themselves. The trunk and bark of some of the
+trees resembled black walnut quite distinctly, while none resembled the
+butternut. So far as is known to the writer, none of the trees have yet
+fruited. One of the several butterjap trees in Galena, Md., previously
+referred to, produced nuts rather more like black walnuts than
+butternuts. These two instances therefore, would suggest Japanese ×
+black walnut parentage.
+
+
+Black Walnut Root Toxicity
+
+On several occasions discussions of root toxicity between the black
+walnut and certain of its neighbors have taken place at Association
+meetings. The theory that black walnut trees give off toxic properties
+from their roots, which are fatal to other plants, is therefore not new.
+Some years ago the Virginia Experiment Station definitely isolated a
+toxic substance which was held responsible for the death of tomatoes,
+potatoes, alfalfa, blackberry plants and apple trees when these other
+plants were grown in close enough proximity for their roots to come in
+contact with those of the black walnut. This work was reported in
+various publications and was written up by several different authors.
+
+Since then, as well as before, the writer has looked for similar
+evidence, but, so far, in vain. Each of these crops, including tomatoes,
+potatoes, alfalfa, blackberries and apples, have been seen growing in as
+close contact with black walnut as they could possibly be placed.
+Oftentimes they have been found much nearer to black walnut trees than
+would have been wise to place them to oak, hickory, ash or other species
+of large growing trees. This does not mean that when the roots are in
+actual contact the toxic agent of the black walnut roots would not prove
+fatal to the other plants but it does indicate that in the great
+majority of cases there is no practical danger.
+
+Anyone who has doubt about the healthy condition of these other species
+when grown close together with black walnut trees, may obtain evidence
+for himself by noting the frequent combination of this sort easily found
+in fields and gardens of the country and small towns. It is surprising
+how often these combinations of black walnut and other species are to be
+seen. Any unprejudiced person could hardly fail to become convinced
+that, in the great majority of cases, the danger is of small practical
+consequence. The roots of the black walnut run deeply under ground and
+it is entirely conceivable that in deep soil they do not ordinarily come
+up to the shallower levels of the roots of most other species.
+
+
+Summary
+
+A summary of the year's developments might be arranged about as follows:
+
+(1) More black walnut kernels were harvested and consumed during the
+year than ever before.
+
+(2) Prices to the farmer reached about the same low level of the year
+preceding, but the total drop during recent years was probably not in
+proportion to the drop of most other food products.
+
+(3) Crop prospects in 1933 are unfavorable for another large crop.
+Prices are starting out considerably higher than for several years.
+
+(4) Production of black walnuts from grafted trees under cultivation is
+altogether insignificant in comparison with that from chance seedlings
+receiving no special cultivation.
+
+(5) Grafting and planting are taking place at too moderate a rate to
+materially alter the ratio of production from seedling to that of
+grafted trees in the near future.
+
+(6) There has been considerable improvement during recent years in the
+manner of preparing and packing black walnut kernels for market, but
+there is need for further advance along this line.
+
+(7) Merchants engaged in handling black walnut kernels predict that
+there will continue to be a normal steady increase in consumption, now
+that the market has become established, trade channels opened up, and
+consumers habits somewhat established.
+
+(8) Walnut hybrids occur frequently in nature. So far, none have
+appeared which were of special value because of the character of nuts
+which they produce. So-called butterjaps appear to be possible from
+either certain crosses or from reversion to parent oriental types.
+
+(9) Ordinarily, other crops may be interplanted with black walnuts with
+as great safety as with most other equally large growing and deep-rooted
+trees.
+
+
+
+
+Is the Information We Have on Orchard Fertility of Value in the Nut
+Grove?
+
+  _BY_ PROF. F. N. FAGAN, _PROFESSOR OF POMOLOGY
+  THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE_
+
+
+Many of the association members present are also general fruit orchard
+owners of this state. I am glad to meet with you and must confess that
+it has been many years since I have had the pleasure of attending the
+annual meeting of this association. To be exact, the last meeting I
+attended was the annual meeting held in Lancaster some seven years ago.
+It is not that the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station lacks
+interest in nut culture that keeps it from doing work along nut
+investigational lines, but because the older and more extensive apple,
+peach, cherry, grape and berry industries have called upon the
+resources of the station to its working capacity.
+
+When Mr. Hershey wrote asking me to speak before this meeting I felt
+that the only information we had at the station that would fit into the
+picture was the information we have regarding orchard fertility. I
+therefore gave him the subject, "Is the information we now have on
+general orchard fertility of value in the nut grove?"
+
+First, let me touch upon some of the papers given this morning. I think
+it would be well for the nut meat industry to look into the department
+of health's requirements governing the health inspection of workers
+handling food products. I also suggest looking into the possibility of
+the selling of nuts and nut meats by interested high school boys and
+girls in our many towns and cities.
+
+The question of annual bearing of nut trees is a subject needing
+investigation. I rather expect we shall find that this factor is closely
+connected with over-production of a tree one year, fertility and
+moisture supply, or, in other words, the nuts may be much like apples.
+While the nature of tree growth may tend to cause trees to be alternate
+producers, man may upset this natural habit to some extent by proper
+cultural practices and thus cause the tree to produce, not a full crop
+in the off year but at least some fruits that will be on the profit
+side.
+
+As to the toxic effect of some of our nut trees upon growth of other
+plants growing near by, I rather expect we shall find as time goes on
+that instead of the trees having a toxic effect they have a robbing
+effect upon soil moisture and food. One thing that leads me to this
+belief is that years ago we taught that one reason for seeding a cover
+crop in the orchard was to have the cover take the moisture from the
+soil in the fall of the year and in that way check tree growth. We now
+know that a mature apple or peach tree will reverse this during the
+growing season and will take its full share of moisture and food from
+the soil and really take these away from the cover crop. We saw this
+occur during the dry years of 1929 and 1930 with covers that had been
+seeded in June. During both these years, in our orchard blocks where the
+water holding capacity of the soil was low, the cover died over the tree
+root feeding spaces. Some may have said that the trees were having a
+toxic effect upon the soil. This was not the case for, in 1932 and 1933,
+both years of plenty of moisture supply, the covers have grown well
+around the trees in these blocks.
+
+I shall now ask you to refer to the conclusions on page 3 of our
+Bulletin No. 294, issued by The Pennsylvania State College, which has
+just been distributed to you. These conclusions are, of course, based
+upon our work in an apple orchard but I believe they will apply closely
+to the management of nut orchards.
+
+
+Lessons from Fertility Studies in the Experiment Orchard
+
+Most of the experiments in this orchard have now completed 25 years;
+there have been few changes and these minor ones. Certain lessons may be
+drawn from this quarter century of research:
+
+1. The fertility of an orchard soil is more than its plant food content.
+It involves the nature of the soil, its depth and topography, its
+previous treatment, the use of fertilizers and manures, the amount and
+nature of the cultivation and the covers or sods grown. Fertilizers are
+only part of the problem of soil fertility.
+
+2. In this orchard any treatment that has influenced the trees at all
+has done so in the following order: first, the cover crops; perhaps
+several years later, leaf color; shortly after, branch growth and
+circumference increase; and last of all, yield.
+
+3. The reason for this sequence of results is that the treatments,
+whether chemical fertilizers, manure, or cover crops, have influenced
+yields chiefly by changing the organic matter content of the soil; that
+is, those treatments which have resulted in the production of larger
+cover crops have ultimately resulted in the production of more fruit.
+
+4. The organic content of the soil has been a considerable factor in
+determining the amount of water in this soil. Those treatments which
+have built up the organic content have kept the soil in condition to
+soak up rainfall rather than to lose it by surface run-off. A larger
+water supply, in turn, has produced more cover crops.
+
+5. The site of this orchard seems nearly level to the casual eye; yet
+slope, with its accompanying erosion, together with differences in depth
+of soil, have created nearly as large differences in growth and yield as
+any treatment. Good treatments have nearly offset the initial
+disadvantage of poor soil; but it is more economical to plant the
+orchard on good soil than to attempt the improvement of a poor soil.
+
+6. A short, non-legume sod rotation is an efficient means of building up
+a depleted orchard soil. After a sod of any kind becomes thick tree
+growth is checked and yields decline. Orchard sods should be turned
+under or partially broken, frequently.
+
+7. Moisture conditions often are more favorable in the sod orchard than
+in the cultivated orchard. Runoff is checked by a sod and less water
+is used by a sod in mid-summer, after it has been mowed, than by a heavy
+cover crop.
+
+8. Under a non-legume sod the soil nitrate supply becomes very low in
+late May or early June, necessitating early applications of nitrogenous
+fertilizers. Annual applications of 10 pounds of nitrate of soda per
+tree, or its equivalent in sulphate of ammonia or other forms, have
+proved profitable in this orchard. Superphosphate, in light
+applications, has increased sod and cover crop growth.
+
+9. Trees receiving annual tillage with July seeding of cover crops have
+not done as well as those under sod rotations. If the cover crops are
+seeded in early June, as has been practiced since 1929, the difference
+may not be marked.
+
+10. To maintain equal yields, Stayman and Baldwin must make longer
+branch growth than York.
+
+In addition to these conclusions I will say that any grower who will
+keep his orchard soil in a state of fertility (by use of manure, proper
+farm crop fertilizers--nitrate, phosphate or potash alone or in
+combination with each other--liming and, if necessary, drainage) which
+will permit growing clovers, alfalfa, soy beans, cow peas, vetch, or any
+of the legumes, and who really does grow them as covers in his grove or
+orchard, turning them back into the soil with a minimum period of spring
+cultivation--just enough to prepare a seed bed--will never need to worry
+about his soil fertility or water holding capacity.
+
+You note that I say a minimum of cultivation. We taught twenty years
+ago that cultivation should continue during June, July, and August. We
+now feel that this teaching was wrong. We can see no benefit from this
+long summer cultivation but do see some harm. Cultivation during the hot
+weather of June, July, and August will only aid in burning out the
+organic matter in the soil, just the very thing we plant a cover for.
+Many of the covers such as alfalfa, sweet clover and non-legume grasses
+can be harrowed very heavily in early spring after the frost is out of
+the ground, thus checking their growth for several weeks, and it is in
+early spring before the first flowers open, and while open, that the
+tree needs its nitrogen to aid in the set of fruit, and season's tree
+growth; the checking of the cover's growth in early spring gives the
+tree the chance to get its food.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Zimmerman: I am very grateful for the address of Prof. Fagan.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Smith: I want to express my appreciation of Prof. Fagan's paper. I
+want to call to the attention of this convention of people that this
+young man has actually admitted his hard headedness, that he has been
+willing to let a tree compel him to change his thinking.
+
+
+
+
+Progress Report on Kellogg Nut Cultural Project of the Michigan State
+College
+
+_By_ J. A. NEILSON, _M. S. C., East Lansing_
+
+
+The Nut Cultural Project so generously supported by Mr. W. K. Kellogg of
+Battle Creek made good progress during the season of 1933. The various
+phases of this project are briefly discussed under their separate
+headings as follows:
+
+
+Search for Superior Trees
+
+This feature of our nut cultural programme is of the utmost importance
+and will continue to be so until the entire state has been thoroughly
+explored. In our search we have been greatly helped by interested people
+throughout the state and elsewhere who report the existence of good
+trees or who send specimens of nuts from superior trees. This voluntary
+help is very useful and is much appreciated.
+
+Of the various methods of searching for good trees, nut contests are the
+most efficient and economical. Through the medium of national contests
+this Association has discovered many good varieties, and several of
+these new varieties are now being propagated. In view of the discoveries
+resulting from the Association contest in 1929 and our state contest in
+the same year, it was deemed advisable to stage another contest in 1932.
+
+An article setting forth the terms of the contest was sent to all the
+daily, weekly, and agricultural and horticultural journals and was given
+very wide publicity by these press agencies. A great deal of interest
+was shown in our contest and more than 1600 exhibits were entered by
+approximately 700 exhibitors.
+
+Several good strains were brought to light by this contest, most of
+which were unknown before the contest was staged. The prize winners and
+the awards are as follows:
+
+  =Black Walnuts=
+
+  Daniel Beck, Hamilton, Mich.        1st $15.00
+  Harry Webber, Cincinnati, Ohio      2nd $10.00
+  E. Gray, Williamston, Mich.         3rd $ 5.00
+
+  =Hickories=
+
+  Mrs. Ray D. Mann, Davison, Michigan 1st $15.00
+  D. Miller, North Branch, Mich.      2nd $10.00
+  Lyle Hause, Fowlerville, Mich.      3rd $ 5.00
+
+  =English Walnuts=
+
+  Harry Larsen, Ionia, Mich.          1st $10.00
+  D. B. Lewis, Vassar, Mich.          2nd $ 5.00
+  J. W. Jockett, Hart Mich.           3rd $ 3.00
+
+  =Butternuts=
+
+  Claude Mitchell, Scotland, Ont.     1st $10.00
+  M. E. Alverson, Howard City, Mich.  2nd $ 5.00
+  Frank Luther, Fairgrove, Mich.      3rd $ 3.00
+
+  =Heartnuts=
+
+  Claude Mitchell, Scotland, Ont.     1st $10.00
+  Fred Bourne, Milford, Mich.         2nd $ 5.00
+  J. U. Gellatly, Gellatly, B. C.     3rd $ 3.00
+
+  =Chestnuts (Hybrids)=
+
+  John Dunbar, Oshtemo, Mich.         1st $10.00
+  D. N. Dean, Shelbyville, Mich.      2nd $ 5.00
+  J. W. Jockett, Hart, Mich.          3rd $ 3.00
+
+  =Jap. Walnuts=
+
+  Harold English, Chatham, Ont.       1st $10.00
+  Harold Evers, Petoskey, Mich.       2nd $ 5.00
+  Bob Cardinell                       3rd $ 3.00
+
+If and when another contest is held a larger number of prizes will be
+given provided sufficient funds are available. The experience gained in
+the 1929 and 1932 contests indicates the desirability of holding at
+least three contests and five would be better, and to have the contests
+held annually. It is very difficult to advertise a nut contest so that
+every person in rural sections knows of it and moreover, even if it were
+thoroughly advertised in any one year, it would not be possible to get
+nuts from all good trees because of the irregularity in fruiting habit
+of nut trees. The experience of others who stage contests will
+substantiate this opinion.
+
+It is a great satisfaction to record the discovery of some promising
+pecan trees near Vandalia on the farm of Clyde Westphal. These trees
+were reported to me by Mr. Harry Burgart of Union City, and at the first
+opportunity I went with Mr. Burgart to examine the trees. There are 19
+trees in the grove and the largest and best fruited tree is about 45
+feet tall and nearly one foot in diameter at the base. The nuts are of
+medium size, crack easily, and contain kernels of good quality. A good
+crop was borne last year and other satisfactory crops have been secured
+for several years. It is quite likely that this tree would not mature
+nuts in a short growing season or in a season of low heat units, but the
+fact that it has done so well in recent years in growth and nut
+production is very encouraging, indeed. Plans are being made to
+propagate this strain.
+
+Another good pecan sample was received from Mr. B. B. Dowell of
+Paulding, Ohio. This tree is hardy and produces nuts slightly larger
+than the Westphal tree. The nuts have good cracking quality and flavor
+of kernel and are worth propagating for northern regions.
+
+
+Propagation
+
+The propagation of selected strains of nut trees is not primarily the
+function of an Experiment Station, with the exception of such work as
+may be necessary to establish on Station property a sufficient number of
+trees to furnish scionwood for experimental purposes and to supply
+interested parties with what they require. We believe that nut tree
+nurserymen should undertake the propagation of new varieties of proven
+merit and we have endeavored to furnish our local nurserymen and others
+with scionwood of our best native selections or introductions. Such
+propagation as we have done is with established trees and can properly
+be considered as top-working. This feature of our project is discussed
+under that heading.
+
+
+Topworking
+
+Our programme of top-working was carried on in 1933 to the full extent
+of time and funds available and a special effort was made to top-work
+some of the worthless pignuts and bitternuts with scions of hicans and
+hybrid hickories. In a former report, reference was made to the
+difficulty in grafting shagbark and shellbark scions onto pignuts; and
+here again I want to say my first observation still holds especially
+with the shagbarks. I do not have a single shagbark scion left on
+pignuts out of several hundred set during the last four seasons.
+
+Our results with hybrid hickories and with hicans have been much
+more encouraging in so far as the set of scions and growth is
+concerned. The following varieties have done well on the pignut or
+bitternut--Burlington, Beaver, Cedar Rapids, Creager, Dennis, Des
+Moines, Fairbanks, Kirtland, Laney, Lingenfelter, McCallister,
+Stratford, and Shinnerling. It is definitely known that most of these
+varieties are of hybrid origin with the exception of Cedar Rapids and
+Kirtland. The buds of the variety I have labelled as Cedar Rapids do not
+look like pure shagbarks and it is possible that a mix up has occurred
+in the labels.
+
+A satisfactory start was made in propagating the prize-winning shagbark
+hickories of our 1932 contest and further work will be done with these
+kinds in the present season.
+
+Good progress has been made in propagating our best varieties of black
+walnuts, English walnuts, and Chinese walnuts. We now have several trees
+some of which are quite large that have been top-worked to scions of
+Wiard, Allen, Grundy, Rowher, Ohio, Creitz, Carpenter, and Stambaugh
+black walnuts. In English walnuts we have Carpathian No. 1, 2, and
+5--Crath, McDermid, and Broadview. This latter variety is above the
+average in size, cracks easily and has a good kernel. Still more
+important it is believed to be hardy and is definitely known to have
+endured 25° below zero F. This variety was sent by Mr. J. U. Gellatly,
+our enthusiastic nut tree hunter from British Columbia. Mr. Gellatly has
+brought to light a considerable number of heartnuts and a few English
+walnuts. One of his latest finds is an English walnut that produces very
+large almost round thin shelled nuts. This tree grows on high bench land
+near Okanogun, B. C. and is a seedling of a tree growing in the high
+altitudes of Kashmir in Northern India. Some of the heartnuts sent by
+Mr. Gellatly are amongst the largest I have ever seen and possess good
+cracking and extraction qualities. Scions of these varieties have been
+ordered from Mr. Gellatly and we hope to establish at least one good
+tree of each kind as a source of propagating material. We also have
+several grafts of an excellent Chinese walnut which we obtained from Mr.
+George Corsan of Islington, Ontario. This variety bears a large nut with
+a thin well sealed shell and a first-class kernel, and has been named
+Corsan.
+
+
+New Plantings
+
+The planting programme for 1933 included the planting of about 40 acres
+on the Collver part of the Kellogg Farm near Augusta, but this had to be
+reduced by 50% because of financial troubles caused by the closing of
+the banks in which Mr. Kellogg was a depositor. In addition to the new
+plantings a considerable number of replacements had to be made
+particularly in the chestnut groves. The following table shows the
+number of each species and variety planted:
+
+  (a) Black Walnuts
+
+  Variety Number
+
+  Allen 2
+  Wessell 5
+  Thomas 20
+  Beck 2
+  Bohamin 2
+  Edras 3
+  Grundy 3
+  Homeland 3
+  Howell 2
+  Grabill 2
+  Hauber 1
+  Heplar 3
+  Mintle 2
+  Patuxent 7
+  Ruddick 1
+  Stanley 1
+  Tasterite 1
+  Stover 1
+  Worthington 1
+  McMillen 1
+  Hunter 1
+  Birds Eye 15
+  Carpenter 10
+  Miller 5
+  Ten Ecyk 10
+  Ohio 10
+  Stabler 15
+
+  (b) Chinese Walnut
+
+  Seedlings 20
+
+  (c) English Walnut
+
+  Seedlings (Crath) 21
+  Alpine 10
+  Mayette 10
+
+  (d) Butternuts
+
+  Seedlings 50
+
+
+  Hickories
+
+  (a) Hybrids
+
+  Stratford 5
+
+  (b) Shagbark
+
+  Glover 5
+  Romig 3
+
+  (c) Shellbark
+
+  Stephens 2
+
+  (d) Pecans
+
+  Indiana 1
+  Niblack 4
+  Greenriver 5
+  Kentucky 5
+  Butterick 6
+  Posey 5
+  Carlyle 3
+  Jeffrey 3
+  Seedlings 50
+
+  (e) Hicans
+
+  Des Moines 7
+  Gerrardi 5
+  Burlington 4
+  Wright 3
+  Burton 2
+  Norton 2
+
+
+  Hazels
+
+  (a) Turkish Hazels
+
+  Seedlings 40
+
+  (b) Jones Hybrids
+
+  Seedlings 14
+
+  (c) Corylus Vilmorinii
+
+  Seedlings 1
+
+
+  Chestnuts
+
+  (a) Chinese
+
+  Seedlings 251
+
+  (b) Japanese
+
+  Seedlings 20
+
+Good results were secured with all of the above mentioned kinds except
+the Chinese and Japanese chestnuts. The reason for this failure is given
+elsewhere in this report.
+
+
+Demonstration Work on Grafting
+
+This feature of our programme has not received as much attention as
+should be given to it owing to lack of scionwood of local origin and to
+a desire to work over nearly all the trees on the Kellogg Farm before
+attempting much outside work. We now have a fair supply of scionwood on
+our station trees and are in a position to proceed with a modest
+top-working programme out in the state.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The principal object of this scheme will be to establish sources of
+scionwood at various places in the state and to instruct interested
+parties in the art of grafting. A total of 25 demonstrations have
+already been given and in nearly every case improved varieties were
+established and local interest was aroused. It is a matter of
+satisfaction to report that at least four men have made a commendable
+start in top-working ordinary seedling trees with scions of superior
+sorts and one of these men, Mr. Charles Pepper of Berlamont, proposes to
+establish a small nursery of Allen black walnuts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+For some time the writer has planned to interest the Future Farmers of
+America in planting nut trees, but was too busy with other duties to
+make the proper contact. Just recently arrangements were made with Dr.
+Gallup, the State Supervisor of Vocational Agricultural Education, for a
+presentation of the scheme of nut tree planting to these enterprising
+and energetic young men. My object is to interest at least one member of
+each group in either top-working local seedlings with the best hardy
+varieties or in planting good nut tree varieties. Plans are also made to
+interest the members of the State Horticultural Society in planting some
+of the best varieties of Michigan origin.
+
+
+Educational Work
+
+This feature of our project has not been given a great deal of emphasis
+because it was believed we did not have enough information of local
+nature to justify us in conducting an extensive educational programme.
+We now believe we have enough information to make a start and I have
+arranged a series of meetings with county agents at their regional
+conferences in the southern part of the lower peninsula. Each regional
+conference includes the county agents and associated workers in several
+counties and affords one an opportunity to present our programme to
+State officials who can give us most effective cooperation. This project
+along with a similar one for the Future Farmers of America should create
+more interest in nut culture.
+
+
+General Notes
+
+The establishment of hardy blight resistant chestnuts of good quality is
+an important objective in our nut cultural project, and one in which
+only partial success can be reported. Approximately 700 Chinese and
+Japanese Chestnut trees have been planted but only about 260 of these
+trees are living. Some of these casualties were due to dry weather,
+rabbits and woodchucks, but the major part were due to unsuitable soil
+conditions. Our observations show that the Asiatic chestnuts will not
+thrive in an alkaline soil, as nearly all the losses occurred on an area
+that had a heavy application of marl. On the area where the trees are
+now growing well the soil is acid and supports several acid tolerant
+plants.
+
+A superior strain of Chinese Chestnut was found in a lot of about 60
+trees which the writer sent to Mr. W. R. Reek of the Experiment Station
+at Ridgetown, Ontario, in 1927. The best tree has made a good growth,
+and bears large nuts of good quality. Scions of this tree were obtained
+last spring and grafted onto several Chinese seedlings at the Kellogg
+Farm. An attempt will also be made to graft a few large--unfruitful
+Japanese chestnuts at various places in the State with scions of this
+good Chinese strain.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An interesting bit of information on the hardiness of the black walnut
+and butternut has just come to hand from Col. B. D. Wallace of Portage,
+La Prairie, Manitoba. Col. Wallace reports the occurrence of a seedling
+black walnut in his nursery that is quite hardy and which bore fully
+matured nuts at an early age. He also has a fine grove of butternuts
+that are entirely hardy and which bear good crops of nuts. These
+butternut trees grew from nuts secured from France about twenty years
+ago. The trees are quite hardy but other butternut seedlings from
+Ontario seemed to lack hardiness. No data are at hand to show where the
+French butternut trees came from, but inasmuch as the butternut is not a
+native of France it is almost certain that the trees came from North
+America and probably Quebec Province. In any case the trees are hardy
+and are reported to give satisfaction to the people in the Prairie
+Provinces.
+
+Mr. Kroodsma, Extension Forester, reports the occurrence of a moderately
+large black walnut which bears nuts of good quality and fair size at
+Houghton in the extreme northern part of the Upper Peninsula. These
+accessions to our knowledge of the hardiness of the walnut and butternut
+are valuable and would suggest that these species can be grown much
+farther north than their native range.
+
+In a former report reference was made to an attempt while in the service
+of the Ontario Department of Agriculture to interest the members of the
+Womens' Institute in Ontario in planting nut trees, but not much
+progress was made until last spring. The writer had in Ontario about 800
+fine seedling heartnuts which he was unable to sell and which had to be
+moved. It seemed regrettable to destroy them and finally the trees were
+given to Mr. Geo. Putnam, Supt. of Institutes for distribution in my old
+home county and in another county where I worked for some time. The
+trees were readily accepted and much interest was aroused. So much in
+fact that I was kept busy writing letters to people who wanted to share
+in the distribution. Unfortunately, I did not have enough trees to meet
+all demands and so had to refuse many an Institute member who was
+anxious to try these heartnut seedlings.
+
+
+
+
+Notes on the Filbert Orchard at Geneva
+
+_By_ G. L. SLATE
+
+_Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y._
+
+
+Winter killing of the wood and catkins is probably the limiting factor
+in growing filberts in Western New York. Satisfactory varieties must
+possess catkins hardy enough to provide sufficient pollen for
+pollination purposes. There must also be very little killing of the wood
+or the crop will be reduced in proportion to the amount of wood that is
+winter injured. Several years observations in the Station filbert
+orchard at Geneva have shown a great variation in hardiness of filbert
+varieties. With some varieties the catkins are severely injured each
+winter, with others, very little injury occurs. Because of this great
+variation in hardiness we must accumulate as much data as possible
+concerning the ability of varieties to withstand our winters, especially
+the mild winters, before we are in a position to make definite variety
+recommendations.
+
+Last winter, 1932-33 was especially hard on filberts, in fact, much more
+winter injury was experienced than at any time since the Station orchard
+was set in 1925. It was a good season to separate the hardy and tender
+sorts. Throughout the winter the weather was exceptionally mild and
+favorable for that type of winter injury due to early growth activity.
+In a normally cold winter catkin killing as a rule is not very serious,
+except on a few tender varieties. Although catkin killing was so serious
+at Geneva, S. H. Graham of Ithaca, who is growing a number of varieties
+on an exposed location where winters are more severe than at Geneva,
+reports that his trees suffered less catkin injury than at any time
+since he has been growing them. Catkin killing does not seem to be due
+to extreme cold during the winter and rarely are the catkins injured
+before late February or early March. Injury may be severe even though
+the temperatures are not lower than the catkins are thought to endure
+when in bloom. Apparently the injury may be due to the cumulative effect
+of dessication throughout the winter months, this effect becoming
+apparent shortly before the catkins bloom. Catkins forced into bloom
+prior to late February bloom normally and without apparent injury.
+
+The data on winter injury of catkins is being accumulated for two
+purposes. First, it is being used as a basis for recommending varieties
+as pollinators; and second, it is being used in selecting parents for
+breeding hardy varieties.
+
+The amount of winter killed catkins is determined by observation during
+the blooming season in late March. All catkins that fail to open, or
+open weakly and shed no pollen, are considered winter killed and the
+proportion that are killed is expressed in per cent.
+
+Based on the amount of winter injury of catkins during the winter
+1932-33, I am making four groups. First, those varieties in which all,
+or practically all the catkins were killed. In the varieties suffering
+such severe catkin injuries, much of the wood was killed, but this will
+be treated separately.
+
+The varieties in this group are Nottingham, Early Prolific, Garibaldi,
+Kentish filbert, Pearson's Prolific, Princess Royal, the Shah, Webb's
+Prize Cobb, Bandnuss, Barr's Zellernuss, Berger's Zellernuss, Grosse
+Kugelnuss, Heynicks Zellernuss, Lange von Downton, Multiflora, Sickler's
+Zellernuss, and a Corylus rostrata brought into cultivation from a glen
+a few miles away. The planting of varieties in this list is not
+recommended.
+
+The second group includes those sorts in which 50 to 90 per cent of the
+catkins were killed. The varieties are Barcelona, Daviana, Fertile de
+Coutard, Montebello, Cannon Ball, Duke of Edinburgh, Duchess of
+Edinboro, Prolific Closehead, Red Skinned, Kadetten Zellernuss, Kaiserin
+Eugenie, Kunzemuller's Zellernuss, Liegel's Zellernuss, Prolifique a
+coque serree, Romische Nuss, Schlesierin, Truchsess Zellernuss, Voile
+Zellernuss, Kruse, and Littlepage, a variety of Corylus americana from
+Indiana. Some wood killing occurred among the varieties in this group.
+None of these varieties should be depended upon for pollination
+purposes.
+
+The third group includes those varieties experiencing 20 to 50 per cent
+winter injury. The varieties are Kentish Cob, Italian Red, Bollwiller,
+Red Aveline, White Aveline, and Vollkugel. These varieties may be
+planted with caution if too much dependence is not placed upon them as
+pollinators.
+
+In the fourth group are those with less than 20 per cent of catkin
+injury. These are Clackamas, Cosford, Minna, Early Globe, English
+Cluster, Medium Long, Oregon, Purple Aveline, Red Lambert, White
+Lambert, D'Alger, Althaldensleber, Ludolph's Zellernuss, Luisen's
+Zellernuss, Neue Riesennuss, Eickige Barcelonaer, and Winkler and Rush,
+the latter two being varieties of Corylus americana. Varieties from this
+group and the third group should be used as pollinators and as parents
+in breeding work to develop catkin hardy varieties.
+
+Winter killing of the wood has not been as extensive nor as serious as
+catkin killing. It is usually slight and confined to a few varieties but
+during the past winter 1932-33, many varieties killed back severely.
+
+The varieties are grouped according to the amount of winter injury of
+wood. Varieties in which more than 50 per cent of the wood was killed
+are Nottingham, Early Prolific, Garibaldi, Princess Royal, Webb's Prize
+Cob, Bandnuss, Grosse Kugelnuss, Jeeves Samling, Kaiserin Eugenie,
+Multiflora, Kurzhullige Zellernuss, Lange von Downton, and the Corylus
+rostrata previously mentioned.
+
+Varieties experiencing from 20 to 50 per cent of wood killing were
+Barcelona, Red Aveline, Montebello, Berger's Zellernuss, Einzeltragende
+Kegelformige, Heynick's Zellernuss, Prolifique a Coque serre, Sickler's
+Zellernuss, Voile Zellernuss, and Russ.
+
+In the following varieties from 5 to 20 per cent of the wood was
+winter-killed: Minna, Bollwiller, Duchess of Edinboro, Pearson's
+Prolific, The Shah, Barr's Zellernuss, Kunzemuller's Zellernuss,
+Liegel's Zellernuss, Romische Nuss, Schlesierin, Truchsess Zellernuss,
+Vollkugel and Littlepage.
+
+Varieties which are not injured at all or less than five per cent were
+Clackamas, Cosford, Daviana, Early Globe, English Cluster, Kentish Cob,
+Fertile de Coutard, Italian Red, Medium Long, Oregon, Purple Aveline,
+Red Lambert, White Aveline, White Lambert, D'Alger, Cannon Ball, Duke of
+Edinburgh, Kentish filbert, Prolific Closehead, Red Skinned, Eckige
+Barcelonaer, Kadetten Zellernuss, Ludolph's Zellernuss, Luisen's
+Zellernuss, Kruse, Neue Riesennuss and Rush and Winkler.
+
+It is evident from this data that although many filbert varieties are
+subject to serious winter injury, there are still a number to choose
+from that are sufficiently hardy under western New York conditions.
+
+
+Variety Notes
+
+The Station variety collection has grown considerably since I discussed
+filberts before you in 1929. At that time the collection consisted of 28
+varieties; today there are under test at Geneva 99 varieties of Corylus
+avellana, five varieties of Corylus americana, five Jones seedlings, and
+six species of Corylus, or a total of 115 forms.
+
+Later observations on the original orchard have indicated that the
+original variety recommendations should be modified. Certain varieties
+imported from Europe and renamed, or were misnamed when imported, and
+that have been disseminated by nurseries are apparently identical with
+certain German varieties recently imported by the Geneva Station.
+Preliminary observations indicate that some of these recently imported
+German sorts are worthy of further attention.
+
+Barcelona which was the most productive variety during the first few
+years has been falling behind in yields the past two seasons. This,
+coupled with the winter killing of wood and catkins last winter, makes
+Barcelona a doubtful variety to plant.
+
+Italian Red in 1932 averaged nearly eight pounds of nuts to the tree,
+the heaviest yield of any variety in the orchard. The crop this year
+promises to be satisfactory and one of the largest in the orchard, in a
+season when varieties generally are very light. S. H. Graham of Ithaca
+reports that "Italian Red has been the best and most regular bearer of
+any of the European filberts" that he has tried.
+
+Kentish Cob averaged five pounds per tree last year and Cosford over
+four pounds. The latter variety is catkin hardy and should be in every
+planting. White Lambert and Red Lambert, still light croppers, possess
+very hardy catkins and for that reason deserve trial.
+
+Oregon, Purple Aveline, and English Cluster bear heavy crops, but are
+difficult to husk and the nuts too small for market. For home use they
+should be very satisfactory.
+
+Among the newer nuts fruiting last year for the first time, Neue
+Riesennuss, originating in Germany in 1871, is promising. It is one of
+the largest in the Station collection, is a bright light brown in color
+with slightly darker stripes, and last winter experienced very little
+catkin injury and no wood injury. As yet nothing is known of its
+productiveness in this country, but in Germany it is said to be
+productive.
+
+Some of the nuts distributed in this country by Mr. Vollertsen of
+Rochester are proving identical with some of the German sorts recently
+imported by the Station. I do not intend to suggest now that the name of
+the varieties in this country be changed to those of the varieties with
+which they are identical. Later when all of these imported varieties are
+in full bearing the matter of changing names will be brought to your
+attention again.
+
+Red Lambert (of Vollertsen) is identical with Beethe's Zeller, and
+Italian Red (of Vollertsen) is identical with Gustav's Zeller. Minna (of
+Vollertsen) is not the Minna of German descriptions.
+
+
+Filbert Breeding
+
+The breeding work with filberts is following two lines. Hardiness of
+wood and catkin is of prime importance and to develop varieties
+satisfactorily in these respects those varieties that have proved hardy
+are being crossed with different sorts that have desirable nut and tree
+characters. Hardiness is also being sought by crossing the Rush native
+hazel with varieties of Corylus avellana. 535 trees from this cross,
+made by Mr. Reed, are now growing in a fruiting plantation at the
+Station, and several hundred more from other crosses are in the nursery
+row. With this wealth of material coming along, it is reasonable to
+assume that the day is not far distant when satisfactory varieties will
+be available for northern planting.
+
+
+
+
+Developing a Walnut Grove as a Side Line Job as a Bee Keeper
+
+L. K. HOSTETTER
+
+_Lancaster, Pennsylvania_
+
+
+In discussing this topic I shall give you some of my doings in my bee
+business and nut growing.
+
+About 30 years ago, I started out in the bee business with three
+colonies of bees. This number increased gradually until I had 170
+colonies. During these 80 years I would sometimes have a bumper crop of
+honey and then again sometimes a total failure. This past summer
+happened to be one of those off years. It is, however, the income from
+this bee business that started me off in the growing of a grove of 800
+black walnut trees, also a few shellbarks, pecans, heartnuts, English
+walnuts, hicans, hardshell almonds and filberts.
+
+In the spring of 1926, I had a nurseryman graft 6 small black walnut
+trees to the Thomas and Stabler varieties with 5 catches, 4 Thomas and 1
+Stabler. In the spring of 1927, I bought the homestead farm and planted
+2 Thomas, 2 Stabler, and 2 Ohio black walnuts, 2 shellbarks, 2 hardshell
+almonds and 6 filberts. This spring I also planted about a bushel of
+seedling black walnuts and, as it happened we had an exceptionally wet
+summer, these seedlings made a wonderful growth.
+
+In the spring of 1928 I transplanted about 15 acres to these seedlings.
+In 1929 I planted another 20 acres, and in 1930 another 10 acres. Some
+of these trees were planted 60 feet each way and some 30 feet apart.
+
+Some of these trees were grafted the same year they were planted but
+most of them were grafted two years later. At this time I had little
+experience in grafting and, naturally, my 2 acres in getting catches
+were accordingly. When I started out I thought it would be cheaper to
+plant seedlings and graft them, as explained above. I have gotten along
+fairly well in getting my grove started but I found it to be far more
+work than I expected it would be and I would not do it that way again.
+Because of some failures each year I still have many trees that have not
+yet been successfully grafted. I am not in a great hurry to get my grove
+on a paying basis as I am getting a lot of fun playing with the
+developing of it and I don't believe there will be so very much
+difference in the size of these trees 25 years from now. I would say,
+however, that for the man who wants to get a nut grove developed as soon
+as possible, he should buy his trees from the expert nut tree
+nurseryman.
+
+My entire grove is now seeded to blue grass for a permanent pasture.
+About 25 acres is pastured by 160 head of sheep and the balance is cut
+for hay to feed the sheep in the winter time. My reason for seeding to
+blue grass is to prevent erosion. Possibly if I should keep my trees
+cultivated during the summer they would make a better growth. But then
+my sheep will make quite a bit of manure and I spread much of this
+manure under the trees every winter and, as it is, my trees are making a
+very good growth every year.
+
+I now have a grove of about 800 black walnut trees. These are mostly of
+the Thomas, also quite a few Ohio and Stabler and a few Ten Eycks. The
+Stablers, Ohios, and Ten Eycks seem to fill the shell so full of meats
+with me that they are hard to remove in large pieces. I think I shall
+regraft most of these to the Thomas and some of the later varieties.
+
+About 600 of my trees are now 7 years old from seed. These trees had
+about 1/2 bushel of hulled walnuts last summer and I expect to have
+about 2 bushels this summer. Last summer I also had about a peck of hard
+shell almonds from my two trees that were planted in 1927. In 1931 my 6
+filberts had about 1/2 peck of nuts. These trees are now big enough to
+have at least a bushel or two of nuts if the catkins had not frozen this
+past winter.
+
+Dr. Zimmerman: Mr. Hostetter, I would like to suggest, from the fact
+that we know so little about pollinization of nut trees, that you do not
+be in too big a hurry to cut out your odd varieties. Instead why not do
+this, let them come into bearing and then each year cut the variety out
+and note if there is any change in the bearing of the Thomas, of which
+you say your orchard is mostly made up? Should you happen to note a lack
+of pollinization or bearing in the Thomas the year after a certain
+variety is cut out, you can then start checking and may find that
+variety the best pollinator for the Thomas. I certainly would not be in
+too big a hurry to eliminate all my test varieties if I were you.
+
+The President: Last year Prof. Reed gave us a very valuable paper on
+pollinization.
+
+Dr. Zimmerman: I have a Taylor hickory at my place and every year it has
+several nutlets but as soon as they get any size they tumble off. I have
+never seen any catkins on that tree.
+
+I have been fooling around for several years with persimmons. I have
+particular reference to the Kawakmi which is supposed to be a hybrid of
+Munson. I have never had any fruit from that particular tree. I wrote to
+Munson's and told them and they sent me some of the fruit. I wanted to
+get the seeds. My tree blooms heavily but has no pistillate flowers.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Trees as Used in Landscaping
+
+DR. LEWIS EDWIN THEISS
+
+_Muncy, Pennsylvania_
+
+
+I was asked to speak on the subject of "Planting Nut Trees for Those Who
+Have Space for Only a Few," but I am going to speak on using nut trees
+in landscaping. We should know what is meant by the term landscaping. It
+may mean planting blue spruce or junipers around the house in a pleasing
+way, or you may use plants. The object is to make a picture which gives
+a certain impression of our home. We can just as well use nut trees in
+such a way as to make a beautiful picture, so that when one looks out
+any window of his home he gets a beautiful picture or vista, or when one
+goes by and sees your home, he sees a beautiful picture.
+
+We tend to follow too stereotyped ways of doing things. There is no
+reason why we should make a liability of our property. We can just as
+well have nuts to help make an asset.
+
+Trees are very much like words. We have two words in the English
+language that express more than any others. They are "home" and
+"mother." We also have trees that connote much. Of course, it depends on
+what picture we wish our homes to convey. I want mine to have a cozy yet
+prosperous look. Now you ask, "How are you going to produce that look?"
+It is by the materials you use and how you use them. And you can use any
+you wish.
+
+We might divide plants into two groups, cultivated plants and wild
+plants. In trees we have some fruit trees which are never worth a cent.
+Apple trees suggest home. If you are driving through the woods and come
+upon an apple tree, you immediately think, "Someone had a home here
+once." Of course, it might have grown from a chance seed but that is the
+thought you have at once. The apple tree connotes the thought of home.
+
+I happen to be a fruit tree as well as a nut tree grower. The difference
+between them is that you have to spray the fruit trees.
+
+Longfellow said, "Under the spreading chestnut tree the village smithy
+stands." That was probably very true as there were lots of chestnut
+trees at that time. So we have nut trees that give us this connotation
+of domesticity. They make us think of home.
+
+We must also consider the foliage. A tree with fine foliage such as the
+walnut is preferable for the lawn. The walnut gives a fine shade but
+does not interfere with the growth of grass. The English walnut makes a
+dense shade, nothing grows under it. Hickory also gives a dense shade.
+All these things we have to consider when choosing trees to plant about
+our yards.
+
+In my own grounds I have black walnut, Persian walnuts, pecans,
+filberts, hicans and some others. I feel we might as well have something
+around our places to help pay the taxes. We might as well get a little
+pleasure out of our property. Some of us have vegetable gardens. Nut
+trees can be an asset to your property in the same way if you will
+plant the proper kinds.
+
+You all know the black walnut. It grows to be a large spreading tree but
+it needs good soil. Another nice tree is the Japanese walnut. This tree
+is quite beautiful. A sport of this tree is the heartnut. It also is a
+very beautiful tree and a rapid grower. I have a little group of these
+trees and I have never seen trees grow so fast. I have a Japanese
+walnut, a grafted heartnut, and a Japanese seedling. They look exactly
+alike but bear different kinds of nuts. I have one tree which is a
+seedling. It is eight years old, beginning on the ninth year and is 20
+to 25 feet high. I have a heartnut which is a little bit older which I
+bought from Mr. Jones. That tree has suffered a lot at my hands. I dug
+it up twice and changed its position, cutting it back, and still it is
+growing fine and a big tree for ten years. It has a spread close to 40
+feet and reaches to the house top. It certainly looks more than 10 years
+old. I think a tree like that is very useful planted by a house because
+of its rapid growth. The foliage is very lovely. I have measured some of
+the leaves and some are a yard long. Another tree I have growing near
+the house is a Potomac English walnut. It is a very vigorous tree, has a
+dense shade and a very good grower. A very lovely tree to have in the
+yard.
+
+I have also, the Butterick, Busseron and Indiana pecans in the side
+yard. They bear quite well, particularly the Butterick but I like the
+Busseron better. I think they are going to be very large trees. I think
+they will be like the elms in New England. The foliage is not so large
+and coarse and is a little different from the black walnut. They have
+been very successful for us.
+
+We do not know much about getting revenue from our trees as we use all
+our nuts in the family. A pound of nuts I raise myself is worth much
+more to me than a pound I would buy in the grocery store because of the
+fun I get in growing them.
+
+I have chestnuts that have escaped the blight so far. They say the
+Japanese variety is very hardy and very resistant to blight. As to the
+nuts, I do not know much about them.
+
+Another nut tree that we do not often think of is the beech tree. I have
+never seen a beech tree that had nuts on big enough to amount to
+anything.
+
+We have heard a lot about filberts this morning. Filberts make beautiful
+hedges. I shouldn't advise anybody to grow a filbert hedge along the
+road or where it would be a temptation to people to steal. But where you
+wish to erect a screen to shut out an undesirable view, they make a very
+nice hedge. They are very pleasing as to foliage. We have a very nice
+crop of filberts this fall. If you have a little place that you want to
+screen in, why not do it with a hedge that is both beautiful and
+productive.
+
+We also have a peach almond. That is worth growing just for its blossom.
+People go to Washington to see the Japanese cheery blossoms but they are
+no more beautiful than the Ridenhower almond when in bloom. The blossom
+is 2 inches in diameter. The hull dries and parts through the middle
+leaving the nut easy to get out. My farmer calls my tree "the dried
+peach tree." The fruit looks more like a peach seed than an almond. It
+is more difficult to crack than the usual almond but it certainly is
+interesting in the springtime. I hope in your landscaping you will make
+use of nut trees, and when you want a hedge you do not have to have a
+privet or a barberry one. You can make a hedge of roses or of filberts.
+
+Dr. Deming: Will your pecans have a good crop? Are they well filled?
+
+Dr. Theiss: Yes, they are well filled and have a very delicious flavor.
+In the market you could not offer them in competition with the
+paper-shell variety, but we are quite well pleased with them.
+
+Dr. Deming: Isn't that rather a record for distance north?
+
+Dr. Theiss: I do not know. Mr. Reed, how far north do pecans grow well?
+
+Mr. Reed: I believe our best authorities are Dr. Deming and Dr. Theiss.
+I am surprised as we have some pecans in Washington with which we were
+discouraged, although they are now developing.
+
+Dr. Theiss: I must say we have very satisfactory trees and lots of nuts.
+
+Mr. Hershey: About six weeks ago I saw a tree which had been bearing for
+40 years. It was at Schuylkill Haven near Pottsville, in the mountainous
+country where it gets very cold. An old man told me the tree was 60
+years old. Imagine my utter amazement since we believed that the pecan
+would not bear that far north. I showed the old man some Busseron nuts
+and he stated that his were slightly smaller but very thin shelled. The
+seed of this tree came from the Wabash in Illinois. He had another tree
+there about 30 years old which has been bearing for quite a few years.
+
+Prof. Neilson: Have you had any experience with Turkish hazels?
+
+Dr. Theiss: No, I have Barcelona, Du Chilly, Red Aveline, White Aveline,
+and Jones-Rush hybrids.
+
+Prof. Neilson: It appears that they are very ornamental and very
+symmetrical and hardy trees.
+
+There is a possibility of using nuts in a new confection made of honey.
+There is a new method of drying honey perfected by Dr. Philips and Dr.
+Dyke, and when this is mixed with nuts it forms a really good
+confection. My wife has worked out several good recipes.
+
+Mrs. Neilson: The new method of drying the honey allows it to be wrapped
+in wax paper without sticking to the paper. This is quite an advantage
+in marketing it.
+
+Prof. Neilson: The Broadview Persian walnut is a very ornamental tree
+and can be grown by those who live very far north.
+
+
+
+
+My Experience in Growing Nut Trees on the House Lawn
+
+_By_ M. GLEN KIRKPATRICK
+
+_Orchard Editor, Farm Journal, Philadelphia, Pa._
+
+
+Coming at the end of a program such as you have had here today, I am
+reminded of a story my father used to tell me as a boy.
+
+"There was once a mouse that lived in a cellar. One day he was attracted
+by some moisture on the floor that was seeping from a barrel of cider.
+The cider was in the stage of becoming vinegar. The mouse took two or
+three helpings and then said, 'Now bring on the cat!'"
+
+I would be just as foolish as the mouse if I tried to contribute any
+technical matter. Ten minutes will be ample to tell you of my
+experiences.
+
+My interest in nut trees is due to Mr. John W. Hershey. I wish now that
+some of my apple trees were replaced by walnuts. I planted my trees
+about 8 years ago. The pecan is about 18 feet high, the English walnut
+about 12 feet high. The English walnut has blossomed but has never borne
+fruit. The pecan has blossomed this year for the first time. My
+Barcelona has about a pound of nuts on this year. It is from 12 to 14
+feet high. My Du Chilly has produced fruit one year.
+
+The thing I like about nut trees is their cleanness. My English walnut
+has never been troubled by pests, neither has the pecan, except there is
+one thing I hold against the pecans and that is the borers on the
+branches. It is ten times as bad as English walnuts. But the trees are
+clean and nice to have, and I really prefer them to apple trees. With
+apple trees you are at all times troubled with apples on the lawn and it
+is a job to keep them cleaned up. You have nothing of that sort to
+contend with in nut trees.
+
+My trees have not been given special advantages. The pecan is in with a
+lot of shrubs and the English walnut is surrounded by roses. The filbert
+has just taken pot luck with the rest.
+
+That is my experience and if I can tell you anything further I shall be
+glad to do it.
+
+Dr. Zimmerman: I would like to ask you a question about the Japanese
+beetle. Have you had any trouble with your black walnuts?
+
+Mr. Kirkpatrick: I have had one black walnut die.
+
+Dr. Zimmerman: Do you know if the Japanese beetle attacks the chestnut
+or chinquapin?
+
+Mr. Shaw: Maybe I can answer that question. In New Jersey the Japanese
+beetle attacks the chestnut but I do not know about the chinquapin.
+
+
+
+
+Developing a Thousand Tree Nut Grove
+
+_By_ C. F. HOSTETTER
+
+_Bird-in-Hand, Pennsylvania_
+
+
+The natural title of this paper should be "Why I Planted a Nut Grove."
+Some years ago, especially when we were in the war, it occurred to me
+that with all the modern machinery and scientific methods on the farm it
+wouldn't be long before we would be producing much more food than could
+be consumed, hence the prices for farm commodities would fall so low
+there would be no profit in them. The last few years have proven my
+contention was right.
+
+So I got to looking around for something to specialize in and became
+interested in the new improved thin shelled black walnuts that the late
+J. F. Jones was introducing. I know there is danger in specializing in
+any one thing but, in summing up the following regarding black walnuts,
+it looked to me like as good or better a bet than any thing else. First,
+we know that the demand for the high black walnut flavor has caused it
+to be profitable for carloads of kernels to be cracked and shipped to
+the cities from the natural black walnut belt. Although this seedling
+product has been somewhat improved in quality the last few years I still
+feel that the demand for this high flavored nut for home use, in
+confections and baking and ice cream making, will make a high demand for
+an improved and uniform meat such as can be produced with the grafted
+trees. With the growing interest in natural foods, and less animal meat,
+I believe the demand will increase as our groves come into bearing.
+
+In 1926 I hazarded a planting of 150 trees, the next year I was steamed
+up to the place where I decided I should plant more, and then each year
+following, until my last planting this year, gives me one thousand
+thrifty growing black walnuts, mostly Thomas variety which I think is
+the best from what I have observed in my own grove.
+
+In planting I set the first ones 50 x 50 ft. Some thought it was too
+close but I couldn't see it.
+
+The next planting I made 50 x 50 feet and then at the next planting I
+started to wake up after seeing how rapidly the first ones were growing,
+and I decided to make them 60 x 60 feet. The last planting I made this
+year 60 x 60 feet and I would advise 60 x 70 feet to any one who asks me
+how far apart to plant.
+
+To me it seems queer just why more people don't plant them. On the basis
+of 60 x 70 feet you could farm indefinitely, with the tree crop coming
+on and even bearing for many years, while you are contenting your heart
+growing annual crops to lose money on.
+
+As to bearing, two years ago I had the older planting and many of the
+younger trees loaded. One five year Thomas had about 400 nuts. Three to
+five year trees had 50 to 250 and 300 nuts. My crop that year was
+fourteen bushels which I sold for 15c per lb or $5.00 and $6.00 per
+bushel. Last year I didn't have so many but this year I first said I
+would have 50 bushels. I'm starting to believe now I was a little high
+in my guess but many trees are nicely loaded.
+
+Now regarding cost of carrying the grove, as I'm a sweet corn drier I
+have the most of my farm in corn. I farmed the grove in corn the first
+five years and hardly missed the space used for trees. I proved what I
+stated above that one can plant trees and keep on farming and hardly
+miss the tree space. If planted 70 feet apart one can farm still more
+land. In cultivating the corn the trees are cultivated, which cuts down
+the extra cost of caring for them, although of course one must cultivate
+them if he expects to have them grow and develop rapidly.
+
+I now have my oldest trees in sod, mostly weeds this year, but I intend
+to sow it to grass. I expect then to mow it early in June and use it for
+a mulch and then mow it maybe a couple of times more for looks sake and
+let the grass lie.
+
+Now another interesting point I want to present to the intending planter
+of a nut grove is the error of following the foolish advice given out by
+some of planting seedlings and then grafting them. I say this not for
+the benefit of the nurserymen but for the financial benefit of the
+planter. First, the grafting of nut trees is a highly technical job and
+requires an enormous number of moves, from the first thing of cutting
+the grafting wood at the proper time in the winter and carefully storing
+it, until the cutting off of the stocks and knowing how long to let them
+bleed, and then grafting at the proper time, the proper shading of the
+graft, sprouting, staking, and tying up of the rapidly growing graft
+until the end of the growing season, so that the average man will have
+fallen down long before the season is over. And even if he has the time
+to do this, which the busy man hasn't, it will take him several years to
+learn to graft. By the time he has his legs run off over a period of
+five or seven years going from tree to tree set 60 or 70 feet apart
+doing more duties than he ever thought were needed, he will have a
+spotty grove of trees from one year old to bearing age, and then he will
+wake up and find that the first grafted ones are bearing so well, that
+should he have bought grafted trees and set them all out at one time the
+crop would have paid for the complete planting and he would have saved
+the long agony of trying to get a grove started. Even then he might not
+have one started, for grafting nut trees is a job every body does not
+seem able to grasp.
+
+At the same time I feel that everybody who has a planting should learn
+the art of grafting. The few nurserymen now growing grafted nut trees
+are very willing to teach you and it is nice to be able to turn the
+fence row seedlings into profitable trees, it's nice to have the kick of
+feeling you can develop a wonderful tree with your own hand. And again,
+although I have had, I would say 95 per cent of my planted trees to
+grow, still here and there a top will die and suckers come up. As the
+tree roots are established it's nice to be able to stick a graft on
+these and save waiting a year to replant them with nursery trees.
+
+In closing I wish also to suggest that, in making a large planting of
+black walnuts, plant a few pecans, hicans, hickories and any other good
+trees recommended by the nurserymen. They are all ornamental and bear
+fine nuts for home use and maybe local trade. If any wish to ask
+questions I will attempt to answer them now. And don't forget to come
+up to see my place on the bus tour tomorrow as I shall be very glad to
+welcome all and have you learn anything you can from what I have done
+and mistakes I have made.
+
+Please bear in mind that in every move we must remember that this is a
+new industry of the soil and, although we believe it has a great future,
+all groving procedure must be felt out and experimented with as we have
+no guide to go by, just ideas, and you can expect to make some mistakes.
+But that is life.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The President asked Dr. Deming to speak of the death of Mr. Bixby.
+
+Dr. Deming: On August 16th not a single member of this association, so
+far as I know, was aware that Mr. Bixby was even ill, and yet on that
+day he was dead. Mrs. Bixby has written me an account of his illness and
+his life. He had pneumonia in March from which he never fully recovered.
+The cause of his death was not known until after his death.
+
+I knew Mr. Bixby very well and came to appreciate his very sterling
+qualities. He was always willing to take any amount of trouble and spend
+any amount of money on his nut culture experiments.
+
+I will now read Mrs. Bixby's account of his life.
+
+Willard G. Bixby was born July 13, 1868 at Salem, Massachusetts, the son
+of Henry M. and Eliza (Symonds) Bixby. In 1898, he married Genevieve
+Cole who died in 1901. He married second, Ida Elise Tieleke who survives
+him. His early education was received in the public schools in Salem
+and, after graduation from high school, he entered Massachusetts
+Institute of Technology from which he was graduated in 1889 with the
+degree of S.B. and the highest honors. After receiving this degree, he
+remained at the institute as an instructor in mechanical engineering,
+later becoming associated with the Pneumatic Dynamite Gun Company of New
+York, following which he became connected with the American Bell
+Telephone Company of Boston. In 1891, he entered the employ of S. M.
+Bixby and Company, manufacturers of shoe blacking. The firm became
+involved financially in 1895 and until 1898 was conducted by a receiver.
+Mr. Bixby interested capitalists and organized a corporation to take
+over the business of the old company. Mr. Bixby was elected treasurer
+and held that position until 1911, when he was chosen vice-president. He
+paid special attention to the manufacturing department. Under the new
+management the company met modern trade conditions and the business
+which developed was one of the largest and most prosperous in this line
+in the country.
+
+Following the merging of the Bixby firm with the makers of the 2 in 1
+shoe polish, Mr. Bixby retired from that business, and devoted his time
+to the propagation and cultivation of nut trees. On his Grand Avenue
+property in Baldwin, where he resided, he had gathered approximately
+1,000 trees of almost every variety from all over the world. His
+experiments in grafting and in crossing varieties, were subject of
+several articles in national magazines and newspapers. One article,
+under the title of "Growing Timber for Profit," appeared in a recent
+issue of the American Forests. He was also interested in curly black
+walnut and birdseye maple woods. His latest experiment on which he was
+working at the time of his death was rooting hazels from leaf cuttings,
+and at this he was partly successful. Mr. Bixby was deeply interested in
+civic affairs. He was a charter member of the Baldwin United Civic
+Association, trustee of the Baldwin Public Library, director of the
+Baldwin Savings and Loan Association, former Fire Commissioner, chairman
+of the Baldwin Lighting Commission, member of the Methodist Episcopal
+Church in Baldwin, and organist of the Men's Bible Class, as well as a
+teacher of the Sunday School. Mr. Bixby's conservative New England
+training made him a valuable worker for any cause he espoused. He never
+sought honor and publicity, rather preferring to do his share quietly
+and modestly. Besides his wife, three children survive him, Willard F.,
+a student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Katherine E.,
+just recently graduated from the Baldwin High School, and Ida T., still
+at the Baldwin High School.
+
+The President: I will also call on Dr. Smith.
+
+Dr. Smith: Mr. Bixby had a great many fine qualities, but first of all
+he had that great characteristic, intelligent inquiry. He had great
+persistency and great industry, and a wide-awake mind.
+
+Now the average American has no interest in anything but his job and his
+own particular pleasures. In other words, he has no avocation. We are
+here because we have the avocation of nut growing. One of the most
+interested members of this association was Mr. Bixby. He had applied to
+it his great brain and statistical equipment. He might have had a yacht
+or spent his money on race horses, but instead of that he picked out
+something new. It is a great pity that his life had to be snuffed out
+just when he was needed most. He used his spare time in having a useful
+avocation.
+
+On motion of Prof. Neilson the organization expressed its appreciation
+of Mr. Bixby by rising and standing one minute in tribute to his memory.
+
+At the suggestion of Mr. Reed the following night letter was sent to Dr.
+Morris who has been confined to his home for a long time and has not
+been able to attend the conventions.
+
+
+  Downingtown, Penn.
+  Sept. 11, 1933
+
+  Dr. Robert T. Morris
+  Merribrooke Farm
+  Stamford Conn.
+
+     The Northern Nut Growers Association in convention at Downingtown,
+     Pa., sends you its affectionate greetings. Your long years of
+     association with us and your priceless service to the association
+     and to nut growing and the gracious charm of your presence have so
+     endeared you to us that our meetings are quite incomplete without
+     you. We pray for your speedy restoration to health and return to
+     our councils. Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+The meeting was then adjourned to Mr. Hershey's nursery and nut grove
+and the members and visitors were privileged to inspect his large stock
+of nut trees and plants and the specimen plantings, some of which are
+very rare varieties. A delicious supper was then served by Mr. and Mrs.
+Hershey on the lawn of the Hershey home. Those present expressing their
+appreciation by a rising vote of thanks.
+
+
+
+
+A Black Walnut Grove and Why
+
+_By_ DR. F. L. BAUM
+
+_Boyertown, Pennsylvania_
+
+
+I will give you the "why" first. Early in 1923, we realized the need of
+a diversion, something which would take us out into the open every day
+of the year and bring us closer to nature, which would be a source of
+pleasure with prospects of a material return in the future when I wish
+to retire from the active practice of medicine. After investigating
+several projects, we finally decided that a black walnut grove would
+best meet our needs.
+
+In the December issue, 1925, of the American Nut Journal, I read
+"Eventually, why not now?" In that article, Mr. T. P. Littlepage said:
+"The time will come when the northern states will produce big groves of
+nut trees." The Journal's comment was "What are we waiting for?" I too
+wondered because, long before the trees had leaves, I had visions of
+them bearing to the extent of breaking the limbs from the weight of
+nuts.
+
+When this picture was taken, I asked myself this question, "Was it a
+venture of fools rushing in where angels fear to tread?" Also I began to
+think that the quotations in the article I read were sales propaganda
+put forth by high-pressure salesmen. Encouragements came later when we
+discovered thirteen nuts on this tree and when my grafts grew on
+seedlings.
+
+About this time pests came such as caterpillars, rose chafers, leaf
+hoppers, bud worms and, now my worst enemy, a borer which I believe is a
+cherry tree borer. I have placed a section of a tree on the table which
+was attacked by this insect. The question has been asked if it were not
+a blight canker which killed this tree. When I noticed the tree in
+distress the leaves were drooping and the bark was intact and smooth,
+with a wet spot the size of a pin point about three feet above the
+ground. A stab wound revealed the bark loose and full of holes which
+extended into the sapwood. All of our trees have been treated for the
+destruction of this pest. Next Spring they will receive a second
+treatment. By this method we will overcome our difficulty.
+
+In July of this year my men who were picking caterpillars came with this
+information, "There is no necessity for hunting caterpillars as there is
+a fly stinging them." The insect, the size of a wasp, is part black and
+part yellow.
+
+In the evening they said that if some of the trees in the backfield were
+not propped, they would break down due to the pressure of so many nuts
+on them.
+
+(Lantern slide pictures of individual trees were then shown and
+described by Dr. Baum.)
+
+The vision I had a few years ago is becoming a reality. I now wonder if
+it might not have been a case of angels rushing in and other fellows
+staying out. We may conclude "Now, not eventually."
+
+Question: Do caterpillars give you any trouble?
+
+Dr. Baum: Yes, they give me considerable trouble. I sprayed this year
+with arsenate of lead. For a few years I burned them off but last year I
+sprayed.
+
+Question: Do seedlings come up?
+
+Dr. Baum: A few, I mow them down.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Smith: I want to talk to you about the possibility of making some
+small cash contributions next summer for a nut contest. We have not had
+any contributions for a nut contest for some time and it is the only way
+we can get any new varieties. I would like to start this nut contest
+next September. It will be necessary to get a lot of people interested
+and a lot of publicity in the newspapers. We could give a first prize of
+$25.00, some $5.00 and some $3.00 prizes. It means we would have to have
+$60.00 or $75.00.
+
+Perhaps we can make a more definite call next September.
+
+Dr. Theiss: I would like to get any information that is available on the
+pollinization of filberts. The difficulty seems to be in getting
+pollinators.
+
+The President: There is full information on that subject in the bulletin
+issued of Prof. Slate of the Geneva Experiment Station.
+
+Prof. Slate, what can you tell us about it? Have you any information
+other than what was published in that bulletin?
+
+Prof. Slate: We have this difficulty, that the pollen bearing catkins
+seem to ripen very early and then the first cold snap freezes them.
+
+Dr. Smith: I would like to know something about the market for shagbarks
+and if the market is for cracked nuts.
+
+The President: There is a very small market for them in Cleveland, Ohio.
+Is there any information about hickory nuts?
+
+Prof. Neilson: Hickory nuts frequently sell for about 10c a pound,
+sometimes as low as three pounds for a quarter.
+
+After the discussion closed three telegrams were read, from the Kellogg
+Hotel, The Agard Hotel and The Chamber of Commerce of Battle Creek,
+Mich. inviting the association to hold its next meeting in that city. A
+motion was unanimously adopted to hold the next convention there
+September 10th and 11th, 1934.
+
+Motion was made to give Mr. Z. H. Ellis a life membership in return for
+his contribution of $50.00. The motion carried.
+
+Miss Sawyer: Is the mollissima chestnut blight proof?
+
+The President: I should like to have Dr. Smith answer that question.
+
+Dr. Smith: The mollissima chestnut came from China where it has been
+exposed to the blight for ages. It is blight resistant but not blight
+proof. An occasional tree gets the blight and dies; an occasional tree
+gets the blight and recovers. It is the opinion of Mr. G. F. Gravatt, of
+the United States Department of Agriculture, that the physical
+prosperity of the tree has much to do with its ability to throw off this
+disease. For example, some of the trees at Bell, Maryland, got to be a
+foot in diameter and bore crops, without any sign of blight until the
+terrible drought year of 1930 when some of them developed blight and
+then later recovered from it. I think mollissima chestnuts are less
+likely to die than cherries or peaches, and probably less likely than
+apples.
+
+While the subject of blight resistance in chestnuts is up, I should like
+to call attention to the fact that there are many Japanese chestnuts in
+the eastern part of the United States that have survived the blight.
+Some of them bear good nuts, very good nuts, although most of the
+Japanese have a properly bad reputation for flavor. Doubtless an
+experimenter has a chance of producing something very valuable by
+breeding from the best blight resistant Japanese chestnuts now surviving
+in the eastern United States.
+
+
+
+
+Green Shoot Grafting of Trees
+
+_By_ ROBERT T. MORRIS, _M. D. New York_
+
+
+In the course of experimental work with trees I grafted scions of
+several species and varieties into stocks of their respective genera at
+times of the year when grafting is not commonly done.
+
+Scions were taken directly from one tree and placed at once in another
+tree. To this method I gave the name of "immediate grafting" in order to
+distinguish it from grafting with stored scions which might be called
+"mediate grafting" indicating the intermediate step of storage.
+Immediate grafting was successful in mid-winter in Connecticut but I had
+no thought of making it a practical feature of our work beyond the
+recording of a research fact.
+
+Immediate grafting was successful in mid-summer in Connecticut. The
+procedure was very different from that of winter grafting. In summer the
+new green growth of the year was cut away completely from a scion and
+the remaining wood of one or more previous year's growth was depended
+upon for sending out shoots from latent buds. That is what happens after
+accidents to limbs or to trunks of trees and it occurred in the same way
+with my scions. Furthermore, it seemed to offer new hope for the
+propagation of walnuts, maples, and grapes, for example, because the
+free flowing sap of such species in the spring and early summer has led
+to attacks upon the sap by bacteria and fungi which ruin repair cells.
+
+I have already published elsewhere the statement that immediate grafting
+may be done in the way described in any month of the year with many
+kinds of plants. Exceptions to this rule will doubtless appear here and
+there. For example, the grafting of trees in August would not be safe in
+Connecticut because the new young shoots would be killed by September
+frosts. That is the reason for August cutting of brush by farmers. The
+tender new shoots that are sent out from latent stump buds become
+frosted and the entire plant may die.
+
+On account of an illness that had kept me confined to the house most of
+the time for some months, I had allowed the spring grafting season to
+pass this year. Stored scions of many kinds lay under a heap of leaves
+at the rear of my garage. The drying-out process had been intensified by
+an employee who made a spring clean-up of the yard and who looked upon
+this heap of leaves as something upon which creditable showing for his
+work might be made. A month or so later I kicked over the few remaining
+broken remnants of scions for no reason in particular. Down near the
+ground I observed that two hybrid chestnut scions which had been
+trampled into the ground had retained some moisture. Each one had sent
+out a pale canary-colored shoot of the sort with which we are painfully
+familiar. The shoot on one scion was about an inch and a third in length
+with well-formed unfolding sickly yellow leaves. The other scion had a
+shoot of the same kind but only about one-third of an inch in length and
+with yellow leaves barely out of bud-bursting form. It occurred to me
+that my old method of waxing the entire scion, leaves and all in this
+case, might be done as an experiment in order to see how long these
+greatly started shoots would hold up if desiccation was prevented and
+always with the possibility of a surprise.
+
+Some years ago I had waxed some hazel scions from the West that had
+burst their buds and they all grew but the test was by no means so
+severe as it was with these yellow chestnut upstarts. The rule of
+discarding scions that are not wholly dormant was about to be rudely
+broken; waxing changed the whole situation. A miser does not scrutinize
+his treasure more acutely than we horticulturists do when getting out
+scions that have been stored during the winter and the voice of Demeter
+is calling us to the side of our own wards. How sadly a million
+nurserymen have thrown away a billion started scions of valuable kinds.
+My two chestnut scions had gone far beyond the hopeless stage but now
+perhaps I could be a doctor to them. If my two canary birds could be
+made to sing then would I also sing.
+
+They were dipped in a dish of melted parafin wax for an instant and then
+quickly shaken in the air before scorching could occur. The scions were
+then grafted into a small chinquapin stock. A few days later one of the
+larger leaves of the larger shoot had cleared itself from the wax
+coating and had begun to expand widely, turning to a natural green
+color. The stem of the shoot turned to a normal brownish red. Two tiny
+shoots then broke through the wax of the larger shoot, looking like
+axillary bud shoots until closer examination showed them to be scale bud
+shoots. That should interest plant physiologists. Eventually the cramped
+leaves remaining under wax coating that was unnecessarily dense finally
+dropped away useless. The single green leaf and the two scale bud shoots
+went on to natural development. The smaller shoot of the other scion
+managed to burst through the wax completely and made normal growth.
+
+After these scions were well under way I went out and searched in the
+loose dirt and leaves of the old heap and found another hybrid chestnut
+scion that presented the allusive emblem of a canary bird. This one had
+a shoot of about half of one inch in length and it burst completely
+through the wax, to make a fine little twig.
+
+So much for an experiment that led immediately to one of far greater
+importance. If canary bird shoots could be made to break rules of
+horticultural theory and of recorded fact perhaps we might note the
+principle and apply it to the experimental grafting of green shoots of
+the year in tree propagation. This is what lawyers might call a _non
+sequitur_. Such grafting had always been a failure so far as I knew,
+and certainly my own attempts had failed in former years. Grafting of
+new growth of the year upon new growth of the year in the growing season
+is an established feature of horticultural experiment with certain
+annual plants. Why had it so signally failed with perennial plants and
+most impressively with trees? Doubtless plants produce in their leaves a
+hormone which directs certain enzymes that conduct wound repair by cell
+division. If plants which do not lignify for winter manage to direct
+successful wound repair after grafting and if plants which do lignify
+for winter do not conduct successful repair of grafted new growth it
+occurred to me in a speculative way that the reason might perhaps be
+sought in the nature of the two different kinds of hormones or of
+enzymes belonging to annuals and to perennials respectively. The
+difference might possibly depend upon the arrangement of ions, anions
+and cations upon two sides of the permeable membrane of a repair cell.
+The cell is an electrolyte and therefore division of the cell in course
+of preparation for multiplication might perhaps depend upon an electric
+impulse so delicately in balance that Nature for some cryptic reason
+might prefer not to allow the necessary balance to go toward cell
+division in grafts consisting of green growth of the year in perennials.
+Perhaps I might defeat natural processes by leaving a leaf or part of
+one at the distal part of a green graft shoot. This leaf might perhaps
+elaborate the necessary hormones or enzymes for wound repair
+purposes--and also for conducting polarity of sap movement toward
+maintenance of that scion and leaf.
+
+We need not speculate further upon the philosophy of the subject because
+I took it up at this point for pragmatic tests experimentally. The
+horticulturist does not have to go to the theatre for thrills. My
+advance report at this moment comes at a time when a scientist would
+demand more works along with faith and my only reason for presenting
+incomplete notes at this time is that they seem to be fascinating in
+their outlook and no one knows how much experiment may be permitted me
+for next year at Merribrooke.
+
+The summer was well along when my canary bird shoots opened a vista. The
+vista appeared at a time of drought when plant propagators wait for
+better days. It seemed to be necessary to get in a part of the work at
+least on July 28th and we then had the drought intensified by five more
+days of great heat, temperatures ranged above 90 degrees F. in the shade
+and above 140 degrees F. in the sun. After this period of heat and
+drought we had abundant rains. All grafts were wax treated in these
+experiments. In no case was an entire leaf left at the distal end of a
+graft because it was felt that even one-fourth of one leaf would attend
+to the required functions.
+
+Exp. No. 1. A growing persimmon shoot about two feet long was cut up
+into scions with a few buds each, and about one-fourth of a leaf allowed
+to remain at the distal end of each scion, other leaves on each scion
+being snipped off. Each scion including its remnant of leaf was dipped
+in melted parapin wax. Two of these were grafted upon green shoots of
+another persimmon, the latter cut back to make stubs for reception of
+cleft grafts. Three of the scions were inserted in bark slots in older
+wood. Note, Sept. 9th, Green leaf part including its petiole had
+dropped off from all five scions. A small slit in the bark of each graft
+for investigation showed that the cambium was green in four grafts, the
+fifth graft was completely dead.
+
+Exp. No. 2. On July 28th three persimmon scions consisting of last
+year's wood and each one carrying a couple of inches of new growth with
+a terminal trimmed leaf were grafted into last year's wood on another
+persimmon tree. Note. Sept. 9th. All three grafts dead including both
+old and new wood.
+
+Exp. No. 3. July 28th. One green persimmon scion with terminal leaf
+inserted in bark slot of branch one inch in diameter cut back for
+purpose. Note Sept. 9th. Dead.
+
+On August 2nd the drought had been broken. All trees seemed to have put
+up top buds on account of drought and heat. The following experiments
+were made with green growth of the year but with new top buds much to my
+regret at having no actively unfolding shoots for furnishing scions.
+
+Exp. No. 4. Aug 2nd. Persimmon tree (a) One graft, green on green; one
+green graft on old wood. Note. Sept. 9th. Terminal leaves remained green
+several days after grafting but by Sept. 9th all had fallen off. Small
+slit in bark showed cambium of grafts still green.
+
+Persimmon tree (b) Two green grafts on green. One green graft in bark
+slot of older wood. Note Sept. 9th. Terminal leaves had finally died but
+two of the buds of green graft on green have burst forth into leaf.
+These will probably winterkill. Green in old wood has green cambium but
+no swelling bud.
+
+Exp. No. 5 Aug 2nd. Persimmon tree (c) One green on old wood. Sept. 9th.
+Leaf dead, cambium of stem green.
+
+Exp. No. 6. Aug 2nd. Persimmon tree (d) One green on old wood. Sept.
+9th. Leaf dead, cambium of stem green.
+
+Exp. No. 7. Aug. 2nd. Persimmon tree (e) Three greens on old wood. Sept.
+9th. Leaves dead, one stem dead, cambium of two stems green.
+
+Exp. No. 8. Aug. 2nd. Papaw tree. Two greens on green, two greens on old
+wood. Sept. 9th. Two greens on green have buds enlarged and ready to
+burst. One green on old wood is not enlarging its buds. One green on old
+wood is dead.
+
+Exp. No. 9. Aug. 2nd. English walnut. Four greens on green. Sept. 9th.
+Leaflets dead on all. Petiole dead on one, stem cambium green. Petioles
+bright green on three and the cambium green on these.
+
+Comment. I could not take daily notes which would have been very
+important. A general statement will cover the point that the terminal
+leaf on a scion seldom died until it had functioned for at least a week.
+Some of them functioned for more than two weeks and one of them for at
+least four weeks, failing only a day or two ago. This would seem to mean
+that the terminal leaves in scions conducted or helped to conduct repair
+in green graft wounds to a point where buds are now bursting on two
+persimmon scions. Two pawpaw scions have enlarged buds to the point of
+bursting. The terminal leaves on scions seemed to conduct repair up to a
+point where lignifying for the winter is now going on. This cannot be
+determined until winter passes but I have never obtained anything like
+this effect until experimenting with the terminal leaf theory for the
+first time this year. The most striking effect so far as appearance goes
+is with the English walnut grafts with their bright green stems.
+
+If I may have opportunity for conducting experiments next summer I shall
+begin earlier by pinching off the buds of growing shoots, giving them a
+week of rest and then cutting these shoots up into scions. If buds then
+start off like those of two persimmons and two papaws they will have
+time for lignifying.
+
+My whole lesson of this season would seem to mean that after properly
+checked experiments we may perhaps add what I call "green grafting" to
+the other form of immediate grafting. The practical feature of this
+whole new phase in grafting method is an extension of the grafting
+season to include every month of the year. Scion grafting of perennials
+in the latitude and longitude of Connecticut had formerly been confined
+to about two month's in the farmer's rush season, and with general
+failure in the grafting of some species which may now be grafted
+successfully.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Letter from Prof. Colby_
+
+_Agricultural Experiment Station Urbana, Illinois_
+
+
+I regret very much indeed that I cannot attend the meeting of the Nut
+Growers Association this year. This letter bears my very best wishes and
+hopes for a successful meeting. We shall miss Mr. Bixby's pleasing and
+helpful personality. Some time ago I promised to give you a report on
+some of our activities here and if you think it is worth while, I would
+appreciate your reading it to the group.
+
+There is an increasing interest in nut culture in Illinois. Wholly aside
+from the commercial aspects which have been so profitably developed in
+southern Illinois is a project of recent development, one in Extension
+work in top working seedling walnuts and pecans with improved varieties.
+This project is sponsored by the Department of Horticulture, University
+of Illinois, and the Extension Forester of the State Natural History
+Survey, with the cooperation of the County Farm Advisers.
+
+Last fall in Gallatin County native pecans of the best grades sold for
+18 cents per pound on the market, while the average tree run stock was
+bringing six cents. With a native pecan crop from one county in
+Illinois, more or less ungraded, selling for $100,000 in a recent year,
+thinking horticulturists in the state are beginning to feel that there
+are potential profits in nut culture where better varieties are planted
+or top worked. Seedling trees for top working are already growing in
+abundance in many sections of the state with an ideal climate and soil
+for northern nut production.
+
+Last year seven counties in Illinois carried on the top working project.
+This year approximately three times that number have been enrolled. In
+addition, groups from neighboring counties have been present at the
+demonstrations. Growers from Iowa and Indiana have also attended. The
+total attendance has run into the hundreds, both men and women, most of
+them actual growers.
+
+All the meetings are held out of doors in the orchard or nursery and the
+group is instructed in the propagation of nut trees through grafting and
+budding. Nut growers of the immediate locality are glad to assist with
+the work. After the discussion and demonstration, all present are
+invited to learn how to do the work by actual participation and many
+become sufficiently skilled to top work their own trees upon their
+return home. Possibilities of this type of extension work are almost
+unlimited.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Letter from J. U. Gellatly_
+
+
+I enclose a short chart or graph of the flowering habits of some of my
+leading walnut trees. I started in 1930 to keep a record of some of the
+trees and have added a number since till this year when I kept a record
+of 17 different trees. The ones shown cover the full time from May 12th
+to June 25th.
+
+Some new ideas in budding procedure that may be of value and interest I
+also include herein that others may test them out as I am doing. But
+even if they fail with me it will not prove that they have no value, for
+the generally approved methods have failed to give commercial results
+here.
+
+My main idea was to try to find a new system of handling the budding
+operations that would give more definite results and if possible to
+eliminate the use of a wax melter and the waxing of buds. My first trial
+consisted in the use of florist's tin foil. Cutting bud from bud stick
+with my new style bud cutter, I cut out the patch from stalk and placed
+bud in place and with two or three turns of raffia, or rubber bands,
+secured bud in place, then put 2 wraps of tinfoil around the bud and
+stalk extending from one inch below to one inch above bud, then with
+hand pressed tinfoil tightly to shape of bud and stalk, then completely
+wrapped with raffia and tied securely. This makes a neat job and is
+pleasant and convenient to work with.
+
+I have today examined some buds so treated and put on the 13th of August
+and they appear to be in prime shape, no apparent flooding or souring of
+the bud patch. As this tin foil cost me 25c per pound, I had a happy
+thought of using cellophane which is much cheaper and is equally easy to
+use, on the whole, as the tinfoil as, while it is in the first operation
+of actually applying to stalk not just as easily put on, it has an
+important advantage that offsets this, which is the ease with which one
+can see that the bud is in the exact place, while the tying is taking
+place.
+
+My present method of using the cellophane is to apply a double wrapping
+of cellophane directly over the bud then to securely wrap from one-half
+inch below bud to one-half inch above bud. This makes a good air and
+moisture proof job. Experience may modify or eliminate some parts of
+this procedure, and it is with this in view that I pass this on that
+others may take it up and work out the best procedure from a wider
+experience than one can give.
+
+From my experience I would suggest that if one is marking or cutting the
+patch on the stalk 8 or 10 days ahead of placing the bud thereon, that
+one be very careful not to cut too deeply as a large percentage of those
+I so cut were so badly discolored that I had to cut a new place when
+placing the bud, as those done 10 days previous showed a one-eighth inch
+dead and discolored portion around the cut that extend one-sixteenth
+inch into the trunk of the tree, and no union could possibly take place
+on such a spoiled cambium surface.
+
+
+
+
+Bus Tour September 12th
+
+_By_ J. W. HERSHEY
+
+_Downington, Pennsylvania_
+
+
+Leaving the Hotel Swan at 8:45 A.M. with a bus load and 8 cars the tour
+proceeded to Dr. Truman W. Jones' grove of 800 trees, 4 and 6 years old,
+6 miles west of Coatesville on the Lincoln Highway. Dr. Jones has
+continually farmed his land which has helped greatly to carry the
+planting.
+
+The next stop was at the nursery of the late J. F. Jones, now operated
+by his daughter Mildred, south of Lancaster. Here we saw the interesting
+test orchard of English walnuts, pecans and black walnuts. Most
+interesting was the test block of hybrid filbert-hazels started by Mr.
+Jones some years ago.
+
+The next stop was at C. F. Hostetter's 1,000 tree grove at Bird-in-Hand,
+east of Lancaster, where we saw what Mr. Hostetter told about in his
+paper yesterday. His trees all looked nice and many trees were well
+loaded with nuts.
+
+Next stop was at L. K. Hostetter's grove of 800 trees near Oregon. Here
+very interesting observations were made in tree and grove procedure.
+Part of the grove is now in blue grass and sheep, making a very
+beautiful setting. Part is interplanted with locust trees, the idea
+being to feed the ground with a legume tree and get something in return
+from the wood. As the locusts crowd the walnuts they will be cut.
+
+Demonstrations were given in hulling walnuts with a Ford car which was
+done by jacking up one rear wheel. A trough is inserted under the wheel
+lined with a piece of truck tire. A mud chain is put on the wheel and as
+the wheel revolves, nuts are poured in via a metal chute and the nuts
+fly out the other end very well hulled. The jack is used to adjust the
+wheel to different sizes of nuts.
+
+Lem's next eye-opener was a brand new method of separating the hulls
+from the nuts. Two 2-inch pipes are laid on an incline the thickness of
+a walnut hull, about a half inch, apart. The pipes revolve and the hulls
+and nuts are poured on at the top. As they roll down the incline, and
+the rolls revolve, the hulls are caught by the rolls or pipes and pulled
+through the crack between them. A most remarkable and simple method
+solving one of the major problems in commercial walnut growing.
+
+The last stop was made at Dr. Frank Baum's grove at Yellow House, 8
+miles east of Reading on the Boyertown highway. Here luncheon was served
+by Dr. and Mrs. Baum, the outstanding feature being walnut ice cream and
+walnut kisses.
+
+After the luncheon at Dr. Baum's the following business was transacted:
+
+Dr. Deming, Chairman Nominating Committee, presented the following
+nominations:
+
+  President               Frank H. Frey
+  Vice-President          Dr. G. A. Zimmerman
+  Secretary George        L. Slate
+  Treasurer Newton        H. Russell
+
+On motion duly made and carried these officers were elected by
+acclamation.
+
+Motion was made, seconded and carried that the annual dues be $2.00 same
+not to include a subscription to our official journal the National Nut
+News.
+
+Motion by Mr. Reed was seconded and carried that where the member wished
+to do so one check could be submitted to our treasurer to cover both
+dues and subscription to the official journal and the treasurer will
+remit the subscription to the National Nut News.
+
+Mr. Reed then explained for the benefit of those present the arrangement
+whereby our association is affiliated with the American Horticultural
+Society and by maintaining its membership in that society each member of
+our association may secure a membership in the American Horticultural
+Society on payment of $2.00 dues per annum instead of the customary dues
+of $3.00. Each member of the society receives the National Horticultural
+Magazine of which Mr. Reed is the nut editor. The magazine is issued
+quarterly, at present, and it is the intention to have one or more
+articles on nut trees in each issue.
+
+On motion by Dr. Smith, duly seconded and carried the board of directors
+are required to authorize a budget of expenditures for each year and
+this was fixed at $350.00 for expenses for year ending September 10th,
+1934. The President to advise the officers each year of the sums
+appropriated for certain expenses.
+
+On motion by Mr. Russell, seconded by Dr. Weber and carried, article two
+of the by-laws was revised to cover the proper dues for various
+memberships and will be so recorded in the by-laws on page 9.
+
+On motion by Mr. Hershey, seconded by Dr. Weber and carried it was
+agreed that five copies of each annual bulletin be mailed by the
+secretary or the person in charge of printing the bulletin to each
+officer for distribution as he sees fit; and that one copy of the
+bulletin be sent gratis to each non-member who participates in the
+program at our annual conventions.
+
+A rising vote of thanks was given Dr. and Mrs. Baum for the delectable
+luncheon served by them.
+
+An inspection was then made of Dr. Baum's 1,200 tree grove. Many trees
+were loaded and all looking good. Here two cultural problems were
+discussed. Relative to the walnut blight, he showed us one tree that was
+afflicted near the ground and he started to mound soil around it. After
+three years of increasing the mound it is now 2-1/2 feet high and the
+tree is thriving and bearing, with every indication that it has overcome
+the disease. Opinion was expressed that it threw out new roots above the
+wound to save itself. The experiment is of immense value to orchard
+procedure.
+
+In observing a few of such trees opinion was expressed that in walnut
+orcharding, as in fruit orcharding, there will be a few trees that will
+have to be replaced the first few years and is something not to be
+worried about. Dr. G. A. Zimmerman said, "Why worry about the blight?
+The wild ones have always had it to a small extent. Spread is so slow it
+isn't perceptible, damage being almost nil, so let's forget it."
+
+
+Banquet Tuesday Evening September 12th
+
+The convention closed with a banquet held in the private dining room of
+the Swan Hotel. On request of the President Mr. John W. Hershey
+introduced the speakers of the evening. Rev. G. Paul Musselman spoke
+briefly and was followed by the after-dinner speaker, Mr. Al Bergstrom,
+Superintendent of Police of Coatesville, Pa. His subject was "Nuts--I
+Crack Them as You Like Them," and with many interesting jokes and
+humorous stories he portrayed an interesting picture of the many
+problems that have to be met and solved by police officers. Each one
+privileged to hear this forceful speaker was deeply impressed with the
+responsibility that goes with citizenship.
+
+
+Business Session
+
+The President: We will now hear the report of the committee on Hybrids
+and Promising Seedlings.
+
+Dr. Zimmerman, Chairman, gave an oral report calling attention to some
+of the more important hybrids and new seedlings described by other
+members during the sessions of the convention and concluded by stating
+that the most important step in testing hybrids was to have interested
+people plant a number of promising hybrids of hickories and black
+walnuts and keep accurate records of these seedlings (second generation
+hybrids). There was some discussion as to whether the Norton was a pure
+pecan or a hybrid. Mr. C. A. Reed stated he had seen the parent tree
+himself and believed it to be a pure pecan. Mr. J. W. Hershey stated
+that he believed it to be a hican, basing his opinion in part on its
+showing hybridity as it is such a strong grower. He said he had a number
+of Norton trees in the nursery and would be glad to sell them at a
+nominal price to those who would be interested in testing them further.
+
+The President: We will now have the report of the resolutions committee.
+
+Report of the Resolutions Committee
+
+
+     Be it Resolved:
+
+     That we express our appreciation of the generosity and public
+     spirit of Mr. W. K. Kellogg in making possible one of the largest
+     experimental projects in nut culture in the northern United States.
+
+     That we express our sincere thanks to Mr. and Mrs. Hershey and Dr.
+     and Mrs. Baum for the delicious luncheons served our members and
+     guests.
+
+     That we express our sincere thanks to the Swan Hotel management and
+     to the citizens and business men of Downingtown for accommodations
+     and services rendered: to the program committee and committee on
+     local arrangements for the very complete plans and their efficient
+     execution; to the speakers who have taken part in the program; to
+     the exhibitors and to the officers and members who have provided a
+     most interesting and educational program and to Messrs. Hershey, L.
+     K. Hostetter, C. F. Hostetter, the Jones Nurseries and Drs. Baum
+     and Jones for the privilege of inspecting their nut tree plantings.
+
+     And we again express our regrets that Dr. Morris could not be with
+     us and trust his health will improve.
+
+     That we express our sincere thanks to Mr. O. C. Lightner for the
+     efficient manner in which articles and papers submitted by our
+     members were published in our official journal, the "NATIONAL NUT
+     NEWS," and for the excellent printing of our annual report.
+
+     We wish to express our deep sorrow over the loss of our faithful
+     member, Past President and Secretary, Mr. Willard G. Bixby whose
+     passing was so touchingly referred to in our business meeting.
+
+
+Resolutions Committee,
+
+  Prof. James A. Neilson, Chairman
+  Dr. Harry R. Weber
+  Frank H. Frey
+
+A motion was made and seconded to accept the report of the Resolutions
+Committee. (Carried unanimously.)
+
+Professor A. C. McIntyre of the Pennsylvania State Forestry Service was
+then called upon and discussed the black walnut as a timber tree. He
+called attention to the fact that the black locust is a legume of high
+value and acts as a stimulant to the growth of other trees and are
+themselves excellent for use later as fence posts. In considering the
+relative value of various nut trees as shade trees he stressed the fact
+that the time of leafing out in the spring and the dropping of the
+leaves in the fall are important factors.
+
+Motion was carried that the board of directors should formulate
+requirements for Honorary membership and have a proposition ready for
+discussion at the 1934 convention.
+
+List of officers and committee members was then read. Same are recorded
+on pages 3 and 4.
+
+The President: Attention is called to the fact that the annual dues are
+now only $2.00 and surely there are a large number of people interested
+in nut tree growing who will wish to join our association. I am sure
+each member will wish to subscribe for our official journal, the
+NATIONAL NUT NEWS, the subscription price of which is only $1.00 per
+year (in the United States) and remittance may be made through our
+Treasurer or direct to the News at 2810 South Michigan Ave., Chicago.
+
+Those who desire to secure budded or grafted nut bearing trees will have
+their orders given proper attention by any of the following who are
+members of our association:
+
+  W. R. Fickes, Route 7, Wooster,
+  Ohio.
+
+  Gerardi Nurseries, O'Fallon, Ill.
+
+  John W. Hershey, Downingtown,
+  Pa.
+
+  Indiana Nut Nursery (J. W. Wilkinson,
+  Prop.), Rockport, Ind.
+
+  J. F. Jones Nurseries, Box N. 356,
+  Lancaster, Pa.
+
+  Michigan Nut Nursery (H. Burgart),
+  Rt. 2, Union City, Mich.
+
+  E. A. Riehl Farm and Nursery,
+  Godfrey, Ill.
+
+  Snyder Bros., Inc., Center Point,
+  Iowa.
+
+  Sunny Ridge Nursery (Dr. J.
+  Russell Smith), Round Hill, Va.
+
+  W. G. Bixby Nursery, 32 Grand
+  Ave., Baldwin, N. Y.
+
+  J. U. Gellatly, West Bank, B. C.,
+  Canada.
+
+  The Living Tree Guild, 468 Fourth
+  Ave., New York.
+
+The latter has distributed a great deal of information on northern nut
+culture and I think a paper at our next convention outlining its work
+and accomplishments would be most valuable.
+
+Each one present is cordially invited to attend our convention next
+year, September 10 and 11, 1934 at Battle Creek, Michigan.
+
+As there is no further business, this the 24th Annual Convention of the
+Northern Nut Growers Association will be adjourned.
+
+The Convention adjourned at 9:00 P.M.
+
+
+
+
+  EXHIBITS
+
+  =By Clermont Co., Ohio=
+
+  Hill hickories.
+
+  =By Dr. Deming=
+
+  Metal tree labels.
+
+  =By W. R. Dunlap=
+
+  Japanese walnut.
+  Heartnut × butternut cross.
+  Seedling English walnut.
+
+  =By F. H. Frey=
+
+  Black walnuts:
+    Hillabolt, from Mrs. C. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Ia.
+    Marion, from Mrs. C. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Ia.
+    Metcalf, from Mrs. C. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Ia.
+    Wheeling, from Mrs. C. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Ia.
+    Worthington, from Mrs. C. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Ia.
+    Kettler, from Fred Kettler, Plattesville, Wisc.
+    Oklahoma Seedling (J. Rupestris, pp. 60 1932 report).
+    Rohwer, from J. Rohwer, Grundy Center, Ia.
+    Grundy, from J. Rohwer, Grundy Center, Ia.
+    Stabler (one lobe), from O. H. Casper, Anna, Ill.
+  Sample package of new method selling black walnuts, sliced shell and
+  meats together.
+  Mat made of cross sections of black walnuts fastened together with copper
+  wire.
+
+  =By J. U. Gellatly=
+
+  Leaf tracing of bitternut × English walnut hybrid.
+
+  =By Samuel Graham=
+
+  Collection of black walnuts and hickory nuts from Ithaca, N. Y.
+
+  =By J. R. Hershey=
+
+  Little Giant nut cracker.
+  Little Giant walnut huller.
+
+  =By John W. Hershey=
+
+  Collection of black walnuts, hickory nuts and pecans.
+  One Thomas black walnut tree four feet tall, one year from graft bearing
+  a Thomas walnut.
+  John W. Hershey nut cracker.
+
+  =By L. K. Hostetter=
+
+  Monterey black walnut.
+
+  =By F. F. Jones Nurseries=
+
+  Ohio black walnut.
+  Thomas black walnut.
+  Ten Eyck black walnut.
+  Pleas hicans.
+  Buchanan filberts.
+  Jones hybrid hazels and filberts.
+  Alpine English walnuts.
+  Hall English walnuts.
+  Wiltz-mayette English walnuts.
+
+  =By H. F. Stoke=
+
+  Homeland black walnut.
+  Exhibit of commercial 2-lb. package of black walnut kernels.
+
+  =By Harry R. Weber=
+
+  Weber walnut.
+
+  =By Dr. G. A. Zimmerman=
+
+  Collection of nuts.
+
+
+
+
+ATTENDANCE--1933 CONVENTION
+
+  Mrs. Laura Woodward Abbott, R. D. No. 2, Bristol, Pa.
+  John Alcorn, Paoli, Pa.
+
+  Dr. Frank L. Baum, Boyertown, Pa.
+  Mrs. Frank L. Baum, Boyertown, Pa.
+  Miss Dorothy Baum, Boyertown, Pa.
+  H. K. Beard, Schaefferstown, Pa.
+  Mrs. H. K. Beard, Schaefferstown, Pa.
+  Miss Elizabeth Beitler, Downingtown, Pa.
+  Al. Bergstrom, Coatesville, Pa.
+  Carl P. Birkinbine, Cynwyd, Pa.
+  A. R. Buckwalter, Flemington, N. J.
+
+  G. Y. Clement, West Chester, Pa.
+  Mrs. G. Y. Clement, West Chester, Pa.
+  Oliver Croshaw, Hightstown, Pa.
+  Elroy Curtis, Brookfield, Conn.
+  Wm. Curtis, New York, N. Y.
+
+  Dr. W. C. Deming, 31 Owen St., Hartford, Conn.
+  Milton Dull, Schaefferstown, Pa.
+  Mrs. Milton Dull, Schaefferstown, Pa.
+
+  C. E. Endy, Yellow House, Pa.
+  Mrs. C. E. Endy, Yellow House, Pa.
+
+  Prof. F. N. Fagan, State College, Pa.
+  Frank H. Frey, Chicago, Ill.
+
+  Joseph B. Gable, Stewartstown, Pa.
+  S. H. Graham, Ithaca, N. Y.
+
+  Paul W. Hafer, Lorane, Pa.
+  J. W. Hartman, Sligo, Pa.
+  Dr. Julian T. Hammond, Newtown, Pa.
+  John K. Hershey, Ronks, Pa.
+  J. R. Hershey, Kinzers, Pa.
+  John W. Hershey, Downingtown, Pa.
+  Mrs. John W. Hershey, Downingtown, Pa.
+  C. F. Hostetter, Bird-in-Hand, Pa.
+  Mrs. C. F. Hostetter, Bird-in-Hand, Pa.
+  L. K. Hostetter, Lancaster, Pa.
+
+  Mrs. J. F. Jones, Lancaster, Pa.
+  Miss Mildred Jones, Lancaster, Pa.
+
+  M. M. Kaufman, Clarion, Pa.
+  Mortimer B. Kelly, Morristown, N. J.
+  M. Glen Kirkpatrick, c/o Farm Journal, Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+  Mrs. Mary Laudermilch, Lebanan, Pa.
+  E. J. Leitenberger, 3747 W. Park Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+  Wm. S. B. McCaleb, St. Davids, Pa.
+  A. C. McIntyre, State College, Pa.
+  Mrs. William McPherson, Downingtown, Pa.
+  Upton Mehring, Keymar, Md.
+  Mrs. Upton Mehring, Keymar, Md.
+  F. K. Miller, Clarion, Pa.
+  Lennard H. Mitchell, Washington, D. C.
+  Mrs. Lennard H. Mitchell, Washington, D. C.
+  Mrs. I. E. Murray, Downingtown, Pa.
+  Rev. Paul Musselman, Downingtown, Pa.
+
+  Prof. J. A. Neilson, East Lansing, Mich.
+  Mrs. J. A. Neilson, East Lansing, Mich.
+
+  Charles S. Phillips, Parkersville, Pa.
+
+  Prof. C. A. Reed, Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+  John Rick, Reading, Pa.
+  J. S. Rittenhouse, Lorane, Pa.
+  Newton H. Russell, South Hadley, Mass.
+  Mrs. N. H. Russell, South Hadley, Mass.
+
+  Miss Dorothy C. Sawyer, New York, N. Y.
+  Adam S. Schultz, Hereford, Pa.
+  George L. Slate, Geneva, N. Y.
+  Samuel M. Smedlet, West Chester, Pa.
+  Dr. J. Russell Smith, Swarthmore, Pa.
+  Ella H. Snavely, R. D. No. 2, Manheim, Pa.
+  H. R. Snavely, R. D. No. 2, Manheim, Pa.
+  J. M. Somerville, Rimersburg, Pa.
+  J. W. Sparks, R. D., Williamstown, N. J.
+  C. D. Setler, Yellow House, Pa.
+  H. F. Stokes, Roanoke, Va.
+  Miss Ruth Stokes, Roanoke, Va.
+  Jacob E. Stover, Springwood Farms, York, Pa.
+  Mrs. Jacob E. Stover, Springwood Farms, York, Pa.
+
+  C. A. Tenney, Clear Spring, Md.
+  Dr. R. E. Theiss, Lewisburg, Pa.
+  Mrs. R. E. Theiss, Lewisburg, Pa.
+
+  Carl F. Walker, Cleveland Heights, Ohio.
+  Robert Wallace, Paoli, Pa.
+  Wm. S. Weaver, Macungie, Pa.
+  Dr. Harry R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio.
+  Mrs. Harry R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio.
+
+  Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, Harrisburg, Pa.
+  Mrs. G. A. Zimmerman, Harrisburg, Pa.
+
+
+
+
+BOOKS AND BULLETINS ON NORTHERN NUT GROWING
+
+1. Nut Culture in the United States, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1896.
+Out of print and out of date but of great interest.
+
+2. The Nut Culturist, Fuller, pub. Orange Judd Co., N. Y., 1906. Out of
+print and out of date but a systematic and well written treatise. These
+two books are the classics of American nut growing.
+
+3. Nut Growing, Dr. Robert T. Morris, pub. MacMillan, N. Y. 2nd edition
+1931, price $2.50. The modern authority, written in the author's
+entertaining and stimulating style.
+
+4. Farmers' Bulletin No. 1501, 1926, Nut Tree Propagation, C. A. Reed,
+to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. A very
+full bulletin with many illustrations.
+
+5. Tree Crops, Dr. J. Russell Smith, pub. Harcourt, Brace & Co., N. Y.,
+1929, price $4.00. Includes the nut crop.
+
+6. Annual reports of the Northern Nut Growers' Association from 1911 to
+date. To be had from the secretary. Prices on request.
+
+7. Bulletin No. 5, Northern Nut Growers' Association, by W. G. Bixby.
+2nd edition, 1920. To be had from the secretary. Price fifty cents.
+
+8. Farmers' Bulletin No. 1392, Black Walnut Culture for both Timber and
+Nut Production. To be had from the Supt. of Documents, Gov. Printing
+Office, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cents.
+
+9. Year Book Separate No. 1004, 1927, a brief article on northern nut
+growing, by C. A. Reed, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,
+Washington, D. C.
+
+10. Filberts--G. A. Slate--Bulletin No. 588, New York State Agricultural
+Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y., December, 1930.
+
+11. Leaflet No. 84, 1932, Planting Black Walnut, W. R. Mattoon and C. A.
+Reed, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+
+12. Harvesting and Marketing the Native Nut Crops of the North, by C. A.
+Reed, 1932, mimeographed bulletin, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of
+Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+
+13. Dealers in Black Walnut Kernels, mimeographed bulletin by C. A.
+Reed, 1931, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington,
+D. C.
+
+14. Eastern Nursery Catalogues Listing Nut Trees, mimeographed leaflet
+to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+
+15. Twenty Years Progress in Northern Nut Culture. A 48-page booklet of
+valuable information and instruction by John W. Hershey, Nuticulturist,
+Downingtown, Penna. Price 25 cents.
+
+16. The National Nut News, official organ of the Northern Nut Growers'
+Association, 2810 South Michigan Ave., Chicago, Illinois. Monthly, One
+Dollar a year.
+
+17. Files of The American Nut Journal, to be had from the publishers,
+American Nurseryman Publishing Co., 39 State St., Rochester, N. Y.
+
+   _______________________________________________________________________
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+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association
+Report of the Proceedings at the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association
+
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Northern Nut Growers Association,
+           Report of the Proceedings at the Twenty-fourth Annual Meeting 1930.
+    </title>
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association Report of
+the Proceedings at the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting
+       Downington, Pennsylvania, September 11 and 12, 1933
+
+Author: Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Release Date: December 29, 2006 [EBook #20221]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS REPORT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, J. Henkin, Janet Blenkinship
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<p class='center'>DISCLAIMER</p>
+
+<p>The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are
+not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers
+Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is
+intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not
+mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may
+have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide
+applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current
+label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion
+of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut
+trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular
+time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+
+<h1> NORTHERN</h1>
+  <h1>NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION</h1>
+<h4><i>INCORPORATED</i></h4>
+
+<h4><i>Affiliated with</i></h4>
+
+<h3><i>THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY</i></h3>
+
+  <h2>REPORT</h2>
+  <h2>OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE</h2>
+  <h2>Twenty-fourth Annual Meeting</h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img001.jpg" alt="title decoration" title="title decoration" /></div>
+
+  <h3>DOWNINGTOWN, PA.</h3>
+  <h3>SEPTEMBER 11 and 12,</h3>
+  <h3>1933</h3>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><br /></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h2>INDEX</h2>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Officers, Directors and Committees</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_3'><b>3</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>State Vice-Presidents</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>List of Members</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_5'><b>5</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Constitution</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>By-Laws</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>My Butternut, A Poem, by J. H. Helmick</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Proceedings of the Twenty-fourth Annual Convention</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Address of Rev. G. Paul Musselman</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Report of the Treasurer</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>J. F. Jones' Experimental Work in Hybridizing Filberts and Hazels&mdash;Miss Mildred Jones</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Commercial Cracking of the Black Walnut&mdash;H. F. Stoke</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Walnut Notes for 1933&mdash;C. A. Reed</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Is Information of General Orchard Fertility of Value in the Nut Grove&mdash;Prof. F. N. Fagan</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Forward March of the Nut Cultural Project in Michigan&mdash;Prof. James A. Neilson</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Notes on the Filbert Orchard at Geneva, N. Y.&mdash;Prof. G. L. Slate</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Developing a Walnut Grove as a Side Line by a Bee-keeper&mdash;L. K. Hostetter</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nut Trees as Used in Landscaping&mdash;Dr. Lewis E. Theiss</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>My Experience in Growing Nut Trees on the Home Lawn&mdash;M. Glen Kirkpatrick</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Developing a Thousand Tree Improved Black Walnut Grove&mdash;C. F. Hostetter</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tribute to Mr. Bixby</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Message to Dr. Morris</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Black Walnut Grove and Why&mdash;Dr. Frank L. Baum</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nut Contests</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Filbert Pollinization</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Green Shoot Grafting of Trees&mdash;Dr. R. T. Morris</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Communications from:</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Robert T. Morris, M.D.</span></td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Prof. A. S. Colby</span></td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>J. U. Gellatly</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_54'><b>54</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Notes on the "Tour," Tuesday, September 12, 1933</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Notes on the Banquet, Tuesday evening, September 12, 1933</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Address of Al. Bergstrom</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Reports of Standing Committees</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Reports of the Resolutions Committee</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>List of member nurserymen having budded and grafted stock</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Exhibits at the Convention</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Attendance</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_60'><b>60</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Books and Bulletins on Northern Nut Growing</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_62'><b>62</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Advertisements&mdash;"Hobbies Magazine"</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_63'><b>63</b></a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="OFFICERS_OF_THE_ASSOCIATION" id="OFFICERS_OF_THE_ASSOCIATION"></a>OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION</h2>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2"  width="70%" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'><i>President.</i> Frank H. Frey, Room 930, La Salle St. Station, Chicago, Ill.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Vice-President.</i> Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, 32 South 13th St., Harrisburg, Pa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Secretary.</i> Geo. L. Slate, State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Treasurer.</i> Newton H. Russell, 12 Burnett Ave., South Hadley, Mass.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>DIRECTORS</i></h3>
+
+
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Frank H. Frey, Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, Geo. L. Slate, Newton H. Russell,<br />Carl F. Walker, Prof. J. A. Neilson.</span>
+</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>EDITOR OF PUBLICATIONS</i></h3>
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Dr. W. C. Deming.</span></p>
+
+
+<h3><i>COMMITTEES</i></h3>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="70%" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Executive.</i></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Frank H. Frey, Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, Geo. L. Slate, Newton H. Russell, Carl F. Walker, Prof. J. A. Neilson.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Auditing.</i></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Zenas H. Ellis, Carl F. Walker.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Finance.</i></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">T. P. Littlepage, Dr. W. C. Deming, H. R. Weber.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Press and Publication.</i></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Dr. W. C. Deming, Karl W. Greene, Dr. J. Russell Smith, Zenas H. Ellis, Geo. L. Slate.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Membership.</i></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap"> Newton H. Russell, Miss Dorothy C. Sawyer, J. U. Gellatly, John W. Hershey, D. C. Snyder.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Program.</i></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap"> Prof. J. A. Neilson, Dr. W. C. Deming, C. A. Reed, H. Burgart, Karl W. Greene.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Hybrids and Promising Seedlings.</i></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap"> Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, Prof. N. F. Drake, Miss Amelia Riehl, H. F. Stoke, J. F. Wilkinson.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Survey.</i></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Carl F. Walker, Dr. A. S. Colby, H. F. Stoke, J. F. Wilkinson.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Exhibits.</i></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">J. W. Hershey, Miss Mildred Jones, H. Burgart, Prof. A. S. Colby.</span></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<h3><i>DEAN OF THE ASSOCIATION</i></h3>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Dr. Robert T. Morris, of New York and Connecticut.</span></p>
+
+<h3><i>FIELD SECRETARY</i></h3>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Zenas H. Ellis, Fair Haven, Vermont.</span></p>
+
+<h3><i>OFFICIAL JOURNAL</i></h3>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">National Nut News, 2810 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, Illinois.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="STATE_VICE-PRESIDENTS" id="STATE_VICE-PRESIDENTS"></a>STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS</h2>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Arkansas Prof. N. F. Drake</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>California Will J. Thorpe</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Canada J. U. Gellatly</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>China P. W. Wang</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Connecticut Dr. W. C. Deming</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Dist. of Columbia L. H. Mitchell</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>England Howard Spence</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Illinois Prof. A. S. Colby</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Indiana J. F. Wilkinson</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Iowa D. C. Snyder</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maryland T. P. Littlepage</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Massachusetts James H. Bowditch</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Michigan Harry Burgart</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Minnesota Carl Weschcke</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Missouri P. C. Stark</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nebraska William Caha</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New York Prof. L. H. MacDaniels</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New Jersey Lee W. Jaques</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ohio Harry R. Weber</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pennsylvania John Rick</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rhode Island Philip Allen</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Vermont Zenas H. Ellis</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Virginia Dr. Russel J. Smith</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Washington D. H. Berg</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>West Virginia Dr. J. E. Cannaday</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wisconsin Lt. G. H. Turner</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>
+NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><b>List of Members as of January 1, 1934</b></p>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Abbott, Mrs. Laura W., Route No. 2, Bristol, Pennsylvania.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Adams, Gerald W., R. F. D. 4, Moorehead, Iowa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Aldrich, A. W., Route 3, Springfield, Vermont.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Allen, Edward E., Hotel Ambassador, Cambridge, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Allen, Philip, 178 Dorance St., Providence, R. I.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Andrews, Miss Frances E., 245 Clifton Ave., Minneapolis, Minn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Anthony, A. B., Sterling, Illinois.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ballock, J. S., 1559 Main Street, Springfield, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bartlett, Frances A., Stamford, Connecticut.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Baum, Dr. F. L., Boyertown, Pennsylvania.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bennett, F. H., 19 East 92nd St., New York, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Berg, D. H., Nooksack, Washington.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Betz, Frank S. (Personal), Betz Bldg., Hammond, Indiana.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bixby, Mrs. Willard G., 32 Grand Ave., Baldwin, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bontz, Mrs. Geo. I., Route No. 2, Peoria, Illinois.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Bowditch, James H., 903 Tremont St., Boston, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Boyce, Daniel, Rt. 4, Winterset, Iowa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bradley, Homer, c/o Kellogg Farms, Rt. 1, Augusta, Mich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Brown, Daniel L., 60 State Street, Boston, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Brown, Roy W., Spring Valley, Illinois.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bryant, Dr. Ward C., 31 Federal St., Greenfield, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Buckwalter, Alan R., Flemington, New Jersey.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Burgart H., c/o Mich. Nut Nursery, Rt. 2, Union City, Michigan.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Caha, William, Wahoo, Nebraska.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Canaday, Ward M., Home Bank Building, Toledo, Ohio.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cannaday, Dr. J. E., c/o Charleston Gen. Hosp., Charleston, West Virginia.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Chipman, G. F., "The Country Guide," Winnipeg, Man., Canada.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Close, Prof. C. P., U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Colby, Arthur S., University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Collins, Joseph N., 335 W. 87th St., New York, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cooley, Ralph B., Hotel Kimbal, Springfield, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Crysdale, Stanley A., R. D. 5, Auburn, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Curtis, Elroy, Brookfield, Conn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Deeben, Fred, Trevorton, Pennsylvania.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Deming, Dr. W. C, 31 Owen Street, Hartford, Conn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Drake, Prof. N. F., Fayetteville, Arkansas.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Elfgren, Ivan P., 11 Sheldon Place, Rutland, Vermont.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Ellis, Zenas H., Fair Haven, Vermont.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ellwanger, Mrs. W. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester, New York.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ettari, Oscar A., 71 North Ave., New Rochelle, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ferris, Major Hiram B., P. O. Box 74, Spokane, Wash.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fickes, W. R., Route 7, Wooster, Ohio.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fontaine, Arthur, 21 Highland Ave., Ludlow, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Frey, Frank H., Room 930 La Salle St. Station, Chicago, Ill.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gable, Jas. B., Jr., Stewartstown, Pennsylvania.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gage, J. H., 107 Flatt Ave., Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Galbreath, R. S., Huntington, Indiana.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Garber, Hugh G., 75 Fulton St., New York City, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gellatly, J. U., Box 19, West Bank P. O., Gellatly, British Columbia.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gerber, E. P., Route No. 1, Apple Creek, Ohio.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Graham, J. W., Walnut Orchard Farm, Ithaca, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Greene, Mrs. Avice M., 2203 Ridge Rd., N. W., Washington, D. C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Greene, Karl W., 2203 Ridge Rd., N. W., Washington, D. C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gribbel, Mrs. John, Box 31, Wyncote, Pennsylvania.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hahn, Albert G., Rural Route No. 6, Bethesda, Md.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hale, Richard W., 60 State Street, Boston, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hammond, Julian T., 3rd, D.D.S., Newtown, Pa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Harman-Brown, Miss Helen, Croton Falls, New York.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Harrington, F. O., Williamsburg, Iowa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hartzell, B. F., Shepardstown, West Virginia.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Healey, Scott, R. F. D. No. 219. Otsego, Mich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Healy, Oliver T., c/o Michigan Nut Nursery, Rt. 2, Union City, Michigan.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Helmick, James H., Columbus Junction, Iowa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hershey, John W., Downington, Pennsylvania.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hilliard, H. J., Sound View, Connecticut.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Holden, Frank H., 56 West 45th St., New York City, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hostetter, C. F., Bird-in-Hand, Pennsylvania.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hostetter, L. K., Route No. 5, Lancaster, Pennsylvania.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Huntington, A. M., 3 East 89th St., New York City, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hutchinson, Galen Otis, 691 Main Ave., Passaic, N. J.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Iowa State Horticultural Society, Des Moines, Iowa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Isakson, Walter R., Route No. 1, Hobart, Indiana.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Jacob, C. M., Stockbridge, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Jacobs, Homer L., c/o Davey Tree Exp. Co., Kent, Ohio.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly Place, Jersey City, N. J.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Jones Nurseries, J. F., Lancaster, Pennsylvania.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kaan, Helen W., Wellesley, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kaufman, M. M., Clarion, Pennsylvania.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kellogg, Dr. J. H., 202 Manchester St., Battle Creek, Mich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kelly, Mortimer B., 21 West St., New York City.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kendrick, Mrs. Jay G., 44 Main St., Shelburne Falls, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Kinsan Arboretum, Lang Terrace, North Szechuan Rd., Shanghai, China.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Knox, Loy J., c/o First National Bank, Morrison, Ill.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lamb, Gilbert D., Woolworth Bldg., New York, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lancaster, S. S., Jr., Rock Point, Maryland.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Leach, Will, Cornell Building, Scranton, Pa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lester, Henry, 35 Pintard Ave., New Rochelle, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Lewis, Clarence, 1000 Park Ave., New York City, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Little, Norman B., Rocky Hill, Conn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Littlepage, Thos. P., Union Trust Bldg., Washington, D. C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>MacDaniels, L. H., c/o Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>McIntyre, A. C., Dep't of Forestry, State College, Pa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mehring, Upton F., Keymar, Maryland.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Meyer, Dr. R. C. J., 1815 Third Ave., Moline, Ill.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Middleton, M. S., District Horticulturist, Vernon, British Columbia.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Miller, Herbert, Pinecrest Poultry Farms, Richfield, Pa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mitchell, Lennard H., 2219 California St., N. W., Washington, D. C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Montgomery, Robert H., 385 Madison Ave., New York City, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Morris, Dr. Robert T., R. F. D., Stamford, Connecticut.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Morton, Joy, Lisle, Illinois.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Neilson, Jas. A., c/o Michigan State College, East Lansing, Michigan.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Orner, George D., 751 Ridgewood Road, Maplewood, N. J.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Otto, Arnold G., 4150 Three Mile Drive, Detroit, Michigan.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Paden, Riley W., Rte. 2, Enon Valley, Penna.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Park, J. B., c/o Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Peters, E. S., 4241 Folsom Ave., St. Louis, Mo.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pickhardt, Dr. O. C, 117 East 80th St., New York City, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Porter, John J., 1199 The Terrace, Hagerstown, Md.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pratt, Geo. D., Jr, Bridgewater, Connecticut.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Purnell, J. Eiger, Box 24, Salisbury, Maryland.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Putnam, Mrs. Ellen M., 129 Babson St., Mattapan, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Reed, C. A., Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Richardson, J. B., Lakeside, Washington.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Square, Reading, Pa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Riehl, Miss Amelia, Godfrey, Illinois.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rowley, Dr. John C., 1046 Ashburn Ave., Hartford, Conn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Russell, Newton H., 12 Burnett Ave., So. Hadley Falls, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ryan, Henry E., Sunderland, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sawyer, Dorothy C., c/o Living Tree Guild, 468 4th Ave., New York.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sefton, Pennington, 94 Lake Ave., Auburn, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Schlagenbusch Bros., Rt. 3, Fort Madison, Iowa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Schlemmer, Claire D., Rt. 2, Fredericksburg, Virginia.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Schmidt, A. G., Nazareth, Pennsylvania.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Schuster, C. E., Horticulturist, Corvallis, Oregon.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Scott, Harry E., P. O. Box 191, Petersburg, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sherer, J. F., c/o C. T. Sherer Co., Worcester, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Slate, George L., State Agri. Exper. Station, Geneva, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Smith, Dr. J. Russell, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Smith, Leon C., 60 Day Ave., Westfield, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Snyder, D. C., Center Point, Iowa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Spence, Howard, The Red House, Ainsdale, near Southport, England.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Spencer, Mrs. May R., 275 West Decatur St., Decatur, Ill.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stark Bros., Nurseries, Louisiana, Missouri.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Steffee, Jno. G., 317 6th Ave., New York City, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stiebeling, Mrs. Anna E., 1458 Monroe St., Washington, D. C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stocking, Frederick N., 3456 Cadillac St., Detroit, Michigan.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stoke, H. F., 1421 Watts Ave., Roanoke, Virginia.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stover, Jacob E., Springwood Farms, York, Pa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Strickland, C. H., Snow Hill, Maryland.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Taylor, C. W., 1723 Eye St., Eureka, California.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Theiss, Lewis Edwin, Muncy, Pennsylvania.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thorpe, Will J., 1545 Divisarero St., San Francisco, Calif.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tice, David, Savings Bank Building, Lockport, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Turner, Lt. G. H., 932 Prospect Ave., Portage, Wisconsin.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>University of Illinois Library, Urbana, Illinois.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Van Meter, W. L., Adel, Iowa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Von Ammon S., c/o Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Walker, C. F., 2851 E. Overlook Rd., Cleveland Heights, Ohio.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Watson, John F., 16 Dumont Apart, Lynchburg, Va.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Weber, Harry R., 123 East 6th St., Cincinnati, Ohio.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Weidhass, William H., Gaston St., Easthampton, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wellman, Sargeant, Windridge, Topsfield, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Went, Robert E., 551 McDonough St., Brooklyn, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Weschcke, Carl, 1048 Lincoln Ave., St. Paul, Minn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wigglesworth, Alfred.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wilkinson, J. F., Rockport, Indiana.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Williams, Dr. Chas. Mallory, Stonington, Connecticut.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Williams, Moses, 18 Tremont St., Boston, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Windhorst, Dr. M. R., University Club Bldg., St. Louis, Mo.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Wissman, Mrs. F. de R., 9 W. 54th St., New York City, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Wister, John C., Clarkson Ave. and Wister St., Germantown, Pa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wright, Ross Pier, 235 West 6th St., Erie, Pa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Zimmerman, Dr. G. A., 32 So. 13th St., Harrisburg, Pa.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p class='center'><b>* Life Member.</b></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CONSTITUTION" id="CONSTITUTION"></a>CONSTITUTION</h2>
+
+<blockquote><h4><span class="smcap">Article I</span></h4>
+
+<p><i>Name.</i> This Society shall be known as the <span class="smcap">Northern Nut Growers
+Association, Incorporated</span>.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article II</span></h4>
+
+<p><i>Object.</i> Its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing
+plants, their products and their culture.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article III</span></h4>
+
+<p><i>Membership.</i> Membership in this society shall be open to all persons
+who desire to further nut culture, without reference to place of
+residence or nationality, subject to the rules and regulations of the
+committee on membership.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article IV</span></h4>
+
+<p><i>Officers.</i> There shall be a president, a vice-president, a secretary
+and a treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting;
+and an executive committee of six persons, of which the president, the
+two last retiring presidents, the vice-president, the secretary and the
+treasurer shall be members. There shall be a state vice-president from
+each state, dependency, or country represented in the membership of the
+association, who shall be appointed by the president.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article V</span></h4>
+
+<p><i>Election of Officers.</i> A committee of five members shall be elected at
+the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the
+following year.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article VI</span></h4>
+
+<p><i>Meetings.</i> The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected
+by the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made
+at this time, the executive committee shall choose the place and time
+for the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may
+seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article VII</span></h4>
+
+<p><i>Quorum.</i> Ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum, but
+must include two of the four elected officers.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article VIII</span></h4>
+
+<p><i>Amendments.</i> This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of
+the members present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment
+having been read at the previous annual meeting, or a copy of the
+proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member
+thirty days before the date of the annual meeting.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p></blockquote>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="BY-LAWS" id="BY-LAWS"></a>BY-LAWS</h2>
+
+<blockquote><h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> I</h4>
+
+<p><i>Committees.</i> The Association shall appoint standing committees as
+follows: On membership, on finance, on programme, on press and
+publication, on exhibits, on hybrids, on survey, and an auditing
+committee. The committee on membership may make recommendations to the
+Association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> II</h4>
+
+<p><i>Fees.</i> Annual members shall pay two dollars annually. Contributing
+members shall pay ten dollars annually. Life members shall make one
+payment of fifty dollars, and shall be exempt from further dues and will
+be entitled to same benefits as annual members. Honorary members shall
+be exempt from dues. "Perpetual" membership is eligible to any one who
+leaves at least five hundred dollars to the Association and such
+membership on payment of said sum to the Association will entitle the
+name of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members as
+"Perpetual" with the words "In Memoriam" added thereto. Funds received
+therefor shall be invested by the Treasurer in interest bearing
+securities legal for trust funds in the District of Columbia. Only the
+interest shall be expended by the Association. When such funds are in
+the treasury the Treasurer shall be bonded. Provided; that in the event
+the Association becomes defunct or dissolves then, in that event, the
+Treasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purpose
+for such uses, individuals or companies that the donor may designate at
+the time he makes the bequest or the donation.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> III</h4>
+
+<p><i>Membership.</i> All annual memberships shall begin either with the first
+day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining the
+Association, or with the first day of the calendar quarter preceding
+that date as may be arranged between the new member and the Treasurer.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> IV</h4>
+
+<p><i>Amendments.</i> By-laws may be amended by a two-third vote of members
+present at any annual meeting.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> V</h4>
+
+<p>Members shall be sent a notification of annual dues at the time they are
+due, and if not paid within two months, they shall be sent a second
+notice, telling them that they are not in good standing on account of
+non-payment of dues, and are not entitled to receive the annual report.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of thirty days from the sending of the second notice, a third
+notice shall be sent notifying such members that unless dues are paid
+within ten days from the receipt of this notice, their names will be
+dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p></blockquote>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="MY_BUTTERNUT" id="MY_BUTTERNUT"></a>MY BUTTERNUT</h2>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">The butternut crop is always sure</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">And raised at easy cost,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">There is nothing it will not endure,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">It is never harmed by frost.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">The hopper and the cabbage worm</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Care not to chew its leaves,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Comes weather hot or wet or cold,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">This sturdy tree ne'er grieves.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">It has no fear of 'tater bugs,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Or cultivation's errors,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">The measly scale from San Jose,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">And Green bug bring no terrors.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">No squash bug races o'er its frame,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Nor caterpillar weaving,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">It is never doped with Paris Green,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Yet never found a grieving.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">It has no use for bumblebees,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">No nodules on its feet,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">But when the frost is on the pumpkin</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Oft has the hay crop beat.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">If you wish a crop that always comes</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Without an "if" or "but,"</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">The surest thing in all the list,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Just plant a butternut.</span><br /><br />
+
+
+<span style="margin-left: 8em;">JAMES H. HELMICK</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 8em;">Columbus Junction, Iowa</span><br />
+</p>
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img012.jpg" width="300" height="233"
+             alt="Grand-pa come out to the butter nut tree" /><br />
+         <b>Grand-pa come out to the butter nut tree,<br /><span style="margin-left: 3em;">And crack some nuts for Nicodemus and me.</span></b>
+    </div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="Report_of_the_Proceedings" id="Report_of_the_Proceedings"></a>Report of the Proceedings</h1>
+
+<h4><i>at the</i></h4>
+
+<h2>Twenty-fourth Annual Convention</h2>
+
+<h4><i>of the</i></h4>
+
+<h2>Northern Nut Growers Association</h2>
+
+<h4><i>Incorporated</i></h4>
+
+<h3><i>SEPTEMBER 11, 12, 1933</i></h3>
+
+<h3><i>DOWNINGTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA</i></h3>
+
+
+<p>The first session convened at 9:00 A. M., September 11th at Minquas Fire
+Hall, with President Walker in the chair.</p>
+
+<p>The President: "This is the opening of the 24th annual convention and I
+will introduce at once for his address of welcome, Rev. G. Paul
+Musselman."</p>
+
+<p>Rev. G. Paul Musselman: "Thank you, Mr. Walker. It is my most pleasant
+duty to welcome you to Downingtown. Downingtown is quite an appropriate
+place for a convention because it is a place where we try to prepare
+beforehand for things we believe are going to happen, and try to get
+ready to prevent other things from happening."</p>
+
+<p>Less than a mile from here to the north are stretches through the woods
+of infantry breastworks. Occupying that woods and those breastworks was
+the regiment under the command of Col. Stewart. The British were down by
+the Brandywine to the south, and it was supposed the British would do
+the logical thing, which they never do, and come up to take Downingtown,
+which was at that time the most important industrial area in the United
+States. It was the arsenal of the Revolutionary War. It has continued to
+grow in its industrial manufacturing until it is now important in paper
+manufacturing.</p>
+
+<p>That we are still trying to prevent nasty things from happening is
+strikingly evident in the fact that we have not had to call for help to
+take care of the people suffering from the depression. The Community
+Chest had, in the beginning, adopted a policy of preparing for an
+emergency by creating a fund for this purpose and has been able to do
+its work without any other than the usual annual drive for funds.</p>
+
+<p>The first paper mill in America was established by Mr. Rittenhouse and
+after that paper mills began to be built in this valley. We have gone
+through a great cycle. The farms in this community used to be farmed
+for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> money, later interest was shown in the mills and the farmer farmed
+without money. Again they are being farmed with money by the
+industrialists and bankers and city men who are coming out and buying up
+these old farms for country places. I am happy to state that the farms
+are coming into their own again. It is this class of people that are
+interested in such things as nut trees as something new and different.</p>
+
+<p>It is Downingtown's faculty of being prepared for what is to come that
+makes it a particularly appropriate place for your convention. It is
+always a little ahead of the parade. We are proud of our local nut
+nursery which, in line with the spirit of the town, is just a little
+ahead of the parade. You too are a little ahead of the parade, so in
+that spirit I welcome you.</p>
+
+<p>The Burgess has directed me to welcome you to Downingtown. I trust your
+stay will be interesting and helpful and we shall count it a privilege
+for you to call upon us for any further services you may require. I hope
+I shall be able to go on the bus trip with you but I am very busy and
+cannot make any promises for the moment. So, welcome!</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Zimmerman: Fellow members of the convention! I am sure that it has
+been a pleasure to receive the fine welcome that Rev. Musselman has
+given us and I wish to assure him that it is a pleasure to be here. We
+are particularly glad to be in this district which is a land of plenty
+compared with other parts of the country which have suffered greatly
+from the depression. I am sorry that I do not live here.</p>
+
+<p>We nut growers have been in the habit of thinking of growing nut trees
+on land which is good for nothing else, so that it is interesting to
+find nurseries using this good land and making a success of nut tree
+growing. In fact nut culture had its beginning in this district through
+Mr. Rush, and Mr. Jones and then Mr. Hershey.</p>
+
+<p>I do not wish to take any more of your time as we have a heavy program
+and a lot of good speakers, and if they can add anything to nut culture,
+I shall be happy indeed.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Zimmerman: We welcome members of the Penna. Nut Growers Association.
+It is their field day tomorrow in connection with ours and we welcome
+them to this convention.</p>
+
+<p>The President appointed the resolutions and the nominating committees.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+  <h3>TREASURER'S REPORT</h3>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="75%" cellspacing="2" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Balance September 1, 1932 as reported to Washington Convention</td>
+<td align='right'>$ 8.79</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Stamps and Canadian money redeemed by Treasurer</span></td>
+<td align='right'>3.42</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Balance in Litchfield Savings Society</span></td>
+<td align='right'>15.94</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'  style="margin-left: 2em;"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Receipts</span></td>
+<td align='right'> $28.15</td>
+<td align='right'> $ 28.15</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Profit on Bus Trip at Washington</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>15.00</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Memberships @ $3.50 old rate. No Nut News 21 @ $3.50</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>73.50</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Memberships @ $4.00 new rate. No Nut News  3 @ $4.00</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>73.50</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Memberships @ $4.50&mdash;$3.50 to Assn. $1.00 to Nut News  2 @ $4.50</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>9.00</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Memberships @ $5.00&mdash;$4.00 to Assn. $1.00 to Nut News 43 @ $5.00</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>215.00</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Memberships @ $5.00 without Nut News 3 @ $5.00</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>15.00</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Membership @ $10.00&mdash;Mr. Ellis</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>10.00</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Membership @ $10.00 with Nut News&mdash;Mr. Neilson</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>10.00</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Miscellaneous Receipts</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>9.00</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Total Receipts</span></td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>$ 396.65</td>
+<td align='right'>$ 396.65</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><th colspan="4" align='center'>DISBURSEMENTS</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Refund to D. C. Snyder</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>$ 2.00</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Programs Washington Convention</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>25.00</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Paid National Nut News</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>38.00</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Membership American Horticultural Society</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>3.00</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>C. A. Reed. Expense Washington Convention</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>6.70</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Total</span></td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>$ 74.70</td>
+<td align='right'>$ 74.70</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Balance to account for</span></td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>$321.95</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Litchfield Savings Society</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>$ 15.94</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Cash on hand or in bank</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>306.01</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Total</span></td>
+<td align='right'>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right'>$321.95</td>
+<td align='right'>$321.95</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="J_F_Jones_Experimental_Work_in_Hybridizing_Filberts_and_Hazels" id="J_F_Jones_Experimental_Work_in_Hybridizing_Filberts_and_Hazels"></a>J. F. Jones' Experimental Work in Hybridizing Filberts and Hazels</h2>
+
+<h3><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">Mildred Jones</span></h3>
+
+<h4><i>Lancaster, Pennsylvania</i></h4>
+
+<p>The first crosses of the hybrid filberts were made in the year 1919. The
+small plants when taken from the nursery row were set 5 x 8 feet with
+the thought in mind of taking out every other bush in the rows when they
+began to crowd, and in case they were of value they could be
+transplanted to a permanent place. It was not thought that many of the
+plants would bear superior nuts promising enough to keep longer than to
+observe the type of nuts the bushes bore. The first lot of plants, which
+were mostly of the Barcelona cross, bore in the fall of 1924.</p>
+
+<p>The object in view mainly was to produce, if possible, a variety or
+varieties that could be made a commercial proposition here or elsewhere
+in the eastern U. S. Not very much was thought at the time about the
+flavor or the quality of the kernel. The main thought was to get away
+from the corky substance adhering to the kernel of the most of the
+filberts. Barcelona, the main commercial nut in the West, has a lot of
+this, which makes the kernel unattractive and is probably more or less
+injurious to the digestive system because of the tannin content. After
+this fault was eliminated it was going to be necessary to work for size
+and quality of the nut.</p>
+
+<p>The filbert blight has not been found on our place, so not much stress
+was put on the point of producing a blight-resistant or blight-free
+filbert. Probably if we had the filbert blight we would consider it more
+seriously.</p>
+
+<p>The method used in crossing these hybrids was to remove the catkins on
+the pistillate plant at any time before they developed and scattered
+their pollen. The wood containing the catkins to be used for pollinating
+was observed closely in order to bring it in at the same time with the
+Rush pistillates by cutting and holding back in a cold cellar after the
+catkins were swelling well. This was the Barcelona which blooms very
+early.</p>
+
+<p>The Italian Red, Cosford and Giant De Halles bloom later than the Rush
+so this was another problem. These were forced by cutting and putting in
+a sunny window. In cutting wood for pollinating, the cuttings should be
+large. The stored up starch in the wood then gives the catkins more to
+draw on. Apparently the filbert catkins and pistillates develop entirely
+from the stored up starch in the wood and do not draw on the roots at
+all. This being so it was figured they would develop just as well off
+the bush.</p>
+
+<p>The last pollinating on the Rush was done in the spring of 1921. The
+catkins appeared to be all right and the limbs were cut and stored in
+the cellar. These were taken from the DuChilly. Finding they did not
+respond promptly to warmth it was seen that the catkins were drying up<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>
+and getting stiff. As Father was very anxious to use this variety he
+tried soaking the limbs in water and then exposed them to the sun. Some
+of the catkins only swelled and then appeared to stop. The soaking was
+then repeated making it several hours and again they were exposed to the
+sun and warmth. Most of them developed nicely after this treatment. As
+those on the bush dried up and turned black it was thought probably the
+pollen used after treated as just mentioned was not good, but the
+pistillates developed promptly after being pollinated and the bush
+produced a large crop of nuts. I suppose these had been injured in the
+winter, but it would seem surprising that they could be made to develop
+artificially and the pollen be good.</p>
+
+<p>It was found that Rush crossed Cosford made the largest nuts but the
+kernels of these nuts were not of the best quality.</p>
+
+<p>On our eastern market I think it will be found that the longer type nuts
+will bring the premium in price. I find in selling the nuts that people
+mostly desire the longer nuts, but will take the other nuts if they
+cannot get the longer ones.</p>
+
+<p>This past spring we tried to graft several of the most promising hybrids
+in the older block of trees. We used the modified cleft graft method and
+we set the grafts on layered plants of the Barcelona filbert which were
+lined out in April. We grafted them in May after the layers had started
+to grow. Out of 200 plants grafted we have growing 16 nice plants from
+18 to 24 inches tall, an 8% stand. The roots of the Barcelona layers
+died also on the grafts that failed to live. I believe the main trouble
+in this experiment was that there was not enough root system to carry
+the graft rather than the fault of the grafting, as most of the grafts
+started to grow. We should have tried grafting on layers established one
+year and we will try this next spring.</p>
+
+<p>We have several very promising filberts in the older block of bearing
+plants. The Buchanan, No. 92, was named for President Buchanan, the only
+President of the U. S. from Pennsylvania, whose home is in Lancaster.
+No. 200 is also an excellent plant and was classed by my Father as one
+of the best in the collection. This plant has not been given a name as
+yet. I would like to have a name suggested that would be suitable. These
+two plants just mentioned bear nuts very much the shape of Italian Red.
+The kernels come out with little or no corky substance on the kernel.
+The flavor is very good and the plants have borne very well. We have a
+plant called "B." Letters were given to the plants where mice got in the
+seed beds and mixed the nuts. The nut of this plant is more the shape of
+Barcelona and is very good. It also bears well.</p>
+
+<p>In the younger block of plants we have quite a few promising plants but
+these must be tested further before we can say anything definite for or
+against them.</p>
+
+<p>I notice considerable leaf burn in the block of hybrids since the severe
+storm we had two weeks ago. Quite a few of the nuts were knocked off too
+but there is still a good crop which you will see tomorrow.</p>
+
+<p>Since my Father died we have not done any hybridizing. We hope to do so
+in the future as the work is very interesting.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stoke: Year before last I bought 2 lbs. of supposedly stratified
+nuts. I planted them but only one or two came up. This year they have
+made a pretty fair start so I know it takes two years to germinate. It<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
+seems as though it sometimes takes three years because these were
+stratified for a year and it took them two years to come up after I had
+them planted. I think you could probably get some stratified nuts from
+Carlton Nursery Co., Carlton, Oregon. I sent to Carlton for mine but
+they were shipped by someone else. It is my belief that the Carlton
+Nursery Co. controls the supply, so you will have to write to them for
+them.</p>
+
+<p>I have three or four dozen trees out of the first planting. They were
+planted in a very crowded position among walnut trees but are doing
+surprisingly well. The trees are now three years old and are shoulder
+high.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Slate: I planted some Turkish hazel nuts. They have been planted
+two years and have not yet come up, but I believe they will next year,
+as they take two years to germinate.</p>
+
+<p>The following is a list of houses where seed of different species can be
+obtained. Submitted by the courtesy of Miss Jones:</p>
+
+<h4>Sources of CORYLUS</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><b>CHINENSIS</b></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hillier Bros., Winchester, England.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Vilmorin &amp; Co., Paris, France.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><b>CORYLUS COLURNA</b></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Carlton Nursery Co., Carlton, Ore.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><b>C. TIBITICA</b></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Forest Experiment Station, Dehra Dun, British India.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Notes_on_the_Commercial_Cracking_of_Black_Walnuts" id="Notes_on_the_Commercial_Cracking_of_Black_Walnuts"></a>Notes on the Commercial Cracking of Black Walnuts</h2>
+
+<h3><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">H. F. Stoke</span>, <i>Roanoke, Virginia</i></h3>
+
+
+<p>A year ago I reported to this body an experiment in the commercial
+production of black walnut kernels by factory methods, including the use
+of a power-driven cracking device. During the past year the experiment
+was continued, with the variation that the shelling was done as a home
+industry rather than as a factory operation. Ten families were furnished
+with hand-power cracking devices and the whole nuts were delivered to
+their homes. The workers received 10c per pound for cracking and picking
+out the kernels and in addition retained the shells for fuel. Forty-five
+thousand pounds of nuts were used in the experiment for which a uniform
+price of $1 per hundred weight was paid.</p>
+
+<p>The more efficient and conscientious workers produced as high as 15% of
+kernels per unit of whole nuts, which was slightly better than the
+production by factory methods. The general average, however, was around
+12&frac12;%, or about the same for both methods. As to quality of product
+there was no appreciable difference. It is necessary to exercise greater
+care in the selection of workers where the work is done in homes without
+supervision than in the factory. By actual experience it was found that
+some workers would produce less than half the percentage made by the
+more efficient workers. Such workers were dropped.</p>
+
+<p>Where relatively small quantities of nuts are to be shelled there is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>
+little to be chosen between the home-industry method and such factory
+method as was used by me. The cost of delivering the nuts to the homes
+may be roughly set over against the cost of operating a factory. Based
+on the hours of work required to produce a given quantity of kernels,
+the factory method is more efficient. On the other hand, the home worker
+will work for a smaller wage per hour. Where large quantities of nuts
+are available, commercial cracking by machine methods will be
+increasingly used in the future, especially if economic conditions so
+far improve that people will no longer work for starvation wages. Point
+is given to this observation by the fact that local buyers paid from 8
+to 15c for country-produced kernels last season, while my bare cost,
+without overhead or profit, was 20c per pound.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p>The most notable advance that has come to my attention during the past
+year in the way of commercial production of black walnut kernels is that
+contributed by Mr. C. E. Werner, President of the Forest Park Nut
+Company, of Ottawa, Kansas. Mr. Werner, who is 84 years of age and a
+veteran inventor with several notable inventions to his credit, has
+designed and built a machine that seems to mark a new era in black
+walnut kernel production. This machine, which is mounted on a truck, is
+not only used for the local operations of the company, but is moved from
+place to place in the performance of custom work, after the manner of a
+grain threshing outfit. Mention is made in company correspondence of
+cracking twenty thousand bushels of nuts for one customer in southwest
+Missouri. The following details were supplied by the manager of the
+company.</p>
+
+<p>The machine has a capacity of from 75 to 100 pounds of kernels per hour.
+As they come from the machine they carry not more than 10% shells, and
+run from 28 to 30% full quarters. After being hand cleaned the net
+recovery of kernels represents from 10 to 11&frac12;% of the weight of the
+whole nuts. Custom work is charged for at the rate of from 3 to 5c per
+pound for the kernels produced. The cost of the final hand cleaning and
+packaging is given as 2c per pound, which makes a total production cost
+of from 5 to 7c per pound.</p>
+
+<p>The operation of the machine may be briefly described as follows: The
+nuts are run through a revolving screen which separates and cleans them
+from all adhering husk and grades them into three sizes. They then pass
+through the cracker and thence, by conveyor belt, to the picker. This
+ingenious device holds the broken nuts with soft rubber rolls while a
+set of fingers literally pick the kernels from the shells. Careful
+sifting is the last step as the kernels leave the machine, after which
+they are hand-picked to remove any remaining pieces of shell. The owners
+advise that the machine has been built primarily for their own use, and
+has not yet been offered for sale. They would, however, consider
+building the machines for sale.</p>
+
+<p>While the subject assigned me did not include the marketing of kernels,
+I cannot refrain from stating that no commodity is in greater need of
+orderly, organized marketing. In the meantime I would urge the small
+producer to cultivate his own local market as far as possible and refuse
+to produce at unprofitable prices.</p>
+
+<p>Cracked black walnuts make an excellent supplementary feed for growing
+chicks and laying hens.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I advertised in the Rural New Yorker, The American Magazine and Better
+Homes and Gardens. Mr. Hershey advised me I would go broke advertising
+but I wanted to see what would happen. The Rural New Yorker gave the
+best results. I got $1.25 for a 2-lb. package. The kernels were in
+clean, first-class condition. I noticed some were advertised as low as
+95c for two pounds. Some people in answering my advertisement said they
+had bought others that were not in first-class condition. I had no
+complaints about mine. In Better Homes and Gardens I did not get enough
+orders to pay for my advertising. I would not advise anyone to advertise
+there or in the American Magazine, as I got very poor results. I even
+got a bad check. The Rural New Yorker was very satisfactory.</p>
+
+<p>The prices I paid locally were from .05 to .08 and sometimes .10 to .15
+to old customers. Twelve and a half cents was the average price. I think
+maybe I should have advertised in a confectioners' journal in order to
+reach a large consumer source, but I felt at the time that I was using
+the only way I had of reaching a market.</p>
+
+<p>This carton (showing a mailing container) is a 2-pound carton which I
+used in shipping in response to mail orders. It makes a very nice
+package that is received in good condition. I might add that the
+contents are 50 cubic inches.</p>
+
+<p>Question: Do you use a paper bag inside?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stoke: I line it with wax paper. I made a form and fold the wax
+paper around it to get the size. This makes a neat lining and then I
+just pour in the nuts and fold the top down.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Graham: Do you notice much difference in the kernels?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stoke: Not in black walnuts. I found a few nuts which I could not
+use. The best nuts I found this year were in and about our locality.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Smith: Did you try offering prizes? Mr. Hershey and I once got
+almost tipsy testing a lot of walnuts in a prize contest.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stoke: No. The best nuts I got would score not higher than the
+Thomas. They were brought in by different people and mixed together so
+that I was unable to tell their source.</p>
+
+<p>The President: Do you do your separating of kernel and shell by hand?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stoke: Yes. I use sieves, too. I use first a &frac34; x &frac34; inch mesh. It
+will take out most of the shell. Then for a minimum size, the best is 8
+mesh to an inch, as used by the Forest Park Nut Co., Ottawa, Kans. This
+is smaller mesh and eliminates the smaller bits of shell.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hershey: Did you have any correspondence with those people?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stoke: I was interested in their machine for cracking nuts and I
+wrote the company a letter. Two or three months later I received a
+letter from Mr. Werner, a son of Mr. C. E. Werner, and who signed
+himself as Len Werner of the Werner Steel Products Co., and I received
+details and facts about the machine. He asked me if I would be
+interested in buying a machine or renting on a basis of kernel
+production. The younger Mr. Werner said they built the machine for
+themselves but could supply orders if they came in.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Sawyer: Did you get any information on the price?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stoke: No, none whatever. It seems to be taken from place to place
+mounted on a truck and cracks the nuts right on the job.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: Do you have any difficulty in cracking nuts when they are dry?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stoke: The nut cracks best when not too wet or too dry but just
+right. If too dry, they are too brittle and you break up the kernels too
+much, also get too many spalls of shells. If wet you have other
+troubles. In the South and Southwest the summers get hot and so some
+nuts get rancid. The sweet type that have less oil seem to stand up
+better.</p>
+
+<p>Question: Do you ever steam nuts before cracking?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stoke: No, I haven't. To keep them in a damp atmosphere is also not
+good. Nuts should be kept dry while in storage. Kernels should also be
+kept in a dry place. I put them in trays of wire mesh and if the nuts
+are too green or I am in a hurry for them, I turn on the electric fan.</p>
+
+<p>Last Fall I put some in cold storage in December. I also put some in
+cold storage in May and I found that I would not have needed to put any
+in cold storage until May as they have kept just as nicely as those
+stored earlier. But I find it is essential to have the kernels
+thoroughly dried before they are put away. If thoroughly dried they will
+not mold, but if kept in too warm a place they will turn rancid. To keep
+them in a damp atmosphere is also not good. If they are treated right
+they will keep indefinitely.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Zimmerman: Mr. Stoke, how many nuts did you crack?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stoke: About 40,000 or 50,000 lbs.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: What did you do with screenings?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stoke: I fed them to the chickens. Some said that they would keep
+the chickens from laying but I found that by mixing about 25% with
+ordinary mash it worked fine.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hershey: Did you find that it made the egg shells hard?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stoke: No, the chickens had too much sense.</p>
+
+<p>Question: What percent do you lose in sieving?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stoke: When I did my fine sieving, I used a 4-inch screen. The
+shells were taken out entirely. I lost, maybe, 4%.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Reed: Do you people in Virginia have local names for different
+types of walnuts? What is the swamp black walnut?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stoke: My own opinion is that there is only one black walnut in the
+East. We have a butternut that some people call the English walnut and
+some the white walnut. The Japanese walnut is sometimes called an
+English walnut. We also have the English or Persian walnut.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Reed: I believe the botanists recognize only the one black walnut.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Slate: I do not think there is more than one kind.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stoke: It is interesting to know that while the black walnut has
+been higher in price than the English walnut, so that manufacturers have
+been substituting the English walnut for the black walnut, this year the
+black walnut has dropped as much as 10c per pound under the English and
+is now about 5c, I believe. Consequently the black walnut has come into
+its own and is now being substituted for the English walnut.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Frey: I would like to mention alternate years in bearing. If apple
+trees can be made to give a fair crop each year by good care, feeding
+and spraying, it is my thought that walnut trees will do the same thing
+under the same conditions. But we must remember that forming the hard
+shell is a most difficult thing for a tree to do.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Prof. Neilson: I should like to draw your attention to a drawing sent me
+by J. U. Gellatly. (The paper was held up for all to see.) Just look at
+the size of the leaves. That is a tracing of the leaf of a hybrid
+English walnut and heartnut. He sent it along as evidence of its vigor
+of growth. This large compound hybrid leaf measured 27 inches from tip
+of the leaf to the bottom of the last leaflet, exclusive of the stem
+which was 5 inches long. Many of the larger leaflets measured 5 &times; 9
+inches, shape, oblong ovate, edges of leaf, serrate, total width of
+compound leaf, 17 inches.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Smith: I should like to suggest to Mr. Frey that the theory he
+suggested might be supported if the tree were placed in a particularly
+favorable location.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hershey: I should like to remind the audience of Judge Potter who
+told me some years ago that on his farm in Southern Illinois he got
+three doubles of his meadow grove of about 50 hickory trees, by using
+plenty of good horse manure, phosphoric acid, and potash. The increases
+were that he doubled the amount of growth and the size of the nut and
+changed the trees from alternate bearing to yearly bearing.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Black_Walnut_Notes_for_1933" id="Black_Walnut_Notes_for_1933"></a>Black Walnut Notes for 1933</h2>
+
+
+  <h4><i>By</i> C. A. Reed, <i>Associate Pomologist<br />
+  Fruit and Vegetable Crops and Diseases<br />
+  U. S. Department of Agriculture</i></h4>
+
+
+
+<p>A number of developments in connection with the black walnut industry of
+the East have taken place during the last 12 months which appear to be
+of such importance as to justify special record at this time. Some of
+these have to do with the production and marketing of and prices
+received for, the wild product, others with certain features in
+connection with orchard and nursery management, and still others with
+walnut relationships both inside and outside of the genus.</p>
+
+<h4>The Black Walnut Kernel Industry</h4>
+
+<p>Production of black walnut kernels in this country is fully 99 per cent
+from seedling trees of the fields, forests, roadsides and dooryards.
+That from orchard and top-worked trees, while now considerably on the
+increase, due to recent activity in planting and top-working, will
+hardly become of relative importance for some years to come. The wild
+crop is actually on the increase each year, due partly to greater care
+now taken of old bearing trees and partly to the large number of young
+trees coming into bearing each year but more largely to the greater
+extent to which nuts are now being gathered and not allowed to decay on
+the ground.</p>
+
+<p>This increase in production is working both for and against the
+permanent welfare of the industry, and by this use of the term
+"industry", it is meant to include the cultivated as well as the
+uncultivated phases. Consumption has increased tremen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>dously. No figures
+are available as to either total production or percentage of total crop
+which is still allowed each year to remain on the ground until it
+becomes decomposed.</p>
+
+<p>However, it is the opinion of Baltimore merchants who have long handled
+this product that in certain large districts the wild nuts are now
+gathered closely and that very few are allowed to decay on the ground.
+There is no available information upon which to base a curve as to the
+probable increase in production which may be expected from young trees
+just beginning to bear or the thousands still too young to bear or yet
+the other thousands to be planted by squirrels each year. Whether or not
+the increase in consumption and its coincident change in eating habits
+of the American people will prove permanent after the return of normal
+times, remains to be seen, but it may be accepted as fact that the
+future of this country is likely to see greater competition in the home
+markets among foods than has been the case in the past and that,
+eventually, only those having the greatest values in nutrition and
+palatability will survive. Salesmanship may defeat this for a while but
+ultimately, palatability assumed, cash values and human tastes will most
+certainly arrive at pretty much the same point. The ultimate future of
+the walnut would therefore appear to depend largely upon its ability to
+become one of the fittest survivers.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most important developments during the past year is of very
+recent occurrence. It is the fact that the 1933 season is opening with
+the highest prices received during the last two years. This may in part
+be due to reports that the outlook in the Tennessee&mdash;Kentucky&mdash;Virginia
+and North Carolina district is for a light crop. According to Baltimore
+merchants who have recently been consulted, consumption last year was
+the greatest in history and, while prices reached the lowest level since
+the depression began, relatively speaking, the total drop has probably
+not been as great as for other food products during the same period.
+These merchants look forward with confidence to a continuance of
+increased consumption.</p>
+
+<p>This forecast is encouraging, but it is based on the assumption that
+there will be continued improvement in the manner of handling and
+packing the kernels for delivery. At present, considerable overhead is
+usually charged back to the farmers because of labor involved in
+cleaning, grading, and sometimes curing, after the kernels reach the
+city merchants. This handling is necessary with much of the output in
+order that it may be made acceptable to the manufacturers. One of the
+most desirable characteristics in connection with the sale of black
+walnut kernels is brightness of color. This is a matter largely due to
+the manner of handling during the process of harvesting, curing, and
+cracking. Once the kernels become dark, they cannot be brightened except
+by bleaching and removing the pellicles. However, the importance of
+prompt gathering as soon as the nuts fall from the trees, removing the
+hulls, and curing the nuts cannot be overestimated. These are matters
+easily within the ability of the producers to adjust.</p>
+
+<h4>The Orchard Industry</h4>
+
+<p>On the orchard side of the industry, several developments may be listed,
+although the majority are merely old developments newly emphasized.</p>
+
+<p>Black walnut trees, seedlings and grafted trees alike tend to bear full<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>
+crops not oftener than during alternate years, and with conditions at
+all unfavorable, full crops may be delayed for several years.</p>
+
+<p>Grafted trees of many varieties begin to bear their first fruits quite
+as promptly as with apples. Not infrequently walnuts appear by the end
+of the second year after grafting. This is especially true with
+top-worked trees.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Recent Adverse Weather Conditions</h4>
+
+<p>The spring and summer season of 1933 made an adverse combination in some
+localities. In the Ohio and Mississippi River Sections, the result was
+disastrous to a large part of the crop. In those sections, May was an
+exceedingly rainy month. June was equally hot and dry. It is in May that
+the blossoming periods of most varieties of walnut occur, also it is
+then that most of the nursery grafting is performed. Insofar as
+pollination was concerned, there were probably enough hours of sunshine
+during the blossoming period for the distribution of pollen to have been
+adequate and effective. On some of the trees the rains came at just the
+right time to wash practically all of the pollen to the ground. Had it
+not been for later pollinating trees either of the same variety, or of
+other varieties, or even of seedlings in the neighborhood, it is
+probable that no nuts would have set. However the actual set was about
+normal, but the heat and drouth which followed resulted in a drop which
+took the greater part of the crop. A pecan grower in southwestern
+Indiana, with between 300 and 400 grafted trees now of bearing age,
+recently reported that in August he was unable to find a single nut in
+his entire orchard. The result has not been quite as serious with the
+walnuts. Nevertheless, the crop prospects are reported to be not at all
+bright.</p>
+
+<p>Nursery grafting in southern Indiana had literally to be performed
+between showers. Sap flow was excessive and the resulting stand below
+normal. The heat and drouth which followed killed outright many of the
+scions which had begun to grow. Thus, in that section the orchardists
+lost most of their crops and the nurserymen most of their grafts.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Walnut Relationships</h4>
+
+<p>In regard to walnut relationships within the genus, continued studies
+have led to certain conclusions which would appear to bear mentioning.
+One of these is to the effect that not all so-called "butterjaps" appear
+to owe their origin to staminate parentage of butternut but that they
+may be due to chance crosses of either Japanese walnut with Persian or
+possibly black walnut, or quite as often to reversion to the true
+Manchurian walnut, <i>Juglans mandschurica</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Hybrids and Intermediate Forms</h4>
+
+<p>It is generally known that natural hybridity occurs so frequently
+between almost any two species of <i>Juglans</i> when growing together and
+blossoming simultaneously that it is unwise to plant the seed of either
+if pure types are desired. Intermediate forms, evidently between Persian
+(English) and black are fairly common throughout the East. The James
+River and O'Connor hybrids are well known typical examples. Such hybrids
+are most apt to occur in vicinities of Persian walnut trees. Crosses in
+which the Persian walnut is the staminate or pollen producing parent may
+sometimes occur but if so, they have never come to the attention of the
+writer. Crosses between these two species commonly have the Persian
+walnut as the pistillate or nut producing parent.</p>
+
+<p>The most commonly seen forms which appear to be due to hybridity<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> are in
+the case of certain Japanese walnut seedlings in the East. The offspring
+of these trees frequently takes on much of the character of the American
+butternut. Nuts of this type have been recognized by this Association
+and other authorities as "butterjaps." In his Manual of American Trees,
+Dr. Albert H. Rehder of the Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plains, Mass.,
+recognizes crosses between the Japanese walnut and American butternut
+under the technical name of <i>Juglans bixbyi</i> after the late Willard G.
+Bixby of the Association by whom the matter was called to his attention.
+However, it is not certain that nuts definitely known to represent a
+cross between these two species have yet been brought to notice.</p>
+
+<h4>Butterjaps</h4>
+
+<p>It has been commonly assumed that nuts of the butternut type, from trees
+grown from Japanese walnut seed are due to butternut hybridity, but the
+theory is clearly open to reasonable doubt. Nuts of this identical type
+are common in the orient where the butternut does not occur and also
+they sometimes occur in this country on trees grown from imported
+Japanese walnut seed. The late Luther Burbank wrote the Department of
+Agriculture in 1899 that in California where he had grown many thousands
+of seedlings from both imported and California grown seed, he was unable
+to detect the slightest differences in foliage, yet the trees were apt
+to produce nuts of any one of three types then known as <i>Juglans
+sieboldiana</i>, <i>J. cordiformis</i> or <i>J. mandschurica</i>. He wrote that "They
+all run together and are evidently all from the butternut family."</p>
+
+<p>An authentic case of butterjaps from imported seed was made public
+during the first annual meeting of the Pennsylvania Nut Growers'
+Association which was held in Harrisburg on January 11 of this year.
+Butterjaps were on display during that meeting which had been grown by
+Mr. Ross Pier Wright of Erie, Pa., from seed which he had imported
+directly from Japan. His trees are growing in the outskirts of
+Westfield, Chautauqua County, N. Y., and within a mile of Lake Erie.</p>
+
+<p>In July of this year, Dr. E. A. Scott of Galena, Md., called the
+attention of the writer to a number of fine trees in his small town, all
+of which had been grown by him from <i>J. sieboldiana</i> seed obtained from
+a tree nearby and "every one" of which was bearing "butternuts," as he
+and his neighbors call them. The American butternut does not occur in
+that part of Maryland which is on the upper end of the Chesapeake
+Peninsula, probably 10 miles from Chesapeake Bay. Both black and Persian
+walnut trees are very common in that region. The tree which bore the
+original seed is a typical Japanese walnut. It stands at the end of a
+row of Persian walnut trees along the driveway of a private country
+lane. There are several black walnut trees, perhaps 500 yards to the
+southwest, but no butternuts for many miles. As the Persian and Japanese
+walnuts blossom at about the same time and the black walnut considerably
+later, it would seem altogether probable that if any cross had taken
+place it would have been Japanese x Persian, rather than Japanese x
+black. The chances of a Japanese x butternut cross would have been so
+remote as to be altogether improbable.</p>
+
+<p>Many years ago, Judge F. P. Andrus of Almont, Mich., planted one tree
+each of Persian and Japanese walnuts in his dooryard. Both soon came
+into bearing. Squirrels planted nuts in the ground and presently the
+yard was filled with offspring, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> majority of which were of the type
+now called butterjaps. The trees were extremely vigorous but the nuts
+were of so little value that all were finally cut down. Butternut trees
+are common in Michigan and butternut pollen may have been responsible
+for these crosses but circumstantially the evidence pointed much more
+strongly to Japanese &times; Persian crosses than to Japanese &times; butternut
+crosses.</p>
+
+<p>Other cases of these sorts might be cited, but the evidence which the
+writer has been able to bring together up to the present month,
+September, 1933, strongly indicates that butterjaps may be due to either
+an actual cross with a Persian or black walnut and possibly with
+butternut or to reversion to a parent oriental type. So far, it has been
+out of the question to hazard a reasonably safe assumption as to the
+staminate parent of all particular crosses by merely studying the
+botanical characteristics of the butterjap offspring.</p>
+
+<p>Several years ago Mr. Bixby planted a number of butterjap seed nuts,
+hoping that under the Mendelian law, the characteristics of the two
+parents would segregate themselves. The trunk and bark of some of the
+trees resembled black walnut quite distinctly, while none resembled the
+butternut. So far as is known to the writer, none of the trees have yet
+fruited. One of the several butterjap trees in Galena, Md., previously
+referred to, produced nuts rather more like black walnuts than
+butternuts. These two instances therefore, would suggest Japanese &times;
+black walnut parentage.</p>
+
+<h4>Black Walnut Root Toxicity</h4>
+
+<p>On several occasions discussions of root toxicity between the black
+walnut and certain of its neighbors have taken place at Association
+meetings. The theory that black walnut trees give off toxic properties
+from their roots, which are fatal to other plants, is therefore not new.
+Some years ago the Virginia Experiment Station definitely isolated a
+toxic substance which was held responsible for the death of tomatoes,
+potatoes, alfalfa, blackberry plants and apple trees when these other
+plants were grown in close enough proximity for their roots to come in
+contact with those of the black walnut. This work was reported in
+various publications and was written up by several different authors.</p>
+
+<p>Since then, as well as before, the writer has looked for similar
+evidence, but, so far, in vain. Each of these crops, including tomatoes,
+potatoes, alfalfa, blackberries and apples, have been seen growing in as
+close contact with black walnut as they could possibly be placed.
+Oftentimes they have been found much nearer to black walnut trees than
+would have been wise to place them to oak, hickory, ash or other species
+of large growing trees. This does not mean that when the roots are in
+actual contact the toxic agent of the black walnut roots would not prove
+fatal to the other plants but it does indicate that in the great
+majority of cases there is no practical danger.</p>
+
+<p>Anyone who has doubt about the healthy condition of these other species
+when grown close together with black walnut trees, may obtain evidence
+for himself by noting the frequent combination of this sort easily found
+in fields and gardens of the country and small towns. It is surprising
+how often these combinations of black walnut and other species are to be
+seen. Any unprejudiced person could hardly fail to become convinced
+that, in the great majority of cases, the danger is of small practical
+consequence. The roots of the black walnut run deeply under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> ground and
+it is entirely conceivable that in deep soil they do not ordinarily come
+up to the shallower levels of the roots of most other species.</p>
+
+<h4>Summary</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>A summary of the year's developments might be arranged about as follows:</p>
+
+<p>(1) More black walnut kernels were harvested and consumed during the
+year than ever before.</p>
+
+<p>(2) Prices to the farmer reached about the same low level of the year
+preceding, but the total drop during recent years was probably not in
+proportion to the drop of most other food products.</p>
+
+<p>(3) Crop prospects in 1933 are unfavorable for another large crop.
+Prices are starting out considerably higher than for several years.</p>
+
+<p>(4) Production of black walnuts from grafted trees under cultivation is
+altogether insignificant in comparison with that from chance seedlings
+receiving no special cultivation.</p>
+
+<p>(5) Grafting and planting are taking place at too moderate a rate to
+materially alter the ratio of production from seedling to that of
+grafted trees in the near future.</p>
+
+<p>(6) There has been considerable improvement during recent years in the
+manner of preparing and packing black walnut kernels for market, but
+there is need for further advance along this line.</p>
+
+<p>(7) Merchants engaged in handling black walnut kernels predict that
+there will continue to be a normal steady increase in consumption, now
+that the market has become established, trade channels opened up, and
+consumers habits somewhat established.</p>
+
+<p>(8) Walnut hybrids occur frequently in nature. So far, none have
+appeared which were of special value because of the character of nuts
+which they produce. So-called butterjaps appear to be possible from
+either certain crosses or from reversion to parent oriental types.</p>
+
+<p>(9) Ordinarily, other crops may be interplanted with black walnuts with
+as great safety as with most other equally large growing and deep-rooted
+trees.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Is_the_Information_We_Have_on_Orchard_Fertility_of_Value_in_the_Nut" id="Is_the_Information_We_Have_on_Orchard_Fertility_of_Value_in_the_Nut"></a>Is the Information We Have on Orchard Fertility of Value in the Nut Grove?</h2>
+
+
+<h4>
+<i>By</i> <span class="smcap">Prof. F. N. Fagan</span>, <i>Professor of Pomology<br />
+The Pennsylvania State College</i></h4>
+
+
+
+<p>Many of the association members present are also general fruit orchard
+owners of this state. I am glad to meet with you and must confess that
+it has been many years since I have had the pleasure of attending the
+annual meeting of this association. To be exact, the last meeting I
+attended was the annual meeting held in Lancaster some seven years ago.
+It is not that the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station lacks
+interest in nut culture that keeps it from doing work along nut
+investigational lines, but because the older and more extensive apple,
+peach,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> cherry, grape and berry industries have called upon the
+resources of the station to its working capacity.</p>
+
+<p>When Mr. Hershey wrote asking me to speak before this meeting I felt
+that the only information we had at the station that would fit into the
+picture was the information we have regarding orchard fertility. I
+therefore gave him the subject, "Is the information we now have on
+general orchard fertility of value in the nut grove?"</p>
+
+<p>First, let me touch upon some of the papers given this morning. I think
+it would be well for the nut meat industry to look into the department
+of health's requirements governing the health inspection of workers
+handling food products. I also suggest looking into the possibility of
+the selling of nuts and nut meats by interested high school boys and
+girls in our many towns and cities.</p>
+
+<p>The question of annual bearing of nut trees is a subject needing
+investigation. I rather expect we shall find that this factor is closely
+connected with over-production of a tree one year, fertility and
+moisture supply, or, in other words, the nuts may be much like apples.
+While the nature of tree growth may tend to cause trees to be alternate
+producers, man may upset this natural habit to some extent by proper
+cultural practices and thus cause the tree to produce, not a full crop
+in the off year but at least some fruits that will be on the profit
+side.</p>
+
+<p>As to the toxic effect of some of our nut trees upon growth of other
+plants growing near by, I rather expect we shall find as time goes on
+that instead of the trees having a toxic effect they have a robbing
+effect upon soil moisture and food. One thing that leads me to this
+belief is that years ago we taught that one reason for seeding a cover
+crop in the orchard was to have the cover take the moisture from the
+soil in the fall of the year and in that way check tree growth. We now
+know that a mature apple or peach tree will reverse this during the
+growing season and will take its full share of moisture and food from
+the soil and really take these away from the cover crop. We saw this
+occur during the dry years of 1929 and 1930 with covers that had been
+seeded in June. During both these years, in our orchard blocks where the
+water holding capacity of the soil was low, the cover died over the tree
+root feeding spaces. Some may have said that the trees were having a
+toxic effect upon the soil. This was not the case for, in 1932 and 1933,
+both years of plenty of moisture supply, the covers have grown well
+around the trees in these blocks.</p>
+
+<p>I shall now ask you to refer to the conclusions on page 3 of our
+Bulletin No. 294, issued by The Pennsylvania State College, which has
+just been distributed to you. These conclusions are, of course, based
+upon our work in an apple orchard but I believe they will apply closely
+to the management of nut orchards.</p>
+
+<h4>Lessons from Fertility Studies in the Experiment Orchard</h4>
+
+<p>Most of the experiments in this orchard have now completed 25 years;
+there have been few changes and these minor ones. Certain lessons may be
+drawn from this quarter century of research:</p>
+
+<p>1. The fertility of an orchard soil is more than its plant food content.
+It involves the nature of the soil, its depth and topography, its
+previous treatment, the use of fertilizers and manures, the amount and
+nature of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> the cultivation and the covers or sods grown. Fertilizers are
+only part of the problem of soil fertility.</p>
+
+<p>2. In this orchard any treatment that has influenced the trees at all
+has done so in the following order: first, the cover crops; perhaps
+several years later, leaf color; shortly after, branch growth and
+circumference increase; and last of all, yield.</p>
+
+<p>3. The reason for this sequence of results is that the treatments,
+whether chemical fertilizers, manure, or cover crops, have influenced
+yields chiefly by changing the organic matter content of the soil; that
+is, those treatments which have resulted in the production of larger
+cover crops have ultimately resulted in the production of more fruit.</p>
+
+<p>4. The organic content of the soil has been a considerable factor in
+determining the amount of water in this soil. Those treatments which
+have built up the organic content have kept the soil in condition to
+soak up rainfall rather than to lose it by surface run-off. A larger
+water supply, in turn, has produced more cover crops.</p>
+
+<p>5. The site of this orchard seems nearly level to the casual eye; yet
+slope, with its accompanying erosion, together with differences in depth
+of soil, have created nearly as large differences in growth and yield as
+any treatment. Good treatments have nearly offset the initial
+disadvantage of poor soil; but it is more economical to plant the
+orchard on good soil than to attempt the improvement of a poor soil.</p>
+
+<p>6. A short, non-legume sod rotation is an efficient means of building up
+a depleted orchard soil. After a sod of any kind becomes thick tree
+growth is checked and yields decline. Orchard sods should be turned
+under or partially broken, frequently.</p>
+
+<p>7. Moisture conditions often are more favorable in the sod orchard than
+in the cultivated orchard. Runoff is checked by a sod and less water
+is used by a sod in mid-summer, after it has been mowed, than by a heavy
+cover crop.</p>
+
+<p>8. Under a non-legume sod the soil nitrate supply becomes very low in
+late May or early June, necessitating early applications of nitrogenous
+fertilizers. Annual applications of 10 pounds of nitrate of soda per
+tree, or its equivalent in sulphate of ammonia or other forms, have
+proved profitable in this orchard. Superphosphate, in light
+applications, has increased sod and cover crop growth.</p>
+
+<p>9. Trees receiving annual tillage with July seeding of cover crops have
+not done as well as those under sod rotations. If the cover crops are
+seeded in early June, as has been practiced since 1929, the difference
+may not be marked.</p>
+
+<p>10. To maintain equal yields, Stayman and Baldwin must make longer
+branch growth than York.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to these conclusions I will say that any grower who will
+keep his orchard soil in a state of fertility (by use of manure, proper
+farm crop fertilizers&mdash;nitrate, phosphate or potash alone or in
+combination with each other&mdash;liming and, if necessary, drainage) which
+will permit growing clovers, alfalfa, soy beans, cow peas, vetch, or any
+of the legumes, and who really does grow them as covers in his grove or
+orchard, turning them back into the soil with a minimum period of spring
+cultivation&mdash;just enough to prepare a seed bed&mdash;will never need to worry
+about his soil fertility or water holding capacity.</p>
+
+<p>You note that I say a minimum of cultivation. We taught twenty years<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>
+ago that cultivation should continue during June, July, and August. We
+now feel that this teaching was wrong. We can see no benefit from this
+long summer cultivation but do see some harm. Cultivation during the hot
+weather of June, July, and August will only aid in burning out the
+organic matter in the soil, just the very thing we plant a cover for.
+Many of the covers such as alfalfa, sweet clover and non-legume grasses
+can be harrowed very heavily in early spring after the frost is out of
+the ground, thus checking their growth for several weeks, and it is in
+early spring before the first flowers open, and while open, that the
+tree needs its nitrogen to aid in the set of fruit, and season's tree
+growth; the checking of the cover's growth in early spring gives the
+tree the chance to get its food.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>Dr. Zimmerman: I am very grateful for the address of Prof. Fagan.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>Dr. Smith: I want to express my appreciation of Prof. Fagan's paper. I
+want to call to the attention of this convention of people that this
+young man has actually admitted his hard headedness, that he has been
+willing to let a tree compel him to change his thinking.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Progress_Report_on_Kellogg_Nut_Cultural_Project_of_the_Michigan_State" id="Progress_Report_on_Kellogg_Nut_Cultural_Project_of_the_Michigan_State"></a>Progress Report on Kellogg Nut Cultural Project of the Michigan State College</h2>
+
+
+<h4><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">J. A. Neilson</span>, <i>M. S. C., East Lansing</i></h4>
+
+
+<p>The Nut Cultural Project so generously supported by Mr. W. K. Kellogg of
+Battle Creek made good progress during the season of 1933. The various
+phases of this project are briefly discussed under their separate
+headings as follows:</p>
+
+
+<h4>Search for Superior Trees</h4>
+
+<p>This feature of our nut cultural programme is of the utmost importance
+and will continue to be so until the entire state has been thoroughly
+explored. In our search we have been greatly helped by interested people
+throughout the state and elsewhere who report the existence of good
+trees or who send specimens of nuts from superior trees. This voluntary
+help is very useful and is much appreciated.</p>
+
+<p>Of the various methods of searching for good trees, nut contests are the
+most efficient and economical. Through the medium of national contests
+this Association has discovered many good varieties, and several of
+these new varieties are now being propagated. In view of the discoveries
+resulting from the Association contest in 1929 and our state contest in
+the same year, it was deemed advisable to stage another contest in 1932.</p>
+
+<p>An article setting forth the terms of the contest was sent to all the
+daily, weekly, and agricultural and horticultural journals and was given
+very wide publicity by these press agencies. A great deal of interest
+was shown in our contest and more than 1600 exhibits were entered by
+approximately 700 exhibitors.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Several good strains were brought to light by this contest, most of
+which were unknown before the contest was staged. The prize winners and
+the awards are as follows:</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="50%" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'><b>Black Walnuts</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Daniel Beck, Hamilton, Mich.</td><td align='left'>1st $15.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Harry Webber, Cincinnati, Ohio</td><td align='left'>2nd $10.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>E. Gray, Williamston, Mich.</td><td align='left'>3rd $ 5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><b>Hickories</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mrs. Ray D. Mann, Davison, Michigan 1st $15.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>D. Miller, North Branch, Mich.</td><td align='left'>2nd $10.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lyle Hause, Fowlerville, Mich.</td><td align='left'>3rd $ 5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><b>English Walnuts</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Harry Larsen, Ionia, Mich.</td><td align='left'>1st $10.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>D. B. Lewis, Vassar, Mich.</td><td align='left'>2nd $ 5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>J. W. Jockett, Hart Mich.</td><td align='left'>3rd $ 3.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><b>Butternuts</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Claude Mitchell, Scotland, Ont.</td><td align='left'>1st $10.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>M. E. Alverson, Howard City, Mich.</td><td align='left'>2nd $ 5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Frank Luther, Fairgrove, Mich.</td><td align='left'>3rd $ 3.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><b>Heartnuts</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Claude Mitchell, Scotland, Ont.</td><td align='left'>1st $10.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fred Bourne, Milford, Mich.</td><td align='left'>2nd $ 5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>J. U. Gellatly, Gellatly, B. C.</td><td align='left'>3rd $ 3.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><b>Chestnuts (Hybrids)</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Dunbar, Oshtemo, Mich.</td><td align='left'>1st $10.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>D. N. Dean, Shelbyville, Mich.</td><td align='left'>2nd $ 5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>J. W. Jockett, Hart, Mich.</td><td align='left'>3rd $ 3.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><b>Jap. Walnuts</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Harold English, Chatham, Ont.</td><td align='left'>1st $10.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Harold Evers, Petoskey, Mich.</td><td align='left'>2nd $ 5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bob Cardinell</td><td align='left'>3rd $ 3.00</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>If and when another contest is held a larger number of prizes will be
+given provided sufficient funds are available. The experience gained in
+the 1929 and 1932 contests indicates the desirability of holding at
+least three contests and five would be better, and to have the contests
+held annually. It is very difficult to advertise a nut contest so that
+every person in rural sections knows of it and moreover, even if it were
+thoroughly advertised in any one year, it would not be possible to get
+nuts from all good trees because of the irregularity in fruiting habit
+of nut trees. The experience of others who stage contests will
+substantiate this opinion.</p>
+
+<p>It is a great satisfaction to record the discovery of some promising
+pecan trees near Vandalia on the farm of Clyde Westphal. These trees
+were reported to me by Mr. Harry Burgart of Union City, and at the first
+opportunity I went with Mr. Burgart to examine the trees. There are 19
+trees in the grove and the largest and best fruited tree is about 45
+feet tall and nearly one foot in diameter at the base. The nuts are of
+medium size, crack easily, and contain kernels of good quality. A good
+crop was borne last year and other satisfactory crops have been secured
+for several years. It is quite likely that this tree would not mature
+nuts in a short growing season or in a season of low heat units, but the
+fact that it has done so well in recent years in growth and nut
+production is very encouraging, indeed. Plans are being made to
+propagate this strain.</p>
+
+<p>Another good pecan sample was received from Mr. B. B. Dowell of
+Paulding, Ohio. This tree is hardy and produces nuts slightly larger
+than the Westphal tree. The nuts have good cracking quality and flavor
+of kernel and are worth propagating for northern regions.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Propagation</h4>
+
+<p>The propagation of selected strains of nut trees is not primarily the
+function of an Experiment Station, with the exception of such work as
+may be necessary to establish on Station property a sufficient number of
+trees to furnish scionwood for experimental purposes and to supply
+interested parties with what they require. We believe that nut tree
+nurserymen should undertake the propagation of new varieties of proven
+merit and we have endeavored to furnish our local nurserymen and others
+with scionwood of our best native selections or introductions. Such
+propagation as we have done is with established trees and can properly
+be considered as top-working. This feature of our project is discussed
+under that heading.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Topworking</h4>
+
+<p>Our programme of top-working was carried on in 1933 to the full extent
+of time and funds available and a special effort was made to top-work
+some of the worthless pignuts and bitternuts with scions of hicans and
+hybrid hickories. In a former report, reference was made to the
+difficulty in grafting shagbark and shellbark scions onto pignuts; and
+here again I want to say my first observation still holds especially
+with the shagbarks. I do not have a single shagbark scion left on
+pignuts out of several hundred set during the last four seasons.</p>
+
+<p>Our results with hybrid hickories and with hicans have been much
+more encouraging in so far as the set of scions and growth is
+concerned. The following varieties have done well on the pignut or
+bitternut&mdash;Burlington, Beaver, Cedar Rapids, Creager, Dennis, Des
+Moines, Fairbanks, Kirtland, Laney, Lingenfelter, McCallister,
+Stratford, and Shinnerling. It is definitely known that most of these
+varieties are of hybrid origin with the exception of Cedar Rapids and
+Kirtland. The buds of the variety I have labelled as Cedar Rapids do not
+look like pure shagbarks and it is possible that a mix up has occurred
+in the labels.</p>
+
+<p>A satisfactory start was made in propagating the prize-winning shagbark
+hickories of our 1932 contest and further work will be done with these
+kinds in the present season.</p>
+
+<p>Good progress has been made in propagating our best varieties of black
+walnuts, English walnuts, and Chinese walnuts. We now have several trees
+some of which are quite large that have been top-worked to scions of
+Wiard, Allen, Grundy, Rowher, Ohio, Creitz, Carpenter, and Stambaugh
+black walnuts. In English walnuts we have Carpathian No. 1, 2, and
+5&mdash;Crath, McDermid, and Broadview. This latter variety is above the
+average in size, cracks easily and has a good kernel. Still more
+important it is believed to be hardy and is definitely known to have
+endured 25&deg; below zero F. This variety was sent by Mr. J. U. Gellatly,
+our enthusiastic nut tree hunter from British Columbia. Mr. Gellatly has
+brought to light a considerable number of heartnuts and a few English
+walnuts. One of his latest finds is an English walnut that produces very
+large almost round thin shelled nuts. This tree grows on high bench land
+near Okanogun, B. C. and is a seedling of a tree growing in the high
+altitudes of Kashmir in Northern India. Some of the heartnuts sent by
+Mr. Gellatly are amongst the largest I have ever seen and possess good
+cracking and extraction qualities. Scions of these varieties have been
+ordered from Mr. Gellatly and we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> hope to establish at least one good
+tree of each kind as a source of propagating material. We also have
+several grafts of an excellent Chinese walnut which we obtained from Mr.
+George Corsan of Islington, Ontario. This variety bears a large nut with
+a thin well sealed shell and a first-class kernel, and has been named
+Corsan.</p>
+
+
+<h4>New Plantings</h4>
+
+<p>The planting programme for 1933 included the planting of about 40 acres
+on the Collver part of the Kellogg Farm near Augusta, but this had to be
+reduced by 50% because of financial troubles caused by the closing of
+the banks in which Mr. Kellogg was a depositor. In addition to the new
+plantings a considerable number of replacements had to be made
+particularly in the chestnut groves. The following table shows the
+number of each species and variety planted:</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="30%" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><th colspan="2" align='center'>(a) Black Walnuts</th></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><th align='left'>Variety</th><th align='right'>Number</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Allen</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wessell</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thomas</td><td align='right'>20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Beck</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bohamin</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Edras</td><td align='right'>3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Grundy</td><td align='right'>3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Homeland</td><td align='right'>3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Howell</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Grabill</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hauber</td><td align='right'>1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Heplar</td><td align='right'>3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mintle</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Patuxent</td><td align='right'>7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ruddick</td><td align='right'>1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stanley</td><td align='right'>1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tasterite</td><td align='right'>1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stover</td><td align='right'>1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Worthington</td><td align='right'>1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>McMillen</td><td align='right'>1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hunter</td><td align='right'>1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Birds Eye</td><td align='right'>15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Carpenter</td><td align='right'>10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Miller</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ten Ecyk</td><td align='right'>10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ohio</td><td align='right'>10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stabler</td><td align='right'>15</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="2" align='center'>(b) Chinese Walnut</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Seedlings</td><td align='right'>20</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="2" align='center'>(c) English Walnut</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Seedlings (Crath)</td><td align='right'>21</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Alpine</td><td align='right'>10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mayette</td><td align='right'>10</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="2" align='center'>(d) Butternuts</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Seedlings</td><td align='right'>50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="2" align='center'>Hickories</th></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="2" align='center'>(a) Hybrids</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stratford</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="2" align='center'>(b) Shagbark</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Glover</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Romig</td><td align='right'>3</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="2" align='center'>(c) Shellbark</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stephens</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="2" align='center'>(d) Pecans</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Indiana</td><td align='right'>1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Niblack</td><td align='right'>4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Greenriver</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kentucky</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Butterick</td><td align='right'>6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Posey</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Carlyle</td><td align='right'>3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Jeffrey</td><td align='right'>3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Seedlings</td><td align='right'>50</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="2" align='center'>(e) Hicans</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Des Moines</td><td align='right'>7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gerrardi</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Burlington</td><td align='right'>4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wright</td><td align='right'>3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Burton</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Norton</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="2" align='center'>Hazels</th></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="2" align='center'>(a) Turkish Hazels</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Seedlings</td><td align='right'>40</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="2" align='center'>(b) Jones Hybrids</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Seedlings</td><td align='right'>14</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="2" align='center'>(c) Corylus Vilmorinii</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Seedlings</td><td align='right'>1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="2" align='center'>Chestnuts</th></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="2" align='center'>(a) Chinese</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Seedlings</td><td align='right'>251</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="2" align='center'>(b) Japanese</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Seedlings</td><td align='right'>20</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>Good results were secured with all of the above mentioned kinds except
+the Chinese and Japanese chestnuts. The reason for this failure is given
+elsewhere in this report.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Demonstration Work on Grafting</h4>
+
+<p>This feature of our programme has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> not received as much attention as
+should be given to it owing to lack of scionwood of local origin and to
+a desire to work over nearly all the trees on the Kellogg Farm before
+attempting much outside work. We now have a fair supply of scionwood on
+our station trees and are in a position to proceed with a modest
+top-working programme out in the state.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>The principal object of this scheme will be to establish sources of
+scionwood at various places in the state and to instruct interested
+parties in the art of grafting. A total of 25 demonstrations have
+already been given and in nearly every case improved varieties were
+established and local interest was aroused. It is a matter of
+satisfaction to report that at least four men have made a commendable
+start in top-working ordinary seedling trees with scions of superior
+sorts and one of these men, Mr. Charles Pepper of Berlamont, proposes to
+establish a small nursery of Allen black walnuts.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>For some time the writer has planned to interest the Future Farmers of
+America in planting nut trees, but was too busy with other duties to
+make the proper contact. Just recently arrangements were made with Dr.
+Gallup, the State Supervisor of Vocational Agricultural Education, for a
+presentation of the scheme of nut tree planting to these enterprising
+and energetic young men. My object is to interest at least one member of
+each group in either top-working local seedlings with the best hardy
+varieties or in planting good nut tree varieties. Plans are also made to
+interest the members of the State Horticultural Society in planting some
+of the best varieties of Michigan origin.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Educational Work</h4>
+
+<p>This feature of our project has not been given a great deal of emphasis
+because it was believed we did not have enough information of local
+nature to justify us in conducting an extensive educational programme.
+We now believe we have enough information to make a start and I have
+arranged a series of meetings with county agents at their regional
+conferences in the southern part of the lower peninsula. Each regional
+conference includes the county agents and associated workers in several
+counties and affords one an opportunity to present our programme to
+State officials who can give us most effective cooperation. This project
+along with a similar one for the Future Farmers of America should create
+more interest in nut culture.</p>
+
+
+<h4>General Notes</h4>
+
+<p>The establishment of hardy blight resistant chestnuts of good quality is
+an important objective in our nut cultural project, and one in which
+only partial success can be reported. Approximately 700 Chinese and
+Japanese Chestnut trees have been planted but only about 260 of these
+trees are living. Some of these casualties were due to dry weather,
+rabbits and woodchucks, but the major part were due to unsuitable soil
+conditions. Our observations show that the Asiatic chestnuts will not
+thrive in an alkaline soil, as nearly all the losses occurred on an area
+that had a heavy application of marl. On the area where the trees are
+now growing well the soil is acid and supports several acid tolerant
+plants.</p>
+
+<p>A superior strain of Chinese Chestnut was found in a lot of about 60
+trees which the writer sent to Mr. W. R. Reek of the Experiment Station
+at Ridgetown, Ontario, in 1927.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> The best tree has made a good growth,
+and bears large nuts of good quality. Scions of this tree were obtained
+last spring and grafted onto several Chinese seedlings at the Kellogg
+Farm. An attempt will also be made to graft a few large&mdash;unfruitful
+Japanese chestnuts at various places in the State with scions of this
+good Chinese strain.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>An interesting bit of information on the hardiness of the black walnut
+and butternut has just come to hand from Col. B. D. Wallace of Portage,
+La Prairie, Manitoba. Col. Wallace reports the occurrence of a seedling
+black walnut in his nursery that is quite hardy and which bore fully
+matured nuts at an early age. He also has a fine grove of butternuts
+that are entirely hardy and which bear good crops of nuts. These
+butternut trees grew from nuts secured from France about twenty years
+ago. The trees are quite hardy but other butternut seedlings from
+Ontario seemed to lack hardiness. No data are at hand to show where the
+French butternut trees came from, but inasmuch as the butternut is not a
+native of France it is almost certain that the trees came from North
+America and probably Quebec Province. In any case the trees are hardy
+and are reported to give satisfaction to the people in the Prairie
+Provinces.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Kroodsma, Extension Forester, reports the occurrence of a moderately
+large black walnut which bears nuts of good quality and fair size at
+Houghton in the extreme northern part of the Upper Peninsula. These
+accessions to our knowledge of the hardiness of the walnut and butternut
+are valuable and would suggest that these species can be grown much
+farther north than their native range.</p>
+
+<p>In a former report reference was made to an attempt while in the service
+of the Ontario Department of Agriculture to interest the members of the
+Womens' Institute in Ontario in planting nut trees, but not much
+progress was made until last spring. The writer had in Ontario about 800
+fine seedling heartnuts which he was unable to sell and which had to be
+moved. It seemed regrettable to destroy them and finally the trees were
+given to Mr. Geo. Putnam, Supt. of Institutes for distribution in my old
+home county and in another county where I worked for some time. The
+trees were readily accepted and much interest was aroused. So much in
+fact that I was kept busy writing letters to people who wanted to share
+in the distribution. Unfortunately, I did not have enough trees to meet
+all demands and so had to refuse many an Institute member who was
+anxious to try these heartnut seedlings.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Notes_on_the_Filbert_Orchard_at_Geneva" id="Notes_on_the_Filbert_Orchard_at_Geneva"></a>Notes on the Filbert Orchard at Geneva</h2>
+
+<h4><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">G. L. Slate</span><br />
+
+<i>Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y.</i></h4>
+
+
+<p>Winter killing of the wood and catkins is probably the limiting factor
+in growing filberts in Western New York. Satisfactory varieties must
+possess catkins hardy enough to provide sufficient pollen for
+pollination purposes. There must also be very little killing of the wood
+or the crop will be reduced in proportion to the amount of wood that is
+winter injured. Several years observations in the Station filbert
+orchard at Geneva have shown a great variation in hardiness of filbert
+varieties. With some varieties the catkins are severely injured each
+winter, with others, very little injury occurs. Because of this great
+variation in hardiness we must accumulate as much data as possible
+concerning the ability of varieties to withstand our winters, especially
+the mild winters, before we are in a position to make definite variety
+recommendations.</p>
+
+<p>Last winter, 1932-33 was especially hard on filberts, in fact, much more
+winter injury was experienced than at any time since the Station orchard
+was set in 1925. It was a good season to separate the hardy and tender
+sorts. Throughout the winter the weather was exceptionally mild and
+favorable for that type of winter injury due to early growth activity.
+In a normally cold winter catkin killing as a rule is not very serious,
+except on a few tender varieties. Although catkin killing was so serious
+at Geneva, S. H. Graham of Ithaca, who is growing a number of varieties
+on an exposed location where winters are more severe than at Geneva,
+reports that his trees suffered less catkin injury than at any time
+since he has been growing them. Catkin killing does not seem to be due
+to extreme cold during the winter and rarely are the catkins injured
+before late February or early March. Injury may be severe even though
+the temperatures are not lower than the catkins are thought to endure
+when in bloom. Apparently the injury may be due to the cumulative effect
+of dessication throughout the winter months, this effect becoming
+apparent shortly before the catkins bloom. Catkins forced into bloom
+prior to late February bloom normally and without apparent injury.</p>
+
+<p>The data on winter injury of catkins is being accumulated for two
+purposes. First, it is being used as a basis for recommending varieties
+as pollinators; and second, it is being used in selecting parents for
+breeding hardy varieties.</p>
+
+<p>The amount of winter killed catkins is determined by observation during
+the blooming season in late March. All catkins that fail to open, or
+open weakly and shed no pollen, are considered winter killed and the
+proportion that are killed is expressed in per cent.</p>
+
+<p>Based on the amount of winter injury of catkins during the winter
+1932-33, I am making four groups. First, those varieties in which all,
+or practically all the catkins were killed. In the varieties suffering
+such severe catkin injuries, much of the wood<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> was killed, but this will
+be treated separately.</p>
+
+<p>The varieties in this group are Nottingham, Early Prolific, Garibaldi,
+Kentish filbert, Pearson's Prolific, Princess Royal, the Shah, Webb's
+Prize Cobb, Bandnuss, Barr's Zellernuss, Berger's Zellernuss, Grosse
+Kugelnuss, Heynicks Zellernuss, Lange von Downton, Multiflora, Sickler's
+Zellernuss, and a Corylus rostrata brought into cultivation from a glen
+a few miles away. The planting of varieties in this list is not
+recommended.</p>
+
+<p>The second group includes those sorts in which 50 to 90 per cent of the
+catkins were killed. The varieties are Barcelona, Daviana, Fertile de
+Coutard, Montebello, Cannon Ball, Duke of Edinburgh, Duchess of
+Edinboro, Prolific Closehead, Red Skinned, Kadetten Zellernuss, Kaiserin
+Eugenie, Kunzemuller's Zellernuss, Liegel's Zellernuss, Prolifique a
+coque serree, Romische Nuss, Schlesierin, Truchsess Zellernuss, Voile
+Zellernuss, Kruse, and Littlepage, a variety of Corylus americana from
+Indiana. Some wood killing occurred among the varieties in this group.
+None of these varieties should be depended upon for pollination
+purposes.</p>
+
+<p>The third group includes those varieties experiencing 20 to 50 per cent
+winter injury. The varieties are Kentish Cob, Italian Red, Bollwiller,
+Red Aveline, White Aveline, and Vollkugel. These varieties may be
+planted with caution if too much dependence is not placed upon them as
+pollinators.</p>
+
+<p>In the fourth group are those with less than 20 per cent of catkin
+injury. These are Clackamas, Cosford, Minna, Early Globe, English
+Cluster, Medium Long, Oregon, Purple Aveline, Red Lambert, White
+Lambert, D'Alger, Althaldensleber, Ludolph's Zellernuss, Luisen's
+Zellernuss, Neue Riesennuss, Eickige Barcelonaer, and Winkler and Rush,
+the latter two being varieties of Corylus americana. Varieties from this
+group and the third group should be used as pollinators and as parents
+in breeding work to develop catkin hardy varieties.</p>
+
+<p>Winter killing of the wood has not been as extensive nor as serious as
+catkin killing. It is usually slight and confined to a few varieties but
+during the past winter 1932-33, many varieties killed back severely.</p>
+
+<p>The varieties are grouped according to the amount of winter injury of
+wood. Varieties in which more than 50 per cent of the wood was killed
+are Nottingham, Early Prolific, Garibaldi, Princess Royal, Webb's Prize
+Cob, Bandnuss, Grosse Kugelnuss, Jeeves Samling, Kaiserin Eugenie,
+Multiflora, Kurzhullige Zellernuss, Lange von Downton, and the Corylus
+rostrata previously mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>Varieties experiencing from 20 to 50 per cent of wood killing were
+Barcelona, Red Aveline, Montebello, Berger's Zellernuss, Einzeltragende
+Kegelformige, Heynick's Zellernuss, Prolifique a Coque serre, Sickler's
+Zellernuss, Voile Zellernuss, and Russ.</p>
+
+<p>In the following varieties from 5 to 20 per cent of the wood was
+winter-killed: Minna, Bollwiller, Duchess of Edinboro, Pearson's
+Prolific, The Shah, Barr's Zellernuss, Kunzemuller's Zellernuss,
+Liegel's Zellernuss, Romische Nuss, Schlesierin, Truchsess Zellernuss,
+Vollkugel and Littlepage.</p>
+
+<p>Varieties which are not injured at all or less than five per cent were
+Clackamas, Cosford, Daviana, Early Globe, English Cluster, Kentish Cob,
+Fertile de Coutard, Italian Red, Me<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>dium Long, Oregon, Purple Aveline,
+Red Lambert, White Aveline, White Lambert, D'Alger, Cannon Ball, Duke of
+Edinburgh, Kentish filbert, Prolific Closehead, Red Skinned, Eckige
+Barcelonaer, Kadetten Zellernuss, Ludolph's Zellernuss, Luisen's
+Zellernuss, Kruse, Neue Riesennuss and Rush and Winkler.</p>
+
+<p>It is evident from this data that although many filbert varieties are
+subject to serious winter injury, there are still a number to choose
+from that are sufficiently hardy under western New York conditions.</p>
+
+<h4>Variety Notes</h4>
+
+<p>The Station variety collection has grown considerably since I discussed
+filberts before you in 1929. At that time the collection consisted of 28
+varieties; today there are under test at Geneva 99 varieties of Corylus
+avellana, five varieties of Corylus americana, five Jones seedlings, and
+six species of Corylus, or a total of 115 forms.</p>
+
+<p>Later observations on the original orchard have indicated that the
+original variety recommendations should be modified. Certain varieties
+imported from Europe and renamed, or were misnamed when imported, and
+that have been disseminated by nurseries are apparently identical with
+certain German varieties recently imported by the Geneva Station.
+Preliminary observations indicate that some of these recently imported
+German sorts are worthy of further attention.</p>
+
+<p>Barcelona which was the most productive variety during the first few
+years has been falling behind in yields the past two seasons. This,
+coupled with the winter killing of wood and catkins last winter, makes
+Barcelona a doubtful variety to plant.</p>
+
+<p>Italian Red in 1932 averaged nearly eight pounds of nuts to the tree,
+the heaviest yield of any variety in the orchard. The crop this year
+promises to be satisfactory and one of the largest in the orchard, in a
+season when varieties generally are very light. S. H. Graham of Ithaca
+reports that "Italian Red has been the best and most regular bearer of
+any of the European filberts" that he has tried.</p>
+
+<p>Kentish Cob averaged five pounds per tree last year and Cosford over
+four pounds. The latter variety is catkin hardy and should be in every
+planting. White Lambert and Red Lambert, still light croppers, possess
+very hardy catkins and for that reason deserve trial.</p>
+
+<p>Oregon, Purple Aveline, and English Cluster bear heavy crops, but are
+difficult to husk and the nuts too small for market. For home use they
+should be very satisfactory.</p>
+
+<p>Among the newer nuts fruiting last year for the first time, Neue
+Riesennuss, originating in Germany in 1871, is promising. It is one of
+the largest in the Station collection, is a bright light brown in color
+with slightly darker stripes, and last winter experienced very little
+catkin injury and no wood injury. As yet nothing is known of its
+productiveness in this country, but in Germany it is said to be
+productive.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the nuts distributed in this country by Mr. Vollertsen of
+Rochester are proving identical with some of the German sorts recently
+imported by the Station. I do not intend to suggest now that the name of
+the varieties in this country be changed to those of the varieties with
+which they are identical. Later when all of these imported varieties are
+in full bearing the matter of changing names will be brought to your
+attention again.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Red Lambert (of Vollertsen) is identical with Beethe's Zeller, and
+Italian Red (of Vollertsen) is identical with Gustav's Zeller. Minna (of
+Vollertsen) is not the Minna of German descriptions.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Filbert Breeding</h4>
+
+<p>The breeding work with filberts is following two lines. Hardiness of
+wood and catkin is of prime importance and to develop varieties
+satisfactorily in these respects those varieties that have proved hardy
+are being crossed with different sorts that have desirable nut and tree
+characters. Hardiness is also being sought by crossing the Rush native
+hazel with varieties of Corylus avellana. 535 trees from this cross,
+made by Mr. Reed, are now growing in a fruiting plantation at the
+Station, and several hundred more from other crosses are in the nursery
+row. With this wealth of material coming along, it is reasonable to
+assume that the day is not far distant when satisfactory varieties will
+be available for northern planting.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Developing_a_Walnut_Grove_as_a_Side_Line_Job_as_a_Bee_Keeper" id="Developing_a_Walnut_Grove_as_a_Side_Line_Job_as_a_Bee_Keeper"></a>Developing a Walnut Grove as a Side Line Job as a Bee Keeper</h2>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">L. K. Hostetter</span><br />
+
+<i>Lancaster, Pennsylvania</i></h4>
+
+
+<p>In discussing this topic I shall give you some of my doings in my bee
+business and nut growing.</p>
+
+<p>About 30 years ago, I started out in the bee business with three
+colonies of bees. This number increased gradually until I had 170
+colonies. During these 80 years I would sometimes have a bumper crop of
+honey and then again sometimes a total failure. This past summer
+happened to be one of those off years. It is, however, the income from
+this bee business that started me off in the growing of a grove of 800
+black walnut trees, also a few shellbarks, pecans, heartnuts, English
+walnuts, hicans, hardshell almonds and filberts.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1926, I had a nurseryman graft 6 small black walnut
+trees to the Thomas and Stabler varieties with 5 catches, 4 Thomas and 1
+Stabler. In the spring of 1927, I bought the homestead farm and planted
+2 Thomas, 2 Stabler, and 2 Ohio black walnuts, 2 shellbarks, 2 hardshell
+almonds and 6 filberts. This spring I also planted about a bushel of
+seedling black walnuts and, as it happened we had an exceptionally wet
+summer, these seedlings made a wonderful growth.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1928 I transplanted about 15 acres to these seedlings.
+In 1929 I planted another 20 acres, and in 1930 another 10 acres. Some
+of these trees were planted 60 feet each way and some 30 feet apart.</p>
+
+<p>Some of these trees were grafted the same year they were planted but
+most of them were grafted two years later. At this time I had little
+experience in grafting and, naturally, my 2 acres in getting catches
+were accordingly. When I started out I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> thought it would be cheaper to
+plant seedlings and graft them, as explained above. I have gotten along
+fairly well in getting my grove started but I found it to be far more
+work than I expected it would be and I would not do it that way again.
+Because of some failures each year I still have many trees that have not
+yet been successfully grafted. I am not in a great hurry to get my grove
+on a paying basis as I am getting a lot of fun playing with the
+developing of it and I don't believe there will be so very much
+difference in the size of these trees 25 years from now. I would say,
+however, that for the man who wants to get a nut grove developed as soon
+as possible, he should buy his trees from the expert nut tree
+nurseryman.</p>
+
+<p>My entire grove is now seeded to blue grass for a permanent pasture.
+About 25 acres is pastured by 160 head of sheep and the balance is cut
+for hay to feed the sheep in the winter time. My reason for seeding to
+blue grass is to prevent erosion. Possibly if I should keep my trees
+cultivated during the summer they would make a better growth. But then
+my sheep will make quite a bit of manure and I spread much of this
+manure under the trees every winter and, as it is, my trees are making a
+very good growth every year.</p>
+
+<p>I now have a grove of about 800 black walnut trees. These are mostly of
+the Thomas, also quite a few Ohio and Stabler and a few Ten Eycks. The
+Stablers, Ohios, and Ten Eycks seem to fill the shell so full of meats
+with me that they are hard to remove in large pieces. I think I shall
+regraft most of these to the Thomas and some of the later varieties.</p>
+
+<p>About 600 of my trees are now 7 years old from seed. These trees had
+about &frac12; bushel of hulled walnuts last summer and I expect to have
+about 2 bushels this summer. Last summer I also had about a peck of hard
+shell almonds from my two trees that were planted in 1927. In 1931 my 6
+filberts had about &frac12; peck of nuts. These trees are now big enough to
+have at least a bushel or two of nuts if the catkins had not frozen this
+past winter.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Zimmerman: Mr. Hostetter, I would like to suggest, from the fact
+that we know so little about pollinization of nut trees, that you do not
+be in too big a hurry to cut out your odd varieties. Instead why not do
+this, let them come into bearing and then each year cut the variety out
+and note if there is any change in the bearing of the Thomas, of which
+you say your orchard is mostly made up? Should you happen to note a lack
+of pollinization or bearing in the Thomas the year after a certain
+variety is cut out, you can then start checking and may find that
+variety the best pollinator for the Thomas. I certainly would not be in
+too big a hurry to eliminate all my test varieties if I were you.</p>
+
+<p>The President: Last year Prof. Reed gave us a very valuable paper on
+pollinization.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Zimmerman: I have a Taylor hickory at my place and every year it has
+several nutlets but as soon as they get any size they tumble off. I have
+never seen any catkins on that tree.</p>
+
+<p>I have been fooling around for several years with persimmons. I have
+particular reference to the Kawakmi which is supposed to be a hybrid of
+Munson. I have never had any fruit from that particular tree. I wrote to
+Munson's and told them and they sent me some of the fruit. I wanted to
+get the seeds. My tree blooms heavily but has no pistillate flowers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Nut_Trees_as_Used_in_Landscaping" id="Nut_Trees_as_Used_in_Landscaping"></a>Nut Trees as Used in Landscaping</h2>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Dr. Lewis Edwin Theiss</span><br />
+<i>Muncy, Pennsylvania</i></h4>
+
+
+<p>I was asked to speak on the subject of "Planting Nut Trees for Those Who
+Have Space for Only a Few," but I am going to speak on using nut trees
+in landscaping. We should know what is meant by the term landscaping. It
+may mean planting blue spruce or junipers around the house in a pleasing
+way, or you may use plants. The object is to make a picture which gives
+a certain impression of our home. We can just as well use nut trees in
+such a way as to make a beautiful picture, so that when one looks out
+any window of his home he gets a beautiful picture or vista, or when one
+goes by and sees your home, he sees a beautiful picture.</p>
+
+<p>We tend to follow too stereotyped ways of doing things. There is no
+reason why we should make a liability of our property. We can just as
+well have nuts to help make an asset.</p>
+
+<p>Trees are very much like words. We have two words in the English
+language that express more than any others. They are "home" and
+"mother." We also have trees that connote much. Of course, it depends on
+what picture we wish our homes to convey. I want mine to have a cozy yet
+prosperous look. Now you ask, "How are you going to produce that look?"
+It is by the materials you use and how you use them. And you can use any
+you wish.</p>
+
+<p>We might divide plants into two groups, cultivated plants and wild
+plants. In trees we have some fruit trees which are never worth a cent.
+Apple trees suggest home. If you are driving through the woods and come
+upon an apple tree, you immediately think, "Someone had a home here
+once." Of course, it might have grown from a chance seed but that is the
+thought you have at once. The apple tree connotes the thought of home.</p>
+
+<p>I happen to be a fruit tree as well as a nut tree grower. The difference
+between them is that you have to spray the fruit trees.</p>
+
+<p>Longfellow said, "Under the spreading chestnut tree the village smithy
+stands." That was probably very true as there were lots of chestnut
+trees at that time. So we have nut trees that give us this connotation
+of domesticity. They make us think of home.</p>
+
+<p>We must also consider the foliage. A tree with fine foliage such as the
+walnut is preferable for the lawn. The walnut gives a fine shade but
+does not interfere with the growth of grass. The English walnut makes a
+dense shade, nothing grows under it. Hickory also gives a dense shade.
+All these things we have to consider when choosing trees to plant about
+our yards.</p>
+
+<p>In my own grounds I have black walnut, Persian walnuts, pecans,
+filberts, hicans and some others. I feel we might as well have something
+around our places to help pay the taxes. We might as well get a little
+pleasure out of our property. Some of us have vegetable gardens. Nut
+trees can be an asset to your property<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> in the same way if you will
+plant the proper kinds.</p>
+
+<p>You all know the black walnut. It grows to be a large spreading tree but
+it needs good soil. Another nice tree is the Japanese walnut. This tree
+is quite beautiful. A sport of this tree is the heartnut. It also is a
+very beautiful tree and a rapid grower. I have a little group of these
+trees and I have never seen trees grow so fast. I have a Japanese
+walnut, a grafted heartnut, and a Japanese seedling. They look exactly
+alike but bear different kinds of nuts. I have one tree which is a
+seedling. It is eight years old, beginning on the ninth year and is 20
+to 25 feet high. I have a heartnut which is a little bit older which I
+bought from Mr. Jones. That tree has suffered a lot at my hands. I dug
+it up twice and changed its position, cutting it back, and still it is
+growing fine and a big tree for ten years. It has a spread close to 40
+feet and reaches to the house top. It certainly looks more than 10 years
+old. I think a tree like that is very useful planted by a house because
+of its rapid growth. The foliage is very lovely. I have measured some of
+the leaves and some are a yard long. Another tree I have growing near
+the house is a Potomac English walnut. It is a very vigorous tree, has a
+dense shade and a very good grower. A very lovely tree to have in the
+yard.</p>
+
+<p>I have also, the Butterick, Busseron and Indiana pecans in the side
+yard. They bear quite well, particularly the Butterick but I like the
+Busseron better. I think they are going to be very large trees. I think
+they will be like the elms in New England. The foliage is not so large
+and coarse and is a little different from the black walnut. They have
+been very successful for us.</p>
+
+<p>We do not know much about getting revenue from our trees as we use all
+our nuts in the family. A pound of nuts I raise myself is worth much
+more to me than a pound I would buy in the grocery store because of the
+fun I get in growing them.</p>
+
+<p>I have chestnuts that have escaped the blight so far. They say the
+Japanese variety is very hardy and very resistant to blight. As to the
+nuts, I do not know much about them.</p>
+
+<p>Another nut tree that we do not often think of is the beech tree. I have
+never seen a beech tree that had nuts on big enough to amount to
+anything.</p>
+
+<p>We have heard a lot about filberts this morning. Filberts make beautiful
+hedges. I shouldn't advise anybody to grow a filbert hedge along the
+road or where it would be a temptation to people to steal. But where you
+wish to erect a screen to shut out an undesirable view, they make a very
+nice hedge. They are very pleasing as to foliage. We have a very nice
+crop of filberts this fall. If you have a little place that you want to
+screen in, why not do it with a hedge that is both beautiful and
+productive.</p>
+
+<p>We also have a peach almond. That is worth growing just for its blossom.
+People go to Washington to see the Japanese cheery blossoms but they are
+no more beautiful than the Ridenhower almond when in bloom. The blossom
+is 2 inches in diameter. The hull dries and parts through the middle
+leaving the nut easy to get out. My farmer calls my tree "the dried
+peach tree." The fruit looks more like a peach seed than an almond. It
+is more difficult to crack than the usual almond but it certainly is
+interesting in the springtime.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> I hope in your landscaping you will make
+use of nut trees, and when you want a hedge you do not have to have a
+privet or a barberry one. You can make a hedge of roses or of filberts.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Deming: Will your pecans have a good crop? Are they well filled?</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Theiss: Yes, they are well filled and have a very delicious flavor.
+In the market you could not offer them in competition with the
+paper-shell variety, but we are quite well pleased with them.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Deming: Isn't that rather a record for distance north?</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Theiss: I do not know. Mr. Reed, how far north do pecans grow well?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: I believe our best authorities are Dr. Deming and Dr. Theiss.
+I am surprised as we have some pecans in Washington with which we were
+discouraged, although they are now developing.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Theiss: I must say we have very satisfactory trees and lots of nuts.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hershey: About six weeks ago I saw a tree which had been bearing for
+40 years. It was at Schuylkill Haven near Pottsville, in the mountainous
+country where it gets very cold. An old man told me the tree was 60
+years old. Imagine my utter amazement since we believed that the pecan
+would not bear that far north. I showed the old man some Busseron nuts
+and he stated that his were slightly smaller but very thin shelled. The
+seed of this tree came from the Wabash in Illinois. He had another tree
+there about 30 years old which has been bearing for quite a few years.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Neilson: Have you had any experience with Turkish hazels?</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Theiss: No, I have Barcelona, Du Chilly, Red Aveline, White Aveline,
+and Jones-Rush hybrids.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Neilson: It appears that they are very ornamental and very
+symmetrical and hardy trees.</p>
+
+<p>There is a possibility of using nuts in a new confection made of honey.
+There is a new method of drying honey perfected by Dr. Philips and Dr.
+Dyke, and when this is mixed with nuts it forms a really good
+confection. My wife has worked out several good recipes.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Neilson: The new method of drying the honey allows it to be wrapped
+in wax paper without sticking to the paper. This is quite an advantage
+in marketing it.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Neilson: The Broadview Persian walnut is a very ornamental tree
+and can be grown by those who live very far north.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="My_Experience_in_Growing_Nut_Trees_on_the_House_Lawn" id="My_Experience_in_Growing_Nut_Trees_on_the_House_Lawn"></a>My Experience in Growing Nut Trees on the House Lawn</h2>
+
+<h4><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">M. Glen Kirkpatrick</span><br />
+<i>Orchard Editor, Farm Journal, Philadelphia, Pa.</i></h4>
+
+
+<p>Coming at the end of a program such as you have had here today, I am
+reminded of a story my father used to tell me as a boy.</p>
+
+<p>"There was once a mouse that lived in a cellar. One day he was attracted
+by some moisture on the floor that was seeping from a barrel of cider.
+The cider was in the stage of becoming vinegar. The mouse took two or
+three helpings and then said, 'Now bring on the cat!'"</p>
+
+<p>I would be just as foolish as the mouse if I tried to contribute any
+technical matter. Ten minutes will be ample to tell you of my
+experiences.</p>
+
+<p>My interest in nut trees is due to Mr. John W. Hershey. I wish now that
+some of my apple trees were replaced by walnuts. I planted my trees
+about 8 years ago. The pecan is about 18 feet high, the English walnut
+about 12 feet high. The English walnut has blossomed but has never borne
+fruit. The pecan has blossomed this year for the first time. My
+Barcelona has about a pound of nuts on this year. It is from 12 to 14
+feet high. My Du Chilly has produced fruit one year.</p>
+
+<p>The thing I like about nut trees is their cleanness. My English walnut
+has never been troubled by pests, neither has the pecan, except there is
+one thing I hold against the pecans and that is the borers on the
+branches. It is ten times as bad as English walnuts. But the trees are
+clean and nice to have, and I really prefer them to apple trees. With
+apple trees you are at all times troubled with apples on the lawn and it
+is a job to keep them cleaned up. You have nothing of that sort to
+contend with in nut trees.</p>
+
+<p>My trees have not been given special advantages. The pecan is in with a
+lot of shrubs and the English walnut is surrounded by roses. The filbert
+has just taken pot luck with the rest.</p>
+
+<p>That is my experience and if I can tell you anything further I shall be
+glad to do it.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Zimmerman: I would like to ask you a question about the Japanese
+beetle. Have you had any trouble with your black walnuts?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Kirkpatrick: I have had one black walnut die.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Zimmerman: Do you know if the Japanese beetle attacks the chestnut
+or chinquapin?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Shaw: Maybe I can answer that question. In New Jersey the Japanese
+beetle attacks the chestnut but I do not know about the chinquapin.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Developing_a_Thousand_Tree_Nut_Grove" id="Developing_a_Thousand_Tree_Nut_Grove"></a>Developing a Thousand Tree Nut Grove</h2>
+
+<h4><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">C. F. Hostetter</span><br />
+<i>Bird-in-Hand, Pennsylvania</i></h4>
+
+
+<p>The natural title of this paper should be "Why I Planted a Nut Grove."
+Some years ago, especially when we were in the war, it occurred to me
+that with all the modern machinery and scientific methods on the farm it
+wouldn't be long before we would be producing much more food than could
+be consumed, hence the prices for farm commodities would fall so low
+there would be no profit in them. The last few years have proven my
+contention was right.</p>
+
+<p>So I got to looking around for something to specialize in and became
+interested in the new improved thin shelled black walnuts that the late
+J. F. Jones was introducing. I know there is danger in specializing in
+any one thing but, in summing up the following regarding black walnuts,
+it looked to me like as good or better a bet than any thing else. First,
+we know that the demand for the high black walnut flavor has caused it
+to be profitable for carloads of kernels to be cracked and shipped to
+the cities from the natural black walnut belt. Although this seedling
+product has been somewhat improved in quality the last few years I still
+feel that the demand for this high flavored nut for home use, in
+confections and baking and ice cream making, will make a high demand for
+an improved and uniform meat such as can be produced with the grafted
+trees. With the growing interest in natural foods, and less animal meat,
+I believe the demand will increase as our groves come into bearing.</p>
+
+<p>In 1926 I hazarded a planting of 150 trees, the next year I was steamed
+up to the place where I decided I should plant more, and then each year
+following, until my last planting this year, gives me one thousand
+thrifty growing black walnuts, mostly Thomas variety which I think is
+the best from what I have observed in my own grove.</p>
+
+<p>In planting I set the first ones 50 x 50 ft. Some thought it was too
+close but I couldn't see it.</p>
+
+<p>The next planting I made 50 x 50 feet and then at the next planting I
+started to wake up after seeing how rapidly the first ones were growing,
+and I decided to make them 60 x 60 feet. The last planting I made this
+year 60 x 60 feet and I would advise 60 x 70 feet to any one who asks me
+how far apart to plant.</p>
+
+<p>To me it seems queer just why more people don't plant them. On the basis
+of 60 x 70 feet you could farm indefinitely, with the tree crop coming
+on and even bearing for many years, while you are contenting your heart
+growing annual crops to lose money on.</p>
+
+<p>As to bearing, two years ago I had the older planting and many of the
+younger trees loaded. One five year Thomas had about 400 nuts. Three to
+five year trees had 50 to 250 and 300 nuts. My crop that year was
+fourteen bushels which I sold for 15c per lb or $5.00 and $6.00 per
+bushel. Last year I didn't have so many but this year I first said I
+would have 50 bushels. I'm starting to believe<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> now I was a little high
+in my guess but many trees are nicely loaded.</p>
+
+<p>Now regarding cost of carrying the grove, as I'm a sweet corn drier I
+have the most of my farm in corn. I farmed the grove in corn the first
+five years and hardly missed the space used for trees. I proved what I
+stated above that one can plant trees and keep on farming and hardly
+miss the tree space. If planted 70 feet apart one can farm still more
+land. In cultivating the corn the trees are cultivated, which cuts down
+the extra cost of caring for them, although of course one must cultivate
+them if he expects to have them grow and develop rapidly.</p>
+
+<p>I now have my oldest trees in sod, mostly weeds this year, but I intend
+to sow it to grass. I expect then to mow it early in June and use it for
+a mulch and then mow it maybe a couple of times more for looks sake and
+let the grass lie.</p>
+
+<p>Now another interesting point I want to present to the intending planter
+of a nut grove is the error of following the foolish advice given out by
+some of planting seedlings and then grafting them. I say this not for
+the benefit of the nurserymen but for the financial benefit of the
+planter. First, the grafting of nut trees is a highly technical job and
+requires an enormous number of moves, from the first thing of cutting
+the grafting wood at the proper time in the winter and carefully storing
+it, until the cutting off of the stocks and knowing how long to let them
+bleed, and then grafting at the proper time, the proper shading of the
+graft, sprouting, staking, and tying up of the rapidly growing graft
+until the end of the growing season, so that the average man will have
+fallen down long before the season is over. And even if he has the time
+to do this, which the busy man hasn't, it will take him several years to
+learn to graft. By the time he has his legs run off over a period of
+five or seven years going from tree to tree set 60 or 70 feet apart
+doing more duties than he ever thought were needed, he will have a
+spotty grove of trees from one year old to bearing age, and then he will
+wake up and find that the first grafted ones are bearing so well, that
+should he have bought grafted trees and set them all out at one time the
+crop would have paid for the complete planting and he would have saved
+the long agony of trying to get a grove started. Even then he might not
+have one started, for grafting nut trees is a job every body does not
+seem able to grasp.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time I feel that everybody who has a planting should learn
+the art of grafting. The few nurserymen now growing grafted nut trees
+are very willing to teach you and it is nice to be able to turn the
+fence row seedlings into profitable trees, it's nice to have the kick of
+feeling you can develop a wonderful tree with your own hand. And again,
+although I have had, I would say 95 per cent of my planted trees to
+grow, still here and there a top will die and suckers come up. As the
+tree roots are established it's nice to be able to stick a graft on
+these and save waiting a year to replant them with nursery trees.</p>
+
+<p>In closing I wish also to suggest that, in making a large planting of
+black walnuts, plant a few pecans, hicans, hickories and any other good
+trees recommended by the nurserymen. They are all ornamental and bear
+fine nuts for home use and maybe local trade. If any wish to ask
+questions I will attempt to answer them now. And don't forget to come<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>
+up to see my place on the bus tour tomorrow as I shall be very glad to
+welcome all and have you learn anything you can from what I have done
+and mistakes I have made.</p>
+
+<p>Please bear in mind that in every move we must remember that this is a
+new industry of the soil and, although we believe it has a great future,
+all groving procedure must be felt out and experimented with as we have
+no guide to go by, just ideas, and you can expect to make some mistakes.
+But that is life.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>The President asked Dr. Deming to speak of the death of Mr. Bixby.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Deming: On August 16th not a single member of this association, so
+far as I know, was aware that Mr. Bixby was even ill, and yet on that
+day he was dead. Mrs. Bixby has written me an account of his illness and
+his life. He had pneumonia in March from which he never fully recovered.
+The cause of his death was not known until after his death.</p>
+
+<p>I knew Mr. Bixby very well and came to appreciate his very sterling
+qualities. He was always willing to take any amount of trouble and spend
+any amount of money on his nut culture experiments.</p>
+
+<p>I will now read Mrs. Bixby's account of his life.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Willard G. Bixby was born July 13, 1868 at Salem, Massachusetts, the son
+of Henry M. and Eliza (Symonds) Bixby. In 1898, he married Genevieve
+Cole who died in 1901. He married second, Ida Elise Tieleke who survives
+him. His early education was received in the public schools in Salem
+and, after graduation from high school, he entered Massachusetts
+Institute of Technology from which he was graduated in 1889 with the
+degree of S.B. and the highest honors. After receiving this degree, he
+remained at the institute as an instructor in mechanical engineering,
+later becoming associated with the Pneumatic Dynamite Gun Company of New
+York, following which he became connected with the American Bell
+Telephone Company of Boston. In 1891, he entered the employ of S. M.
+Bixby and Company, manufacturers of shoe blacking. The firm became
+involved financially in 1895 and until 1898 was conducted by a receiver.
+Mr. Bixby interested capitalists and organized a corporation to take
+over the business of the old company. Mr. Bixby was elected treasurer
+and held that position until 1911, when he was chosen vice-president. He
+paid special attention to the manufacturing department. Under the new
+management the company met modern trade conditions and the business
+which developed was one of the largest and most prosperous in this line
+in the country.</p>
+
+<p>Following the merging of the Bixby firm with the makers of the 2 in 1
+shoe polish, Mr. Bixby retired from that business, and devoted his time
+to the propagation and cultivation of nut trees. On his Grand Avenue
+property in Baldwin, where he resided, he had gathered approximately
+1,000 trees of almost every variety from all over the world. His
+experiments in grafting and in crossing varieties, were subject of
+several articles in national magazines and newspapers. One article,
+under the title of "Growing Timber for Profit," appeared in a recent
+issue of the American Forests. He was also interested in curly black
+walnut and birdseye maple woods. His latest experiment on which he was
+working at the time<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> of his death was rooting hazels from leaf cuttings,
+and at this he was partly successful. Mr. Bixby was deeply interested in
+civic affairs. He was a charter member of the Baldwin United Civic
+Association, trustee of the Baldwin Public Library, director of the
+Baldwin Savings and Loan Association, former Fire Commissioner, chairman
+of the Baldwin Lighting Commission, member of the Methodist Episcopal
+Church in Baldwin, and organist of the Men's Bible Class, as well as a
+teacher of the Sunday School. Mr. Bixby's conservative New England
+training made him a valuable worker for any cause he espoused. He never
+sought honor and publicity, rather preferring to do his share quietly
+and modestly. Besides his wife, three children survive him, Willard F.,
+a student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Katherine E.,
+just recently graduated from the Baldwin High School, and Ida T., still
+at the Baldwin High School.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The President: I will also call on Dr. Smith.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Dr. Smith: Mr. Bixby had a great many fine qualities, but first of all
+he had that great characteristic, intelligent inquiry. He had great
+persistency and great industry, and a wide-awake mind.</p>
+
+<p>Now the average American has no interest in anything but his job and his
+own particular pleasures. In other words, he has no avocation. We are
+here because we have the avocation of nut growing. One of the most
+interested members of this association was Mr. Bixby. He had applied to
+it his great brain and statistical equipment. He might have had a yacht
+or spent his money on race horses, but instead of that he picked out
+something new. It is a great pity that his life had to be snuffed out
+just when he was needed most. He used his spare time in having a useful
+avocation.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On motion of Prof. Neilson the organization expressed its appreciation
+of Mr. Bixby by rising and standing one minute in tribute to his memory.</p>
+
+<p>At the suggestion of Mr. Reed the following night letter was sent to Dr.
+Morris who has been confined to his home for a long time and has not
+been able to attend the conventions.<br /></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class='author'>
+Downingtown, Penn.<br />
+Sept. 11, 1933</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dr. Robert T. Morris</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Merribrooke Farm</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Stamford Conn.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The Northern Nut Growers Association in convention at Downingtown,
+Pa., sends you its affectionate greetings. Your long years of
+association with us and your priceless service to the association
+and to nut growing and the gracious charm of your presence have so
+endeared you to us that our meetings are quite incomplete without
+you. We pray for your speedy restoration to health and return to
+our councils. Northern Nut Growers Association</p></div>
+
+<p><br />The meeting was then adjourned to Mr. Hershey's nursery and nut grove
+and the members and visitors were privileged to inspect his large stock
+of nut trees and plants and the specimen plantings, some of which are
+very rare varieties. A delicious supper was then served by Mr. and Mrs.
+Hershey on the lawn of the Hershey home. Those present expressing their
+appreciation by a rising vote of thanks.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="A_Black_Walnut_Grove_and_Why" id="A_Black_Walnut_Grove_and_Why"></a>A Black Walnut Grove and Why</h2>
+
+<h4><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">Dr. F. L. Baum</span><br />
+<i>Boyertown, Pennsylvania</i></h4>
+
+
+<p>I will give you the "why" first. Early in 1923, we realized the need of
+a diversion, something which would take us out into the open every day
+of the year and bring us closer to nature, which would be a source of
+pleasure with prospects of a material return in the future when I wish
+to retire from the active practice of medicine. After investigating
+several projects, we finally decided that a black walnut grove would
+best meet our needs.</p>
+
+<p>In the December issue, 1925, of the American Nut Journal, I read
+"Eventually, why not now?" In that article, Mr. T. P. Littlepage said:
+"The time will come when the northern states will produce big groves of
+nut trees." The Journal's comment was "What are we waiting for?" I too
+wondered because, long before the trees had leaves, I had visions of
+them bearing to the extent of breaking the limbs from the weight of
+nuts.</p>
+
+<p>When this picture was taken, I asked myself this question, "Was it a
+venture of fools rushing in where angels fear to tread?" Also I began to
+think that the quotations in the article I read were sales propaganda
+put forth by high-pressure salesmen. Encouragements came later when we
+discovered thirteen nuts on this tree and when my grafts grew on
+seedlings.</p>
+
+<p>About this time pests came such as caterpillars, rose chafers, leaf
+hoppers, bud worms and, now my worst enemy, a borer which I believe is a
+cherry tree borer. I have placed a section of a tree on the table which
+was attacked by this insect. The question has been asked if it were not
+a blight canker which killed this tree. When I noticed the tree in
+distress the leaves were drooping and the bark was intact and smooth,
+with a wet spot the size of a pin point about three feet above the
+ground. A stab wound revealed the bark loose and full of holes which
+extended into the sapwood. All of our trees have been treated for the
+destruction of this pest. Next Spring they will receive a second
+treatment. By this method we will overcome our difficulty.</p>
+
+<p>In July of this year my men who were picking caterpillars came with this
+information, "There is no necessity for hunting caterpillars as there is
+a fly stinging them." The insect, the size of a wasp, is part black and
+part yellow.</p>
+
+<p>In the evening they said that if some of the trees in the backfield were
+not propped, they would break down due to the pressure of so many nuts
+on them.</p>
+
+<p>(Lantern slide pictures of individual trees were then shown and
+described by Dr. Baum.)</p>
+
+<p>The vision I had a few years ago is becoming a reality. I now wonder if
+it might not have been a case of angels rushing in and other fellows
+staying out. We may conclude "Now, not eventually."</p>
+
+<p>Question: Do caterpillars give you any trouble?</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Baum: Yes, they give me con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>siderable trouble. I sprayed this year
+with arsenate of lead. For a few years I burned them off but last year I
+sprayed.</p>
+
+<p>Question: Do seedlings come up?</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Baum: A few, I mow them down.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>Dr. Smith: I want to talk to you about the possibility of making some
+small cash contributions next summer for a nut contest. We have not had
+any contributions for a nut contest for some time and it is the only way
+we can get any new varieties. I would like to start this nut contest
+next September. It will be necessary to get a lot of people interested
+and a lot of publicity in the newspapers. We could give a first prize of
+$25.00, some $5.00 and some $3.00 prizes. It means we would have to have
+$60.00 or $75.00.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps we can make a more definite call next September.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Theiss: I would like to get any information that is available on the
+pollinization of filberts. The difficulty seems to be in getting
+pollinators.</p>
+
+<p>The President: There is full information on that subject in the bulletin
+issued of Prof. Slate of the Geneva Experiment Station.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Slate, what can you tell us about it? Have you any information
+other than what was published in that bulletin?</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Slate: We have this difficulty, that the pollen bearing catkins
+seem to ripen very early and then the first cold snap freezes them.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Smith: I would like to know something about the market for shagbarks
+and if the market is for cracked nuts.</p>
+
+<p>The President: There is a very small market for them in Cleveland, Ohio.
+Is there any information about hickory nuts?</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Neilson: Hickory nuts frequently sell for about 10c a pound,
+sometimes as low as three pounds for a quarter.</p>
+
+<p>After the discussion closed three telegrams were read, from the Kellogg
+Hotel, The Agard Hotel and The Chamber of Commerce of Battle Creek,
+Mich. inviting the association to hold its next meeting in that city. A
+motion was unanimously adopted to hold the next convention there
+September 10th and 11th, 1934.</p>
+
+<p>Motion was made to give Mr. Z. H. Ellis a life membership in return for
+his contribution of $50.00. The motion carried.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Sawyer: Is the mollissima chestnut blight proof?</p>
+
+<p>The President: I should like to have Dr. Smith answer that question.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Smith: The mollissima chestnut came from China where it has been
+exposed to the blight for ages. It is blight resistant but not blight
+proof. An occasional tree gets the blight and dies; an occasional tree
+gets the blight and recovers. It is the opinion of Mr. G. F. Gravatt, of
+the United States Department of Agriculture, that the physical
+prosperity of the tree has much to do with its ability to throw off this
+disease. For example, some of the trees at Bell, Maryland, got to be a
+foot in diameter and bore crops, without any sign of blight until the
+terrible drought year of 1930 when some of them developed blight and
+then later recovered from it. I think mollissima chestnuts are less
+likely to die than cherries or peaches, and probably less likely than
+apples.</p>
+
+<p>While the subject of blight resistance in chestnuts is up, I should like
+to call attention to the fact that there<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> are many Japanese chestnuts in
+the eastern part of the United States that have survived the blight.
+Some of them bear good nuts, very good nuts, although most of the
+Japanese have a properly bad reputation for flavor. Doubtless an
+experimenter has a chance of producing something very valuable by
+breeding from the best blight resistant Japanese chestnuts now surviving
+in the eastern United States.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Green_Shoot_Grafting_of_Trees" id="Green_Shoot_Grafting_of_Trees"></a>Green Shoot Grafting of Trees</h2>
+
+<h4><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">Robert T. Morris</span>, <i>M. D. New York</i></h4>
+
+
+<p>In the course of experimental work with trees I grafted scions of
+several species and varieties into stocks of their respective genera at
+times of the year when grafting is not commonly done.</p>
+
+<p>Scions were taken directly from one tree and placed at once in another
+tree. To this method I gave the name of "immediate grafting" in order to
+distinguish it from grafting with stored scions which might be called
+"mediate grafting" indicating the intermediate step of storage.
+Immediate grafting was successful in mid-winter in Connecticut but I had
+no thought of making it a practical feature of our work beyond the
+recording of a research fact.</p>
+
+<p>Immediate grafting was successful in mid-summer in Connecticut. The
+procedure was very different from that of winter grafting. In summer the
+new green growth of the year was cut away completely from a scion and
+the remaining wood of one or more previous year's growth was depended
+upon for sending out shoots from latent buds. That is what happens after
+accidents to limbs or to trunks of trees and it occurred in the same way
+with my scions. Furthermore, it seemed to offer new hope for the
+propagation of walnuts, maples, and grapes, for example, because the
+free flowing sap of such species in the spring and early summer has led
+to attacks upon the sap by bacteria and fungi which ruin repair cells.</p>
+
+<p>I have already published elsewhere the statement that immediate grafting
+may be done in the way described in any month of the year with many
+kinds of plants. Exceptions to this rule will doubtless appear here and
+there. For example, the grafting of trees in August would not be safe in
+Connecticut because the new young shoots would be killed by September
+frosts. That is the reason for August cutting of brush by farmers. The
+tender new shoots that are sent out from latent stump buds become
+frosted and the entire plant may die.</p>
+
+<p>On account of an illness that had kept me confined to the house most of
+the time for some months, I had allowed the spring grafting season to
+pass this year. Stored scions of many kinds lay under a heap of leaves
+at the rear of my garage. The drying-out process had been intensified by
+an employee who made a spring clean-up of the yard and who looked upon
+this heap of leaves as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> something upon which creditable showing for his
+work might be made. A month or so later I kicked over the few remaining
+broken remnants of scions for no reason in particular. Down near the
+ground I observed that two hybrid chestnut scions which had been
+trampled into the ground had retained some moisture. Each one had sent
+out a pale canary-colored shoot of the sort with which we are painfully
+familiar. The shoot on one scion was about an inch and a third in length
+with well-formed unfolding sickly yellow leaves. The other scion had a
+shoot of the same kind but only about one-third of an inch in length and
+with yellow leaves barely out of bud-bursting form. It occurred to me
+that my old method of waxing the entire scion, leaves and all in this
+case, might be done as an experiment in order to see how long these
+greatly started shoots would hold up if desiccation was prevented and
+always with the possibility of a surprise.</p>
+
+<p>Some years ago I had waxed some hazel scions from the West that had
+burst their buds and they all grew but the test was by no means so
+severe as it was with these yellow chestnut upstarts. The rule of
+discarding scions that are not wholly dormant was about to be rudely
+broken; waxing changed the whole situation. A miser does not scrutinize
+his treasure more acutely than we horticulturists do when getting out
+scions that have been stored during the winter and the voice of Demeter
+is calling us to the side of our own wards. How sadly a million
+nurserymen have thrown away a billion started scions of valuable kinds.
+My two chestnut scions had gone far beyond the hopeless stage but now
+perhaps I could be a doctor to them. If my two canary birds could be
+made to sing then would I also sing.</p>
+
+<p>They were dipped in a dish of melted parafin wax for an instant and then
+quickly shaken in the air before scorching could occur. The scions were
+then grafted into a small chinquapin stock. A few days later one of the
+larger leaves of the larger shoot had cleared itself from the wax
+coating and had begun to expand widely, turning to a natural green
+color. The stem of the shoot turned to a normal brownish red. Two tiny
+shoots then broke through the wax of the larger shoot, looking like
+axillary bud shoots until closer examination showed them to be scale bud
+shoots. That should interest plant physiologists. Eventually the cramped
+leaves remaining under wax coating that was unnecessarily dense finally
+dropped away useless. The single green leaf and the two scale bud shoots
+went on to natural development. The smaller shoot of the other scion
+managed to burst through the wax completely and made normal growth.</p>
+
+<p>After these scions were well under way I went out and searched in the
+loose dirt and leaves of the old heap and found another hybrid chestnut
+scion that presented the allusive emblem of a canary bird. This one had
+a shoot of about half of one inch in length and it burst completely
+through the wax, to make a fine little twig.</p>
+
+<p>So much for an experiment that led immediately to one of far greater
+importance. If canary bird shoots could be made to break rules of
+horticultural theory and of recorded fact perhaps we might note the
+principle and apply it to the experimental grafting of green shoots of
+the year in tree propagation. This is what lawyers might call a <i>non
+sequitur</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> Such grafting had always been a failure so far as I knew,
+and certainly my own attempts had failed in former years. Grafting of
+new growth of the year upon new growth of the year in the growing season
+is an established feature of horticultural experiment with certain
+annual plants. Why had it so signally failed with perennial plants and
+most impressively with trees? Doubtless plants produce in their leaves a
+hormone which directs certain enzymes that conduct wound repair by cell
+division. If plants which do not lignify for winter manage to direct
+successful wound repair after grafting and if plants which do lignify
+for winter do not conduct successful repair of grafted new growth it
+occurred to me in a speculative way that the reason might perhaps be
+sought in the nature of the two different kinds of hormones or of
+enzymes belonging to annuals and to perennials respectively. The
+difference might possibly depend upon the arrangement of ions, anions
+and cations upon two sides of the permeable membrane of a repair cell.
+The cell is an electrolyte and therefore division of the cell in course
+of preparation for multiplication might perhaps depend upon an electric
+impulse so delicately in balance that Nature for some cryptic reason
+might prefer not to allow the necessary balance to go toward cell
+division in grafts consisting of green growth of the year in perennials.
+Perhaps I might defeat natural processes by leaving a leaf or part of
+one at the distal part of a green graft shoot. This leaf might perhaps
+elaborate the necessary hormones or enzymes for wound repair
+purposes&mdash;and also for conducting polarity of sap movement toward
+maintenance of that scion and leaf.</p>
+
+<p>We need not speculate further upon the philosophy of the subject because
+I took it up at this point for pragmatic tests experimentally. The
+horticulturist does not have to go to the theatre for thrills. My
+advance report at this moment comes at a time when a scientist would
+demand more works along with faith and my only reason for presenting
+incomplete notes at this time is that they seem to be fascinating in
+their outlook and no one knows how much experiment may be permitted me
+for next year at Merribrooke.</p>
+
+<p>The summer was well along when my canary bird shoots opened a vista. The
+vista appeared at a time of drought when plant propagators wait for
+better days. It seemed to be necessary to get in a part of the work at
+least on July 28th and we then had the drought intensified by five more
+days of great heat, temperatures ranged above 90 degrees F. in the shade
+and above 140 degrees F. in the sun. After this period of heat and
+drought we had abundant rains. All grafts were wax treated in these
+experiments. In no case was an entire leaf left at the distal end of a
+graft because it was felt that even one-fourth of one leaf would attend
+to the required functions.</p>
+
+<p>Exp. No. 1. A growing persimmon shoot about two feet long was cut up
+into scions with a few buds each, and about one-fourth of a leaf allowed
+to remain at the distal end of each scion, other leaves on each scion
+being snipped off. Each scion including its remnant of leaf was dipped
+in melted parapin wax. Two of these were grafted upon green shoots of
+another persimmon, the latter cut back to make stubs for reception of
+cleft grafts. Three of the scions were inserted in bark slots in older
+wood. Note, Sept. 9th, Green leaf part including its petiole had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>
+dropped off from all five scions. A small slit in the bark of each graft
+for investigation showed that the cambium was green in four grafts, the
+fifth graft was completely dead.</p>
+
+<p>Exp. No. 2. On July 28th three persimmon scions consisting of last
+year's wood and each one carrying a couple of inches of new growth with
+a terminal trimmed leaf were grafted into last year's wood on another
+persimmon tree. Note. Sept. 9th. All three grafts dead including both
+old and new wood.</p>
+
+<p>Exp. No. 3. July 28th. One green persimmon scion with terminal leaf
+inserted in bark slot of branch one inch in diameter cut back for
+purpose. Note Sept. 9th. Dead.</p>
+
+<p>On August 2nd the drought had been broken. All trees seemed to have put
+up top buds on account of drought and heat. The following experiments
+were made with green growth of the year but with new top buds much to my
+regret at having no actively unfolding shoots for furnishing scions.</p>
+
+<p>Exp. No. 4. Aug 2nd. Persimmon tree (a) One graft, green on green; one
+green graft on old wood. Note. Sept. 9th. Terminal leaves remained green
+several days after grafting but by Sept. 9th all had fallen off. Small
+slit in bark showed cambium of grafts still green.</p>
+
+<p>Persimmon tree (b) Two green grafts on green. One green graft in bark
+slot of older wood. Note Sept. 9th. Terminal leaves had finally died but
+two of the buds of green graft on green have burst forth into leaf.
+These will probably winterkill. Green in old wood has green cambium but
+no swelling bud.</p>
+
+<p>Exp. No. 5 Aug 2nd. Persimmon tree (c) One green on old wood. Sept. 9th.
+Leaf dead, cambium of stem green.</p>
+
+<p>Exp. No. 6. Aug 2nd. Persimmon tree (d) One green on old wood. Sept.
+9th. Leaf dead, cambium of stem green.</p>
+
+<p>Exp. No. 7. Aug. 2nd. Persimmon tree (e) Three greens on old wood. Sept.
+9th. Leaves dead, one stem dead, cambium of two stems green.</p>
+
+<p>Exp. No. 8. Aug. 2nd. Papaw tree. Two greens on green, two greens on old
+wood. Sept. 9th. Two greens on green have buds enlarged and ready to
+burst. One green on old wood is not enlarging its buds. One green on old
+wood is dead.</p>
+
+<p>Exp. No. 9. Aug. 2nd. English walnut. Four greens on green. Sept. 9th.
+Leaflets dead on all. Petiole dead on one, stem cambium green. Petioles
+bright green on three and the cambium green on these.</p>
+
+<p>Comment. I could not take daily notes which would have been very
+important. A general statement will cover the point that the terminal
+leaf on a scion seldom died until it had functioned for at least a week.
+Some of them functioned for more than two weeks and one of them for at
+least four weeks, failing only a day or two ago. This would seem to mean
+that the terminal leaves in scions conducted or helped to conduct repair
+in green graft wounds to a point where buds are now bursting on two
+persimmon scions. Two pawpaw scions have enlarged buds to the point of
+bursting. The terminal leaves on scions seemed to conduct repair up to a
+point where lignifying for the winter is now going on. This cannot be
+determined until winter passes but I have never obtained anything like
+this effect until experimenting with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> the terminal leaf theory for the
+first time this year. The most striking effect so far as appearance goes
+is with the English walnut grafts with their bright green stems.</p>
+
+<p>If I may have opportunity for conducting experiments next summer I shall
+begin earlier by pinching off the buds of growing shoots, giving them a
+week of rest and then cutting these shoots up into scions. If buds then
+start off like those of two persimmons and two papaws they will have
+time for lignifying.</p>
+
+<p>My whole lesson of this season would seem to mean that after properly
+checked experiments we may perhaps add what I call "green grafting" to
+the other form of immediate grafting. The practical feature of this
+whole new phase in grafting method is an extension of the grafting
+season to include every month of the year. Scion grafting of perennials
+in the latitude and longitude of Connecticut had formerly been confined
+to about two month's in the farmer's rush season, and with general
+failure in the grafting of some species which may now be grafted
+successfully.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h3><i>Letter from Prof. Colby</i></h3>
+
+<h4><i>Agricultural Experiment Station Urbana, Illinois</i></h4>
+
+
+<p>I regret very much indeed that I cannot attend the meeting of the Nut
+Growers Association this year. This letter bears my very best wishes and
+hopes for a successful meeting. We shall miss Mr. Bixby's pleasing and
+helpful personality. Some time ago I promised to give you a report on
+some of our activities here and if you think it is worth while, I would
+appreciate your reading it to the group.</p>
+
+<p>There is an increasing interest in nut culture in Illinois. Wholly aside
+from the commercial aspects which have been so profitably developed in
+southern Illinois is a project of recent development, one in Extension
+work in top working seedling walnuts and pecans with improved varieties.
+This project is sponsored by the Department of Horticulture, University
+of Illinois, and the Extension Forester of the State Natural History
+Survey, with the cooperation of the County Farm Advisers.</p>
+
+<p>Last fall in Gallatin County native pecans of the best grades sold for
+18 cents per pound on the market, while the average tree run stock was
+bringing six cents. With a native pecan crop from one county in
+Illinois, more or less ungraded, selling for $100,000 in a recent year,
+thinking horticulturists in the state are beginning to feel that there
+are potential profits in nut culture where better varieties are planted
+or top worked. Seedling trees for top working are already growing in
+abundance in many sections of the state with an ideal climate and soil
+for northern nut production.</p>
+
+<p>Last year seven counties in Illinois carried on the top working project.
+This year approximately three times that number have been enrolled. In
+addition, groups from neighboring counties have been present at the
+demonstrations. Growers from Iowa and Indiana have also attended. The
+total attendance has run into the hundreds, both men and women, most of
+them actual growers.</p>
+
+<p>All the meetings are held out of doors in the orchard or nursery and the
+group is instructed in the propagation of nut trees through grafting and
+budding. Nut growers of the immediate locality are glad to assist<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> with
+the work. After the discussion and demonstration, all present are
+invited to learn how to do the work by actual participation and many
+become sufficiently skilled to top work their own trees upon their
+return home. Possibilities of this type of extension work are almost
+unlimited.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h3><i>Letter from J. U. Gellatly</i></h3>
+
+
+<p>I enclose a short chart or graph of the flowering habits of some of my
+leading walnut trees. I started in 1930 to keep a record of some of the
+trees and have added a number since till this year when I kept a record
+of 17 different trees. The ones shown cover the full time from May 12th
+to June 25th.</p>
+
+<p>Some new ideas in budding procedure that may be of value and interest I
+also include herein that others may test them out as I am doing. But
+even if they fail with me it will not prove that they have no value, for
+the generally approved methods have failed to give commercial results
+here.</p>
+
+<p>My main idea was to try to find a new system of handling the budding
+operations that would give more definite results and if possible to
+eliminate the use of a wax melter and the waxing of buds. My first trial
+consisted in the use of florist's tin foil. Cutting bud from bud stick
+with my new style bud cutter, I cut out the patch from stalk and placed
+bud in place and with two or three turns of raffia, or rubber bands,
+secured bud in place, then put 2 wraps of tinfoil around the bud and
+stalk extending from one inch below to one inch above bud, then with
+hand pressed tinfoil tightly to shape of bud and stalk, then completely
+wrapped with raffia and tied securely. This makes a neat job and is
+pleasant and convenient to work with.</p>
+
+<p>I have today examined some buds so treated and put on the 13th of August
+and they appear to be in prime shape, no apparent flooding or souring of
+the bud patch. As this tin foil cost me 25c per pound, I had a happy
+thought of using cellophane which is much cheaper and is equally easy to
+use, on the whole, as the tinfoil as, while it is in the first operation
+of actually applying to stalk not just as easily put on, it has an
+important advantage that offsets this, which is the ease with which one
+can see that the bud is in the exact place, while the tying is taking
+place.</p>
+
+<p>My present method of using the cellophane is to apply a double wrapping
+of cellophane directly over the bud then to securely wrap from one-half
+inch below bud to one-half inch above bud. This makes a good air and
+moisture proof job. Experience may modify or eliminate some parts of
+this procedure, and it is with this in view that I pass this on that
+others may take it up and work out the best procedure from a wider
+experience than one can give.</p>
+
+<p>From my experience I would suggest that if one is marking or cutting the
+patch on the stalk 8 or 10 days ahead of placing the bud thereon, that
+one be very careful not to cut too deeply as a large percentage of those
+I so cut were so badly discolored that I had to cut a new place when
+placing the bud, as those done 10 days previous showed a one-eighth inch
+dead and discolored portion around the cut that extend one-sixteenth
+inch into the trunk of the tree, and no union could possibly take place
+on such a spoiled cambium surface.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Bus_Tour_September_12th" id="Bus_Tour_September_12th"></a>Bus Tour September 12th</h2>
+
+<h4><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">J. W. Hershey</span><br />
+<i>Downington, Pennsylvania</i></h4>
+
+
+<p>Leaving the Hotel Swan at 8:45 A.M. with a bus load and 8 cars the tour
+proceeded to Dr. Truman W. Jones' grove of 800 trees, 4 and 6 years old,
+6 miles west of Coatesville on the Lincoln Highway. Dr. Jones has
+continually farmed his land which has helped greatly to carry the
+planting.</p>
+
+<p>The next stop was at the nursery of the late J. F. Jones, now operated
+by his daughter Mildred, south of Lancaster. Here we saw the interesting
+test orchard of English walnuts, pecans and black walnuts. Most
+interesting was the test block of hybrid filbert-hazels started by Mr.
+Jones some years ago.</p>
+
+<p>The next stop was at C. F. Hostetter's 1,000 tree grove at Bird-in-Hand,
+east of Lancaster, where we saw what Mr. Hostetter told about in his
+paper yesterday. His trees all looked nice and many trees were well
+loaded with nuts.</p>
+
+<p>Next stop was at L. K. Hostetter's grove of 800 trees near Oregon. Here
+very interesting observations were made in tree and grove procedure.
+Part of the grove is now in blue grass and sheep, making a very
+beautiful setting. Part is interplanted with locust trees, the idea
+being to feed the ground with a legume tree and get something in return
+from the wood. As the locusts crowd the walnuts they will be cut.</p>
+
+<p>Demonstrations were given in hulling walnuts with a Ford car which was
+done by jacking up one rear wheel. A trough is inserted under the wheel
+lined with a piece of truck tire. A mud chain is put on the wheel and as
+the wheel revolves, nuts are poured in via a metal chute and the nuts
+fly out the other end very well hulled. The jack is used to adjust the
+wheel to different sizes of nuts.</p>
+
+<p>Lem's next eye-opener was a brand new method of separating the hulls
+from the nuts. Two 2-inch pipes are laid on an incline the thickness of
+a walnut hull, about a half inch, apart. The pipes revolve and the hulls
+and nuts are poured on at the top. As they roll down the incline, and
+the rolls revolve, the hulls are caught by the rolls or pipes and pulled
+through the crack between them. A most remarkable and simple method
+solving one of the major problems in commercial walnut growing.</p>
+
+<p>The last stop was made at Dr. Frank Baum's grove at Yellow House, 8
+miles east of Reading on the Boyertown highway. Here luncheon was served
+by Dr. and Mrs. Baum, the outstanding feature being walnut ice cream and
+walnut kisses.</p>
+
+<p>After the luncheon at Dr. Baum's the following business was transacted:</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Deming, Chairman Nominating Committee, presented the following
+nominations:</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="40%" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>President</td><td align='left'>Frank H. Frey</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Vice-President</td><td align='left'>Dr. G. A. Zimmerman</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Secretary George</td><td align='left'>L. Slate</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Treasurer Newton</td><td align='left'>H. Russell</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>On motion duly made and carried these officers were elected by
+acclamation.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Motion was made, seconded and carried that the annual dues be $2.00 same
+not to include a subscription to our official journal the National Nut
+News.</p>
+
+<p>Motion by Mr. Reed was seconded and carried that where the member wished
+to do so one check could be submitted to our treasurer to cover both
+dues and subscription to the official journal and the treasurer will
+remit the subscription to the National Nut News.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed then explained for the benefit of those present the arrangement
+whereby our association is affiliated with the American Horticultural
+Society and by maintaining its membership in that society each member of
+our association may secure a membership in the American Horticultural
+Society on payment of $2.00 dues per annum instead of the customary dues
+of $3.00. Each member of the society receives the National Horticultural
+Magazine of which Mr. Reed is the nut editor. The magazine is issued
+quarterly, at present, and it is the intention to have one or more
+articles on nut trees in each issue.</p>
+
+<p>On motion by Dr. Smith, duly seconded and carried the board of directors
+are required to authorize a budget of expenditures for each year and
+this was fixed at $350.00 for expenses for year ending September 10th,
+1934. The President to advise the officers each year of the sums
+appropriated for certain expenses.</p>
+
+<p>On motion by Mr. Russell, seconded by Dr. Weber and carried, article two
+of the by-laws was revised to cover the proper dues for various
+memberships and will be so recorded in the by-laws on page 9.</p>
+
+<p>On motion by Mr. Hershey, seconded by Dr. Weber and carried it was
+agreed that five copies of each annual bulletin be mailed by the
+secretary or the person in charge of printing the bulletin to each
+officer for distribution as he sees fit; and that one copy of the
+bulletin be sent gratis to each non-member who participates in the
+program at our annual conventions.</p>
+
+<p>A rising vote of thanks was given Dr. and Mrs. Baum for the delectable
+luncheon served by them.</p>
+
+<p>An inspection was then made of Dr. Baum's 1,200 tree grove. Many trees
+were loaded and all looking good. Here two cultural problems were
+discussed. Relative to the walnut blight, he showed us one tree that was
+afflicted near the ground and he started to mound soil around it. After
+three years of increasing the mound it is now 2&frac12; feet high and the
+tree is thriving and bearing, with every indication that it has overcome
+the disease. Opinion was expressed that it threw out new roots above the
+wound to save itself. The experiment is of immense value to orchard
+procedure.</p>
+
+<p>In observing a few of such trees opinion was expressed that in walnut
+orcharding, as in fruit orcharding, there will be a few trees that will
+have to be replaced the first few years and is something not to be
+worried about. Dr. G. A. Zimmerman said, "Why worry about the blight?
+The wild ones have always had it to a small extent. Spread is so slow it
+isn't perceptible, damage being almost nil, so let's forget it."</p>
+
+
+<h4>Banquet Tuesday Evening September 12th</h4>
+
+<p>The convention closed with a banquet held in the private dining room of
+the Swan Hotel. On request of the President Mr. John W. Hershey
+introduced the speakers of the eve<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>ning. Rev. G. Paul Musselman spoke
+briefly and was followed by the after-dinner speaker, Mr. Al Bergstrom,
+Superintendent of Police of Coatesville, Pa. His subject was "Nuts&mdash;I
+Crack Them as You Like Them," and with many interesting jokes and
+humorous stories he portrayed an interesting picture of the many
+problems that have to be met and solved by police officers. Each one
+privileged to hear this forceful speaker was deeply impressed with the
+responsibility that goes with citizenship.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Business Session</h4>
+
+<p>The President: We will now hear the report of the committee on Hybrids
+and Promising Seedlings.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Zimmerman, Chairman, gave an oral report calling attention to some
+of the more important hybrids and new seedlings described by other
+members during the sessions of the convention and concluded by stating
+that the most important step in testing hybrids was to have interested
+people plant a number of promising hybrids of hickories and black
+walnuts and keep accurate records of these seedlings (second generation
+hybrids). There was some discussion as to whether the Norton was a pure
+pecan or a hybrid. Mr. C. A. Reed stated he had seen the parent tree
+himself and believed it to be a pure pecan. Mr. J. W. Hershey stated
+that he believed it to be a hican, basing his opinion in part on its
+showing hybridity as it is such a strong grower. He said he had a number
+of Norton trees in the nursery and would be glad to sell them at a
+nominal price to those who would be interested in testing them further.</p>
+
+<p>The President: We will now have the report of the resolutions committee.</p>
+
+<p>Report of the Resolutions Committee</p>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Be it Resolved:</p>
+
+<p>That we express our appreciation of the generosity and public
+spirit of Mr. W. K. Kellogg in making possible one of the largest
+experimental projects in nut culture in the northern United States.</p>
+
+<p>That we express our sincere thanks to Mr. and Mrs. Hershey and Dr.
+and Mrs. Baum for the delicious luncheons served our members and
+guests.</p>
+
+<p>That we express our sincere thanks to the Swan Hotel management and
+to the citizens and business men of Downingtown for accommodations
+and services rendered: to the program committee and committee on
+local arrangements for the very complete plans and their efficient
+execution; to the speakers who have taken part in the program; to
+the exhibitors and to the officers and members who have provided a
+most interesting and educational program and to Messrs. Hershey, L.
+K. Hostetter, C. F. Hostetter, the Jones Nurseries and Drs. Baum
+and Jones for the privilege of inspecting their nut tree plantings.</p>
+
+<p>And we again express our regrets that Dr. Morris could not be with
+us and trust his health will improve.</p>
+
+<p>That we express our sincere thanks to Mr. O. C. Lightner for the
+efficient manner in which articles and papers submitted by our
+members were published in our official journal, the "NATIONAL NUT
+NEWS," and for the excellent printing of our annual report.</p>
+
+<p>We wish to express our deep sorrow over the loss of our faithful
+member, Past President and Secretary, Mr. Willard G. Bixby whose
+passing was so touchingly referred to in our business meeting.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Resolutions Committee,</h4>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Prof. James A. Neilson, Chairman</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Dr. Harry R. Weber</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Frank H. Frey</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>A motion was made and seconded to accept the report of the Resolutions
+Committee. (Carried unanimously.)</p>
+
+<p>Professor A. C. McIntyre of the Pennsylvania State Forestry Service was
+then called upon and discussed the black walnut as a timber tree. He
+called attention to the fact that the black locust is a legume of high
+value and acts as a stimulant to the growth of other trees and are
+themselves excellent for use later as fence posts. In considering the
+relative value of various nut trees as shade trees he stressed the fact
+that the time of leafing out in the spring and the dropping of the
+leaves in the fall are important factors.</p>
+
+<p>Motion was carried that the board of directors should formulate
+requirements for Honorary membership and have a proposition ready for
+discussion at the 1934 convention.</p>
+
+<p>List of officers and committee members was then read. Same are recorded
+on pages 3 and 4.</p>
+
+<p>The President: Attention is called to the fact that the annual dues are
+now only $2.00 and surely there are a large number of people interested
+in nut tree growing who will wish to join our association. I am sure
+each member will wish to subscribe for our official journal, the
+NATIONAL NUT NEWS, the subscription price of which is only $1.00 per
+year (in the United States) and remittance may be made through our
+Treasurer or direct to the News at 2810 South Michigan Ave., Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>Those who desire to secure budded or grafted nut bearing trees will have
+their orders given proper attention by any of the following who are
+members of our association:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. R. Fickes, Route 7, Wooster,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ohio.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gerardi Nurseries, O'Fallon, Ill.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John W. Hershey, Downingtown,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pa.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indiana Nut Nursery (J. W. Wilkinson,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prop.), Rockport, Ind.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. F. Jones Nurseries, Box N. 356,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lancaster, Pa.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Michigan Nut Nursery (H. Burgart),</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rt. 2, Union City, Mich.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. A. Riehl Farm and Nursery,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Godfrey, Ill.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Snyder Bros., Inc., Center Point,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Iowa.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sunny Ridge Nursery (Dr. J.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Russell Smith), Round Hill, Va.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. G. Bixby Nursery, 32 Grand</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ave., Baldwin, N. Y.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. U. Gellatly, West Bank, B. C.,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Canada.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Living Tree Guild, 468 Fourth</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ave., New York.</span><br />
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The latter has distributed a great deal of information on northern nut
+culture and I think a paper at our next convention outlining its work
+and accomplishments would be most valuable.</p>
+
+<p>Each one present is cordially invited to attend our convention next
+year, September 10 and 11, 1934 at Battle Creek, Michigan.</p>
+
+<p>As there is no further business, this the 24th Annual Convention of the
+Northern Nut Growers Association will be adjourned.</p>
+
+<p>The Convention adjourned at 9:00 P.M.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>
+EXHIBITS</h2>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'><b>By Clermont Co., Ohio</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hill hickories.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><b>By Dr. Deming</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Metal tree labels.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><b>By W. R. Dunlap</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Japanese walnut.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Heartnut &times; butternut cross.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Seedling English walnut.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><b>By F. H. Frey</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Black walnuts:</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hillabolt, from Mrs. C. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Ia.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Marion, from Mrs. C. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Ia.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Metcalf, from Mrs. C. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Ia.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wheeling, from Mrs. C. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Ia.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Worthington, from Mrs. C. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Ia.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kettler, from Fred Kettler, Plattesville, Wisc.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Oklahoma Seedling (J. Rupestris, pp. 60 1932 report).</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rohwer, from J. Rohwer, Grundy Center, Ia.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Grundy, from J. Rohwer, Grundy Center, Ia.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stabler (one lobe), from O. H. Casper, Anna, Ill.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sample package of new method selling black walnuts, sliced shell and meats together.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mat made of cross sections of black walnuts fastened together with copper wire.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><b>By J. U. Gellatly</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Leaf tracing of bitternut &times; English walnut hybrid.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><b>By Samuel Graham</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Collection of black walnuts and hickory nuts from Ithaca, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><b>By J. R. Hershey</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Little Giant nut cracker.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Little Giant walnut huller.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><b>By John W. Hershey</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Collection of black walnuts, hickory nuts and pecans.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>One Thomas black walnut tree four feet tall, one year from graft bearing</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>a Thomas walnut.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John W. Hershey nut cracker.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><b>By L. K. Hostetter</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Monterey black walnut.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><b>By F. F. Jones Nurseries</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ohio black walnut.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thomas black walnut.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ten Eyck black walnut.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pleas hicans.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Buchanan filberts.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Jones hybrid hazels and filberts.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Alpine English walnuts.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hall English walnuts.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wiltz-mayette English walnuts.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><b>By H. F. Stoke</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Homeland black walnut.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Exhibit of commercial 2-lb. package of black walnut kernels.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><b>By Harry R. Weber</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Weber walnut.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><b>By Dr. G. A. Zimmerman</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Collection of nuts.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="ATTENDANCE_1933_CONVENTION" id="ATTENDANCE_1933_CONVENTION"></a>ATTENDANCE&mdash;1933 CONVENTION</h2>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Laura Woodward Abbott, R. D. No. 2, Bristol, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Alcorn, Paoli, Pa.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. Frank L. Baum, Boyertown, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Frank L. Baum, Boyertown, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss Dorothy Baum, Boyertown, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. K. Beard, Schaefferstown, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. H. K. Beard, Schaefferstown, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss Elizabeth Beitler, Downingtown, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Al. Bergstrom, Coatesville, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carl P. Birkinbine, Cynwyd, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A. R. Buckwalter, Flemington, N. J.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">G. Y. Clement, West Chester, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. G. Y. Clement, West Chester, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oliver Croshaw, Hightstown, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elroy Curtis, Brookfield, Conn.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wm. Curtis, New York, N. Y.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. W. C. Deming, 31 Owen St., Hartford, Conn.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Milton Dull, Schaefferstown, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Milton Dull, Schaefferstown, Pa.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. E. Endy, Yellow House, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. C. E. Endy, Yellow House, Pa.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prof. F. N. Fagan, State College, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frank H. Frey, Chicago, Ill.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph B. Gable, Stewartstown, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S. H. Graham, Ithaca, N. Y.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul W. Hafer, Lorane, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. W. Hartman, Sligo, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. Julian T. Hammond, Newtown, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John K. Hershey, Ronks, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. R. Hershey, Kinzers, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John W. Hershey, Downingtown, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. John W. Hershey, Downingtown, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. F. Hostetter, Bird-in-Hand, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. C. F. Hostetter, Bird-in-Hand, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">L. K. Hostetter, Lancaster, Pa.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. J. F. Jones, Lancaster, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss Mildred Jones, Lancaster, Pa.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">M. M. Kaufman, Clarion, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mortimer B. Kelly, Morristown, N. J.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">M. Glen Kirkpatrick, c/o Farm Journal, Philadelphia, Pa.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Mary Laudermilch, Lebanan, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. J. Leitenberger, 3747 W. Park Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wm. S. B. McCaleb, St. Davids, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A. C. McIntyre, State College, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. William McPherson, Downingtown, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Upton Mehring, Keymar, Md.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Upton Mehring, Keymar, Md.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">F. K. Miller, Clarion, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lennard H. Mitchell, Washington, D. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Lennard H. Mitchell, Washington, D. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. I. E. Murray, Downingtown, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rev. Paul Musselman, Downingtown, Pa.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prof. J. A. Neilson, East Lansing, Mich.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. J. A. Neilson, East Lansing, Mich.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles S. Phillips, Parkersville, Pa.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prof. C. A. Reed, Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Rick, Reading, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. S. Rittenhouse, Lorane, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Newton H. Russell, South Hadley, Mass.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. N. H. Russell, South Hadley, Mass.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss Dorothy C. Sawyer, New York, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adam S. Schultz, Hereford, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George L. Slate, Geneva, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel M. Smedlet, West Chester, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. J. Russell Smith, Swarthmore, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ella H. Snavely, R. D. No. 2, Manheim, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. R. Snavely, R. D. No. 2, Manheim, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. M. Somerville, Rimersburg, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. W. Sparks, R. D., Williamstown, N. J.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. D. Setler, Yellow House, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. F. Stokes, Roanoke, Va.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss Ruth Stokes, Roanoke, Va.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jacob E. Stover, Springwood Farms, York, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Jacob E. Stover, Springwood Farms, York, Pa.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. A. Tenney, Clear Spring, Md.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. R. E. Theiss, Lewisburg, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. R. E. Theiss, Lewisburg, Pa.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carl F. Walker, Cleveland Heights, Ohio.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert Wallace, Paoli, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wm. S. Weaver, Macungie, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. Harry R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Harry R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, Harrisburg, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. G. A. Zimmerman, Harrisburg, Pa.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="BOOKS_AND_BULLETINS_ON_NORTHERN_NUT_GROWING" id="BOOKS_AND_BULLETINS_ON_NORTHERN_NUT_GROWING"></a>BOOKS AND BULLETINS ON NORTHERN NUT GROWING</h2>
+
+<p>1. Nut Culture in the United States, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1896.
+Out of print and out of date but of great interest.</p>
+
+<p>2. The Nut Culturist, Fuller, pub. Orange Judd Co., N. Y., 1906. Out of
+print and out of date but a systematic and well written treatise. These
+two books are the classics of American nut growing.</p>
+
+<p>3. Nut Growing, Dr. Robert T. Morris, pub. MacMillan, N. Y. 2nd edition
+1931, price $2.50. The modern authority, written in the author's
+entertaining and stimulating style.</p>
+
+<p>4. Farmers' Bulletin No. 1501, 1926, Nut Tree Propagation, C. A. Reed,
+to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. A very
+full bulletin with many illustrations.</p>
+
+<p>5. Tree Crops, Dr. J. Russell Smith, pub. Harcourt, Brace &amp; Co., N. Y.,
+1929, price $4.00. Includes the nut crop.</p>
+
+<p>6. Annual reports of the Northern Nut Growers' Association from 1911 to
+date. To be had from the secretary. Prices on request.</p>
+
+<p>7. Bulletin No. 5, Northern Nut Growers' Association, by W. G. Bixby.
+2nd edition, 1920. To be had from the secretary. Price fifty cents.</p>
+
+<p>8. Farmers' Bulletin No. 1392, Black Walnut Culture for both Timber and
+Nut Production. To be had from the Supt. of Documents, Gov. Printing
+Office, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cents.</p>
+
+<p>9. Year Book Separate No. 1004, 1927, a brief article on northern nut
+growing, by C. A. Reed, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,
+Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p>10. Filberts&mdash;G. A. Slate&mdash;Bulletin No. 588, New York State Agricultural
+Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y., December, 1930.</p>
+
+<p>11. Leaflet No. 84, 1932, Planting Black Walnut, W. R. Mattoon and C. A.
+Reed, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p>12. Harvesting and Marketing the Native Nut Crops of the North, by C. A.
+Reed, 1932, mimeographed bulletin, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of
+Agriculture, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p>13. Dealers in Black Walnut Kernels, mimeographed bulletin by C. A.
+Reed, 1931, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington,
+D. C.</p>
+
+<p>14. Eastern Nursery Catalogues Listing Nut Trees, mimeographed leaflet
+to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p>15. Twenty Years Progress in Northern Nut Culture. A 48-page booklet of
+valuable information and instruction by John W. Hershey, Nuticulturist,
+Downingtown, Penna. Price 25 cents.</p>
+
+<p>16. The National Nut News, official organ of the Northern Nut Growers'
+Association, 2810 South Michigan Ave., Chicago, Illinois. Monthly, One
+Dollar a year.</p>
+
+<p>17. Files of The American Nut Journal, to be had from the publishers,
+American Nurseryman Publishing Co., 39 State St., Rochester, N. Y.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<blockquote><h2>"Happy Is the Man Who Has<br />
+a Hobby"</h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img065.jpg" alt="HOBBIES" title="" /></div>
+
+<p>"<i>HAPPY is the man who has a hobby</i>," runs the old saying. And still
+happier is the hobbyist who regularly receives and reads
+"HOBBIES&mdash;The Magazine for Collectors."</p>
+
+<p>Here, in this interesting, profusely illustrated, 170-page monthly you
+will find news, pictures, and information, as well as buying, selling
+and swapping ads, in all branches of collecting.</p>
+
+<p>HOBBIES has a particularly fine and complete Stamp Collector's
+Department&mdash;40 or more pages each month devoted to stamp club news,
+notes, articles on stamps and stamp issuing countries, department on
+precancels, new issues, and airmails, and general information. (HOBBIES,
+by the way, is the Official Organ of the great Society of Philatelic
+Americans.)</p>
+
+<p>HOBBIES is also the outstanding medium for the exchange of information,
+news, and advertising of interest to collectors of Antiques, Autographs,
+Coins, Indian Relics, Books, Firearms, Prints, Minerals, Shells,
+Glassware, and many other collected articles.</p>
+
+<p>It's fun to have a hobby, and to know what others who share your
+interests are doing and thinking! Let HOBBIES keep you posted! And if
+you haven't a hobby as yet, but would like to have one, let HOBBIES help
+you to find it!</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'><i>Subscribe to HOBBIES! Sample Copy, 10c<br />
+Year's Subscription, only $1.00</i></p>
+
+<h3>Lightner Publishing Corp.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="left">2810 S. Michigan Ave.</span><span class="right">Chicago, Illinois</span><br /></p></blockquote>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association
+Report of the Proceedings at the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS REPORT ***
+
+***** This file should be named 20221-h.htm or 20221-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
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+</pre>
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+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association Report of
+the Proceedings at the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting
+       Downington, Pennsylvania, September 11 and 12, 1933
+
+Author: Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Release Date: December 29, 2006 [EBook #20221]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS REPORT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, J. Henkin, Janet Blenkinship
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|DISCLAIMER                                                              |
+|                                                                        |
+|The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers|
+|Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are |
+|not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers       |
+|Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is  |
+|intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not|
+|mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may   |
+|have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide|
+|applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current     |
+|label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion  |
+|of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut   |
+|trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular   |
+|time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere.      |
+|                                                                        |
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+  _Northern Nut Growers_
+  _Association_
+
+  _INCORPORATED_
+
+
+
+
+  _Affiliated with_
+
+  _THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY_
+
+
+
+
+  =REPORT=
+
+  _of the proceedings of the_
+
+  =Twenty-fourth Annual Meeting=
+
+  =DOWNINGTOWN, PA.=
+
+  _SEPTEMBER 11 and 12, 1933_
+
+
+
+
+  INDEX
+
+
+  Officers, Directors and Committees                                   3
+  State Vice-Presidents                                                4
+  List of Members                                                      5
+  Constitution                                                         8
+  By-Laws                                                              9
+  My Butternut, A Poem, by J. H. Helmick                              10
+  Proceedings of the Twenty-fourth Annual Convention                  11
+  Address of Rev. G. Paul Musselman                                   11
+  Report of the Treasurer                                             13
+  J. F. Jones' Experimental Work in Hybridizing Filberts and
+      Hazels--Miss Mildred Jones                                      14
+  Commercial Cracking of the Black Walnut--H. F. Stoke                16
+  Walnut Notes for 1933--C. A. Reed                                   20
+  Is Information of General Orchard Fertility of Value in the Nut
+      Grove--Prof. F. N. Fagan                                        25
+  Forward March of the Nut Cultural Project in Michigan--Prof.
+     James A. Neilson                                                 28
+  Notes on the Filbert Orchard at Geneva, N. Y.--Prof. G. L. Slate    34
+  Developing a Walnut Grove as a Side Line by a Bee-keeper--L. K.
+      Hostetter                                                       37
+  Nut Trees as Used in Landscaping--Dr. Lewis E. Theiss               39
+  My Experience in Growing Nut Trees on the Home Lawn--M. Glen
+      Kirkpatrick                                                     42
+  Developing a Thousand Tree Improved Black Walnut Grove--C. F.
+      Hostetter                                                       43
+  Tribute to Mr. Bixby                                                45
+  Message to Dr. Morris                                               46
+  A Black Walnut Grove and Why--Dr. Frank L. Baum                     47
+  Nut Contests                                                        48
+  Filbert Pollinization                                               48
+  Green Shoot Grafting of Trees--Dr. R. T. Morris                     49
+  Communications from:
+    Robert T. Morris, M.D.                                            49
+    Prof. A. S. Colby                                                 53
+    J. U. Gellatly                                                    54
+  Notes on the "Tour," Tuesday, September 12, 1933                    55
+  Notes on the Banquet, Tuesday evening, September 12, 1933           56
+  Address of Al. Bergstrom                                            57
+  Reports of Standing Committees                                      57
+  Reports of the Resolutions Committee                                57
+  List of member nurserymen having budded and grafted stock           58
+  Exhibits at the Convention                                          59
+  Attendance                                                          60
+  Books and Bulletins on Northern Nut Growing                         62
+  Advertisements--"Hobbies Magazine"                                  63
+
+
+
+
+OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION
+
+
+  _President._ FRANK H. FREY, ROOM 930, LA SALLE ST. STATION, CHICAGO, ILL.
+
+  _Vice-President._ DR. G. A. ZIMMERMAN, 32 SOUTH 13TH ST., HARRISBURG, PA.
+
+  _Secretary._ GEO. L. SLATE, STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,
+  GENEVA, N. Y.
+
+  _Treasurer._ NEWTON H. RUSSELL, 12 BURNETT AVE., SOUTH HADLEY, MASS.
+
+  _DIRECTORS_
+
+  FRANK H. FREY, DR. G. A. ZIMMERMAN, GEO. L. SLATE, NEWTON H. RUSSELL,
+  CARL F. WALKER, PROF. J. A. NEILSON.
+
+  _EDITOR OF PUBLICATIONS_
+
+  DR. W. C. DEMING.
+
+  _COMMITTEES_
+
+  _Executive._ FRANK H. FREY, DR. G. A. ZIMMERMAN, GEO. L. SLATE, NEWTON
+  H. RUSSELL, CARL F. WALKER, PROF. J. A. NEILSON.
+
+  _Auditing._ ZENAS H. ELLIS, CARL F. WALKER.
+
+  _Finance._ T. P. LITTLEPAGE, DR. W. C. DEMING, H. R. WEBER.
+
+  _Press and Publication._ DR. W. C. DEMING, KARL W. GREENE, DR. J. RUSSELL
+  SMITH, ZENAS H. ELLIS, GEO. L. SLATE.
+
+  _Membership._  NEWTON H. RUSSELL, MISS DOROTHY C. SAWYER, J. U. GELLATLY,
+  JOHN W. HERSHEY, D. C. SNYDER.
+
+  _Program._  PROF. J. A. NEILSON, DR. W. C. DEMING, C. A. REED, H.
+  BURGART, KARL W. GREENE.
+
+  _Hybrids and Promising Seedlings._  DR. G. A. ZIMMERMAN, PROF. N. F.
+  DRAKE, MISS AMELIA RIEHL, H. F. STOKE, J. F. WILKINSON.
+
+  _Survey._ CARL F. WALKER, DR. A. S. COLBY, H. F. STOKE, J. F. WILKINSON.
+
+  _Exhibits._ J. W. HERSHEY, MISS MILDRED JONES, H. BURGART, PROF. A. S.
+  COLBY.
+
+  _DEAN OF THE ASSOCIATION_
+
+  DR. ROBERT T. MORRIS, OF NEW YORK AND CONNECTICUT.
+
+  _FIELD SECRETARY_
+
+  ZENAS H. ELLIS, FAIR HAVEN, VERMONT.
+
+  _OFFICIAL JOURNAL_
+
+  NATIONAL NUT NEWS, 2810 S. MICHIGAN AVE., CHICAGO, ILLINOIS.
+
+
+
+
+STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS
+
+
+  Arkansas Prof. N. F. Drake
+
+  California Will J. Thorpe
+
+  Canada J. U. Gellatly
+
+  China P. W. Wang
+
+  Connecticut Dr. W. C. Deming
+
+  Dist. of Columbia L. H. Mitchell
+
+  England Howard Spence
+
+  Illinois Prof. A. S. Colby
+
+  Indiana J. F. Wilkinson
+
+  Iowa D. C. Snyder
+
+  Maryland T. P. Littlepage
+
+  Massachusetts James H. Bowditch
+
+  Michigan Harry Burgart
+
+  Minnesota Carl Weschcke
+
+  Missouri P. C. Stark
+
+  Nebraska William Caha
+
+  New York Prof. L. H. MacDaniels
+
+  New Jersey Lee W. Jaques
+
+  Ohio Harry R. Weber
+
+  Pennsylvania John Rick
+
+  Rhode Island Philip Allen
+
+  Vermont Zenas H. Ellis
+
+  Virginia Dr. Russel J. Smith
+
+  Washington D. H. Berg
+
+  West Virginia Dr. J. E. Cannaday
+
+  Wisconsin Lt. G. H. Turner
+
+
+
+
+  NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION
+
+
+  List of Members as of January 1, 1934
+
+  Abbott, Mrs. Laura W., Route No. 2, Bristol, Pennsylvania.
+  Adams, Gerald W., R. F. D. 4, Moorehead, Iowa.
+  Aldrich, A. W., Route 3, Springfield, Vermont.
+  Allen, Edward E., Hotel Ambassador, Cambridge, Mass.
+  Allen, Philip, 178 Dorance St., Providence, R. I.
+  Andrews, Miss Frances E., 245 Clifton Ave., Minneapolis, Minn.
+  Anthony, A. B., Sterling, Illinois.
+
+  Ballock, J. S., 1559 Main Street, Springfield, Mass.
+  Bartlett, Frances A., Stamford, Connecticut.
+  Baum, Dr. F. L., Boyertown, Pennsylvania.
+  Bennett, F. H., 19 East 92nd St., New York, N. Y.
+  Berg, D. H., Nooksack, Washington.
+  Betz, Frank S. (Personal), Betz Bldg., Hammond, Indiana.
+  Bixby, Mrs. Willard G., 32 Grand Ave., Baldwin, N. Y.
+  Bontz, Mrs. Geo. I., Route No. 2, Peoria, Illinois.
+  * Bowditch, James H., 903 Tremont St., Boston, Mass.
+  Boyce, Daniel, Rt. 4, Winterset, Iowa.
+  Bradley, Homer, c/o Kellogg Farms, Rt. 1, Augusta, Mich.
+  Brown, Daniel L., 60 State Street, Boston, Mass.
+  Brown, Roy W., Spring Valley, Illinois.
+  Bryant, Dr. Ward C., 31 Federal St., Greenfield, Mass.
+  Buckwalter, Alan R., Flemington, New Jersey.
+  Burgart H., c/o Mich. Nut Nursery, Rt. 2, Union City, Michigan.
+
+  Caha, William, Wahoo, Nebraska.
+  Canaday, Ward M., Home Bank Building, Toledo, Ohio.
+  Cannaday, Dr. J. E., c/o Charleston Gen. Hosp., Charleston, West
+      Virginia.
+  Chipman, G. F., "The Country Guide," Winnipeg, Man., Canada.
+  Close, Prof. C. P., U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+  Colby, Arthur S., University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.
+  Collins, Joseph N., 335 W. 87th St., New York, N. Y.
+  Cooley, Ralph B., Hotel Kimbal, Springfield, Mass.
+  Crysdale, Stanley A., R. D. 5, Auburn, N. Y.
+  Curtis, Elroy, Brookfield, Conn.
+
+  Deeben, Fred, Trevorton, Pennsylvania.
+  Deming, Dr. W. C, 31 Owen Street, Hartford, Conn.
+  * Drake, Prof. N. F., Fayetteville, Arkansas.
+
+  Elfgren, Ivan P., 11 Sheldon Place, Rutland, Vermont.
+  * Ellis, Zenas H., Fair Haven, Vermont.
+  Ellwanger, Mrs. W. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester, New York.
+  Ettari, Oscar A., 71 North Ave., New Rochelle, N. Y.
+
+  Ferris, Major Hiram B., P. O. Box 74, Spokane, Wash.
+  Fickes, W. R., Route 7, Wooster, Ohio.
+  Fontaine, Arthur, 21 Highland Ave., Ludlow, Mass.
+  Frey, Frank H., Room 930 La Salle St. Station, Chicago, Ill.
+
+  Gable, Jas. B., Jr., Stewartstown, Pennsylvania.
+  Gage, J. H., 107 Flatt Ave., Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
+  Galbreath, R. S., Huntington, Indiana.
+  Garber, Hugh G., 75 Fulton St., New York City, N. Y.
+  Gellatly, J. U., Box 19, West Bank P. O., Gellatly, British Columbia.
+  Gerber, E. P., Route No. 1, Apple Creek, Ohio.
+  Graham, J. W., Walnut Orchard Farm, Ithaca, N. Y.
+  Greene, Mrs. Avice M., 2203 Ridge Rd., N. W., Washington, D. C.
+  Greene, Karl W., 2203 Ridge Rd., N. W., Washington, D. C.
+  Gribbel, Mrs. John, Box 31, Wyncote, Pennsylvania.
+
+  Hahn, Albert G., Rural Route No. 6, Bethesda, Md.
+  Hale, Richard W., 60 State Street, Boston, Mass.
+  Hammond, Julian T., 3rd, D.D.S., Newtown, Pa.
+  Harman-Brown, Miss Helen, Croton Falls, New York.
+  Harrington, F. O., Williamsburg, Iowa.
+  Hartzell, B. F., Shepardstown, West Virginia.
+  Healey, Scott, R. F. D. No. 219. Otsego, Mich.
+  Healy, Oliver T., c/o Michigan Nut Nursery, Rt. 2, Union City, Michigan.
+  Helmick, James H., Columbus Junction, Iowa.
+  Hershey, John W., Downington, Pennsylvania.
+  Hilliard, H. J., Sound View, Connecticut.
+  Holden, Frank H., 56 West 45th St., New York City, N. Y.
+  Hostetter, C. F., Bird-in-Hand, Pennsylvania.
+  Hostetter, L. K., Route No. 5, Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
+  * Huntington, A. M., 3 East 89th St., New York City, N. Y.
+  Hutchinson, Galen Otis, 691 Main Ave., Passaic, N. J.
+
+  Iowa State Horticultural Society, Des Moines, Iowa.
+  Isakson, Walter R., Route No. 1, Hobart, Indiana.
+
+  Jacob, C. M., Stockbridge, Mass.
+  Jacobs, Homer L., c/o Davey Tree Exp. Co., Kent, Ohio.
+  * Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly Place, Jersey City, N. J.
+  Jones Nurseries, J. F., Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
+
+  Kaan, Helen W., Wellesley, Mass.
+  Kaufman, M. M., Clarion, Pennsylvania.
+  Kellogg, Dr. J. H., 202 Manchester St., Battle Creek, Mich.
+  Kelly, Mortimer B., 21 West St., New York City.
+  Kendrick, Mrs. Jay G., 44 Main St., Shelburne Falls, Mass.
+  * Kinsan Arboretum, Lang Terrace, North Szechuan Rd., Shanghai, China.
+  Knox, Loy J., c/o First National Bank, Morrison, Ill.
+
+  Lamb, Gilbert D., Woolworth Bldg., New York, N. Y.
+  Lancaster, S. S., Jr., Rock Point, Maryland.
+  Leach, Will, Cornell Building, Scranton, Pa.
+  Lester, Henry, 35 Pintard Ave., New Rochelle, N. Y.
+  * Lewis, Clarence, 1000 Park Ave., New York City, N. Y.
+  Little, Norman B., Rocky Hill, Conn.
+  * Littlepage, Thos. P., Union Trust Bldg., Washington, D. C.
+
+  MacDaniels, L. H., c/o Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
+  McIntyre, A. C., Dep't of Forestry, State College, Pa.
+  Mehring, Upton F., Keymar, Maryland.
+  Meyer, Dr. R. C. J., 1815 Third Ave., Moline, Ill.
+  Middleton, M. S., District Horticulturist, Vernon, British Columbia.
+  Miller, Herbert, Pinecrest Poultry Farms, Richfield, Pa.
+  Mitchell, Lennard H., 2219 California St., N. W., Washington, D. C.
+  * Montgomery, Robert H., 385 Madison Ave., New York City, N. Y.
+  * Morris, Dr. Robert T., R. F. D., Stamford, Connecticut.
+  Morton, Joy, Lisle, Illinois.
+
+  Neilson, Jas. A., c/o Michigan State College, East Lansing, Michigan.
+  New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y.
+
+  Orner, George D., 751 Ridgewood Road, Maplewood, N. J.
+  Otto, Arnold G., 4150 Three Mile Drive, Detroit, Michigan.
+
+  Paden, Riley W., Rte. 2, Enon Valley, Penna.
+  Park, J. B., c/o Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
+  Peters, E. S., 4241 Folsom Ave., St. Louis, Mo.
+  Pickhardt, Dr. O. C, 117 East 80th St., New York City, N. Y.
+  Porter, John J., 1199 The Terrace, Hagerstown, Md.
+  Pratt, Geo. D., Jr, Bridgewater, Connecticut.
+  Purnell, J. Eiger, Box 24, Salisbury, Maryland.
+  Putnam, Mrs. Ellen M., 129 Babson St., Mattapan, Mass.
+
+  Reed, C. A., Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+  Richardson, J. B., Lakeside, Washington.
+  * Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Square, Reading, Pa.
+  Riehl, Miss Amelia, Godfrey, Illinois.
+  Rowley, Dr. John C., 1046 Ashburn Ave., Hartford, Conn.
+  Russell, Newton H., 12 Burnett Ave., So. Hadley Falls, Mass.
+  Ryan, Henry E., Sunderland, Mass.
+
+  Sawyer, Dorothy C., c/o Living Tree Guild, 468 4th Ave., New York.
+  Sefton, Pennington, 94 Lake Ave., Auburn, N. Y.
+  Schlagenbusch Bros., Rt. 3, Fort Madison, Iowa.
+  Schlemmer, Claire D., Rt. 2, Fredericksburg, Virginia.
+  Schmidt, A. G., Nazareth, Pennsylvania.
+  Schuster, C. E., Horticulturist, Corvallis, Oregon.
+  Scott, Harry E., P. O. Box 191, Petersburg, N. Y.
+  Sherer, J. F., c/o C. T. Sherer Co., Worcester, Mass.
+  Slate, George L., State Agri. Exper. Station, Geneva, N. Y.
+  Smith, Dr. J. Russell, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania.
+  Smith, Leon C., 60 Day Ave., Westfield, Mass.
+  Snyder, D. C., Center Point, Iowa.
+  Spence, Howard, The Red House, Ainsdale, near Southport, England.
+  Spencer, Mrs. May R., 275 West Decatur St., Decatur, Ill.
+  Stark Bros., Nurseries, Louisiana, Missouri.
+  Steffee, Jno. G., 317 6th Ave., New York City, N. Y.
+  Stiebeling, Mrs. Anna E., 1458 Monroe St., Washington, D. C.
+  Stocking, Frederick N., 3456 Cadillac St., Detroit, Michigan.
+  Stoke, H. F., 1421 Watts Ave., Roanoke, Virginia.
+  Stover, Jacob E., Springwood Farms, York, Pa.
+  Strickland, C. H., Snow Hill, Maryland.
+
+  Taylor, C. W., 1723 Eye St., Eureka, California.
+  Theiss, Lewis Edwin, Muncy, Pennsylvania.
+  Thorpe, Will J., 1545 Divisarero St., San Francisco, Calif.
+  Tice, David, Savings Bank Building, Lockport, N. Y.
+  Turner, Lt. G. H., 932 Prospect Ave., Portage, Wisconsin.
+
+  University of Illinois Library, Urbana, Illinois.
+
+  Van Meter, W. L., Adel, Iowa.
+  Von Ammon S., c/o Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C.
+
+  Walker, C. F., 2851 E. Overlook Rd., Cleveland Heights, Ohio.
+  Watson, John F., 16 Dumont Apart, Lynchburg, Va.
+  * Weber, Harry R., 123 East 6th St., Cincinnati, Ohio.
+  Weidhass, William H., Gaston St., Easthampton, Mass.
+  Wellman, Sargeant, Windridge, Topsfield, Mass.
+  Went, Robert E., 551 McDonough St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
+  Weschcke, Carl, 1048 Lincoln Ave., St. Paul, Minn.
+  Wigglesworth, Alfred.
+  Wilkinson, J. F., Rockport, Indiana.
+  Williams, Dr. Chas. Mallory, Stonington, Connecticut.
+  Williams, Moses, 18 Tremont St., Boston, Mass.
+  Windhorst, Dr. M. R., University Club Bldg., St. Louis, Mo.
+  * Wissman, Mrs. F. de R., 9 W. 54th St., New York City, N. Y.
+  * Wister, John C., Clarkson Ave. and Wister St., Germantown, Pa.
+  Wright, Ross Pier, 235 West 6th St., Erie, Pa.
+
+  Zimmerman, Dr. G. A., 32 So. 13th St., Harrisburg, Pa.
+
+    * Life Member.
+
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION
+
+
+ARTICLE I
+
+_Name._ This Society shall be known as the NORTHERN NUT GROWERS
+ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED.
+
+ARTICLE II
+
+_Object._ Its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing
+plants, their products and their culture.
+
+ARTICLE III
+
+_Membership._ Membership in this society shall be open to all persons
+who desire to further nut culture, without reference to place of
+residence or nationality, subject to the rules and regulations of the
+committee on membership.
+
+ARTICLE IV
+
+_Officers._ There shall be a president, a vice-president, a secretary
+and a treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting;
+and an executive committee of six persons, of which the president, the
+two last retiring presidents, the vice-president, the secretary and the
+treasurer shall be members. There shall be a state vice-president from
+each state, dependency, or country represented in the membership of the
+association, who shall be appointed by the president.
+
+ARTICLE V
+
+_Election of Officers._ A committee of five members shall be elected at
+the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the
+following year.
+
+ARTICLE VI
+
+_Meetings._ The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected
+by the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made
+at this time, the executive committee shall choose the place and time
+for the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may
+seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee.
+
+ARTICLE VII
+
+_Quorum._ Ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum, but
+must include two of the four elected officers.
+
+ARTICLE VIII
+
+_Amendments._ This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of
+the members present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment
+having been read at the previous annual meeting, or a copy of the
+proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member
+thirty days before the date of the annual meeting.
+
+
+
+
+BY-LAWS
+
+
+ARTICLE I
+
+_Committees._ The Association shall appoint standing committees as
+follows: On membership, on finance, on programme, on press and
+publication, on exhibits, on hybrids, on survey, and an auditing
+committee. The committee on membership may make recommendations to the
+Association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member.
+
+ARTICLE II
+
+_Fees._ Annual members shall pay two dollars annually. Contributing
+members shall pay ten dollars annually. Life members shall make one
+payment of fifty dollars, and shall be exempt from further dues and will
+be entitled to same benefits as annual members. Honorary members shall
+be exempt from dues. "Perpetual" membership is eligible to any one who
+leaves at least five hundred dollars to the Association and such
+membership on payment of said sum to the Association will entitle the
+name of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members as
+"Perpetual" with the words "In Memoriam" added thereto. Funds received
+therefor shall be invested by the Treasurer in interest bearing
+securities legal for trust funds in the District of Columbia. Only the
+interest shall be expended by the Association. When such funds are in
+the treasury the Treasurer shall be bonded. Provided; that in the event
+the Association becomes defunct or dissolves then, in that event, the
+Treasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purpose
+for such uses, individuals or companies that the donor may designate at
+the time he makes the bequest or the donation.
+
+ARTICLE III
+
+_Membership._ All annual memberships shall begin either with the first
+day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining the
+Association, or with the first day of the calendar quarter preceding
+that date as may be arranged between the new member and the Treasurer.
+
+ARTICLE IV
+
+_Amendments._ By-laws may be amended by a two-third vote of members
+present at any annual meeting.
+
+ARTICLE V
+
+Members shall be sent a notification of annual dues at the time they are
+due, and if not paid within two months, they shall be sent a second
+notice, telling them that they are not in good standing on account of
+non-payment of dues, and are not entitled to receive the annual report.
+
+At the end of thirty days from the sending of the second notice, a third
+notice shall be sent notifying such members that unless dues are paid
+within ten days from the receipt of this notice, their names will be
+dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues.
+
+
+
+
+MY BUTTERNUT
+
+
+  The butternut crop is always sure
+    And raised at easy cost,
+  There is nothing it will not endure,
+    It is never harmed by frost.
+
+  The hopper and the cabbage worm
+    Care not to chew its leaves,
+  Comes weather hot or wet or cold,
+    This sturdy tree ne'er grieves.
+
+  It has no fear of 'tater bugs,
+    Or cultivation's errors,
+  The measly scale from San Jose,
+    And Green bug bring no terrors.
+
+  No squash bug races o'er its frame,
+    Nor caterpillar weaving,
+  It is never doped with Paris Green,
+    Yet never found a grieving.
+
+  It has no use for bumblebees,
+    No nodules on its feet,
+  But when the frost is on the pumpkin
+    Oft has the hay crop beat.
+
+  If you wish a crop that always comes
+    Without an "if" or "but,"
+  The surest thing in all the list,
+    Just plant a butternut.
+
+  JAMES H. HELMICK
+  Columbus Junction, Iowa
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  Grand-pa come out to the butter nut tree,
+    And crack some nuts for Nicodemus and me.]
+
+
+
+
+=Report of the Proceedings=
+
+_at the_
+
+Twenty-fourth Annual Convention
+
+_of the_
+
+=Northern Nut Growers Association=
+
+_Incorporated_
+
+_SEPTEMBER 11, 12, 1933_
+
+_DOWNINGTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA_
+
+
+The first session convened at 9:00 A. M., September 11th at Minquas Fire
+Hall, with President Walker in the chair.
+
+The President: "This is the opening of the 24th annual convention and I
+will introduce at once for his address of welcome, Rev. G. Paul
+Musselman."
+
+Rev. G. Paul Musselman: "Thank you, Mr. Walker. It is my most pleasant
+duty to welcome you to Downingtown. Downingtown is quite an appropriate
+place for a convention because it is a place where we try to prepare
+beforehand for things we believe are going to happen, and try to get
+ready to prevent other things from happening."
+
+Less than a mile from here to the north are stretches through the woods
+of infantry breastworks. Occupying that woods and those breastworks was
+the regiment under the command of Col. Stewart. The British were down by
+the Brandywine to the south, and it was supposed the British would do
+the logical thing, which they never do, and come up to take Downingtown,
+which was at that time the most important industrial area in the United
+States. It was the arsenal of the Revolutionary War. It has continued to
+grow in its industrial manufacturing until it is now important in paper
+manufacturing.
+
+That we are still trying to prevent nasty things from happening is
+strikingly evident in the fact that we have not had to call for help to
+take care of the people suffering from the depression. The Community
+Chest had, in the beginning, adopted a policy of preparing for an
+emergency by creating a fund for this purpose and has been able to do
+its work without any other than the usual annual drive for funds.
+
+The first paper mill in America was established by Mr. Rittenhouse and
+after that paper mills began to be built in this valley. We have gone
+through a great cycle. The farms in this community used to be farmed
+for money, later interest was shown in the mills and the farmer farmed
+without money. Again they are being farmed with money by the
+industrialists and bankers and city men who are coming out and buying up
+these old farms for country places. I am happy to state that the farms
+are coming into their own again. It is this class of people that are
+interested in such things as nut trees as something new and different.
+
+It is Downingtown's faculty of being prepared for what is to come that
+makes it a particularly appropriate place for your convention. It is
+always a little ahead of the parade. We are proud of our local nut
+nursery which, in line with the spirit of the town, is just a little
+ahead of the parade. You too are a little ahead of the parade, so in
+that spirit I welcome you.
+
+The Burgess has directed me to welcome you to Downingtown. I trust your
+stay will be interesting and helpful and we shall count it a privilege
+for you to call upon us for any further services you may require. I hope
+I shall be able to go on the bus trip with you but I am very busy and
+cannot make any promises for the moment. So, welcome!
+
+Dr. Zimmerman: Fellow members of the convention! I am sure that it has
+been a pleasure to receive the fine welcome that Rev. Musselman has
+given us and I wish to assure him that it is a pleasure to be here. We
+are particularly glad to be in this district which is a land of plenty
+compared with other parts of the country which have suffered greatly
+from the depression. I am sorry that I do not live here.
+
+We nut growers have been in the habit of thinking of growing nut trees
+on land which is good for nothing else, so that it is interesting to
+find nurseries using this good land and making a success of nut tree
+growing. In fact nut culture had its beginning in this district through
+Mr. Rush, and Mr. Jones and then Mr. Hershey.
+
+I do not wish to take any more of your time as we have a heavy program
+and a lot of good speakers, and if they can add anything to nut culture,
+I shall be happy indeed.
+
+Dr. Zimmerman: We welcome members of the Penna. Nut Growers Association.
+It is their field day tomorrow in connection with ours and we welcome
+them to this convention.
+
+The President appointed the resolutions and the nominating committees.
+
+
+
+
+  TREASURER'S REPORT
+
+    Balance September 1, 1932 as reported to Washington
+      Convention                                         $ 8.79
+    Stamps and Canadian money redeemed by Treasurer        3.42
+    Balance in Litchfield Savings Society                 15.94
+                                                         ______
+
+    Receipts                                             $28.15   $ 28.15
+
+  Profit on Bus Trip at Washington                                  15.00
+  Memberships @ $3.50 old rate. No Nut News 21 @ $3.50              73.50
+  Memberships @ $4.00 new rate. No Nut News  3 @ $4.00              12.00
+  Memberships @ $4.50--$3.50 to Assn. $1.00 to Nut News  2 @ $4.50   9.00
+  Memberships @ $5.00--$4.00 to Assn. $1.00 to Nut News 43 @ $5.00 215.00
+  Memberships @ $5.00 without Nut News                   3 @ $5.00  15.00
+  Membership @ $10.00--Mr. Ellis                                    10.00
+  Membership @ $10.00 with Nut News--Mr. Neilson                    10.00
+  Miscellaneous Receipts                                             9.00
+                                                                  _______
+
+    Total Receipts                                                $396.65 $396.65
+
+  DISBURSEMENTS
+
+  Refund to D. C. Snyder                                          $  2.00
+  Programs Washington Convention                                    25.00
+  Paid National Nut News                                            38.00
+  Membership American Horticultural Society                          3.00
+  C. A. Reed. Expense Washington Convention                          6.70
+
+    Total                                                         $ 74.70 $ 74.70
+    Balance to account for                                                $321.95
+  Litchfield Savings Society                                      $ 15.94
+  Cash on hand or in bank                                          306.01
+                                                                  _______
+
+  Total                                                           $321.95 $321.95
+
+
+
+
+J. F. Jones' Experimental Work in Hybridizing Filberts and Hazels
+
+_By_ MILDRED JONES
+
+_Lancaster, Pennsylvania_
+
+
+The first crosses of the hybrid filberts were made in the year 1919. The
+small plants when taken from the nursery row were set 5 x 8 feet with
+the thought in mind of taking out every other bush in the rows when they
+began to crowd, and in case they were of value they could be
+transplanted to a permanent place. It was not thought that many of the
+plants would bear superior nuts promising enough to keep longer than to
+observe the type of nuts the bushes bore. The first lot of plants, which
+were mostly of the Barcelona cross, bore in the fall of 1924.
+
+The object in view mainly was to produce, if possible, a variety or
+varieties that could be made a commercial proposition here or elsewhere
+in the eastern U. S. Not very much was thought at the time about the
+flavor or the quality of the kernel. The main thought was to get away
+from the corky substance adhering to the kernel of the most of the
+filberts. Barcelona, the main commercial nut in the West, has a lot of
+this, which makes the kernel unattractive and is probably more or less
+injurious to the digestive system because of the tannin content. After
+this fault was eliminated it was going to be necessary to work for size
+and quality of the nut.
+
+The filbert blight has not been found on our place, so not much stress
+was put on the point of producing a blight-resistant or blight-free
+filbert. Probably if we had the filbert blight we would consider it more
+seriously.
+
+The method used in crossing these hybrids was to remove the catkins on
+the pistillate plant at any time before they developed and scattered
+their pollen. The wood containing the catkins to be used for pollinating
+was observed closely in order to bring it in at the same time with the
+Rush pistillates by cutting and holding back in a cold cellar after the
+catkins were swelling well. This was the Barcelona which blooms very
+early.
+
+The Italian Red, Cosford and Giant De Halles bloom later than the Rush
+so this was another problem. These were forced by cutting and putting in
+a sunny window. In cutting wood for pollinating, the cuttings should be
+large. The stored up starch in the wood then gives the catkins more to
+draw on. Apparently the filbert catkins and pistillates develop entirely
+from the stored up starch in the wood and do not draw on the roots at
+all. This being so it was figured they would develop just as well off
+the bush.
+
+The last pollinating on the Rush was done in the spring of 1921. The
+catkins appeared to be all right and the limbs were cut and stored in
+the cellar. These were taken from the DuChilly. Finding they did not
+respond promptly to warmth it was seen that the catkins were drying up
+and getting stiff. As Father was very anxious to use this variety he
+tried soaking the limbs in water and then exposed them to the sun. Some
+of the catkins only swelled and then appeared to stop. The soaking was
+then repeated making it several hours and again they were exposed to the
+sun and warmth. Most of them developed nicely after this treatment. As
+those on the bush dried up and turned black it was thought probably the
+pollen used after treated as just mentioned was not good, but the
+pistillates developed promptly after being pollinated and the bush
+produced a large crop of nuts. I suppose these had been injured in the
+winter, but it would seem surprising that they could be made to develop
+artificially and the pollen be good.
+
+It was found that Rush crossed Cosford made the largest nuts but the
+kernels of these nuts were not of the best quality.
+
+On our eastern market I think it will be found that the longer type nuts
+will bring the premium in price. I find in selling the nuts that people
+mostly desire the longer nuts, but will take the other nuts if they
+cannot get the longer ones.
+
+This past spring we tried to graft several of the most promising hybrids
+in the older block of trees. We used the modified cleft graft method and
+we set the grafts on layered plants of the Barcelona filbert which were
+lined out in April. We grafted them in May after the layers had started
+to grow. Out of 200 plants grafted we have growing 16 nice plants from
+18 to 24 inches tall, an 8% stand. The roots of the Barcelona layers
+died also on the grafts that failed to live. I believe the main trouble
+in this experiment was that there was not enough root system to carry
+the graft rather than the fault of the grafting, as most of the grafts
+started to grow. We should have tried grafting on layers established one
+year and we will try this next spring.
+
+We have several very promising filberts in the older block of bearing
+plants. The Buchanan, No. 92, was named for President Buchanan, the only
+President of the U. S. from Pennsylvania, whose home is in Lancaster.
+No. 200 is also an excellent plant and was classed by my Father as one
+of the best in the collection. This plant has not been given a name as
+yet. I would like to have a name suggested that would be suitable. These
+two plants just mentioned bear nuts very much the shape of Italian Red.
+The kernels come out with little or no corky substance on the kernel.
+The flavor is very good and the plants have borne very well. We have a
+plant called "B." Letters were given to the plants where mice got in the
+seed beds and mixed the nuts. The nut of this plant is more the shape of
+Barcelona and is very good. It also bears well.
+
+In the younger block of plants we have quite a few promising plants but
+these must be tested further before we can say anything definite for or
+against them.
+
+I notice considerable leaf burn in the block of hybrids since the severe
+storm we had two weeks ago. Quite a few of the nuts were knocked off too
+but there is still a good crop which you will see tomorrow.
+
+Since my Father died we have not done any hybridizing. We hope to do so
+in the future as the work is very interesting.
+
+Mr. Stoke: Year before last I bought 2 lbs. of supposedly stratified
+nuts. I planted them but only one or two came up. This year they have
+made a pretty fair start so I know it takes two years to germinate. It
+seems as though it sometimes takes three years because these were
+stratified for a year and it took them two years to come up after I had
+them planted. I think you could probably get some stratified nuts from
+Carlton Nursery Co., Carlton, Oregon. I sent to Carlton for mine but
+they were shipped by someone else. It is my belief that the Carlton
+Nursery Co. controls the supply, so you will have to write to them for
+them.
+
+I have three or four dozen trees out of the first planting. They were
+planted in a very crowded position among walnut trees but are doing
+surprisingly well. The trees are now three years old and are shoulder
+high.
+
+Prof. Slate: I planted some Turkish hazel nuts. They have been planted
+two years and have not yet come up, but I believe they will next year,
+as they take two years to germinate.
+
+The following is a list of houses where seed of different species can be
+obtained. Submitted by the courtesy of Miss Jones:
+
+Sources of CORYLUS
+
+  CHINENSIS
+  Hillier Bros., Winchester, England.
+  Vilmorin & Co., Paris, France.
+
+  CORYLUS COLURNA
+  Carlton Nursery Co., Carlton, Ore.
+
+  C. TIBITICA
+  Forest Experiment Station, Dehra Dun, British India.
+
+
+
+
+Notes on the Commercial Cracking of Black Walnuts
+
+_By_ H. F. STOKE, _Roanoke, Virginia_
+
+
+A year ago I reported to this body an experiment in the commercial
+production of black walnut kernels by factory methods, including the use
+of a power-driven cracking device. During the past year the experiment
+was continued, with the variation that the shelling was done as a home
+industry rather than as a factory operation. Ten families were furnished
+with hand-power cracking devices and the whole nuts were delivered to
+their homes. The workers received 10c per pound for cracking and picking
+out the kernels and in addition retained the shells for fuel. Forty-five
+thousand pounds of nuts were used in the experiment for which a uniform
+price of $1 per hundred weight was paid.
+
+The more efficient and conscientious workers produced as high as 15% of
+kernels per unit of whole nuts, which was slightly better than the
+production by factory methods. The general average, however, was around
+12-1/2%, or about the same for both methods. As to quality of product
+there was no appreciable difference. It is necessary to exercise greater
+care in the selection of workers where the work is done in homes without
+supervision than in the factory. By actual experience it was found that
+some workers would produce less than half the percentage made by the
+more efficient workers. Such workers were dropped.
+
+Where relatively small quantities of nuts are to be shelled there is
+little to be chosen between the home-industry method and such factory
+method as was used by me. The cost of delivering the nuts to the homes
+may be roughly set over against the cost of operating a factory. Based
+on the hours of work required to produce a given quantity of kernels,
+the factory method is more efficient. On the other hand, the home worker
+will work for a smaller wage per hour. Where large quantities of nuts
+are available, commercial cracking by machine methods will be
+increasingly used in the future, especially if economic conditions so
+far improve that people will no longer work for starvation wages. Point
+is given to this observation by the fact that local buyers paid from 8
+to 15c for country-produced kernels last season, while my bare cost,
+without overhead or profit, was 20c per pound.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The most notable advance that has come to my attention during the past
+year in the way of commercial production of black walnut kernels is that
+contributed by Mr. C. E. Werner, President of the Forest Park Nut
+Company, of Ottawa, Kansas. Mr. Werner, who is 84 years of age and a
+veteran inventor with several notable inventions to his credit, has
+designed and built a machine that seems to mark a new era in black
+walnut kernel production. This machine, which is mounted on a truck, is
+not only used for the local operations of the company, but is moved from
+place to place in the performance of custom work, after the manner of a
+grain threshing outfit. Mention is made in company correspondence of
+cracking twenty thousand bushels of nuts for one customer in southwest
+Missouri. The following details were supplied by the manager of the
+company.
+
+The machine has a capacity of from 75 to 100 pounds of kernels per hour.
+As they come from the machine they carry not more than 10% shells, and
+run from 28 to 30% full quarters. After being hand cleaned the net
+recovery of kernels represents from 10 to 11-1/2% of the weight of the
+whole nuts. Custom work is charged for at the rate of from 3 to 5c per
+pound for the kernels produced. The cost of the final hand cleaning and
+packaging is given as 2c per pound, which makes a total production cost
+of from 5 to 7c per pound.
+
+The operation of the machine may be briefly described as follows: The
+nuts are run through a revolving screen which separates and cleans them
+from all adhering husk and grades them into three sizes. They then pass
+through the cracker and thence, by conveyor belt, to the picker. This
+ingenious device holds the broken nuts with soft rubber rolls while a
+set of fingers literally pick the kernels from the shells. Careful
+sifting is the last step as the kernels leave the machine, after which
+they are hand-picked to remove any remaining pieces of shell. The owners
+advise that the machine has been built primarily for their own use, and
+has not yet been offered for sale. They would, however, consider
+building the machines for sale.
+
+While the subject assigned me did not include the marketing of kernels,
+I cannot refrain from stating that no commodity is in greater need of
+orderly, organized marketing. In the meantime I would urge the small
+producer to cultivate his own local market as far as possible and refuse
+to produce at unprofitable prices.
+
+Cracked black walnuts make an excellent supplementary feed for growing
+chicks and laying hens.
+
+I advertised in the Rural New Yorker, The American Magazine and Better
+Homes and Gardens. Mr. Hershey advised me I would go broke advertising
+but I wanted to see what would happen. The Rural New Yorker gave the
+best results. I got $1.25 for a 2-lb. package. The kernels were in
+clean, first-class condition. I noticed some were advertised as low as
+95c for two pounds. Some people in answering my advertisement said they
+had bought others that were not in first-class condition. I had no
+complaints about mine. In Better Homes and Gardens I did not get enough
+orders to pay for my advertising. I would not advise anyone to advertise
+there or in the American Magazine, as I got very poor results. I even
+got a bad check. The Rural New Yorker was very satisfactory.
+
+The prices I paid locally were from .05 to .08 and sometimes .10 to .15
+to old customers. Twelve and a half cents was the average price. I think
+maybe I should have advertised in a confectioners' journal in order to
+reach a large consumer source, but I felt at the time that I was using
+the only way I had of reaching a market.
+
+This carton (showing a mailing container) is a 2-pound carton which I
+used in shipping in response to mail orders. It makes a very nice
+package that is received in good condition. I might add that the
+contents are 50 cubic inches.
+
+Question: Do you use a paper bag inside?
+
+Mr. Stoke: I line it with wax paper. I made a form and fold the wax
+paper around it to get the size. This makes a neat lining and then I
+just pour in the nuts and fold the top down.
+
+Mr. Graham: Do you notice much difference in the kernels?
+
+Mr. Stoke: Not in black walnuts. I found a few nuts which I could not
+use. The best nuts I found this year were in and about our locality.
+
+Mr. Smith: Did you try offering prizes? Mr. Hershey and I once got
+almost tipsy testing a lot of walnuts in a prize contest.
+
+Mr. Stoke: No. The best nuts I got would score not higher than the
+Thomas. They were brought in by different people and mixed together so
+that I was unable to tell their source.
+
+The President: Do you do your separating of kernel and shell by hand?
+
+Mr. Stoke: Yes. I use sieves, too. I use first a 3/8 x 3/4 inch mesh. It
+will take out most of the shell. Then for a minimum size, the best is 8
+mesh to an inch, as used by the Forest Park Nut Co., Ottawa, Kans. This
+is smaller mesh and eliminates the smaller bits of shell.
+
+Mr. Hershey: Did you have any correspondence with those people?
+
+Mr. Stoke: I was interested in their machine for cracking nuts and I
+wrote the company a letter. Two or three months later I received a
+letter from Mr. Werner, a son of Mr. C. E. Werner, and who signed
+himself as Len Werner of the Werner Steel Products Co., and I received
+details and facts about the machine. He asked me if I would be
+interested in buying a machine or renting on a basis of kernel
+production. The younger Mr. Werner said they built the machine for
+themselves but could supply orders if they came in.
+
+Miss Sawyer: Did you get any information on the price?
+
+Mr. Stoke: No, none whatever. It seems to be taken from place to place
+mounted on a truck and cracks the nuts right on the job.
+
+Mr. Reed: Do you have any difficulty in cracking nuts when they are dry?
+
+Mr. Stoke: The nut cracks best when not too wet or too dry but just
+right. If too dry, they are too brittle and you break up the kernels too
+much, also get too many spalls of shells. If wet you have other
+troubles. In the South and Southwest the summers get hot and so some
+nuts get rancid. The sweet type that have less oil seem to stand up
+better.
+
+Question: Do you ever steam nuts before cracking?
+
+Mr. Stoke: No, I haven't. To keep them in a damp atmosphere is also not
+good. Nuts should be kept dry while in storage. Kernels should also be
+kept in a dry place. I put them in trays of wire mesh and if the nuts
+are too green or I am in a hurry for them, I turn on the electric fan.
+
+Last Fall I put some in cold storage in December. I also put some in
+cold storage in May and I found that I would not have needed to put any
+in cold storage until May as they have kept just as nicely as those
+stored earlier. But I find it is essential to have the kernels
+thoroughly dried before they are put away. If thoroughly dried they will
+not mold, but if kept in too warm a place they will turn rancid. To keep
+them in a damp atmosphere is also not good. If they are treated right
+they will keep indefinitely.
+
+Dr. Zimmerman: Mr. Stoke, how many nuts did you crack?
+
+Mr. Stoke: About 40,000 or 50,000 lbs.
+
+Mr. Reed: What did you do with screenings?
+
+Mr. Stoke: I fed them to the chickens. Some said that they would keep
+the chickens from laying but I found that by mixing about 25% with
+ordinary mash it worked fine.
+
+Mr. Hershey: Did you find that it made the egg shells hard?
+
+Mr. Stoke: No, the chickens had too much sense.
+
+Question: What percent do you lose in sieving?
+
+Mr. Stoke: When I did my fine sieving, I used a 4-inch screen. The
+shells were taken out entirely. I lost, maybe, 4%.
+
+Prof. Reed: Do you people in Virginia have local names for different
+types of walnuts? What is the swamp black walnut?
+
+Mr. Stoke: My own opinion is that there is only one black walnut in the
+East. We have a butternut that some people call the English walnut and
+some the white walnut. The Japanese walnut is sometimes called an
+English walnut. We also have the English or Persian walnut.
+
+Prof. Reed: I believe the botanists recognize only the one black walnut.
+
+Prof. Slate: I do not think there is more than one kind.
+
+Mr. Stoke: It is interesting to know that while the black walnut has
+been higher in price than the English walnut, so that manufacturers have
+been substituting the English walnut for the black walnut, this year the
+black walnut has dropped as much as 10c per pound under the English and
+is now about 5c, I believe. Consequently the black walnut has come into
+its own and is now being substituted for the English walnut.
+
+Mr. Frey: I would like to mention alternate years in bearing. If apple
+trees can be made to give a fair crop each year by good care, feeding
+and spraying, it is my thought that walnut trees will do the same thing
+under the same conditions. But we must remember that forming the hard
+shell is a most difficult thing for a tree to do.
+
+Prof. Neilson: I should like to draw your attention to a drawing sent me
+by J. U. Gellatly. (The paper was held up for all to see.) Just look at
+the size of the leaves. That is a tracing of the leaf of a hybrid
+English walnut and heartnut. He sent it along as evidence of its vigor
+of growth. This large compound hybrid leaf measured 27 inches from tip
+of the leaf to the bottom of the last leaflet, exclusive of the stem
+which was 5 inches long. Many of the larger leaflets measured 5 x 9
+inches, shape, oblong ovate, edges of leaf, serrate, total width of
+compound leaf, 17 inches.
+
+Dr. Smith: I should like to suggest to Mr. Frey that the theory he
+suggested might be supported if the tree were placed in a particularly
+favorable location.
+
+Mr. Hershey: I should like to remind the audience of Judge Potter who
+told me some years ago that on his farm in Southern Illinois he got
+three doubles of his meadow grove of about 50 hickory trees, by using
+plenty of good horse manure, phosphoric acid, and potash. The increases
+were that he doubled the amount of growth and the size of the nut and
+changed the trees from alternate bearing to yearly bearing.
+
+
+
+
+Black Walnut Notes for 1933
+
+  _By_ C. A. REED, _Associate Pomologist
+  Fruit and Vegetable Crops and Diseases
+  U. S. Department of Agriculture_
+
+
+A number of developments in connection with the black walnut industry of
+the East have taken place during the last 12 months which appear to be
+of such importance as to justify special record at this time. Some of
+these have to do with the production and marketing of and prices
+received for, the wild product, others with certain features in
+connection with orchard and nursery management, and still others with
+walnut relationships both inside and outside of the genus.
+
+
+The Black Walnut Kernel Industry
+
+Production of black walnut kernels in this country is fully 99 per cent
+from seedling trees of the fields, forests, roadsides and dooryards.
+That from orchard and top-worked trees, while now considerably on the
+increase, due to recent activity in planting and top-working, will
+hardly become of relative importance for some years to come. The wild
+crop is actually on the increase each year, due partly to greater care
+now taken of old bearing trees and partly to the large number of young
+trees coming into bearing each year but more largely to the greater
+extent to which nuts are now being gathered and not allowed to decay on
+the ground.
+
+This increase in production is working both for and against the
+permanent welfare of the industry, and by this use of the term
+"industry", it is meant to include the cultivated as well as the
+uncultivated phases. Consumption has increased tremendously. No figures
+are available as to either total production or percentage of total crop
+which is still allowed each year to remain on the ground until it
+becomes decomposed.
+
+However, it is the opinion of Baltimore merchants who have long handled
+this product that in certain large districts the wild nuts are now
+gathered closely and that very few are allowed to decay on the ground.
+There is no available information upon which to base a curve as to the
+probable increase in production which may be expected from young trees
+just beginning to bear or the thousands still too young to bear or yet
+the other thousands to be planted by squirrels each year. Whether or not
+the increase in consumption and its coincident change in eating habits
+of the American people will prove permanent after the return of normal
+times, remains to be seen, but it may be accepted as fact that the
+future of this country is likely to see greater competition in the home
+markets among foods than has been the case in the past and that,
+eventually, only those having the greatest values in nutrition and
+palatability will survive. Salesmanship may defeat this for a while but
+ultimately, palatability assumed, cash values and human tastes will most
+certainly arrive at pretty much the same point. The ultimate future of
+the walnut would therefore appear to depend largely upon its ability to
+become one of the fittest survivers.
+
+One of the most important developments during the past year is of very
+recent occurrence. It is the fact that the 1933 season is opening with
+the highest prices received during the last two years. This may in part
+be due to reports that the outlook in the Tennessee--Kentucky--Virginia
+and North Carolina district is for a light crop. According to Baltimore
+merchants who have recently been consulted, consumption last year was
+the greatest in history and, while prices reached the lowest level since
+the depression began, relatively speaking, the total drop has probably
+not been as great as for other food products during the same period.
+These merchants look forward with confidence to a continuance of
+increased consumption.
+
+This forecast is encouraging, but it is based on the assumption that
+there will be continued improvement in the manner of handling and
+packing the kernels for delivery. At present, considerable overhead is
+usually charged back to the farmers because of labor involved in
+cleaning, grading, and sometimes curing, after the kernels reach the
+city merchants. This handling is necessary with much of the output in
+order that it may be made acceptable to the manufacturers. One of the
+most desirable characteristics in connection with the sale of black
+walnut kernels is brightness of color. This is a matter largely due to
+the manner of handling during the process of harvesting, curing, and
+cracking. Once the kernels become dark, they cannot be brightened except
+by bleaching and removing the pellicles. However, the importance of
+prompt gathering as soon as the nuts fall from the trees, removing the
+hulls, and curing the nuts cannot be overestimated. These are matters
+easily within the ability of the producers to adjust.
+
+
+The Orchard Industry
+
+On the orchard side of the industry, several developments may be listed,
+although the majority are merely old developments newly emphasized.
+
+Black walnut trees, seedlings and grafted trees alike tend to bear full
+crops not oftener than during alternate years, and with conditions at
+all unfavorable, full crops may be delayed for several years.
+
+Grafted trees of many varieties begin to bear their first fruits quite
+as promptly as with apples. Not infrequently walnuts appear by the end
+of the second year after grafting. This is especially true with
+top-worked trees.
+
+
+Recent Adverse Weather Conditions
+
+The spring and summer season of 1933 made an adverse combination in some
+localities. In the Ohio and Mississippi River Sections, the result was
+disastrous to a large part of the crop. In those sections, May was an
+exceedingly rainy month. June was equally hot and dry. It is in May that
+the blossoming periods of most varieties of walnut occur, also it is
+then that most of the nursery grafting is performed. Insofar as
+pollination was concerned, there were probably enough hours of sunshine
+during the blossoming period for the distribution of pollen to have been
+adequate and effective. On some of the trees the rains came at just the
+right time to wash practically all of the pollen to the ground. Had it
+not been for later pollinating trees either of the same variety, or of
+other varieties, or even of seedlings in the neighborhood, it is
+probable that no nuts would have set. However the actual set was about
+normal, but the heat and drouth which followed resulted in a drop which
+took the greater part of the crop. A pecan grower in southwestern
+Indiana, with between 300 and 400 grafted trees now of bearing age,
+recently reported that in August he was unable to find a single nut in
+his entire orchard. The result has not been quite as serious with the
+walnuts. Nevertheless, the crop prospects are reported to be not at all
+bright.
+
+Nursery grafting in southern Indiana had literally to be performed
+between showers. Sap flow was excessive and the resulting stand below
+normal. The heat and drouth which followed killed outright many of the
+scions which had begun to grow. Thus, in that section the orchardists
+lost most of their crops and the nurserymen most of their grafts.
+
+
+Walnut Relationships
+
+In regard to walnut relationships within the genus, continued studies
+have led to certain conclusions which would appear to bear mentioning.
+One of these is to the effect that not all so-called "butterjaps" appear
+to owe their origin to staminate parentage of butternut but that they
+may be due to chance crosses of either Japanese walnut with Persian or
+possibly black walnut, or quite as often to reversion to the true
+Manchurian walnut, _Juglans mandschurica_.
+
+
+Hybrids and Intermediate Forms
+
+It is generally known that natural hybridity occurs so frequently
+between almost any two species of _Juglans_ when growing together and
+blossoming simultaneously that it is unwise to plant the seed of either
+if pure types are desired. Intermediate forms, evidently between Persian
+(English) and black are fairly common throughout the East. The James
+River and O'Connor hybrids are well known typical examples. Such hybrids
+are most apt to occur in vicinities of Persian walnut trees. Crosses in
+which the Persian walnut is the staminate or pollen producing parent may
+sometimes occur but if so, they have never come to the attention of the
+writer. Crosses between these two species commonly have the Persian
+walnut as the pistillate or nut producing parent.
+
+The most commonly seen forms which appear to be due to hybridity are in
+the case of certain Japanese walnut seedlings in the East. The offspring
+of these trees frequently takes on much of the character of the American
+butternut. Nuts of this type have been recognized by this Association
+and other authorities as "butterjaps." In his Manual of American Trees,
+Dr. Albert H. Rehder of the Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plains, Mass.,
+recognizes crosses between the Japanese walnut and American butternut
+under the technical name of _Juglans bixbyi_ after the late Willard G.
+Bixby of the Association by whom the matter was called to his attention.
+However, it is not certain that nuts definitely known to represent a
+cross between these two species have yet been brought to notice.
+
+
+Butterjaps
+
+It has been commonly assumed that nuts of the butternut type, from trees
+grown from Japanese walnut seed are due to butternut hybridity, but the
+theory is clearly open to reasonable doubt. Nuts of this identical type
+are common in the orient where the butternut does not occur and also
+they sometimes occur in this country on trees grown from imported
+Japanese walnut seed. The late Luther Burbank wrote the Department of
+Agriculture in 1899 that in California where he had grown many thousands
+of seedlings from both imported and California grown seed, he was unable
+to detect the slightest differences in foliage, yet the trees were apt
+to produce nuts of any one of three types then known as _Juglans
+sieboldiana_, _J. cordiformis_ or _J. mandschurica_. He wrote that "They
+all run together and are evidently all from the butternut family."
+
+An authentic case of butterjaps from imported seed was made public
+during the first annual meeting of the Pennsylvania Nut Growers'
+Association which was held in Harrisburg on January 11 of this year.
+Butterjaps were on display during that meeting which had been grown by
+Mr. Ross Pier Wright of Erie, Pa., from seed which he had imported
+directly from Japan. His trees are growing in the outskirts of
+Westfield, Chautauqua County, N. Y., and within a mile of Lake Erie.
+
+In July of this year, Dr. E. A. Scott of Galena, Md., called the
+attention of the writer to a number of fine trees in his small town, all
+of which had been grown by him from _J. sieboldiana_ seed obtained from
+a tree nearby and "every one" of which was bearing "butternuts," as he
+and his neighbors call them. The American butternut does not occur in
+that part of Maryland which is on the upper end of the Chesapeake
+Peninsula, probably 10 miles from Chesapeake Bay. Both black and Persian
+walnut trees are very common in that region. The tree which bore the
+original seed is a typical Japanese walnut. It stands at the end of a
+row of Persian walnut trees along the driveway of a private country
+lane. There are several black walnut trees, perhaps 500 yards to the
+southwest, but no butternuts for many miles. As the Persian and Japanese
+walnuts blossom at about the same time and the black walnut considerably
+later, it would seem altogether probable that if any cross had taken
+place it would have been Japanese x Persian, rather than Japanese x
+black. The chances of a Japanese x butternut cross would have been so
+remote as to be altogether improbable.
+
+Many years ago, Judge F. P. Andrus of Almont, Mich., planted one tree
+each of Persian and Japanese walnuts in his dooryard. Both soon came
+into bearing. Squirrels planted nuts in the ground and presently the
+yard was filled with offspring, the majority of which were of the type
+now called butterjaps. The trees were extremely vigorous but the nuts
+were of so little value that all were finally cut down. Butternut trees
+are common in Michigan and butternut pollen may have been responsible
+for these crosses but circumstantially the evidence pointed much more
+strongly to Japanese x Persian crosses than to Japanese x butternut
+crosses.
+
+Other cases of these sorts might be cited, but the evidence which the
+writer has been able to bring together up to the present month,
+September, 1933, strongly indicates that butterjaps may be due to either
+an actual cross with a Persian or black walnut and possibly with
+butternut or to reversion to a parent oriental type. So far, it has been
+out of the question to hazard a reasonably safe assumption as to the
+staminate parent of all particular crosses by merely studying the
+botanical characteristics of the butterjap offspring.
+
+Several years ago Mr. Bixby planted a number of butterjap seed nuts,
+hoping that under the Mendelian law, the characteristics of the two
+parents would segregate themselves. The trunk and bark of some of the
+trees resembled black walnut quite distinctly, while none resembled the
+butternut. So far as is known to the writer, none of the trees have yet
+fruited. One of the several butterjap trees in Galena, Md., previously
+referred to, produced nuts rather more like black walnuts than
+butternuts. These two instances therefore, would suggest Japanese x
+black walnut parentage.
+
+
+Black Walnut Root Toxicity
+
+On several occasions discussions of root toxicity between the black
+walnut and certain of its neighbors have taken place at Association
+meetings. The theory that black walnut trees give off toxic properties
+from their roots, which are fatal to other plants, is therefore not new.
+Some years ago the Virginia Experiment Station definitely isolated a
+toxic substance which was held responsible for the death of tomatoes,
+potatoes, alfalfa, blackberry plants and apple trees when these other
+plants were grown in close enough proximity for their roots to come in
+contact with those of the black walnut. This work was reported in
+various publications and was written up by several different authors.
+
+Since then, as well as before, the writer has looked for similar
+evidence, but, so far, in vain. Each of these crops, including tomatoes,
+potatoes, alfalfa, blackberries and apples, have been seen growing in as
+close contact with black walnut as they could possibly be placed.
+Oftentimes they have been found much nearer to black walnut trees than
+would have been wise to place them to oak, hickory, ash or other species
+of large growing trees. This does not mean that when the roots are in
+actual contact the toxic agent of the black walnut roots would not prove
+fatal to the other plants but it does indicate that in the great
+majority of cases there is no practical danger.
+
+Anyone who has doubt about the healthy condition of these other species
+when grown close together with black walnut trees, may obtain evidence
+for himself by noting the frequent combination of this sort easily found
+in fields and gardens of the country and small towns. It is surprising
+how often these combinations of black walnut and other species are to be
+seen. Any unprejudiced person could hardly fail to become convinced
+that, in the great majority of cases, the danger is of small practical
+consequence. The roots of the black walnut run deeply under ground and
+it is entirely conceivable that in deep soil they do not ordinarily come
+up to the shallower levels of the roots of most other species.
+
+
+Summary
+
+A summary of the year's developments might be arranged about as follows:
+
+(1) More black walnut kernels were harvested and consumed during the
+year than ever before.
+
+(2) Prices to the farmer reached about the same low level of the year
+preceding, but the total drop during recent years was probably not in
+proportion to the drop of most other food products.
+
+(3) Crop prospects in 1933 are unfavorable for another large crop.
+Prices are starting out considerably higher than for several years.
+
+(4) Production of black walnuts from grafted trees under cultivation is
+altogether insignificant in comparison with that from chance seedlings
+receiving no special cultivation.
+
+(5) Grafting and planting are taking place at too moderate a rate to
+materially alter the ratio of production from seedling to that of
+grafted trees in the near future.
+
+(6) There has been considerable improvement during recent years in the
+manner of preparing and packing black walnut kernels for market, but
+there is need for further advance along this line.
+
+(7) Merchants engaged in handling black walnut kernels predict that
+there will continue to be a normal steady increase in consumption, now
+that the market has become established, trade channels opened up, and
+consumers habits somewhat established.
+
+(8) Walnut hybrids occur frequently in nature. So far, none have
+appeared which were of special value because of the character of nuts
+which they produce. So-called butterjaps appear to be possible from
+either certain crosses or from reversion to parent oriental types.
+
+(9) Ordinarily, other crops may be interplanted with black walnuts with
+as great safety as with most other equally large growing and deep-rooted
+trees.
+
+
+
+
+Is the Information We Have on Orchard Fertility of Value in the Nut
+Grove?
+
+  _BY_ PROF. F. N. FAGAN, _PROFESSOR OF POMOLOGY
+  THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE_
+
+
+Many of the association members present are also general fruit orchard
+owners of this state. I am glad to meet with you and must confess that
+it has been many years since I have had the pleasure of attending the
+annual meeting of this association. To be exact, the last meeting I
+attended was the annual meeting held in Lancaster some seven years ago.
+It is not that the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station lacks
+interest in nut culture that keeps it from doing work along nut
+investigational lines, but because the older and more extensive apple,
+peach, cherry, grape and berry industries have called upon the
+resources of the station to its working capacity.
+
+When Mr. Hershey wrote asking me to speak before this meeting I felt
+that the only information we had at the station that would fit into the
+picture was the information we have regarding orchard fertility. I
+therefore gave him the subject, "Is the information we now have on
+general orchard fertility of value in the nut grove?"
+
+First, let me touch upon some of the papers given this morning. I think
+it would be well for the nut meat industry to look into the department
+of health's requirements governing the health inspection of workers
+handling food products. I also suggest looking into the possibility of
+the selling of nuts and nut meats by interested high school boys and
+girls in our many towns and cities.
+
+The question of annual bearing of nut trees is a subject needing
+investigation. I rather expect we shall find that this factor is closely
+connected with over-production of a tree one year, fertility and
+moisture supply, or, in other words, the nuts may be much like apples.
+While the nature of tree growth may tend to cause trees to be alternate
+producers, man may upset this natural habit to some extent by proper
+cultural practices and thus cause the tree to produce, not a full crop
+in the off year but at least some fruits that will be on the profit
+side.
+
+As to the toxic effect of some of our nut trees upon growth of other
+plants growing near by, I rather expect we shall find as time goes on
+that instead of the trees having a toxic effect they have a robbing
+effect upon soil moisture and food. One thing that leads me to this
+belief is that years ago we taught that one reason for seeding a cover
+crop in the orchard was to have the cover take the moisture from the
+soil in the fall of the year and in that way check tree growth. We now
+know that a mature apple or peach tree will reverse this during the
+growing season and will take its full share of moisture and food from
+the soil and really take these away from the cover crop. We saw this
+occur during the dry years of 1929 and 1930 with covers that had been
+seeded in June. During both these years, in our orchard blocks where the
+water holding capacity of the soil was low, the cover died over the tree
+root feeding spaces. Some may have said that the trees were having a
+toxic effect upon the soil. This was not the case for, in 1932 and 1933,
+both years of plenty of moisture supply, the covers have grown well
+around the trees in these blocks.
+
+I shall now ask you to refer to the conclusions on page 3 of our
+Bulletin No. 294, issued by The Pennsylvania State College, which has
+just been distributed to you. These conclusions are, of course, based
+upon our work in an apple orchard but I believe they will apply closely
+to the management of nut orchards.
+
+
+Lessons from Fertility Studies in the Experiment Orchard
+
+Most of the experiments in this orchard have now completed 25 years;
+there have been few changes and these minor ones. Certain lessons may be
+drawn from this quarter century of research:
+
+1. The fertility of an orchard soil is more than its plant food content.
+It involves the nature of the soil, its depth and topography, its
+previous treatment, the use of fertilizers and manures, the amount and
+nature of the cultivation and the covers or sods grown. Fertilizers are
+only part of the problem of soil fertility.
+
+2. In this orchard any treatment that has influenced the trees at all
+has done so in the following order: first, the cover crops; perhaps
+several years later, leaf color; shortly after, branch growth and
+circumference increase; and last of all, yield.
+
+3. The reason for this sequence of results is that the treatments,
+whether chemical fertilizers, manure, or cover crops, have influenced
+yields chiefly by changing the organic matter content of the soil; that
+is, those treatments which have resulted in the production of larger
+cover crops have ultimately resulted in the production of more fruit.
+
+4. The organic content of the soil has been a considerable factor in
+determining the amount of water in this soil. Those treatments which
+have built up the organic content have kept the soil in condition to
+soak up rainfall rather than to lose it by surface run-off. A larger
+water supply, in turn, has produced more cover crops.
+
+5. The site of this orchard seems nearly level to the casual eye; yet
+slope, with its accompanying erosion, together with differences in depth
+of soil, have created nearly as large differences in growth and yield as
+any treatment. Good treatments have nearly offset the initial
+disadvantage of poor soil; but it is more economical to plant the
+orchard on good soil than to attempt the improvement of a poor soil.
+
+6. A short, non-legume sod rotation is an efficient means of building up
+a depleted orchard soil. After a sod of any kind becomes thick tree
+growth is checked and yields decline. Orchard sods should be turned
+under or partially broken, frequently.
+
+7. Moisture conditions often are more favorable in the sod orchard than
+in the cultivated orchard. Runoff is checked by a sod and less water
+is used by a sod in mid-summer, after it has been mowed, than by a heavy
+cover crop.
+
+8. Under a non-legume sod the soil nitrate supply becomes very low in
+late May or early June, necessitating early applications of nitrogenous
+fertilizers. Annual applications of 10 pounds of nitrate of soda per
+tree, or its equivalent in sulphate of ammonia or other forms, have
+proved profitable in this orchard. Superphosphate, in light
+applications, has increased sod and cover crop growth.
+
+9. Trees receiving annual tillage with July seeding of cover crops have
+not done as well as those under sod rotations. If the cover crops are
+seeded in early June, as has been practiced since 1929, the difference
+may not be marked.
+
+10. To maintain equal yields, Stayman and Baldwin must make longer
+branch growth than York.
+
+In addition to these conclusions I will say that any grower who will
+keep his orchard soil in a state of fertility (by use of manure, proper
+farm crop fertilizers--nitrate, phosphate or potash alone or in
+combination with each other--liming and, if necessary, drainage) which
+will permit growing clovers, alfalfa, soy beans, cow peas, vetch, or any
+of the legumes, and who really does grow them as covers in his grove or
+orchard, turning them back into the soil with a minimum period of spring
+cultivation--just enough to prepare a seed bed--will never need to worry
+about his soil fertility or water holding capacity.
+
+You note that I say a minimum of cultivation. We taught twenty years
+ago that cultivation should continue during June, July, and August. We
+now feel that this teaching was wrong. We can see no benefit from this
+long summer cultivation but do see some harm. Cultivation during the hot
+weather of June, July, and August will only aid in burning out the
+organic matter in the soil, just the very thing we plant a cover for.
+Many of the covers such as alfalfa, sweet clover and non-legume grasses
+can be harrowed very heavily in early spring after the frost is out of
+the ground, thus checking their growth for several weeks, and it is in
+early spring before the first flowers open, and while open, that the
+tree needs its nitrogen to aid in the set of fruit, and season's tree
+growth; the checking of the cover's growth in early spring gives the
+tree the chance to get its food.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Zimmerman: I am very grateful for the address of Prof. Fagan.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Smith: I want to express my appreciation of Prof. Fagan's paper. I
+want to call to the attention of this convention of people that this
+young man has actually admitted his hard headedness, that he has been
+willing to let a tree compel him to change his thinking.
+
+
+
+
+Progress Report on Kellogg Nut Cultural Project of the Michigan State
+College
+
+_By_ J. A. NEILSON, _M. S. C., East Lansing_
+
+
+The Nut Cultural Project so generously supported by Mr. W. K. Kellogg of
+Battle Creek made good progress during the season of 1933. The various
+phases of this project are briefly discussed under their separate
+headings as follows:
+
+
+Search for Superior Trees
+
+This feature of our nut cultural programme is of the utmost importance
+and will continue to be so until the entire state has been thoroughly
+explored. In our search we have been greatly helped by interested people
+throughout the state and elsewhere who report the existence of good
+trees or who send specimens of nuts from superior trees. This voluntary
+help is very useful and is much appreciated.
+
+Of the various methods of searching for good trees, nut contests are the
+most efficient and economical. Through the medium of national contests
+this Association has discovered many good varieties, and several of
+these new varieties are now being propagated. In view of the discoveries
+resulting from the Association contest in 1929 and our state contest in
+the same year, it was deemed advisable to stage another contest in 1932.
+
+An article setting forth the terms of the contest was sent to all the
+daily, weekly, and agricultural and horticultural journals and was given
+very wide publicity by these press agencies. A great deal of interest
+was shown in our contest and more than 1600 exhibits were entered by
+approximately 700 exhibitors.
+
+Several good strains were brought to light by this contest, most of
+which were unknown before the contest was staged. The prize winners and
+the awards are as follows:
+
+  =Black Walnuts=
+
+  Daniel Beck, Hamilton, Mich.        1st $15.00
+  Harry Webber, Cincinnati, Ohio      2nd $10.00
+  E. Gray, Williamston, Mich.         3rd $ 5.00
+
+  =Hickories=
+
+  Mrs. Ray D. Mann, Davison, Michigan 1st $15.00
+  D. Miller, North Branch, Mich.      2nd $10.00
+  Lyle Hause, Fowlerville, Mich.      3rd $ 5.00
+
+  =English Walnuts=
+
+  Harry Larsen, Ionia, Mich.          1st $10.00
+  D. B. Lewis, Vassar, Mich.          2nd $ 5.00
+  J. W. Jockett, Hart Mich.           3rd $ 3.00
+
+  =Butternuts=
+
+  Claude Mitchell, Scotland, Ont.     1st $10.00
+  M. E. Alverson, Howard City, Mich.  2nd $ 5.00
+  Frank Luther, Fairgrove, Mich.      3rd $ 3.00
+
+  =Heartnuts=
+
+  Claude Mitchell, Scotland, Ont.     1st $10.00
+  Fred Bourne, Milford, Mich.         2nd $ 5.00
+  J. U. Gellatly, Gellatly, B. C.     3rd $ 3.00
+
+  =Chestnuts (Hybrids)=
+
+  John Dunbar, Oshtemo, Mich.         1st $10.00
+  D. N. Dean, Shelbyville, Mich.      2nd $ 5.00
+  J. W. Jockett, Hart, Mich.          3rd $ 3.00
+
+  =Jap. Walnuts=
+
+  Harold English, Chatham, Ont.       1st $10.00
+  Harold Evers, Petoskey, Mich.       2nd $ 5.00
+  Bob Cardinell                       3rd $ 3.00
+
+If and when another contest is held a larger number of prizes will be
+given provided sufficient funds are available. The experience gained in
+the 1929 and 1932 contests indicates the desirability of holding at
+least three contests and five would be better, and to have the contests
+held annually. It is very difficult to advertise a nut contest so that
+every person in rural sections knows of it and moreover, even if it were
+thoroughly advertised in any one year, it would not be possible to get
+nuts from all good trees because of the irregularity in fruiting habit
+of nut trees. The experience of others who stage contests will
+substantiate this opinion.
+
+It is a great satisfaction to record the discovery of some promising
+pecan trees near Vandalia on the farm of Clyde Westphal. These trees
+were reported to me by Mr. Harry Burgart of Union City, and at the first
+opportunity I went with Mr. Burgart to examine the trees. There are 19
+trees in the grove and the largest and best fruited tree is about 45
+feet tall and nearly one foot in diameter at the base. The nuts are of
+medium size, crack easily, and contain kernels of good quality. A good
+crop was borne last year and other satisfactory crops have been secured
+for several years. It is quite likely that this tree would not mature
+nuts in a short growing season or in a season of low heat units, but the
+fact that it has done so well in recent years in growth and nut
+production is very encouraging, indeed. Plans are being made to
+propagate this strain.
+
+Another good pecan sample was received from Mr. B. B. Dowell of
+Paulding, Ohio. This tree is hardy and produces nuts slightly larger
+than the Westphal tree. The nuts have good cracking quality and flavor
+of kernel and are worth propagating for northern regions.
+
+
+Propagation
+
+The propagation of selected strains of nut trees is not primarily the
+function of an Experiment Station, with the exception of such work as
+may be necessary to establish on Station property a sufficient number of
+trees to furnish scionwood for experimental purposes and to supply
+interested parties with what they require. We believe that nut tree
+nurserymen should undertake the propagation of new varieties of proven
+merit and we have endeavored to furnish our local nurserymen and others
+with scionwood of our best native selections or introductions. Such
+propagation as we have done is with established trees and can properly
+be considered as top-working. This feature of our project is discussed
+under that heading.
+
+
+Topworking
+
+Our programme of top-working was carried on in 1933 to the full extent
+of time and funds available and a special effort was made to top-work
+some of the worthless pignuts and bitternuts with scions of hicans and
+hybrid hickories. In a former report, reference was made to the
+difficulty in grafting shagbark and shellbark scions onto pignuts; and
+here again I want to say my first observation still holds especially
+with the shagbarks. I do not have a single shagbark scion left on
+pignuts out of several hundred set during the last four seasons.
+
+Our results with hybrid hickories and with hicans have been much
+more encouraging in so far as the set of scions and growth is
+concerned. The following varieties have done well on the pignut or
+bitternut--Burlington, Beaver, Cedar Rapids, Creager, Dennis, Des
+Moines, Fairbanks, Kirtland, Laney, Lingenfelter, McCallister,
+Stratford, and Shinnerling. It is definitely known that most of these
+varieties are of hybrid origin with the exception of Cedar Rapids and
+Kirtland. The buds of the variety I have labelled as Cedar Rapids do not
+look like pure shagbarks and it is possible that a mix up has occurred
+in the labels.
+
+A satisfactory start was made in propagating the prize-winning shagbark
+hickories of our 1932 contest and further work will be done with these
+kinds in the present season.
+
+Good progress has been made in propagating our best varieties of black
+walnuts, English walnuts, and Chinese walnuts. We now have several trees
+some of which are quite large that have been top-worked to scions of
+Wiard, Allen, Grundy, Rowher, Ohio, Creitz, Carpenter, and Stambaugh
+black walnuts. In English walnuts we have Carpathian No. 1, 2, and
+5--Crath, McDermid, and Broadview. This latter variety is above the
+average in size, cracks easily and has a good kernel. Still more
+important it is believed to be hardy and is definitely known to have
+endured 25 deg. below zero F. This variety was sent by Mr. J. U. Gellatly,
+our enthusiastic nut tree hunter from British Columbia. Mr. Gellatly has
+brought to light a considerable number of heartnuts and a few English
+walnuts. One of his latest finds is an English walnut that produces very
+large almost round thin shelled nuts. This tree grows on high bench land
+near Okanogun, B. C. and is a seedling of a tree growing in the high
+altitudes of Kashmir in Northern India. Some of the heartnuts sent by
+Mr. Gellatly are amongst the largest I have ever seen and possess good
+cracking and extraction qualities. Scions of these varieties have been
+ordered from Mr. Gellatly and we hope to establish at least one good
+tree of each kind as a source of propagating material. We also have
+several grafts of an excellent Chinese walnut which we obtained from Mr.
+George Corsan of Islington, Ontario. This variety bears a large nut with
+a thin well sealed shell and a first-class kernel, and has been named
+Corsan.
+
+
+New Plantings
+
+The planting programme for 1933 included the planting of about 40 acres
+on the Collver part of the Kellogg Farm near Augusta, but this had to be
+reduced by 50% because of financial troubles caused by the closing of
+the banks in which Mr. Kellogg was a depositor. In addition to the new
+plantings a considerable number of replacements had to be made
+particularly in the chestnut groves. The following table shows the
+number of each species and variety planted:
+
+  (a) Black Walnuts
+
+  Variety Number
+
+  Allen 2
+  Wessell 5
+  Thomas 20
+  Beck 2
+  Bohamin 2
+  Edras 3
+  Grundy 3
+  Homeland 3
+  Howell 2
+  Grabill 2
+  Hauber 1
+  Heplar 3
+  Mintle 2
+  Patuxent 7
+  Ruddick 1
+  Stanley 1
+  Tasterite 1
+  Stover 1
+  Worthington 1
+  McMillen 1
+  Hunter 1
+  Birds Eye 15
+  Carpenter 10
+  Miller 5
+  Ten Ecyk 10
+  Ohio 10
+  Stabler 15
+
+  (b) Chinese Walnut
+
+  Seedlings 20
+
+  (c) English Walnut
+
+  Seedlings (Crath) 21
+  Alpine 10
+  Mayette 10
+
+  (d) Butternuts
+
+  Seedlings 50
+
+
+  Hickories
+
+  (a) Hybrids
+
+  Stratford 5
+
+  (b) Shagbark
+
+  Glover 5
+  Romig 3
+
+  (c) Shellbark
+
+  Stephens 2
+
+  (d) Pecans
+
+  Indiana 1
+  Niblack 4
+  Greenriver 5
+  Kentucky 5
+  Butterick 6
+  Posey 5
+  Carlyle 3
+  Jeffrey 3
+  Seedlings 50
+
+  (e) Hicans
+
+  Des Moines 7
+  Gerrardi 5
+  Burlington 4
+  Wright 3
+  Burton 2
+  Norton 2
+
+
+  Hazels
+
+  (a) Turkish Hazels
+
+  Seedlings 40
+
+  (b) Jones Hybrids
+
+  Seedlings 14
+
+  (c) Corylus Vilmorinii
+
+  Seedlings 1
+
+
+  Chestnuts
+
+  (a) Chinese
+
+  Seedlings 251
+
+  (b) Japanese
+
+  Seedlings 20
+
+Good results were secured with all of the above mentioned kinds except
+the Chinese and Japanese chestnuts. The reason for this failure is given
+elsewhere in this report.
+
+
+Demonstration Work on Grafting
+
+This feature of our programme has not received as much attention as
+should be given to it owing to lack of scionwood of local origin and to
+a desire to work over nearly all the trees on the Kellogg Farm before
+attempting much outside work. We now have a fair supply of scionwood on
+our station trees and are in a position to proceed with a modest
+top-working programme out in the state.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The principal object of this scheme will be to establish sources of
+scionwood at various places in the state and to instruct interested
+parties in the art of grafting. A total of 25 demonstrations have
+already been given and in nearly every case improved varieties were
+established and local interest was aroused. It is a matter of
+satisfaction to report that at least four men have made a commendable
+start in top-working ordinary seedling trees with scions of superior
+sorts and one of these men, Mr. Charles Pepper of Berlamont, proposes to
+establish a small nursery of Allen black walnuts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+For some time the writer has planned to interest the Future Farmers of
+America in planting nut trees, but was too busy with other duties to
+make the proper contact. Just recently arrangements were made with Dr.
+Gallup, the State Supervisor of Vocational Agricultural Education, for a
+presentation of the scheme of nut tree planting to these enterprising
+and energetic young men. My object is to interest at least one member of
+each group in either top-working local seedlings with the best hardy
+varieties or in planting good nut tree varieties. Plans are also made to
+interest the members of the State Horticultural Society in planting some
+of the best varieties of Michigan origin.
+
+
+Educational Work
+
+This feature of our project has not been given a great deal of emphasis
+because it was believed we did not have enough information of local
+nature to justify us in conducting an extensive educational programme.
+We now believe we have enough information to make a start and I have
+arranged a series of meetings with county agents at their regional
+conferences in the southern part of the lower peninsula. Each regional
+conference includes the county agents and associated workers in several
+counties and affords one an opportunity to present our programme to
+State officials who can give us most effective cooperation. This project
+along with a similar one for the Future Farmers of America should create
+more interest in nut culture.
+
+
+General Notes
+
+The establishment of hardy blight resistant chestnuts of good quality is
+an important objective in our nut cultural project, and one in which
+only partial success can be reported. Approximately 700 Chinese and
+Japanese Chestnut trees have been planted but only about 260 of these
+trees are living. Some of these casualties were due to dry weather,
+rabbits and woodchucks, but the major part were due to unsuitable soil
+conditions. Our observations show that the Asiatic chestnuts will not
+thrive in an alkaline soil, as nearly all the losses occurred on an area
+that had a heavy application of marl. On the area where the trees are
+now growing well the soil is acid and supports several acid tolerant
+plants.
+
+A superior strain of Chinese Chestnut was found in a lot of about 60
+trees which the writer sent to Mr. W. R. Reek of the Experiment Station
+at Ridgetown, Ontario, in 1927. The best tree has made a good growth,
+and bears large nuts of good quality. Scions of this tree were obtained
+last spring and grafted onto several Chinese seedlings at the Kellogg
+Farm. An attempt will also be made to graft a few large--unfruitful
+Japanese chestnuts at various places in the State with scions of this
+good Chinese strain.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An interesting bit of information on the hardiness of the black walnut
+and butternut has just come to hand from Col. B. D. Wallace of Portage,
+La Prairie, Manitoba. Col. Wallace reports the occurrence of a seedling
+black walnut in his nursery that is quite hardy and which bore fully
+matured nuts at an early age. He also has a fine grove of butternuts
+that are entirely hardy and which bear good crops of nuts. These
+butternut trees grew from nuts secured from France about twenty years
+ago. The trees are quite hardy but other butternut seedlings from
+Ontario seemed to lack hardiness. No data are at hand to show where the
+French butternut trees came from, but inasmuch as the butternut is not a
+native of France it is almost certain that the trees came from North
+America and probably Quebec Province. In any case the trees are hardy
+and are reported to give satisfaction to the people in the Prairie
+Provinces.
+
+Mr. Kroodsma, Extension Forester, reports the occurrence of a moderately
+large black walnut which bears nuts of good quality and fair size at
+Houghton in the extreme northern part of the Upper Peninsula. These
+accessions to our knowledge of the hardiness of the walnut and butternut
+are valuable and would suggest that these species can be grown much
+farther north than their native range.
+
+In a former report reference was made to an attempt while in the service
+of the Ontario Department of Agriculture to interest the members of the
+Womens' Institute in Ontario in planting nut trees, but not much
+progress was made until last spring. The writer had in Ontario about 800
+fine seedling heartnuts which he was unable to sell and which had to be
+moved. It seemed regrettable to destroy them and finally the trees were
+given to Mr. Geo. Putnam, Supt. of Institutes for distribution in my old
+home county and in another county where I worked for some time. The
+trees were readily accepted and much interest was aroused. So much in
+fact that I was kept busy writing letters to people who wanted to share
+in the distribution. Unfortunately, I did not have enough trees to meet
+all demands and so had to refuse many an Institute member who was
+anxious to try these heartnut seedlings.
+
+
+
+
+Notes on the Filbert Orchard at Geneva
+
+_By_ G. L. SLATE
+
+_Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y._
+
+
+Winter killing of the wood and catkins is probably the limiting factor
+in growing filberts in Western New York. Satisfactory varieties must
+possess catkins hardy enough to provide sufficient pollen for
+pollination purposes. There must also be very little killing of the wood
+or the crop will be reduced in proportion to the amount of wood that is
+winter injured. Several years observations in the Station filbert
+orchard at Geneva have shown a great variation in hardiness of filbert
+varieties. With some varieties the catkins are severely injured each
+winter, with others, very little injury occurs. Because of this great
+variation in hardiness we must accumulate as much data as possible
+concerning the ability of varieties to withstand our winters, especially
+the mild winters, before we are in a position to make definite variety
+recommendations.
+
+Last winter, 1932-33 was especially hard on filberts, in fact, much more
+winter injury was experienced than at any time since the Station orchard
+was set in 1925. It was a good season to separate the hardy and tender
+sorts. Throughout the winter the weather was exceptionally mild and
+favorable for that type of winter injury due to early growth activity.
+In a normally cold winter catkin killing as a rule is not very serious,
+except on a few tender varieties. Although catkin killing was so serious
+at Geneva, S. H. Graham of Ithaca, who is growing a number of varieties
+on an exposed location where winters are more severe than at Geneva,
+reports that his trees suffered less catkin injury than at any time
+since he has been growing them. Catkin killing does not seem to be due
+to extreme cold during the winter and rarely are the catkins injured
+before late February or early March. Injury may be severe even though
+the temperatures are not lower than the catkins are thought to endure
+when in bloom. Apparently the injury may be due to the cumulative effect
+of dessication throughout the winter months, this effect becoming
+apparent shortly before the catkins bloom. Catkins forced into bloom
+prior to late February bloom normally and without apparent injury.
+
+The data on winter injury of catkins is being accumulated for two
+purposes. First, it is being used as a basis for recommending varieties
+as pollinators; and second, it is being used in selecting parents for
+breeding hardy varieties.
+
+The amount of winter killed catkins is determined by observation during
+the blooming season in late March. All catkins that fail to open, or
+open weakly and shed no pollen, are considered winter killed and the
+proportion that are killed is expressed in per cent.
+
+Based on the amount of winter injury of catkins during the winter
+1932-33, I am making four groups. First, those varieties in which all,
+or practically all the catkins were killed. In the varieties suffering
+such severe catkin injuries, much of the wood was killed, but this will
+be treated separately.
+
+The varieties in this group are Nottingham, Early Prolific, Garibaldi,
+Kentish filbert, Pearson's Prolific, Princess Royal, the Shah, Webb's
+Prize Cobb, Bandnuss, Barr's Zellernuss, Berger's Zellernuss, Grosse
+Kugelnuss, Heynicks Zellernuss, Lange von Downton, Multiflora, Sickler's
+Zellernuss, and a Corylus rostrata brought into cultivation from a glen
+a few miles away. The planting of varieties in this list is not
+recommended.
+
+The second group includes those sorts in which 50 to 90 per cent of the
+catkins were killed. The varieties are Barcelona, Daviana, Fertile de
+Coutard, Montebello, Cannon Ball, Duke of Edinburgh, Duchess of
+Edinboro, Prolific Closehead, Red Skinned, Kadetten Zellernuss, Kaiserin
+Eugenie, Kunzemuller's Zellernuss, Liegel's Zellernuss, Prolifique a
+coque serree, Romische Nuss, Schlesierin, Truchsess Zellernuss, Voile
+Zellernuss, Kruse, and Littlepage, a variety of Corylus americana from
+Indiana. Some wood killing occurred among the varieties in this group.
+None of these varieties should be depended upon for pollination
+purposes.
+
+The third group includes those varieties experiencing 20 to 50 per cent
+winter injury. The varieties are Kentish Cob, Italian Red, Bollwiller,
+Red Aveline, White Aveline, and Vollkugel. These varieties may be
+planted with caution if too much dependence is not placed upon them as
+pollinators.
+
+In the fourth group are those with less than 20 per cent of catkin
+injury. These are Clackamas, Cosford, Minna, Early Globe, English
+Cluster, Medium Long, Oregon, Purple Aveline, Red Lambert, White
+Lambert, D'Alger, Althaldensleber, Ludolph's Zellernuss, Luisen's
+Zellernuss, Neue Riesennuss, Eickige Barcelonaer, and Winkler and Rush,
+the latter two being varieties of Corylus americana. Varieties from this
+group and the third group should be used as pollinators and as parents
+in breeding work to develop catkin hardy varieties.
+
+Winter killing of the wood has not been as extensive nor as serious as
+catkin killing. It is usually slight and confined to a few varieties but
+during the past winter 1932-33, many varieties killed back severely.
+
+The varieties are grouped according to the amount of winter injury of
+wood. Varieties in which more than 50 per cent of the wood was killed
+are Nottingham, Early Prolific, Garibaldi, Princess Royal, Webb's Prize
+Cob, Bandnuss, Grosse Kugelnuss, Jeeves Samling, Kaiserin Eugenie,
+Multiflora, Kurzhullige Zellernuss, Lange von Downton, and the Corylus
+rostrata previously mentioned.
+
+Varieties experiencing from 20 to 50 per cent of wood killing were
+Barcelona, Red Aveline, Montebello, Berger's Zellernuss, Einzeltragende
+Kegelformige, Heynick's Zellernuss, Prolifique a Coque serre, Sickler's
+Zellernuss, Voile Zellernuss, and Russ.
+
+In the following varieties from 5 to 20 per cent of the wood was
+winter-killed: Minna, Bollwiller, Duchess of Edinboro, Pearson's
+Prolific, The Shah, Barr's Zellernuss, Kunzemuller's Zellernuss,
+Liegel's Zellernuss, Romische Nuss, Schlesierin, Truchsess Zellernuss,
+Vollkugel and Littlepage.
+
+Varieties which are not injured at all or less than five per cent were
+Clackamas, Cosford, Daviana, Early Globe, English Cluster, Kentish Cob,
+Fertile de Coutard, Italian Red, Medium Long, Oregon, Purple Aveline,
+Red Lambert, White Aveline, White Lambert, D'Alger, Cannon Ball, Duke of
+Edinburgh, Kentish filbert, Prolific Closehead, Red Skinned, Eckige
+Barcelonaer, Kadetten Zellernuss, Ludolph's Zellernuss, Luisen's
+Zellernuss, Kruse, Neue Riesennuss and Rush and Winkler.
+
+It is evident from this data that although many filbert varieties are
+subject to serious winter injury, there are still a number to choose
+from that are sufficiently hardy under western New York conditions.
+
+
+Variety Notes
+
+The Station variety collection has grown considerably since I discussed
+filberts before you in 1929. At that time the collection consisted of 28
+varieties; today there are under test at Geneva 99 varieties of Corylus
+avellana, five varieties of Corylus americana, five Jones seedlings, and
+six species of Corylus, or a total of 115 forms.
+
+Later observations on the original orchard have indicated that the
+original variety recommendations should be modified. Certain varieties
+imported from Europe and renamed, or were misnamed when imported, and
+that have been disseminated by nurseries are apparently identical with
+certain German varieties recently imported by the Geneva Station.
+Preliminary observations indicate that some of these recently imported
+German sorts are worthy of further attention.
+
+Barcelona which was the most productive variety during the first few
+years has been falling behind in yields the past two seasons. This,
+coupled with the winter killing of wood and catkins last winter, makes
+Barcelona a doubtful variety to plant.
+
+Italian Red in 1932 averaged nearly eight pounds of nuts to the tree,
+the heaviest yield of any variety in the orchard. The crop this year
+promises to be satisfactory and one of the largest in the orchard, in a
+season when varieties generally are very light. S. H. Graham of Ithaca
+reports that "Italian Red has been the best and most regular bearer of
+any of the European filberts" that he has tried.
+
+Kentish Cob averaged five pounds per tree last year and Cosford over
+four pounds. The latter variety is catkin hardy and should be in every
+planting. White Lambert and Red Lambert, still light croppers, possess
+very hardy catkins and for that reason deserve trial.
+
+Oregon, Purple Aveline, and English Cluster bear heavy crops, but are
+difficult to husk and the nuts too small for market. For home use they
+should be very satisfactory.
+
+Among the newer nuts fruiting last year for the first time, Neue
+Riesennuss, originating in Germany in 1871, is promising. It is one of
+the largest in the Station collection, is a bright light brown in color
+with slightly darker stripes, and last winter experienced very little
+catkin injury and no wood injury. As yet nothing is known of its
+productiveness in this country, but in Germany it is said to be
+productive.
+
+Some of the nuts distributed in this country by Mr. Vollertsen of
+Rochester are proving identical with some of the German sorts recently
+imported by the Station. I do not intend to suggest now that the name of
+the varieties in this country be changed to those of the varieties with
+which they are identical. Later when all of these imported varieties are
+in full bearing the matter of changing names will be brought to your
+attention again.
+
+Red Lambert (of Vollertsen) is identical with Beethe's Zeller, and
+Italian Red (of Vollertsen) is identical with Gustav's Zeller. Minna (of
+Vollertsen) is not the Minna of German descriptions.
+
+
+Filbert Breeding
+
+The breeding work with filberts is following two lines. Hardiness of
+wood and catkin is of prime importance and to develop varieties
+satisfactorily in these respects those varieties that have proved hardy
+are being crossed with different sorts that have desirable nut and tree
+characters. Hardiness is also being sought by crossing the Rush native
+hazel with varieties of Corylus avellana. 535 trees from this cross,
+made by Mr. Reed, are now growing in a fruiting plantation at the
+Station, and several hundred more from other crosses are in the nursery
+row. With this wealth of material coming along, it is reasonable to
+assume that the day is not far distant when satisfactory varieties will
+be available for northern planting.
+
+
+
+
+Developing a Walnut Grove as a Side Line Job as a Bee Keeper
+
+L. K. HOSTETTER
+
+_Lancaster, Pennsylvania_
+
+
+In discussing this topic I shall give you some of my doings in my bee
+business and nut growing.
+
+About 30 years ago, I started out in the bee business with three
+colonies of bees. This number increased gradually until I had 170
+colonies. During these 80 years I would sometimes have a bumper crop of
+honey and then again sometimes a total failure. This past summer
+happened to be one of those off years. It is, however, the income from
+this bee business that started me off in the growing of a grove of 800
+black walnut trees, also a few shellbarks, pecans, heartnuts, English
+walnuts, hicans, hardshell almonds and filberts.
+
+In the spring of 1926, I had a nurseryman graft 6 small black walnut
+trees to the Thomas and Stabler varieties with 5 catches, 4 Thomas and 1
+Stabler. In the spring of 1927, I bought the homestead farm and planted
+2 Thomas, 2 Stabler, and 2 Ohio black walnuts, 2 shellbarks, 2 hardshell
+almonds and 6 filberts. This spring I also planted about a bushel of
+seedling black walnuts and, as it happened we had an exceptionally wet
+summer, these seedlings made a wonderful growth.
+
+In the spring of 1928 I transplanted about 15 acres to these seedlings.
+In 1929 I planted another 20 acres, and in 1930 another 10 acres. Some
+of these trees were planted 60 feet each way and some 30 feet apart.
+
+Some of these trees were grafted the same year they were planted but
+most of them were grafted two years later. At this time I had little
+experience in grafting and, naturally, my 2 acres in getting catches
+were accordingly. When I started out I thought it would be cheaper to
+plant seedlings and graft them, as explained above. I have gotten along
+fairly well in getting my grove started but I found it to be far more
+work than I expected it would be and I would not do it that way again.
+Because of some failures each year I still have many trees that have not
+yet been successfully grafted. I am not in a great hurry to get my grove
+on a paying basis as I am getting a lot of fun playing with the
+developing of it and I don't believe there will be so very much
+difference in the size of these trees 25 years from now. I would say,
+however, that for the man who wants to get a nut grove developed as soon
+as possible, he should buy his trees from the expert nut tree
+nurseryman.
+
+My entire grove is now seeded to blue grass for a permanent pasture.
+About 25 acres is pastured by 160 head of sheep and the balance is cut
+for hay to feed the sheep in the winter time. My reason for seeding to
+blue grass is to prevent erosion. Possibly if I should keep my trees
+cultivated during the summer they would make a better growth. But then
+my sheep will make quite a bit of manure and I spread much of this
+manure under the trees every winter and, as it is, my trees are making a
+very good growth every year.
+
+I now have a grove of about 800 black walnut trees. These are mostly of
+the Thomas, also quite a few Ohio and Stabler and a few Ten Eycks. The
+Stablers, Ohios, and Ten Eycks seem to fill the shell so full of meats
+with me that they are hard to remove in large pieces. I think I shall
+regraft most of these to the Thomas and some of the later varieties.
+
+About 600 of my trees are now 7 years old from seed. These trees had
+about 1/2 bushel of hulled walnuts last summer and I expect to have
+about 2 bushels this summer. Last summer I also had about a peck of hard
+shell almonds from my two trees that were planted in 1927. In 1931 my 6
+filberts had about 1/2 peck of nuts. These trees are now big enough to
+have at least a bushel or two of nuts if the catkins had not frozen this
+past winter.
+
+Dr. Zimmerman: Mr. Hostetter, I would like to suggest, from the fact
+that we know so little about pollinization of nut trees, that you do not
+be in too big a hurry to cut out your odd varieties. Instead why not do
+this, let them come into bearing and then each year cut the variety out
+and note if there is any change in the bearing of the Thomas, of which
+you say your orchard is mostly made up? Should you happen to note a lack
+of pollinization or bearing in the Thomas the year after a certain
+variety is cut out, you can then start checking and may find that
+variety the best pollinator for the Thomas. I certainly would not be in
+too big a hurry to eliminate all my test varieties if I were you.
+
+The President: Last year Prof. Reed gave us a very valuable paper on
+pollinization.
+
+Dr. Zimmerman: I have a Taylor hickory at my place and every year it has
+several nutlets but as soon as they get any size they tumble off. I have
+never seen any catkins on that tree.
+
+I have been fooling around for several years with persimmons. I have
+particular reference to the Kawakmi which is supposed to be a hybrid of
+Munson. I have never had any fruit from that particular tree. I wrote to
+Munson's and told them and they sent me some of the fruit. I wanted to
+get the seeds. My tree blooms heavily but has no pistillate flowers.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Trees as Used in Landscaping
+
+DR. LEWIS EDWIN THEISS
+
+_Muncy, Pennsylvania_
+
+
+I was asked to speak on the subject of "Planting Nut Trees for Those Who
+Have Space for Only a Few," but I am going to speak on using nut trees
+in landscaping. We should know what is meant by the term landscaping. It
+may mean planting blue spruce or junipers around the house in a pleasing
+way, or you may use plants. The object is to make a picture which gives
+a certain impression of our home. We can just as well use nut trees in
+such a way as to make a beautiful picture, so that when one looks out
+any window of his home he gets a beautiful picture or vista, or when one
+goes by and sees your home, he sees a beautiful picture.
+
+We tend to follow too stereotyped ways of doing things. There is no
+reason why we should make a liability of our property. We can just as
+well have nuts to help make an asset.
+
+Trees are very much like words. We have two words in the English
+language that express more than any others. They are "home" and
+"mother." We also have trees that connote much. Of course, it depends on
+what picture we wish our homes to convey. I want mine to have a cozy yet
+prosperous look. Now you ask, "How are you going to produce that look?"
+It is by the materials you use and how you use them. And you can use any
+you wish.
+
+We might divide plants into two groups, cultivated plants and wild
+plants. In trees we have some fruit trees which are never worth a cent.
+Apple trees suggest home. If you are driving through the woods and come
+upon an apple tree, you immediately think, "Someone had a home here
+once." Of course, it might have grown from a chance seed but that is the
+thought you have at once. The apple tree connotes the thought of home.
+
+I happen to be a fruit tree as well as a nut tree grower. The difference
+between them is that you have to spray the fruit trees.
+
+Longfellow said, "Under the spreading chestnut tree the village smithy
+stands." That was probably very true as there were lots of chestnut
+trees at that time. So we have nut trees that give us this connotation
+of domesticity. They make us think of home.
+
+We must also consider the foliage. A tree with fine foliage such as the
+walnut is preferable for the lawn. The walnut gives a fine shade but
+does not interfere with the growth of grass. The English walnut makes a
+dense shade, nothing grows under it. Hickory also gives a dense shade.
+All these things we have to consider when choosing trees to plant about
+our yards.
+
+In my own grounds I have black walnut, Persian walnuts, pecans,
+filberts, hicans and some others. I feel we might as well have something
+around our places to help pay the taxes. We might as well get a little
+pleasure out of our property. Some of us have vegetable gardens. Nut
+trees can be an asset to your property in the same way if you will
+plant the proper kinds.
+
+You all know the black walnut. It grows to be a large spreading tree but
+it needs good soil. Another nice tree is the Japanese walnut. This tree
+is quite beautiful. A sport of this tree is the heartnut. It also is a
+very beautiful tree and a rapid grower. I have a little group of these
+trees and I have never seen trees grow so fast. I have a Japanese
+walnut, a grafted heartnut, and a Japanese seedling. They look exactly
+alike but bear different kinds of nuts. I have one tree which is a
+seedling. It is eight years old, beginning on the ninth year and is 20
+to 25 feet high. I have a heartnut which is a little bit older which I
+bought from Mr. Jones. That tree has suffered a lot at my hands. I dug
+it up twice and changed its position, cutting it back, and still it is
+growing fine and a big tree for ten years. It has a spread close to 40
+feet and reaches to the house top. It certainly looks more than 10 years
+old. I think a tree like that is very useful planted by a house because
+of its rapid growth. The foliage is very lovely. I have measured some of
+the leaves and some are a yard long. Another tree I have growing near
+the house is a Potomac English walnut. It is a very vigorous tree, has a
+dense shade and a very good grower. A very lovely tree to have in the
+yard.
+
+I have also, the Butterick, Busseron and Indiana pecans in the side
+yard. They bear quite well, particularly the Butterick but I like the
+Busseron better. I think they are going to be very large trees. I think
+they will be like the elms in New England. The foliage is not so large
+and coarse and is a little different from the black walnut. They have
+been very successful for us.
+
+We do not know much about getting revenue from our trees as we use all
+our nuts in the family. A pound of nuts I raise myself is worth much
+more to me than a pound I would buy in the grocery store because of the
+fun I get in growing them.
+
+I have chestnuts that have escaped the blight so far. They say the
+Japanese variety is very hardy and very resistant to blight. As to the
+nuts, I do not know much about them.
+
+Another nut tree that we do not often think of is the beech tree. I have
+never seen a beech tree that had nuts on big enough to amount to
+anything.
+
+We have heard a lot about filberts this morning. Filberts make beautiful
+hedges. I shouldn't advise anybody to grow a filbert hedge along the
+road or where it would be a temptation to people to steal. But where you
+wish to erect a screen to shut out an undesirable view, they make a very
+nice hedge. They are very pleasing as to foliage. We have a very nice
+crop of filberts this fall. If you have a little place that you want to
+screen in, why not do it with a hedge that is both beautiful and
+productive.
+
+We also have a peach almond. That is worth growing just for its blossom.
+People go to Washington to see the Japanese cheery blossoms but they are
+no more beautiful than the Ridenhower almond when in bloom. The blossom
+is 2 inches in diameter. The hull dries and parts through the middle
+leaving the nut easy to get out. My farmer calls my tree "the dried
+peach tree." The fruit looks more like a peach seed than an almond. It
+is more difficult to crack than the usual almond but it certainly is
+interesting in the springtime. I hope in your landscaping you will make
+use of nut trees, and when you want a hedge you do not have to have a
+privet or a barberry one. You can make a hedge of roses or of filberts.
+
+Dr. Deming: Will your pecans have a good crop? Are they well filled?
+
+Dr. Theiss: Yes, they are well filled and have a very delicious flavor.
+In the market you could not offer them in competition with the
+paper-shell variety, but we are quite well pleased with them.
+
+Dr. Deming: Isn't that rather a record for distance north?
+
+Dr. Theiss: I do not know. Mr. Reed, how far north do pecans grow well?
+
+Mr. Reed: I believe our best authorities are Dr. Deming and Dr. Theiss.
+I am surprised as we have some pecans in Washington with which we were
+discouraged, although they are now developing.
+
+Dr. Theiss: I must say we have very satisfactory trees and lots of nuts.
+
+Mr. Hershey: About six weeks ago I saw a tree which had been bearing for
+40 years. It was at Schuylkill Haven near Pottsville, in the mountainous
+country where it gets very cold. An old man told me the tree was 60
+years old. Imagine my utter amazement since we believed that the pecan
+would not bear that far north. I showed the old man some Busseron nuts
+and he stated that his were slightly smaller but very thin shelled. The
+seed of this tree came from the Wabash in Illinois. He had another tree
+there about 30 years old which has been bearing for quite a few years.
+
+Prof. Neilson: Have you had any experience with Turkish hazels?
+
+Dr. Theiss: No, I have Barcelona, Du Chilly, Red Aveline, White Aveline,
+and Jones-Rush hybrids.
+
+Prof. Neilson: It appears that they are very ornamental and very
+symmetrical and hardy trees.
+
+There is a possibility of using nuts in a new confection made of honey.
+There is a new method of drying honey perfected by Dr. Philips and Dr.
+Dyke, and when this is mixed with nuts it forms a really good
+confection. My wife has worked out several good recipes.
+
+Mrs. Neilson: The new method of drying the honey allows it to be wrapped
+in wax paper without sticking to the paper. This is quite an advantage
+in marketing it.
+
+Prof. Neilson: The Broadview Persian walnut is a very ornamental tree
+and can be grown by those who live very far north.
+
+
+
+
+My Experience in Growing Nut Trees on the House Lawn
+
+_By_ M. GLEN KIRKPATRICK
+
+_Orchard Editor, Farm Journal, Philadelphia, Pa._
+
+
+Coming at the end of a program such as you have had here today, I am
+reminded of a story my father used to tell me as a boy.
+
+"There was once a mouse that lived in a cellar. One day he was attracted
+by some moisture on the floor that was seeping from a barrel of cider.
+The cider was in the stage of becoming vinegar. The mouse took two or
+three helpings and then said, 'Now bring on the cat!'"
+
+I would be just as foolish as the mouse if I tried to contribute any
+technical matter. Ten minutes will be ample to tell you of my
+experiences.
+
+My interest in nut trees is due to Mr. John W. Hershey. I wish now that
+some of my apple trees were replaced by walnuts. I planted my trees
+about 8 years ago. The pecan is about 18 feet high, the English walnut
+about 12 feet high. The English walnut has blossomed but has never borne
+fruit. The pecan has blossomed this year for the first time. My
+Barcelona has about a pound of nuts on this year. It is from 12 to 14
+feet high. My Du Chilly has produced fruit one year.
+
+The thing I like about nut trees is their cleanness. My English walnut
+has never been troubled by pests, neither has the pecan, except there is
+one thing I hold against the pecans and that is the borers on the
+branches. It is ten times as bad as English walnuts. But the trees are
+clean and nice to have, and I really prefer them to apple trees. With
+apple trees you are at all times troubled with apples on the lawn and it
+is a job to keep them cleaned up. You have nothing of that sort to
+contend with in nut trees.
+
+My trees have not been given special advantages. The pecan is in with a
+lot of shrubs and the English walnut is surrounded by roses. The filbert
+has just taken pot luck with the rest.
+
+That is my experience and if I can tell you anything further I shall be
+glad to do it.
+
+Dr. Zimmerman: I would like to ask you a question about the Japanese
+beetle. Have you had any trouble with your black walnuts?
+
+Mr. Kirkpatrick: I have had one black walnut die.
+
+Dr. Zimmerman: Do you know if the Japanese beetle attacks the chestnut
+or chinquapin?
+
+Mr. Shaw: Maybe I can answer that question. In New Jersey the Japanese
+beetle attacks the chestnut but I do not know about the chinquapin.
+
+
+
+
+Developing a Thousand Tree Nut Grove
+
+_By_ C. F. HOSTETTER
+
+_Bird-in-Hand, Pennsylvania_
+
+
+The natural title of this paper should be "Why I Planted a Nut Grove."
+Some years ago, especially when we were in the war, it occurred to me
+that with all the modern machinery and scientific methods on the farm it
+wouldn't be long before we would be producing much more food than could
+be consumed, hence the prices for farm commodities would fall so low
+there would be no profit in them. The last few years have proven my
+contention was right.
+
+So I got to looking around for something to specialize in and became
+interested in the new improved thin shelled black walnuts that the late
+J. F. Jones was introducing. I know there is danger in specializing in
+any one thing but, in summing up the following regarding black walnuts,
+it looked to me like as good or better a bet than any thing else. First,
+we know that the demand for the high black walnut flavor has caused it
+to be profitable for carloads of kernels to be cracked and shipped to
+the cities from the natural black walnut belt. Although this seedling
+product has been somewhat improved in quality the last few years I still
+feel that the demand for this high flavored nut for home use, in
+confections and baking and ice cream making, will make a high demand for
+an improved and uniform meat such as can be produced with the grafted
+trees. With the growing interest in natural foods, and less animal meat,
+I believe the demand will increase as our groves come into bearing.
+
+In 1926 I hazarded a planting of 150 trees, the next year I was steamed
+up to the place where I decided I should plant more, and then each year
+following, until my last planting this year, gives me one thousand
+thrifty growing black walnuts, mostly Thomas variety which I think is
+the best from what I have observed in my own grove.
+
+In planting I set the first ones 50 x 50 ft. Some thought it was too
+close but I couldn't see it.
+
+The next planting I made 50 x 50 feet and then at the next planting I
+started to wake up after seeing how rapidly the first ones were growing,
+and I decided to make them 60 x 60 feet. The last planting I made this
+year 60 x 60 feet and I would advise 60 x 70 feet to any one who asks me
+how far apart to plant.
+
+To me it seems queer just why more people don't plant them. On the basis
+of 60 x 70 feet you could farm indefinitely, with the tree crop coming
+on and even bearing for many years, while you are contenting your heart
+growing annual crops to lose money on.
+
+As to bearing, two years ago I had the older planting and many of the
+younger trees loaded. One five year Thomas had about 400 nuts. Three to
+five year trees had 50 to 250 and 300 nuts. My crop that year was
+fourteen bushels which I sold for 15c per lb or $5.00 and $6.00 per
+bushel. Last year I didn't have so many but this year I first said I
+would have 50 bushels. I'm starting to believe now I was a little high
+in my guess but many trees are nicely loaded.
+
+Now regarding cost of carrying the grove, as I'm a sweet corn drier I
+have the most of my farm in corn. I farmed the grove in corn the first
+five years and hardly missed the space used for trees. I proved what I
+stated above that one can plant trees and keep on farming and hardly
+miss the tree space. If planted 70 feet apart one can farm still more
+land. In cultivating the corn the trees are cultivated, which cuts down
+the extra cost of caring for them, although of course one must cultivate
+them if he expects to have them grow and develop rapidly.
+
+I now have my oldest trees in sod, mostly weeds this year, but I intend
+to sow it to grass. I expect then to mow it early in June and use it for
+a mulch and then mow it maybe a couple of times more for looks sake and
+let the grass lie.
+
+Now another interesting point I want to present to the intending planter
+of a nut grove is the error of following the foolish advice given out by
+some of planting seedlings and then grafting them. I say this not for
+the benefit of the nurserymen but for the financial benefit of the
+planter. First, the grafting of nut trees is a highly technical job and
+requires an enormous number of moves, from the first thing of cutting
+the grafting wood at the proper time in the winter and carefully storing
+it, until the cutting off of the stocks and knowing how long to let them
+bleed, and then grafting at the proper time, the proper shading of the
+graft, sprouting, staking, and tying up of the rapidly growing graft
+until the end of the growing season, so that the average man will have
+fallen down long before the season is over. And even if he has the time
+to do this, which the busy man hasn't, it will take him several years to
+learn to graft. By the time he has his legs run off over a period of
+five or seven years going from tree to tree set 60 or 70 feet apart
+doing more duties than he ever thought were needed, he will have a
+spotty grove of trees from one year old to bearing age, and then he will
+wake up and find that the first grafted ones are bearing so well, that
+should he have bought grafted trees and set them all out at one time the
+crop would have paid for the complete planting and he would have saved
+the long agony of trying to get a grove started. Even then he might not
+have one started, for grafting nut trees is a job every body does not
+seem able to grasp.
+
+At the same time I feel that everybody who has a planting should learn
+the art of grafting. The few nurserymen now growing grafted nut trees
+are very willing to teach you and it is nice to be able to turn the
+fence row seedlings into profitable trees, it's nice to have the kick of
+feeling you can develop a wonderful tree with your own hand. And again,
+although I have had, I would say 95 per cent of my planted trees to
+grow, still here and there a top will die and suckers come up. As the
+tree roots are established it's nice to be able to stick a graft on
+these and save waiting a year to replant them with nursery trees.
+
+In closing I wish also to suggest that, in making a large planting of
+black walnuts, plant a few pecans, hicans, hickories and any other good
+trees recommended by the nurserymen. They are all ornamental and bear
+fine nuts for home use and maybe local trade. If any wish to ask
+questions I will attempt to answer them now. And don't forget to come
+up to see my place on the bus tour tomorrow as I shall be very glad to
+welcome all and have you learn anything you can from what I have done
+and mistakes I have made.
+
+Please bear in mind that in every move we must remember that this is a
+new industry of the soil and, although we believe it has a great future,
+all groving procedure must be felt out and experimented with as we have
+no guide to go by, just ideas, and you can expect to make some mistakes.
+But that is life.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The President asked Dr. Deming to speak of the death of Mr. Bixby.
+
+Dr. Deming: On August 16th not a single member of this association, so
+far as I know, was aware that Mr. Bixby was even ill, and yet on that
+day he was dead. Mrs. Bixby has written me an account of his illness and
+his life. He had pneumonia in March from which he never fully recovered.
+The cause of his death was not known until after his death.
+
+I knew Mr. Bixby very well and came to appreciate his very sterling
+qualities. He was always willing to take any amount of trouble and spend
+any amount of money on his nut culture experiments.
+
+I will now read Mrs. Bixby's account of his life.
+
+Willard G. Bixby was born July 13, 1868 at Salem, Massachusetts, the son
+of Henry M. and Eliza (Symonds) Bixby. In 1898, he married Genevieve
+Cole who died in 1901. He married second, Ida Elise Tieleke who survives
+him. His early education was received in the public schools in Salem
+and, after graduation from high school, he entered Massachusetts
+Institute of Technology from which he was graduated in 1889 with the
+degree of S.B. and the highest honors. After receiving this degree, he
+remained at the institute as an instructor in mechanical engineering,
+later becoming associated with the Pneumatic Dynamite Gun Company of New
+York, following which he became connected with the American Bell
+Telephone Company of Boston. In 1891, he entered the employ of S. M.
+Bixby and Company, manufacturers of shoe blacking. The firm became
+involved financially in 1895 and until 1898 was conducted by a receiver.
+Mr. Bixby interested capitalists and organized a corporation to take
+over the business of the old company. Mr. Bixby was elected treasurer
+and held that position until 1911, when he was chosen vice-president. He
+paid special attention to the manufacturing department. Under the new
+management the company met modern trade conditions and the business
+which developed was one of the largest and most prosperous in this line
+in the country.
+
+Following the merging of the Bixby firm with the makers of the 2 in 1
+shoe polish, Mr. Bixby retired from that business, and devoted his time
+to the propagation and cultivation of nut trees. On his Grand Avenue
+property in Baldwin, where he resided, he had gathered approximately
+1,000 trees of almost every variety from all over the world. His
+experiments in grafting and in crossing varieties, were subject of
+several articles in national magazines and newspapers. One article,
+under the title of "Growing Timber for Profit," appeared in a recent
+issue of the American Forests. He was also interested in curly black
+walnut and birdseye maple woods. His latest experiment on which he was
+working at the time of his death was rooting hazels from leaf cuttings,
+and at this he was partly successful. Mr. Bixby was deeply interested in
+civic affairs. He was a charter member of the Baldwin United Civic
+Association, trustee of the Baldwin Public Library, director of the
+Baldwin Savings and Loan Association, former Fire Commissioner, chairman
+of the Baldwin Lighting Commission, member of the Methodist Episcopal
+Church in Baldwin, and organist of the Men's Bible Class, as well as a
+teacher of the Sunday School. Mr. Bixby's conservative New England
+training made him a valuable worker for any cause he espoused. He never
+sought honor and publicity, rather preferring to do his share quietly
+and modestly. Besides his wife, three children survive him, Willard F.,
+a student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Katherine E.,
+just recently graduated from the Baldwin High School, and Ida T., still
+at the Baldwin High School.
+
+The President: I will also call on Dr. Smith.
+
+Dr. Smith: Mr. Bixby had a great many fine qualities, but first of all
+he had that great characteristic, intelligent inquiry. He had great
+persistency and great industry, and a wide-awake mind.
+
+Now the average American has no interest in anything but his job and his
+own particular pleasures. In other words, he has no avocation. We are
+here because we have the avocation of nut growing. One of the most
+interested members of this association was Mr. Bixby. He had applied to
+it his great brain and statistical equipment. He might have had a yacht
+or spent his money on race horses, but instead of that he picked out
+something new. It is a great pity that his life had to be snuffed out
+just when he was needed most. He used his spare time in having a useful
+avocation.
+
+On motion of Prof. Neilson the organization expressed its appreciation
+of Mr. Bixby by rising and standing one minute in tribute to his memory.
+
+At the suggestion of Mr. Reed the following night letter was sent to Dr.
+Morris who has been confined to his home for a long time and has not
+been able to attend the conventions.
+
+
+  Downingtown, Penn.
+  Sept. 11, 1933
+
+  Dr. Robert T. Morris
+  Merribrooke Farm
+  Stamford Conn.
+
+     The Northern Nut Growers Association in convention at Downingtown,
+     Pa., sends you its affectionate greetings. Your long years of
+     association with us and your priceless service to the association
+     and to nut growing and the gracious charm of your presence have so
+     endeared you to us that our meetings are quite incomplete without
+     you. We pray for your speedy restoration to health and return to
+     our councils. Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+The meeting was then adjourned to Mr. Hershey's nursery and nut grove
+and the members and visitors were privileged to inspect his large stock
+of nut trees and plants and the specimen plantings, some of which are
+very rare varieties. A delicious supper was then served by Mr. and Mrs.
+Hershey on the lawn of the Hershey home. Those present expressing their
+appreciation by a rising vote of thanks.
+
+
+
+
+A Black Walnut Grove and Why
+
+_By_ DR. F. L. BAUM
+
+_Boyertown, Pennsylvania_
+
+
+I will give you the "why" first. Early in 1923, we realized the need of
+a diversion, something which would take us out into the open every day
+of the year and bring us closer to nature, which would be a source of
+pleasure with prospects of a material return in the future when I wish
+to retire from the active practice of medicine. After investigating
+several projects, we finally decided that a black walnut grove would
+best meet our needs.
+
+In the December issue, 1925, of the American Nut Journal, I read
+"Eventually, why not now?" In that article, Mr. T. P. Littlepage said:
+"The time will come when the northern states will produce big groves of
+nut trees." The Journal's comment was "What are we waiting for?" I too
+wondered because, long before the trees had leaves, I had visions of
+them bearing to the extent of breaking the limbs from the weight of
+nuts.
+
+When this picture was taken, I asked myself this question, "Was it a
+venture of fools rushing in where angels fear to tread?" Also I began to
+think that the quotations in the article I read were sales propaganda
+put forth by high-pressure salesmen. Encouragements came later when we
+discovered thirteen nuts on this tree and when my grafts grew on
+seedlings.
+
+About this time pests came such as caterpillars, rose chafers, leaf
+hoppers, bud worms and, now my worst enemy, a borer which I believe is a
+cherry tree borer. I have placed a section of a tree on the table which
+was attacked by this insect. The question has been asked if it were not
+a blight canker which killed this tree. When I noticed the tree in
+distress the leaves were drooping and the bark was intact and smooth,
+with a wet spot the size of a pin point about three feet above the
+ground. A stab wound revealed the bark loose and full of holes which
+extended into the sapwood. All of our trees have been treated for the
+destruction of this pest. Next Spring they will receive a second
+treatment. By this method we will overcome our difficulty.
+
+In July of this year my men who were picking caterpillars came with this
+information, "There is no necessity for hunting caterpillars as there is
+a fly stinging them." The insect, the size of a wasp, is part black and
+part yellow.
+
+In the evening they said that if some of the trees in the backfield were
+not propped, they would break down due to the pressure of so many nuts
+on them.
+
+(Lantern slide pictures of individual trees were then shown and
+described by Dr. Baum.)
+
+The vision I had a few years ago is becoming a reality. I now wonder if
+it might not have been a case of angels rushing in and other fellows
+staying out. We may conclude "Now, not eventually."
+
+Question: Do caterpillars give you any trouble?
+
+Dr. Baum: Yes, they give me considerable trouble. I sprayed this year
+with arsenate of lead. For a few years I burned them off but last year I
+sprayed.
+
+Question: Do seedlings come up?
+
+Dr. Baum: A few, I mow them down.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Smith: I want to talk to you about the possibility of making some
+small cash contributions next summer for a nut contest. We have not had
+any contributions for a nut contest for some time and it is the only way
+we can get any new varieties. I would like to start this nut contest
+next September. It will be necessary to get a lot of people interested
+and a lot of publicity in the newspapers. We could give a first prize of
+$25.00, some $5.00 and some $3.00 prizes. It means we would have to have
+$60.00 or $75.00.
+
+Perhaps we can make a more definite call next September.
+
+Dr. Theiss: I would like to get any information that is available on the
+pollinization of filberts. The difficulty seems to be in getting
+pollinators.
+
+The President: There is full information on that subject in the bulletin
+issued of Prof. Slate of the Geneva Experiment Station.
+
+Prof. Slate, what can you tell us about it? Have you any information
+other than what was published in that bulletin?
+
+Prof. Slate: We have this difficulty, that the pollen bearing catkins
+seem to ripen very early and then the first cold snap freezes them.
+
+Dr. Smith: I would like to know something about the market for shagbarks
+and if the market is for cracked nuts.
+
+The President: There is a very small market for them in Cleveland, Ohio.
+Is there any information about hickory nuts?
+
+Prof. Neilson: Hickory nuts frequently sell for about 10c a pound,
+sometimes as low as three pounds for a quarter.
+
+After the discussion closed three telegrams were read, from the Kellogg
+Hotel, The Agard Hotel and The Chamber of Commerce of Battle Creek,
+Mich. inviting the association to hold its next meeting in that city. A
+motion was unanimously adopted to hold the next convention there
+September 10th and 11th, 1934.
+
+Motion was made to give Mr. Z. H. Ellis a life membership in return for
+his contribution of $50.00. The motion carried.
+
+Miss Sawyer: Is the mollissima chestnut blight proof?
+
+The President: I should like to have Dr. Smith answer that question.
+
+Dr. Smith: The mollissima chestnut came from China where it has been
+exposed to the blight for ages. It is blight resistant but not blight
+proof. An occasional tree gets the blight and dies; an occasional tree
+gets the blight and recovers. It is the opinion of Mr. G. F. Gravatt, of
+the United States Department of Agriculture, that the physical
+prosperity of the tree has much to do with its ability to throw off this
+disease. For example, some of the trees at Bell, Maryland, got to be a
+foot in diameter and bore crops, without any sign of blight until the
+terrible drought year of 1930 when some of them developed blight and
+then later recovered from it. I think mollissima chestnuts are less
+likely to die than cherries or peaches, and probably less likely than
+apples.
+
+While the subject of blight resistance in chestnuts is up, I should like
+to call attention to the fact that there are many Japanese chestnuts in
+the eastern part of the United States that have survived the blight.
+Some of them bear good nuts, very good nuts, although most of the
+Japanese have a properly bad reputation for flavor. Doubtless an
+experimenter has a chance of producing something very valuable by
+breeding from the best blight resistant Japanese chestnuts now surviving
+in the eastern United States.
+
+
+
+
+Green Shoot Grafting of Trees
+
+_By_ ROBERT T. MORRIS, _M. D. New York_
+
+
+In the course of experimental work with trees I grafted scions of
+several species and varieties into stocks of their respective genera at
+times of the year when grafting is not commonly done.
+
+Scions were taken directly from one tree and placed at once in another
+tree. To this method I gave the name of "immediate grafting" in order to
+distinguish it from grafting with stored scions which might be called
+"mediate grafting" indicating the intermediate step of storage.
+Immediate grafting was successful in mid-winter in Connecticut but I had
+no thought of making it a practical feature of our work beyond the
+recording of a research fact.
+
+Immediate grafting was successful in mid-summer in Connecticut. The
+procedure was very different from that of winter grafting. In summer the
+new green growth of the year was cut away completely from a scion and
+the remaining wood of one or more previous year's growth was depended
+upon for sending out shoots from latent buds. That is what happens after
+accidents to limbs or to trunks of trees and it occurred in the same way
+with my scions. Furthermore, it seemed to offer new hope for the
+propagation of walnuts, maples, and grapes, for example, because the
+free flowing sap of such species in the spring and early summer has led
+to attacks upon the sap by bacteria and fungi which ruin repair cells.
+
+I have already published elsewhere the statement that immediate grafting
+may be done in the way described in any month of the year with many
+kinds of plants. Exceptions to this rule will doubtless appear here and
+there. For example, the grafting of trees in August would not be safe in
+Connecticut because the new young shoots would be killed by September
+frosts. That is the reason for August cutting of brush by farmers. The
+tender new shoots that are sent out from latent stump buds become
+frosted and the entire plant may die.
+
+On account of an illness that had kept me confined to the house most of
+the time for some months, I had allowed the spring grafting season to
+pass this year. Stored scions of many kinds lay under a heap of leaves
+at the rear of my garage. The drying-out process had been intensified by
+an employee who made a spring clean-up of the yard and who looked upon
+this heap of leaves as something upon which creditable showing for his
+work might be made. A month or so later I kicked over the few remaining
+broken remnants of scions for no reason in particular. Down near the
+ground I observed that two hybrid chestnut scions which had been
+trampled into the ground had retained some moisture. Each one had sent
+out a pale canary-colored shoot of the sort with which we are painfully
+familiar. The shoot on one scion was about an inch and a third in length
+with well-formed unfolding sickly yellow leaves. The other scion had a
+shoot of the same kind but only about one-third of an inch in length and
+with yellow leaves barely out of bud-bursting form. It occurred to me
+that my old method of waxing the entire scion, leaves and all in this
+case, might be done as an experiment in order to see how long these
+greatly started shoots would hold up if desiccation was prevented and
+always with the possibility of a surprise.
+
+Some years ago I had waxed some hazel scions from the West that had
+burst their buds and they all grew but the test was by no means so
+severe as it was with these yellow chestnut upstarts. The rule of
+discarding scions that are not wholly dormant was about to be rudely
+broken; waxing changed the whole situation. A miser does not scrutinize
+his treasure more acutely than we horticulturists do when getting out
+scions that have been stored during the winter and the voice of Demeter
+is calling us to the side of our own wards. How sadly a million
+nurserymen have thrown away a billion started scions of valuable kinds.
+My two chestnut scions had gone far beyond the hopeless stage but now
+perhaps I could be a doctor to them. If my two canary birds could be
+made to sing then would I also sing.
+
+They were dipped in a dish of melted parafin wax for an instant and then
+quickly shaken in the air before scorching could occur. The scions were
+then grafted into a small chinquapin stock. A few days later one of the
+larger leaves of the larger shoot had cleared itself from the wax
+coating and had begun to expand widely, turning to a natural green
+color. The stem of the shoot turned to a normal brownish red. Two tiny
+shoots then broke through the wax of the larger shoot, looking like
+axillary bud shoots until closer examination showed them to be scale bud
+shoots. That should interest plant physiologists. Eventually the cramped
+leaves remaining under wax coating that was unnecessarily dense finally
+dropped away useless. The single green leaf and the two scale bud shoots
+went on to natural development. The smaller shoot of the other scion
+managed to burst through the wax completely and made normal growth.
+
+After these scions were well under way I went out and searched in the
+loose dirt and leaves of the old heap and found another hybrid chestnut
+scion that presented the allusive emblem of a canary bird. This one had
+a shoot of about half of one inch in length and it burst completely
+through the wax, to make a fine little twig.
+
+So much for an experiment that led immediately to one of far greater
+importance. If canary bird shoots could be made to break rules of
+horticultural theory and of recorded fact perhaps we might note the
+principle and apply it to the experimental grafting of green shoots of
+the year in tree propagation. This is what lawyers might call a _non
+sequitur_. Such grafting had always been a failure so far as I knew,
+and certainly my own attempts had failed in former years. Grafting of
+new growth of the year upon new growth of the year in the growing season
+is an established feature of horticultural experiment with certain
+annual plants. Why had it so signally failed with perennial plants and
+most impressively with trees? Doubtless plants produce in their leaves a
+hormone which directs certain enzymes that conduct wound repair by cell
+division. If plants which do not lignify for winter manage to direct
+successful wound repair after grafting and if plants which do lignify
+for winter do not conduct successful repair of grafted new growth it
+occurred to me in a speculative way that the reason might perhaps be
+sought in the nature of the two different kinds of hormones or of
+enzymes belonging to annuals and to perennials respectively. The
+difference might possibly depend upon the arrangement of ions, anions
+and cations upon two sides of the permeable membrane of a repair cell.
+The cell is an electrolyte and therefore division of the cell in course
+of preparation for multiplication might perhaps depend upon an electric
+impulse so delicately in balance that Nature for some cryptic reason
+might prefer not to allow the necessary balance to go toward cell
+division in grafts consisting of green growth of the year in perennials.
+Perhaps I might defeat natural processes by leaving a leaf or part of
+one at the distal part of a green graft shoot. This leaf might perhaps
+elaborate the necessary hormones or enzymes for wound repair
+purposes--and also for conducting polarity of sap movement toward
+maintenance of that scion and leaf.
+
+We need not speculate further upon the philosophy of the subject because
+I took it up at this point for pragmatic tests experimentally. The
+horticulturist does not have to go to the theatre for thrills. My
+advance report at this moment comes at a time when a scientist would
+demand more works along with faith and my only reason for presenting
+incomplete notes at this time is that they seem to be fascinating in
+their outlook and no one knows how much experiment may be permitted me
+for next year at Merribrooke.
+
+The summer was well along when my canary bird shoots opened a vista. The
+vista appeared at a time of drought when plant propagators wait for
+better days. It seemed to be necessary to get in a part of the work at
+least on July 28th and we then had the drought intensified by five more
+days of great heat, temperatures ranged above 90 degrees F. in the shade
+and above 140 degrees F. in the sun. After this period of heat and
+drought we had abundant rains. All grafts were wax treated in these
+experiments. In no case was an entire leaf left at the distal end of a
+graft because it was felt that even one-fourth of one leaf would attend
+to the required functions.
+
+Exp. No. 1. A growing persimmon shoot about two feet long was cut up
+into scions with a few buds each, and about one-fourth of a leaf allowed
+to remain at the distal end of each scion, other leaves on each scion
+being snipped off. Each scion including its remnant of leaf was dipped
+in melted parapin wax. Two of these were grafted upon green shoots of
+another persimmon, the latter cut back to make stubs for reception of
+cleft grafts. Three of the scions were inserted in bark slots in older
+wood. Note, Sept. 9th, Green leaf part including its petiole had
+dropped off from all five scions. A small slit in the bark of each graft
+for investigation showed that the cambium was green in four grafts, the
+fifth graft was completely dead.
+
+Exp. No. 2. On July 28th three persimmon scions consisting of last
+year's wood and each one carrying a couple of inches of new growth with
+a terminal trimmed leaf were grafted into last year's wood on another
+persimmon tree. Note. Sept. 9th. All three grafts dead including both
+old and new wood.
+
+Exp. No. 3. July 28th. One green persimmon scion with terminal leaf
+inserted in bark slot of branch one inch in diameter cut back for
+purpose. Note Sept. 9th. Dead.
+
+On August 2nd the drought had been broken. All trees seemed to have put
+up top buds on account of drought and heat. The following experiments
+were made with green growth of the year but with new top buds much to my
+regret at having no actively unfolding shoots for furnishing scions.
+
+Exp. No. 4. Aug 2nd. Persimmon tree (a) One graft, green on green; one
+green graft on old wood. Note. Sept. 9th. Terminal leaves remained green
+several days after grafting but by Sept. 9th all had fallen off. Small
+slit in bark showed cambium of grafts still green.
+
+Persimmon tree (b) Two green grafts on green. One green graft in bark
+slot of older wood. Note Sept. 9th. Terminal leaves had finally died but
+two of the buds of green graft on green have burst forth into leaf.
+These will probably winterkill. Green in old wood has green cambium but
+no swelling bud.
+
+Exp. No. 5 Aug 2nd. Persimmon tree (c) One green on old wood. Sept. 9th.
+Leaf dead, cambium of stem green.
+
+Exp. No. 6. Aug 2nd. Persimmon tree (d) One green on old wood. Sept.
+9th. Leaf dead, cambium of stem green.
+
+Exp. No. 7. Aug. 2nd. Persimmon tree (e) Three greens on old wood. Sept.
+9th. Leaves dead, one stem dead, cambium of two stems green.
+
+Exp. No. 8. Aug. 2nd. Papaw tree. Two greens on green, two greens on old
+wood. Sept. 9th. Two greens on green have buds enlarged and ready to
+burst. One green on old wood is not enlarging its buds. One green on old
+wood is dead.
+
+Exp. No. 9. Aug. 2nd. English walnut. Four greens on green. Sept. 9th.
+Leaflets dead on all. Petiole dead on one, stem cambium green. Petioles
+bright green on three and the cambium green on these.
+
+Comment. I could not take daily notes which would have been very
+important. A general statement will cover the point that the terminal
+leaf on a scion seldom died until it had functioned for at least a week.
+Some of them functioned for more than two weeks and one of them for at
+least four weeks, failing only a day or two ago. This would seem to mean
+that the terminal leaves in scions conducted or helped to conduct repair
+in green graft wounds to a point where buds are now bursting on two
+persimmon scions. Two pawpaw scions have enlarged buds to the point of
+bursting. The terminal leaves on scions seemed to conduct repair up to a
+point where lignifying for the winter is now going on. This cannot be
+determined until winter passes but I have never obtained anything like
+this effect until experimenting with the terminal leaf theory for the
+first time this year. The most striking effect so far as appearance goes
+is with the English walnut grafts with their bright green stems.
+
+If I may have opportunity for conducting experiments next summer I shall
+begin earlier by pinching off the buds of growing shoots, giving them a
+week of rest and then cutting these shoots up into scions. If buds then
+start off like those of two persimmons and two papaws they will have
+time for lignifying.
+
+My whole lesson of this season would seem to mean that after properly
+checked experiments we may perhaps add what I call "green grafting" to
+the other form of immediate grafting. The practical feature of this
+whole new phase in grafting method is an extension of the grafting
+season to include every month of the year. Scion grafting of perennials
+in the latitude and longitude of Connecticut had formerly been confined
+to about two month's in the farmer's rush season, and with general
+failure in the grafting of some species which may now be grafted
+successfully.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Letter from Prof. Colby_
+
+_Agricultural Experiment Station Urbana, Illinois_
+
+
+I regret very much indeed that I cannot attend the meeting of the Nut
+Growers Association this year. This letter bears my very best wishes and
+hopes for a successful meeting. We shall miss Mr. Bixby's pleasing and
+helpful personality. Some time ago I promised to give you a report on
+some of our activities here and if you think it is worth while, I would
+appreciate your reading it to the group.
+
+There is an increasing interest in nut culture in Illinois. Wholly aside
+from the commercial aspects which have been so profitably developed in
+southern Illinois is a project of recent development, one in Extension
+work in top working seedling walnuts and pecans with improved varieties.
+This project is sponsored by the Department of Horticulture, University
+of Illinois, and the Extension Forester of the State Natural History
+Survey, with the cooperation of the County Farm Advisers.
+
+Last fall in Gallatin County native pecans of the best grades sold for
+18 cents per pound on the market, while the average tree run stock was
+bringing six cents. With a native pecan crop from one county in
+Illinois, more or less ungraded, selling for $100,000 in a recent year,
+thinking horticulturists in the state are beginning to feel that there
+are potential profits in nut culture where better varieties are planted
+or top worked. Seedling trees for top working are already growing in
+abundance in many sections of the state with an ideal climate and soil
+for northern nut production.
+
+Last year seven counties in Illinois carried on the top working project.
+This year approximately three times that number have been enrolled. In
+addition, groups from neighboring counties have been present at the
+demonstrations. Growers from Iowa and Indiana have also attended. The
+total attendance has run into the hundreds, both men and women, most of
+them actual growers.
+
+All the meetings are held out of doors in the orchard or nursery and the
+group is instructed in the propagation of nut trees through grafting and
+budding. Nut growers of the immediate locality are glad to assist with
+the work. After the discussion and demonstration, all present are
+invited to learn how to do the work by actual participation and many
+become sufficiently skilled to top work their own trees upon their
+return home. Possibilities of this type of extension work are almost
+unlimited.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Letter from J. U. Gellatly_
+
+
+I enclose a short chart or graph of the flowering habits of some of my
+leading walnut trees. I started in 1930 to keep a record of some of the
+trees and have added a number since till this year when I kept a record
+of 17 different trees. The ones shown cover the full time from May 12th
+to June 25th.
+
+Some new ideas in budding procedure that may be of value and interest I
+also include herein that others may test them out as I am doing. But
+even if they fail with me it will not prove that they have no value, for
+the generally approved methods have failed to give commercial results
+here.
+
+My main idea was to try to find a new system of handling the budding
+operations that would give more definite results and if possible to
+eliminate the use of a wax melter and the waxing of buds. My first trial
+consisted in the use of florist's tin foil. Cutting bud from bud stick
+with my new style bud cutter, I cut out the patch from stalk and placed
+bud in place and with two or three turns of raffia, or rubber bands,
+secured bud in place, then put 2 wraps of tinfoil around the bud and
+stalk extending from one inch below to one inch above bud, then with
+hand pressed tinfoil tightly to shape of bud and stalk, then completely
+wrapped with raffia and tied securely. This makes a neat job and is
+pleasant and convenient to work with.
+
+I have today examined some buds so treated and put on the 13th of August
+and they appear to be in prime shape, no apparent flooding or souring of
+the bud patch. As this tin foil cost me 25c per pound, I had a happy
+thought of using cellophane which is much cheaper and is equally easy to
+use, on the whole, as the tinfoil as, while it is in the first operation
+of actually applying to stalk not just as easily put on, it has an
+important advantage that offsets this, which is the ease with which one
+can see that the bud is in the exact place, while the tying is taking
+place.
+
+My present method of using the cellophane is to apply a double wrapping
+of cellophane directly over the bud then to securely wrap from one-half
+inch below bud to one-half inch above bud. This makes a good air and
+moisture proof job. Experience may modify or eliminate some parts of
+this procedure, and it is with this in view that I pass this on that
+others may take it up and work out the best procedure from a wider
+experience than one can give.
+
+From my experience I would suggest that if one is marking or cutting the
+patch on the stalk 8 or 10 days ahead of placing the bud thereon, that
+one be very careful not to cut too deeply as a large percentage of those
+I so cut were so badly discolored that I had to cut a new place when
+placing the bud, as those done 10 days previous showed a one-eighth inch
+dead and discolored portion around the cut that extend one-sixteenth
+inch into the trunk of the tree, and no union could possibly take place
+on such a spoiled cambium surface.
+
+
+
+
+Bus Tour September 12th
+
+_By_ J. W. HERSHEY
+
+_Downington, Pennsylvania_
+
+
+Leaving the Hotel Swan at 8:45 A.M. with a bus load and 8 cars the tour
+proceeded to Dr. Truman W. Jones' grove of 800 trees, 4 and 6 years old,
+6 miles west of Coatesville on the Lincoln Highway. Dr. Jones has
+continually farmed his land which has helped greatly to carry the
+planting.
+
+The next stop was at the nursery of the late J. F. Jones, now operated
+by his daughter Mildred, south of Lancaster. Here we saw the interesting
+test orchard of English walnuts, pecans and black walnuts. Most
+interesting was the test block of hybrid filbert-hazels started by Mr.
+Jones some years ago.
+
+The next stop was at C. F. Hostetter's 1,000 tree grove at Bird-in-Hand,
+east of Lancaster, where we saw what Mr. Hostetter told about in his
+paper yesterday. His trees all looked nice and many trees were well
+loaded with nuts.
+
+Next stop was at L. K. Hostetter's grove of 800 trees near Oregon. Here
+very interesting observations were made in tree and grove procedure.
+Part of the grove is now in blue grass and sheep, making a very
+beautiful setting. Part is interplanted with locust trees, the idea
+being to feed the ground with a legume tree and get something in return
+from the wood. As the locusts crowd the walnuts they will be cut.
+
+Demonstrations were given in hulling walnuts with a Ford car which was
+done by jacking up one rear wheel. A trough is inserted under the wheel
+lined with a piece of truck tire. A mud chain is put on the wheel and as
+the wheel revolves, nuts are poured in via a metal chute and the nuts
+fly out the other end very well hulled. The jack is used to adjust the
+wheel to different sizes of nuts.
+
+Lem's next eye-opener was a brand new method of separating the hulls
+from the nuts. Two 2-inch pipes are laid on an incline the thickness of
+a walnut hull, about a half inch, apart. The pipes revolve and the hulls
+and nuts are poured on at the top. As they roll down the incline, and
+the rolls revolve, the hulls are caught by the rolls or pipes and pulled
+through the crack between them. A most remarkable and simple method
+solving one of the major problems in commercial walnut growing.
+
+The last stop was made at Dr. Frank Baum's grove at Yellow House, 8
+miles east of Reading on the Boyertown highway. Here luncheon was served
+by Dr. and Mrs. Baum, the outstanding feature being walnut ice cream and
+walnut kisses.
+
+After the luncheon at Dr. Baum's the following business was transacted:
+
+Dr. Deming, Chairman Nominating Committee, presented the following
+nominations:
+
+  President               Frank H. Frey
+  Vice-President          Dr. G. A. Zimmerman
+  Secretary George        L. Slate
+  Treasurer Newton        H. Russell
+
+On motion duly made and carried these officers were elected by
+acclamation.
+
+Motion was made, seconded and carried that the annual dues be $2.00 same
+not to include a subscription to our official journal the National Nut
+News.
+
+Motion by Mr. Reed was seconded and carried that where the member wished
+to do so one check could be submitted to our treasurer to cover both
+dues and subscription to the official journal and the treasurer will
+remit the subscription to the National Nut News.
+
+Mr. Reed then explained for the benefit of those present the arrangement
+whereby our association is affiliated with the American Horticultural
+Society and by maintaining its membership in that society each member of
+our association may secure a membership in the American Horticultural
+Society on payment of $2.00 dues per annum instead of the customary dues
+of $3.00. Each member of the society receives the National Horticultural
+Magazine of which Mr. Reed is the nut editor. The magazine is issued
+quarterly, at present, and it is the intention to have one or more
+articles on nut trees in each issue.
+
+On motion by Dr. Smith, duly seconded and carried the board of directors
+are required to authorize a budget of expenditures for each year and
+this was fixed at $350.00 for expenses for year ending September 10th,
+1934. The President to advise the officers each year of the sums
+appropriated for certain expenses.
+
+On motion by Mr. Russell, seconded by Dr. Weber and carried, article two
+of the by-laws was revised to cover the proper dues for various
+memberships and will be so recorded in the by-laws on page 9.
+
+On motion by Mr. Hershey, seconded by Dr. Weber and carried it was
+agreed that five copies of each annual bulletin be mailed by the
+secretary or the person in charge of printing the bulletin to each
+officer for distribution as he sees fit; and that one copy of the
+bulletin be sent gratis to each non-member who participates in the
+program at our annual conventions.
+
+A rising vote of thanks was given Dr. and Mrs. Baum for the delectable
+luncheon served by them.
+
+An inspection was then made of Dr. Baum's 1,200 tree grove. Many trees
+were loaded and all looking good. Here two cultural problems were
+discussed. Relative to the walnut blight, he showed us one tree that was
+afflicted near the ground and he started to mound soil around it. After
+three years of increasing the mound it is now 2-1/2 feet high and the
+tree is thriving and bearing, with every indication that it has overcome
+the disease. Opinion was expressed that it threw out new roots above the
+wound to save itself. The experiment is of immense value to orchard
+procedure.
+
+In observing a few of such trees opinion was expressed that in walnut
+orcharding, as in fruit orcharding, there will be a few trees that will
+have to be replaced the first few years and is something not to be
+worried about. Dr. G. A. Zimmerman said, "Why worry about the blight?
+The wild ones have always had it to a small extent. Spread is so slow it
+isn't perceptible, damage being almost nil, so let's forget it."
+
+
+Banquet Tuesday Evening September 12th
+
+The convention closed with a banquet held in the private dining room of
+the Swan Hotel. On request of the President Mr. John W. Hershey
+introduced the speakers of the evening. Rev. G. Paul Musselman spoke
+briefly and was followed by the after-dinner speaker, Mr. Al Bergstrom,
+Superintendent of Police of Coatesville, Pa. His subject was "Nuts--I
+Crack Them as You Like Them," and with many interesting jokes and
+humorous stories he portrayed an interesting picture of the many
+problems that have to be met and solved by police officers. Each one
+privileged to hear this forceful speaker was deeply impressed with the
+responsibility that goes with citizenship.
+
+
+Business Session
+
+The President: We will now hear the report of the committee on Hybrids
+and Promising Seedlings.
+
+Dr. Zimmerman, Chairman, gave an oral report calling attention to some
+of the more important hybrids and new seedlings described by other
+members during the sessions of the convention and concluded by stating
+that the most important step in testing hybrids was to have interested
+people plant a number of promising hybrids of hickories and black
+walnuts and keep accurate records of these seedlings (second generation
+hybrids). There was some discussion as to whether the Norton was a pure
+pecan or a hybrid. Mr. C. A. Reed stated he had seen the parent tree
+himself and believed it to be a pure pecan. Mr. J. W. Hershey stated
+that he believed it to be a hican, basing his opinion in part on its
+showing hybridity as it is such a strong grower. He said he had a number
+of Norton trees in the nursery and would be glad to sell them at a
+nominal price to those who would be interested in testing them further.
+
+The President: We will now have the report of the resolutions committee.
+
+Report of the Resolutions Committee
+
+
+     Be it Resolved:
+
+     That we express our appreciation of the generosity and public
+     spirit of Mr. W. K. Kellogg in making possible one of the largest
+     experimental projects in nut culture in the northern United States.
+
+     That we express our sincere thanks to Mr. and Mrs. Hershey and Dr.
+     and Mrs. Baum for the delicious luncheons served our members and
+     guests.
+
+     That we express our sincere thanks to the Swan Hotel management and
+     to the citizens and business men of Downingtown for accommodations
+     and services rendered: to the program committee and committee on
+     local arrangements for the very complete plans and their efficient
+     execution; to the speakers who have taken part in the program; to
+     the exhibitors and to the officers and members who have provided a
+     most interesting and educational program and to Messrs. Hershey, L.
+     K. Hostetter, C. F. Hostetter, the Jones Nurseries and Drs. Baum
+     and Jones for the privilege of inspecting their nut tree plantings.
+
+     And we again express our regrets that Dr. Morris could not be with
+     us and trust his health will improve.
+
+     That we express our sincere thanks to Mr. O. C. Lightner for the
+     efficient manner in which articles and papers submitted by our
+     members were published in our official journal, the "NATIONAL NUT
+     NEWS," and for the excellent printing of our annual report.
+
+     We wish to express our deep sorrow over the loss of our faithful
+     member, Past President and Secretary, Mr. Willard G. Bixby whose
+     passing was so touchingly referred to in our business meeting.
+
+
+Resolutions Committee,
+
+  Prof. James A. Neilson, Chairman
+  Dr. Harry R. Weber
+  Frank H. Frey
+
+A motion was made and seconded to accept the report of the Resolutions
+Committee. (Carried unanimously.)
+
+Professor A. C. McIntyre of the Pennsylvania State Forestry Service was
+then called upon and discussed the black walnut as a timber tree. He
+called attention to the fact that the black locust is a legume of high
+value and acts as a stimulant to the growth of other trees and are
+themselves excellent for use later as fence posts. In considering the
+relative value of various nut trees as shade trees he stressed the fact
+that the time of leafing out in the spring and the dropping of the
+leaves in the fall are important factors.
+
+Motion was carried that the board of directors should formulate
+requirements for Honorary membership and have a proposition ready for
+discussion at the 1934 convention.
+
+List of officers and committee members was then read. Same are recorded
+on pages 3 and 4.
+
+The President: Attention is called to the fact that the annual dues are
+now only $2.00 and surely there are a large number of people interested
+in nut tree growing who will wish to join our association. I am sure
+each member will wish to subscribe for our official journal, the
+NATIONAL NUT NEWS, the subscription price of which is only $1.00 per
+year (in the United States) and remittance may be made through our
+Treasurer or direct to the News at 2810 South Michigan Ave., Chicago.
+
+Those who desire to secure budded or grafted nut bearing trees will have
+their orders given proper attention by any of the following who are
+members of our association:
+
+  W. R. Fickes, Route 7, Wooster,
+  Ohio.
+
+  Gerardi Nurseries, O'Fallon, Ill.
+
+  John W. Hershey, Downingtown,
+  Pa.
+
+  Indiana Nut Nursery (J. W. Wilkinson,
+  Prop.), Rockport, Ind.
+
+  J. F. Jones Nurseries, Box N. 356,
+  Lancaster, Pa.
+
+  Michigan Nut Nursery (H. Burgart),
+  Rt. 2, Union City, Mich.
+
+  E. A. Riehl Farm and Nursery,
+  Godfrey, Ill.
+
+  Snyder Bros., Inc., Center Point,
+  Iowa.
+
+  Sunny Ridge Nursery (Dr. J.
+  Russell Smith), Round Hill, Va.
+
+  W. G. Bixby Nursery, 32 Grand
+  Ave., Baldwin, N. Y.
+
+  J. U. Gellatly, West Bank, B. C.,
+  Canada.
+
+  The Living Tree Guild, 468 Fourth
+  Ave., New York.
+
+The latter has distributed a great deal of information on northern nut
+culture and I think a paper at our next convention outlining its work
+and accomplishments would be most valuable.
+
+Each one present is cordially invited to attend our convention next
+year, September 10 and 11, 1934 at Battle Creek, Michigan.
+
+As there is no further business, this the 24th Annual Convention of the
+Northern Nut Growers Association will be adjourned.
+
+The Convention adjourned at 9:00 P.M.
+
+
+
+
+  EXHIBITS
+
+  =By Clermont Co., Ohio=
+
+  Hill hickories.
+
+  =By Dr. Deming=
+
+  Metal tree labels.
+
+  =By W. R. Dunlap=
+
+  Japanese walnut.
+  Heartnut x butternut cross.
+  Seedling English walnut.
+
+  =By F. H. Frey=
+
+  Black walnuts:
+    Hillabolt, from Mrs. C. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Ia.
+    Marion, from Mrs. C. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Ia.
+    Metcalf, from Mrs. C. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Ia.
+    Wheeling, from Mrs. C. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Ia.
+    Worthington, from Mrs. C. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Ia.
+    Kettler, from Fred Kettler, Plattesville, Wisc.
+    Oklahoma Seedling (J. Rupestris, pp. 60 1932 report).
+    Rohwer, from J. Rohwer, Grundy Center, Ia.
+    Grundy, from J. Rohwer, Grundy Center, Ia.
+    Stabler (one lobe), from O. H. Casper, Anna, Ill.
+  Sample package of new method selling black walnuts, sliced shell and
+  meats together.
+  Mat made of cross sections of black walnuts fastened together with copper
+  wire.
+
+  =By J. U. Gellatly=
+
+  Leaf tracing of bitternut x English walnut hybrid.
+
+  =By Samuel Graham=
+
+  Collection of black walnuts and hickory nuts from Ithaca, N. Y.
+
+  =By J. R. Hershey=
+
+  Little Giant nut cracker.
+  Little Giant walnut huller.
+
+  =By John W. Hershey=
+
+  Collection of black walnuts, hickory nuts and pecans.
+  One Thomas black walnut tree four feet tall, one year from graft bearing
+  a Thomas walnut.
+  John W. Hershey nut cracker.
+
+  =By L. K. Hostetter=
+
+  Monterey black walnut.
+
+  =By F. F. Jones Nurseries=
+
+  Ohio black walnut.
+  Thomas black walnut.
+  Ten Eyck black walnut.
+  Pleas hicans.
+  Buchanan filberts.
+  Jones hybrid hazels and filberts.
+  Alpine English walnuts.
+  Hall English walnuts.
+  Wiltz-mayette English walnuts.
+
+  =By H. F. Stoke=
+
+  Homeland black walnut.
+  Exhibit of commercial 2-lb. package of black walnut kernels.
+
+  =By Harry R. Weber=
+
+  Weber walnut.
+
+  =By Dr. G. A. Zimmerman=
+
+  Collection of nuts.
+
+
+
+
+ATTENDANCE--1933 CONVENTION
+
+  Mrs. Laura Woodward Abbott, R. D. No. 2, Bristol, Pa.
+  John Alcorn, Paoli, Pa.
+
+  Dr. Frank L. Baum, Boyertown, Pa.
+  Mrs. Frank L. Baum, Boyertown, Pa.
+  Miss Dorothy Baum, Boyertown, Pa.
+  H. K. Beard, Schaefferstown, Pa.
+  Mrs. H. K. Beard, Schaefferstown, Pa.
+  Miss Elizabeth Beitler, Downingtown, Pa.
+  Al. Bergstrom, Coatesville, Pa.
+  Carl P. Birkinbine, Cynwyd, Pa.
+  A. R. Buckwalter, Flemington, N. J.
+
+  G. Y. Clement, West Chester, Pa.
+  Mrs. G. Y. Clement, West Chester, Pa.
+  Oliver Croshaw, Hightstown, Pa.
+  Elroy Curtis, Brookfield, Conn.
+  Wm. Curtis, New York, N. Y.
+
+  Dr. W. C. Deming, 31 Owen St., Hartford, Conn.
+  Milton Dull, Schaefferstown, Pa.
+  Mrs. Milton Dull, Schaefferstown, Pa.
+
+  C. E. Endy, Yellow House, Pa.
+  Mrs. C. E. Endy, Yellow House, Pa.
+
+  Prof. F. N. Fagan, State College, Pa.
+  Frank H. Frey, Chicago, Ill.
+
+  Joseph B. Gable, Stewartstown, Pa.
+  S. H. Graham, Ithaca, N. Y.
+
+  Paul W. Hafer, Lorane, Pa.
+  J. W. Hartman, Sligo, Pa.
+  Dr. Julian T. Hammond, Newtown, Pa.
+  John K. Hershey, Ronks, Pa.
+  J. R. Hershey, Kinzers, Pa.
+  John W. Hershey, Downingtown, Pa.
+  Mrs. John W. Hershey, Downingtown, Pa.
+  C. F. Hostetter, Bird-in-Hand, Pa.
+  Mrs. C. F. Hostetter, Bird-in-Hand, Pa.
+  L. K. Hostetter, Lancaster, Pa.
+
+  Mrs. J. F. Jones, Lancaster, Pa.
+  Miss Mildred Jones, Lancaster, Pa.
+
+  M. M. Kaufman, Clarion, Pa.
+  Mortimer B. Kelly, Morristown, N. J.
+  M. Glen Kirkpatrick, c/o Farm Journal, Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+  Mrs. Mary Laudermilch, Lebanan, Pa.
+  E. J. Leitenberger, 3747 W. Park Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+  Wm. S. B. McCaleb, St. Davids, Pa.
+  A. C. McIntyre, State College, Pa.
+  Mrs. William McPherson, Downingtown, Pa.
+  Upton Mehring, Keymar, Md.
+  Mrs. Upton Mehring, Keymar, Md.
+  F. K. Miller, Clarion, Pa.
+  Lennard H. Mitchell, Washington, D. C.
+  Mrs. Lennard H. Mitchell, Washington, D. C.
+  Mrs. I. E. Murray, Downingtown, Pa.
+  Rev. Paul Musselman, Downingtown, Pa.
+
+  Prof. J. A. Neilson, East Lansing, Mich.
+  Mrs. J. A. Neilson, East Lansing, Mich.
+
+  Charles S. Phillips, Parkersville, Pa.
+
+  Prof. C. A. Reed, Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+  John Rick, Reading, Pa.
+  J. S. Rittenhouse, Lorane, Pa.
+  Newton H. Russell, South Hadley, Mass.
+  Mrs. N. H. Russell, South Hadley, Mass.
+
+  Miss Dorothy C. Sawyer, New York, N. Y.
+  Adam S. Schultz, Hereford, Pa.
+  George L. Slate, Geneva, N. Y.
+  Samuel M. Smedlet, West Chester, Pa.
+  Dr. J. Russell Smith, Swarthmore, Pa.
+  Ella H. Snavely, R. D. No. 2, Manheim, Pa.
+  H. R. Snavely, R. D. No. 2, Manheim, Pa.
+  J. M. Somerville, Rimersburg, Pa.
+  J. W. Sparks, R. D., Williamstown, N. J.
+  C. D. Setler, Yellow House, Pa.
+  H. F. Stokes, Roanoke, Va.
+  Miss Ruth Stokes, Roanoke, Va.
+  Jacob E. Stover, Springwood Farms, York, Pa.
+  Mrs. Jacob E. Stover, Springwood Farms, York, Pa.
+
+  C. A. Tenney, Clear Spring, Md.
+  Dr. R. E. Theiss, Lewisburg, Pa.
+  Mrs. R. E. Theiss, Lewisburg, Pa.
+
+  Carl F. Walker, Cleveland Heights, Ohio.
+  Robert Wallace, Paoli, Pa.
+  Wm. S. Weaver, Macungie, Pa.
+  Dr. Harry R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio.
+  Mrs. Harry R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio.
+
+  Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, Harrisburg, Pa.
+  Mrs. G. A. Zimmerman, Harrisburg, Pa.
+
+
+
+
+BOOKS AND BULLETINS ON NORTHERN NUT GROWING
+
+1. Nut Culture in the United States, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1896.
+Out of print and out of date but of great interest.
+
+2. The Nut Culturist, Fuller, pub. Orange Judd Co., N. Y., 1906. Out of
+print and out of date but a systematic and well written treatise. These
+two books are the classics of American nut growing.
+
+3. Nut Growing, Dr. Robert T. Morris, pub. MacMillan, N. Y. 2nd edition
+1931, price $2.50. The modern authority, written in the author's
+entertaining and stimulating style.
+
+4. Farmers' Bulletin No. 1501, 1926, Nut Tree Propagation, C. A. Reed,
+to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. A very
+full bulletin with many illustrations.
+
+5. Tree Crops, Dr. J. Russell Smith, pub. Harcourt, Brace & Co., N. Y.,
+1929, price $4.00. Includes the nut crop.
+
+6. Annual reports of the Northern Nut Growers' Association from 1911 to
+date. To be had from the secretary. Prices on request.
+
+7. Bulletin No. 5, Northern Nut Growers' Association, by W. G. Bixby.
+2nd edition, 1920. To be had from the secretary. Price fifty cents.
+
+8. Farmers' Bulletin No. 1392, Black Walnut Culture for both Timber and
+Nut Production. To be had from the Supt. of Documents, Gov. Printing
+Office, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cents.
+
+9. Year Book Separate No. 1004, 1927, a brief article on northern nut
+growing, by C. A. Reed, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,
+Washington, D. C.
+
+10. Filberts--G. A. Slate--Bulletin No. 588, New York State Agricultural
+Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y., December, 1930.
+
+11. Leaflet No. 84, 1932, Planting Black Walnut, W. R. Mattoon and C. A.
+Reed, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+
+12. Harvesting and Marketing the Native Nut Crops of the North, by C. A.
+Reed, 1932, mimeographed bulletin, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of
+Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+
+13. Dealers in Black Walnut Kernels, mimeographed bulletin by C. A.
+Reed, 1931, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington,
+D. C.
+
+14. Eastern Nursery Catalogues Listing Nut Trees, mimeographed leaflet
+to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+
+15. Twenty Years Progress in Northern Nut Culture. A 48-page booklet of
+valuable information and instruction by John W. Hershey, Nuticulturist,
+Downingtown, Penna. Price 25 cents.
+
+16. The National Nut News, official organ of the Northern Nut Growers'
+Association, 2810 South Michigan Ave., Chicago, Illinois. Monthly, One
+Dollar a year.
+
+17. Files of The American Nut Journal, to be had from the publishers,
+American Nurseryman Publishing Co., 39 State St., Rochester, N. Y.
+
+   _______________________________________________________________________
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+  | Minerals, Shells, Glassware, and many other collected articles.       |
+  |                                                                       |
+  | It's fun to have a hobby, and to know what others who share           |
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+  |                     Lightner Publishing Corp.                         |
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+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association
+Report of the Proceedings at the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS REPORT ***
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