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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/20202-h.zip b/20202-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fcdd3f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/20202-h.zip diff --git a/20202-h/20202-h.htm b/20202-h/20202-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..08b376b --- /dev/null +++ b/20202-h/20202-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2958 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Walnut Growing in Oregon, Edited by J. C. Cooper. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + + div.centered {text-align: center;} /* work around for IE centering with CSS problem part 1 */ + div.centered table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;} /* work around for IE centering with CSS problem part 2 */ + + + div.trans-note {border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; + margin: 3em 15%; padding: 1em; text-align: center;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + + img {border:0;} + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + + .left {float: left; text-align: left;} + .right {float: right; text-align: right;} + + .author {text-align: right; margin-right: 5%;} + + .linenum {position: absolute; top: auto; left: 4%;} /* poetry number */ + .blockquot {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 15%;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Walnut Growing in Oregon, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Walnut Growing in Oregon + +Author: Various + +Editor: J.C. Cooper + +Release Date: December 28, 2006 [EBook #20202] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON *** + + + + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Janet Blenkinship +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +produced by Core Historical Literature in Agriculture +(CHLA), Cornell University) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img001.jpg" width="314" height="550" + alt="WALNUT BLOSSOMS" /><br /> + <b>WALNUT BLOSSOMS</b> + </div> +<p><br /><br /></p> + + + + <h1>WALNUT GROWING<br /> + IN<br /> + OREGON</h1> + + <h2>Edited by J. C. Cooper</h2> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img002.jpg" width="250" height="212" + alt="Title page motif" /><br /> + <b></b> + </div> + + <h4>PUBLISHED BY THE</h4> + + <p class='center'>Passenger Department Oregon Railroad and Navigation Co.<br /> + Southern Pacific Company Lines in Oregon<br /> + Portland, Oregon<br /><br /> + + COPYRIGHT, 1910. BY WM. McMURRAY. GENERAL PASSENGER AGENT</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><br /><br /></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img003.jpg" width="550" height="314" + alt="An Oregon Walnut Grove" /><br /> + <b>An Oregon Walnut Grove. Prune Trees for Fillers.</b> + </div> +<p><br /><br /></p> +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents"> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#A_COMING_INDUSTRY">A COMING INDUSTRY OF GREAT NATIONAL IMPORTANCE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#HISTORY_IN_BRIEF">HISTORY IN BRIEF</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#TEST_TREES_OF_OREGON">TEST TREES OF OREGON</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#WOOD_OF_THE_ENGLISH_WALNUT">WOOD OF THE ENGLISH WALNUT</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#YOUNG_GROVES_OF_OREGON">YOUNG GROVES OF OREGON</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LOCATIONS_FOR_ADDITIONAL_GROVES">LOCATIONS FOR ADDITIONAL GROVES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#PLANTING">PLANTING</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#WHAT_TO_PLANT">WHAT TO PLANT</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#SEEDLING_WALNUTS">SEEDLING WALNUTS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#GRAFTED_TREES">GRAFTED TREES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#WALNUT_GRAFTING">WALNUT GRAFTING</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#GRAFTING_WAX">GRAFTING WAX</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#BEST_STOCK_ON_WHICH_TO_GRAFT">BEST STOCK ON WHICH TO GRAFT</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#GOOD_PLAN_FOR_WALNUT_ORCHARD">GOOD PLAN FOR WALNUT ORCHARD</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_TAP_ROOT">THE TAP ROOT</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#WALNUT_CULTIVATION">WALNUT CULTIVATION</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#PRUNING_WALNUTS">PRUNING WALNUTS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#TRAINING_THE_TREES">TRAINING THE TREES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#NO_DISEASES_INJURE_OREGON_WALNUTS">NO DISEASES INJURE OREGON WALNUTS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#POLLINATION">POLLINATION</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_HARVEST">THE HARVEST</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#WASHING_AND_DRYING">WASHING AND DRYING</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#SORTING_AND_GRADING">SORTING AND GRADING</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#PACKING_AND_SHIPPING">PACKING AND SHIPPING</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#WALNUT_YIELD_PER_ACRE">WALNUT YIELD PER ACRE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_WALNUT_MARKET">THE WALNUT MARKET</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#COMPARED_WITH_FRUIT">COMPARED WITH FRUIT</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_POUND_PACKAGE">THE POUND PACKAGE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#WALNUT_CONFECTIONERY">WALNUT CONFECTIONERY</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#WALNUTS_IN_COOKING">WALNUTS IN COOKING</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#BY-PRODUCTS">BY-PRODUCTS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#VARIETIES">VARIETIES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#WEIGHTS_KERNEL_AND_TASTE">WEIGHTS, KERNEL AND TASTE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#WHO_SHOULD_INVEST">WHO SHOULD INVEST</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CONCLUSION">CONCLUSION</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#OREGON_WALNUT_AREA_BY_COUNTIES">OREGON WALNUT AREA BY COUNTIES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#GOLD_MEDAL_WALNUT_EXHIBIT_See_cut_on_following_page">GOLD MEDAL WALNUT EXHIBIT</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class="trans-note"> + Transcriber's Note: The illustrations were not as good as hoped, but all have been placed. + </div> + + +<p><!-- Page 5 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> + +<p><br /><br /></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img004.jpg" width="400" height="240" + alt="Walnut Confections" /><br /> + <b>Walnut Confections.</b> + </div> +<p><br /><br /></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><br /><br /></p> +<h1>WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON</h1> +<p><br /><br /></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="A_COMING_INDUSTRY" id="A_COMING_INDUSTRY"></a>A COMING INDUSTRY OF GREAT NATIONAL IMPORTANCE</h2> + + +<p>English walnuts for dessert, walnut confectionery, walnut cake, walnuts +in candy bags at Christmas time—thus far has the average person been +introduced to this, one of the greatest foods of the earth. But if the +food specialists are heard, if the increasing consumption of nuts as +recorded by the Government Bureau of Imports is consulted—in short, if +one opens his eyes to the tremendous place the walnut is beginning to +take among food products the world over, he will realize that the +walnut's rank as a table luxury is giving way to that of a necessity; he +will acknowledge that the time is rapidly approaching when nuts will be +regarded as we now regard beefsteak or wheat products. The demand is +already so great that purveyors are beginning to ask, where are the +walnuts of the future to come from?</p> + +<p>In 1902. according to the Department of Commerce and Labor, we imported +from Europe 11,927,432 pounds of English walnuts; each year since then +these figures have increased, until in 1906 they reached 24,917,023 +pounds, valued at $2,193,653. In 1907 we imported 32,590,000 pounds of +walnuts and 12,000,000 more were produced in the United States. In +<!-- Page 6 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>Oregon alone there are consumed $400,000 worth of nuts annually.</p> + +<p>When we consider the limited area suitable to walnut culture in +America—California and Oregon practically being the only territory of +commercial importance—and the fact that the Old World is no longer +planting additional groves to any appreciable extent, there being no +more lands available, we begin to realize the important place Oregon is +destined to take in the future of the walnut industry: for in Oregon, +throughout a strip of the richest land known to man—the great +Willamette basin with its tributary valleys and hills, an area of 60 by +150 miles—walnuts thrive and yield abundantly, and at a younger age +than in any other locality, not excepting their original home, Persia. +In addition, Oregon walnuts are larger, finer flavored, and more uniform +in size than those grown elsewhere; they are also free from oiliness and +have a full meat that fills the shell well. These advantages are +recognized in the most indisputable manner, dealers paying from two to +three cents a pound more for Oregon walnuts than for those from other +groves. Thus the very last and highest test—what will they bring in the +market?—has placed the Oregon walnut at the top.</p> + +<p>However, in all of Oregon, throughout the vast domain that seems to have +been providentially created to furnish the world with its choicest nut +fruit, there are, perhaps, not more than 200 acres in bearing at the +present time. The test has been accomplished by individual trees found +here and there all the way from Washington and Multnomah counties on the +north, to Josephine and Jackson counties, bordering California. In a +number of counties but two or three handsome old monarchs that have +yielded heavy crops year after year, without a failure for the past +twenty to forty years, bear witness to the soil's suitability; in other +counties, notably Yamhill, sturdy yielding groves attest the soil's +fitness. In none of the counties of the walnut belt has but the smallest +fraction of available walnut lands been appropriated for this great +industry. People are just beginning to realize Oregon's value as a +walnut center and her destiny as the source of supply for the choicest +markets of the future.</p> + +<p>Were it practical to plant every unoccupied suitable acre in Oregon this +year to walnuts, in eight or ten years the crop would establish Oregon +forever as the sovereign walnut center of the world; and the crop, +<!-- Page 7 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>doubling each year thereafter for five years, as is its nature, and +then maintaining a steady increase up to the twentieth year, would +become a power in the world's markets, equal if not superior to that of +North American wheat at the present time.</p> + + +<p><br /><br /></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img006.jpg" width="339" height="500" + alt="More Nuts than Leaves" /><br /> + <b><i>More Nuts than Leaves. Tree of D. H. Turner.</i></b> + </div> +<p><br /><br /></p> + +<p><!-- Page 8 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p> + + +<p>The United States Year Book for 1908 estimates the food value of the +walnut at nearly double that of wheat, and three times that of +beefsteak.</p> + +<p><br /><br /></p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img007.jpg" width="400" height="236" alt="CONFUCIUS" title="" /></div> + + +<div class="blockquot"><h4><i>Garden stuff, Melons, Pumpkins, Prunes and Children growing among the Walnuts. +The Walnuts will in a Few Years put out all but the children.</i></h4></div> + +<p>Colonel Henry Dosch, the Oregon pioneer of walnut growing, says: "As a +business proposition I know of no better in agricultural or +horticultural pursuits."</p> + +<p>Prof. C. I. Lewis, of the Oregon Experiment Station, writes: "In +establishing walnut groves we are laying the foundation for prosperity +for a great many generations."</p> + +<p>Mr. H. M. Williamson, secretary of the Oregon Board of Horticulture, +writes: "The man who plants a walnut grove in the right place and gives +it proper care is making provision not only for his own future welfare, +but for that of his children and his children's children."</p> + +<p>Felix Gillett, the veteran horticulturist of Nevada City, California, +wrote shortly before his death: "Oregon is singularly adapted to raising +walnuts."</p> + +<p>Thomas Prince, owner of the largest bearing walnut grove in Oregon, +expresses the most enthusiastic satisfaction with the income from his +investment, and is planting additional groves on his 800-acre farm in +Yamhill county, in many cases uprooting fruit trees to do so.<!-- Page 9 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="HISTORY_IN_BRIEF" id="HISTORY_IN_BRIEF"></a>HISTORY IN BRIEF</h2> + + +<p>The so-called "English" walnut originated in Persia, where it throve for +many centuries before it was carried to Europe—to England, Germany, +France, Spain and Italy—different varieties adapting themselves to each +country. The name "walnut" is of German origin, meaning "foreign nut." +The Greeks called it "the Royal nut," and the Romans, "Jupiter's Acorn," +and "Jove's Nut," the gods having been supposed to subsist on it.</p> + +<p>The great age and size to which the walnut tree will attain has been +demonstrated in these European countries: one tree in Norfolk, England, +100 years old, 90 feet high, and with a spread of 120 feet, yields +54,000 nuts a season; another tree, 300 years old, 55 feet high, and +having a spread of 125 feet, yields 1,500 pounds each season. In Crimea +there is a notable walnut tree 1,000 years old that yields in the +neighborhood of 100,000 nuts annually. It is the property of five Tartar +families, who subsist largely on its fruit.</p> + +<p>In European countries walnuts come into bearing from the sixteenth to +the twenty-fourth year; in Oregon, from the eighth to the tenth year; +grafted trees, sixth year.</p> + +<p>The first walnut trees were introduced into America a century ago by +Spanish friars, who planted them in Southern California. It was not +until comparatively recent years that the hardier varieties from France, +adapted to commercial use, were planted in California and later in +Oregon. They were also tried in other localities, but without success.</p> + +<p>Since the prolific productiveness of the English walnut on the Pacific +Coast has been assured, many commercial groves have been set out.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="TEST_TREES_OF_OREGON" id="TEST_TREES_OF_OREGON"></a>TEST TREES OF OREGON</h2> + +<p>The first walnut trees were planted in Oregon in limited number for +purely home use, "just to see if they would grow," and they did. Thus +the state can boast of single trees close to sixty years of age, each +with admirable records of unfailing crops, demonstrating what a fortune +would now be in the grasp of their owners had they planted commercially.</p> + +<p>In Portland, Oregon, on what is known as the old Dekum place, 13th and +Morrison streets, there are two walnut trees, planted in 1869, that have +yielded a heavy crop every fall since their eighth year, not a single +failure having been experienced.<!-- Page 10 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> The ground has never been cultivated. +The nuts planted were taken at random from a barrel in a grocery store. +During the "silver thaw" of 1907, the most severe cold spell in the +history of Oregon, one of the trees was wrenched in two, but the +dismembered limb, hanging by a shred, bore a full crop of walnuts the +following season.</p> + +<p>N. A. King, at 175 Twenty-first street, has some fine, old trees that +have not missed bearing a good crop since their eighth year.</p> + +<p>Henry Hewitt, living at Mt. Zion, Portland, an elevation of 1,000 feet, +has many handsome trees, one, a grafted tree fifteen years old, that has +borne since its fifth year. Another tree of his buds out the fourth of +July and yields a full crop as early as any of the other varieties.</p> + +<p>In Salem, there is what is known as the famous old Shannon tree, fully +thirty years old, with a record of a heavy crop every season.</p> + +<p>Mayor Britt, of Jacksonville, has a magnificent tree that has not failed +in twenty years.</p> + +<p>Dr. Finck, of Dallas, has a large tree seventeen years old that bore 70 +pounds of nuts in its thirteenth year, and has increased ever since.</p> + +<p>C. H. Samson, of Grants Pass, has a grove of 250 trees, now ten years +old, that bore at seven years.</p> + +<p>Mr. Tiffany, of Salem, has a fifteen-year-old tree that at thirteen +years bore 115 pounds.</p> + +<p>Mr. E. Terpening, of Eugene, has four acres of walnuts grafted on the +American black, which in 1905 produced 700 pounds, in 1906 produced 1200 +pounds, in 1907 produced 2000 pounds, and in 1908 produced 3000 pounds. +He tried seedlings first, but they were not satisfactory. The Epps and +Reece orchard near Eugene produces about 100 pounds per tree, at 12 +years of age.</p> + +<p>Mr. Muecke, of Aurora, planted a dozen walnuts from his father's estate +in Germany; they made a splendid growth, and at six years bore from 500 +to 800 nuts to a tree.</p> + +<p>Mr. Stober, of Carson Heights, planted nuts from Germany with +satisfactory results.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Herman Ankeny, of New Era, has seven young trees that in 1907 +netted her $15 a tree.<!-- Page 11 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> + +<p><br /></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img010.jpg" width="339" height="500" + alt="Santa Barbara soft-shell" /><br /> + <b></b> + </div> + + +<div class="blockquot"><h4>Here is a Santa Barbara soft-shell on the lawn of Mr. E. +C. Apperson, in McMinnville, which at the age of eight years bore 32 +pounds of walnuts. It stood the frosts and winter of 1908-'09 and bears +every year; it is now 11 years old, 12 inches in diameter and has a +branch spread of 40 feet.</h4></div> +<p><br /><br /></p> + +<p><!-- Page 12 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img011.jpg" width="400" height="308" + alt="The Cozine Walnut Tree" /><br /> + <b></b> + </div> + +<h4><i>The "Cozine" Walnut Tree</i></h4> + +<p>Cozine tree on A street, McMinnville. Seedling, 15 years old; bears good +crop of nuts every year. At 14 years old the crop was 125 pounds. Is 16 +inches in diameter and has a spread of 42 feet.</p> + +<p>One sixteen-year-old tree near Albany netted its owner $30.</p> + +<p>A Franquette walnut near Brownsville yielded eight bushels at ten years.</p> + +<p>The French varieties planted in and around Vancouver commenced bearing +at seven years, and have never failed. Prominent growers are A. A. +Quarnberg, A. High, Mr. H. J. Biddle, C. G. Shaw.</p> + +<p>In Yamhill county, Ed. Greer, James Morison, F. W. Myers, D. H. Turner +and Bland Herring all won prizes at the first walnut fair held in the +state, on nuts from their groves.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="WOOD_OF_THE_ENGLISH_WALNUT" id="WOOD_OF_THE_ENGLISH_WALNUT"></a>WOOD OF THE ENGLISH WALNUT</h2> + +<p>The wood of the English walnut is very hard and close grained, and +nearly as hard and tough as hickory. It will no doubt be valuable for +furniture, finishing lumber and any other use that may require a +first-class hard wood.<!-- Page 13 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="YOUNG_GROVES_OF_OREGON" id="YOUNG_GROVES_OF_OREGON"></a>YOUNG GROVES OF OREGON</h2> + +<p>The Prince walnut grove of Dundee, Yamhill county, thrills the soul of +the onlooker with its beauty, present fruitfulness, and great promise. +Lying on a magnificent hillside, the long rows of evenly set +trees—healthy, luxurious in foliage, and filled with nuts—present a +picture of ideal horticulture worth going many miles to see. There is +not a weed to mar the perfect appearance of the well-tilled soil; not a +dead limb, a broken branch, a sign of neglect or decay. In all, 200 +acres are now planted to young walnuts, new areas being added each +season. From the oldest grove, about forty-five acres, the trees from +twelve to fourteen years old, there was marketed in 1905 between two and +three tons of walnuts; in 1906 between four and five tons; in 1907 ten +tons were harvested, bringing the highest market price, 18 and 20 cents +a pound wholesale, two cents more than California nuts. The crop for +1908 was at least one-third heavier than for 1907. One tree on the +Prince place, a Mayette, that has received extra cultivation, by way of +experiment, now twelve years old, has a spread of thirty-eight feet, and +yielded in its eleventh year 125 pounds of excellent nuts. Mr. Woods, +the superintendent of the Prince place, considers walnut growing a +comparatively simple matter; he advocates planting the nut where the +tree is to grow, choosing nuts with care; and then thorough cultivation. +The soil is semi-clayey, red, hill land.</p> + +<p>Near Albany, Linn county, 700 acres are planted; the soil is a rich +loam, and seems admirably adapted to walnuts.</p> + +<p>Near Junction City, in Lane county, there are 200 acres of young trees. +Every condition seems present for the best results.</p> + +<p>Eugene has two small groves.</p> + +<p>Yamhill county, where the greatest demonstration thus far has been made, +has close to 3,000 acres in young trees, the planting having been both +on hill and valley lands.</p> + +<p>At Grants Pass, Josephine county, there is a promising grove of 600 +young trees.</p> + +<p>Near Aurora and Hubbard, Marion county, where the soil is a rich, black +loam, rather low, a number of young groves are making a growth of four +and five feet a season.</p> + + +<p>J. B. Stump, of Monmouth, Polk county, has a very thrifty young grove.<!-- Page 14 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img013.jpg" width="400" height="254" + alt="A Young Willamette Valley Grove" /><br /> + <b><i>A Young Willamette Valley Grove</i></b> + </div> + +<p><br /></p> +<p>This is a view of a part of the R. Jacobson orchard one and one-half +miles west of McMinnville. The land was bought for $60 per acre and when +planted to walnuts sold for $200. The orchard is now five years old and +could not be bought for $600 per acre. It is located on a hill 150 feet +above the level of the valley.</p> + +<p>The largest single grafted grove in Oregon is situated one mile from +Junction City, the property of A. R. Martin. He has sixty-five acres.</p> + +<p>Washington county is rapidly acquiring popularity as a walnut center, +many fine orchards being now planted. Mr. Fred Groner, near Hillsboro, +is now planting 100 acres to grafted trees. The Oregon Nursery Company +is establishing large walnut nurseries in Washington county.</p> + +<p>In Douglas county, vicinity of Drain, little attention has been paid to +walnut culture, but a sufficient number of trees are doing well to +insure good results from large plantings.</p> + +<p>In Jackson county, near Medford, a number of young groves have been +planted, and individual trees throughout the Rogue River Valley furnish +ample evidence of correct soil and climatic conditions in that section. +Even when apple trees have been caught by frost the walnuts have escaped +uninjured, bearing later a full crop.</p> + +<p>In Tillamook county only sufficient trees have been planted to +demonstrate favorable soil conditions.<!-- Page 15 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> + +<p>While western Oregon is universally conceded to be the natural walnut +center, eastern Oregon also has its localities where walnuts bear +heavily, and will prove a good commercial crop. In Baker county there +are thousands of acres of land adapted to walnuts; young groves are +being planted, and a number of trees have produced fine crops.</p> + +<p>When one considers the years of the future when the trees of each of +these young groves will lift their symmetrical heads fifty, sixty, +ninety feet into the air, laden to full capacity with a plenteous crop, +each October dropping their golden-brown nut harvest that falls with the +clink of dollars to the commercial-minded, but with an accompaniment of +finest sentiment in the hearts of those otherwise inclined, one turns +away with a desire to repeat the wisdom of these pioneer planters and +start a grove of his own. With what grander monument could one +commemorate his little span on earth?</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="LOCATIONS_FOR_ADDITIONAL_GROVES" id="LOCATIONS_FOR_ADDITIONAL_GROVES"></a>LOCATIONS FOR ADDITIONAL GROVES</h2> + + +<p>Much is heard, in a general way, of necessary climate and soil +conditions for walnut culture, some giving preference to the hillsides, +others to valley lands; some contending for a deep, rich loam, others +for sandy soil. But a careful examination of the soils of Oregon and the +trees now bearing thereon produces convincing evidence that almost any +deep, rich, well-drained, western Oregon soil—and some in eastern +Oregon—not underlaid by hardpan, will insure a good harvest, providing +the right varieties are planted. The whole question resolves itself into +a matter of intelligent choice of trees to suit varying conditions.</p> + +<p>For example, the famous Prince grove is producing magnificent crops on +soil decidedly clayey; but the place is thoroughly cultivated and +careful selection has been made of hardy trees, the Mayette being +preferred.</p> + +<p>Another young grove is proving that walnuts do well on clayey hill land +of buckshot nature, where the drainage is good and there is no rock or +hardpan.</p> + +<p>In contrast with the hill land, young groves are making admirable growth +on the rich loam about Aurora and McMinnville.</p> + +<p>Mr. Henry Hewitt, of Portland, has fine, young seedlings on a hillside, +elevation 1,000 feet, that made four feet of growth in one season.<!-- Page 16 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> + + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img015.jpg" width="400" height="313" + alt="View of a Yamhill Orchard" /><br /> + <b><i>View of a Yamhill Orchard</i></b> + </div> + +<p><br /></p> + + +<p>In the neighborhood of all these groves, there are hardy, bearing trees +that amply foreshadow the future of the larger plantings. Colonel Henry +Dosch, the pioneer walnut grower of Oregon, who has experimented rather +thoroughly, even goes so far as to claim that rocky soil is not +objectionable, providing there is no hardpan.</p> + +<p>In this, as in all other horticultural pursuits, naturally the richer +soils are best; but the industrious horticulturist, by cultivation, +fertilization, and proper care, can produce a fairly good grove on +unfavorable lands. However, so much of Oregon is favorable by nature +that growers will hardly undertake to enrich the few less desirable +areas for a good many years to come. Land that on the Atlantic slope +would be seized readily enough, in Oregon is passed by, as there is +still so much untouched that nature has made ideal. Years hence growers +accustomed to the less fertile conditions of the far east will +undoubtedly turn their attention to even the few poorer areas in Oregon, +and make of them glowing garden spots.<!-- Page 17 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> + +<p>It is a simple matter to determine the presence of hardpan; you have but +to make a series of tests—four or five to the acre—with a plumber's +auger; and this care should be taken in every area where soil conditions +have not been fully determined.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="PLANTING" id="PLANTING"></a>PLANTING</h2> + + +<p>Gather the walnuts during the fall or winter, fall is better, and put +them in boxes about the size of ordinary apple boxes, putting in first a +layer of sand (the sandy loam along the valley streams is excellent) +about four inches deep, then a layer of walnuts about the same depth, +then cover these over with three or four inches more of sand. Place +these boxes out in the weather on the ground where the water will not +rise in them. The reason for putting the walnuts in boxes instead of +beds, as advised by some planters, is that the boxes may be taken to the +field or nursery and the nuts lifted carefully from the sand and placed +where they are to grow. It sometimes happens in a wet and backward +spring that the walnuts will sprout before the ground is ready for +planting, in which case they must be handled with the tenderest care and +not exposed to the atmosphere any longer than can be helped.</p> + +<p>One grower had a bed of hybrid black walnuts. The season was late and +when the ground was ready for planting many had started to grow. He +engaged some boys to grabble out the nuts from the sand beds, urging +care, but many of the best were broken and injured. Some of them had +sent down a taproot nearly or quite three inches in length. These early +ones, under proper conditions, are the most vigorous and surest growers, +but in the treatment they received many were injured and killed.</p> + +<p>Black walnuts are slow to germinate, sometimes laying in the ground two +years before sprouting. But if kept properly they will start by June or +July.</p> + +<p>For the nursery the ground should be plowed deep and thoroughly +pulverized. Plant the nuts 6 to 12 inches apart in rows about 3 feet +apart. Put a handful of the sand from the boxes around each walnut. Our +soil will appreciate the sand or silt from the drifts along the valley +streams, as it has proven to be one of the best fertilizers known. If +anyone doubts this let him try a quantity of it on his kitchen garden.<!-- Page 18 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img017.jpg" width="343" height="400" + alt="A California Black Walnut" /><br /> + <b><i>A California Black Walnut near McMinnville</i></b> + </div> + +<p><br /></p> + + +<p>On the Ford place, near the North Yamhill bridge, is one of the finest +trees in the county, 33 inches diameter, height 75 feet, spread of +branches 60 feet. Bears an abundance of nuts every year. It is 34 years +old. The seeds are much used to raise grafting stock.</p> + +<p>Nearly all of the black walnut seed produced in the Willamette valley +will partake more or less of a mixed or hybrid nature, whether from a +California black, Japanese black, or American black. The black walnuts +are very susceptible to cross pollinization and the English walnut also, +for be it known that</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">With wandering bees and the sweet May breeze,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">That virile tide goes far and wide.</span><br /> +<!-- Page 19 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p> + +<p>The nut should be planted two or three inches deep. A good authority +says to place the nut on its side as it would lay after falling from the +tree. If the nut is sprouted make a hole in the well pulverized soil and +put the root carefully down into it.</p> + +<p>The best way for planting in the orchard is to bore a hole with a post +or well auger 4 or 5 feet deep where the tree is to grow, put in a stick +of dynamite and break up the ground thoroughly.</p> + +<p>Or, better still, bore down to permanent moisture and fill the lower +hole with good soil or other root food, then dynamite 4 or 5 feet of the +upper section of the hole. Nothing will produce a vigorous and thrifty +tree like a deep and vigorous root system, and no tree responds to +cultivation and care as does the walnut, white or black. After bursting +up the soil, excavate and put in a half bushel of barn or other mould, +well rotted. This will force the tree in the earlier years of its life +and can be no hindrance to it later. Cover the manure with a foot or two +of soil and plant. Both before and after planting the ground should be +ploughed and harrowed until it is as mellow as an ash heap. Plant three +or four nuts in a hill 6 to 8 inches apart and at the end of the first +season's growth pull out all but the most vigorous one. For +transplanting from the nursery the same methods should be followed in +the preparation of the hole and the soil as in planting the seed nuts. +If one wants to lay the foundation for a fine orchard and a fine fortune +as a consequence, these preliminary steps must not be neglected. Because +in time you expect this tree to pay you a rental of $8 to $12 a month. +If you are building a cottage that would bring in that sum, you would +put in much more work and money besides. The wise grower would rather +have a man plant six trees for him in one day than sixty. The walnut is +usually a very vigorous tree and will fight its way among adverse +conditions and surroundings, but its golden showers are much more +abundant if it is protected from the scars of battle, especially in its +youth. It almost seems to respond to the love and affection given to it +by a kind master. Animals respond to kindness, and why not the domestic +trees? It will pay you a big salary after a while when your other bank +accounts and your health and strength fail.<!-- Page 20 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img019.jpg" width="378" height="400" + alt="American Black Walnuts" /><br /> + <b><i>American Black Walnuts</i></b> + </div> + +<p><br /></p> + + +<p>A magnificent row of nine American black walnuts, 35 or 40 years old. +The tree in the foreground is 20 inches in diameter of trunk. The +tallest of the trees is nearly 60 feet and they have a spread of more +than 70 feet. They are at the residence of Dave Johnson on the Portland +road about 8 miles from McMinnville. Seed from such trees as these would +produce the very best trees for grafting upon.</p> + +<p>There are very few California blacks of pure strain in the country. The +hybrids or crosses with the American or eastern black walnut, are better +trees for grafting stock than the pure Californias. They are more hardy +and better adapted to our climate.<!-- Page 21 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="WHAT_TO_PLANT" id="WHAT_TO_PLANT"></a>WHAT TO PLANT</h2> + + +<p>Horticulturists of equal fame and experience take different views on the +subject of planting, some contending that the nut should be planted +where the tree is to grow; others that seedlings are the thing, and +still others that trees should be grafted. And as all three plans have +produced good results in Oregon, the individual planter may take his +choice, according to the circumstances in which he is situated. The +truth is that the walnut is one of the hardiest of trees, and with good +attention will not disappoint if the right kinds are properly started.</p> + +<p>In planting walnuts to raise seedling trees the best available seed nuts +should be used. Select the best and most prolific variety and the one +most suited to the climate.</p> + +<p>It is claimed that the nuts from a grafted tree will produce the best +seedling trees. This may be true as a rule, as the nut from such a tree +will have some of the characteristics of the stock upon which the parent +tree was grafted. It may inherit some of the resistant qualities of the +black walnut or the rapid growth of the California hybrids. It may have +early ripening qualities. It is well to consider all these points as +well as the quality of the nut when selecting seed.</p> + +<p>By careful selection and cross pollination many and better varieties +will be produced. No doubt a nut superior to any that has yet appeared +in any country will yet be originated in the Willamette Valley, as in +the case of the Bing and Lambert cherry and some other fruits.</p> + +<p>The improvement of the walnut in this section is one of the most fertile +fields of investigation to be found anywhere and one that promises big +reward to the successful culturist. And the walnut grower need not wait +long to find whether he has a prize or not, for just as soon as the +little sprout comes from the ground and has hardened sufficient to +handle, a skillful grafter can place it in a bearing tree and the second +or third year know the result of his experiment by the production of +fruit, and this not more than three or four years from the planting of +the seed.</p> + +<p>The advantage of planting walnuts, providing you secure first generation +nuts of the right variety for your soil and atmospheric conditions, is +in simplicity and inexpensiveness. You merely purchase your nuts of a +reliable concern, or from an isolated grove<!-- Page 22 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> of one variety (many send +direct to France, where pure strains can be more readily gotten), and in +February plant them on their sides in a shallow box of moist sand; keep +in a cool place. In April, or as soon as they sprout, dig a hole 2-1/2 +or 3 feet deep, put in surface loam, and plant three or four nuts to a +hole about 2 or 3 inches deep. They will come up by June and make a +growth of a foot or so the first season.</p> + +<p>It is contended by many that nothing is gained by planting seedlings in +the nursery, as the set-back from transplanting prevents their bearing +any earlier than trees of the same age grown from nuts.</p> + +<p>Grafted trees, on the other hand, are difficult to obtain in large +numbers, are expensive, but produce nuts of uniform size and beauty, and +the pollination is said to be more sure.</p> + +<p>The industry is still too young in Oregon for the final word to have +been spoken on this point. The future will undoubtedly add much valuable +information as larger experience supplants theory with facts.</p> + +<p>The vital point is to plant good nuts or reliable seedlings from a pure +strain.</p> + +<p>In choosing varieties be governed by your location. If frosts are to be +feared get late-blooming varieties, the leading ones established in +Oregon being the Mayette and the Franquette. Other varieties will +undoubtedly be introduced in the next few years that will withstand +frost in regions where walnut planting now seems impractical. Mr. Henry +Hewitt's one tree that blooms the fourth of July, at an elevation of +1,000 feet, is evidence of the possibilities in this direction. Air +drainage is necessary.</p> + +<p>The tested varieties in Oregon to date, and the results, are as follows:</p> + +<p>Mayettes (the famous "Grenoble" of commerce) and Franquettes are first +choice for hardiness and for reliable commercial crops, the nuts being +of good size, fine flavor and in every way meeting the highest market +demands.</p> + +<p>Praeparturiens bear earlier than other varieties, are very productive +and as fine flavored as a hickory nut, but the nuts are small for best +commercial prices.</p> + +<p>The Chaberte is a hardy tree, good for the uplands, and prolific; a +delicious nut, small but excellent for confectioners use.</p> + +<p>The Ford Mammoth, Glady and Bijou are too large to find favor for +commercial purposes.<!-- Page 23 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img022.jpg" width="400" height="300" + alt="A Fine Japanese Hybrid in Lafayette" /><br /> + <b><i>A Fine Japanese Hybrid in Lafayette</i></b> + </div> + +<p><br /></p> + + +<p>The Parisienne, Meylan and Lanfray are newer varieties that give much +promise, but have not been thoroughly tested.</p> + +<p>H. M. Williamson, Secretary Oregon State Board of Horticulture, in an +article says:</p> + +<p>"The extremely unfavorable weather of the past winter (1908-9) has been +one of the best things which could have happened to many heedless +persons who planted walnut trees without first taking pains to learn +anything about the business. The destruction of many young trees of the +Santa Barbara type was a blessing to those who planted them, and the +planters deserve no sympathy, for the warnings not to plant trees of +that type have been ample for many years past.</p> + +<p>"The fine condition of suitably located groves of walnut trees of +Franquette, Mayette and other French varieties, after a winter which +proved the most trying to fruit trees of all kinds which we have known +during a long period of years, has given firm confidence to those who +are leading in the development of the walnut industry in Oregon.</p> + +<p>"The varieties which are best adapted to culture in this state are those +which produce the finest nuts known to the world."<!-- Page 24 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img023.jpg" width="500" height="291" + alt="Walnut Groves, Dundee, Oregon" /><br /> + <b><i>Walnut Groves, Dundee, Oregon</i></b> + </div> + +<p><br /></p> + + +<p><!-- Page 25 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SEEDLING_WALNUTS" id="SEEDLING_WALNUTS"></a>SEEDLING WALNUTS</h2> + + +<p>The leading commercial orchard in the state is that of Mr. Thomas +Prince, of Yamhill county, and is composed almost entirely of seedling +trees. The history of this orchard is best told by Mr. Prince in the +following very conservative letter:</p> + +<p>"About 17 years ago the Ladd Stock Farm of Yamhill, Oregon, by the +advice of Mr. H. E. Dosch, then Secretary of the Oregon Horticultural +Society, purchased from the late Felix Gillett, Nevada City, Cal., and +planted quite a number of young walnut trees which are now in bearing. +The first few years their cattle received first attention and the young +trees were not cultivated as much as they should have been to make good +growth. They therefore do not grow the quantity of walnuts they would +have produced with better cultivation. Two or three years after this Mr. +Z. T. Davis, of Dundee, Oregon, also by advice of Mr. Dosch, purchased +of Mr. Gillett some 500 one-year-old seedlings. One year later the +writer, who had some land adjoining Mr. Davis, also became interested +and set out about 1,500 additional trees, and about two years later +purchased the place belonging to Mr. Davis, and became owner of the +young trees at Dundee, with the exception of a few purchased by several +neighbors. All are now in bearing.</p> + +<p>"Those who do not know the facts are inclined to give the writer more +credit than he is entitled to. Mr. Dosch, the Ladds, Mr. Davis and Mr. +Gillett were first to interest themselves and should receive the credit +to which they are entitled.</p> + +<p>"We have now in Oregon and Washington quite a few trees in bearing, and +we believe they can be grown here with profit. There is much to learn. +We find the young trees should be carefully set out and receive good +cultivation for the first few years. That the selection of the trees and +the location in which to grow them are very important. The number of +trees to the acre, and whether to grow seedling or grafted trees; and if +grafted whether root grafting or top grafting is best must be +considered.</p> + +<p>"I think growing of walnuts has the advantage of many other products. +The crop is easily grown, harvested and marketed; the labor greatly +economized and the net profits a larger per cent of the gross receipts; +while sometimes with other crops the results are just the reverse—the +net profits but a small per cent of the gross receipts.</p> + +<p>"The question is often asked how much is land worth that is suitable; +how long before trees will bear, and how much will they produce, etc. +The price of land depends largely on location; generally it is worth +from $50 to $150 per acre. Seedling trees come into bearing from 7 to 9 +years of age, quantity from 10 to 50 pounds per tree; number of trees +per acre, 20 to 40.<!-- Page 26 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>"</p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img025.jpg" width="400" height="296" + alt="Sixty Year Old Walnut Trees on Derr Place" /><br /> + <b><i>Sixty Year Old Walnut Trees on Derr Place</i></b> + </div> + +<p><br /></p> + +<p>These trees are about 60 years old and were planted by I. M. Johns, who +took the donation claim two miles southeast of McMinnville, about 1844, +now the Derr farm. The trunk of the largest one on the right is 10 feet +in circumference, and is probably the largest English walnut tree in +Oregon. They have some nuts every year, but are shy bearers, due no +doubt to lack of proper pollination. The nut is not large, but is full +of good meat and resembles the Parry. The trees are about two hundred +yards from the Yamhill river, are hale and hearty and seem good for a +few centuries. In fact, all of the seedlings examined in this county are +healthy and vigorous.</p> + +<p>There are half a dozen or more walnut trees growing in the woods and +about the garden of Mr. J. T. Jones, seven miles west of McMinnville, +which are a valuable study to the walnut grower. They are seedlings from +the Casey tree, and they all bear full crops every year. The largest is +21 inches in diameter. One of them has a much larger and finer nut than +that grown on the Casey tree. Hardpan is reached about 18 inches below +the surface, which would indicate that no tap root were needed were it +not for the fact that a tiny brook runs down through the garden not far +from the trees.<!-- Page 27 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> + +<p>Following is the testimony of Col. Henry E. Dosch, taken from "Better +Fruit" of August, 1908:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is over twenty years since I first experimented with nut +culture, more especially English, or, more properly speaking, +French walnut culture, and by persistent effort in keeping this +matter before the horticulturists am more than gratified to know +that this important industry is at last receiving the attention it +deserves; and a few who took my advice in the beginning and planted +on a commercial basis are now reaping the benefit, as their +products command the highest price in the market.</p> + +<p>"First generation nuts are produced on original trees, or on trees +grafted from the original trees. Those nuts when planted produce +second generation trees, and the nuts from these second generation +trees are a little larger than the original or first generation, +which is due to the peculiar soil and climatic conditions of the +Pacific Northwest, so well adapted to nut culture. Trees grown from +second generation nuts retrograde very rapidly, producing nuts not +half so large as even the first generation trees, and finally +running out altogether. Hence it is very essential that we plant +nuts from the original trees, or trees grown from the original nuts +or grafted from the original trees."</p></div> + +<p>A tree on John E. Brooks' claim, Casey Place, is one of the earliest and +most important trees in the country. It has borne a good crop every year +for thirty-five years, and in all that time has led a strenuous life. It +was planted first in Portland from a nut supposed to have been brought +from the Rhine in Germany by a German sea captain. It was broken down by +stock when Amasa Brooks saw it, and with the consent of the owner +transplanted it to its present site, on the side of a red hill a few +rods above the house and about 100 feet above the level of the valley. +There it was much abused by stock, and exposed to other accidents. When +it began to bear, the squirrels would gather the nuts as soon as they +were big enough to attract them. When the tree was visited in August, +1909, for the purpose of getting a photograph it was found that a +squirrel had burrowed under the roots, making an opening large enough to +admit a good-sized foxhound, and a quantity of nuts hulls were piled +about it and scattered beneath the tree. It is 23 inches in diameter and +has a branch spread of nearly 60 feet. Trees of the fourth generation +from this tree are in bearing near McMinnville and are producing fairly +good nuts, some better than the original tree, demonstrating that the +seedling walnut tree can be improved here by seed selection.<!-- Page 28 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img027.jpg" width="400" height="292" + alt="A Grafted Walnut" /><br /> + <b><i>A Grafted Walnut</i></b> + </div> + +<p><br /></p> + + + +<p>The above is a two-year-old grafted tree in the orchard of Mr. Prince. +It was sent to him by Judge Leib, of San Jose, in order to convince him +of the superiority of the grafted tree. You will note that the little +bush has two good-sized nuts, and also that it bore one last year, the +first year from the nursery. With this ratio of increase at 20 years of +age it would produce about three and one-quarter tons of walnuts, +counting 42 nuts to the pound, the weight of first-class Oregon walnuts. +But this is not probable.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="GRAFTED_TREES" id="GRAFTED_TREES"></a>GRAFTED TREES</h2> + + +<p>The testimony in favor of the grafted tree is not yet very abundant in +Oregon, as the grafting business is new; but with the evidence at hand +it will surely have a standing in court.</p> + +<p>Prof. Lewis speaks plainly on this subject. He says:</p> + +<p>"One of the main points of discussion is, Which are preferable—grafted +or seedling trees? Let us consider the seedling tree first. There are +men who claim that these are superior to grafted trees, especially in +size, prolificness, etc.; that there is something about our wonderful +Oregon climate that causes the so-called second generation trees to bear +larger and better fruits than the parent plant. And these writers love +to dwell on the subject of<!-- Page 29 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> generation. There is at times a sort of +mystery, an uncanny vagueness connected with this subject that is +baffling and bewildering to the layman, and causes him to listen with +mouth agape. It is the same sweet silly story that we have had to learn +by bitter experience with other nuts and fruits, and some of us will +evidently pay dearly for it in the case of the walnut. The term 'first +generation' is generally applied to the parent tree—some say the +original tree, while others put the clause on the original grafted tree. +Nuts taken from such trees and planted produce the second generation +trees. These may be equal, may be superior, or may be inferior to the +original stock. It is this very variation and instability that makes the +seedling to a more or less degree a gambling proposition."</p> + +<p>The following is taken from a paper on walnut culture by Luther Burbank, +read before the annual meeting of the California Fruit Growers +convention:</p> + +<p>"In all cases the best results will be obtained by grafting on our +native California black walnut or some of its hybrids. No one who grows +English walnuts on their own roots need expect to be able to compete +with those who grow them on the native black walnut roots, for when +grown on these roots the trees will uniformly be larger and longer +lived, will hardly be affected by blight and other diseases, and will +bear from two to four times as many nuts, which will be of larger size +and of much better quality. These are facts, not theories, and walnuts +growers should take heed.</p> + +<p>"Although not popular among nurserymen, yet the best way to produce a +paying orchard of walnuts is to plant the nuts from some vigorous black +walnut tree, three or four in each place where a tree is to stand. At +the end of the first summer remove all but the strongest among them. Let +the trees grow as they will, for from three to six years, until they +have formed their own natural, vigorous system of roots, then graft to +the best variety extant which thrives in your locality, and if on deep, +well-drained land you will at once have a grove of walnuts which will +pay, at present, or even with very much lower prices, a most princely +interest on your investment. By grafting in the nursery, or before the +native tree has had time to produce its own system of roots by its own +rapid-growing leafy top, you have gained lit<!-- Page 30 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>tle or nothing over +planting trees on their own roots, for the foliage of any tree governs +the size, extent and form of the root system. Take heed, as these are +facts, not fancies, and are not to be neglected if you would have a +walnut grove on a safe foundation.</p> + +<p>"I hold in my hands a record, and also a photograph, of one of the Santa +Rosa walnut trees, grafted, as I recommended, on the black walnut, 1891; +this was handed to me by the owner, George C. Payne, of Campbell. The +record may be of interest to you: Dimensions (1905)—Spread of top, 66 +feet; circumference one foot above ground, 8 feet 9 inches. No record of +nuts was kept until 1897, which amounted to 250 pounds; 1898, 302 +pounds; 1899, 229 pounds; 1900, 600 pounds; 1901, 237 pounds; 1902, 478 +pounds; 1903, 380 pounds; 1904, 481 pounds; 1905, 269 pounds; 1908, 712 +pounds.</p> + +<p>"The walnut has generally been considered a very difficult tree to graft +successfully. Mr. Payne has perfected a mode of grafting which in his +hands is without doubt the most successful known; by it he is uniformly +successful, often making one hundred per cent of the grafts to grow. Who +can do better by any method?</p> + +<p>"When you plant another tree, why not plant a walnut? Then, besides +sentiment, shade and leaves, you may have a perennial supply of nuts, +the improved kinds of which furnish the most delicious, nutritious and +healthful food which has ever been known. The old-fashioned hit-or-miss +nuts, which we used to purchase at the grocery store, were generally of +a rich, irregular mixture in form, size and color, with meats of varying +degrees of unsoundness, bitter, musty, rancid, or with no meat at all. +From these early memories, and the usual accompanying after-effects, +nuts have not been a very popular food for regular use until lately, +when good ones at a moderate price can generally, but not always, be +purchased at all first-class stores.</p> + +<p>"The consumption of nuts is probably increasing among all civilized +nations today faster than that of any other food, and we should keep up +with this increasing demand and make the increase still more rapid by +producing nuts of uniformly good quality. This can be done without extra +effort, and with an increase in the health and rapid and permanent +increase in the wealth of ourselves and neighbors."<!-- Page 31 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img030.jpg" width="400" height="297" + alt="Top Grafted Black Walnut +Hybrids" /><br /> + <b><i>Row of Eleven Year Old Top Grafted Black Walnut +Hybrids</i></b> + </div> + +<p><br /></p> + + +<p>An American black walnut growing on a lot on the east side of Grant +street, residence of J. C. Cooper, McMinnville, grafted by Mr. Payne May +14, 1908, grew 7-1/2 feet in 95 days and was still growing when the +terminal buds were nipped by the early September frost of that year. The +sprouts were pruned back to 12 inches. The tree made a vigorous growth +in 1909, making a spread of 13 feet. Some think the American black a +better tree for grafting stock that the California black. One of the +noblest and grandest trees in any American forest is the American black +walnut, and while a little slow at the beginning of its career it is +only a question of time when it will overtake all others. It knows no +disease or pests, and he who plants it lays a foundation for 20 to 50 +generations to come as well as for himself and those of his own +household.</p> + +<p>A four-year-old hybrid, 4 inches in diameter, grafted in by Mr. Payne, +grew a sprout as shown, 7 feet 9 inches high in four months from the +setting of the graft. It is growing on the east side of D street near +the Presbyterian church in front of the residence of Mrs. Sarah +Updegraf, McMinnville, Oregon. Three trees there all show the same +vigor, with little or no cultivation.<!-- Page 32 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> + +<p>John H. Hartog, formerly of Eugene, wrote of the experience of Mr. E. +Terpening, one of the most successful walnut growers near that city.</p> + +<p>"Mr. Terpening is a devotee of the grafted tree. And why? A burnt child +spurns the fire, says the proverb. Mr. Terpening set out second +generation Mayettes and Franquettes, expecting that these seedlings +would produce true, but when they commenced to bear, behold his +amazement at finding that he had a variety of almost every kind. This +was enough to convince him that in the future he would use grafted +trees, and know what he was doing and what kind of nut he was raising.</p> + +<p>"Counting out trees of other kinds, he has four acres in walnuts, and +these produced—</p> + + + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="30%" cellspacing="0" summary="Produce of grafted trees"> +<tr><td align='left'>In 1905</td><td align='right'>700 pounds</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>In 1906</td><td align='right'>1200 pounds</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>In 1907</td><td align='right'>2000 pounds</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>In 1908</td><td align='right'>3000 pounds</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>"This spring he set out 450 more trees and wisely he put them 50 feet +apart and will grow peaches in between for a few years. While it is +generally said that walnuts come into bearing after 8 years, Mr. +Terpening states that the grafted tree will bear commercially in 6 +years, which tallies exactly with my experience.</p> + +<p>"The Terpening walnut trees are grafted on American black and his +favorite variety is the Mayette and lately the so-called Improved +Mayette."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="WALNUT_GRAFTING" id="WALNUT_GRAFTING"></a>WALNUT GRAFTING</h2> + + +<p>Walnut grafting is in a class by itself, and walnut budding is not a +success as practiced at the present time, although the ordinary method +is shown in the cut. The top grafting method shown is easy and sure if +you have "the know-how and skill." One of the important things to +remember in tree surgery as well as other kinds, is to work quickly and +deftly. Don't let the wounds of the scion or stub remain exposed longer +than necessary. Make the cuts smooth with a very sharp knife, kept sharp +by frequent "stropping.'" Expert walnut grafters are few, but the +ordinary skillful orchardist or amateur can do fairly successful work by +a study of the drawings in "Details of Walnut Grafting" on next page, +and using common sense methods.<!-- Page 33 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img032.jpg" width="442" height="600" + alt="Details of Walnut Grafting" /><br /> + <b><i>Details of Walnut Grafting</i></b> + </div> + +<p><br /></p> + + + +<p>Cut off the branch or stock to be grafted with a sharp priming saw at a +point where the stump will be from one to two and a half inches in +diameter. Split through the center of the stub with a sharp knife as +shown in figure 1, using a mallet. Depress the point of the splitting +knife and strike with the mallet, cutting the bark and sap down the side +of the stub instead of tearing it, then depress the handle and cut down +the other side in the same way.<!-- Page 34 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> Open the split slightly with a hardwood +wedge, as in figure 2. Slightly bevel the split, cutting upward, with a +sharp knife as in figure 3. Insert the carefully fitted scion as at +figure 4, being careful to have the cambium layer, the inner layer of +the bark, of both stub and scion come together.</p> + +<p>When the scion is carefully fitted remove the wedge and fill the split +with paper as shown at figure 5. Then cover all wounds over with wax +brushed on warm as at figure 6. The melted wax should be about the +consistency of thick honey. Tie a paper sack over all as at figure 7. +This should remain until scions begin to grow. It keeps them warm and +prevents drying out by hot winds. In from ten days to three weeks the +scions will have started sufficient to gradually remove the cover as at +figure 8. In eight or ten days from the time grafts are set a small +opening should be cut or torn in the north side of the paper sack so +that the sprouting buds may have air and their growth noted.</p> + +<p>When the stock is too large to split through the center it should be +split to one side of center as shown in figure 9. The method of shaping +the scions is shown in figures 10, 11 and 12. Good scions and poor are +shown in 13 and 14. Scions with buds not too far apart are best. Prong +grafting is shown in figures 15 to 18, and flute budding in 19 and 20.</p> + +<p>In grafting the stock should not close on the scion with sufficient +force to bruise or injure it, but just tight enough to hold.</p> + +<p>Scions should be of last year's wood and pruned or cut from the trees in +late winter, when the tree is dormant, and cut into about 12-inch +lengths, long enough to make three or four grafts. Select upright wood. +Drooping branches make a sprawling and sometimes a barren tree.</p> + +<p>The dormant scions should be packed away in a cool, dark cellar in damp +sand or moss, or put in cold storage and kept dormant until ready for +use. Do not allow the buds to swell. It will be well to look at them +occasionally to see that they do not get too dry nor be so damp as to +mold.</p> + +<p>In the spring when the sap is well up and the trees to be grafted have +sprouted and are growing during April and May the grafting should be +done. Work may be continued even after the catkins are out and the +leaves half grown.</p> + +<p>The methods described are those practiced by Mr. George C. Payne, +probably the most successful walnut grafter in the business.<!-- Page 35 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img034.jpg" width="400" height="293" + alt="Tools Used in Walnut Grafting" /><br /> + <b><i>Tools Used in Walnut Grafting</i><br />Plate One. Furnished by Oregon Agricultural College</b> + </div> + +<p><br /></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="GRAFTING_WAX" id="GRAFTING_WAX"></a>GRAFTING WAX</h2> + + +<p>The following formula is the grafting wax used by Mr. Payne:</p> + + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="40%" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'>Rosin, 5 pounds.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Beeswax, 1 pound.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Finely pulverized charcoal. 1-2 pound.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Raw linseed oil, 1 gill</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Be sure that the charcoal is finely pulverized. First melt the beeswax +and rosin, being careful not to have the fire too hot. Add the charcoal, +stirring constantly, and then add the oil. Mould into bricks by pouring +into greased pans. When desiring to use break off a few lumps and melt +in such a contrivance as is shown in the plate of grafting tools. The +wax must be quite liquid if applied successfully.</p> + +<p>Nursery grafting, or root grafting, is not a success as practiced at +present. The best grafters do not succeed with more than 10 to 15 per +cent. This makes the grafted tree cost from $1.50 to $2.00 per tree, and +makes that kind of walnut planting expensive. However, Col. Dosch, in +his article, quotes Professor<!-- Page 36 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> Leckenby, the noted agrostologist, as +saying that if directions are religiously followed ninety per cent of +the grafts will grow. The directions are as follows:</p> + +<p>"For walnut grafts on scions use one gallon of water with four +teaspoonfuls of sulphate of quinine. Cut scions submerged in the +solution, and wash the cut on tree at once, to prevent it from turning +black, acting as an antiseptic; then insert, the scion as on other fruit +trees."</p> + +<p>This, from such authority, is worthy of a trial. A great amount of +experimenting has been done in walnut grafting and a way to success will +be found.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="BEST_STOCK_ON_WHICH_TO_GRAFT" id="BEST_STOCK_ON_WHICH_TO_GRAFT"></a>BEST STOCK ON WHICH TO GRAFT</h2> + + +<p>Mr. Burbank, Judge Leib, and George C. Payne, all of California, think +the California black or some of its hybrids make the best stock in +California. Mr. Groner prefers the hybrid for Oregon.</p> + +<p>Mr. A. McGill, of Oregon, thinks that neither the California black nor +its hybrid are suited to this climate. Few have had more experience, +costly experience at that, than Mr. McGill. He thinks the American black +better for Oregon.</p> + +<p>It is sometimes asked, why not plant seedling walnuts and top work those +that are not good bearers? Because the grafts will not do so well on the +English stock as on the black; and it is also found that the English +stock does not make as good a foundation as the black.</p> + +<p>Therefore, the best growers in Oregon conclude that the seed from a +thrifty American Black, or close hybrid, is best for this state. In +three or four years after planting cut off the trunk about as high as a +man's waist or shoulder and put in the graft from the best variety +available. The third year from setting of the graft you will have a crop +of nuts.</p> + +<p>Mr. Payne can set 250 to 300 grafts in a day. His wages are $8 a day, +and he furnishes the wood. So you see that your trees would cost very +little. Good black walnut seed can be had very cheap, probably at a cost +of 50 cents to $1 per bushel, the Oregon product preferred.</p> + +<p>Some of the California hybrids make rapid growth, but too rapid growth +of wood may not be desirable. It may mean early maturity and early +decay, and too few walnut bearing boughs.<!-- Page 37 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="GOOD_PLAN_FOR_WALNUT_ORCHARD" id="GOOD_PLAN_FOR_WALNUT_ORCHARD"></a>GOOD PLAN FOR WALNUT ORCHARD</h2> + + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img036.jpg" width="600" height="566" + alt="Plan for a walnut orchard" /><br /> + <b></b> + </div> + +<p><br /></p> + +<p>Mr. Prince, of Yamhill county, has modified his views somewhat in regard +to the grafted and seedling trees. He thinks that possibly the permanent +orchard should be of the grafted variety, possibly on the Royal or +California hybrid of rapid growth. He proposes the above form of an +orchard. The principal grafted trees should be placed in square form 60 +feet apart, represented by figures 3. In the center of these squares at +figures 2 he would either plant the same trees or some other seedling +variety which will bring the trees about 42 feet apart. Midway between +the main grafted trees he would plant other trees, or apple trees, +rep<!-- Page 38 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>resented by figures 1 in the little squares. This would make trees +30 feet apart. At the end of 15 or 20 years, when the trees possibly +become crowded, he would remove the No. 1 trees. If this were an apple +tree, it would already have served its best days and no great loss would +be had by its removal. At the end of 25 or 30 years we would remove No. +2, if the trees became crowded, leaving a permanent orchard of trees 60 +feet apart, 12 trees to the acre. This is an excellent arrangement, and +no doubt about the best that has yet been proposed for walnut culture in +Oregon.</p> + +<p>It is best to plant in square form, a tree to the center of each square, +forty to sixty feet apart is the rule. Berries, small fruit, potatoes, +vetch, peas, beans, etc., can be grown between the trees while they are +young, leaving six or eight feet free to be cultivated each side of the +trees.</p> + +<p>Many plant apples, peaches, prunes or cherries between walnut trees, +planning to cut them out when the latter are of such size as to need all +the space.</p> + +<p>These crops between the rows produce an income during the eight years' +waiting for the walnuts to come into bearing. Each grower must decide +this point according to his situation, always avoiding grains and +grasses.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_TAP_ROOT" id="THE_TAP_ROOT"></a>THE TAP ROOT</h2> + + +<p>Some experimenting has been done and much speculation has been indulged +regarding the tap root. One writer disposes of the whole subject in this +manner:</p> + +<p>"The cutting of the tap root in planting seedlings has been a question +for much discussion, many growers formerly holding that to cut it meant +to kill the tree. This has proved a mistake. It has been practically +demonstrated that the tree thrives better with the tap root cut if +properly done with a sharp instrument, making a clean cut. New growth is +thereby induced, the abundance of lateral roots feed the tree more +satisfactorily and the trees come into bearing from two to three years +earlier than would otherwise be the case."<!-- Page 39 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p> + + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img038.jpg" width="436" height="600" + alt="A Well Planted Tree" /><br /> + <b><i>A Well Planted Tree</i></b> + </div> + +<p><br /></p> + + +<p>Before accepting this as final it would be well to make further inquiry. +The summers of western Oregon are practically rainless and when the +kernel in the formed shell is maturing unless there is irrigation a +distress call is sent down to the roots for moisture, if the weather is +very dry. The lateral roots cannot supply this dire need and if the main +pump is not working away<!-- Page 40 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> down deep in the moist earth the kernel will +not fill well and may perish entirely. For this reason no fibre of the +tap root should be disturbed, but rather encouraged by a well auger +hole, bored before the tree is planted, down to the reservoir of +moisture that will not fail in the dryest season.</p> + +<p>The moisture in a dry season as a rule is nearer the surface in the +valley than in the hills and gives a better filled nut. In a wet season, +when the ground everywhere is full of moisture, the hills may produce a +more abundant crop than the valley, but in the run of years it will +require more time to prove which is most valuable for walnut culture. +Trees grow in either place, but he who cuts the tap root in any soil +does so at the peril of his crop in dry seasons.</p> + +<p>Of the taproot, Wm. M. Reece, of the firm of Epps, Reece & Tillmont, +Eugene, Oregon, writes:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The peculiar climatic conditions of the Willamette Valley, which +at a certain season of the year becomes semi-arid, fully justifies +the statement that trees not having a tap root are annually checked +in their growth when irrigation is not used; while those that do +have a tap root, as do walnuts, continue to grow and thrive even in +the driest weather. The walnut should be planted, however, in soil +having a subsoil free from any hard substance that will permit the +tap root to grow downward into the strata of perpetual moisture.</p> + +<p>"This has been most thoroughly demonstrated in our walnut orchard +this, the driest year in the memory of old settlers in the Valley.</p> + +<p>"When the growth of our apple, cherry and peach trees ceased +because of the dry weather, our walnuts kept on growing as if +supplied by continuous rains. It is true that liberal cultivation +through the dry season will materially aid the growth of all kinds +of trees not having a tap root and is indispensable to the growth +of young walnut trees, trees that have not extended their tap root +down to perpetual moisture.</p> + +<p>"Walnut trees, in the opinion of the writer, cease growing upward +when they cease growing downward; that is to say, when rock, shale +or impenetrable hardpan stops the growth of the tap root, the tree +has practically reached its height.</p> + +<p>"Therefore, in planting a walnut grove, borings should be made to +test the depth of the soil and character of the subsoil.<!-- Page 41 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Unquestionably the best variety for this climate is the Franquette +and next the Mayette.</p> + +<p>"Grafted trees are to be preferred to seedlings. Grafted trees bear +much sooner and the fruit is more uniform in size, though a +seedling that has attained the bearing age will produce as much +fruit as a grafted tree of the same age; this we have occasion to +observe from comparisons in our own orchard.</p> + +<p>"We have trees 14 years old that bore 100 pounds at the age of 12 +years and the product sold for 25c a pound for planting purposes.</p> + +<p>"Those who had the misfortune to have the tender shoots of their +walnut trees killed by the unusual frost early last May, should not +be discouraged. Just examine the limbs now and you will find that +three or four more shoots grew out where the one was killed. This +makes more fruit buds for next year and the shortage of crop this +year will be more than made up next.</p> + +<p>"The writer believes that walnut growing will prove to be the most +profitable industry in the Willamette Valley.</p> + +<p class='author'>"WM. M. REECE."</p> + +</div> + +<p>It seems to be a characteristic of the walnut and hickory, and possibly +other nut trees, to send down a tap root deep into the earth to draw up +the distilled and purified moisture that has been refined and sweetened +in the lower depths. The older boys of the Middle Western states can +recall the time when they wandered through the woods in late winter +time, with a long pole or rail on their shoulders with which they +"pulled hickory root." The young sprout was "withed" around near one end +of the pole, then all hands put their shoulders under the long end and +with an "altogether, heave, oh," draw up a tap root 4, 6 and 8 feet +long. The lowest end was the choicest and sweetest. It was delicious and +in the division of a day's hunt some of these found their way to "his +best girl" at school.</p> + +<p>Whether the water down in these lower depths possesses these qualities, +and that they are necessary to give the Oregon walnut its superiority is +yet a matter of speculation, but that these conditions exist is well +known and should have fullest consideration by the intelligent walnut +culturist.<!-- Page 42 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img041.jpg" width="150" height="400" + alt="Tap Root of a Two-year-old Black Walnut" /><br /> + <b></b> + </div> + +<p><br /></p> + +<div class='blockquot'> +<h4><i>Tap Root of a Two-year-old Black Walnut showing how the +root grows down to permanent water level, thus insuring full crops +regardless of weather conditions</i></h4></div> + +<p>Cut of tap root of a 2-year-old American Black which grew in the lower +red hill land of Yamhill County. There is but one lateral root near the +surface and this was probably caused by the tap root striking harder +soil on its way down to permanent moisture level.</p> + +<p>This tap root is 3 feet long and nearly 6 inches in circumference. It is +one of the best object lessons to be had in walnut culture in Oregon.</p> + +<p>Though the Willamette Valley has practically four rainless months of +sunshine, irrigation is unnecessary. There is no other country +comparable to it. Its cool and dewy summer nights, together with its +great subterranean reservoir supplied by the winter rains, are the +reasons why its crops never fail and why its fruits fill "red, round and +luscious," and why the walnut has so persistently shown its preference +for this favored region.<!-- Page 43 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="WALNUT_CULTIVATION" id="WALNUT_CULTIVATION"></a>WALNUT CULTIVATION</h2> + + +<p>While the walnut is the hardiest of trees and in many cases has borne +heavily in Oregon without cultivation, experience has proved that, like +fruit trees, cultivation up to the tenth or twelfth years increases the +growth, the yield and the quality of the product. After full maturity no +further cultivation is necessary, the tree taking care of itself with +the independence of any forest tree.</p> + +<p>With a young grove it is best to plow between the rows after the rains +cease in the spring, and then stir the ground occasionally all through +the summer with the harrow or disk; this holds the moisture. When some +trees seem backward a trench should be dug some two feet or so away, and +a couple of feet deep, filled with fertilizer and closed over. This will +encourage hardier and more rapid growth. Lime can also be used with good +effect, it being customary in England to haul wagon loads to the walnut +lands. Continually hoeing and digging constitute the best treatment, as +one tree on the Prince place, a Mayette, has proved. It was given daily +cultivation, by way of experiment, and more than doubled the size and +yield of other trees of the same age not so treated.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="PRUNING_WALNUTS" id="PRUNING_WALNUTS"></a>PRUNING WALNUTS</h2> + + +<p>Walnuts require very little pruning. However, to do well they must have +plenty of light and air, and there must be room under the trees to +cultivate. To this end, keep all lateral growths removed the first two +years, pushing the strong terminal growth. Young trees so treated often +make five or six feet in that time. They must be staked and tied with a +broad strip of cloth. Cross the cloth between the stake and the twig so +as not to bruise the tender wood. As the limbs begin to grow take out an +occasional one to prevent the tree becoming too thick. When large limbs +are removed, cut on the slant, carefully waxing to prevent decay. +Heading-in is often beneficial when the tree does not seem to be +fruitful. Train the trees upward as much as possible.</p> + +<p>In Roumania and some of the eastern countries of Europe, some of the +walnut trees have such an enormous spread that a flock of five hundred +sheep can lie in comfort beneath the shade of one tree and have ample +room. If this vine-like tendency to spread can be obviated by +intelligently training the trees upward,<!-- Page 44 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> and its productiveness +maintained or increased, the walnut grower of Oregon will have +accomplished much in the conservation of our resources.</p> + +<p>At present we can make a tree that will produce 500 pounds of walnuts in +25 to 30 years. With 12 trees to the acre, will give 6000 pounds of +nuts; two and one-half times that of wheat at 40 bushels per acre, and +they will not require the expensive refrigerator cars and rapid transit +of perishable fruits.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="TRAINING_THE_TREES" id="TRAINING_THE_TREES"></a>TRAINING THE TREES</h2> + + +<p>It will only be necessary to train the limbs in seven or eight feet all +round to be able to double the number of trees to the acre. Then train +the trees skyward and increase the number of nut-bearing boughs, and the +yield will be increased accordingly. If the nuts on the higher branches +fill as well as on the lower, the tree can not be made to grow too high, +because we have no violent storms to throw down the trees, and the nuts +are self-gathering. These and many other valuable and interesting +problems in the industry are to be worked out.</p> + +<p>According to Prof. Lewis, who is good authority, a later and better +method is to cut the young tree back to 4 feet and make it throw out +three or four laterals. When these laterals are fully grown, bind them +up in a bundle one or two feet diameter with soft strands of rope. In +the dormant season cut these laterals back to about two feet. This will +multiply the branches. Cut back the new growths again the next year, and +so on; this will greatly increase the nut-bearing boughs and will train +the tree upward. This seems to be the most sensible method of pruning +yet proposed.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="NO_DISEASES_INJURE_OREGON_WALNUTS" id="NO_DISEASES_INJURE_OREGON_WALNUTS"></a>NO DISEASES INJURE OREGON WALNUTS</h2> + + +<p>The soft, moist atmosphere of western Oregon, so favorable to the +English walnut, seems wholly unfavorable to pests that destroy the crop +in other climates. A crop has never been lost or materially injured in +Oregon through these sources; in fact,<!-- Page 45 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> so free are the Oregon trees of +such enemies that little thought or attention has been given to this +phase of the subject. In a few localities where caterpillars have +attacked the foliage they have been quickly eradicated by an arsenic +spray. Fumigating will kill insect life. A bacterial disease that has +made its appearance in California has not been seen in this state. +Winter spray of lime and sulphur will kill moss and lichens, which are +about the only parasites that attempt to fasten on Oregon walnut trees.</p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img044.jpg" width="394" height="500" + alt="Old Walnut Trees Planted About 1850" /><br /> + <b></b> + </div> + +<p><br /></p> + +<div class='blockquot'> +<h4><i>Old Walnut Trees Planted About 1850 Near McMinnville, on +the Yamhill River</i></h4></div> + + +<p><!-- Page 46 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p> + +<p><!-- Page 47 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="POLLINATION" id="POLLINATION"></a>POLLINATION</h2> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img045.jpg" width="361" height="597" + alt="Pollination" /><br /> + <b></b> + </div> + +<p><br /></p> + +<p>Every fruit and nut grower should know the simple theory of pollination. +When a tree appears thrifty but fails to produce, nine times in ten the +trouble is with the pollination. The walnut is bi-sexual and +self-fertile; the staminate catkins appear first, at the end of the +year's growth (see Fig. 1), and the female blossoms, or pistillates, +from one to three weeks later at the end of the new growth (see Fig. 2). +Thus the staminate catkins sometimes fall before the pistillates form, +and naturally there is no pollination and no crop. This should not +discourage the grower or cause him to uproot his trees. Often by waiting +a few seasons—if the tree is of the correct variety—the trouble may +right itself. Many growers have gotten a crop from single trees where +there was trouble with the pollination by artificially fertilizing, that +is, shaking the pollen from fertile trees, even black walnut, over the +barren pistillates. Birds, insects, and the breezes carry pollen from +one tree to another. Therefore, if nuts for seed are desired, keep each +grove of pure strain separate that there may be no deterioration owing +to cross-fertilization. But the mixed orchard may bear best. Some +varieties of walnut trees—notably the Los Angeles—are suitable only +for shade in Oregon and should not be planted with any other thought in +mind. The staminate blossoms of this variety appear six weeks ahead of +the pistillates and, there being no pollination, naturally there are no +nuts.</p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img046.jpg" width="400" height="202" + alt="Best in the World, Oregon Walnuts" /><br /> + <b><i>Best in the World, Oregon Walnuts</i></b> + </div> + +<p><br /></p> + + +<p><!-- Page 48 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_HARVEST" id="THE_HARVEST"></a>THE HARVEST</h2> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img047.jpg" width="339" height="400" + alt="Drying the Nuts" /><br /> + <b><i>Drying the Nuts</i></b> + </div> + +<p><br /></p> + +<p>The harvest comes in October, a convenient season where there are fruit +crops to be taken care of. The process is extremely simple, being little +more than an old-fashioned "nut gathering." When ripe, the nuts fall to +the ground, shedding their hulls on the way. They are picked up by boys, +girls, men and women.</p> + +<p>During the harvest three or four rounds must be made through the grove, +perhaps a week elapsing between trips, each time slightly shaking the +trees to make the ripe nuts fall. On the last round, a padded mallet +with a long handle is used to dislodge the remaining nuts. The expense +of harvesting is slight, five or six people being sufficient to care for +a fifty-acre grove.<!-- Page 49 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="WASHING_AND_DRYING" id="WASHING_AND_DRYING"></a>WASHING AND DRYING</h2> + + +<p>When the nuts are gathered and brought in they are put into a revolving +barrel-churn holding about 12 to 16 gallons. Two buckets of water and +about the same of walnuts are put in together and the churn revolved for +some minutes. Then the nuts are taken out and spread on wire crates and +placed in the sun; they should be raked over two or three times a day. +Or, if the weather is wet, they may be placed in the dry-house in a good +draught at about 70 degrees F. In an artificial drying if the heat +becomes too great the nuts will be rancid, as the oil-cells will burst: +so better err on the side of underheating than overheating. If left out +of doors, cover carefully to protect from dew. The crates for outdoor +drying are placed on trestles in some California groves, in order that +the air may circulate through the nuts. This is much better than placing +them on the ground, where they draw dampness.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SORTING_AND_GRADING" id="SORTING_AND_GRADING"></a>SORTING AND GRADING</h2> + + +<p>After the walnuts are gathered, washed, dried and stored for a week or +so to test the correctness of their drying, they are ready to be graded +by passing over a sized screen. The choicest ones will sell at top +market prices, and the culls a little under. The Prince grove harvest is +never graded, as he finds ready sale at highest prices for the entire +output just as it runs after sorting out the few imperfect nuts.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="PACKING_AND_SHIPPING" id="PACKING_AND_SHIPPING"></a>PACKING AND SHIPPING</h2> + + +<p>They are next put into pound cartons, or 50-pound bags, common gunny +sacks, ready for the market.</p> + +<p>Not being perishable none are lost in shipping or by keeping. Walnuts +from Oregon groves have been kept two years, tasting as sweet and fresh +as those in their first season. Long hauls are not objectionable, as the +rough handling is not injurious to the well-sealed varieties grown in +Oregon. In this they have an advantage over fruit.<!-- Page 50 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="WALNUT_YIELD_PER_ACRE" id="WALNUT_YIELD_PER_ACRE"></a>WALNUT YIELD PER ACRE</h2> + + +<p>While it is generally found that seedling trees properly treated come +into bearing the eighth year, this crop is usually light, doubling each +successive season for seven or eight years. From then on there is a +steady increase in crop and hardiness for many years. Often trees in +Oregon bear in their sixth year; while there are instances on record of +trees set out in February bearing the following autumn. This is no +criterion, however, merely an instance illustrating the unusual richness +of Oregon soil, and its perfect adaptability to walnut culture.</p> + +<p>Thirty-five acres on the Prince place yielded at twelve years, twelve +tons of fine nuts, which were sold at 18 and 20 cents a pound, two cents +above the market price, making an average of $125 per acre. Another +grove of two acres yielded in their ninth year two tons, or a ton to the +acre, netting the owner $360 an acre.</p> + +<p>Mr. A. A. Quarnberg's eleven-year-old trees averaged twenty-five pounds +each. Mr. Henry J. Biddle's ten and twelve-year-old trees averaged +thirty pounds each. One hundred fifty dollars an acre from +twelve-year-old trees is a conservative estimate, though some groves not +cultivated may fall under that figure, while others in a high state of +cultivation will almost double it.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_WALNUT_MARKET" id="THE_WALNUT_MARKET"></a>THE WALNUT MARKET</h2> + + +<p>The very fact that in 1907 Oregon-grown walnuts commanded several cents +a pound higher price than those grown elsewhere indicates their market +value. When ordinary nuts sold for 12 and 16 cents a pound Oregon nuts +brought 18 and 20 cents.</p> + +<p>New York dealers who cater to the costliest trade throughout the United +States, and who have never handled for this purpose any but the finest +types of imported nuts, pronounced the Oregon product satisfactory from +every standpoint—finely flavored, nutty, meaty and delicious. They were +glad to pay an extra price to secure all that were available.</p> + +<p>In the home market the leading dealers of Portland and Northwest cities +readily dispose of all of the Oregon walnuts obtainable at an advanced +price. In fact, the Oregon walnut has commanded a premium in every +market into which it has been introduced.<!-- Page 51 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p> + +<p>California walnuts are largely shipped east, the percentage entering the +northern markets being comparatively small. The annual sum expended in +Oregon for imported nuts at the present time is $400,000. When the +Oregon growers are able to supply the home demand alone, shutting out +importations, the population of Oregon will have more than doubled, and +the amount expended in this state for walnuts will approach if it does +not exceed the million-dollar mark. In addition to this the eastern +markets will be clamoring for Oregon walnuts, as they now absorb Hood +River apples, Willamette valley cherries and Rogue River valley pears. +With eastern buyers always ready to pay an extra price for extra grade +products, superior grades of Oregon walnuts will undoubtedly be +contracted for, leaving only the culls for home consumption.</p> + +<p>It has been conservatively estimated that at the rate the population of +the United States is increasing, and the rate walnut consumption is +increasing, by the time every available acre in Oregon is in full +bearing the supply will still fall far short of the demand. Judging by +past experience in California this is no chimerical conception. Since +1896 the walnut crop in that state has steadily increased, and in like +proportion has the price advanced, from seven cents in 1896 to twenty +cents in 1907.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="COMPARED_WITH_FRUIT" id="COMPARED_WITH_FRUIT"></a>COMPARED WITH FRUIT</h2> + + +<p>In comparing walnut culture with fruit, one must take into consideration +the fact that distance from transportation facilities is not a +detriment; that there is very little expense in putting out or +maintaining a walnut grove; that insects, blight and disease are unknown +to walnut groves of Oregon, thus obviating the cost of spraying; that +the expense of harvesting is exceedingly light; that no nut-fruit +perishes—that it does not need to be sold at once, but will keep +indefinitely, making a lost crop practically impossible.</p> + +<p>It is estimated by experienced walnut growers that the annual cost of +cultivation and pruning should not exceed $10 an acre, while harvesting +should not exceed 20 cents per hundred pounds. It is a simple matter to +figure the profits.</p> + +<p>The original investment in a walnut grove may be made a comparatively +small amount; thus it appeals particularly to those of limited means.<!-- Page 52 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_POUND_PACKAGE" id="THE_POUND_PACKAGE"></a>THE POUND PACKAGE</h2> + + +<p>It is difficult or impossible to establish a uniform package good for +every year. Walnuts are not like other fruits; size is not a sure +indication of weight. The pound package used by Mr. Thos. Prince is +3-3/4 x 4-1/2 x 5-1/4 inches, which in 1907 when filled weighed 17 +ounces, in 1908 it weighed 16 ounces, and in the dry year of 1909 it +weighed but 14 ounces.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="WALNUT_CONFECTIONERY" id="WALNUT_CONFECTIONERY"></a>WALNUT CONFECTIONERY</h2> + + +<p>The cut on page 5 shows the best method of cracking walnuts to extract +the kernel in halves without breaking. Grasp the nut between the thumb +and forefinger at the seam, place on a hard surface of stone or iron and +strike sharply with a light hammer only sufficient to crack the shell +without crushing the kernel.</p> + +<p>This method is used by most manufacturers of great varieties of walnut +confectionery, some of which are shown in the picture. Walnut +chocolates, walnut taffy, walnut log, panoche, nougat and many other +articles, as well as walnut sundries to put on dishes of ice cream are +among the tasty confections for which the demand is very great.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="WALNUTS_IN_COOKING" id="WALNUTS_IN_COOKING"></a>WALNUTS IN COOKING</h2> + + +<p>A few of the delightful ways in which walnuts may be used on the table:</p> + + +<h4>NUT BREAD</h4> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1 pound hard wheat flour.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1 pound whole wheat flour.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1 cup good yeast.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1 cup ground walnuts.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1 tablespoonful Orleans molasses.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">2 tablespoonfuls melted lard or butter.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>Mix with warm water; let it raise quite light, then mould, raise and +bake as other bread.</p> + + +<h4>GEMS</h4> + +<p>Graham, wheatlet or cornmeal gems are greatly improved by adding a few +walnut kernels ground fine.</p> + + +<h4>NUT CAKE</h4> + +<p>3 eggs, yolks and whites beaten separately, 1/2 cup—scant—butter, 3/4 +cup milk, 1 cup walnuts ground or chopped, 1-1/2 cups granulated sugar, +1/2 teaspoonful each of lemon and vanilla, 2 teaspoonfuls baking powder, +flour to make a moderately stiff batter.<!-- Page 53 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p> + + +<h4>CHOCOLATE NUT CAKE</h4> + +<p>3 eggs, 3/4 cup each of brown and white sugar, 3/4 cup of coffee and +milk mixed, 1 cup ground walnuts, 4 tablespoonfuls melted butter, 2 +teaspoonfuls ground chocolate or cocoa, most of 1 nutmeg grated, 2 +teaspoonfuls baking powder, flour to make moderately stiff batter.</p> + +<p>More satisfactory results are obtained by baking either of these cakes +in two deep layercake tins and putting the two parts together with any +good filling.</p> + + +<h4>NUT COOKIES</h4> + +<p>3 cups sugar—Extra C preferred—3/4 pound of butter, 2 or 3 eggs, 1 cup +of water, 1 teaspoonful of baking powder, 1/2 a nutmeg, a little ginger +and cinnamon, 1 cup walnuts ground fine, 4 cups of flour. Roll thin and +bake in a quick oven.</p> + + +<h4>APPLE NUT SALAD</h4> + +<p>4 cups of good tart apples cut in small cubes or chopped not too fine, 1 +cup of coarsely ground, or chopped nuts. Stir lightly into these 1 cup +of sugar and 1/2 of a nutmeg grated fine.</p> + + +<h4>DRESSING FOR SAME</h4> + +<p>2-3 cup of cold water, 2 tablespoons strong vinegar, 1/2 cup of sugar. +Add one egg, well beaten. Put this on the stove and stir constantly +until well cooked. If this is done carefully it will not curdle. Take +from the stove and add a lump of butter the size of a walnut, grate in a +little nutmeg and stir gently until the butter is well melted and mixed. +Some whipped cream may be added to this when cool if desired or +convenient.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="BY-PRODUCTS" id="BY-PRODUCTS"></a>BY-PRODUCTS</h2> + + +<p>In addition to walnuts as nuts, they pay handsomely as pickles. For this +purpose they must be picked green. This could be made a most profitable +side industry in connection with large groves.</p> + +<p>One grower had an inquiry for two carloads of green walnuts to be used +for this purpose. Large quantities are imported annually and they sell +at very high prices.</p> + +<p>They are also used for dyeing purposes, giving a beautiful brown shade +difficult to obtain except with walnut hulls.</p> + +<p>Oil which is often substituted for olive oil is manufactured from +walnuts, thus suggesting another commercial avenue. One hundred pounds +of walnuts produce eighteen pounds of oil.<!-- Page 54 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img053.jpg" width="500" height="312" + alt="Walnut varieties" /><br /> + <b></b> + </div> + +<p><br /></p> + +<div class='blockquot'> +<h4><i>No. 1, 1 Vrooman Franquette. No. 2, 2 Mayette. No. 3, 3 +Mayette Rouge. No. 4, 4 Parisienne. No. 5, 5 Praeparturien. No. 6, 6 +Chaberte. No. 7. Cluster.</i><br />Plate One</h4></div> +<p><br /></p> +<p><!-- Page 55 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img054.jpg" width="500" height="331" + alt="Walnut varieties" /><br /> + <b></b> + </div> + +<div class='blockquot'> +<h4><i>No. 1, 1 Franquette. No. 2, 2 Glady. No. 3, 3 Payne. No. 4, +4 Mayette. No. 5, 5 Meylan. No. 6, 6 Parisienne. No. 7, Cluster. No. 8, +Praeparturien.</i><br />Plate Two</h4></div> +<p><br /></p> +<p><!-- Page 56 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p> + + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img055.jpg" width="400" height="303" + alt="Prince of Yamhill" /><br /> + <b><i>The "Prince of Yamhill"</i><br />Plate Three</b> + </div> + +<p><br /></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="VARIETIES" id="VARIETIES"></a>VARIETIES</h2> + + +<p>The beautiful nuts shown on Plate 3 are seedlings from the orchard of +Mr. Thomas Prince, of Yamhill county. They are probably the handsomest +walnut as to size, form and color as well as taste that may be found +anywhere. The tree has not had an orchard try-out yet. If it proves to +be a good bearer with the other qualities suitable for this climate and +soil condition, it will enter the field high up in the standard of +excellence.</p> + +<p>There is some discrepancy in what constitutes standard varieties of +walnuts. We have endeavored to get nuts both from Oregon and California +to fix a uniform understanding as to the different varieties. The types +submitted by Mr. A. McGill of the Oregon Nursery Co., Plate 1, are No. +1, 1 Vrooman Franquette, No. 2, 2 Mayette, No. 3, 3 Mayette Rouge, No. +4, 4 Parisienne, No. 5, 5 Praeparturien, No. 6, 6 Chaberte, No. 7, +Cluster.</p> + +<p>Plate No. 2, by Mr. Ferd Groner, No. 1, 1 Franquette, No. 2, 2 Glady, +No. 3, 3 Payne, No. 4, 4 Mayette, No. 5, 5 Meylan, No. 6, 6 Parisienne, +No. 7 Cluster, No. 8 Praeparturien, are about as near uniformly correct +as we have.<!-- Page 57 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p> + +<p>The Chaberte nuts, which confectioners use, are a special industry, the +kernels being slipped out of the shells without breaking, and sold in +this form. All the smaller nuts, the imperfect ones—the culls—find +ready sale both shelled and unshelled for the manufacture of walnut +candy, walnut cake, etc.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="WEIGHTS_KERNEL_AND_TASTE" id="WEIGHTS_KERNEL_AND_TASTE"></a>WEIGHTS, KERNEL AND TASTE</h2> + + +<p>The first Walnut Show was held at McMinnville, November 1, 1907, and was +judged by H. M. Williamson, Secretary of the State Board of +Horticulture. Most of the following memoranda on weights are taken from +his report:</p> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="70%" cellspacing="0" summary="memoranda on weights"> +<tr><td align='left'>James Morrison, Franquette</td><td align='right'>32</td><td align='center'>to</td><td align='center'>the</td><td align='center'>pound</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>F. W. Myers, Mayette</td><td align='right'>34</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>F. W. Myers, Seedling</td><td align='right'>35</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>James Morrison, Seedling Franquette</td><td align='right'>42</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>James Morrison, Grafted Mayette</td><td align='right'>38</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>D. H. Turner, Seedlings</td><td align='right'>42</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>James Morrison, Blanche Mayette</td><td align='right'>34</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>James Morrison, Grenoble Mayette</td><td align='right'>32</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>D. H. Turner, Parry</td><td align='right'>48</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Mayette Shaped Praeparturiens</td><td align='right'>64</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>R. P. Ungerman, Seedlings</td><td align='right'>50</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bland Herring, Praeparturiens</td><td align='right'>38</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bland Herring, Bijou</td><td align='right'>22</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pleasant Cozine, Seedlings</td><td align='right'>42</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Casey tree, Seedling</td><td align='right'>55</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>E. Estes, fourth generation from Casey tree</td><td align='right'>52</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Thos. Prince Seedling</td><td align='right'>40</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Derr Tree, Parry</td><td align='right'>60</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>The investigations in regard to relative weights of kernel and shell of +the different varieties is made up from an article read by Mr. Ferd +Groner before the State Horticultural Society, December, 1909.</p> + +<p>The Vrooman Franquette shell and kernel weighed equal.</p> + +<p>The Payne Seedling gave slightly more kernel than shell.</p> + +<p>The Mayette slightly more shell than kernel.</p> + +<p>The Meylan, shell and kernel equal.</p> + +<p>The Gladys, shell and kernel equal.</p> + +<p>Franquette, near Salem, shell weighed two and one-half times that of +kernel.<!-- Page 58 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p> + +<p>Other experiments show that the Praeparturien shell and kernel are about +equal.</p> + +<p>While the weight of the kernel is of great importance to the consumer, +the taste and digestibility is still more so. In this is the food value +of the walnut. The food value will in time be the commercial value. +There is very little variation in the taste of any one variety of wild +nuts or fruits, but the cultivated walnut, as well as the cultivated +peach and apple, has a great variety of tastes, and it does not require +an expert to distinguish the good from the poor qualities.</p> + +<p>Walnuts should be graded as to variety, the varieties should then be +graded as to size, but the paramount duty of the grower is to produce a +creamy, delicious walnut of excellent flavor. The soil and climate has +proven their excellence, and it is now for the intelligent grower to do +his part.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="WHO_SHOULD_INVEST" id="WHO_SHOULD_INVEST"></a>WHO SHOULD INVEST</h2> + + +<p>Professional men and women, business men and women, those living in +cities and towns and confined to offices, stores and factories, will +find an investment in forty or fifty acres of walnut land at the present +time wholly within their possibilities. Special terms can be arranged +and their groves planted and cared for at small cost. While they are +working their groves will be growing toward maturity, and in less than a +decade they may be free from the demands of daily routine: the grove +will furnish an income, increasing each season until the twentieth year, +and will prove the most pleasant kind of old age annuity, and the +richest inheritance a man could leave his children.</p> + +<p>The practical farmer, or the inexperienced man who desires to escape the +tyranny of city work by way of the soil will find that a walnut grove +offers an immediate home, a living from small fruits and vegetables +while his trees are maturing, and at the end of eight or ten years, the +beginning of an income that will every year thereafter increase, while +the labor exacted will gradually lessen until it amounts to practically +nothing. Like rearing children, a walnut grower's troubles are over with +the trees' infant days.</p> + +<p>The capitalist can find no better place for his money than safely +invested in Oregon walnut lands; the rise is certain and near.<!-- Page 59 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img058.jpg" width="331" height="500" + alt="Meat of the Walnut" /><br /> + <b><i>The "Meat" of the Walnut</i></b> + </div> + +<p><br /></p> + + +<p>Some years ago "Outlook," a most conservative publication, spoke of the +English walnut as "a tree of vast commercial importance in the far +west."</p> + +<p>Luther Burbank states: "The consumption of walnuts is increasing among +all civilized nations faster than any other food."<!-- Page 60 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CONCLUSION" id="CONCLUSION"></a>CONCLUSION</h2> + + +<p>B. M. Lelong, Secretary of the California State Board of Horticulture, +wrote in 1896:</p> + +<p>"California growers have had a long and varied experience with many +failures, and when they finally began to place their walnuts on the +market they were obliged to accept the humiliating price of from 3 to 6 +cents a pound less than that paid for imported walnuts."</p> + +<p>In Oregon the reverse is true. Our walnuts command a price above that +paid for walnuts raised anywhere else. The size, cracking-out quantity, +delicate flavor and delicious creamy taste, are the qualities that give +the Oregon walnut its surpassing excellence. If we have this +pre-eminence at the beginning of the industry, what may we expect when +intelligent cultivation has produced the best grade of walnuts of which +our soil and climate are capable?</p> + +<p>To Oregon, then, with its vast areas adapted to this industry, must the +world look for its great annual walnut harvest in the years to come. The +far-seeing man will secure an interest in Oregon walnut lands now, +before speculation and a general awakening to their real value have +boosted the price to that of walnut lands elsewhere.</p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img059.jpg" width="400" height="271" + alt="View in Prince Walnut Grove" /><br /> + <b><i>View in Prince Walnut Grove Dundee, Oregon</i></b> + </div> + +<p><br /></p> + + + +<p><!-- Page 61 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="OREGON_WALNUT_AREA_BY_COUNTIES" id="OREGON_WALNUT_AREA_BY_COUNTIES"></a>OREGON WALNUT AREA BY COUNTIES</h2> + + +<h4>Note: The price of land varies according to location; the cheaper land +is not all cleared.</h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" width="85%" cellspacing="0" summary=""> + +<tr><th align='left'>County.</th> +<th align='left'>Groves now planted.</th> +<th align='left'>Bearing trees.</th> +<th align='left'>Available land.</th> +<th align='right'> Price per acre.</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td style="width: 12%;">Washington</td> +<td style="width: 23%;">Many young ones.</td> +<td style="width: 25%;">A number bear full crops.</td> +<td style="width: 25%;">Thousands of acres.</td> +<td align='right' style="width: 15%;">$25 to $200.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Multnomah</td> +<td>Several young groves.</td> +<td>Many scattered.</td> +<td>Several thousands.</td> +<td align='right'>$50 to $200.</td> +</tr> + +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Yamhill</td> +<td>3,000 acres.</td> +<td>5,000 trees.</td> +<td>40,000 acres; every quarter section has suitable land.</td> +<td align='right'>$50 to $200.</td> +</tr> + +<tr valign="bottom"> +<td>Clackamas</td> +<td>100 acres.</td> +<td>Many scattered; one grove.</td> +<td>Several thousand.</td> +<td align='right'>$20 to $500.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Polk</td> +<td>Several hundred acres.</td> +<td>100 trees.</td> +<td>Many thousand.</td> +<td align='right'>$25 to $100.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Marion</td> +<td>A few.</td> +<td>A number in in bearing.</td> +<td>Hundreds of acres.</td> +<td align='right'>$20 to $500.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Benton</td> +<td>No record.</td> +<td>No record.</td> +<td>Many acres.</td> +<td align='right'>$20 to $100.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Linn</td> +<td>Several young groves.</td> +<td>Several scattered.</td> +<td>Many hundred acres.</td> +<td align='right'>$20 to $500.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Lane</td> +<td>300 acres.</td> +<td>A few scattered; bear heavily.</td> +<td>10,000.</td> +<td align='right'>$60 to $125.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Douglas</td> +<td>None.</td> +<td>Many; loaded with nuts.</td> +<td>Thousands of acres.</td> +<td align='right'>$25 to $100.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Josephine</td> +<td>No record.</td> +<td>A number; scattered.</td> +<td>Hundreds of acres.</td> +<td align='right'>No record.</td> +</tr> + +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Jackson</td> +<td>30 or 40 acres.</td> +<td>Hundreds scattered through valley loaded with nuts.</td> +<td>Several thousand.</td> +<td align='right'>$25 to $225.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Baker<br />(Eastern Ore.)</td> +<td>A few groves.</td> +<td>Many producing trees.</td> +<td>Thousands of acres.</td> +<td align='right'>$25 to $150?</td> +</tr> + +</table></div> + + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="GOLD_MEDAL_WALNUT_EXHIBIT_See_cut_on_following_page" id="GOLD_MEDAL_WALNUT_EXHIBIT_See_cut_on_following_page"></a>GOLD MEDAL WALNUT EXHIBIT (See cut on following page)</h2> + + +<p>Last year the Walnut club of McMinnville made an exhibit of home grown +walnuts at the A.-Y.-P. Exposition and was awarded a gold medal. They +have a very attractive and artistic way of putting up an exhibit, +classifying and arranging the different varieties in glass cases in such +a manner as to attract universal attention and call forth the heartiest +exclamations of admiration. The accompanying cut shows one of their +exhibits in position. It is nine feet high and nearly five feet wide and +is faced alike on both sides.</p> + +<p>This club was organized for the purpose of studying the walnut industry +in all its details. They employ scientists and experts to tell how and +to demonstrate the various methods of walnut culture. There are scores +of 5 and 10-acre tracts planted to walnuts in the vicinity, as well as +experimental trees on the lots in town and along the streets. They call +McMinnville "The Walnut City."<!-- Page 62 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img061.jpg" width="312" height="500" + alt="Walnut Exhibit" /><br /> + <b></b> + </div> + +<p><br /></p> +<p><!-- Page 63 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Railroad Representatives</span></h3> + +<div class='blockquot'> +<h4>Who will take pleasure in giving all desired information as to rates, +routes, train schedules, hotel accommodations, etc., and make advance +arrangements for trips.</h4></div> + + +<p>EAST.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New York: J. B. DeFriest, Gen. Eastern Agt., U. P. R. R., 287 Broadway</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New York: L. H. Nutting, Gen. Pass. Agt., S. P. S. S. Co., 366 Broadway</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boston, Mass. Willard Massey, N. E. Frt. & Pass. Agt., 176 Wash. St.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philadelphia, Pa.: S. C. Milbourne, G. A., U. P. R. R., 830 Chestnut St.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">R. J. Smith, Agent, S. P. Co., 632 Chestnut St.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pittsburg, Pa.: G. G. Herring, General Agent, 707 Park Bldg.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cincinnati, Ohio: W. H. Connor, General Agent, 53 East Fourth St.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Detroit, Mich.: J. C. Ferguson, General Agent, 11 Fort St., West</span><br /> +</p> + + +<p>MIDDLE WEST.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chicago, Ill.: W. G. Neimyer, General Agent, 120 Jackson Boulevard</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Louis, Mo.: J. G. Lowe, General Agent, 903 Olive St.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kansas City, Mo.: H. G. Kaill, Asst. Gen. Frt. & Pass. Agt., U. P. R. R., 901 Walnut St.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Joseph, Mo.: S. E. Stohr, Gen. Frt. & Pass. Agt., St. J. & G. I. R. R.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leavenworth, Kan.: J. J. Hartnett, Gen. Agt., Rooms 9-11 Nat. Bank Bldg.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Council Bluffs, Iowa: J. C. Mitchell, City Ticket Agent, 522 Broadway</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Des Moines, Iowa: J. W. Turtle, Trav. Pass. Agt., 313 W. Fifth St.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Minneapolis, Minn.: H. F. Carter, Dist. Pass. Agent, 21 South Third St.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lincoln., Neb.: E. B. Slosson, General Agent, 1044 O St.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Omaha, Neb.: E. L. Lomax, General Passenger Agent, U. P. R. R.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pueblo, Colo.: L. M. Tudor, Commercial Agent, 312 N. Main St.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Denver, Colo.: Francis B. Choate, General Agent, 941 Seventeenth St.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wm. K. McAllister, Gen. Agt., S. P. Co., Suite 313 Railway Exc. Bldg.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<p>CANADA.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Toronto: J. O. Goodsell, Traveling Pass. Agt., Room 14 Janes Bldg.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<p>SOUTH AND SOUTHWEST.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Atlanta, Ga.: A. J. Dutcher, General Agent, 121 Peachtree St.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New Orleans, La.: J. H. R. Parsons, Gen. Pass. Agt., M. L. & T. R. R., 227 St. Charles St.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Houston, Tex.: T. J. Anderson, Gen. Pass. Agent, G. H. & S. A. R. R.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<p>EUROPE.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">London, England: Rudolph Falck, General European Agent</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">No. 49 Leadenhall St., E. C. No. 22 Cockspur St., N. W.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Liverpool, England: No. 25 Water St.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antwerp, Belgium: 11 Rue Chapelle de Grace</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hamburg, Germany: Amerika Haus, 23-27, Ferdinand Strasse</span><br /> +</p> + + +<p>PACIFIC COAST.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">San Francisco, Cal.: Chas. S. Fee, Pass. Traffic Mgr., S. P. Co., Flood Bldg.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lewiston, Ida.: C. W. Mount, District Freight & Passenger Agent</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Los Angeles, Cal.: H. O. Wilson, Gen. Agt., U. P. R. R., 557 Spring St.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">T. A. Graham, Asst. Gen. Pass. Agt., S. P Co., 600 S. Spring St</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Olympia, Wash.: J. C. Percival, Agent, Percival's Dock</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Salt Lake City, Utah: D. E. Burley, Gen. Pass. Agt., O. S. L. R. R.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seattle, Wash.: W. D. Skinner, Gen. Frt. & Pass. Agent, O. & W. R. R.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. E. Ellis, General Agent, 608 First Ave.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tacoma, Wash.: Robt. Lee, Gen'l Agt., Berlin Bldg., Eleventh and Pacific Ave.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walla Wala, Wash.: R. Burns, District Freight and Passenger Agent</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wallace, Ida.: G. A. Marshall, Commercial Agent</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Astoria, Ore.: G. W. Roberts, Commercial Agent, O. R. & N. Dock</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Portland, Ore.: C. W. Stinger, City Ticket Agent, 3d and Washington Sts.</span><br /> +<br /><br /></p> +<div class='blockquot'> +<p><span class="left">R. B. MILLER, Traffic Manager</span><span class="right"> WM. McMURRAY, Gen. Pass. Agt.</span><br /></p></div> +<p class='center'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">JOHN M. SCOTT, Assistant General Passenger Agent</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Portland, Oregon</span><br /> +<!-- Page 64 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/img063.jpg"><img src="images/img063tb.jpg" alt="The Oregon Railroad" title="The Oregon Railroad" /></a></div> + +<div class='blockquot'> +<h4>THE OREGON RAILROAD & NAVIGATION CO.<br /> +<span class="smcap">Oregon & Washington R.R.<br /> +Union Pacific<br /> +Oregon Short Line<br /> +Southern Pacific Co.</span></h4></div> + + +<p><!-- Page 65 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Walnut Growing in Oregon, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON *** + +***** This file should be named 20202-h.htm or 20202-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/0/2/0/20202/ + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Janet Blenkinship +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +produced by Core Historical Literature in Agriculture +(CHLA), Cornell University) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Walnut Growing in Oregon + +Author: Various + +Editor: J.C. Cooper + +Release Date: December 28, 2006 [EBook #20202] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON *** + + + + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Janet Blenkinship +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +produced by Core Historical Literature in Agriculture +(CHLA), Cornell University) + + + + + + + + +[Illustration: WALNUT BLOSSOMS] + + + + + WALNUT GROWING + IN + OREGON + + Edited by J. C. Cooper + + + PUBLISHED BY THE + + Passenger Department Oregon Railroad and Navigation Co. + Southern Pacific Company Lines in Oregon + Portland, Oregon + + COPYRIGHT, 1910. BY WM. McMURRAY. GENERAL PASSENGER AGENT + + +[Illustration: An Oregon Walnut Grove. Prune Trees for Fillers.] + +[Illustration: _Walnut Confections_] + + + + +WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON + +A COMING INDUSTRY OF GREAT NATIONAL IMPORTANCE + + +English walnuts for dessert, walnut confectionery, walnut cake, walnuts +in candy bags at Christmas time--thus far has the average person been +introduced to this, one of the greatest foods of the earth. But if the +food specialists are heard, if the increasing consumption of nuts as +recorded by the Government Bureau of Imports is consulted--in short, if +one opens his eyes to the tremendous place the walnut is beginning to +take among food products the world over, he will realize that the +walnut's rank as a table luxury is giving way to that of a necessity; he +will acknowledge that the time is rapidly approaching when nuts will be +regarded as we now regard beefsteak or wheat products. The demand is +already so great that purveyors are beginning to ask, where are the +walnuts of the future to come from? + +In 1902. according to the Department of Commerce and Labor, we imported +from Europe 11,927,432 pounds of English walnuts; each year since then +these figures have increased, until in 1906 they reached 24,917,023 +pounds, valued at $2,193,653. In 1907 we imported 32,590,000 pounds of +walnuts and 12,000,000 more were produced in the United States. In +Oregon alone there are consumed $400,000 worth of nuts annually. + +When we consider the limited area suitable to walnut culture in +America--California and Oregon practically being the only territory of +commercial importance--and the fact that the Old World is no longer +planting additional groves to any appreciable extent, there being no +more lands available, we begin to realize the important place Oregon is +destined to take in the future of the walnut industry: for in Oregon, +throughout a strip of the richest land known to man--the great +Willamette basin with its tributary valleys and hills, an area of 60 by +150 miles--walnuts thrive and yield abundantly, and at a younger age +than in any other locality, not excepting their original home, Persia. +In addition, Oregon walnuts are larger, finer flavored, and more uniform +in size than those grown elsewhere; they are also free from oiliness and +have a full meat that fills the shell well. These advantages are +recognized in the most indisputable manner, dealers paying from two to +three cents a pound more for Oregon walnuts than for those from other +groves. Thus the very last and highest test--what will they bring in the +market?--has placed the Oregon walnut at the top. + +However, in all of Oregon, throughout the vast domain that seems to have +been providentially created to furnish the world with its choicest nut +fruit, there are, perhaps, not more than 200 acres in bearing at the +present time. The test has been accomplished by individual trees found +here and there all the way from Washington and Multnomah counties on the +north, to Josephine and Jackson counties, bordering California. In a +number of counties but two or three handsome old monarchs that have +yielded heavy crops year after year, without a failure for the past +twenty to forty years, bear witness to the soil's suitability; in other +counties, notably Yamhill, sturdy yielding groves attest the soil's +fitness. In none of the counties of the walnut belt has but the smallest +fraction of available walnut lands been appropriated for this great +industry. People are just beginning to realize Oregon's value as a +walnut center and her destiny as the source of supply for the choicest +markets of the future. + +Were it practical to plant every unoccupied suitable acre in Oregon this +year to walnuts, in eight or ten years the crop would establish Oregon +forever as the sovereign walnut center of the world; and the crop, +doubling each year thereafter for five years, as is its nature, and +then maintaining a steady increase up to the twentieth year, would +become a power in the world's markets, equal if not superior to that of +North American wheat at the present time. + +[Illustration: _More Nuts than Leaves. Tree of D. H. Turner._] + +[Illustration: _Garden Stuff, Melons Pumpkins, Prunes and Children +growing among the Walnuts. The Walnuts will in a Few Years put out all +but the Children_] + +The United States Year Book for 1908 estimates the food value of the +walnut at nearly double that of wheat, and three times that of +beefsteak. + +Colonel Henry Dosch, the Oregon pioneer of walnut growing, says: "As a +business proposition I know of no better in agricultural or +horticultural pursuits." + +Prof. C. I. Lewis, of the Oregon Experiment Station, writes: "In +establishing walnut groves we are laying the foundation for prosperity +for a great many generations." + +Mr. H. M. Williamson, secretary of the Oregon Board of Horticulture, +writes: "The man who plants a walnut grove in the right place and gives +it proper care is making provision not only for his own future welfare, +but for that of his children and his children's children." + +Felix Gillett, the veteran horticulturist of Nevada City, California, +wrote shortly before his death: "Oregon is singularly adapted to raising +walnuts." + +Thomas Prince, owner of the largest bearing walnut grove in Oregon, +expresses the most enthusiastic satisfaction with the income from his +investment, and is planting additional groves on his 800-acre farm in +Yamhill county, in many cases uprooting fruit trees to do so. + + + + +HISTORY IN BRIEF + + +The so-called "English" walnut originated in Persia, where it throve for +many centuries before it was carried to Europe--to England, Germany, +France, Spain and Italy--different varieties adapting themselves to each +country. The name "walnut" is of German origin, meaning "foreign nut." +The Greeks called it "the Royal nut," and the Romans, "Jupiter's Acorn," +and "Jove's Nut," the gods having been supposed to subsist on it. + +The great age and size to which the walnut tree will attain has been +demonstrated in these European countries: one tree in Norfolk, England, +100 years old, 90 feet high, and with a spread of 120 feet, yields +54,000 nuts a season; another tree, 300 years old, 55 feet high, and +having a spread of 125 feet, yields 1,500 pounds each season. In Crimea +there is a notable walnut tree 1,000 years old that yields in the +neighborhood of 100,000 nuts annually. It is the property of five Tartar +families, who subsist largely on its fruit. + +In European countries walnuts come into bearing from the sixteenth to +the twenty-fourth year; in Oregon, from the eighth to the tenth year; +grafted trees, sixth year. + +The first walnut trees were introduced into America a century ago by +Spanish friars, who planted them in Southern California. It was not +until comparatively recent years that the hardier varieties from France, +adapted to commercial use, were planted in California and later in +Oregon. They were also tried in other localities, but without success. + +Since the prolific productiveness of the English walnut on the Pacific +Coast has been assured, many commercial groves have been set out. + + + + +TEST TREES OF OREGON + +The first walnut trees were planted in Oregon in limited number for +purely home use, "just to see if they would grow," and they did. Thus +the state can boast of single trees close to sixty years of age, each +with admirable records of unfailing crops, demonstrating what a fortune +would now be in the grasp of their owners had they planted commercially. + +In Portland, Oregon, on what is known as the old Dekum place, 13th and +Morrison streets, there are two walnut trees, planted in 1869, that have +yielded a heavy crop every fall since their eighth year, not a single +failure having been experienced. The ground has never been cultivated. +The nuts planted were taken at random from a barrel in a grocery store. +During the "silver thaw" of 1907, the most severe cold spell in the +history of Oregon, one of the trees was wrenched in two, but the +dismembered limb, hanging by a shred, bore a full crop of walnuts the +following season. + +N. A. King, at 175 Twenty-first street, has some fine, old trees that +have not missed bearing a good crop since their eighth year. + +Henry Hewitt, living at Mt. Zion, Portland, an elevation of 1,000 feet, +has many handsome trees, one, a grafted tree fifteen years old, that has +borne since its fifth year. Another tree of his buds out the fourth of +July and yields a full crop as early as any of the other varieties. + +In Salem, there is what is known as the famous old Shannon tree, fully +thirty years old, with a record of a heavy crop every season. + +Mayor Britt, of Jacksonville, has a magnificent tree that has not failed +in twenty years. + +Dr. Finck, of Dallas, has a large tree seventeen years old that bore 70 +pounds of nuts in its thirteenth year, and has increased ever since. + +C. H. Samson, of Grants Pass, has a grove of 250 trees, now ten years +old, that bore at seven years. + +Mr. Tiffany, of Salem, has a fifteen-year-old tree that at thirteen +years bore 115 pounds. + +Mr. E. Terpening, of Eugene, has four acres of walnuts grafted on the +American black, which in 1905 produced 700 pounds, in 1906 produced 1200 +pounds, in 1907 produced 2000 pounds, and in 1908 produced 3000 pounds. +He tried seedlings first, but they were not satisfactory. The Epps and +Reece orchard near Eugene produces about 100 pounds per tree, at 12 +years of age. + +Mr. Muecke, of Aurora, planted a dozen walnuts from his father's estate +in Germany; they made a splendid growth, and at six years bore from 500 +to 800 nuts to a tree. + +Mr. Stober, of Carson Heights, planted nuts from Germany with +satisfactory results. + +Mrs. Herman Ankeny, of New Era, has seven young trees that in 1907 +netted her $15 a tree. + +[Illustration: Here is a Santa Barbara soft-shell on the lawn of Mr. E. +C. Apperson, in McMinnville, which at the age of eight years bore 32 +pounds of walnuts. It stood the frosts and winter of 1908-'09 and bears +every year; it is now 11 years old, 12 inches in diameter and has a +branch spread of 40 feet.] + +[Illustration: _The "Cozine" Walnut Tree_] + +Cozine tree on A street, McMinnville. Seedling, 15 years old; bears good +crop of nuts every year. At 14 years old the crop was 125 pounds. Is 16 +inches in diameter and has a spread of 42 feet. + +One sixteen-year-old tree near Albany netted its owner $30. + +A Franquette walnut near Brownsville yielded eight bushels at ten years. + +The French varieties planted in and around Vancouver commenced bearing +at seven years, and have never failed. Prominent growers are A. A. +Quarnberg, A. High, Mr. H. J. Biddle, C. G. Shaw. + +In Yamhill county, Ed. Greer, James Morison, F. W. Myers, D. H. Turner +and Bland Herring all won prizes at the first walnut fair held in the +state, on nuts from their groves. + + + + +WOOD OF THE ENGLISH WALNUT + + +The wood of the English walnut is very hard and close grained, and +nearly as hard and tough as hickory. It will no doubt be valuable for +furniture, finishing lumber and any other use that may require a +first-class hard wood. + + + + +YOUNG GROVES OF OREGON + +The Prince walnut grove of Dundee, Yamhill county, thrills the soul of +the onlooker with its beauty, present fruitfulness, and great promise. +Lying on a magnificent hillside, the long rows of evenly set +trees--healthy, luxurious in foliage, and filled with nuts--present a +picture of ideal horticulture worth going many miles to see. There is +not a weed to mar the perfect appearance of the well-tilled soil; not a +dead limb, a broken branch, a sign of neglect or decay. In all, 200 +acres are now planted to young walnuts, new areas being added each +season. From the oldest grove, about forty-five acres, the trees from +twelve to fourteen years old, there was marketed in 1905 between two and +three tons of walnuts; in 1906 between four and five tons; in 1907 ten +tons were harvested, bringing the highest market price, 18 and 20 cents +a pound wholesale, two cents more than California nuts. The crop for +1908 was at least one-third heavier than for 1907. One tree on the +Prince place, a Mayette, that has received extra cultivation, by way of +experiment, now twelve years old, has a spread of thirty-eight feet, and +yielded in its eleventh year 125 pounds of excellent nuts. Mr. Woods, +the superintendent of the Prince place, considers walnut growing a +comparatively simple matter; he advocates planting the nut where the +tree is to grow, choosing nuts with care; and then thorough cultivation. +The soil is semi-clayey, red, hill land. + +Near Albany, Linn county, 700 acres are planted; the soil is a rich +loam, and seems admirably adapted to walnuts. + +Near Junction City, in Lane county, there are 200 acres of young trees. +Every condition seems present for the best results. + +Eugene has two small groves. + +Yamhill county, where the greatest demonstration thus far has been made, +has close to 3,000 acres in young trees, the planting having been both +on hill and valley lands. + +At Grants Pass, Josephine county, there is a promising grove of 600 +young trees. + +Near Aurora and Hubbard, Marion county, where the soil is a rich, black +loam, rather low, a number of young groves are making a growth of four +and five feet a season. + +J. B. Stump, of Monmouth, Polk county, has a very thrifty young grove. + +[Illustration: _A Young Willamette Valley Grove_] + +This is a view of a part of the R. Jacobson orchard one and one-half +miles west of McMinnville. The land was bought for $60 per acre and when +planted to walnuts sold for $200. The orchard is now five years old and +could not be bought for $600 per acre. It is located on a hill 150 feet +above the level of the valley. + +The largest single grafted grove in Oregon is situated one mile from +Junction City, the property of A. R. Martin. He has sixty-five acres. + +Washington county is rapidly acquiring popularity as a walnut center, +many fine orchards being now planted. Mr. Fred Groner, near Hillsboro, +is now planting 100 acres to grafted trees. The Oregon Nursery Company +is establishing large walnut nurseries in Washington county. + +In Douglas county, vicinity of Drain, little attention has been paid to +walnut culture, but a sufficient number of trees are doing well to +insure good results from large plantings. + +In Jackson county, near Medford, a number of young groves have been +planted, and individual trees throughout the Rogue River Valley furnish +ample evidence of correct soil and climatic conditions in that section. +Even when apple trees have been caught by frost the walnuts have escaped +uninjured, bearing later a full crop. + +In Tillamook county only sufficient trees have been planted to +demonstrate favorable soil conditions. + +While western Oregon is universally conceded to be the natural walnut +center, eastern Oregon also has its localities where walnuts bear +heavily, and will prove a good commercial crop. In Baker county there +are thousands of acres of land adapted to walnuts; young groves are +being planted, and a number of trees have produced fine crops. + +When one considers the years of the future when the trees of each of +these young groves will lift their symmetrical heads fifty, sixty, +ninety feet into the air, laden to full capacity with a plenteous crop, +each October dropping their golden-brown nut harvest that falls with the +clink of dollars to the commercial-minded, but with an accompaniment of +finest sentiment in the hearts of those otherwise inclined, one turns +away with a desire to repeat the wisdom of these pioneer planters and +start a grove of his own. With what grander monument could one +commemorate his little span on earth? + + + + +LOCATIONS FOR ADDITIONAL GROVES + + +Much is heard, in a general way, of necessary climate and soil +conditions for walnut culture, some giving preference to the hillsides, +others to valley lands; some contending for a deep, rich loam, others +for sandy soil. But a careful examination of the soils of Oregon and the +trees now bearing thereon produces convincing evidence that almost any +deep, rich, well-drained, western Oregon soil--and some in eastern +Oregon--not underlaid by hardpan, will insure a good harvest, providing +the right varieties are planted. The whole question resolves itself into +a matter of intelligent choice of trees to suit varying conditions. + +For example, the famous Prince grove is producing magnificent crops on +soil decidedly clayey; but the place is thoroughly cultivated and +careful selection has been made of hardy trees, the Mayette being +preferred. + +Another young grove is proving that walnuts do well on clayey hill land +of buckshot nature, where the drainage is good and there is no rock or +hardpan. + +In contrast with the hill land, young groves are making admirable growth +on the rich loam about Aurora and McMinnville. + +Mr. Henry Hewitt, of Portland, has fine, young seedlings on a hillside, +elevation 1,000 feet, that made four feet of growth in one season. + +[Illustration: _View of a Yamhill Orchard_] + +In the neighborhood of all these groves, there are hardy, bearing trees +that amply foreshadow the future of the larger plantings. Colonel Henry +Dosch, the pioneer walnut grower of Oregon, who has experimented rather +thoroughly, even goes so far as to claim that rocky soil is not +objectionable, providing there is no hardpan. + +In this, as in all other horticultural pursuits, naturally the richer +soils are best; but the industrious horticulturist, by cultivation, +fertilization, and proper care, can produce a fairly good grove on +unfavorable lands. However, so much of Oregon is favorable by nature +that growers will hardly undertake to enrich the few less desirable +areas for a good many years to come. Land that on the Atlantic slope +would be seized readily enough, in Oregon is passed by, as there is +still so much untouched that nature has made ideal. Years hence growers +accustomed to the less fertile conditions of the far east will +undoubtedly turn their attention to even the few poorer areas in Oregon, +and make of them glowing garden spots. + +It is a simple matter to determine the presence of hardpan; you have but +to make a series of tests--four or five to the acre--with a plumber's +auger; and this care should be taken in every area where soil conditions +have not been fully determined. + + + + +PLANTING + + +Gather the walnuts during the fall or winter, fall is better, and put +them in boxes about the size of ordinary apple boxes, putting in first a +layer of sand (the sandy loam along the valley streams is excellent) +about four inches deep, then a layer of walnuts about the same depth, +then cover these over with three or four inches more of sand. Place +these boxes out in the weather on the ground where the water will not +rise in them. The reason for putting the walnuts in boxes instead of +beds, as advised by some planters, is that the boxes may be taken to the +field or nursery and the nuts lifted carefully from the sand and placed +where they are to grow. It sometimes happens in a wet and backward +spring that the walnuts will sprout before the ground is ready for +planting, in which case they must be handled with the tenderest care and +not exposed to the atmosphere any longer than can be helped. + +One grower had a bed of hybrid black walnuts. The season was late and +when the ground was ready for planting many had started to grow. He +engaged some boys to grabble out the nuts from the sand beds, urging +care, but many of the best were broken and injured. Some of them had +sent down a taproot nearly or quite three inches in length. These early +ones, under proper conditions, are the most vigorous and surest growers, +but in the treatment they received many were injured and killed. + +Black walnuts are slow to germinate, sometimes laying in the ground two +years before sprouting. But if kept properly they will start by June or +July. + +For the nursery the ground should be plowed deep and thoroughly +pulverized. Plant the nuts 6 to 12 inches apart in rows about 3 feet +apart. Put a handful of the sand from the boxes around each walnut. Our +soil will appreciate the sand or silt from the drifts along the valley +streams, as it has proven to be one of the best fertilizers known. If +anyone doubts this let him try a quantity of it on his kitchen garden. + +[Illustration: _A California Black Walnut near McMinnville_] + +On the Ford place, near the North Yamhill bridge, is one of the finest +trees in the county, 33 inches diameter, height 75 feet, spread of +branches 60 feet. Bears an abundance of nuts every year. It is 34 years +old. The seeds are much used to raise grafting stock. + +Nearly all of the black walnut seed produced in the Willamette valley +will partake more or less of a mixed or hybrid nature, whether from a +California black, Japanese black, or American black. The black walnuts +are very susceptible to cross pollinization and the English walnut also, +for be it known that + + With wandering bees and the sweet May breeze, + That virile tide goes far and wide. + +The nut should be planted two or three inches deep. A good authority +says to place the nut on its side as it would lay after falling from the +tree. If the nut is sprouted make a hole in the well pulverized soil and +put the root carefully down into it. + +The best way for planting in the orchard is to bore a hole with a post +or well auger 4 or 5 feet deep where the tree is to grow, put in a stick +of dynamite and break up the ground thoroughly. + +Or, better still, bore down to permanent moisture and fill the lower +hole with good soil or other root food, then dynamite 4 or 5 feet of the +upper section of the hole. Nothing will produce a vigorous and thrifty +tree like a deep and vigorous root system, and no tree responds to +cultivation and care as does the walnut, white or black. After bursting +up the soil, excavate and put in a half bushel of barn or other mould, +well rotted. This will force the tree in the earlier years of its life +and can be no hindrance to it later. Cover the manure with a foot or two +of soil and plant. Both before and after planting the ground should be +ploughed and harrowed until it is as mellow as an ash heap. Plant three +or four nuts in a hill 6 to 8 inches apart and at the end of the first +season's growth pull out all but the most vigorous one. For +transplanting from the nursery the same methods should be followed in +the preparation of the hole and the soil as in planting the seed nuts. +If one wants to lay the foundation for a fine orchard and a fine fortune +as a consequence, these preliminary steps must not be neglected. Because +in time you expect this tree to pay you a rental of $8 to $12 a month. +If you are building a cottage that would bring in that sum, you would +put in much more work and money besides. The wise grower would rather +have a man plant six trees for him in one day than sixty. The walnut is +usually a very vigorous tree and will fight its way among adverse +conditions and surroundings, but its golden showers are much more +abundant if it is protected from the scars of battle, especially in its +youth. It almost seems to respond to the love and affection given to it +by a kind master. Animals respond to kindness, and why not the domestic +trees? It will pay you a big salary after a while when your other bank +accounts and your health and strength fail. + +[Illustration: _American Black Walnuts_] + +A magnificent row of nine American black walnuts, 35 or 40 years old. +The tree in the foreground is 20 inches in diameter of trunk. The +tallest of the trees is nearly 60 feet and they have a spread of more +than 70 feet. They are at the residence of Dave Johnson on the Portland +road about 8 miles from McMinnville. Seed from such trees as these would +produce the very best trees for grafting upon. + +There are very few California blacks of pure strain in the country. The +hybrids or crosses with the American or eastern black walnut, are better +trees for grafting stock than the pure Californias. They are more hardy +and better adapted to our climate. + + + + +WHAT TO PLANT + + +Horticulturists of equal fame and experience take different views on the +subject of planting, some contending that the nut should be planted +where the tree is to grow; others that seedlings are the thing, and +still others that trees should be grafted. And as all three plans have +produced good results in Oregon, the individual planter may take his +choice, according to the circumstances in which he is situated. The +truth is that the walnut is one of the hardiest of trees, and with good +attention will not disappoint if the right kinds are properly started. + +In planting walnuts to raise seedling trees the best available seed nuts +should be used. Select the best and most prolific variety and the one +most suited to the climate. + +It is claimed that the nuts from a grafted tree will produce the best +seedling trees. This may be true as a rule, as the nut from such a tree +will have some of the characteristics of the stock upon which the parent +tree was grafted. It may inherit some of the resistant qualities of the +black walnut or the rapid growth of the California hybrids. It may have +early ripening qualities. It is well to consider all these points as +well as the quality of the nut when selecting seed. + +By careful selection and cross pollination many and better varieties +will be produced. No doubt a nut superior to any that has yet appeared +in any country will yet be originated in the Willamette Valley, as in +the case of the Bing and Lambert cherry and some other fruits. + +The improvement of the walnut in this section is one of the most fertile +fields of investigation to be found anywhere and one that promises big +reward to the successful culturist. And the walnut grower need not wait +long to find whether he has a prize or not, for just as soon as the +little sprout comes from the ground and has hardened sufficient to +handle, a skillful grafter can place it in a bearing tree and the second +or third year know the result of his experiment by the production of +fruit, and this not more than three or four years from the planting of +the seed. + +The advantage of planting walnuts, providing you secure first generation +nuts of the right variety for your soil and atmospheric conditions, is +in simplicity and inexpensiveness. You merely purchase your nuts of a +reliable concern, or from an isolated grove of one variety (many send +direct to France, where pure strains can be more readily gotten), and in +February plant them on their sides in a shallow box of moist sand; keep +in a cool place. In April, or as soon as they sprout, dig a hole 2-1/2 +or 3 feet deep, put in surface loam, and plant three or four nuts to a +hole about 2 or 3 inches deep. They will come up by June and make a +growth of a foot or so the first season. + +It is contended by many that nothing is gained by planting seedlings in +the nursery, as the set-back from transplanting prevents their bearing +any earlier than trees of the same age grown from nuts. + +Grafted trees, on the other hand, are difficult to obtain in large +numbers, are expensive, but produce nuts of uniform size and beauty, and +the pollination is said to be more sure. + +The industry is still too young in Oregon for the final word to have +been spoken on this point. The future will undoubtedly add much valuable +information as larger experience supplants theory with facts. + +The vital point is to plant good nuts or reliable seedlings from a pure +strain. + +In choosing varieties be governed by your location. If frosts are to be +feared get late-blooming varieties, the leading ones established in +Oregon being the Mayette and the Franquette. Other varieties will +undoubtedly be introduced in the next few years that will withstand +frost in regions where walnut planting now seems impractical. Mr. Henry +Hewitt's one tree that blooms the fourth of July, at an elevation of +1,000 feet, is evidence of the possibilities in this direction. Air +drainage is necessary. + +The tested varieties in Oregon to date, and the results, are as follows: + +Mayettes (the famous "Grenoble" of commerce) and Franquettes are first +choice for hardiness and for reliable commercial crops, the nuts being +of good size, fine flavor and in every way meeting the highest market +demands. + +Praeparturiens bear earlier than other varieties, are very productive +and as fine flavored as a hickory nut, but the nuts are small for best +commercial prices. + +The Chaberte is a hardy tree, good for the uplands, and prolific; a +delicious nut, small but excellent for confectioners use. + +The Ford Mammoth, Glady and Bijou are too large to find favor for +commercial purposes. + +[Illustration: _A Fine Japanese Hybrid in Lafayette_] + +The Parisienne, Meylan and Lanfray are newer varieties that give much +promise, but have not been thoroughly tested. + +H. M. Williamson, Secretary Oregon State Board of Horticulture, in an +article says: + +"The extremely unfavorable weather of the past winter (1908-9) has been +one of the best things which could have happened to many heedless +persons who planted walnut trees without first taking pains to learn +anything about the business. The destruction of many young trees of the +Santa Barbara type was a blessing to those who planted them, and the +planters deserve no sympathy, for the warnings not to plant trees of +that type have been ample for many years past. + +"The fine condition of suitably located groves of walnut trees of +Franquette, Mayette and other French varieties, after a winter which +proved the most trying to fruit trees of all kinds which we have known +during a long period of years, has given firm confidence to those who +are leading in the development of the walnut industry in Oregon. + +"The varieties which are best adapted to culture in this state are those +which produce the finest nuts known to the world." + +[Illustration: _Walnut Groves, Dundee, Oregon_] + + + + +SEEDLING WALNUTS + + +The leading commercial orchard in the state is that of Mr. Thomas +Prince, of Yamhill county, and is composed almost entirely of seedling +trees. The history of this orchard is best told by Mr. Prince in the +following very conservative letter: + +"About 17 years ago the Ladd Stock Farm of Yamhill, Oregon, by the +advice of Mr. H. E. Dosch, then Secretary of the Oregon Horticultural +Society, purchased from the late Felix Gillett, Nevada City, Cal., and +planted quite a number of young walnut trees which are now in bearing. +The first few years their cattle received first attention and the young +trees were not cultivated as much as they should have been to make good +growth. They therefore do not grow the quantity of walnuts they would +have produced with better cultivation. Two or three years after this Mr. +Z. T. Davis, of Dundee, Oregon, also by advice of Mr. Dosch, purchased +of Mr. Gillett some 500 one-year-old seedlings. One year later the +writer, who had some land adjoining Mr. Davis, also became interested +and set out about 1,500 additional trees, and about two years later +purchased the place belonging to Mr. Davis, and became owner of the +young trees at Dundee, with the exception of a few purchased by several +neighbors. All are now in bearing. + +"Those who do not know the facts are inclined to give the writer more +credit than he is entitled to. Mr. Dosch, the Ladds, Mr. Davis and Mr. +Gillett were first to interest themselves and should receive the credit +to which they are entitled. + +"We have now in Oregon and Washington quite a few trees in bearing, and +we believe they can be grown here with profit. There is much to learn. +We find the young trees should be carefully set out and receive good +cultivation for the first few years. That the selection of the trees and +the location in which to grow them are very important. The number of +trees to the acre, and whether to grow seedling or grafted trees; and if +grafted whether root grafting or top grafting is best must be +considered. + +"I think growing of walnuts has the advantage of many other products. +The crop is easily grown, harvested and marketed; the labor greatly +economized and the net profits a larger per cent of the gross receipts; +while sometimes with other crops the results are just the reverse--the +net profits but a small per cent of the gross receipts. + +"The question is often asked how much is land worth that is suitable; +how long before trees will bear, and how much will they produce, etc. +The price of land depends largely on location; generally it is worth +from $50 to $150 per acre. Seedling trees come into bearing from 7 to 9 +years of age, quantity from 10 to 50 pounds per tree; number of trees +per acre, 20 to 40." + +[Illustration: _Sixty Year Old Walnut Trees on Derr Place_] + +These trees are about 60 years old and were planted by I. M. Johns, who +took the donation claim two miles southeast of McMinnville, about 1844, +now the Derr farm. The trunk of the largest one on the right is 10 feet +in circumference, and is probably the largest English walnut tree in +Oregon. They have some nuts every year, but are shy bearers, due no +doubt to lack of proper pollination. The nut is not large, but is full +of good meat and resembles the Parry. The trees are about two hundred +yards from the Yamhill river, are hale and hearty and seem good for a +few centuries. In fact, all of the seedlings examined in this county are +healthy and vigorous. + +There are half a dozen or more walnut trees growing in the woods and +about the garden of Mr. J. T. Jones, seven miles west of McMinnville, +which are a valuable study to the walnut grower. They are seedlings from +the Casey tree, and they all bear full crops every year. The largest is +21 inches in diameter. One of them has a much larger and finer nut than +that grown on the Casey tree. Hardpan is reached about 18 inches below +the surface, which would indicate that no tap root were needed were it +not for the fact that a tiny brook runs down through the garden not far +from the trees. + +Following is the testimony of Col. Henry E. Dosch, taken from "Better +Fruit" of August, 1908: + + "It is over twenty years since I first experimented with nut + culture, more especially English, or, more properly speaking, + French walnut culture, and by persistent effort in keeping this + matter before the horticulturists am more than gratified to know + that this important industry is at last receiving the attention it + deserves; and a few who took my advice in the beginning and planted + on a commercial basis are now reaping the benefit, as their + products command the highest price in the market. + + "First generation nuts are produced on original trees, or on trees + grafted from the original trees. Those nuts when planted produce + second generation trees, and the nuts from these second generation + trees are a little larger than the original or first generation, + which is due to the peculiar soil and climatic conditions of the + Pacific Northwest, so well adapted to nut culture. Trees grown from + second generation nuts retrograde very rapidly, producing nuts not + half so large as even the first generation trees, and finally + running out altogether. Hence it is very essential that we plant + nuts from the original trees, or trees grown from the original nuts + or grafted from the original trees." + +A tree on John E. Brooks' claim, Casey Place, is one of the earliest and +most important trees in the country. It has borne a good crop every year +for thirty-five years, and in all that time has led a strenuous life. It +was planted first in Portland from a nut supposed to have been brought +from the Rhine in Germany by a German sea captain. It was broken down by +stock when Amasa Brooks saw it, and with the consent of the owner +transplanted it to its present site, on the side of a red hill a few +rods above the house and about 100 feet above the level of the valley. +There it was much abused by stock, and exposed to other accidents. When +it began to bear, the squirrels would gather the nuts as soon as they +were big enough to attract them. When the tree was visited in August, +1909, for the purpose of getting a photograph it was found that a +squirrel had burrowed under the roots, making an opening large enough to +admit a good-sized foxhound, and a quantity of nuts hulls were piled +about it and scattered beneath the tree. It is 23 inches in diameter and +has a branch spread of nearly 60 feet. Trees of the fourth generation +from this tree are in bearing near McMinnville and are producing fairly +good nuts, some better than the original tree, demonstrating that the +seedling walnut tree can be improved here by seed selection. + +[Illustration: _A Grafted Walnut_] + +The above is a two-year-old grafted tree in the orchard of Mr. Prince. +It was sent to him by Judge Leib, of San Jose, in order to convince him +of the superiority of the grafted tree. You will note that the little +bush has two good-sized nuts, and also that it bore one last year, the +first year from the nursery. With this ratio of increase at 20 years of +age it would produce about three and one-quarter tons of walnuts, +counting 42 nuts to the pound, the weight of first-class Oregon walnuts. +But this is not probable. + + + + +GRAFTED TREES + + +The testimony in favor of the grafted tree is not yet very abundant in +Oregon, as the grafting business is new; but with the evidence at hand +it will surely have a standing in court. + +Prof. Lewis speaks plainly on this subject. He says: + +"One of the main points of discussion is, Which are preferable--grafted +or seedling trees? Let us consider the seedling tree first. There are +men who claim that these are superior to grafted trees, especially in +size, prolificness, etc.; that there is something about our wonderful +Oregon climate that causes the so-called second generation trees to bear +larger and better fruits than the parent plant. And these writers love +to dwell on the subject of generation. There is at times a sort of +mystery, an uncanny vagueness connected with this subject that is +baffling and bewildering to the layman, and causes him to listen with +mouth agape. It is the same sweet silly story that we have had to learn +by bitter experience with other nuts and fruits, and some of us will +evidently pay dearly for it in the case of the walnut. The term 'first +generation' is generally applied to the parent tree--some say the +original tree, while others put the clause on the original grafted tree. +Nuts taken from such trees and planted produce the second generation +trees. These may be equal, may be superior, or may be inferior to the +original stock. It is this very variation and instability that makes the +seedling to a more or less degree a gambling proposition." + +The following is taken from a paper on walnut culture by Luther Burbank, +read before the annual meeting of the California Fruit Growers +convention: + +"In all cases the best results will be obtained by grafting on our +native California black walnut or some of its hybrids. No one who grows +English walnuts on their own roots need expect to be able to compete +with those who grow them on the native black walnut roots, for when +grown on these roots the trees will uniformly be larger and longer +lived, will hardly be affected by blight and other diseases, and will +bear from two to four times as many nuts, which will be of larger size +and of much better quality. These are facts, not theories, and walnuts +growers should take heed. + +"Although not popular among nurserymen, yet the best way to produce a +paying orchard of walnuts is to plant the nuts from some vigorous black +walnut tree, three or four in each place where a tree is to stand. At +the end of the first summer remove all but the strongest among them. Let +the trees grow as they will, for from three to six years, until they +have formed their own natural, vigorous system of roots, then graft to +the best variety extant which thrives in your locality, and if on deep, +well-drained land you will at once have a grove of walnuts which will +pay, at present, or even with very much lower prices, a most princely +interest on your investment. By grafting in the nursery, or before the +native tree has had time to produce its own system of roots by its own +rapid-growing leafy top, you have gained little or nothing over +planting trees on their own roots, for the foliage of any tree governs +the size, extent and form of the root system. Take heed, as these are +facts, not fancies, and are not to be neglected if you would have a +walnut grove on a safe foundation. + +"I hold in my hands a record, and also a photograph, of one of the Santa +Rosa walnut trees, grafted, as I recommended, on the black walnut, 1891; +this was handed to me by the owner, George C. Payne, of Campbell. The +record may be of interest to you: Dimensions (1905)--Spread of top, 66 +feet; circumference one foot above ground, 8 feet 9 inches. No record of +nuts was kept until 1897, which amounted to 250 pounds; 1898, 302 +pounds; 1899, 229 pounds; 1900, 600 pounds; 1901, 237 pounds; 1902, 478 +pounds; 1903, 380 pounds; 1904, 481 pounds; 1905, 269 pounds; 1908, 712 +pounds. + +"The walnut has generally been considered a very difficult tree to graft +successfully. Mr. Payne has perfected a mode of grafting which in his +hands is without doubt the most successful known; by it he is uniformly +successful, often making one hundred per cent of the grafts to grow. Who +can do better by any method? + +"When you plant another tree, why not plant a walnut? Then, besides +sentiment, shade and leaves, you may have a perennial supply of nuts, +the improved kinds of which furnish the most delicious, nutritious and +healthful food which has ever been known. The old-fashioned hit-or-miss +nuts, which we used to purchase at the grocery store, were generally of +a rich, irregular mixture in form, size and color, with meats of varying +degrees of unsoundness, bitter, musty, rancid, or with no meat at all. +From these early memories, and the usual accompanying after-effects, +nuts have not been a very popular food for regular use until lately, +when good ones at a moderate price can generally, but not always, be +purchased at all first-class stores. + +"The consumption of nuts is probably increasing among all civilized +nations today faster than that of any other food, and we should keep up +with this increasing demand and make the increase still more rapid by +producing nuts of uniformly good quality. This can be done without extra +effort, and with an increase in the health and rapid and permanent +increase in the wealth of ourselves and neighbors." + +[Illustration: _Row of Eleven Year Old Top Grafted Black Walnut +Hybrids_] + +An American black walnut growing on a lot on the east side of Grant +street, residence of J. C. Cooper, McMinnville, grafted by Mr. Payne May +14, 1908, grew 7-1/2 feet in 95 days and was still growing when the +terminal buds were nipped by the early September frost of that year. The +sprouts were pruned back to 12 inches. The tree made a vigorous growth +in 1909, making a spread of 13 feet. Some think the American black a +better tree for grafting stock that the California black. One of the +noblest and grandest trees in any American forest is the American black +walnut, and while a little slow at the beginning of its career it is +only a question of time when it will overtake all others. It knows no +disease or pests, and he who plants it lays a foundation for 20 to 50 +generations to come as well as for himself and those of his own +household. + +A four-year-old hybrid, 4 inches in diameter, grafted in by Mr. Payne, +grew a sprout as shown, 7 feet 9 inches high in four months from the +setting of the graft. It is growing on the east side of D street near +the Presbyterian church in front of the residence of Mrs. Sarah +Updegraf, McMinnville, Oregon. Three trees there all show the same +vigor, with little or no cultivation. + +John H. Hartog, formerly of Eugene, wrote of the experience of Mr. E. +Terpening, one of the most successful walnut growers near that city. + +"Mr. Terpening is a devotee of the grafted tree. And why? A burnt child +spurns the fire, says the proverb. Mr. Terpening set out second +generation Mayettes and Franquettes, expecting that these seedlings +would produce true, but when they commenced to bear, behold his +amazement at finding that he had a variety of almost every kind. This +was enough to convince him that in the future he would use grafted +trees, and know what he was doing and what kind of nut he was raising. + +"Counting out trees of other kinds, he has four acres in walnuts, and +these produced-- + + In 1905 700 pounds + In 1906 1200 pounds + In 1907 2000 pounds + In 1908 3000 pounds + +"This spring he set out 450 more trees and wisely he put them 50 feet +apart and will grow peaches in between for a few years. While it is +generally said that walnuts come into bearing after 8 years, Mr. +Terpening states that the grafted tree will bear commercially in 6 +years, which tallies exactly with my experience. + +"The Terpening walnut trees are grafted on American black and his +favorite variety is the Mayette and lately the so-called Improved +Mayette." + + + + +WALNUT GRAFTING + + +Walnut grafting is in a class by itself, and walnut budding is not a +success as practiced at the present time, although the ordinary method +is shown in the cut. The top grafting method shown is easy and sure if +you have "the know-how and skill." One of the important things to +remember in tree surgery as well as other kinds, is to work quickly and +deftly. Don't let the wounds of the scion or stub remain exposed longer +than necessary. Make the cuts smooth with a very sharp knife, kept sharp +by frequent "stropping.'" Expert walnut grafters are few, but the +ordinary skillful orchardist or amateur can do fairly successful work by +a study of the drawings in "Details of Walnut Grafting" on next page, +and using common sense methods. + +[Illustration: Details of Walnut Grafting] + +Cut off the branch or stock to be grafted with a sharp priming saw at a +point where the stump will be from one to two and a half inches in +diameter. Split through the center of the stub with a sharp knife as +shown in figure 1, using a mallet. Depress the point of the splitting +knife and strike with the mallet, cutting the bark and sap down the side +of the stub instead of tearing it, then depress the handle and cut down +the other side in the same way. Open the split slightly with a hardwood +wedge, as in figure 2. Slightly bevel the split, cutting upward, with a +sharp knife as in figure 3. Insert the carefully fitted scion as at +figure 4, being careful to have the cambium layer, the inner layer of +the bark, of both stub and scion come together. + +When the scion is carefully fitted remove the wedge and fill the split +with paper as shown at figure 5. Then cover all wounds over with wax +brushed on warm as at figure 6. The melted wax should be about the +consistency of thick honey. Tie a paper sack over all as at figure 7. +This should remain until scions begin to grow. It keeps them warm and +prevents drying out by hot winds. In from ten days to three weeks the +scions will have started sufficient to gradually remove the cover as at +figure 8. In eight or ten days from the time grafts are set a small +opening should be cut or torn in the north side of the paper sack so +that the sprouting buds may have air and their growth noted. + +When the stock is too large to split through the center it should be +split to one side of center as shown in figure 9. The method of shaping +the scions is shown in figures 10, 11 and 12. Good scions and poor are +shown in 13 and 14. Scions with buds not too far apart are best. Prong +grafting is shown in figures 15 to 18, and flute budding in 19 and 20. + +In grafting the stock should not close on the scion with sufficient +force to bruise or injure it, but just tight enough to hold. + +Scions should be of last year's wood and pruned or cut from the trees in +late winter, when the tree is dormant, and cut into about 12-inch +lengths, long enough to make three or four grafts. Select upright wood. +Drooping branches make a sprawling and sometimes a barren tree. + +The dormant scions should be packed away in a cool, dark cellar in damp +sand or moss, or put in cold storage and kept dormant until ready for +use. Do not allow the buds to swell. It will be well to look at them +occasionally to see that they do not get too dry nor be so damp as to +mold. + +In the spring when the sap is well up and the trees to be grafted have +sprouted and are growing during April and May the grafting should be +done. Work may be continued even after the catkins are out and the +leaves half grown. + +The methods described are those practiced by Mr. George C. Payne, +probably the most successful walnut grafter in the business. + +[Illustration: _Tools Used in Walnut Grafting_ + +Plate One. Furnished by Oregon Agricultural College] + + + + +GRAFTING WAX + + +The following formula is the grafting wax used by Mr. Payne: + + Rosin, 5 pounds. + Beeswax, 1 pound. + Finely pulverized charcoal. 1-2 pound. + Raw linseed oil, 1 gill + +Be sure that the charcoal is finely pulverized. First melt the beeswax +and rosin, being careful not to have the fire too hot. Add the charcoal, +stirring constantly, and then add the oil. Mould into bricks by pouring +into greased pans. When desiring to use break off a few lumps and melt +in such a contrivance as is shown in the plate of grafting tools. The +wax must be quite liquid if applied successfully. + +Nursery grafting, or root grafting, is not a success as practiced at +present. The best grafters do not succeed with more than 10 to 15 per +cent. This makes the grafted tree cost from $1.50 to $2.00 per tree, and +makes that kind of walnut planting expensive. However, Col. Dosch, in +his article, quotes Professor Leckenby, the noted agrostologist, as +saying that if directions are religiously followed ninety per cent of +the grafts will grow. The directions are as follows: + +"For walnut grafts on scions use one gallon of water with four +teaspoonfuls of sulphate of quinine. Cut scions submerged in the +solution, and wash the cut on tree at once, to prevent it from turning +black, acting as an antiseptic; then insert, the scion as on other fruit +trees." + +This, from such authority, is worthy of a trial. A great amount of +experimenting has been done in walnut grafting and a way to success will +be found. + + + + +BEST STOCK ON WHICH TO GRAFT + + +Mr. Burbank, Judge Leib, and George C. Payne, all of California, think +the California black or some of its hybrids make the best stock in +California. Mr. Groner prefers the hybrid for Oregon. + +Mr. A. McGill, of Oregon, thinks that neither the California black nor +its hybrid are suited to this climate. Few have had more experience, +costly experience at that, than Mr. McGill. He thinks the American black +better for Oregon. + +It is sometimes asked, why not plant seedling walnuts and top work those +that are not good bearers? Because the grafts will not do so well on the +English stock as on the black; and it is also found that the English +stock does not make as good a foundation as the black. + +Therefore, the best growers in Oregon conclude that the seed from a +thrifty American Black, or close hybrid, is best for this state. In +three or four years after planting cut off the trunk about as high as a +man's waist or shoulder and put in the graft from the best variety +available. The third year from setting of the graft you will have a crop +of nuts. + +Mr. Payne can set 250 to 300 grafts in a day. His wages are $8 a day, +and he furnishes the wood. So you see that your trees would cost very +little. Good black walnut seed can be had very cheap, probably at a cost +of 50 cents to $1 per bushel, the Oregon product preferred. + +Some of the California hybrids make rapid growth, but too rapid growth +of wood may not be desirable. It may mean early maturity and early +decay, and too few walnut bearing boughs. + + + + +GOOD PLAN FOR WALNUT ORCHARD + + + (3)---------<1>---------(3)---------<1>---------(3) + | \ : / | \ : / | + | \ : / | \ : / | + | \ : / | \ : / | + | \ : / | \ : / | + | \ : / | \ : / | + <1>.........(2).........<1>.........(2).........<1> + | / : \ | / : \ | + | / : \ | / : \ | + | / : \ | / : \ | + | / : \ | / : \ | + | / : \ | / : \ | + (3)---------<1>---------(3)---------<1>---------(3) + | \ : / |\ : / | + | \ : / |<.\.......6:0....../..>| + | \ : / | \ : / | + | \ : / | \ : / | + | \ : / | \ : / | + <1>.........(2).........<1>.........(2).........<1> + | / : \ | / : \ | + | / : \ | / : \ | + | / : \ | / : \ | + | / : \ | / : \ | + |/ : \ | / : \ | + (3)---------<1>---------(3)--30 _ft_--<1>--30 _ft_--(3) + + +Mr. Prince, of Yamhill county, has modified his views somewhat in regard +to the grafted and seedling trees. He thinks that possibly the permanent +orchard should be of the grafted variety, possibly on the Royal or +California hybrid of rapid growth. He proposes the above form of an +orchard. The principal grafted trees should be placed in square form 60 +feet apart, represented by figures 3. In the center of these squares at +figures 2 he would either plant the same trees or some other seedling +variety which will bring the trees about 42 feet apart. Midway between +the main grafted trees he would plant other trees, or apple trees, +represented by figures 1 in the little squares. This would make trees +30 feet apart. At the end of 15 or 20 years, when the trees possibly +become crowded, he would remove the No. 1 trees. If this were an apple +tree, it would already have served its best days and no great loss would +be had by its removal. At the end of 25 or 30 years we would remove No. +2, if the trees became crowded, leaving a permanent orchard of trees 60 +feet apart, 12 trees to the acre. This is an excellent arrangement, and +no doubt about the best that has yet been proposed for walnut culture in +Oregon. + +It is best to plant in square form, a tree to the center of each square, +forty to sixty feet apart is the rule. Berries, small fruit, potatoes, +vetch, peas, beans, etc., can be grown between the trees while they are +young, leaving six or eight feet free to be cultivated each side of the +trees. + +Many plant apples, peaches, prunes or cherries between walnut trees, +planning to cut them out when the latter are of such size as to need all +the space. + +These crops between the rows produce an income during the eight years' +waiting for the walnuts to come into bearing. Each grower must decide +this point according to his situation, always avoiding grains and +grasses. + + + + +THE TAP ROOT + + +Some experimenting has been done and much speculation has been indulged +regarding the tap root. One writer disposes of the whole subject in this +manner: + +"The cutting of the tap root in planting seedlings has been a question +for much discussion, many growers formerly holding that to cut it meant +to kill the tree. This has proved a mistake. It has been practically +demonstrated that the tree thrives better with the tap root cut if +properly done with a sharp instrument, making a clean cut. New growth is +thereby induced, the abundance of lateral roots feed the tree more +satisfactorily and the trees come into bearing from two to three years +earlier than would otherwise be the case." + +[Illustration: A Well Planted Tree] + +Before accepting this as final it would be well to make further inquiry. +The summers of western Oregon are practically rainless and when the +kernel in the formed shell is maturing unless there is irrigation a +distress call is sent down to the roots for moisture, if the weather is +very dry. The lateral roots cannot supply this dire need and if the main +pump is not working away down deep in the moist earth the kernel will +not fill well and may perish entirely. For this reason no fibre of the +tap root should be disturbed, but rather encouraged by a well auger +hole, bored before the tree is planted, down to the reservoir of +moisture that will not fail in the dryest season. + +The moisture in a dry season as a rule is nearer the surface in the +valley than in the hills and gives a better filled nut. In a wet season, +when the ground everywhere is full of moisture, the hills may produce a +more abundant crop than the valley, but in the run of years it will +require more time to prove which is most valuable for walnut culture. +Trees grow in either place, but he who cuts the tap root in any soil +does so at the peril of his crop in dry seasons. + +Of the taproot, Wm. M. Reece, of the firm of Epps, Reece & Tillmont, +Eugene, Oregon, writes: + + "The peculiar climatic conditions of the Willamette Valley, which + at a certain season of the year becomes semi-arid, fully justifies + the statement that trees not having a tap root are annually checked + in their growth when irrigation is not used; while those that do + have a tap root, as do walnuts, continue to grow and thrive even in + the driest weather. The walnut should be planted, however, in soil + having a subsoil free from any hard substance that will permit the + tap root to grow downward into the strata of perpetual moisture. + + "This has been most thoroughly demonstrated in our walnut orchard + this, the driest year in the memory of old settlers in the Valley. + + "When the growth of our apple, cherry and peach trees ceased + because of the dry weather, our walnuts kept on growing as if + supplied by continuous rains. It is true that liberal cultivation + through the dry season will materially aid the growth of all kinds + of trees not having a tap root and is indispensable to the growth + of young walnut trees, trees that have not extended their tap root + down to perpetual moisture. + + "Walnut trees, in the opinion of the writer, cease growing upward + when they cease growing downward; that is to say, when rock, shale + or impenetrable hardpan stops the growth of the tap root, the tree + has practically reached its height. + + "Therefore, in planting a walnut grove, borings should be made to + test the depth of the soil and character of the subsoil. + + "Unquestionably the best variety for this climate is the Franquette + and next the Mayette. + + "Grafted trees are to be preferred to seedlings. Grafted trees bear + much sooner and the fruit is more uniform in size, though a + seedling that has attained the bearing age will produce as much + fruit as a grafted tree of the same age; this we have occasion to + observe from comparisons in our own orchard. + + "We have trees 14 years old that bore 100 pounds at the age of 12 + years and the product sold for 25c a pound for planting purposes. + + "Those who had the misfortune to have the tender shoots of their + walnut trees killed by the unusual frost early last May, should not + be discouraged. Just examine the limbs now and you will find that + three or four more shoots grew out where the one was killed. This + makes more fruit buds for next year and the shortage of crop this + year will be more than made up next. + + "The writer believes that walnut growing will prove to be the most + profitable industry in the Willamette Valley. + + "WM. M. REECE." + + + +It seems to be a characteristic of the walnut and hickory, and possibly +other nut trees, to send down a tap root deep into the earth to draw up +the distilled and purified moisture that has been refined and sweetened +in the lower depths. The older boys of the Middle Western states can +recall the time when they wandered through the woods in late winter +time, with a long pole or rail on their shoulders with which they +"pulled hickory root." The young sprout was "withed" around near one end +of the pole, then all hands put their shoulders under the long end and +with an "altogether, heave, oh," draw up a tap root 4, 6 and 8 feet +long. The lowest end was the choicest and sweetest. It was delicious and +in the division of a day's hunt some of these found their way to "his +best girl" at school. + +Whether the water down in these lower depths possesses these qualities, +and that they are necessary to give the Oregon walnut its superiority is +yet a matter of speculation, but that these conditions exist is well +known and should have fullest consideration by the intelligent walnut +culturist. + +[Illustration: _Tap Root of a Two-year-old Black Walnut showing how the +root grows down to permanent water level, thus insuring full crops +regardless of weather conditions_] + +Cut of tap root of a 2-year-old American Black which grew in the lower +red hill land of Yamhill County. There is but one lateral root near the +surface and this was probably caused by the tap root striking harder +soil on its way down to permanent moisture level. + +This tap root is 3 feet long and nearly 6 inches in circumference. It is +one of the best object lessons to be had in walnut culture in Oregon. + +Though the Willamette Valley has practically four rainless months of +sunshine, irrigation is unnecessary. There is no other country +comparable to it. Its cool and dewy summer nights, together with its +great subterranean reservoir supplied by the winter rains, are the +reasons why its crops never fail and why its fruits fill "red, round and +luscious," and why the walnut has so persistently shown its preference +for this favored region. + + + + +WALNUT CULTIVATION + + +While the walnut is the hardiest of trees and in many cases has borne +heavily in Oregon without cultivation, experience has proved that, like +fruit trees, cultivation up to the tenth or twelfth years increases the +growth, the yield and the quality of the product. After full maturity no +further cultivation is necessary, the tree taking care of itself with +the independence of any forest tree. + +With a young grove it is best to plow between the rows after the rains +cease in the spring, and then stir the ground occasionally all through +the summer with the harrow or disk; this holds the moisture. When some +trees seem backward a trench should be dug some two feet or so away, and +a couple of feet deep, filled with fertilizer and closed over. This will +encourage hardier and more rapid growth. Lime can also be used with good +effect, it being customary in England to haul wagon loads to the walnut +lands. Continually hoeing and digging constitute the best treatment, as +one tree on the Prince place, a Mayette, has proved. It was given daily +cultivation, by way of experiment, and more than doubled the size and +yield of other trees of the same age not so treated. + + + + +PRUNING WALNUTS + + +Walnuts require very little pruning. However, to do well they must have +plenty of light and air, and there must be room under the trees to +cultivate. To this end, keep all lateral growths removed the first two +years, pushing the strong terminal growth. Young trees so treated often +make five or six feet in that time. They must be staked and tied with a +broad strip of cloth. Cross the cloth between the stake and the twig so +as not to bruise the tender wood. As the limbs begin to grow take out an +occasional one to prevent the tree becoming too thick. When large limbs +are removed, cut on the slant, carefully waxing to prevent decay. +Heading-in is often beneficial when the tree does not seem to be +fruitful. Train the trees upward as much as possible. + +In Roumania and some of the eastern countries of Europe, some of the +walnut trees have such an enormous spread that a flock of five hundred +sheep can lie in comfort beneath the shade of one tree and have ample +room. If this vine-like tendency to spread can be obviated by +intelligently training the trees upward, and its productiveness +maintained or increased, the walnut grower of Oregon will have +accomplished much in the conservation of our resources. + +At present we can make a tree that will produce 500 pounds of walnuts in +25 to 30 years. With 12 trees to the acre, will give 6000 pounds of +nuts; two and one-half times that of wheat at 40 bushels per acre, and +they will not require the expensive refrigerator cars and rapid transit +of perishable fruits. + + + + +TRAINING THE TREES + + +It will only be necessary to train the limbs in seven or eight feet all +round to be able to double the number of trees to the acre. Then train +the trees skyward and increase the number of nut-bearing boughs, and the +yield will be increased accordingly. If the nuts on the higher branches +fill as well as on the lower, the tree can not be made to grow too high, +because we have no violent storms to throw down the trees, and the nuts +are self-gathering. These and many other valuable and interesting +problems in the industry are to be worked out. + +According to Prof. Lewis, who is good authority, a later and better +method is to cut the young tree back to 4 feet and make it throw out +three or four laterals. When these laterals are fully grown, bind them +up in a bundle one or two feet diameter with soft strands of rope. In +the dormant season cut these laterals back to about two feet. This will +multiply the branches. Cut back the new growths again the next year, and +so on; this will greatly increase the nut-bearing boughs and will train +the tree upward. This seems to be the most sensible method of pruning +yet proposed. + + + + +NO DISEASES INJURE OREGON WALNUTS + + +The soft, moist atmosphere of western Oregon, so favorable to the +English walnut, seems wholly unfavorable to pests that destroy the crop +in other climates. A crop has never been lost or materially injured in +Oregon through these sources; in fact, so free are the Oregon trees of +such enemies that little thought or attention has been given to this +phase of the subject. In a few localities where caterpillars have +attacked the foliage they have been quickly eradicated by an arsenic +spray. Fumigating will kill insect life. A bacterial disease that has +made its appearance in California has not been seen in this state. +Winter spray of lime and sulphur will kill moss and lichens, which are +about the only parasites that attempt to fasten on Oregon walnut trees. + +[Illustration: _Old Walnut Trees Planted About 1850 Near McMinnville, on +the Yamhill River_] + +[Illustration: POLLINATION + +The Walnut] + + + + +POLLINATION + + +Every fruit and nut grower should know the simple theory of pollination. +When a tree appears thrifty but fails to produce, nine times in ten the +trouble is with the pollination. The walnut is bi-sexual and +self-fertile; the staminate catkins appear first, at the end of the +year's growth (see Fig. 1), and the female blossoms, or pistillates, +from one to three weeks later at the end of the new growth (see Fig. 2). +Thus the staminate catkins sometimes fall before the pistillates form, +and naturally there is no pollination and no crop. This should not +discourage the grower or cause him to uproot his trees. Often by waiting +a few seasons--if the tree is of the correct variety--the trouble may +right itself. Many growers have gotten a crop from single trees where +there was trouble with the pollination by artificially fertilizing, that +is, shaking the pollen from fertile trees, even black walnut, over the +barren pistillates. Birds, insects, and the breezes carry pollen from +one tree to another. Therefore, if nuts for seed are desired, keep each +grove of pure strain separate that there may be no deterioration owing +to cross-fertilization. But the mixed orchard may bear best. Some +varieties of walnut trees--notably the Los Angeles--are suitable only +for shade in Oregon and should not be planted with any other thought in +mind. The staminate blossoms of this variety appear six weeks ahead of +the pistillates and, there being no pollination, naturally there are no +nuts. + +[Illustration: _Best in the World, Oregon Walnuts_] + +[Illustration: _Drying the Nuts_] + + + + +THE HARVEST + + +The harvest comes in October, a convenient season where there are fruit +crops to be taken care of. The process is extremely simple, being little +more than an old-fashioned "nut gathering." When ripe, the nuts fall to +the ground, shedding their hulls on the way. They are picked up by boys, +girls, men and women. + +During the harvest three or four rounds must be made through the grove, +perhaps a week elapsing between trips, each time slightly shaking the +trees to make the ripe nuts fall. On the last round, a padded mallet +with a long handle is used to dislodge the remaining nuts. The expense +of harvesting is slight, five or six people being sufficient to care for +a fifty-acre grove. + + + + +WASHING AND DRYING + + +When the nuts are gathered and brought in they are put into a revolving +barrel-churn holding about 12 to 16 gallons. Two buckets of water and +about the same of walnuts are put in together and the churn revolved for +some minutes. Then the nuts are taken out and spread on wire crates and +placed in the sun; they should be raked over two or three times a day. +Or, if the weather is wet, they may be placed in the dry-house in a good +draught at about 70 degrees F. In an artificial drying if the heat +becomes too great the nuts will be rancid, as the oil-cells will burst: +so better err on the side of underheating than overheating. If left out +of doors, cover carefully to protect from dew. The crates for outdoor +drying are placed on trestles in some California groves, in order that +the air may circulate through the nuts. This is much better than placing +them on the ground, where they draw dampness. + + + + +SORTING AND GRADING + + +After the walnuts are gathered, washed, dried and stored for a week or +so to test the correctness of their drying, they are ready to be graded +by passing over a sized screen. The choicest ones will sell at top +market prices, and the culls a little under. The Prince grove harvest is +never graded, as he finds ready sale at highest prices for the entire +output just as it runs after sorting out the few imperfect nuts. + + + + +PACKING AND SHIPPING + + +They are next put into pound cartons, or 50-pound bags, common gunny +sacks, ready for the market. + +Not being perishable none are lost in shipping or by keeping. Walnuts +from Oregon groves have been kept two years, tasting as sweet and fresh +as those in their first season. Long hauls are not objectionable, as the +rough handling is not injurious to the well-sealed varieties grown in +Oregon. In this they have an advantage over fruit. + + + + +WALNUT YIELD PER ACRE + + +While it is generally found that seedling trees properly treated come +into bearing the eighth year, this crop is usually light, doubling each +successive season for seven or eight years. From then on there is a +steady increase in crop and hardiness for many years. Often trees in +Oregon bear in their sixth year; while there are instances on record of +trees set out in February bearing the following autumn. This is no +criterion, however, merely an instance illustrating the unusual richness +of Oregon soil, and its perfect adaptability to walnut culture. + +Thirty-five acres on the Prince place yielded at twelve years, twelve +tons of fine nuts, which were sold at 18 and 20 cents a pound, two cents +above the market price, making an average of $125 per acre. Another +grove of two acres yielded in their ninth year two tons, or a ton to the +acre, netting the owner $360 an acre. + +Mr. A. A. Quarnberg's eleven-year-old trees averaged twenty-five pounds +each. Mr. Henry J. Biddle's ten and twelve-year-old trees averaged +thirty pounds each. One hundred fifty dollars an acre from +twelve-year-old trees is a conservative estimate, though some groves not +cultivated may fall under that figure, while others in a high state of +cultivation will almost double it. + + + + +THE WALNUT MARKET + + +The very fact that in 1907 Oregon-grown walnuts commanded several cents +a pound higher price than those grown elsewhere indicates their market +value. When ordinary nuts sold for 12 and 16 cents a pound Oregon nuts +brought 18 and 20 cents. + +New York dealers who cater to the costliest trade throughout the United +States, and who have never handled for this purpose any but the finest +types of imported nuts, pronounced the Oregon product satisfactory from +every standpoint--finely flavored, nutty, meaty and delicious. They were +glad to pay an extra price to secure all that were available. + +In the home market the leading dealers of Portland and Northwest cities +readily dispose of all of the Oregon walnuts obtainable at an advanced +price. In fact, the Oregon walnut has commanded a premium in every +market into which it has been introduced. + +California walnuts are largely shipped east, the percentage entering the +northern markets being comparatively small. The annual sum expended in +Oregon for imported nuts at the present time is $400,000. When the +Oregon growers are able to supply the home demand alone, shutting out +importations, the population of Oregon will have more than doubled, and +the amount expended in this state for walnuts will approach if it does +not exceed the million-dollar mark. In addition to this the eastern +markets will be clamoring for Oregon walnuts, as they now absorb Hood +River apples, Willamette valley cherries and Rogue River valley pears. +With eastern buyers always ready to pay an extra price for extra grade +products, superior grades of Oregon walnuts will undoubtedly be +contracted for, leaving only the culls for home consumption. + +It has been conservatively estimated that at the rate the population of +the United States is increasing, and the rate walnut consumption is +increasing, by the time every available acre in Oregon is in full +bearing the supply will still fall far short of the demand. Judging by +past experience in California this is no chimerical conception. Since +1896 the walnut crop in that state has steadily increased, and in like +proportion has the price advanced, from seven cents in 1896 to twenty +cents in 1907. + + + + +COMPARED WITH FRUIT + + +In comparing walnut culture with fruit, one must take into consideration +the fact that distance from transportation facilities is not a +detriment; that there is very little expense in putting out or +maintaining a walnut grove; that insects, blight and disease are unknown +to walnut groves of Oregon, thus obviating the cost of spraying; that +the expense of harvesting is exceedingly light; that no nut-fruit +perishes--that it does not need to be sold at once, but will keep +indefinitely, making a lost crop practically impossible. + +It is estimated by experienced walnut growers that the annual cost of +cultivation and pruning should not exceed $10 an acre, while harvesting +should not exceed 20 cents per hundred pounds. It is a simple matter to +figure the profits. + +The original investment in a walnut grove may be made a comparatively +small amount; thus it appeals particularly to those of limited means. + + + + +THE POUND PACKAGE + + +It is difficult or impossible to establish a uniform package good for +every year. Walnuts are not like other fruits; size is not a sure +indication of weight. The pound package used by Mr. Thos. Prince is +3-3/4 x 4-1/2 x 5-1/4 inches, which in 1907 when filled weighed 17 +ounces, in 1908 it weighed 16 ounces, and in the dry year of 1909 it +weighed but 14 ounces. + + + + +WALNUT CONFECTIONERY + + +The cut on page 5 shows the best method of cracking walnuts to extract +the kernel in halves without breaking. Grasp the nut between the thumb +and forefinger at the seam, place on a hard surface of stone or iron and +strike sharply with a light hammer only sufficient to crack the shell +without crushing the kernel. + +This method is used by most manufacturers of great varieties of walnut +confectionery, some of which are shown in the picture. Walnut +chocolates, walnut taffy, walnut log, panoche, nougat and many other +articles, as well as walnut sundries to put on dishes of ice cream are +among the tasty confections for which the demand is very great. + + + + +WALNUTS IN COOKING + + +A few of the delightful ways in which walnuts may be used on the table: + + +NUT BREAD + + 1 pound hard wheat flour. + 1 pound whole wheat flour. + 1 cup good yeast. + 1 cup ground walnuts. + 1 tablespoonful Orleans molasses. + 2 tablespoonfuls melted lard or butter. + +Mix with warm water; let it raise quite light, then mould, raise and +bake as other bread. + + +GEMS + +Graham, wheatlet or cornmeal gems are greatly improved by adding a few +walnut kernels ground fine. + + +NUT CAKE + +3 eggs, yolks and whites beaten separately, 1/2 cup--scant--butter, 3/4 +cup milk, 1 cup walnuts ground or chopped, 1-1/2 cups granulated sugar, +1/2 teaspoonful each of lemon and vanilla, 2 teaspoonfuls baking powder, +flour to make a moderately stiff batter. + + +CHOCOLATE NUT CAKE + +3 eggs, 3/4 cup each of brown and white sugar, 3/4 cup of coffee and +milk mixed, 1 cup ground walnuts, 4 tablespoonfuls melted butter, 2 +teaspoonfuls ground chocolate or cocoa, most of 1 nutmeg grated, 2 +teaspoonfuls baking powder, flour to make moderately stiff batter. + +More satisfactory results are obtained by baking either of these cakes +in two deep layercake tins and putting the two parts together with any +good filling. + + +NUT COOKIES + +3 cups sugar--Extra C preferred--3/4 pound of butter, 2 or 3 eggs, 1 cup +of water, 1 teaspoonful of baking powder, 1/2 a nutmeg, a little ginger +and cinnamon, 1 cup walnuts ground fine, 4 cups of flour. Roll thin and +bake in a quick oven. + + +APPLE NUT SALAD + +4 cups of good tart apples cut in small cubes or chopped not too fine, 1 +cup of coarsely ground, or chopped nuts. Stir lightly into these 1 cup +of sugar and 1/2 of a nutmeg grated fine. + + +DRESSING FOR SAME + +2-3 cup of cold water, 2 tablespoons strong vinegar, 1/2 cup of sugar. +Add one egg, well beaten. Put this on the stove and stir constantly +until well cooked. If this is done carefully it will not curdle. Take +from the stove and add a lump of butter the size of a walnut, grate in a +little nutmeg and stir gently until the butter is well melted and mixed. +Some whipped cream may be added to this when cool if desired or +convenient. + + + + +BY-PRODUCTS + + +In addition to walnuts as nuts, they pay handsomely as pickles. For this +purpose they must be picked green. This could be made a most profitable +side industry in connection with large groves. + +One grower had an inquiry for two carloads of green walnuts to be used +for this purpose. Large quantities are imported annually and they sell +at very high prices. + +They are also used for dyeing purposes, giving a beautiful brown shade +difficult to obtain except with walnut hulls. + +Oil which is often substituted for olive oil is manufactured from +walnuts, thus suggesting another commercial avenue. One hundred pounds +of walnuts produce eighteen pounds of oil. + +[Illustration: _No. 1, 1 Vrooman Franquette. No. 2, 2 Mayette. No. 3, 3 +Mayette Rouge. No. 4, 4 Parisienne. No. 5, 5 Praeparturien. No. 6 6 +Chaberte. No. 7. Cluster._ + +Plate One] + +[Illustration: _No. 1 1 Franquette. No. 2, 2 Glady. No. 3 3 Payne. No. 4 +4 Mayette. No. 5, 5 Meylan. No. 6, 6 Parisienne. No. 7, Cluster. No. 8, +Praeparturien._ + +Plate Two] + +[Illustration: Plate Three _The "Prince of Yamhill"_] + + + + +VARIETIES + + +The beautiful nuts shown on Plate 3 are seedlings from the orchard of +Mr. Thomas Prince, of Yamhill county. They are probably the handsomest +walnut as to size, form and color as well as taste that may be found +anywhere. The tree has not had an orchard try-out yet. If it proves to +be a good bearer with the other qualities suitable for this climate and +soil condition, it will enter the field high up in the standard of +excellence. + +There is some discrepancy in what constitutes standard varieties of +walnuts. We have endeavored to get nuts both from Oregon and California +to fix a uniform understanding as to the different varieties. The types +submitted by Mr. A. McGill of the Oregon Nursery Co., Plate 1, are No. +1, 1 Vrooman Franquette, No. 2, 2 Mayette, No. 3, 3 Mayette Rouge, No. +4, 4 Parisienne, No. 5, 5 Praeparturien, No. 6, 6 Chaberte, No. 7, +Cluster. + +Plate No. 2, by Mr. Ferd Groner, No. 1, 1 Franquette, No. 2, 2 Glady, +No. 3, 3 Payne, No. 4, 4 Mayette, No. 5, 5 Meylan, No. 6, 6 Parisienne, +No. 7 Cluster, No. 8 Praeparturien, are about as near uniformly correct +as we have. + +The Chaberte nuts, which confectioners use, are a special industry, the +kernels being slipped out of the shells without breaking, and sold in +this form. All the smaller nuts, the imperfect ones--the culls--find +ready sale both shelled and unshelled for the manufacture of walnut +candy, walnut cake, etc. + + + + +WEIGHTS, KERNEL AND TASTE + + +The first Walnut Show was held at McMinnville, November 1, 1907, and was +judged by H. M. Williamson, Secretary of the State Board of +Horticulture. Most of the following memoranda on weights are taken from +his report: + + James Morrison, Franquette 32 to the pound + F. W. Myers, Mayette 34 " " " + F. W. Myers, Seedling 35 " " " + James Morrison, Seedling Franquette 42 " " " + James Morrison, Grafted Mayette 38 " " " + D. H. Turner, Seedlings 42 " " " + James Morrison, Blanche Mayette 34 " " " + James Morrison, Grenoble Mayette 32 " " " + D. H. Turner, Parry 48 " " " + Mayette Shaped Praeparturiens 64 " " " + R. P. Ungerman, Seedlings 50 " " " + Bland Herring, Praeparturiens 38 " " " + Bland Herring, Bijou 22 " " " + Pleasant Cozine, Seedlings 42 " " " + Casey tree, Seedling 55 " " " + E. Estes, fourth generation from Casey tree 52 " " " + Thos. Prince Seedling 40 " " " + Derr Tree, Parry 60 " " " + +The investigations in regard to relative weights of kernel and shell of +the different varieties is made up from an article read by Mr. Ferd +Groner before the State Horticultural Society, December, 1909. + +The Vrooman Franquette shell and kernel weighed equal. + +The Payne Seedling gave slightly more kernel than shell. + +The Mayette slightly more shell than kernel. + +The Meylan, shell and kernel equal. + +The Gladys, shell and kernel equal. + +Franquette, near Salem, shell weighed two and one-half times that of +kernel. + +Other experiments show that the Praeparturien shell and kernel are about +equal. + +While the weight of the kernel is of great importance to the consumer, +the taste and digestibility is still more so. In this is the food value +of the walnut. The food value will in time be the commercial value. +There is very little variation in the taste of any one variety of wild +nuts or fruits, but the cultivated walnut, as well as the cultivated +peach and apple, has a great variety of tastes, and it does not require +an expert to distinguish the good from the poor qualities. + +Walnuts should be graded as to variety, the varieties should then be +graded as to size, but the paramount duty of the grower is to produce a +creamy, delicious walnut of excellent flavor. The soil and climate has +proven their excellence, and it is now for the intelligent grower to do +his part. + + + + +WHO SHOULD INVEST + + +Professional men and women, business men and women, those living in +cities and towns and confined to offices, stores and factories, will +find an investment in forty or fifty acres of walnut land at the present +time wholly within their possibilities. Special terms can be arranged +and their groves planted and cared for at small cost. While they are +working their groves will be growing toward maturity, and in less than a +decade they may be free from the demands of daily routine: the grove +will furnish an income, increasing each season until the twentieth year, +and will prove the most pleasant kind of old age annuity, and the +richest inheritance a man could leave his children. + +The practical farmer, or the inexperienced man who desires to escape the +tyranny of city work by way of the soil will find that a walnut grove +offers an immediate home, a living from small fruits and vegetables +while his trees are maturing, and at the end of eight or ten years, the +beginning of an income that will every year thereafter increase, while +the labor exacted will gradually lessen until it amounts to practically +nothing. Like rearing children, a walnut grower's troubles are over with +the trees' infant days. + +The capitalist can find no better place for his money than safely +invested in Oregon walnut lands; the rise is certain and near. + +[Illustration: _The "Meat" of the Walnut_] + +Some years ago "Outlook," a most conservative publication, spoke of the +English walnut as "a tree of vast commercial importance in the far +west." + +Luther Burbank states: "The consumption of walnuts is increasing among +all civilized nations faster than any other food." + + + + +CONCLUSION + + +B. M. Lelong, Secretary of the California State Board of Horticulture, +wrote in 1896: + +"California growers have had a long and varied experience with many +failures, and when they finally began to place their walnuts on the +market they were obliged to accept the humiliating price of from 3 to 6 +cents a pound less than that paid for imported walnuts." + +In Oregon the reverse is true. Our walnuts command a price above that +paid for walnuts raised anywhere else. The size, cracking-out quantity, +delicate flavor and delicious creamy taste, are the qualities that give +the Oregon walnut its surpassing excellence. If we have this +pre-eminence at the beginning of the industry, what may we expect when +intelligent cultivation has produced the best grade of walnuts of which +our soil and climate are capable? + +To Oregon, then, with its vast areas adapted to this industry, must the +world look for its great annual walnut harvest in the years to come. The +far-seeing man will secure an interest in Oregon walnut lands now, +before speculation and a general awakening to their real value have +boosted the price to that of walnut lands elsewhere. + +[Illustration: _View in Prince Walnut Grove Dundee, Oregon_] + + + + +OREGON WALNUT AREA BY COUNTIES + + +Note: The price of land varies according to location; the cheaper land +is not all cleared. + + Groves now Bearing trees. Available land. Price + County. planted. per acre. + + Washington Many young A number bear Thousands of + ones. full crops. acres. $25 to $200. + Multnomah Several young Many scattered. Several + groves. thousand. $50 to $200. + Yamhill 3,000 acres. 5,000 trees. 40,000 acres; + every quarter + section has + suitable land. $50 to $250. + Clackamas 100 acres. Many scattered; Several + one grove. thousand. $20 to $500. + Polk Several hundred 100 trees. Many thousand. $25 to $100. + acres. + Marion A few A number in Hundreds + bearing. of acres. $20 to $500. + Benton No record. No record. Many acres $20 to $100. + Linn Several young Several Many hundred + groves. scattered. acres. $20 to $500. + Lane 300 acres. A few scattered; 10,000. $60 to $125. + bear heavily. + Douglas None. Many; loaded Thousands $25 to $100. + with nuts of acres. + Josephine No record. A number; Hundreds + scattered. of acres. No record? + Jackson 30 or 40 acres. Hundreds Several + scattered thousand. $25 to $225. + through valley + loaded with nuts. + Baker A few groves. Many producing Thousands of + (Eastern Ore.) trees. acres. $25 to $150? + + + + +GOLD MEDAL WALNUT EXHIBIT (See cut on following page) + + +Last year the Walnut club of McMinnville made an exhibit of home grown +walnuts at the A.-Y.-P. Exposition and was awarded a gold medal. They +have a very attractive and artistic way of putting up an exhibit, +classifying and arranging the different varieties in glass cases in such +a manner as to attract universal attention and call forth the heartiest +exclamations of admiration. The accompanying cut shows one of their +exhibits in position. It is nine feet high and nearly five feet wide and +is faced alike on both sides. + +This club was organized for the purpose of studying the walnut industry +in all its details. They employ scientists and experts to tell how and +to demonstrate the various methods of walnut culture. There are scores +of 5 and 10-acre tracts planted to walnuts in the vicinity, as well as +experimental trees on the lots in town and along the streets. They call +McMinnville "The Walnut City." + +[Illustration: _Walnut Exhibit + +as prepared by the Walnut Club of McMinnville for the display of + +OREGON GROWN WALNUTS + +in several of the principal Eastern Offices of the + +OREGON RAILROAD & NAVIGATION CO. and SOUTHERN PACIFIC CO. (Lines in +Oregon)_] + +RAILROAD REPRESENTATIVES + +Who will take pleasure in giving all desired information as to rates, +routes, train schedules, hotel accommodations, etc., and make advance +arrangements for trips. + + +EAST. + + New York: J. B. DeFriest, Gen. Eastern Agt., U. P. R. R., 287 Broadway + + New York: L. H. Nutting, Gen. Pass. Agt., S. P. S. S. Co., 366 Broadway + + Boston, Mass. Willard Massey, N. E. Frt. & Pass. Agt., 176 Wash. St. + + Philadelphia, Pa.: S. C. Milbourne, G. A., U. P. R. R., 830 Chestnut St. + R. J. Smith, Agent, S. P. Co., 632 Chestnut St. + + Pittsburg, Pa.: G. G. Herring, General Agent, 707 Park Bldg. + + Cincinnati, Ohio: W. H. Connor, General Agent, 53 East Fourth St. + + Detroit, Mich.: J. C. Ferguson, General Agent, 11 Fort St., West + + +MIDDLE WEST. + + Chicago, Ill.: W. G. Neimyer, General Agent, 120 Jackson Boulevard + + St. Louis, Mo.: J. G. Lowe, General Agent, 903 Olive St. + + Kansas City, Mo.: H. G. Kaill, Asst. Gen. Frt. & Pass. Agt., + U. P. R. R., 901 Walnut St. + + St. Joseph, Mo.: S. E. Stohr, Gen. Frt. & Pass. Agt., + St. J. & G. I. R. R. + + Leavenworth, Kan.: J. J. Hartnett, Gen. Agt., Rooms 9-11 Nat. Bank Bldg. + + Council Bluffs, Iowa: J. C. Mitchell, City Ticket Agent, 522 Broadway + + Des Moines, Iowa: J. W. Turtle, Trav. Pass. Agt., 313 W. Fifth St. + + Minneapolis, Minn.: H. F. Carter, Dist. Pass. Agent, 21 South Third St. + + Lincoln., Neb.: E. B. Slosson, General Agent, 1044 O St. + + Omaha, Neb.: E. L. Lomax, General Passenger Agent, U. P. R. R. + + Pueblo, Colo.: L. M. Tudor, Commercial Agent, 312 N. Main St. + + Denver, Colo.: Francis B. Choate, General Agent, 941 Seventeenth St. + Wm. K. McAllister, Gen. Agt., S. P. Co., Suite 313 Railway Exc. Bldg. + + +CANADA. + + Toronto: J. O. Goodsell, Traveling Pass. Agt., Room 14 Janes Bldg. + + +SOUTH AND SOUTHWEST. + + Atlanta, Ga.: A. J. Dutcher, General Agent, 121 Peachtree St. + + New Orleans, La.: J. H. R. Parsons, Gen. Pass. Agt., M. L. & T. R. R., + 227 St. Charles St. + + Houston, Tex.: T. J. Anderson, Gen. Pass. Agent, G. H. & S. A. R. R. + + +EUROPE. + + London, England: Rudolph Falck, General European Agent + No. 49 Leadenhall St., E. C. No. 22 Cockspur St., N. W. + + Liverpool, England: No. 25 Water St. + + Antwerp, Belgium: 11 Rue Chapelle de Grace + + Hamburg, Germany: Amerika Haus, 23-27, Ferdinand Strasse + + +PACIFIC COAST. + + San Francisco, Cal.: Chas. S. Fee, Pass. Traffic Mgr., + S. P. Co., Flood Bldg. + + Lewiston, Ida.: C. W. Mount, District Freight & Passenger Agent + + Los Angeles, Cal.: H. O. Wilson, Gen. Agt., U. P. R. R., 557 Spring St. + T. A. Graham, Asst. Gen. Pass. Agt., S. P Co., 600 S. Spring St + + Olympia, Wash.: J. C. Percival, Agent, Percival's Dock + + Salt Lake City, Utah: D. E. Burley, Gen. Pass. Agt., O. S. L. R. R. + + Seattle, Wash.: W. D. Skinner, Gen. Frt. & Pass. Agent, O. & W. R. R. + E. E. Ellis, General Agent, 608 First Ave. + + Tacoma, Wash.: Robt. Lee, Gen'l Agt., Berlin Bldg., Eleventh + and Pacific Ave. + + Walla Wala, Wash.: R. Burns, District Freight and Passenger Agent + + Wallace, Ida.: G. A. Marshall, Commercial Agent + + Astoria, Ore.: G. W. Roberts, Commercial Agent, O. R. & N. Dock + + Portland, Ore.: C. W. Stinger, City Ticket Agent, 3d and Washington Sts. + + + R. B. MILLER, Traffic Manager ... WM. McMURRAY, Gen. Pass. Agt. + + JOHN M. SCOTT, Assistant General Passenger Agent + + Portland, Oregon + + +[Illustration: + +THE OREGON RAILROAD & NAVIGATION CO. + +OREGON & WASHINGTON R.R. + +UNION PACIFIC + +OREGON SHORT LINE + +SOUTHERN PACIFIC CO.] + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Walnut Growing in Oregon, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON *** + +***** This file should be named 20202.txt or 20202.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/0/2/0/20202/ + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Janet Blenkinship +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +produced by Core Historical Literature in Agriculture +(CHLA), Cornell University) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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