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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/20130-0.txt b/20130-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6d327ef --- /dev/null +++ b/20130-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2103 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Magazine, or Animadversions on the English +Spelling (1703), by G. W. + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Magazine, or Animadversions on the English Spelling (1703) + +Author: G. W. + +Commentator: David Abercrombie + +Release Date: December 18, 2006 [EBook #20130] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAGAZINE, OR ANIMADVERSIONS *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, David Starner and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + [Transcriber’s Note: + + This e-text includes a few Greek and Hebrew letters: + + ayin ע, dalet ד, he ה, shin ש; + gamma Γ γ, theta Θ θ + + If these letters do not display properly, or if the quotation marks + in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s + “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You + may also need to change the default font. As a last resort, use the + latin-1 version of this file instead. + + In the printed text, the author’s special letters were represented + by ordinary roman letters turned upside-down. They are shown in this + e-text by single letters in [brackets]. Alternative readings of + selected passages are given at the end of the text, before the list + of errata. + + Single italicized letters within a word are shown in {braces}. + + The word “Taurus” (astrological symbol ♉) refers to the “ou” ligature + (ȣ, or upsilon balanced atop omicron) used in printed Greek.] + + + + + THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY + + G. W. + + MAGAZINE, or + + Animadversions on the + English Spelling + + (1703) + + + Introduction by + David Abercrombie + + Publication Number 70 + + Los Angeles + William Andrews Clark Memorial Library + University of California + + 1958 + + * * * * * + +GENERAL EDITORS + +RICHARD C. BOYS, University of Michigan +RALPH COHEN, University of California, Los Angeles +VINTON A. DEARING, University of California, Los Angeles +LAWRENCE CLARK POWELL, Clark Memorial Library + +ASSISTANT EDITOR + +W. EARL BRITTON, University of Michigan + +ADVISORY EDITORS + +EMMETT L. AVERY, State College of Washington +BENJAMIN BOYCE, Duke University +LOUIS BREDVOLD, University of Michigan +JOHN BUTT, King’s College, University of Durham +JAMES L. CLIFFORD, Columbia University +ARTHUR FRIEDMAN, University of Chicago +LOUIS A. LANDA, Princeton University +SAMUEL H. MONK, University of Minnesota +ERNEST C. MOSSNER, University of Texas +JAMES SUTHERLAND, University College, London +H. T. SWEDENBERG, JR., University of California, Los Angeles + +CORRESPONDING SECRETARY + +EDNA C. DAVIS, Clark Memorial Library + + * * * * * + +INTRODUCTION + + +I first came across what is, as far as I know, the unique copy of +_Magazine_, by G. W., when working in the library formed by the late Sir +Isaac Pitman.[1] It is bound up as the last item in a volume which +contains several nineteenth-century pamphlets on language and spelling, +and also the first numbers of the periodical _The Phonetic Friend_. (The +volume was for a time in the possession of the Bath City Free Library, +to which it was presented by Isaac Pitman; it must subsequently have +been returned to him.) I drew attention to the existence of _Magazine_ +in an article published in 1937;[2] to the best of my knowledge it had +not been noticed in print before that, though it is of considerable +interest in a number of respects. I am indebted to Sir Isaac Pitman & +Sons Ltd., London, for permission to reproduce the pamphlet herewith in +the Augustan Reprints. + +G. W. was a spelling reformer, one of the many writers who, from early +Elizabethan times onwards, have been critical of traditional English +orthography and have made proposals for improving it. Although nothing +that could be called a spelling-reform “movement” existed until the +nineteenth century, there were earlier periods when the subject was much +in the air, when a number of people were writing about it and reading +and discussing each other's ideas. The publication of _Magazine_ does +not fall at one of these times; it comes, in fact, in the very middle +of a recession of interest in spelling reform which lasted almost +a hundred years. From about 1650 to 1750 there were few critics of +our orthography, and they were usually neither very strong in their +criticisms nor radical in their proposals for amendment. G. W. is thus a +somewhat isolated figure, and his scheme for reform would appear, in its +details at least, to be fairly original. + +The greater part of the pamphlet is given over to expounding the +illogicalities and inconsistencies of the established spelling, and here +G. W.'s style of writing, which is colloquial, racy and allusive, is +effective enough. It is not so well suited, however, to orderly and +clear exposition of his proposed amendment--unfortunately, since this +is what is likely to be of most interest to us today (and numerous +misprints increase the difficulties of grasping his proposals). Perhaps +there was, or was to have been, a sequel which would have stated his +reforms more systematically; that this may have been the case appears +from the statement on p. 25 that the alphabet “is preparing,” and +from the mention, on the last page, of “the ensuing Batl-dur” (i.e. +battledore or hornbook). His remedy, briefly, is to replace digraphs by +new symbols: “more Letters would do well in the Alfabet, but fewer in +most words” (p. 25); and, like John Hart before him (whose works perhaps +he knew) and Bernard Shaw after, he draws attention to the economies to +be gained from this: “if fewer Letters will serve the turn, 'twill save +Paper and Ink, and 'tis strange, if not labour too” (p. 5). + +On p. 32 is exhibited “a compleat Alfebet” of 34 symbols (it is not +complete, for L has, apparently inadvertently, been omitted). Although +there is no indication there of the value each symbol should have, that +of most of them can be worked out, with some labor, from the rest of the +pamphlet (though a few must probably remain mysteries). I have commented +elsewhere[3] on this scheme of reformed spelling; it appears to us today +to be theoretically quite creditable, at least as far as the consonants +are concerned. The traditional alphabet is enlarged by providing a +separate symbol for the italicized sounds in each of the following +words: {th}in {th}en {ch}urch {j}udge {sh}all mea{s}ure {wh}en si{ng}; +these symbols are obtained partly by creating new ones, partly by +redefining existing letters. In two cases existing letters are redefined +in accordance with a rather odd principle--that the traditional _name_ +of a letter must decide its value. Hence _h_ is used to spell _church_ +(which becomes “hurh”), and _g_ is used to spell _judge_ (which becomes +“gug”). This of course makes it necessary for G. W. to include among his +new symbols one for /h/ and one for /g/. The new symbols as used in the +pamphlet are produced by inverting or reversing existing letters; but +these may possibly be makeshifts, used in place of more ambitious shapes +which were beyond the reach of his printer; he suggests, for instance +(p. 20) “the sign Taurus with a Foot-Ball between his horns” as one +of his vowel symbols. On the whole, we find the vowels much less +systematically tackled than the consonants, and it is proposed that +accents (“cambrils”) should for the most part be used to provide extra +symbols; the pamphlet, however, only exemplifies this sporadically. + +_Magazine_ contains a considerable number of words, and a few +consecutive texts, transcribed partly or wholly in the new system of +spelling, and these necessarily will have to be assessed as evidence of +contemporary English pronunciation by students of the subject. It is not +easy to be sure how accurate a phonetic observer and transcriber G. W. +was, but if we make some allowance for misprints, we find a certain +consistency in his transcriptions, and an apparent freedom from any bias +given by the traditional spelling, which make one think he was +moderately reliable. In this connexion it is of some importance to find +out, if possible, where he came from. He shows familiarity both with +northern and western types of speech; but although he seems to imply, on +p. 7, that he is not a North-countryman, E. J. Dobson has found, on the +basis of certain forms which appear in the pamphlet, that there is a +strong suggestion that he spoke a northern dialect.[4] + +Until recently I had been able to form no idea of the identity of G. W. +However, it new seems to be very possible that he was John White, a +Devon schoolmaster, and author of _The Country-Man's Conductor in +Reading and Writing True English_, which was published in Exeter in +1701.[5] The name John, in G. W.'s reformed spelling, would of course +begin with G (it is indeed so spelled on p. 15). White was interested in +spelling reform, as we know from various remarks in his book; and if he +was G. W., it would explain the familiarity shown in _Magazine_ with +western dialect. What is particularly striking, moreover, is the +similarity of White's style to G. W.'s, as the following quotations from +_The Country-Man's Conductor_ will show: of certain grammarians, “you +shall seldom hear them speak Latin but in Ale-Houses, or when they are +well oil'd”; of specimens of early English, “some may laugh at it, and +thereby expose their rusty Teeth that will look as old as the English”; +of using an accent to show long vowels, “this would look strange 'till +it come in fashion, but in time would set as tite as Topknots do now.” + + [Transcriber’s Note: + A more recent candidate for “G. W.” is John Wild. His 1710 broadsheet, + “Nottingham Printing Perfected,” is in the “images” directory + associated with the html version of this file.] + +One final resemblance must be mentioned. Whether or not White was G. W., +there can hardly be any doubt that _Magazine_ was printed by Samuel +Farley of Exeter, the printer of White's book. The typographical +similarity between _Magazine_ and _The Country-Man's Conductor_ (and +other works printed by Farley) is too complete to be coincidental. Not +only are the identical fonts used, but there are numerous other points +where the general manner of printing is the same. + +Further research may confirm White's authorship, but there is certainly +no other obvious candidate among the writers of the time. + + David Abercrombie + + University of Edinburgh + + +NOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION + +[Footnote 1: This library is now housed in the offices of Sir Isaac +Pitman & Sons, Ltd., Parker Street, London, W.C. 2.] + +[Footnote 2: _Le Maitre Phonetique_, No. 59, p. 34. Some of the verses +on p. 22 of the pamphlet are reproduced there.] + +[Footnote 3: In the _Transactions of the Philological Society_, 1948, +pp. 11 ff.; _Lingua_, Vol. 2, 1949, p. 60.] + +[Footnote 4: _English Pronunciation 1500-1700_, Vol. 1, p. 267. In Vol. +II, p. 977, Dobson says “G. W. was certainly a Northerner.”] + +[Footnote 5: A “second edition” called _The Conductor in Spelling, +Reading & Writing, True English_, dated 1712, is identical with the +first except for the title-page.] + + * * * * * + + MAGAZINE, + + or, + + Animadversions + + on the + + English Spelling; + +OBSERVING + +The Contradictions of the English Letters Warring themselves against +themselves, and one with another, by Intrusions and Usurpations; with +Amendment offer’d. + +For the Benefit of all Teachers and Learners, Writers and Readers, +Composers and Scriveners, whether Strangers or Natives, who are +concern’d with our English Tongue. + + _Nunquam sera est ad bonos mores via._ Syntax. + +By G. W. + + _LONDON_: Printed for the Author. 1703. + Price Sixpence. + + + + +_Magazine, that is low Learning, too high for the Capacity of the +Vulgar; Or the Schooler School’d. _viz_, _Babel_ pull’d down, and +Confusion Confounded. The latter Survey of the English Letters, and ways +of Amendment, where things are too much amiss to be excus’d, only +referring all to the good will of those that are willing to amend their +perceiv’d mistakes and unwilling to fall into their former Errors +again._ + +Q. Horatij Flacci, Epistolarum Liber secundus. Ad Augustum Epist. I. +Paulo post initium. + + Si meliora dies, ut vina poemata reddit + Scire velim: Pretium chartis quotus arrogat annus. + Scriptor abhinc annos centum qui decidit, inter + Perfectos veteresque, referri debet, an inter + Viles atque novos? Excludat jurgia finis. + Est vetus atque probus centum qui perficit annos. + Quid? Qui deperiit minor uno mense vel anno. + Inter quos referendvs erit veteresne poetas. + An quos & præsens & postera respuat ætas? + Iste quidem veteres, inter ponetur honeste. + Qui vel mense brevi vel toto est junior anno. + Utor permisso; caudaque pilos ut equina + Paulatim vello, & demo unum, demo etiam unum. + Dum cadat.---- + + +_The Second Book of Epistles of _Quintus, Horatius, Flaccus_. The First +Epistle unto the Emperour _Augustus Cæsar_, in whose days our Saviour +Christ was Born._ + +Thus English’d. + + There is a thing I fain would know, + As Age doth make Wines better; + Whether to Papers it doth so, + And what’s Writ on’t with Letter, + And what Age gives a Reverence + To Papers, I would know: + If Authors Credits got by Tense + Of Hundred Years or mo? + An Ancient currant Author then, + And Hundred Years is Old? + Or is he of the Slight Gown men, + That Writ then as ’tis told? + Set down the time that strife may cease: + And hundred Years is good, + If one Month short, or Year he bears, + Doth he slick in the Mud? + No, for one Month or Year, we grant, + And very honestly too; + He shall be counted Ancient + Without so much ado. + What you do grant, I’m very free + To use now at my pleasure: + Another Month, or Year, d’ ye see + I’ll bate, as I have leasure; + So Hair by Hair, from the Mare’s Tail + I’ll pull, as well I may. + So what is good, is quickly stale, + Though Writ but t’ other day. + +That we make something to discourse upon further, I’ll take an Example +or two from the two Tables, wherein one Sound is Spell’d diverse ways, +and again the same Letters make diverse Sounds. + + +First then, âz, dayes, praise, phrase, gaze. + +A. Asia, day, fair, wear, heir. + +E. Phebe, key, the, sea, yea, weigh, either, holy. + +I. Why, I, high, try, tie, buy. + +O. Who, know, bow, toe, tow, dough. + +U. True, dew, Hugh, neuter, give, you, gaol, jaylor, goal, John, gives +_dat_; gives _compedes_, gill of fishes, gill of water, ague, plague, +anger, and danger, guard, reguard, spring, a well, spring of steele, +jet, and ginger, and finger, ghost, god, and Ghurmes, and age, ages, +cares. + +Our Children are not Witches, that they should guess to Read right by +the Letter, such stuff as this, and the Masters are no very great +Conjurers, to perceive nothing; what contradictions they make ’em +swallow. + +First then dayes, that is da--yes, why should not yes spell yes at the +end, as well as at the beginning of a word: Again, why might we not +spell dayes thus, daise as well as praise, and spell praises, prayes, +da--i--se: I see day, why not se, see, as well as he, h--? And why not +dase, dayes, and phrayes, phrase, or phraise, phrase, and daze, dayes; +and why not daze, or dase, daisey, or daisy, hei, daisy: how can Ladies +be blam’d for Writing bad English, when Scholars spell no better? + +A, as Asia, why not da; fare and ware; how can one Vowel have another, +at command to make it long; a circumflex might do it. But you answer it +is our custom, and Books would not be read if we change the spelling; +but is there not a right spelling as Ancient as wrong? Is not the as +ancient as weigh, yea, sea, holy, key. Then ’tis wit to use the proper +spelling, and leave off impertinencies; and if fewer Letters will serve +the turn, ’twill save Paper and Ink, and ’tis strange, if not labour +too, for Writers; no doubt for Teachers it will. + +And how many ways do we pronounce you? yo, yau, yeu, yiu, you, yuu, yet +every dialect praise their own Speech, nay in Towns near together, nay +in the same Town, nay in the same House, persons born in other places, +differ in pronounciation, and many delight to hear different dialects +(as the Grecians did) so they did but understand one another, though +some precise Females do condemn all but their own finical pronunciation. + +But why should phrase be spell’d with ph and s, and not f and z? Because +you say its Original is a Greek word: But it hath been long enough +freely us’d amongst us, that it may claim prescription for a Licence to +put on the English garb, and suits pretty well with the Original φραζω +and hath it not a single f in Greek? So might be frâz, and take with it +the Greek Precispomene, its right. + +But if we spell praise thus, prayes we alter the sense. Why the Eyes are +as much in the dark to distinguish sound, as the Ears are put to silence +at the shape of Letters, and which of these is the fitter judge in this +Controversy, to bring knowledge to the Understanding? That is to be +observ’d well: But what’s Learnt in Childhood is uncontroulable, as good +as prescription of an hundred years, and a School-Dames authority is +irrefragable, as the Proverb says, _Early crookes the Tree, that will +good Cambrill be_: That to unlearn a Youthful Error, is more than to +serve an Apprentiseship, or take the Degree of a Doctor or Serjeant. For +these are deaf and dumb to Learn the contrary, as the dead Letters they +have Learn’d, though I am loath to compare them to the English Doctor +_Burnet_’s _Antidiluvian People_ pettrify’d in the Alps, which he saw in +his Travails: + +But in some parts they speak as we spell: Though the Countryman of the +_North_ in Apron and Iron, pronounce o after r, and we before it: Why +should we keep their spelling, having lost their speech, and why should +they not still keep their spelling of old, who still keep the speech? +’Tis this thought by some of the Learned, that English is the hardest +Language in the World; for that Foreigners coming over, being past +Children, never have our speech right, but may be discern’d to be no +English born, whereas we after a short abode in out-Lands, speak their +Tongue as well as Natives: Our folk being a mixture of many Nations, is +so of Languages: But ’tis a wonder, so free as we are to take in their +words, we take not in their Letters also. The Latines have but Twelve +Consonants, and Five Vowels, and h, but the Greek and Hebrew may furnish +us with Letters. The Neighbouring Countries are at a loss for them as +well as we. If our credit be good, we want to borrow Two letters of the +Greek, _Gama_, and _Theta_, and Four of the Hebrew, _Thaleth_, _He_, +_Aim_, and _Shin_, and we should be set up, and with what shift we can +make of our own. + +In the first place what is the English of _Quotus_? But now my Pen is +silenc’d, except I borrow the Two Greek Letters, and _Thaleth_ of the +Hebrew, and the _Acute_, and Greek _Circumflex_, to tell how Gótham, +Gotherd, or gather, is to be red, and which is ment of the 24. + +Gôtham, [G]ôtham, Gótham, [G]ótham, Gô[t]am, [G]ó[t]am, Gó[t]am, +[G]ó[t]am, Gô[c]am, [G]ô[c]am, Gó[c]am, [G]ó[c]am, Gothâm, [G]othâm, +Gothâm, [G]othâm, Go[t]âm, [G]o[t]âm, Go[t]ám, [G]o[t]ám, Go[c]âm, +[G]o[c]âm, Gothâm, Go[c]âm. + +[G] is _Gama_, [T] is _Theta_, [D] _Thaleth_; ’tis strange my Tongue +should be longer than my Arms, without eking. ’Tis hard for Dunces to +understand this as all willful Fools are. Humble humility is better than +the miserable wisdom of the merciless knowledge of error. Cunning +fooleries and vanities unlock’d for, to spell the same sound diverse +ways, and when you have all done, you are but where you was, as prayes, +praise, prasy. For why may not y stand for nothing after s, as well as +after a, as may: But where no reason there is for custom, custom is no +reason. Dasye, and dayes is all one. As the fool thinks, so the Bell +chinks, for our Letters are like _Wimondes-woles_ Bells. Sure if we have +these tricks, we have more. Why if y doth no good, it doth nothing. But +I have a mind it shall stand an out-side there out of the way, as daisy, +is dayes. Doth (GO{D}) spell the Creator, it spells an Hebrew Letter as +well. If you hold your book the wrong end upward. I’ve nothing to say +against it, for ’tis your own, and you may hold it as you please. + +But to go on according to Prescript. + +2. Whether or no are our 24 Letters sufficient to spell all the words of +our English Tongue. + +3. Whether or no if they be sufficient to spell all words us’d for +English in our books, they be not sufficient to spell all Languages; if +_England_ be like _Rome_, Conquering all Nations, took in the Idola[t]ry +of all Laws, so _England_ being Conquer’d by all, hath not got the +rubish of all Languages. + +4. Whether or no we make good and proper use of those Letters we have. + +5. Whether the old use and custom of the Letters for an hundred Years or +more, be sufficient for justifying the mispelling most words, us’d to +this day, or whether we had not better mend late than never. + +Hereupon we argue. First, It is granted that we have not yet proper +English for all words in other Languages, nor Letters sufficient to +express our own; as Authors from time to time do justifie, who have bin +so little taken notice of by the publick (though there is some small +amendment made, that can scarce be perceiv’d). The latter Authors +mentioning the former, all Men of no small Note. + +Secondly, There was as good reason for amendment an Hundred Years ago, +as there is now, and will be as good reason an Hundred years hence to +delay the amendment, as their is now; not altering a tittle of the known +Pronounciation of the words, but only of the spelling. That the Letters +may be of good use, and we need not to Read all by authority, as the +very Learned Men are forc’d to do in yet unknown words still; so little +assistance do the Letters yield them, that they the more might pitty +young beginners. Which thing hath made a many Foreigners (and no marvel +at all) of all the Neighbouring Nations to throw away their Books and +Study of English, as their English Grammars, as well as our own, do +sufficiently declare. + +Thus to maintain a thing always unreasonable, will always be (as it hath +bin) a thing unreasonable and after this rate an error everlasting. + +But it is answer’d, that many words be thus Spell’d to shew their +derivations. That need not be objected, when Scholars can find out the +Etymologyes, when scarce one Letter remains of their Original, more than +James from Jacob, Thaddæus and Lebbæus, from Jude the honest, or Judas, +not Iscareat, and Didymus from Thomas, Giles, Ægidius. As for changing +the Letters, I shall hope they will put the devines in; I fear not that +they can put the Lawyers out. + +What advantage or disadvantage it may be to Booksellers or Printers, as +none of my business, I leave to their consideration. + +But now to strike at the root of so many errors begotten by false +Letters, besides a false finical speech according to the Letters, being +illeterately litterate, as calf, haut, goust. + + + + +_The Second Part of low Learning high._ + + +The Order. + +1. Vowels, 2. Diphthongs, 3. Consonants. + + A is us’d 7 ways, and other Vowels so; + When thus, or so, it doth amaze, we have no mark to know. + +First, A long in Chamber changed danger commanded. Secondly, Short in +Amber hang’d Anger, Understanding. + +Now suppose Rennard the Fox, or the like old book, was Reprinted, and â +long Cambril’d, (which the Greeks call _Perispomene_) and a short not, +would not that be a good guide for reading old Rennard unreprinted, with +a right pronounciation, though there be no difference in a long or +short. + +Next, if it would please the wisdom of foolish custom (in whose errors +of this kind (though in nothing else) all Religions meet) being long +enough advis’d in time, to think fit to amend in the Copy, or at least +in the Margin, where words are far otherwise spell’d, than they are +pronounc’d (which the Hebrews call Kery and Kethiu; the Copy as written, +but Kery the Margin as read, mark’d with Asterisk, one to the other) I +believe our Printers could as easily Cambril our English Vowels, as +Circumflex the Latin, which would be a sure guide for reading. + + [Transcriber’s Note: + The Hebrew terms are usually written קרי (Keri) and כתיב (Kethiv).] + +3dly and 4thly, A short without either rule or reason before a Consonant +or two, with e after, as ace, acre, able, unstable, father, with A long, +and solace, massacre, constable, gather, with A short. + +5thly, A put for A Cambril to make e or o long, as bear, greater, broad, +board. 6thly, Put like a Cambril, and is not a Cambril, neither, as +Beatrice, create, creatour: So is i a false Cambril to a, as foraigners. +When a person is in Commission, he should wear the livery of his Office; +but when he signifies nothing, he should not put it on, nay rather, he +had better keep at home. + +7thly, A standing for just nothing, but as the shadow of a Cambril, as +heaven, earth, bread, head, realm, meadow, read in the Preterperfect +Tense. + +In a Rail of Pales, if one be out to let in one Hog, ’tis enough to let +in the whole Herd into the Close, is an observation applicable to the +premisses. + +E long and short, and we can see no cause for’t in equally and equity, +in cement, regard, torment, rebell, register, long and short in the same +words being Acute when Verbs, and penacute when Nounes. But any Child or +Foreigner, that never heard the words spoken, might uneasily guess at +the true pronunciation by the sense, That an Acute would be a great ease +and comfort to the Reader and Teacher, and no great trouble to the +Printer. + +3dly, and 4thly, E long and short before 2 Cambrils to bear up its +train, _viz._ e before, and e after a Consonant, also g and e, or i and +gh, 3 Cambrils, as eare, beare, with a and e; but here with but one +Cambril; weigh with 2 or 3: In east, bread, stead, it makes no use of +the Cambrils, only for state A must dance attendance, as in many +hundreds more. + +5thly, and 6thly, e long and short before a consonant or 2, and another +e, as steple, people, treble and indeleble. + +7thly, Syllables are long without e for a Cambril, as dost, most, ghost, +bright, right, sign, design, and short, notwithstanding e Cambril as +hence, since, prince, possible, facile, but Prince and Simple proper +Names be spoken, with i long, that an unknown Reader mistake not the +persons names. + +But how nonsensically e is us’d in the end of syllables short in live, +love, gives, but long, alive, and gives (fetters) and is pronounc’d and +unpronounc’d before s, as rages, wages, cages, horses, asses, churches, +and porches, and not in cares, fears, hopes, robes, bones, and making i +long and not, as writer, fighter, mitre, hither and thither: In whether, +e short, and weather, in neither e long; likewise e is pronounc’d and +unpronounc’d in the middle, as commandements, righteous, covetous, +stupefie, not in careful, careless, grateful, feareful; not in +wednesday, and is pronounc’d after a diphthong or double consonant, very +needlesly, as in inne, Anne, asse, poore, roome, joye, cause, laws, +coife, choice, juice, and as badly after syllables made long by a or i, +as feares, roads, theire, veine, veile, either. In Beresford the latter +e is mispronounced by Scholarship, mistaken to make it trissylable. + +8thly, E is pronounc’d sometimes singly in the end of words, as in +Phebe, Cyrene, Penelope, Euterpe. But these be Greek words, but so is +not the and be. But what an Husteron proteran is this to teach the Greek +Grammar before the Battledore. + +9thly, E put for a in they, their, and for i in ever, never, evil, +wevil, devil. + +10th, E put for ee, as Peter, Steven, even, he, she, me, we. And +sometimes ie for the same, as yield, believe, friend, and otherwise in +fiend, friend, diet, quiet, but not alike neither, but let that run upon +th’ tongue, made long in people by o, also infeoffe, heofness. _viz._ +Heavens, (f pronounc’d as v) left out in George, biere, friend, leave +out i, sieve, e; diet; and quiet, take in both. + +11th, EE for e long, as beere, drink, deere, venison. + +12th, Sometimes ee for twice, e, as Beersheba, overseer. + +13th, Y and e, both for one Cambril, because one was perhaps to weak. +Though one Cambril seems enough for one small veile, as dayes, wayes; +also i and e, as haires, praise, and w and e, as showes, knows, crowes, +not in lose. But why may not w serve after a and e, and y after o, I +know not. Methinks the dead Letters should not be coye on what Cambril +they’re hang’d on; but I must ask the Butchers, and what doth e after +Ile, for I will. + +14th, E defective in seest, fleeth, freeest, agreed; that prodigal as e +is of its company, should ever be wanting is a wonder; where there ought +to be 3 ease, or ez, or thrice e, two for a diphthong, if it may be one +for the syllable, that the distiction may seeme not heard between seeth, +beholdeth, and see the boile, e is added. + +But alas it is objected lately within this Seven years by _G. B._ that +Compositors leav out E in days and ways, and such like; Garamercy for +that! But why do they not leav out y also, which signifies not more, but +les than e: And why is not i and e cast out of praise and raise, and e +from wife and strife, which adorn the words no more than Beauty-spots do +a Whore’s Face: And why is not w for a black Patch, cast awa from know +and blow, as well as da, and wa hav cast awa their Pock arr-y; and why +is not w to do, where there’s need; that ’ton need no mock ’tuthr wi’ +the los, and wi’ the load of w: Now indeed we have cast awa ugh from +though, and although, when som sound is of them, and not left gh out in +bright, light, thought, where they signify no more than a chip, or herb +Gohn in poredg: Ha! Ha! He! Yet in floweth and knoweth w sounds well, +having an influence in the following vowel. + + [Transcriber’s Note: + The “herb Gohn” is probably St. John’s Wort, which can be made into a + mash or “porridge”.] + +15th, Other verieties to make a syllable long without e, as a in boast, +board, coasts, coales, not holes. + +Also Short i, as veil, either, neither, and somtimes ’tis a diphthong, +as neighbour, eight. Also o, as people, enfeoff, heofness. And u, as +foure, foul, not in honour, neighbour, where o, and u, stand for as good +as nothing. + +And all Vowels be us’d supervacaneously before l, n, or r; as in +brethren, coffen, children, open, navill, wevill; not in cavill, Sybill, +and civill; apron, button, mutton, iron, reason, bacon, treason; and in +proper names, as Gackson, Gohnson, Wilson, Tomson, Rependon, Repton, +Donnington; not in God-Son, Common, but in Cousin. + +All vowels be us’d in vain before r, as pillar, cellar, winter, summer, +dinner, curfir, (as it were cover, fire,) honour, donour, neighbour, +pleasure, measure, nature, feature, scripture, martyr. I is us’d +severally. + +1st and 2dly, I Long and short in the same circumstances, as blind, +find, mind, with i long, kindred, limb, shrimp, pinch, with i short; gh +makes i long, as bright, might, plight, &c. and i is long without ’em, +as bite, kite, write. + +3dly and 4thly, I short with a consonant, and e after it, as lives, +gives, nouns and verbs: Bible, possible, triple, tribled, idle fidle, +Prince, prince. 5thly, and 6thly, makeing e long, and not as before. + +7thly, Used in vain, as gainful, _&c._ as before; also e and a put +for i, as borage, savage, knowledge, colledge, not in hedge and nonage; +also y was us’d formerly for i. + +But most abominably i is us’d for g, which is unpardonable, when g being +a letter of a double meaning can do without, as gaol, or goal; why +should it infect i with its own distemper, to be double minded. + +Lastly, W[h]y g[h] ma not make all vowels long as well as i, and w[h]y +ma not ye and we make vowels long, as well as a, e, and o; we must ask +t[h]e natural P[h]ilosop[h]ers w[h]at sympat[h]y or antipat[h]y is in +t[h]e Lettrz; and w[h]et[h]er an occult quality; or t[h]e divines, if +t[h]ere be not a mystery in it above nature before we adventure to teah +and cong the batl-dur; and w[h]y I ma not supply t[h]e place of y +rat[h]er t[h]an g, as in yate, yell, yule, younger, (as Italians). + +T[h]is [h]ad bin very excuseable, and not wit[h]out antient president. +As likewise w[h]y some consonants take exception at some vowels; or some +vowels at t[h]em, t[h]at t[h]ey change t[h]eir meaning? as c and g, +sometimes before e and i, and t before ion sometimes. + +8thly, W[h]y not always wit[h]out exeption: If t[h]ere be a supernatural +cause (for we are sure t[h]eir is no natural one) for t[h]ese t[h]ings, +t[h]ey will declare it, if not; t[h]ere must needs be a preternatural +won. + +O, is us’d accordingly, as most, dost, lost, tost. + +3dly and 4thly, As some, come, [h]ome, done, gone; short a in Joan, +Joanne, Joakim, a and o part. + +Also l makes o long, as roll, poll, not extoll, and w[h]y not ot[h]er +vowels too. + +O, for oe, as mot[h]er, among, from. + +O, for u, as brot[h]er, come, some, word, world, wont, t[h]e verb; +anot[h]er, good, blood, not yonder. + +O, for a, nort[h]erly, as paredg, [h]arses, carn, amang. + +U is us’d promiscuously, as appears in the vowels afore going, but not +so frequently as the rest, as [h]ugh long, hug short; [h]uge, voluble, +superfluous after b and g, as build, guard, not regard, q being call’d +cu, needs it not; guide, not gilbert. + +But v consonant not call’d ev, with a different caracter, is no less +absur’d than j consonant, not call’d ij, with a different figure, as +mejer for measure, as the French also use it, as je vou remercy. So +osier, [h]osier, easier, azure, _&c._ + +F us’d for v anciently, as d for th, as fader; but spokn as we do now: +ev is us’d for f in the _West_, as vire, vield, for fire, field, and we +put p for v in upper: The Hebrews put veth for it, beth for b, the +Spaniards make v, b, but to let other Languages alone, we pass to + +The Diphthongs. + +Whereof 3 be very absurd, ee for which the Latins us’d ij, as ijdem +oculi lucent, eadem feritatis imago est, _Ov._ met. The Greeks made Eta +a doble e, as also oo OMEGA. + +2. Oo, for which the Latins us’d uu, as uva, uuula, and the British and +Hebrews double u. + +3. Aw, all, au, as augre, maugre, awe, law, all, calf, (se the rest +in l.) and ao properly, as graot, gaol, gaot. + +Ai, as straight, again, not, wait, ei as eight, not neither. + +Oi, as boile, not the noun. + +Uu is serv’d by oo, and so forth. No thanks for it. + +Ui, as juice. Ou, as ought, not, out. + +Au is put for ao, ou for au, as sauce, souce. + +Eu or ew, ewe, neuter, is right. + +Iu, as view, might be mended thus, viu. + +Ou is common, as could, cow, but there is difference between o long and +short. + +O is often us’d for a triphthong (y in British). O u u, as hone, stone, +doore, through, wo, whore, fore, more. + +In ou o is oft left out, as double, trouble. + +L is us’d for o, as Ralph, [h]alf, calf, malt, [h]alt, salt and scalp, +not in [h]ealth and wealth, and dealt: L is so us’d after e, as elf, not +self, whelm, Gulielm, not elme. + +Lastly, L is for u, as old, cold, gold, fold, bold, colt, bolt, not in +dolt. + +If ae, eo, ie, and ea be diphthongs, and lawfully marry’d by Banes, or +Licens, I’m sure it is but an [h]alf char-marriage, for they (for a just +impediment) never bed together. + + +_Amendment offer’d._ + +Make a Cambril over the vowels to make ’em long; and this will cure +innumerabl errors, and there will be no more mistakes or abuse of the +vowels, and this will save a world of truble. + +But because the titl of i stands in the way, give a dash for I long, and +let a low Apostrophe, as high as the bodies of he letters, stand for i +short, and i with a tittle for double i or ee. So + + Mal, mel, mil, mol, mul. + Mâl, mêl, mıl, môl, mûl. + + [Transcriber’s Note: + Text shown as printed, although preceding paragraph implies “m'l” or + “mıl” (dotless i, or i without “tittle”) in first line, “m--l” in + second.] + +Then ask the Printer whether a Cambril set over the vowels, be not as +good, and cheap as an e, a, o, or gh at the end. + +But w[h]at difference can we make in figures, between ou, long o, and +short o? Thus like the sign Taurus after the Greek fashion is short ou, +or (speak Tongue) ou at lengt[h], is long o wit[h] u; and again the sign +Taurus wit[h] a Foot-Ball between [h]is [h]orns, is t[h]e Trift[h]ong; +t[h]e reason belongs to Grammar. + +For to lay sound upon sound wit[h]out sig[h]t, is as field upon field, +false Heraldry. + +But as for suc[h] as [h]ave t[h]eir for[h]eads no broader t[h]an t[h]eir +Battledore, they must stic in the old nooke at q in the corner, not +seven years, but seventy times seven. + +’Tis not a sin sait[h] a P[h]ilosop[h]er t[h]at I cannot spel wel, but +t[h]at I cannot live well. If we [h]ave t[h]is error from the Lawyers we +[h]ope ’tis lawful; for to put in letters in a word or words in a deed, +more t[h]an enoug[h] often. But the Lawyers English may be no better +t[h]an [h]is Latin, t[h]e one as [h]ard to be spell’d, as t[h]e ot[h]er +to be parsd. + +Next we come to the Consonants. + + + + +_Third Part of Babling _Babel_ undermin’d; the Eyes submitting to the +Ears._ + + + Consonants do sometimes stand for noug[h]t, + Sometimes for one anot[h]er; + But w[h]en stands eah one as it oug[h]t? + W[h]en stands it for its brot[h]er? + +B is a Consonant [h]at[h] no name-sake, as none oug[h]t to have. For put +a vowel before or after it, its all one for the name and value, for +every value of a letter is according to its name, or oug[h]t to be, for +the name is proper to the figure as call, de or ed, ’tis all one, as +r o ed, rod. Call b be, or eb; but use custom, ’tis [h]elpful w[h]en +proper; [h]urtful w[h]en improper. B is overplus in Lamb, t[h]umb, debt, +doubt; and w[h]at need is t[h]ere of t[h]ese unnecessary bees; scarce +one in a Parish besides the Parson t[h]inks t[h]e two last come of Latin +words, debitum and dubito, w[h]ere t[h]ey are pronounc’d. + +B is a letter of t[h]e lips, shutting t[h]e lips before t[h]e vowel, +w[h]en it begins a syllable, and after a vowel when it ends: So do the +rest in BUMaF _viz._ ev, we, m, f, p. + + +_A Rule useful for School-Teachers, for short Tongu’d Children, for easy +Utterance use the upper Letters for the neather._ + +B [G] D V G J Z [C] [Y] [R] + + For + +P C [T] F H [J] S [T] K R + +_Probatum est._ + +By one I had a Scholar, could speak none of the neather Letters, till he +[h]ad learn’d (after the _West_ [G]untry fashion, and the Rules of the +Learn’d Grammars) to pronounce the upper first. + +We are not awar [h]au muh our deseitful lettrz [h]indr uthr Learning, +and refining Inglish, and [h]au tru letrz would furthr it. + + Mad C w’[c] s spelz sound [c]e sàm, _Stilo novo_. + Betráz q h and k. + Desetfule deniz its nam, + And s do[c] it betra. + Dissembli[v] C wi[c] nidles vot, + Ov ridi[v] brex [c]e nec. + Unles it [h]av a proper nam, + And spelli[v] suits wi[c] C. + C [g]ivz an il exampl, + And iz a tripl tnav: CCC ERAS. Ad. + On gustis it do[c] trampl, + Scab’d for aol [h]er aolz brav. + Ov sierz [c]e blind ledr iz: + [D]e ded [c]e livi[v] rul. ARISTOF. + And [wot] a tirsum tasc iz [c]is + To wat upon a Fuul? + Larg [h]ausn [h]av wi in larg taunz, + And largr hevnle buux: + Larg Cots and Tlox [h]av wi and [G]aunz, + Aur fit in letr stox. + It nivr iz tuu lat to [t]riv, + Nor to inven[j]onz ad: + For Silvr auns wi ra[c]r striv, + [D]un mane paundz ov Led. + Nau [c]at I ma u trule si, + Sertante to mi sa: + If lic u sim and no frend be, + Non ledz mi wursr wa. + In cruuced waz [c]is aol iz il, + Men tno not [c]at [c]a er. + And [c]at men luv darcnes stil, + No faot in endless fir. + +As c t and h do fuul our erz ovr and ovr in hatch and catch, _&c._ so +dodh D (non without desert) in Wednesday, Hedg, Judg, spring, grudg, +badg, where g may do well without its false [h]elp or cumber-place. + +F is unpronounc’d in mastiff and t is spoken instead of f, in handful, +armful, sackful. But it hath manifest wrong done it, by his convertible +p, and its unconvertible h, against their own names too, as Philip. +Whereas ph help no more for spelling Filip, than it doth Alexander. Now +if you had said HURH spells Church, and GUG spells Judge, I could easily +believe it. + +But heap, God, thy, thigh, hang, shame, which are none of the seven +spell’d by the Letters we intend should spell them: neither can any +Englishman for his ears, eyes and wits, spell any of these words, and +MILLIONS more like ’em, more by his 24 English Letters, make what shift +he can, while _Ingland_ is _Ingland_, and have both Universities, +_CAMBRIGE_ and _Oxford_ to help him, and all the Universities beyond the +Seas to help them. + +_Viz._ [Y]èp, [G]od, [C]i, [T]i, [Y]a[v], [J]à[v], [W]ih; also [F]aun, +[R]ûm; and Hif, Ked, Plejr. For + + Turpe est doctore cum culpa redarguit ipsum. + +According to _Cato_: + + Unto the Teacher its a shame, + In others his own Faults to blame. + +Thus you percieve the whole World is but in the Battle-dore, and Lerning +is in the Cradle, and the sayings of this Book, as Macroons to invite +her to the taking her Letters to keep up old custom. As _Horas_ [h]ath +it in his first Sermon. + + ----Pueris dant crustula blandi + Doctores elementa velint ut discere prima. + + Kind Teachers give Boys Bun and Cake, + Their Letters for to Learn them make. + +G is deaf in sign, not signifie, and g[h] in boug[h]t, broug[h]t, not in +coug[h], throug[h], enoug[h], w[h]ih is strangly spoken, stuff, +enoug[h], boug[h]s, enoug[h], (corn enoug[h]) and sig[h]ed, and g[h]ed +spells [h]ead, if ec be not cast away; let k be g[h]a, else k (unless +for g[h]) as in back, stack, crack, would be a vain impertinent Letter, +and deserves (as suh) in an orderly Family to be cic’d out o’ th’ doors. +For our Battle-dore is a well-[g]overn’d SITY, w[h]ih shuts out all idle +impertinent persnz, as vagrants wit[h] t[h]eir extravagancies out o’ +t[h]’ Gates. + +H is vain, in Ghost, Sc[h]olar, not in Churh, but c is, t[h]erefore it +deserves to be turn’d out of doors, for loosing its good name, [h]aving +work enoug[h] to live of its trade, and is an Interlooper, sounding one +t[h]ing by its self, anot[h]er in word-spelling, that she ma not be +[h]onest by [h]er self, and a knave in company. + +L in will, bell, mall, full, and t[h]ousands more. + +M in gemm, stem, _&c_. + +N in Henry and proper names, as Normanton, Rependon, Donington. T[h]e +former n is un[h]eard. + +P in receipt, not except, and mig[h]t as well be left out, as in deceit, +conceit, of t[h]e same sin, so empty temptation. + +S in isle, island, ass, as is uz, s single is as + +T in whitsunday, and watch, catch, clutch. + +U is turn’d into EV, Coventry, Daventry, Oven for Couentry, Dauntry, +Ouen, an eut; see Mr. _Dugdal_. + +So our Letters rat[h]er marr than mend our Language, w[h]en wrong +spell’d: but more Letters would do well in the Alfabet, (w[h]ih is +preparing) but fewer in most words to spell properly. + +We is us’d t[h]ree ways, as a vowel, as now, [h]ow, as a consonant in +we, went, as nothing, in know, show, and bo. + +Ye is us’d four ways, as a consonant, as yea, yes, as a long and short +vowel, as w[h]y, [h]oly and doubtful, as my, t[h]y, and as not[h]ing in +may day. + +W[h]en each Letter [h]at[h] but one meaning 1; the Reading is certain as +two and twenty one, one wants w, and two ma spare it. + +Z is scarce us’d in vain, but as many consonants are double to make a +short vowel, as Buzze, but is most us’d for s after all Letters but p, +c, t, for plurals and t[h]e like, s and z seem to cross one another, as +raze and raise, and x for z, as beaux. + +Since renoun’d Aut[h]ors of late [h]ave left out ugh, as t[h]oug[h] and +the like, writing t[h]o’, if they [h]ad left out w and y superfluous, as +know, row, da, t[h]are, and put out all vain letters, and cambril the +vowels, the idle Letters would never [h]ave come in again. + +Now if Books were begun to be all printed by t[h]ese directions, t[h]ey +would make all other old books easier read, and more truly pronounced, +t[h]e false spelling being discover’d and amended. + +But Letters are neither here nor there, for all this, in every circuit +there is something of a particular dialect, differing from the common +English, though the Western and Northern differ most. + +Now when we speak of altering the Letters, we alter not, but establish +and settle the known speech, which is no more but to alter or remove the +sign when it directedh to the wrong [h]ouse, but the Inn all the while +is the same. If one be in the North or West, he had best speak as they +do, that he may be readily understood, which is the end of speech. + +We have corruptions enough in our Letters to corrupt all Languages writ +with them. + +If our Letters were thus Corrected, a stranger, or home-bred, might +learn as much English in a day, as otherwise in a month or more. + +Put nature in arts Cradle, and its fet in the stox. + +There have been many changes of [G]overnment this hundred years, yet the +same errors rule, that we are, and no body for promisiz better. + +But what ails you to be so bitter against the Letters? Why I look at +them as the dark-house to lodge all our errors in, and a feather-bed, +where all, both errors and unknown sins may be lodg’d, therefore I pull +out the Straws out of your bolster, that I may let light into the house, +that you ma see you lodge in a thorn-bush instead of a feather-bed. But +I find, (God [h]elp us both) that at all final errors are friends of the +greater, that neither am I able by these letters to speak, nor you to +understand me by Writing. Nay no man is by old Letters able so much as +to hint what he would have the new ones call’d, but the old will +insinuate their sufficiency. + + + + +_The Fourth Part, of Instructions Instructed, or Light out of Darkness._ + +_The first Table, wherein the self-same sounds are Spell’d by different +Letters, first Right, and then Wrong._ + + +A as a, Manna, Joshua, Asia, Judah, Hannah; why ma we not cast awa the +Hebrew He out of words, as well as the Latins and Greeks have done? Day, +say, their, they, fair. These Letters that be, not pronounc’d are very +wellcome to be gone, the door stands wide open. + +E, as be, the, Phebe, yea, weigh, key, holy. If propagating Error be +lawful, ’tis lawful to teach wrong. + +I, as Ivi; lie, lye, thy, why, thigh, buy, for the first might as +lawfully be spell’d like the last, as UYe I, as the last is wrong +spell’d, but more lawfully ma the last be spell’d as your first. + +O, do, no, so, to, right, tow, dough, Bowes, beau, sloe, slow. (If u be +pronounc’d in flow, ’tis a diphthong, let u take its place) wrong. + +U, as tru, blue, Hugh, new, a singl u might stand for you (if it please +u) but not for your, beauty. + +Ao, gaol, gaot, graot, goal, law, sauce, calf, scalp, caug[h]t, +taug[h]t. + +Al, as ale, fail, but, fayl in old Books. + +El, as kele, meale, seale, veil, and veal. + +Il, mile, isle, island, boile, pyle. + +Ol, mole, soul, coal, roll, poll. + +Ul, deul, the straig[h]test road, the shortest rule. + + _Sore against shins it goes to go about, + Where you’ve but one road, you cannot go out._ + +So âm, em, im, om, um, and an, en, in, on, un, as claim, p[h]legm, +rooms, [h]olmes, tombs, soveraign, foreigners, sign, groan, hewn. + + Hav two strait lines from point to point you shall, + * Pseudografy ageometrical. * Bz. + +So a, e, and sofort[h], before, before, r, s, t, z, bier, [h]ig[h]er, +bore, soar, four, lower, case, ace, raze, bass, peace, cease, rise, +price, justice, prose, sloce, prize, wise, eyes, lies, rise verb, sighs, +use, noun, truce, nose, foes, blows, use verb; suit, an event: but s is +us’d for z too oft, the more intollerable; but z should be us’d when it +makes a distinction between noun and verb, as use, rise, abuse: + +Conceit wit[h]out receit, is mere deceit. + +Jams, gaol, Jo[h]n, goal, magistrate, majesty, geese, fleece, sig[h]ed, +[h]ead, sadled, glad, titled, clad, battled, know, frenh, wensh, good, +blood, wort[h], [h]unt, gentl, jear, rih, wit[h], city, sit, scituate, +year, be[h]aviour, Joshua, wa, now, noug[h]t. + +S, as factious, precious, anctious, conscience, sho, fashion, +Je[h]oschua, these wi the help ov the Frenh, as quelque hose, and old +Authors ma be quadrupled all wrong. + +So x for ckes, as flax, stackes, sex, necks, six, stickes, fox, rokes, +flux, bucks. + +What spells g u g, q i c, [w] i h, R e p n, s c o l r; if wrong (w [h]as +no business there) be plesant, rite, (gh [h]at[h] not[h]ing to do +t[h]ere) is plezantr, unless to please t[h]ose t[h]at [h]ave t[h]eir +wits wit[h]out ’em, will [h]ave t[h]e ears misled by t[h]e eys, and +t[h]e soul by t[h]e body, t[h]erefore (suppose t[h]at t[h]ere are +fashions for t[h]e soul as well as the body) in t[h]e old Church +Bible ov _K. J._ its [h]ye, now [h]ig[h]; so formerly forainers, now +foreigners, Rawley, Rawleigh, [h]ere’s wit with a witness: But these +are no more besides their wits, t[h]an t[h]ey are wit[h]out their wits, +t[h]at [h]ave t[h]eir wits wit[h]in t[h]em. These that can, paint the +vois, can limb out souls too. No doubt very Learn’d men! + +You t[h]at understand t[h]e frets on t[h]e great Fidle, and wit[h]out +Gammut, can pric down proper sounds to words in visible shapes, +according to t[h]e nu fashion; pra take not awa the falals the old +Fat[h]ers put to t[h]eir words, lest posterity serve you no better, as +Hierom, Hierusalem, ripe, snite, knight, as haucer. + + _The time shall come that Doctors and Knights + Shall be as common as Woodcox and Snites, + With Crambo’s or Books ful many a score, + As good as these you find, I’ll ad no more._ + + Fpsti. _Difficilia quæ pulchra._ + _Hard to be dun, a dute iz sur dhe gratest bute._ + + + + +_A Table of the self-same Leters, Spelling words ov a far different +sound._ + + +As with, with, bath, bathe, sith, sithe, both, both, loath, loath, oath, +oathes, smith, smithy, breath, of, off, then, yet, liveth or liveth, +joth or joth, mouth, mouth, path or path, wrath, wreath, faith or faith, +thy, thigh, this, thistle, thou, thousand, thank, they, them, theame, +thus, thunder, thine, thin, goal or goal, as afore, motion, crimson, +action, Acteon, singed, hanged, changed, shepherd, Shaphat, dishonour, +asham’d, bishop, mishap, character, charity, duckherd, blockhead, +Dutchess, gather, success, suggest, or suggest, or suggest, or suggest, +haov, rij, [w]heg and who, come, on, you know what I mean, as well as +[h]orses. War rod: scepter, sceptic, syllables, bless, access, axes, +oxen, Christ-cross, beaux, beauty, ancre, kernel, acres, craz’d, +threatned, knead, bootes, Bootes, winged, gnaw’d: th is cut of from +with, _cum_, after another of the same, at wi’ them. + +To Read English after the names ov the Letters, which is blameless, max +English as strang as to read after the French fashion; what would become +of Gire-eagle, wither, league, thing, Jehosaphat. + +Put an Apostrophe (call’d Swa in Hebru) between every two consonants +(_viz._ a short i) the spelling is discern’d as well as with a +touch-stone, that you may perseve easily that falsehood is not in good +earnest. + +So george, gorge, Gomorrha, Esau, Hus or uz, Nubes, Ragau, Joshua, where +([V] [v]) is the first letter in the four first, middlemost in fist, a +in the last all wrong. That no wonder if the Bible Translators took up +the blanket, and left the Child behind ’em, when St. Hierom says, the +Hebrew Letters are not to be exprest by the Western figures (I think +truly) And for want of axents Church-Readers wickedly miscall +Bible-words, as Theobulus, Jericho, Goliah, Cæsarea, a Decapolis, +Penacutes or Prepenacutes, also Haggi four ways. + +A duble Letter in Hebrew of the same sort, being dageshed, prevents all +mistakes, as הגּי. So ’[G]od”es” for the Goddesses. + +But for example sake, as far as any thing can really be exprest by +English Letters, without bodging patching, or bungling balderdash or +barbarous gallimofry of our Romantic Letters, obscurer than the Egiptian +Hieroglifix. I will subscribe an old saing in English, as easy as any +thing, if custom and fashion tnu it: + + _An As an Mul carrid Runlets ov Wine, + But d’ Ass did gron undr er burdn gret: + Qo’d’ Mul, Modr, wat al u dus to win? + And under your lijt lod so sor to swet? + Ist dubl ber if I tac won ov din. + Wijst ber a lic if dau tac won ov min. + Pride cind Gometer do us dis fet._ + +_Doctrina non habet inimicum præter ignorantem._ + + _Of erudition dher’s no sircumstans + Hadh ani enimi but ignorans._ + + + _But ’premisses rightly understood desier the exhibition of a + compleat Alfebet, to read English as easily as [G]reek; therefore I + shall end this Book wi’ the first Letter ov the ensuing Batl-dur._ + + [A] [a] A a B b [D] d D [c] E e F f G g [G] [g] H h + [Y] [h] I i J j C c K k [F] [f] M m N n [V] [v] O o P p + Q q R r S s [J] [j] T t [T] [t] U u V v W w [W] [w] X x + Y y z &. † + + +FINIS. + + + * * * * * + +William Andrews Clark Memorial Library: University of California + +THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY + +_General Editors_ + +R. C. BOYS +University of Michigan + +RALPH COHEN +University of California, Los Angeles + +VINTON A. DEARING +University of California, Los Angeles + +LAWRENCE CLARK POWELL +Wm. Andrews Clark Memorial Library + +_Corresponding Secretary_ + +Mrs. EDNA C. DAVIS, Wm. Andrews Clark Memorial Library + +The Society exists to make available inexpensive reprints (usually +facsimile reproductions) of rare seventeenth and eighteenth century +works. The editorial policy of the Society remains unchanged. As in the +past, the editors welcome suggestions concerning publications. All +income of the Society is devoted to defraying cost of publication and +mailing. + +All correspondence concerning subscriptions in the United States and +Canada should be addressed to the William Andrews Clark Memorial +Library, 2205 West Adams Boulevard, Los Angeles 18, California. +Correspondence concerning editorial matters may be addressed to any of +the general editors. The membership fee is $3.00 a year for subscribers +in the United States and Canada and 15/- for subscribers in Great +Britain and Europe. British and European subscribers should address +B. H. Blackwell, Broad Street, Oxford, England. + + +Publications for the twelfth year [1957-58] + +(At least six items, most of them from the following list, will be +reprinted.) + +Henry Fielding, _The Voyages of Mr. Job Vinegar_ (1740). + Introduction by Sam Sackett. + +William Herbert, Third Earl of Pembroke, _Poems_ (1660). + Introduction by Gaby Onderwyzer. + +_An Historical View of the Political Writers of Great Britain_ (1740). + Introduction by Robert L. Haig. + +Francis Hutcheson, _Essays on Laughter_ (1729). + +Samuel Johnson, _Notes to Shakespeare, Vol. III, Tragedies_. + Edited by Arthur Sherbo. + +Richard Savage, _An Author to be Let_ (1732). + Introduction by James Sutherland. + +Elkanah Settle, _The Notorious Impostor_ (1692). + Introduction by Spiro Peterson. + +_Seventeenth Century Tales of the Supernatural_. + Selected, with an Introduction, by Isabel M. Westcott. + + +Publications for the first eleven years (with the exception of Nos. 1-6, +which are out of print) are available at the rate of $3.00 a year. +Prices for individual numbers may be obtained by writing to the Society. + + +THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY +_WILLIAM ANDREWS CLARK MEMORIAL LIBRARY_ +2205 West Adams Boulevard, Los Angeles 18, California +Make check or money order payable to +THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. + + +PUBLICATIONS OF THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY + + [Transcriber’s Note: + Many of the listed titles are available from Project Gutenberg. Their + e-text numbers are given at the end of each entry. Publications listed + in the original text as “Out of Print” are shown in brackets.] + +*First Year (1946-1947)* + +Numbers 1-6 out of print. + + [List of titles added by transcriber: + + 1. Richard Blackmore’s _Essay upon Wit_ (1716), and Addison’s + _Freeholder_ No. 45 (1716). #13484 + + 2. Anon., _Essay on Wit_ (1748), together with Characters by Flecknoe, + and Joseph Warton’s _Adventurer_ Nos. 127 and 133. #14973 + + 3. Anon., _Letter to A. H. Esq.; concerning the Stage_ (1698), and + Richard Willis’ _Occasional Paper_ No. IX (1698). #14047 + + 4. Samuel Cobb’s _Of Poetry_ and _Discourse on Criticism_ (1707). + #14528 + + 5. Samuel Wesley’s _Epistle to a Friend Concerning Poetry_ (1700) + and _Essay on Heroic Poetry_ (1693). #16506 + + 6. _Representation of the Impiety and Immorality of the Stage_ (1704) + and _Some Thoughts Concerning the Stage_ (1704). #15656] + + +*Second Year (1947-1948)* + + 7. John Gay’s _The Present State of Wit_ (1711); and a section on Wit + from _The English Theophrastus_ (1702). #14800 + + 8. Rapin’s _De Carmine Pastorali_, translated by Creech(1684). #14495 + + 9. T. Hanmer’s(?) _Some Remarks on the Tragedy of Hamlet_ (1736). + #14899 + +10. Corbyn Morris’ _Essay towards Fixing the True Standards of Wit, + etc._ (1744). #16233 + +11. Thomas Purney’s _Discourse on the Pastoral_ (1717). #15313 + +12. Essays on the Stage, selected, with an Introduction by Joseph Wood + Krutch. #16335 + + +*Third Year (1948-1949)* + +13. Sir John Falstaff (pseud.), _The Theatre_ (1720). #15999 + +14. Edward Moore’s _The Gamester_(1753). #16267 + +15. John Oldmixon’s _Reflections on Dr. Swift’s Letter to Harley_ + (1712); and Arthur Mainwaring’s _The British Academy_ (1712). + +16. Nevil Payne’s _Fatal Jealousy_ (1673). #16916 + +17. Nicholas Rowe’s _Some Account of the Life of Mr. William + Shakespeare_ (1709). #16275 + +18. “Of Genius,” in _The Occasional Paper_, Vol. III, No. 10 (1719); + and Aaron Hill’s Preface to _The Creation_ (1720). #15870 + + +*Fourth Year (1949-1950)* + +19. Susanna Centlivre’s _The Busie Body_ (1709). #16740 + +20. Lewis Theobold’s _Preface to The Works of Shakespeare_ (1734). + #16346 + +21. _Critical Remarks on Sir Charles Grandison, Clarissa, and Pamela_ + (1754). + +22. Samuel Johnson’s _The Vanity of Human Wishes_ (1749) and Two + _Rambler_ papers (1750). #13350 + +23. John Dryden’s _His Majesties Declaration Defended_ (1681). #15074 + +24. Pierre Nicole’s _An Essay on True and Apparent Beauty in Which + from Settled Principles is Rendered the Grounds for Choosing and + Rejecting Epigrams_, translated by J. V. Cunningham. + + +*Fifth Year (1950-1951)* + +25. Thomas Baker’s _The Fine Lady’s Airs_ (1709). #14467 + +26. Charles Macklin’s _The Man of the World_ (1792). #14463 + +27. Out of print. + + [Title added by transcriber: + Frances Reynolds’ _An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Taste, and + of the Origin of Our Ideas of Beauty, etc._ (1785). #13485] + +28. John Evelyn’s _An Apologie for the Royal Party_ (1659); and + _A Panegyric to Charles the Second_ (1661). #17833 + +29. Daniel Defoe’s _A Vindication of the Press_ (1718). #14084 + +30. Essays on Taste from John Gilbert Cooper’s _Letters Concerning + Taste_, 3rd edition (1757), & John Armstrong’s _Miscellanies_ + (1770). #13464 + + +*Sixth Year* + +31. Thomas Gray, _Elegy in a Country Church Yard_ (1751); + and _The Eton College Manuscript_. #15409 + +32. Prefaces to Fiction; Georges de Scudéry’s Preface to _Ibrahim_ + (1674), etc. #14525 + +33. Henry Gally’s _A Critical Essay_ on Characteristic-Writings (1725). + #16299 + +34. Thomas Tyers’ A Biographical Sketch of Dr. Samuel Johnson (1785). + +35. James Boswell, Andrew Erskine, and George Dempster. _Critical + Strictures on the New Tragedy of Elvira, Written by Mr. David + Malloch (1763)._ #15857 + +36. Joseph Harris’s _The City Bride_ (1696). + + +*Seventh Year (1952-1953)* + +37. Thomas Morrison’s _A Pindarick Ode on Painting_ (1767). + +38. John Phillips’ _A Satyr Against Hypocrites_ (1655). + +39. Thomas Warton’s _A History of English Poetry_. + +40. Edward Bysshe’s _The Art of English Poetry_ (1708). + +41. Bernard Mandeville’s “A Letter to Dion” (1732). + +42. Prefaces to Four Seventeenth-Century Romances. + + +*Eighth Year (1953-1954)* + +43. John Baillie’s _An Essay on the Sublime_ (1747). + +44. Mathias Casimire Sarbiewski’s _The Odes of Casimire_, Translated by + G. Hils (1646). + +45. John Robert Scott’s _Dissertation on the Progress of the Fine Arts_. + +46. Selections from Seventeenth Century Songbooks. + +47. Contemporaries of the _Tatler_ and _Spectator_. + +48. Samuel Richardson’s Introduction to _Pamela_. + + +*Ninth Year (1954-1955)* + +49. Two St. Cecilia’s Day Sermons (1696-1697). + +50. Hervey Aston’s _A Sermon Before the Sons of the Clergy_ (1745). + +51. Lewis Maidwell’s _An Essay upon the Necessity and Excellency of + Education_ (1705). + +52. Pappity Stampoy’s _A Collection of Scotch Proverbs_ (1663). + +53. Urian Oakes’ _The Soveraign Efficacy of Divine Providence_ (1682). + +54. Mary Davys’ _Familiar Letters Betwixt a Gentlemen and a Lady_ + (1725). + + +*Tenth Year (1955-1956)* + +55. Samuel Say’s _An Essay on the Harmony, Variety, and Power of + Numbers_ (1745). + +56. _Theologia Ruris, sive Schola & Scala Naturae_ (1686). + +57. Henry Fielding’s _Shamela_ (1741). + +58. Eighteenth Century Book Illustrations. + +59. Samuel Johnson’s _Notes to Shakespeare_. Vol. I, Comedies, Part I. + +60. Samuel Johnson’s _Notes to Shakespeare_. Vol. I, Comedies, Part II. + + +*Eleventh Year (1956-1957)* + +61. Elizabeth Elstob’s _An Apology for the Study of Northern + Antiquities_ (1715) #15329 + +62. _Two Funeral Sermons_ (1635) + +63. _Parodies of Ballad Criticism_ (1711-1787) + +64. _Prefaces to Three Eighteenth Century Novels_ (1708, 1751, 1797) + +65. Samuel Johnson’s _Notes to Shakespeare_. Vol. II, Histories, + Part I. + +66. Samuel Johnson’s _Notes to Shakespeare_. Vol. II, Histories, + Part II. + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + +Letter Substitutions [section added by transcriber] + +On page 8 the author writes: + + ... we want to borrow Two letters of the Greek, _Gama_, and _Theta_, + and Four of the Hebrew, _Thaleth_, _He_, _Aim_, and _Shin_ ... + +It is not clear whether he intended to use the actual Greek and Hebrew +letters where the printed text shows upside-down Roman letters. + +The substitutions would be (note that [c] is used for [d] and [Y] +for [H]): + + [D] [c] “thaleth” ד + [G] [g] “gama” Γ + [Y] [h] he ה + [J] [j] shin ש + [V] [v] “aim” (ayin) ע + [T] [t] theta Θ + [w] [f] [a] [r] _author’s intention unclear_ + +Page 8, “Gothám” paragraph, with letter-substitutions and silent +correction of apparent typographic errors: + + Gôtham, Γôtham, Gótham, Γótham, Gôθam, Γôθam, Góθam, Γóθam, + Gôדam, Γôדam, Góדam, Γóדam, Gothâm, Γothâm, Gothám, Γothám, + Goθâm, Γoθâm, Goθám, Γoθám, Goדâm, Γoדâm, Goדám, Γoדám. + +Page 21, “A Rule useful for School-Teachers,” with substitutions and +conjectural corrections (see Errata) as above: + + B Γ D V G J Z ה ד [R] + For + P C T F H ש S Θ K R + +Page 22, entire poem. Line-initial Dalet ד is shown as Delta Δ to avoid +script-direction confusion in some computers. The letter-sequences _tn_ +and _tl_ may represent _kn_ (knave, know) and _kl/cl_. + + Mad C w’ד s spelz sound דe sàm, _Stilo novo_. + Betráz q h and k. + Desetfule deniz its nam, + And s doד it betra. + Dissembliע C wiד nidles vot, + Ov ridiע brex דe nec. + Unles it הav a proper nam, + And spelliע suits wiד C. + C γivz an il exampl, + And iz a tripl tnav: CCC ERAS. Ad. + On gustis it doד trampl, + Scab’d for aol הer aolz brav. + Ov sierz דe blind ledr iz: + Δe ded דe liviע rul. ARISTOF. + And wot a tirsum tasc iz דis + To wat upon a Fuul? + Larg הausn הav wi in larg taunz, + And largr hevnle buux: + Larg Cots and Tlox הav wi and Γaunz, + Aur fit in leθr stox. + It nivr iz tuu lat to θriv, + Nor to invenשonz ad: + For Silvr auns wi raדr striv, + Δun mane paundz ov Led. + Nau דat I ma u trule si, + Sertante to mi sa: + If lic u sim and no frend be, + Non ledz mi wursr wa. + In cruuced waz דis aol iz il, + Men tno not דat דa er. + And דat men luv darcnes stil, + No faot in endless fir. + +Page 32, full alphabet: + + [A] [a] A a B b D d ד E e F f G g Γ γ H h ה I i J j C c + K k [F] [f] M m N n ע O o P p Q q R r S s ש T t Θ θ U u + V v W w [W] [w] X x Y y z &. † + +[a] [f] and [w] are not explained in the text. [F] occurs in place +of L, which seems to have been omitted by mistake, as noted in the +Introduction. Capital Z is missing. + + * * * * * + +Errors and Anomalies noted by transcriber: + +[Footnote 4: ... Vol. 1, p. 267. In Vol. II ...] + Inconsistency between “1” and “II” in original. + +Inter quos referendvs erit veteresne poetas. + _v for u in original_ +Utor permisso; caudaque pilos ut equina + _text reads “uquina”_ +Paulatim vello, & demo unum, demo etiam unum. + _text reads “itiam”_ +_The Second Book of Epistles of _Quintus, Horatius, Flaccus_. + _commas in original_ +That we make something to discourse upon further + _text reads “discoure”_ +U. True, dew, Hugh, neuter, give, you, gaol, jaylor, goal, John ... + _text unchanged: erroneous comma after “give” and missing line break + after “you”?_ + +Gôtham, [G]ôtham, Gótham, [G]ótham, Gô[t]am, [G]ó[t]am, + _error for “[G]ô[t]am”?_ +Gó[t]am, [G]ó[t]am, / Gô[c]am, [G]ô[c]am, Gó[c]am, [G]ó[c]am, Gothâm, +[G]othâm, / Gothâm, [G]othâm, + _errors for “Gothám, [G]othám”?_ +Go[t]âm, [G]o[t]âm, Go[t]ám, [G]o[t]ám, Go[c]âm, / [G]o[c]âm, Gothâm, +Go[c]âm. + _errors for “Go[c]ám, [G]o[c]ám”?_ + +2. Whether or no are our 24 Letters sufficient ... + _The printed text uses 26 ordinary English letters, distinguishing + between i and j and between u and v. It also uses ſ (long s)._ +took in the Idola[t]ry of all Laws + _error for “Idolatry”?_ +Hereupon we argue. First, It is granted + _text reads “Is is granted”_ +Secondly, There was as good reason for amendment + _text reads “Thers was”_ +1. Vowels, 2. Diphthongs, 3. Consonants. + _text reads “Consonats”_ +First, A long in Chamber changed danger commanded + _text reads “Along”_ +But what an Husteron proteran + _text unchanged: usual form is “Husteron proteron” (ὕστερον πρότερον)_ +or herb Gohn in poredg: Ha! Ha! He! + _end of line unclear: possible letter after “poredg”_ +Yet in floweth + _text reads “it floweth”_ +as borage, savage + _text reads “us”_ +(for we are sure t[h]eir is no natural one) + _text reads “te[h]ir is no naural”_ +ev is us’d for f + _text reads “e v is us’d”_ +a low Apostrophe, as high as the bodies of the letters + _text reads “Apostorphe ... he letters”_ +be not as / good, and cheap as an e, a, o, or gh at the end + _text has “and heap” with extra space_ +t[h]at I cannot live well + _text has “t[h] t” with space_ + +B [G] D V G J Z [C] [Y] [R] + For +P C [T] F H [J] S [T] K R + _text unchanged: [C] in first line probable error for [D]; first [T] + in second line (below D) probable error for T_ + +Mad C w’[c] s spelz sound [c]e sàm, _Stilo novo_. + _text reads “Mad C w’’[c] s” or “Mad C w”[c] s”_ +C [g]ivz an il exampl, + _text reads “[g]i[v]z”_ +And iz a tripl tnav: CCC ERAS. Ad. + _text reads “tna[v]” (tn for kn: “knave”?)_ +Scab’d for aol [h]er aolz brav. + _text reads “bra[v]”_ +[D]e ded [c]e livi[v] rul. + _text reads “De ded”_ +And [w]ot a tirsum tasc iz [c]is + _text unchanged: error for “wot”?_ +Larg Cots and Tlox [h]av wi and [G]aunz, + _text unchanged_ +Aur fit in letr stox. + _text unchanged: error for “le[t]r”?_ +[D]un mane paundz ov Led. + _text reads “Dun mane”_ +Men tno not [c]at [c]a er. + _text reads “[c]rt [c]a er”_ + +dodh D (non without desert) + _text reads “deset”; “dodh” may be error for “do[c]”_ +and Hif, Ked, Plejr. + _text unchanged: error for “Ple[j]r” (Pleasure)?_ +enoug[h], (corn enoug[h]) + _no open parenthesis in text_ +So our Letters rat[h]er marr than mend our Language + _text reads “Letaers”_ +as nothing, in know, show, and bo. + _text unchanged: error for “bow”?_ +Put nature in arts Cradle, and its fet in the stox. + _text reads “its set in the ftox” with apparent f:long-s exchange_ +Bowes, beau, sloe, slow. (If u be +pronounc’d in flow, ’tis a diphthong, let u take its place) wrong. + _“sloe, slow” and “flow” unchanged: either f or s may be an error_ +* Pseudografy ageometrical. * Bz. + _asterisks in original text_ +suit, an event: + _text reads “evet”_ +t[h]erefore (suppose t[h]at t[h]ere are +fashions for t[h]e soul as well as the body) + _no open parenthesis in text_ +Fpsti. _Difficilia quæ pulchra._ + _text unclear: may be “Epsti.”_ +So ’[G]od”es” for the Goddesses. + _text unchanged: intended punctuation unclear_ +if custom and fashion tnu it: + _text unclear_ +_Doctrina non habet inimicum præter ignorantem._ + _text reads “_Doctrida”_ + +[A] [a] A a B b [D] d D [c] ... + _text unchanged: error for “D d [D] [c]” or “[D] [c] D d”?_ + _letters L l and capital Z missing in original_ + +ARS Material: + +34. Thomas Tyers’ A Biographical Sketch of Dr. Samuel Johnson (1785). + _text reads “Johson”_ +35. ... _... Malloch (1763)._ + _date included in italics_ + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Magazine, or Animadversions on the +English Spelling (1703), by G. W. + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAGAZINE, OR ANIMADVERSIONS *** + +***** This file should be named 20130-0.txt or 20130-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/0/1/3/20130/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, David Starner and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Magazine, or Animadversions on the English Spelling (1703) + +Author: G. W. + +Commentator: David Abercrombie + +Release Date: December 18, 2006 [EBook #20130] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAGAZINE, OR ANIMADVERSIONS *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, David Starner and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + [Transcriber's Note: + + This e-text is intended for users whose text readers cannot display + the "real" (utf-8) version of the file. Greek and Hebrew words are + shown between marks: + +Greek+ + #Hebrew# + + In the printed text, the author's special letters were represented + by ordinary roman letters turned upside-down. They are shown in this + e-text by single letters in [brackets]. Similarly, [i] represents + dotless i and [+] is the "dagger" symbol. + + Single italicized letters within a word are shown in {braces}. + + The word "Taurus" refers to the "ou" ligature (upsilon balanced on top + of omicron) used in printed Greek. The astrological symbol is visually + similar to the ligature.] + + + + + THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY + + G. W. + + MAGAZINE, or + + Animadversions on the + English Spelling + + (1703) + + + Introduction by + David Abercrombie + + Publication Number 70 + + Los Angeles + William Andrews Clark Memorial Library + University of California + + 1958 + + * * * * * + +GENERAL EDITORS + +RICHARD C. BOYS, University of Michigan +RALPH COHEN, University of California, Los Angeles +VINTON A. DEARING, University of California, Los Angeles +LAWRENCE CLARK POWELL, Clark Memorial Library + +ASSISTANT EDITOR + +W. EARL BRITTON, University of Michigan + +ADVISORY EDITORS + +EMMETT L. AVERY, State College of Washington +BENJAMIN BOYCE, Duke University +LOUIS BREDVOLD, University of Michigan +JOHN BUTT, King's College, University of Durham +JAMES L. CLIFFORD, Columbia University +ARTHUR FRIEDMAN, University of Chicago +LOUIS A. LANDA, Princeton University +SAMUEL H. MONK, University of Minnesota +ERNEST C. MOSSNER, University of Texas +JAMES SUTHERLAND, University College, London +H. T. SWEDENBERG, JR., University of California, Los Angeles + +CORRESPONDING SECRETARY + +EDNA C. DAVIS, Clark Memorial Library + + * * * * * + +INTRODUCTION + + +I first came across what is, as far as I know, the unique copy of +_Magazine_, by G. W., when working in the library formed by the late Sir +Isaac Pitman.[1] It is bound up as the last item in a volume which +contains several nineteenth-century pamphlets on language and spelling, +and also the first numbers of the periodical _The Phonetic Friend_. (The +volume was for a time in the possession of the Bath City Free Library, +to which it was presented by Isaac Pitman; it must subsequently have +been returned to him.) I drew attention to the existence of _Magazine_ +in an article published in 1937;[2] to the best of my knowledge it had +not been noticed in print before that, though it is of considerable +interest in a number of respects. I am indebted to Sir Isaac Pitman & +Sons Ltd., London, for permission to reproduce the pamphlet herewith in +the Augustan Reprints. + +G. W. was a spelling reformer, one of the many writers who, from early +Elizabethan times onwards, have been critical of traditional English +orthography and have made proposals for improving it. Although nothing +that could be called a spelling-reform "movement" existed until the +nineteenth century, there were earlier periods when the subject was much +in the air, when a number of people were writing about it and reading +and discussing each other's ideas. The publication of _Magazine_ does +not fall at one of these times; it comes, in fact, in the very middle +of a recession of interest in spelling reform which lasted almost +a hundred years. From about 1650 to 1750 there were few critics of +our orthography, and they were usually neither very strong in their +criticisms nor radical in their proposals for amendment. G. W. is thus a +somewhat isolated figure, and his scheme for reform would appear, in its +details at least, to be fairly original. + +The greater part of the pamphlet is given over to expounding the +illogicalities and inconsistencies of the established spelling, and here +G. W.'s style of writing, which is colloquial, racy and allusive, is +effective enough. It is not so well suited, however, to orderly and +clear exposition of his proposed amendment--unfortunately, since this +is what is likely to be of most interest to us today (and numerous +misprints increase the difficulties of grasping his proposals). Perhaps +there was, or was to have been, a sequel which would have stated his +reforms more systematically; that this may have been the case appears +from the statement on p. 25 that the alphabet "is preparing," and +from the mention, on the last page, of "the ensuing Batl-dur" (i.e. +battledore or hornbook). His remedy, briefly, is to replace digraphs by +new symbols: "more Letters would do well in the Alfabet, but fewer in +most words" (p. 25); and, like John Hart before him (whose works perhaps +he knew) and Bernard Shaw after, he draws attention to the economies to +be gained from this: "if fewer Letters will serve the turn, 'twill save +Paper and Ink, and 'tis strange, if not labour too" (p. 5). + +On p. 32 is exhibited "a compleat Alfebet" of 34 symbols (it is not +complete, for L has, apparently inadvertently, been omitted). Although +there is no indication there of the value each symbol should have, that +of most of them can be worked out, with some labor, from the rest of the +pamphlet (though a few must probably remain mysteries). I have commented +elsewhere[3] on this scheme of reformed spelling; it appears to us today +to be theoretically quite creditable, at least as far as the consonants +are concerned. The traditional alphabet is enlarged by providing a +separate symbol for the italicized sounds in each of the following +words: {th}in {th}en {ch}urch {j}udge {sh}all mea{s}ure {wh}en si{ng}; +these symbols are obtained partly by creating new ones, partly by +redefining existing letters. In two cases existing letters are redefined +in accordance with a rather odd principle--that the traditional _name_ +of a letter must decide its value. Hence _h_ is used to spell _church_ +(which becomes "hurh"), and _g_ is used to spell _judge_ (which becomes +"gug"). This of course makes it necessary for G. W. to include among his +new symbols one for /h/ and one for /g/. The new symbols as used in the +pamphlet are produced by inverting or reversing existing letters; but +these may possibly be makeshifts, used in place of more ambitious shapes +which were beyond the reach of his printer; he suggests, for instance +(p. 20) "the sign Taurus with a Foot-Ball between his horns" as one +of his vowel symbols. On the whole, we find the vowels much less +systematically tackled than the consonants, and it is proposed that +accents ("cambrils") should for the most part be used to provide extra +symbols; the pamphlet, however, only exemplifies this sporadically. + +_Magazine_ contains a considerable number of words, and a few +consecutive texts, transcribed partly or wholly in the new system of +spelling, and these necessarily will have to be assessed as evidence of +contemporary English pronunciation by students of the subject. It is not +easy to be sure how accurate a phonetic observer and transcriber G. W. +was, but if we make some allowance for misprints, we find a certain +consistency in his transcriptions, and an apparent freedom from any bias +given by the traditional spelling, which make one think he was +moderately reliable. In this connexion it is of some importance to find +out, if possible, where he came from. He shows familiarity both with +northern and western types of speech; but although he seems to imply, on +p. 7, that he is not a North-countryman, E. J. Dobson has found, on the +basis of certain forms which appear in the pamphlet, that there is a +strong suggestion that he spoke a northern dialect.[4] + +Until recently I had been able to form no idea of the identity of G. W. +However, it new seems to be very possible that he was John White, a +Devon schoolmaster, and author of _The Country-Man's Conductor in +Reading and Writing True English_, which was published in Exeter in +1701.[5] The name John, in G. W.'s reformed spelling, would of course +begin with G (it is indeed so spelled on p. 15). White was interested in +spelling reform, as we know from various remarks in his book; and if he +was G. W., it would explain the familiarity shown in _Magazine_ with +western dialect. What is particularly striking, moreover, is the +similarity of White's style to G. W.'s, as the following quotations from +_The Country-Man's Conductor_ will show: of certain grammarians, "you +shall seldom hear them speak Latin but in Ale-Houses, or when they are +well oil'd"; of specimens of early English, "some may laugh at it, and +thereby expose their rusty Teeth that will look as old as the English"; +of using an accent to show long vowels, "this would look strange 'till +it come in fashion, but in time would set as tite as Topknots do now." + + [Transcriber's Note: + A more recent candidate for "G. W." is John Wild. His 1710 broadsheet, + "Nottingham Printing Perfected," is in the "images" directory + associated with the html version of this file.] + +One final resemblance must be mentioned. Whether or not White was G. W., +there can hardly be any doubt that _Magazine_ was printed by Samuel +Farley of Exeter, the printer of White's book. The typographical +similarity between _Magazine_ and _The Country-Man's Conductor_ (and +other works printed by Farley) is too complete to be coincidental. Not +only are the identical fonts used, but there are numerous other points +where the general manner of printing is the same. + +Further research may confirm White's authorship, but there is certainly +no other obvious candidate among the writers of the time. + + David Abercrombie + + University of Edinburgh + + +NOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION + +[Footnote 1: This library is now housed in the offices of Sir Isaac +Pitman & Sons, Ltd., Parker Street, London, W.C. 2.] + +[Footnote 2: _Le Maitre Phonetique_, No. 59, p. 34. Some of the verses +on p. 22 of the pamphlet are reproduced there.] + +[Footnote 3: In the _Transactions of the Philological Society_, 1948, +pp. 11 ff.; _Lingua_, Vol. 2, 1949, p. 60.] + +[Footnote 4: _English Pronunciation 1500-1700_, Vol. 1, p. 267. In Vol. +II, p. 977, Dobson says "G. W. was certainly a Northerner."] + +[Footnote 5: A "second edition" called _The Conductor in Spelling, +Reading & Writing, True English_, dated 1712, is identical with the +first except for the title-page.] + + * * * * * + + MAGAZINE, + + or, + + Animadversions + + on the + + English Spelling; + +OBSERVING + +The Contradictions of the English Letters Warring themselves against +themselves, and one with another, by Intrusions and Usurpations; with +Amendment offer'd. + +For the Benefit of all Teachers and Learners, Writers and Readers, +Composers and Scriveners, whether Strangers or Natives, who are +concern'd with our English Tongue. + + _Nunquam sera est ad bonos mores via._ Syntax. + +By G. W. + + _LONDON_: Printed for the Author. 1703. + Price Sixpence. + + + + +_Magazine, that is low Learning, too high for the Capacity of the +Vulgar; Or the Schooler School'd. _viz_, _Babel_ pull'd down, and +Confusion Confounded. The latter Survey of the English Letters, and ways +of Amendment, where things are too much amiss to be excus'd, only +referring all to the good will of those that are willing to amend their +perceiv'd mistakes and unwilling to fall into their former Errors +again._ + +Q. Horatij Flacci, Epistolarum Liber secundus. Ad Augustum Epist. I. +Paulo post initium. + + Si meliora dies, ut vina poemata reddit + Scire velim: Pretium chartis quotus arrogat annus. + Scriptor abhinc annos centum qui decidit, inter + Perfectos veteresque, referri debet, an inter + Viles atque novos? Excludat jurgia finis. + Est vetus atque probus centum qui perficit annos. + Quid? Qui deperiit minor uno mense vel anno. + Inter quos referendvs erit veteresne poetas. + An quos & prsens & postera respuat tas? + Iste quidem veteres, inter ponetur honeste. + Qui vel mense brevi vel toto est junior anno. + Utor permisso; caudaque pilos ut equina + Paulatim vello, & demo unum, demo etiam unum. + Dum cadat.---- + + +_The Second Book of Epistles of _Quintus, Horatius, Flaccus_. The First +Epistle unto the Emperour _Augustus Csar_, in whose days our Saviour +Christ was Born._ + +Thus English'd. + + There is a thing I fain would know, + As Age doth make Wines better; + Whether to Papers it doth so, + And what's Writ on't with Letter, + And what Age gives a Reverence + To Papers, I would know: + If Authors Credits got by Tense + Of Hundred Years or mo? + An Ancient currant Author then, + And Hundred Years is Old? + Or is he of the Slight Gown men, + That Writ then as 'tis told? + Set down the time that strife may cease: + And hundred Years is good, + If one Month short, or Year he bears, + Doth he slick in the Mud? + No, for one Month or Year, we grant, + And very honestly too; + He shall be counted Ancient + Without so much ado. + What you do grant, I'm very free + To use now at my pleasure: + Another Month, or Year, d' ye see + I'll bate, as I have leasure; + So Hair by Hair, from the Mare's Tail + I'll pull, as well I may. + So what is good, is quickly stale, + Though Writ but t' other day. + +That we make something to discourse upon further, I'll take an Example +or two from the two Tables, wherein one Sound is Spell'd diverse ways, +and again the same Letters make diverse Sounds. + + +First then, z, dayes, praise, phrase, gaze. + +A. Asia, day, fair, wear, heir. + +E. Phebe, key, the, sea, yea, weigh, either, holy. + +I. Why, I, high, try, tie, buy. + +O. Who, know, bow, toe, tow, dough. + +U. True, dew, Hugh, neuter, give, you, gaol, jaylor, goal, John, gives +_dat_; gives _compedes_, gill of fishes, gill of water, ague, plague, +anger, and danger, guard, reguard, spring, a well, spring of steele, +jet, and ginger, and finger, ghost, god, and Ghurmes, and age, ages, +cares. + +Our Children are not Witches, that they should guess to Read right by +the Letter, such stuff as this, and the Masters are no very great +Conjurers, to perceive nothing; what contradictions they make 'em +swallow. + +First then dayes, that is da--yes, why should not yes spell yes at the +end, as well as at the beginning of a word: Again, why might we not +spell dayes thus, daise as well as praise, and spell praises, prayes, +da--i--se: I see day, why not se, see, as well as he, h--? And why not +dase, dayes, and phrayes, phrase, or phraise, phrase, and daze, dayes; +and why not daze, or dase, daisey, or daisy, hei, daisy: how can Ladies +be blam'd for Writing bad English, when Scholars spell no better? + +A, as Asia, why not da; fare and ware; how can one Vowel have another, +at command to make it long; a circumflex might do it. But you answer it +is our custom, and Books would not be read if we change the spelling; +but is there not a right spelling as Ancient as wrong? Is not the as +ancient as weigh, yea, sea, holy, key. Then 'tis wit to use the proper +spelling, and leave off impertinencies; and if fewer Letters will serve +the turn, 'twill save Paper and Ink, and 'tis strange, if not labour +too, for Writers; no doubt for Teachers it will. + +And how many ways do we pronounce you? yo, yau, yeu, yiu, you, yuu, yet +every dialect praise their own Speech, nay in Towns near together, nay +in the same Town, nay in the same House, persons born in other places, +differ in pronounciation, and many delight to hear different dialects +(as the Grecians did) so they did but understand one another, though +some precise Females do condemn all but their own finical pronunciation. + +But why should phrase be spell'd with ph and s, and not f and z? Because +you say its Original is a Greek word: But it hath been long enough +freely us'd amongst us, that it may claim prescription for a Licence to +put on the English garb, and suits pretty well with the Original ++phraz+ and hath it not a single f in Greek? So might be frz, and take +with it the Greek Precispomene, its right. + + [Transcriber's Note: + The Greek letter phi, transliterated +ph+, is a single character.] + +But if we spell praise thus, prayes we alter the sense. Why the Eyes are +as much in the dark to distinguish sound, as the Ears are put to silence +at the shape of Letters, and which of these is the fitter judge in this +Controversy, to bring knowledge to the Understanding? That is to be +observ'd well: But what's Learnt in Childhood is uncontroulable, as good +as prescription of an hundred years, and a School-Dames authority is +irrefragable, as the Proverb says, _Early crookes the Tree, that will +good Cambrill be_: That to unlearn a Youthful Error, is more than to +serve an Apprentiseship, or take the Degree of a Doctor or Serjeant. For +these are deaf and dumb to Learn the contrary, as the dead Letters they +have Learn'd, though I am loath to compare them to the English Doctor +_Burnet_'s _Antidiluvian People_ pettrify'd in the Alps, which he saw in +his Travails: + +But in some parts they speak as we spell: Though the Countryman of the +_North_ in Apron and Iron, pronounce o after r, and we before it: Why +should we keep their spelling, having lost their speech, and why should +they not still keep their spelling of old, who still keep the speech? +'Tis this thought by some of the Learned, that English is the hardest +Language in the World; for that Foreigners coming over, being past +Children, never have our speech right, but may be discern'd to be no +English born, whereas we after a short abode in out-Lands, speak their +Tongue as well as Natives: Our folk being a mixture of many Nations, is +so of Languages: But 'tis a wonder, so free as we are to take in their +words, we take not in their Letters also. The Latines have but Twelve +Consonants, and Five Vowels, and h, but the Greek and Hebrew may furnish +us with Letters. The Neighbouring Countries are at a loss for them as +well as we. If our credit be good, we want to borrow Two letters of the +Greek, _Gama_, and _Theta_, and Four of the Hebrew, _Thaleth_, _He_, +_Aim_, and _Shin_, and we should be set up, and with what shift we can +make of our own. + +In the first place what is the English of _Quotus_? But now my Pen is +silenc'd, except I borrow the Two Greek Letters, and _Thaleth_ of the +Hebrew, and the _Acute_, and Greek _Circumflex_, to tell how Gtham, +Gotherd, or gather, is to be red, and which is ment of the 24. + +Gtham, [G]tham, Gtham, [G]tham, G[t]am, [G][t]am, G[t]am, +[G][t]am, G[c]am, [G][c]am, G[c]am, [G][c]am, Gothm, [G]othm, +Gothm, [G]othm, Go[t]m, [G]o[t]m, Go[t]m, [G]o[t]m, Go[c]m, +[G]o[c]m, Gothm, Go[c]m. + +[G] is _Gama_, [T] is _Theta_, [D] _Thaleth_; 'tis strange my Tongue +should be longer than my Arms, without eking. 'Tis hard for Dunces to +understand this as all willful Fools are. Humble humility is better than +the miserable wisdom of the merciless knowledge of error. Cunning +fooleries and vanities unlock'd for, to spell the same sound diverse +ways, and when you have all done, you are but where you was, as prayes, +praise, prasy. For why may not y stand for nothing after s, as well as +after a, as may: But where no reason there is for custom, custom is no +reason. Dasye, and dayes is all one. As the fool thinks, so the Bell +chinks, for our Letters are like _Wimondes-woles_ Bells. Sure if we have +these tricks, we have more. Why if y doth no good, it doth nothing. But +I have a mind it shall stand an out-side there out of the way, as daisy, +is dayes. Doth (GO{D}) spell the Creator, it spells an Hebrew Letter as +well. If you hold your book the wrong end upward. I've nothing to say +against it, for 'tis your own, and you may hold it as you please. + +But to go on according to Prescript. + +2. Whether or no are our 24 Letters sufficient to spell all the words of +our English Tongue. + +3. Whether or no if they be sufficient to spell all words us'd for +English in our books, they be not sufficient to spell all Languages; if +_England_ be like _Rome_, Conquering all Nations, took in the Idola[t]ry +of all Laws, so _England_ being Conquer'd by all, hath not got the +rubish of all Languages. + +4. Whether or no we make good and proper use of those Letters we have. + +5. Whether the old use and custom of the Letters for an hundred Years or +more, be sufficient for justifying the mispelling most words, us'd to +this day, or whether we had not better mend late than never. + +Hereupon we argue. First, It is granted that we have not yet proper +English for all words in other Languages, nor Letters sufficient to +express our own; as Authors from time to time do justifie, who have bin +so little taken notice of by the publick (though there is some small +amendment made, that can scarce be perceiv'd). The latter Authors +mentioning the former, all Men of no small Note. + +Secondly, There was as good reason for amendment an Hundred Years ago, +as there is now, and will be as good reason an Hundred years hence to +delay the amendment, as their is now; not altering a tittle of the known +Pronounciation of the words, but only of the spelling. That the Letters +may be of good use, and we need not to Read all by authority, as the +very Learned Men are forc'd to do in yet unknown words still; so little +assistance do the Letters yield them, that they the more might pitty +young beginners. Which thing hath made a many Foreigners (and no marvel +at all) of all the Neighbouring Nations to throw away their Books and +Study of English, as their English Grammars, as well as our own, do +sufficiently declare. + +Thus to maintain a thing always unreasonable, will always be (as it hath +bin) a thing unreasonable and after this rate an error everlasting. + +But it is answer'd, that many words be thus Spell'd to shew their +derivations. That need not be objected, when Scholars can find out the +Etymologyes, when scarce one Letter remains of their Original, more than +James from Jacob, Thaddus and Lebbus, from Jude the honest, or Judas, +not Iscareat, and Didymus from Thomas, Giles, gidius. As for changing +the Letters, I shall hope they will put the devines in; I fear not that +they can put the Lawyers out. + +What advantage or disadvantage it may be to Booksellers or Printers, as +none of my business, I leave to their consideration. + +But now to strike at the root of so many errors begotten by false +Letters, besides a false finical speech according to the Letters, being +illeterately litterate, as calf, haut, goust. + + + + +_The Second Part of low Learning high._ + + +The Order. + +1. Vowels, 2. Diphthongs, 3. Consonants. + + A is us'd 7 ways, and other Vowels so; + When thus, or so, it doth amaze, we have no mark to know. + +First, A long in Chamber changed danger commanded. Secondly, Short in +Amber hang'd Anger, Understanding. + +Now suppose Rennard the Fox, or the like old book, was Reprinted, and +long Cambril'd, (which the Greeks call _Perispomene_) and a short not, +would not that be a good guide for reading old Rennard unreprinted, with +a right pronounciation, though there be no difference in a long or +short. + +Next, if it would please the wisdom of foolish custom (in whose errors +of this kind (though in nothing else) all Religions meet) being long +enough advis'd in time, to think fit to amend in the Copy, or at least +in the Margin, where words are far otherwise spell'd, than they are +pronounc'd (which the Hebrews call Kery and Kethiu; the Copy as written, +but Kery the Margin as read, mark'd with Asterisk, one to the other) I +believe our Printers could as easily Cambril our English Vowels, as +Circumflex the Latin, which would be a sure guide for reading. + + [Transcriber's Note: + The Hebrew terms are usually written #keri# and #kethiv#.] + +3dly and 4thly, A short without either rule or reason before a Consonant +or two, with e after, as ace, acre, able, unstable, father, with A long, +and solace, massacre, constable, gather, with A short. + +5thly, A put for A Cambril to make e or o long, as bear, greater, broad, +board. 6thly, Put like a Cambril, and is not a Cambril, neither, as +Beatrice, create, creatour: So is i a false Cambril to a, as foraigners. +When a person is in Commission, he should wear the livery of his Office; +but when he signifies nothing, he should not put it on, nay rather, he +had better keep at home. + +7thly, A standing for just nothing, but as the shadow of a Cambril, as +heaven, earth, bread, head, realm, meadow, read in the Preterperfect +Tense. + +In a Rail of Pales, if one be out to let in one Hog, 'tis enough to let +in the whole Herd into the Close, is an observation applicable to the +premisses. + +E long and short, and we can see no cause for't in equally and equity, +in cement, regard, torment, rebell, register, long and short in the same +words being Acute when Verbs, and penacute when Nounes. But any Child or +Foreigner, that never heard the words spoken, might uneasily guess at +the true pronunciation by the sense, That an Acute would be a great ease +and comfort to the Reader and Teacher, and no great trouble to the +Printer. + +3dly, and 4thly, E long and short before 2 Cambrils to bear up its +train, _viz._ e before, and e after a Consonant, also g and e, or i and +gh, 3 Cambrils, as eare, beare, with a and e; but here with but one +Cambril; weigh with 2 or 3: In east, bread, stead, it makes no use of +the Cambrils, only for state A must dance attendance, as in many +hundreds more. + +5thly, and 6thly, e long and short before a consonant or 2, and another +e, as steple, people, treble and indeleble. + +7thly, Syllables are long without e for a Cambril, as dost, most, ghost, +bright, right, sign, design, and short, notwithstanding e Cambril as +hence, since, prince, possible, facile, but Prince and Simple proper +Names be spoken, with i long, that an unknown Reader mistake not the +persons names. + +But how nonsensically e is us'd in the end of syllables short in live, +love, gives, but long, alive, and gives (fetters) and is pronounc'd and +unpronounc'd before s, as rages, wages, cages, horses, asses, churches, +and porches, and not in cares, fears, hopes, robes, bones, and making i +long and not, as writer, fighter, mitre, hither and thither: In whether, +e short, and weather, in neither e long; likewise e is pronounc'd and +unpronounc'd in the middle, as commandements, righteous, covetous, +stupefie, not in careful, careless, grateful, feareful; not in +wednesday, and is pronounc'd after a diphthong or double consonant, very +needlesly, as in inne, Anne, asse, poore, roome, joye, cause, laws, +coife, choice, juice, and as badly after syllables made long by a or i, +as feares, roads, theire, veine, veile, either. In Beresford the latter +e is mispronounced by Scholarship, mistaken to make it trissylable. + +8thly, E is pronounc'd sometimes singly in the end of words, as in +Phebe, Cyrene, Penelope, Euterpe. But these be Greek words, but so is +not the and be. But what an Husteron proteran is this to teach the Greek +Grammar before the Battledore. + +9thly, E put for a in they, their, and for i in ever, never, evil, +wevil, devil. + +10th, E put for ee, as Peter, Steven, even, he, she, me, we. And +sometimes ie for the same, as yield, believe, friend, and otherwise in +fiend, friend, diet, quiet, but not alike neither, but let that run upon +th' tongue, made long in people by o, also infeoffe, heofness. _viz._ +Heavens, (f pronounc'd as v) left out in George, biere, friend, leave +out i, sieve, e; diet; and quiet, take in both. + +11th, EE for e long, as beere, drink, deere, venison. + +12th, Sometimes ee for twice, e, as Beersheba, overseer. + +13th, Y and e, both for one Cambril, because one was perhaps to weak. +Though one Cambril seems enough for one small veile, as dayes, wayes; +also i and e, as haires, praise, and w and e, as showes, knows, crowes, +not in lose. But why may not w serve after a and e, and y after o, I +know not. Methinks the dead Letters should not be coye on what Cambril +they're hang'd on; but I must ask the Butchers, and what doth e after +Ile, for I will. + +14th, E defective in seest, fleeth, freeest, agreed; that prodigal as e +is of its company, should ever be wanting is a wonder; where there ought +to be 3 ease, or ez, or thrice e, two for a diphthong, if it may be one +for the syllable, that the distiction may seeme not heard between seeth, +beholdeth, and see the boile, e is added. + +But alas it is objected lately within this Seven years by _G. B._ that +Compositors leav out E in days and ways, and such like; Garamercy for +that! But why do they not leav out y also, which signifies not more, but +les than e: And why is not i and e cast out of praise and raise, and e +from wife and strife, which adorn the words no more than Beauty-spots do +a Whore's Face: And why is not w for a black Patch, cast awa from know +and blow, as well as da, and wa hav cast awa their Pock arr-y; and why +is not w to do, where there's need; that 'ton need no mock 'tuthr wi' +the los, and wi' the load of w: Now indeed we have cast awa ugh from +though, and although, when som sound is of them, and not left gh out in +bright, light, thought, where they signify no more than a chip, or herb +Gohn in poredg: Ha! Ha! He! Yet in floweth and knoweth w sounds well, +having an influence in the following vowel. + + [Transcriber's Note: + The "herb Gohn" is probably St. John's Wort, which can be made into a + mash or "porridge".] + +15th, Other verieties to make a syllable long without e, as a in boast, +board, coasts, coales, not holes. + +Also Short i, as veil, either, neither, and somtimes 'tis a diphthong, +as neighbour, eight. Also o, as people, enfeoff, heofness. And u, as +foure, foul, not in honour, neighbour, where o, and u, stand for as good +as nothing. + +And all Vowels be us'd supervacaneously before l, n, or r; as in +brethren, coffen, children, open, navill, wevill; not in cavill, Sybill, +and civill; apron, button, mutton, iron, reason, bacon, treason; and in +proper names, as Gackson, Gohnson, Wilson, Tomson, Rependon, Repton, +Donnington; not in God-Son, Common, but in Cousin. + +All vowels be us'd in vain before r, as pillar, cellar, winter, summer, +dinner, curfir, (as it were cover, fire,) honour, donour, neighbour, +pleasure, measure, nature, feature, scripture, martyr. I is us'd +severally. + +1st and 2dly, I Long and short in the same circumstances, as blind, +find, mind, with i long, kindred, limb, shrimp, pinch, with i short; gh +makes i long, as bright, might, plight, &c. and i is long without 'em, +as bite, kite, write. + +3dly and 4thly, I short with a consonant, and e after it, as lives, +gives, nouns and verbs: Bible, possible, triple, tribled, idle fidle, +Prince, prince. 5thly, and 6thly, makeing e long, and not as before. + +7thly, Used in vain, as gainful, _&c._ as before; also e and a put +for i, as borage, savage, knowledge, colledge, not in hedge and nonage; +also y was us'd formerly for i. + +But most abominably i is us'd for g, which is unpardonable, when g being +a letter of a double meaning can do without, as gaol, or goal; why +should it infect i with its own distemper, to be double minded. + +Lastly, W[h]y g[h] ma not make all vowels long as well as i, and w[h]y +ma not ye and we make vowels long, as well as a, e, and o; we must ask +t[h]e natural P[h]ilosop[h]ers w[h]at sympat[h]y or antipat[h]y is in +t[h]e Lettrz; and w[h]et[h]er an occult quality; or t[h]e divines, if +t[h]ere be not a mystery in it above nature before we adventure to teah +and cong the batl-dur; and w[h]y I ma not supply t[h]e place of y +rat[h]er t[h]an g, as in yate, yell, yule, younger, (as Italians). + +T[h]is [h]ad bin very excuseable, and not wit[h]out antient president. +As likewise w[h]y some consonants take exception at some vowels; or some +vowels at t[h]em, t[h]at t[h]ey change t[h]eir meaning? as c and g, +sometimes before e and i, and t before ion sometimes. + +8thly, W[h]y not always wit[h]out exeption: If t[h]ere be a supernatural +cause (for we are sure t[h]eir is no natural one) for t[h]ese t[h]ings, +t[h]ey will declare it, if not; t[h]ere must needs be a preternatural +won. + +O, is us'd accordingly, as most, dost, lost, tost. + +3dly and 4thly, As some, come, [h]ome, done, gone; short a in Joan, +Joanne, Joakim, a and o part. + +Also l makes o long, as roll, poll, not extoll, and w[h]y not ot[h]er +vowels too. + +O, for oe, as mot[h]er, among, from. + +O, for u, as brot[h]er, come, some, word, world, wont, t[h]e verb; +anot[h]er, good, blood, not yonder. + +O, for a, nort[h]erly, as paredg, [h]arses, carn, amang. + +U is us'd promiscuously, as appears in the vowels afore going, but not +so frequently as the rest, as [h]ugh long, hug short; [h]uge, voluble, +superfluous after b and g, as build, guard, not regard, q being call'd +cu, needs it not; guide, not gilbert. + +But v consonant not call'd ev, with a different caracter, is no less +absur'd than j consonant, not call'd ij, with a different figure, as +mejer for measure, as the French also use it, as je vou remercy. So +osier, [h]osier, easier, azure, _&c._ + +F us'd for v anciently, as d for th, as fader; but spokn as we do now: +ev is us'd for f in the _West_, as vire, vield, for fire, field, and we +put p for v in upper: The Hebrews put veth for it, beth for b, the +Spaniards make v, b, but to let other Languages alone, we pass to + +The Diphthongs. + +Whereof 3 be very absurd, ee for which the Latins us'd ij, as ijdem +oculi lucent, eadem feritatis imago est, _Ov._ met. The Greeks made Eta +a doble e, as also oo OMEGA. + +2. Oo, for which the Latins us'd uu, as uva, uuula, and the British and +Hebrews double u. + +3. Aw, all, au, as augre, maugre, awe, law, all, calf, (se the rest +in l.) and ao properly, as graot, gaol, gaot. + +Ai, as straight, again, not, wait, ei as eight, not neither. + +Oi, as boile, not the noun. + +Uu is serv'd by oo, and so forth. No thanks for it. + +Ui, as juice. Ou, as ought, not, out. + +Au is put for ao, ou for au, as sauce, souce. + +Eu or ew, ewe, neuter, is right. + +Iu, as view, might be mended thus, viu. + +Ou is common, as could, cow, but there is difference between o long and +short. + +O is often us'd for a triphthong (y in British). O u u, as hone, stone, +doore, through, wo, whore, fore, more. + +In ou o is oft left out, as double, trouble. + +L is us'd for o, as Ralph, [h]alf, calf, malt, [h]alt, salt and scalp, +not in [h]ealth and wealth, and dealt: L is so us'd after e, as elf, not +self, whelm, Gulielm, not elme. + +Lastly, L is for u, as old, cold, gold, fold, bold, colt, bolt, not in +dolt. + +If ae, eo, ie, and ea be diphthongs, and lawfully marry'd by Banes, or +Licens, I'm sure it is but an [h]alf char-marriage, for they (for a just +impediment) never bed together. + + +_Amendment offer'd._ + +Make a Cambril over the vowels to make 'em long; and this will cure +innumerabl errors, and there will be no more mistakes or abuse of the +vowels, and this will save a world of truble. + +But because the titl of i stands in the way, give a dash for I long, and +let a low Apostrophe, as high as the bodies of he letters, stand for i +short, and i with a tittle for double i or ee. So + + Mal, mel, mil, mol, mul. + Ml, ml, m[i]l, ml, ml. + + [Transcriber's Note: + Text shown as printed, although preceding paragraph implies "m'l" or + "m[i]l" (dotless i, or i without "tittle") in first line, "m--l" in + second.] + +Then ask the Printer whether a Cambril set over the vowels, be not as +good, and cheap as an e, a, o, or gh at the end. + +But w[h]at difference can we make in figures, between ou, long o, and +short o? Thus like the sign Taurus after the Greek fashion is short ou, +or (speak Tongue) ou at lengt[h], is long o wit[h] u; and again the sign +Taurus wit[h] a Foot-Ball between [h]is [h]orns, is t[h]e Trift[h]ong; +t[h]e reason belongs to Grammar. + +For to lay sound upon sound wit[h]out sig[h]t, is as field upon field, +false Heraldry. + +But as for suc[h] as [h]ave t[h]eir for[h]eads no broader t[h]an t[h]eir +Battledore, they must stic in the old nooke at q in the corner, not +seven years, but seventy times seven. + +'Tis not a sin sait[h] a P[h]ilosop[h]er t[h]at I cannot spel wel, but +t[h]at I cannot live well. If we [h]ave t[h]is error from the Lawyers we +[h]ope 'tis lawful; for to put in letters in a word or words in a deed, +more t[h]an enoug[h] often. But the Lawyers English may be no better +t[h]an [h]is Latin, t[h]e one as [h]ard to be spell'd, as t[h]e ot[h]er +to be parsd. + +Next we come to the Consonants. + + + + +_Third Part of Babling _Babel_ undermin'd; the Eyes submitting to the +Ears._ + + + Consonants do sometimes stand for noug[h]t, + Sometimes for one anot[h]er; + But w[h]en stands eah one as it oug[h]t? + W[h]en stands it for its brot[h]er? + +B is a Consonant [h]at[h] no name-sake, as none oug[h]t to have. For put +a vowel before or after it, its all one for the name and value, for +every value of a letter is according to its name, or oug[h]t to be, for +the name is proper to the figure as call, de or ed, 'tis all one, as +r o ed, rod. Call b be, or eb; but use custom, 'tis [h]elpful w[h]en +proper; [h]urtful w[h]en improper. B is overplus in Lamb, t[h]umb, debt, +doubt; and w[h]at need is t[h]ere of t[h]ese unnecessary bees; scarce +one in a Parish besides the Parson t[h]inks t[h]e two last come of Latin +words, debitum and dubito, w[h]ere t[h]ey are pronounc'd. + +B is a letter of t[h]e lips, shutting t[h]e lips before t[h]e vowel, +w[h]en it begins a syllable, and after a vowel when it ends: So do the +rest in BUMaF _viz._ ev, we, m, f, p. + + +_A Rule useful for School-Teachers, for short Tongu'd Children, for easy +Utterance use the upper Letters for the neather._ + +B [G] D V G J Z [C] [Y] [R] + + For + +P C [T] F H [J] S [T] K R + +_Probatum est._ + +By one I had a Scholar, could speak none of the neather Letters, till he +[h]ad learn'd (after the _West_ [G]untry fashion, and the Rules of the +Learn'd Grammars) to pronounce the upper first. + +We are not awar [h]au muh our deseitful lettrz [h]indr uthr Learning, +and refining Inglish, and [h]au tru letrz would furthr it. + + Mad C w'[c] s spelz sound [c]e sm, _Stilo novo_. + Betrz q h and k. + Desetfule deniz its nam, + And s do[c] it betra. + Dissembli[v] C wi[c] nidles vot, + Ov ridi[v] brex [c]e nec. + Unles it [h]av a proper nam, + And spelli[v] suits wi[c] C. + C [g]ivz an il exampl, + And iz a tripl tnav: CCC ERAS. Ad. + On gustis it do[c] trampl, + Scab'd for aol [h]er aolz brav. + Ov sierz [c]e blind ledr iz: + [D]e ded [c]e livi[v] rul. ARISTOF. + And [wot] a tirsum tasc iz [c]is + To wat upon a Fuul? + Larg [h]ausn [h]av wi in larg taunz, + And largr hevnle buux: + Larg Cots and Tlox [h]av wi and [G]aunz, + Aur fit in letr stox. + It nivr iz tuu lat to [t]riv, + Nor to inven[j]onz ad: + For Silvr auns wi ra[c]r striv, + [D]un mane paundz ov Led. + Nau [c]at I ma u trule si, + Sertante to mi sa: + If lic u sim and no frend be, + Non ledz mi wursr wa. + In cruuced waz [c]is aol iz il, + Men tno not [c]at [c]a er. + And [c]at men luv darcnes stil, + No faot in endless fir. + +As c t and h do fuul our erz ovr and ovr in hatch and catch, _&c._ so +dodh D (non without desert) in Wednesday, Hedg, Judg, spring, grudg, +badg, where g may do well without its false [h]elp or cumber-place. + +F is unpronounc'd in mastiff and t is spoken instead of f, in handful, +armful, sackful. But it hath manifest wrong done it, by his convertible +p, and its unconvertible h, against their own names too, as Philip. +Whereas ph help no more for spelling Filip, than it doth Alexander. Now +if you had said HURH spells Church, and GUG spells Judge, I could easily +believe it. + +But heap, God, thy, thigh, hang, shame, which are none of the seven +spell'd by the Letters we intend should spell them: neither can any +Englishman for his ears, eyes and wits, spell any of these words, and +MILLIONS more like 'em, more by his 24 English Letters, make what shift +he can, while _Ingland_ is _Ingland_, and have both Universities, +_CAMBRIGE_ and _Oxford_ to help him, and all the Universities beyond the +Seas to help them. + +_Viz._ [Y]p, [G]od, [C]i, [T]i, [Y]a[v], [J][v], [W]ih; also [F]aun, +[R]m; and Hif, Ked, Plejr. For + + Turpe est doctore cum culpa redarguit ipsum. + +According to _Cato_: + + Unto the Teacher its a shame, + In others his own Faults to blame. + +Thus you percieve the whole World is but in the Battle-dore, and Lerning +is in the Cradle, and the sayings of this Book, as Macroons to invite +her to the taking her Letters to keep up old custom. As _Horas_ [h]ath +it in his first Sermon. + + ----Pueris dant crustula blandi + Doctores elementa velint ut discere prima. + + Kind Teachers give Boys Bun and Cake, + Their Letters for to Learn them make. + +G is deaf in sign, not signifie, and g[h] in boug[h]t, broug[h]t, not in +coug[h], throug[h], enoug[h], w[h]ih is strangly spoken, stuff, +enoug[h], boug[h]s, enoug[h], (corn enoug[h]) and sig[h]ed, and g[h]ed +spells [h]ead, if ec be not cast away; let k be g[h]a, else k (unless +for g[h]) as in back, stack, crack, would be a vain impertinent Letter, +and deserves (as suh) in an orderly Family to be cic'd out o' th' doors. +For our Battle-dore is a well-[g]overn'd SITY, w[h]ih shuts out all idle +impertinent persnz, as vagrants wit[h] t[h]eir extravagancies out o' +t[h]' Gates. + +H is vain, in Ghost, Sc[h]olar, not in Churh, but c is, t[h]erefore it +deserves to be turn'd out of doors, for loosing its good name, [h]aving +work enoug[h] to live of its trade, and is an Interlooper, sounding one +t[h]ing by its self, anot[h]er in word-spelling, that she ma not be +[h]onest by [h]er self, and a knave in company. + +L in will, bell, mall, full, and t[h]ousands more. + +M in gemm, stem, _&c_. + +N in Henry and proper names, as Normanton, Rependon, Donington. T[h]e +former n is un[h]eard. + +P in receipt, not except, and mig[h]t as well be left out, as in deceit, +conceit, of t[h]e same sin, so empty temptation. + +S in isle, island, ass, as is uz, s single is as + +T in whitsunday, and watch, catch, clutch. + +U is turn'd into EV, Coventry, Daventry, Oven for Couentry, Dauntry, +Ouen, an eut; see Mr. _Dugdal_. + +So our Letters rat[h]er marr than mend our Language, w[h]en wrong +spell'd: but more Letters would do well in the Alfabet, (w[h]ih is +preparing) but fewer in most words to spell properly. + +We is us'd t[h]ree ways, as a vowel, as now, [h]ow, as a consonant in +we, went, as nothing, in know, show, and bo. + +Ye is us'd four ways, as a consonant, as yea, yes, as a long and short +vowel, as w[h]y, [h]oly and doubtful, as my, t[h]y, and as not[h]ing in +may day. + +W[h]en each Letter [h]at[h] but one meaning 1; the Reading is certain as +two and twenty one, one wants w, and two ma spare it. + +Z is scarce us'd in vain, but as many consonants are double to make a +short vowel, as Buzze, but is most us'd for s after all Letters but p, +c, t, for plurals and t[h]e like, s and z seem to cross one another, as +raze and raise, and x for z, as beaux. + +Since renoun'd Aut[h]ors of late [h]ave left out ugh, as t[h]oug[h] and +the like, writing t[h]o', if they [h]ad left out w and y superfluous, as +know, row, da, t[h]are, and put out all vain letters, and cambril the +vowels, the idle Letters would never [h]ave come in again. + +Now if Books were begun to be all printed by t[h]ese directions, t[h]ey +would make all other old books easier read, and more truly pronounced, +t[h]e false spelling being discover'd and amended. + +But Letters are neither here nor there, for all this, in every circuit +there is something of a particular dialect, differing from the common +English, though the Western and Northern differ most. + +Now when we speak of altering the Letters, we alter not, but establish +and settle the known speech, which is no more but to alter or remove the +sign when it directedh to the wrong [h]ouse, but the Inn all the while +is the same. If one be in the North or West, he had best speak as they +do, that he may be readily understood, which is the end of speech. + +We have corruptions enough in our Letters to corrupt all Languages writ +with them. + +If our Letters were thus Corrected, a stranger, or home-bred, might +learn as much English in a day, as otherwise in a month or more. + +Put nature in arts Cradle, and its fet in the stox. + +There have been many changes of [G]overnment this hundred years, yet the +same errors rule, that we are, and no body for promisiz better. + +But what ails you to be so bitter against the Letters? Why I look at +them as the dark-house to lodge all our errors in, and a feather-bed, +where all, both errors and unknown sins may be lodg'd, therefore I pull +out the Straws out of your bolster, that I may let light into the house, +that you ma see you lodge in a thorn-bush instead of a feather-bed. But +I find, (God [h]elp us both) that at all final errors are friends of the +greater, that neither am I able by these letters to speak, nor you to +understand me by Writing. Nay no man is by old Letters able so much as +to hint what he would have the new ones call'd, but the old will +insinuate their sufficiency. + + + + +_The Fourth Part, of Instructions Instructed, or Light out of Darkness._ + +_The first Table, wherein the self-same sounds are Spell'd by different +Letters, first Right, and then Wrong._ + + +A as a, Manna, Joshua, Asia, Judah, Hannah; why ma we not cast awa the +Hebrew He out of words, as well as the Latins and Greeks have done? Day, +say, their, they, fair. These Letters that be, not pronounc'd are very +wellcome to be gone, the door stands wide open. + +E, as be, the, Phebe, yea, weigh, key, holy. If propagating Error be +lawful, 'tis lawful to teach wrong. + +I, as Ivi; lie, lye, thy, why, thigh, buy, for the first might as +lawfully be spell'd like the last, as UYe I, as the last is wrong +spell'd, but more lawfully ma the last be spell'd as your first. + +O, do, no, so, to, right, tow, dough, Bowes, beau, sloe, slow. (If u be +pronounc'd in flow, 'tis a diphthong, let u take its place) wrong. + +U, as tru, blue, Hugh, new, a singl u might stand for you (if it please +u) but not for your, beauty. + +Ao, gaol, gaot, graot, goal, law, sauce, calf, scalp, caug[h]t, +taug[h]t. + +Al, as ale, fail, but, fayl in old Books. + +El, as kele, meale, seale, veil, and veal. + +Il, mile, isle, island, boile, pyle. + +Ol, mole, soul, coal, roll, poll. + +Ul, deul, the straig[h]test road, the shortest rule. + + _Sore against shins it goes to go about, + Where you've but one road, you cannot go out._ + +So m, em, im, om, um, and an, en, in, on, un, as claim, p[h]legm, +rooms, [h]olmes, tombs, soveraign, foreigners, sign, groan, hewn. + + Hav two strait lines from point to point you shall, + * Pseudografy ageometrical. * Bz. + +So a, e, and sofort[h], before, before, r, s, t, z, bier, [h]ig[h]er, +bore, soar, four, lower, case, ace, raze, bass, peace, cease, rise, +price, justice, prose, sloce, prize, wise, eyes, lies, rise verb, sighs, +use, noun, truce, nose, foes, blows, use verb; suit, an event: but s is +us'd for z too oft, the more intollerable; but z should be us'd when it +makes a distinction between noun and verb, as use, rise, abuse: + +Conceit wit[h]out receit, is mere deceit. + +Jams, gaol, Jo[h]n, goal, magistrate, majesty, geese, fleece, sig[h]ed, +[h]ead, sadled, glad, titled, clad, battled, know, frenh, wensh, good, +blood, wort[h], [h]unt, gentl, jear, rih, wit[h], city, sit, scituate, +year, be[h]aviour, Joshua, wa, now, noug[h]t. + +S, as factious, precious, anctious, conscience, sho, fashion, +Je[h]oschua, these wi the help ov the Frenh, as quelque hose, and old +Authors ma be quadrupled all wrong. + +So x for ckes, as flax, stackes, sex, necks, six, stickes, fox, rokes, +flux, bucks. + +What spells g u g, q i c, [w] i h, R e p n, s c o l r; if wrong (w [h]as +no business there) be plesant, rite, (gh [h]at[h] not[h]ing to do +t[h]ere) is plezantr, unless to please t[h]ose t[h]at [h]ave t[h]eir +wits wit[h]out 'em, will [h]ave t[h]e ears misled by t[h]e eys, and +t[h]e soul by t[h]e body, t[h]erefore (suppose t[h]at t[h]ere are +fashions for t[h]e soul as well as the body) in t[h]e old Church +Bible ov _K. J._ its [h]ye, now [h]ig[h]; so formerly forainers, now +foreigners, Rawley, Rawleigh, [h]ere's wit with a witness: But these +are no more besides their wits, t[h]an t[h]ey are wit[h]out their wits, +t[h]at [h]ave t[h]eir wits wit[h]in t[h]em. These that can, paint the +vois, can limb out souls too. No doubt very Learn'd men! + +You t[h]at understand t[h]e frets on t[h]e great Fidle, and wit[h]out +Gammut, can pric down proper sounds to words in visible shapes, +according to t[h]e nu fashion; pra take not awa the falals the old +Fat[h]ers put to t[h]eir words, lest posterity serve you no better, as +Hierom, Hierusalem, ripe, snite, knight, as haucer. + + _The time shall come that Doctors and Knights + Shall be as common as Woodcox and Snites, + With Crambo's or Books ful many a score, + As good as these you find, I'll ad no more._ + + Fpsti. _Difficilia qu pulchra._ + _Hard to be dun, a dute iz sur dhe gratest bute._ + + + + +_A Table of the self-same Leters, Spelling words ov a far different +sound._ + + +As with, with, bath, bathe, sith, sithe, both, both, loath, loath, oath, +oathes, smith, smithy, breath, of, off, then, yet, liveth or liveth, +joth or joth, mouth, mouth, path or path, wrath, wreath, faith or faith, +thy, thigh, this, thistle, thou, thousand, thank, they, them, theame, +thus, thunder, thine, thin, goal or goal, as afore, motion, crimson, +action, Acteon, singed, hanged, changed, shepherd, Shaphat, dishonour, +asham'd, bishop, mishap, character, charity, duckherd, blockhead, +Dutchess, gather, success, suggest, or suggest, or suggest, or suggest, +haov, rij, [w]heg and who, come, on, you know what I mean, as well as +[h]orses. War rod: scepter, sceptic, syllables, bless, access, axes, +oxen, Christ-cross, beaux, beauty, ancre, kernel, acres, craz'd, +threatned, knead, bootes, Bootes, winged, gnaw'd: th is cut of from +with, _cum_, after another of the same, at wi' them. + +To Read English after the names ov the Letters, which is blameless, max +English as strang as to read after the French fashion; what would become +of Gire-eagle, wither, league, thing, Jehosaphat. + +Put an Apostrophe (call'd Swa in Hebru) between every two consonants +(_viz._ a short i) the spelling is discern'd as well as with a +touch-stone, that you may perseve easily that falsehood is not in good +earnest. + +So george, gorge, Gomorrha, Esau, Hus or uz, Nubes, Ragau, Joshua, where +([V] [v]) is the first letter in the four first, middlemost in fist, a +in the last all wrong. That no wonder if the Bible Translators took up +the blanket, and left the Child behind 'em, when St. Hierom says, the +Hebrew Letters are not to be exprest by the Western figures (I think +truly) And for want of axents Church-Readers wickedly miscall +Bible-words, as Theobulus, Jericho, Goliah, Csarea, a Decapolis, +Penacutes or Prepenacutes, also Haggi four ways. + +A duble Letter in Hebrew of the same sort, being dageshed, prevents all +mistakes, as #heggai#. So '[G]od"es" for the Goddesses. + +But for example sake, as far as any thing can really be exprest by +English Letters, without bodging patching, or bungling balderdash or +barbarous gallimofry of our Romantic Letters, obscurer than the Egiptian +Hieroglifix. I will subscribe an old saing in English, as easy as any +thing, if custom and fashion tnu it: + + _An As an Mul carrid Runlets ov Wine, + But d' Ass did gron undr er burdn gret: + Qo'd' Mul, Modr, wat al u dus to win? + And under your lijt lod so sor to swet? + Ist dubl ber if I tac won ov din. + Wijst ber a lic if dau tac won ov min. + Pride cind Gometer do us dis fet._ + +_Doctrina non habet inimicum prter ignorantem._ + + _Of erudition dher's no sircumstans + Hadh ani enimi but ignorans._ + + + _But 'premisses rightly understood desier the exhibition of a + compleat Alfebet, to read English as easily as [G]reek; therefore I + shall end this Book wi' the first Letter ov the ensuing Batl-dur._ + + [A] [a] A a B b [D] d D [c] E e F f G g [G] [g] H h + [Y] [h] I i J j C c K k [F] [f] M m N n [V] [v] O o P p + Q q R r S s [J] [j] T t [T] [t] U u V v W w [W] [w] X x + Y y z &. [+] + + +FINIS. + + + * * * * * + +William Andrews Clark Memorial Library: University of California + +THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY + +_General Editors_ + +R. C. BOYS +University of Michigan + +RALPH COHEN +University of California, Los Angeles + +VINTON A. DEARING +University of California, Los Angeles + +LAWRENCE CLARK POWELL +Wm. Andrews Clark Memorial Library + +_Corresponding Secretary_ + +Mrs. EDNA C. DAVIS, Wm. Andrews Clark Memorial Library + +The Society exists to make available inexpensive reprints (usually +facsimile reproductions) of rare seventeenth and eighteenth century +works. The editorial policy of the Society remains unchanged. As in the +past, the editors welcome suggestions concerning publications. All +income of the Society is devoted to defraying cost of publication and +mailing. + +All correspondence concerning subscriptions in the United States and +Canada should be addressed to the William Andrews Clark Memorial +Library, 2205 West Adams Boulevard, Los Angeles 18, California. +Correspondence concerning editorial matters may be addressed to any of +the general editors. The membership fee is $3.00 a year for subscribers +in the United States and Canada and 15/- for subscribers in Great +Britain and Europe. British and European subscribers should address +B. H. Blackwell, Broad Street, Oxford, England. + + +Publications for the twelfth year [1957-58] + +(At least six items, most of them from the following list, will be +reprinted.) + +Henry Fielding, _The Voyages of Mr. Job Vinegar_ (1740). + Introduction by Sam Sackett. + +William Herbert, Third Earl of Pembroke, _Poems_ (1660). + Introduction by Gaby Onderwyzer. + +_An Historical View of the Political Writers of Great Britain_ (1740). + Introduction by Robert L. Haig. + +Francis Hutcheson, _Essays on Laughter_ (1729). + +Samuel Johnson, _Notes to Shakespeare, Vol. III, Tragedies_. + Edited by Arthur Sherbo. + +Richard Savage, _An Author to be Let_ (1732). + Introduction by James Sutherland. + +Elkanah Settle, _The Notorious Impostor_ (1692). + Introduction by Spiro Peterson. + +_Seventeenth Century Tales of the Supernatural_. + Selected, with an Introduction, by Isabel M. Westcott. + + +Publications for the first eleven years (with the exception of Nos. 1-6, +which are out of print) are available at the rate of $3.00 a year. +Prices for individual numbers may be obtained by writing to the Society. + + +THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY +_WILLIAM ANDREWS CLARK MEMORIAL LIBRARY_ +2205 West Adams Boulevard, Los Angeles 18, California +Make check or money order payable to +THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. + + +PUBLICATIONS OF THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY + + [Transcriber's Note: + Many of the listed titles are available from Project Gutenberg. Their + e-text numbers are given at the end of each entry. Publications listed + in the original text as "Out of Print" are shown in brackets.] + +*First Year (1946-1947)* + +Numbers 1-6 out of print. + + [List of titles added by transcriber: + + 1. Richard Blackmore's _Essay upon Wit_ (1716), and Addison's + _Freeholder_ No. 45 (1716). #13484 + + 2. Anon., _Essay on Wit_ (1748), together with Characters by Flecknoe, + and Joseph Warton's _Adventurer_ Nos. 127 and 133. #14973 + + 3. Anon., _Letter to A. H. Esq.; concerning the Stage_ (1698), and + Richard Willis' _Occasional Paper_ No. IX (1698). #14047 + + 4. Samuel Cobb's _Of Poetry_ and _Discourse on Criticism_ (1707). + #14528 + + 5. Samuel Wesley's _Epistle to a Friend Concerning Poetry_ (1700) + and _Essay on Heroic Poetry_ (1693). #16506 + + 6. _Representation of the Impiety and Immorality of the Stage_ (1704) + and _Some Thoughts Concerning the Stage_ (1704). #15656] + + +*Second Year (1947-1948)* + + 7. John Gay's _The Present State of Wit_ (1711); and a section on Wit + from _The English Theophrastus_ (1702). #14800 + + 8. Rapin's _De Carmine Pastorali_, translated by Creech(1684). #14495 + + 9. T. Hanmer's(?) _Some Remarks on the Tragedy of Hamlet_ (1736). + #14899 + +10. Corbyn Morris' _Essay towards Fixing the True Standards of Wit, + etc._ (1744). #16233 + +11. Thomas Purney's _Discourse on the Pastoral_ (1717). #15313 + +12. Essays on the Stage, selected, with an Introduction by Joseph Wood + Krutch. #16335 + + +*Third Year (1948-1949)* + +13. Sir John Falstaff (pseud.), _The Theatre_ (1720). #15999 + +14. Edward Moore's _The Gamester_(1753). #16267 + +15. John Oldmixon's _Reflections on Dr. Swift's Letter to Harley_ + (1712); and Arthur Mainwaring's _The British Academy_ (1712). + +16. Nevil Payne's _Fatal Jealousy_ (1673). #16916 + +17. Nicholas Rowe's _Some Account of the Life of Mr. William + Shakespeare_ (1709). #16275 + +18. "Of Genius," in _The Occasional Paper_, Vol. III, No. 10 (1719); + and Aaron Hill's Preface to _The Creation_ (1720). #15870 + + +*Fourth Year (1949-1950)* + +19. Susanna Centlivre's _The Busie Body_ (1709). #16740 + +20. Lewis Theobold's _Preface to The Works of Shakespeare_ (1734). + #16346 + +21. _Critical Remarks on Sir Charles Grandison, Clarissa, and Pamela_ + (1754). + +22. Samuel Johnson's _The Vanity of Human Wishes_ (1749) and Two + _Rambler_ papers (1750). #13350 + +23. John Dryden's _His Majesties Declaration Defended_ (1681). #15074 + +24. Pierre Nicole's _An Essay on True and Apparent Beauty in Which + from Settled Principles is Rendered the Grounds for Choosing and + Rejecting Epigrams_, translated by J. V. Cunningham. + + +*Fifth Year (1950-1951)* + +25. Thomas Baker's _The Fine Lady's Airs_ (1709). #14467 + +26. Charles Macklin's _The Man of the World_ (1792). #14463 + +27. Out of print. + + [Title added by transcriber: + Frances Reynolds' _An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Taste, and + of the Origin of Our Ideas of Beauty, etc._ (1785). #13485] + +28. John Evelyn's _An Apologie for the Royal Party_ (1659); and + _A Panegyric to Charles the Second_ (1661). #17833 + +29. Daniel Defoe's _A Vindication of the Press_ (1718). #14084 + +30. Essays on Taste from John Gilbert Cooper's _Letters Concerning + Taste_, 3rd edition (1757), & John Armstrong's _Miscellanies_ + (1770). #13464 + + +*Sixth Year* + +31. Thomas Gray, _Elegy in a Country Church Yard_ (1751); + and _The Eton College Manuscript_. #15409 + +32. Prefaces to Fiction; Georges de Scudry's Preface to _Ibrahim_ + (1674), etc. #14525 + +33. Henry Gally's _A Critical Essay_ on Characteristic-Writings (1725). + #16299 + +34. Thomas Tyers' A Biographical Sketch of Dr. Samuel Johnson (1785). + +35. James Boswell, Andrew Erskine, and George Dempster. _Critical + Strictures on the New Tragedy of Elvira, Written by Mr. David + Malloch (1763)._ #15857 + +36. Joseph Harris's _The City Bride_ (1696). + + +*Seventh Year (1952-1953)* + +37. Thomas Morrison's _A Pindarick Ode on Painting_ (1767). + +38. John Phillips' _A Satyr Against Hypocrites_ (1655). + +39. Thomas Warton's _A History of English Poetry_. + +40. Edward Bysshe's _The Art of English Poetry_ (1708). + +41. Bernard Mandeville's "A Letter to Dion" (1732). + +42. Prefaces to Four Seventeenth-Century Romances. + + +*Eighth Year (1953-1954)* + +43. John Baillie's _An Essay on the Sublime_ (1747). + +44. Mathias Casimire Sarbiewski's _The Odes of Casimire_, Translated by + G. Hils (1646). + +45. John Robert Scott's _Dissertation on the Progress of the Fine Arts_. + +46. Selections from Seventeenth Century Songbooks. + +47. Contemporaries of the _Tatler_ and _Spectator_. + +48. Samuel Richardson's Introduction to _Pamela_. + + +*Ninth Year (1954-1955)* + +49. Two St. Cecilia's Day Sermons (1696-1697). + +50. Hervey Aston's _A Sermon Before the Sons of the Clergy_ (1745). + +51. Lewis Maidwell's _An Essay upon the Necessity and Excellency of + Education_ (1705). + +52. Pappity Stampoy's _A Collection of Scotch Proverbs_ (1663). + +53. Urian Oakes' _The Soveraign Efficacy of Divine Providence_ (1682). + +54. Mary Davys' _Familiar Letters Betwixt a Gentlemen and a Lady_ + (1725). + + +*Tenth Year (1955-1956)* + +55. Samuel Say's _An Essay on the Harmony, Variety, and Power of + Numbers_ (1745). + +56. _Theologia Ruris, sive Schola & Scala Naturae_ (1686). + +57. Henry Fielding's _Shamela_ (1741). + +58. Eighteenth Century Book Illustrations. + +59. Samuel Johnson's _Notes to Shakespeare_. Vol. I, Comedies, Part I. + +60. Samuel Johnson's _Notes to Shakespeare_. Vol. I, Comedies, Part II. + + +*Eleventh Year (1956-1957)* + +61. Elizabeth Elstob's _An Apology for the Study of Northern + Antiquities_ (1715) #15329 + +62. _Two Funeral Sermons_ (1635) + +63. _Parodies of Ballad Criticism_ (1711-1787) + +64. _Prefaces to Three Eighteenth Century Novels_ (1708, 1751, 1797) + +65. Samuel Johnson's _Notes to Shakespeare_. Vol. II, Histories, + Part I. + +66. Samuel Johnson's _Notes to Shakespeare_. Vol. II, Histories, + Part II. + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + +Errors and Anomalies noted by transcriber: + +[Footnote 4: ... Vol. 1, p. 267. In Vol. II ...] + Inconsistency between "1" and "II" in original. + +Inter quos referendvs erit veteresne poetas. + _v for u in original_ +Utor permisso; caudaque pilos ut equina + _text reads "uquina"_ +Paulatim vello, & demo unum, demo etiam unum. + _text reads "itiam"_ +_The Second Book of Epistles of _Quintus, Horatius, Flaccus_. + _commas in original_ +That we make something to discourse upon further + _text reads "discoure"_ +U. True, dew, Hugh, neuter, give, you, gaol, jaylor, goal, John ... + _text unchanged: erroneous comma after "give" and missing line break + after "you"?_ + +Gtham, [G]tham, Gtham, [G]tham, G[t]am, [G][t]am, + _error for "[G][t]am"?_ +G[t]am, [G][t]am, / G[c]am, [G][c]am, G[c]am, [G][c]am, Gothm, +[G]othm, / Gothm, [G]othm, + _errors for "Gothm, [G]othm"?_ +Go[t]m, [G]o[t]m, Go[t]m, [G]o[t]m, Go[c]m, / [G]o[c]m, Gothm, +Go[c]m. + _errors for "Go[c]m, [G]o[c]m"?_ + +2. Whether or no are our 24 Letters sufficient ... + _The printed text uses 26 ordinary English letters, distinguishing + between i and j and between u and v. It also uses long s._ +took in the Idola[t]ry of all Laws + _error for "Idolatry"?_ +Hereupon we argue. First, It is granted + _text reads "Is is granted"_ +Secondly, There was as good reason for amendment + _text reads "Thers was"_ +1. Vowels, 2. Diphthongs, 3. Consonants. + _text reads "Consonats"_ +First, A long in Chamber changed danger commanded + _text reads "Along"_ +But what an Husteron proteran + _text unchanged: usual form is "Husteron proteron"_ +or herb Gohn in poredg: Ha! Ha! He! + _end of line unclear: possible letter after "poredg"_ +Yet in floweth + _text reads "it floweth"_ +as borage, savage + _text reads "us"_ +(for we are sure t[h]eir is no natural one) + _text reads "te[h]ir is no naural"_ +ev is us'd for f + _text reads "e v is us'd"_ +a low Apostrophe, as high as the bodies of the letters + _text reads "Apostorphe ... he letters"_ +be not as / good, and cheap as an e, a, o, or gh at the end + _text has "and heap" with extra space_ +t[h]at I cannot live well + _text has "t[h] t" with space_ + +B [G] D V G J Z [C] [Y] [R] + For +P C [T] F H [J] S [T] K R + _text unchanged: [C] in first line probable error for [D]; first [T] + in second line (below D) probable error for T_ + +Mad C w'[c] s spelz sound [c]e sm, _Stilo novo_. + _text reads "Mad C w''[c] s" or "Mad C w"[c] s"_ +C [g]ivz an il exampl, + _text reads "[g]i[v]z"_ +And iz a tripl tnav: CCC ERAS. Ad. + _text reads "tna[v]" (tn for kn: "knave"?)_ +Scab'd for aol [h]er aolz brav. + _text reads "bra[v]"_ +[D]e ded [c]e livi[v] rul. + _text reads "De ded"_ +And [w]ot a tirsum tasc iz [c]is + _text unchanged: error for "wot"?_ +Larg Cots and Tlox [h]av wi and [G]aunz, + _text unchanged_ +Aur fit in letr stox. + _text unchanged: error for "le[t]r"?_ +[D]un mane paundz ov Led. + _text reads "Dun mane"_ +Men tno not [c]at [c]a er. + _text reads "[c]rt [c]a er"_ + +dodh D (non without desert) + _text reads "deset"; "dodh" may be error for "do[c]"_ +and Hif, Ked, Plejr. + _text unchanged: error for "Ple[j]r" (Pleasure)?_ +enoug[h], (corn enoug[h]) + _no open parenthesis in text_ +So our Letters rat[h]er marr than mend our Language + _text reads "Letaers"_ +as nothing, in know, show, and bo. + _text unchanged: error for "bow"?_ +Put nature in arts Cradle, and its fet in the stox. + _text reads "its set in the ftox" with apparent f:long-s exchange_ +Bowes, beau, sloe, slow. (If u be +pronounc'd in flow, 'tis a diphthong, let u take its place) wrong. + _"sloe, slow" and "flow" unchanged: either f or s may be an error_ +* Pseudografy ageometrical. * Bz. + _asterisks in original text_ +suit, an event: + _text reads "evet"_ +t[h]erefore (suppose t[h]at t[h]ere are +fashions for t[h]e soul as well as the body) + _no open parenthesis in text_ +Fpsti. _Difficilia qu pulchra._ + _text unclear: may be "Epsti."_ +So '[G]od"es" for the Goddesses. + _text unchanged: intended punctuation unclear_ +if custom and fashion tnu it: + _text unclear_ +_Doctrina non habet inimicum prter ignorantem._ + _text reads "_Doctrida"_ + +[A] [a] A a B b [D] d D [c] ... + _text unchanged: error for "D d [D] [c]" or "[D] [c] D d"?_ + _letters L l and capital Z missing in original_ + +ARS Material: + +34. Thomas Tyers' A Biographical Sketch of Dr. Samuel Johnson (1785). + _text reads "Johson"_ +35. ... _... Malloch (1763)._ + _date included in italics_ + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Magazine, or Animadversions on the +English Spelling (1703), by G. W. + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAGAZINE, OR ANIMADVERSIONS *** + +***** This file should be named 20130-8.txt or 20130-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/0/1/3/20130/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, David Starner and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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W. + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Magazine, or Animadversions on the English Spelling (1703) + +Author: G. W. + +Commentator: David Abercrombie + +Release Date: December 18, 2006 [EBook #20130] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAGAZINE, OR ANIMADVERSIONS *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, David Starner and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class = "mynote"> + +<p>This e-text includes a few Greek and Hebrew letters:</p> + +<p class = "indent">ayin ע, dalet ד, he ה, shin ש;<br> +gamma Γ γ, theta Θ θ</p> + +<p>If any of these characters do not display properly, or if the +quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, you may have an +incompatible browser or unavailable fonts. First, make sure that the +browser’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). +You may also need to change your browser’s default font.</p> + +<p>In the printed text, the author’s special letters were represented +by ordinary roman letters turned upside-down. They are shown in this +e-text by single letters in [brackets]. Alternative readings of +selected passages are given at the <a href = "#alternative">end of the +text</a>.</p> + +<p>A few clear typographical errors have been corrected. They have been +marked in the text with <ins class = "correction" title = +"like this">mouse-hover popups</ins>. Uncertain readings have been +similarly marked, but left unchanged.</p> + +<p>In addition to the ordinary page numbers, the printed text labeled +the recto (odd) pages of the first four leaves of each 16-page +signature. These will appear in the right margin as A, A2, A3... +</p> +</div> + +<h2 class = "smallcaps">The Augustan Reprint Society</h2> + +<p> </p> + +<h4>G. W.</h4> + +<h4>MAGAZINE, OR<br> +ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE<br> +ENGLISH SPELLING</h4> + +<h4>(1703)</h4> + +<p> </p> + +<h5>Introduction by<br> +David Abercrombie</h5> + +<p> </p> + +<h6>Publication Number 70</h6> + +<p> </p> + +<h6>Los Angeles<br> +William Andrews Clark Memorial Library<br> +University of California<br> +1958</h6> + +<p> </p> + +<hr class = "mid"> + +<p> </p> + +<div class = "contents"> + +<p><a href = "#intro">Editor’s Introduction</a></p> + +<p><a href = "#magazine">Magazine</a></p> + +<p><a href = "#augustan">Augustan Reprint Society publications</a></p> + +<p><i>Material added by transcriber:</i><br> +<a href = "#trans"> +Transcriber’s Footnotes and Alternative Readings</a><br> + +<a href = "#nottingham"> +“Nottingham Printing Perfected” broadsheet</a></p> + +<p> </p> + +</div> + +<hr class = "mid"> + +<p> </p> + +<div class = "editors"> +<p>GENERAL EDITORS</p> + +<p> +<span class = "smallcaps">Richard C. Boys</span>, <i>University of +Michigan</i><br> +<span class = "smallcaps">Ralph Cohen</span>, <i>University of +California, Los Angeles</i><br> +<span class = "smallcaps">Vinton A. Dearing</span>, <i>University +of California, Los Angeles</i><br> +<span class = "smallcaps">Lawrence Clark Powell</span>, <i>Clark +Memorial Library</i></p> + +<p>ASSISTANT EDITOR</p> + +<p> +<span class = "smallcaps">W. Earl Britton</span>, +<i>University of Michigan</i></p> + +<p>ADVISORY EDITORS</p> + +<p> +<span class = "smallcaps">Emmett L. Avery</span>, <i>State College +of Washington</i><br> +<span class = "smallcaps">Benjamin Boyce</span>, <i>Duke +University</i><br> +<span class = "smallcaps">Louis Bredvold</span>, <i>University of +Michigan</i><br> +<span class = "smallcaps">John Butt</span>, <i>King’s College, +University of Durham</i><br> +<span class = "smallcaps">James L. Clifford</span>, <i>Columbia +University</i><br> +<span class = "smallcaps">Arthur Friedman</span>, <i>University of +Chicago</i><br> +<span class = "smallcaps">Louis A. Landa</span>, <i>Princeton +University</i><br> +<span class = "smallcaps">Samuel H. Monk</span>, <i>University of +Minnesota</i><br> +<span class = "smallcaps">Ernest C. Mossner</span>, <i>University of +Texas</i><br> +<span class = "smallcaps">James Sutherland</span>, <i>University +College, London</i><br> +<span class = "smallcaps">H. T. Swedenberg, Jr.</span>, +<i>University of California, Los Angeles</i></p> + +<p>CORRESPONDING SECRETARY</p> + +<p> +<span class = "smallcaps">Edna C. Davis</span>, <i>Clark Memorial +Library</i></p> +</div> + +<hr class = "mid"> + +<div class = "intro"> + +<span class = "pagenum">i</span> +<h5 class = "chapter"> +<a name = "intro" id = "intro">INTRODUCTION</a></h5> + + +<p>I first came across what is, as far as I know, the unique copy of +<i>Magazine</i>, by G. W., when working in the library formed by the +late Sir Isaac Pitman.<a class = "tag" name = "tag1" id = "tag1" href = +"#note1">1</a> It is bound up as the last item in a volume which +contains several nineteenth-century pamphlets on language and spelling, +and also the first numbers of the periodical <i>The Phonetic Friend</i>. +(The volume was for a time in the possession of the Bath City Free +Library, to which it was presented by Isaac Pitman; it must subsequently +have been returned to him.) I drew attention to the existence of +<i>Magazine</i> in an article published in 1937;<a class = "tag" name = +"tag2" id = "tag2" href = "#note2">2</a> to the best of my knowledge it +had not been noticed in print before that, though it is of considerable +interest in a number of respects. I am indebted to Sir Isaac Pitman +& Sons Ltd., London, for permission to reproduce the pamphlet +herewith in the Augustan Reprints.</p> + +<p>G. W. was a spelling reformer, one of the many writers who, from +early Elizabethan times onwards, have been critical of traditional +English orthography and have made proposals for improving it. Although +nothing that could be called a spelling-reform “movement” existed until +the nineteenth century, there were earlier periods when the subject was +much in the air, when a number of people were writing about it and +reading and discussing each other’s ideas. The publication of +<i>Magazine</i> does not fall at one of these times; it comes, in fact, +in the very middle of a recession of interest in spelling reform which +lasted almost a hundred years. From about 1650 to 1750 there were few +critics of our orthography, and they were usually neither very strong in +their criticisms nor radical in their proposals for amendment. +G. W. is thus a somewhat isolated figure, and his scheme for reform +would appear, in its details at least, to be fairly original.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">ii</span> +The greater part of the pamphlet is given over to expounding the +illogicalities and inconsistencies of the established spelling, and here +G. W.’s style of writing, which is colloquial, racy and allusive, +is effective enough. It is not so well suited, however, to orderly and +clear exposition of his proposed amendment--unfortunately, since this is +what is likely to be of most interest to us today (and numerous +misprints increase the difficulties of grasping his proposals). Perhaps +there was, or was to have been, a sequel which would have stated +his reforms more systematically; that this may have been the case +appears from the statement on p. 25 that the alphabet “is +preparing,” and from the mention, on the last page, of “the ensuing +Batl-dur” (i.e. battledore or hornbook). His remedy, briefly, is to +replace digraphs by new symbols: “more Letters would do well in the +Alfabet, but fewer in most words” (p. 25); and, like John Hart +before him (whose works perhaps he knew) and Bernard Shaw after, he +draws attention to the economies to be gained from this: “if fewer +Letters will serve the turn, ’twill save Paper and Ink, and ’tis +strange, if not labour too” (p. 5).</p> + +<p>On p. 32 is exhibited “a compleat Alfebet” of 34 symbols (it is not +complete, for L has, apparently inadvertently, been omitted). Although +there is no indication there of the value each symbol should have, that +of most of them can be worked out, with some labor, from the rest of the +pamphlet (though a few must probably remain mysteries). I have +commented elsewhere<a class = "tag" name = "tag3" id = "tag3" href = +"#note3">3</a> on this scheme of reformed spelling; it appears to us +today to be theoretically quite creditable, at least as far as the +consonants are concerned. The traditional alphabet is enlarged by +providing a separate symbol for the italicized sounds in each of the +following words: <i>th</i>in <i>th</i>en <i>ch</i>urch <i>j</i>udge +<i>sh</i>all mea<i>s</i>ure <i>wh</i>en si<i>ng</i>; these symbols are +obtained partly by creating new ones, partly by redefining existing +letters. In two cases existing letters are redefined in +<span class = "pagenum">iii</span> +accordance with a rather odd principle—that the traditional +<i>name</i> of a letter must decide its value. Hence <i>h</i> is used to +spell <i>church</i> (which becomes “hurh”), and <i>g</i> is used to +spell <i>judge</i> (which becomes “gug”). This of course makes it +necessary for G. W. to include among his new symbols one for /h/ +and one for /g/. The new symbols as used in the pamphlet are produced by +inverting or reversing existing letters; but these may possibly be +makeshifts, used in place of more ambitious shapes which were beyond the +reach of his printer; he suggests, for instance (p. 20) “the sign +Taurus with a Foot-Ball between his horns” as one of his vowel symbols. +On the whole, we find the vowels much less systematically tackled than +the consonants, and it is proposed that accents (“cambrils”) should for +the most part be used to provide extra symbols; the pamphlet, however, +only exemplifies this sporadically.</p> + +<p><i>Magazine</i> contains a considerable number of words, and a few +consecutive texts, transcribed partly or wholly in the new system of +spelling, and these necessarily will have to be assessed as evidence of +contemporary English pronunciation by students of the subject. It is not +easy to be sure how accurate a phonetic observer and transcriber +G. W. was, but if we make some allowance for misprints, we find a +certain consistency in his transcriptions, and an apparent freedom from +any bias given by the traditional spelling, which make one think he was +moderately reliable. In this connexion it is of some importance to find +out, if possible, where he came from. He shows familiarity both with +northern and western types of speech; but although he seems to imply, on +p. 7, that he is not a North-countryman, E. J. Dobson has +found, on the basis of certain forms which appear in the pamphlet, that +there is a strong suggestion that he spoke a northern dialect.<a class = +"tag" name = "tag4" id = "tag4" href = "#note4">4</a></p> + +<p>Until recently I had been able to form no idea of the identity of +G. W. However, it new seems to be very possible that he was John +White, a +<span class = "pagenum">iv</span> +Devon schoolmaster, and author of <i>The Country-Man’s Conductor in +Reading and Writing True English</i>, which was published in Exeter in +1701.<a class = "tag" name = "tag5" id = "tag5" href = "#note5">5</a> +The name John, in G. W.’s reformed spelling, would of course begin +with G (it is indeed so spelled on p. 15). White was interested in +spelling reform, as we know from various remarks in his book; and if he +was G. W., it would explain the familiarity shown in +<i>Magazine</i> with western dialect. What is particularly striking, +moreover, is the similarity of White’s style to G. W.’s, as the +following quotations from <i>The Country-Man’s Conductor</i> will show: +of certain grammarians, “you shall seldom hear them speak Latin but in +Ale-Houses, or when they are well oil’d”; of specimens of early English, +“some may laugh at it, and thereby expose their rusty Teeth that will +look as old as the English”; of using an accent to show long vowels, +“this would look strange ’till it come in fashion, but in time would set +as tite as Topknots do now.”</p> + +<p>One final resemblance must be mentioned. Whether or not White was +G. W., there can hardly be any doubt that <i>Magazine</i> was +printed by Samuel Farley of Exeter, the printer of White’s book. The +typographical similarity between <i>Magazine</i> and <i>The +Country-Man’s Conductor</i> (and other works printed by Farley) is too +complete to be coincidental. Not only are the identical fonts used, but +there are numerous other points where the general manner of printing is +the same.</p> + +<p>Further research may confirm White’s authorship, but there is +certainly no other obvious candidate among the writers of the time.</p> + +<p class = "indent">David Abercrombie</p> + +<p class = "indent">University of Edinburgh</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">v</span> +<h5 class = "section">NOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION</h5> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "note1" id = "note1" href = "#tag1">1.</a> +This library is now housed in the offices of Sir Isaac Pitman & +Sons, Ltd., Parker Street, London, W.C. 2.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "note2" id = "note2" href = "#tag2">2.</a> +<i>Le Maitre Phonetique</i>, No. 59, p. 34. Some of the verses on +p. 22 of the pamphlet are reproduced there.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "note3" id = "note3" href = "#tag3">3.</a> +In the <i>Transactions of the Philological Society</i>, 1948, +pp. 11 ff.; <i>Lingua</i>, Vol. 2, 1949, p. 60.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "note4" id = "note4" href = "#tag4">4.</a> +<i>English Pronunciation 1500-1700</i>, Vol. <ins class = "correction" +title = "inconsistency between 1 and II in original">1</ins>, +p. 267. +In Vol. <ins class = "correction" title = +"inconsistency between 1 and II in original">II</ins>, +p. 977, Dobson says “G. W. was certainly a Northerner.”</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "note5" id = "note5" href = "#tag5">5.</a> +A “second edition” called <i>The Conductor in Spelling, Reading & +Writing, True English</i>, dated 1712, is identical with the first +except for the title-page.</p> + +</div> + +<p> </p> + +<hr> + +<div class = "title"> + +<h2><a name = "magazine" id = "magazine">MAGAZINE,</a></h2> + +<h4>OR,</h4> + +<h3>ANIMADVERSIONS</h3> + +<h4>ON THE</h4> + +<h2>English Spelling;</h2> + + +<h5>OBSERVING</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +The Contradictions of the English Letters Warring themselves against +themselves, and one with another, by Intrusions and Usurpations; with +Amendment offer’d.</p> + +<p class = "hanging"> +For the Benefit of all Teachers and Learners, Writers and Readers, +Composers and Scriveners, whether Strangers or Natives, who are +concern’d with our English Tongue.</p> + +<hr class = "mid"> + +<h5><i>Nunquam sera est ad bonos mores via.</i> Syntax.</h5> + +<hr class = "mid"> + +<h5><i>By</i> G. W.</h5> + +<hr class = "mid"> + +<h5><i>LONDON</i>: Printed for the Author. 1703.<br> +Price Sixpence.</h5> + +</div> + +<p> </p> + +<p class = "dec fat"> </p> + +<span class = "pagenum">3</span> +<span class = "folionum">A2</span> + +<p class = "hanging ital bigger"> +Magazine, that is low Learning, too high for the Capacity of the Vulgar; +Or the Schooler School’d. <span class = "plaintext">viz</span>, <span +class = "plaintext">Babel</span> pull’d down, and Confusion Confounded. +The latter Survey of the English Letters, and ways of Amendment, where +things are too much amiss to be excus’d, only referring all to the good +will of those that are willing to amend their perceiv’d mistakes and +unwilling to fall into their former Errors again.</p> + +<table class = "poem" summary = "centered poem"> +<tr><td> + +<p class = "hanging section"> +Q. Horatij Flacci, Epistolarum Liber secundus.<br> +Ad Augustum Epist. I. Paulo post initium.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +<span class = "firstword"><span class = "dropcap">S</span>i</span> +meliora dies, ut vina poemata reddit<br> +Scire velim: Pretium chartis quotus arrogat annus.<br> +Scriptor abhinc annos centum qui decidit, inter<br> +Perfectos veteresque, referri debet, an inter<br> +Viles atque novos? Excludat jurgia finis.<br> +Est vetus atque probus centum qui perficit annos.<br> +Quid? Qui deperiit minor uno mense vel anno.<br> +Inter quos <ins class = "correction" title = +"‘v’ in original">referendvs</ins> erit veteresne poetas.<br> +<span class = "pagenum">4</span> +An quos & præsens & postera respuat ætas?<br> +Iste quidem veteres, inter ponetur honeste.<br> +Qui vel mense brevi vel toto est junior anno.<br> +Utor permisso; caudaque pilos ut <ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads ‘uquina’">equina</ins><br> +Paulatim vello, & demo unum, demo <ins class = "correction" title = +"text reads ‘itiam’">etiam</ins> unum.<br> +Dum cadat.——</p> + + +<p class = "hanging ital section"> +The Second Book of Epistles of <span class = "plaintext">Quintus<ins +class = "correction" title = "commas in original">, </ins>Horatius<ins +class = "correction" title = "commas in original">, +</ins>Flaccus</span>. <br> +The First Epistle unto the Emperour <span class = "plaintext">Augustus +Cæsar</span>,<br> +in whose days our Saviour Christ was Born.</p> + +<h5>Thus English’d.</h5> + +<p class = "pair"> +There is a thing I fain would know,<br> +As Age doth make Wines better;</p> +<p class = "pair"> +Whether to Papers it doth so,<br> +And what’s Writ on’t with Letter,</p> +<p class = "pair"> +And what Age gives a Reverence<br> +To Papers, I would know:</p> +<p class = "pair"> +If Authors Credits got by Tense<br> +Of Hundred Years or mo?</p> +<p class = "pair"> +An Ancient currant Author then,<br> +And Hundred Years is Old?</p> +<p class = "pair"> +Or is he of the Slight Gown men,<br> +That Writ then as ’tis told?</p> +<p class = "pair"> +Set down the time that strife may cease:<br> +And hundred Years is good,</p> +<p class = "pair"> +If one Month short, or Year he bears,<br> +Doth he slick in the Mud?</p> +<p class = "pair"> +No, for one Month or Year, we grant,<br> +And very honestly too;</p> +<p class = "pair"> +He shall be counted Ancient<br> +Without so much ado.</p> +<p class = "pair"> +<span class = "pagenum">5</span> +<span class = "folionum">A3</span> +What you do grant, I’m very free<br> +To use now at my pleasure:</p> +<p class = "pair"> +Another Month, or Year, d’ ye see<br> +I’ll bate, as I have leasure;</p> +<p class = "pair"> +So Hair by Hair, from the Mare’s Tail<br> +I’ll pull, as well I may.</p> +<p class = "pair"> +So what is good, is quickly stale,<br> +Though Writ but t’ other day.</p> + +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>That we make something to <ins class = "correction" title = +"error for ‘discourse’?">discoure</ins> upon further, I’ll take an +Example or two from the two Tables, wherein one Sound is Spell’d diverse +ways, and again the same Letters make diverse Sounds.</p> + + +<p><span class = "firstword"> +<span class = "dropcap">F</span>I</span>rst +then, âz, dayes, praise, phrase, gaze.</p> + +<p>A. Asia, day, fair, wear, heir.</p> + +<p>E. Phebe, key, the, sea, yea, weigh, either, holy.</p> + +<p>I. Why, I, high, try, tie, buy.</p> + +<p>O. Who, know, bow, toe, tow, dough.</p> + +<p>U. True, dew, Hugh, neuter, give, you<ins class = "correction" title += +"missing line break?">, </ins>gaol, jaylor, goal, John, gives +<i>dat</i>; gives <i>compedes</i>, gill of fishes, gill of water, ague, +plague, anger, and danger, guard, reguard, spring, a well, spring +of steele, jet, and ginger, and finger, ghost, god, and Ghurmes, and +age, ages, cares.</p> + +<p>Our Children are not Witches, that they should guess to Read right by +the Letter, such stuff as this, and the Masters are no very great +Conjurers, to perceive nothing; what contradictions they make ’em +swallow.</p> + +<p>First then dayes, that is da—yes, why should not yes spell yes +at the end, as well as at the beginning of a word: Again, why might we +not +<span class = "pagenum">6</span> +spell dayes thus, daise as well as praise, and spell praises, prayes, +da—i—se: I see day, why not se, see, as well as he, +h—? And why not dase, dayes, and phrayes, phrase, or phraise, +phrase, and daze, dayes; and why not daze, or dase, daisey, or daisy, +hei, daisy: how can Ladies be blam’d for Writing bad English, when +Scholars spell no better?</p> + +<p>A, as Asia, why not da; fare and ware; how can one Vowel have +another, at command to make it long; a circumflex might do it. But +you answer it is our custom, and Books would not be read if we change +the spelling; but is there not a right spelling as Ancient as wrong? Is +not the as ancient as weigh, yea, sea, holy, key. Then ’tis wit to use +the proper spelling, and leave off impertinencies; and if fewer Letters +will serve the turn, ’twill save Paper and Ink, and ’tis strange, if not +labour too, for Writers; no doubt for Teachers it will.</p> + +<p>And how many ways do we pronounce you? yo, yau, yeu, yiu, you, yuu, +yet every dialect praise their own Speech, nay in Towns near together, +nay in the same Town, nay in the same House, persons born in other +places, differ in pronounciation, and many delight to hear different +dialects (as the Grecians did) so they did but understand one another, +though some precise Females do condemn all but their own finical +pronunciation.</p> + +<p>But why should phrase be spell’d with ph and s, and not f and z? +Because you say its Original is a Greek word: But it hath been long +enough freely us’d amongst us, that it may claim prescription for a +Licence to put on the English garb, and suits pretty well with the +Original <span title = "[Greek] phrazô">φραζω</span> +<span class = "pagenum">7</span> +<span class = "folionum">A4</span> +and hath it not a single f in Greek? So might be frâz, and take with it +the Greek Precispomene, its right.</p> + +<p>But if we spell praise thus, prayes we alter the sense. Why the Eyes +are as much in the dark to distinguish sound, as the Ears are put to +silence at the shape of Letters, and which of these is the fitter judge +in this Controversy, to bring knowledge to the Understanding? That is to +be observ’d well: But what’s Learnt in Childhood is uncontroulable, as +good as prescription of an hundred years, and a School-Dames authority +is irrefragable, as the Proverb says, <i>Early crookes the Tree, that +will good Cambrill be</i>: That to unlearn a Youthful Error, is more +than to serve an Apprentiseship, or take the Degree of a Doctor or +Serjeant. For these are deaf and dumb to Learn the contrary, as the dead +Letters they have Learn’d, though I am loath to compare them to the +English Doctor <i>Burnet</i>’s <i>Antidiluvian People</i> pettrify’d in +the Alps, which he saw in his Travails:</p> + +<p>But in some parts they speak as we spell: Though the Countryman of +the <i>North</i> in Apron and Iron, pronounce o after r, and we before +it: Why should we keep their spelling, having lost their speech, and why +should they not still keep their spelling of old, who still keep the +speech? ’Tis this thought by some of the Learned, that English is the +hardest Language in the World; for that Foreigners coming over, being +past Children, never have our speech right, but may be discern’d to be +no English born, whereas we after a short abode in out-Lands, speak +their Tongue as well as Natives: Our folk being +<span class = "pagenum">8</span> +a mixture of many Nations, is so of Languages: But ’tis a wonder, so +free as we are to take in their words, we take not in their Letters +also. The Latines have but Twelve Consonants, and Five Vowels, and h, +but the Greek and Hebrew may furnish us with Letters. The Neighbouring +Countries are at a loss for them as well as we. If our credit be good, +we want to borrow Two letters of the Greek, <i>Gama</i>, and +<i>Theta</i>, and Four of the Hebrew, <i>Thaleth</i>, <i>He</i>, +<i>Aim</i>, and <i>Shin</i>, and we should be set up, and with what +shift we can make of our own.</p> + +<p>In the first place what is the English of <i>Quotus</i>? But now my +Pen is silenc’d, except I borrow the Two Greek Letters, and +<i>Thaleth</i> of the Hebrew, and the <i>Acute</i>, and Greek +<i>Circumflex</i>, to tell how Gótham, Gotherd, or gather, is to be red, +and which is ment of the 24.</p> + +<p>Gôtham, [G]ôtham, Gótham, [G]ótham, Gô[t]am, <ins class = +"correction" title = "error for ‘[G]ô[t]am’?">[G]ó[t]am</ins>, Gó[t]am, +[G]ó[t]am, Gô[c]am, [G]ô[c]am, Gó[c]am, [G]ó[c]am, Gothâm, [G]othâm, +<ins class = "correction" +title = "error for ‘Gothám, [G]othám’?">Gothâm, [G]othâm</ins>, Go[t]âm, [G]o[t]âm, Go[t]ám, +[G]o[t]ám, Go[c]âm, [G]o[c]âm, <ins class = "correction" +title = "error for ‘Go[c]ám, [G]o[c]ám’?">Gothâm, Go[c]âm</ins>.</p> + +<p class = "mynote"> +<a name = "txt_gotham" id = "txt_gotham" href = "#alt_gotham">With +letter-substitution</a></p> + +<p>[G] is <i>Gama</i>, [T] is <i>Theta</i>, [D] <i>Thaleth</i>; ’tis +strange my Tongue should be longer than my Arms, without eking. ’Tis +hard for Dunces to understand this as all willful Fools are. Humble +humility is better than the miserable wisdom of the merciless knowledge +of error. Cunning fooleries and vanities unlock’d for, to spell the same +sound diverse ways, and when you have all done, you are but where you +was, as prayes, praise, prasy. For why may not y stand for nothing after +s, as well as after a, as may: But where no reason there is for custom, +custom +<span class = "pagenum">9</span> +is no reason. Dasye, and dayes is all one. As the fool thinks, so the +Bell chinks, for our Letters are like <i>Wimondes-woles</i> Bells. Sure +if we have these tricks, we have more. Why if y doth no good, it doth +nothing. But I have a mind it shall stand an out-side there out of the +way, as daisy, is dayes. Doth (GO<i>D</i>) spell the Creator, it spells +an Hebrew Letter as well. If you hold your book the wrong end upward. +I’ve nothing to say against it, for ’tis your own, and you may hold it +as you please.</p> + +<p>But to go on according to Prescript.</p> + +<p>2. Whether or no are our 24 Letters<a class = "tag" name = "tag_A" id += "tag_A" href = "#note_A">A</a> sufficient to spell all the words of +our English Tongue.</p> + +<p>3. Whether or no if they be sufficient to spell all words us’d for +English in our books, they be not sufficient to spell all Languages; if +<i>England</i> be like <i>Rome</i>, Conquering all Nations, took in the +<ins class = "correction" title = "error for ‘Idolatry’?">Idola[t]ry +</ins> of all Laws, so <i>England</i> being Conquer’d by all, hath not +got the rubish of all Languages.</p> + +<p>4. Whether or no we make good and proper use of those Letters we +have.</p> + +<p>5. Whether the old use and custom of the Letters for an hundred Years +or more, be sufficient for justifying the mispelling most words, us’d to +this day, or whether we had not better mend late than never.</p> + +<p>Hereupon we argue. First, <ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads ‘Is’">It</ins> +is granted that we have not yet proper English for +all words in other Languages, nor Letters sufficient to express our own; +as Authors from time to time do justifie, who have bin so little taken +notice of by the publick (though there is +<span class = "pagenum">10</span> +some small amendment made, that can scarce be perceiv’d)<ins class = +"correction" title = "full stop invisible">. </ins>The latter Authors +mentioning the former, all Men of no small Note.</p> + +<p>Secondly, <ins class = "correction" title = +"text reads ‘Thers’">There</ins> was as good reason for amendment an +Hundred Years ago, as there is now, and will be as good reason an +Hundred years hence to delay the amendment, as their is now; not +altering a tittle of the known Pronounciation of the words, but only of +the spelling. That the Letters may be of good use, and we need not to +Read all by authority, as the very Learned Men are forc’d to do in yet +unknown words still; so little assistance do the Letters yield them, +that they the more might pitty young beginners. Which thing hath made a +many Foreigners (and no marvel at all) of all the Neighbouring Nations +to throw away their Books and Study of English, as their English +Grammars, as well as our own, do sufficiently declare.</p> + +<p>Thus to maintain a thing always unreasonable, will always be (as it +hath bin) a thing unreasonable and after this rate an error +everlasting.</p> + +<p>But it is answer’d, that many words be thus Spell’d to shew their +derivations. That need not be objected, when Scholars can find out the +Etymologyes, when scarce one Letter remains of their Original, more than +James from Jacob, Thaddæus and Lebbæus, from Jude the honest, or Judas, +not Iscareat, and Didymus from Thomas, Giles, Ægidius. As for changing +the Letters, I shall hope they will put the devines in; I fear +not that they can put the Lawyers out.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">11</span> +What advantage or disadvantage it may be to Booksellers or Printers, as +none of my business, I leave to their consideration.</p> + +<p>But now to strike at the root of so many errors begotten by false +Letters, besides a false finical speech according to the Letters, being +illeterately litterate, as calf, haut, goust.</p> + +<hr class = "mid"> + + +<h5 class = "ital">The Second Part of low Learning high.</h5> + +<h4>The Order.</h4> + +<table class = "text" summary = "formatted text"> +<tr> +<td>1.</td> +<td> +<span class = "firstword"><span class = "dropcap">V</span>o</span>wels, +2. Diphthongs, 3. <ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads ‘Consonats’">Consonants</ins>.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "verse plain"> +A is us’d 7 ways, and other Vowels so;<br> +When thus, or so, it doth amaze, we have no mark to know.</p> + +<p>First, <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Along’">A long +</ins> in Chamber changed danger commanded. Secondly, Short in Amber +hang’d Anger, Understanding.</p> + +<p>Now suppose Rennard the Fox, or the like old book, was Reprinted, and +â long Cambril’d, (which the Greeks call <i>Perispomene</i>) and a short +not, would not that be a good guide for reading old Rennard unreprinted, +with a right pronounciation, though there be no difference in a long or +short.</p> + +<p>Next, if it would please the wisdom of foolish custom (in whose +errors of this kind (though in nothing else) all Religions meet) being +long enough advis’d in time, to think fit to amend in the Copy, or at +least in the Margin, where +<span class = "pagenum">12</span> +words are far otherwise spell’d, than they are pronounc’d (which the +Hebrews call Kery and Kethiu; the Copy as written, but Kery the Margin +as read, mark’d with Asterisk, one to the other)<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_B" id = "tag_B" href = "#note_B">B</a> I believe our Printers could +as easily Cambril our English Vowels, as Circumflex the Latin, which +would be a sure guide for reading.</p> + +<p>3dly and 4thly, A short without either rule or reason before a +Consonant or two, with e after, as ace, acre, able, unstable, father, +with A long, and solace, massacre, constable, gather, with A short.</p> + +<p>5thly, A put for A Cambril to make e or o long, as bear, greater, +broad, board. 6thly, Put like a Cambril, and is not a Cambril, neither, +as Beatrice, create, creatour: So is i a false Cambril to a, as +foraigners. When a person is in Commission, he should wear the livery of +his Office; but when he signifies nothing, he should not put it on, nay +rather, he had better keep at home.</p> + +<p>7thly, A standing for just nothing, but as the shadow of a Cambril, +as heaven, earth, bread, head, realm, meadow, read in the Preterperfect +Tense.</p> + +<p>In a Rail of Pales, if one be out to let in one Hog, ’tis enough to +let in the whole Herd into the Close, is an observation applicable to +the premisses.</p> + +<p>E long and short, and we can see no cause for’t in equally and +equity, in cement, regard, torment, rebell, register, long and short in +the same words being Acute when Verbs, and penacute when Nounes. But any +Child or Foreigner, that never heard the words spoken, might uneasily +guess +<span class = "pagenum">13</span> +at the true pronunciation by the sense, That an Acute would be a great +ease and comfort to the Reader and Teacher, and no great trouble to the +Printer.</p> + +<p>3dly, and 4thly, E long and short before 2 Cambrils to bear up its +train, <i>viz.</i> e before, and e after a Consonant, also g and e, +or i and gh, 3 Cambrils, as eare, beare, with a and e; but here +with but one Cambril; weigh with 2 or 3: In east, bread, stead, it +makes no use of the Cambrils, only for state A must dance attendance, as +in many hundreds more.</p> + +<p>5thly, and 6thly, e long and short before a consonant or 2, and +another e, as steple, people, treble and indeleble.</p> + +<p>7thly, Syllables are long without e for a Cambril, as dost, most, +ghost, bright, right, sign, design, and short, notwithstanding e Cambril +as hence, since, prince, possible, facile, but Prince and Simple proper +Names be spoken, with i long, that an unknown Reader mistake not the +persons names.</p> + +<p>But how nonsensically e is us’d in the end of syllables short in +live, love, gives, but long, alive, and gives (fetters) and is +pronounc’d and unpronounc’d before s, as rages, wages, cages, horses, +asses, churches, and porches, and not in cares, fears, hopes, robes, +bones, and making i long and not, as writer, fighter, mitre, hither and +thither: In whether, e short, and weather, in neither e long; +likewise e is pronounc’d and unpronounc’d in the middle, as +commandements, righteous, covetous, stupefie, not in careful, careless, +grateful, feareful; not in wednesday, and is pronounc’d after a +diphthong or double consonant, very needlesly, as +<span class = "pagenum">14</span> +in inne, Anne, asse, poore, roome, joye, cause, laws, coife, choice, +juice, and as badly after syllables made long by a or i, as feares, +roads, theire, veine, veile, either. In Beresford the latter e is +mispronounced by Scholarship, mistaken to make it trissylable.</p> + +<p>8thly, E is pronounc’d sometimes singly in the end of words, as in +Phebe, Cyrene, Penelope, Euterpe. But these be Greek words, but so is +not the and be. But what an Husteron <ins class = "correction" title = +"text unchanged: usual spelling is ‘proteron’">proteran</ins> is this to +teach the Greek Grammar before the Battledore.</p> + +<p>9thly, E put for a in they, their, and for i in ever, never, evil, +wevil, devil.</p> + +<p>10th, E put for ee, as Peter, Steven, even, he, she, me, we. And +sometimes ie for the same, as yield, believe, friend, and otherwise in +fiend, friend, diet, quiet, but not alike neither, but let that run upon +th’ tongue, made long in people by o, also infeoffe, heofness. +<i>viz.</i> Heavens, (f pronounc’d as v) left out in George, +biere, friend, leave out i, sieve, e; diet; and quiet, take in +both.</p> + +<p>11th, EE for e long, as beere, drink, deere, venison.</p> + +<p>12th, Sometimes ee for twice, e, as Beersheba, overseer.</p> + +<p>13th, Y and e, both for one Cambril, because one was perhaps to weak. +Though one Cambril seems enough for one small veile, as dayes, wayes; +also i and e, as haires, praise, and w and e, as showes, knows, crowes, +not in lose. But why may not w serve after a and e, and y after o, +I know not. Methinks the dead Letters should not be coye on +what Cambril they’re +<span class = "pagenum">15</span> +hang’d on; but I must ask the Butchers, and what doth e after Ile, for I +will.</p> + +<p>14th, E defective in seest, fleeth, freeest, agreed; that prodigal as +e is of its company, should ever be wanting is a wonder; where there +ought to be 3 ease, or ez, or thrice e, two for a diphthong, if it +may be one for the syllable, that the distiction may seeme not heard +between seeth, beholdeth, and see the boile, e is added.</p> + +<p>But alas it is objected lately within this Seven years by +<i>G. B.</i> that Compositors leav out E in days and ways, and such +like; Garamercy for that! But why do they not leav out y also, which +signifies not more, but les than e: And why is not i and e cast out of +praise and raise, and e from wife and strife, which adorn the words no +more than Beauty-spots do a Whore’s Face: And why is not w for a black +Patch, cast awa from know and blow, as well as da, and wa hav cast awa +their Pock arr-y; and why is not w to do, where there’s need; that ’ton +need no mock ’tuthr wi’ the los, and wi’ the load of w: Now indeed we +have cast awa ugh from though, and although, when som sound is of them, +and not left gh out in bright, light, thought, where they signify no +more than a chip, or herb Gohn in pore<ins class = "correction" title = +"text unclear: possible letter after ‘g’ (see footnote)">dg:</ins> +<a class = "tag" name = "tag_C" id = "tag_C" href = "#note_C">C</a> Ha! +Ha! He! Yet <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘it’">in</ins> +floweth and knoweth w sounds well, having an influence in the following +vowel.</p> + +<p>15th, Other verieties to make a syllable long without e, as a in +boast, board, coasts, coales, not holes.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">16</span> +Also Short i, as veil, either, neither, and somtimes ’tis a diphthong, +as neighbour, eight. Also o, as people, enfeoff, heofness. And u, as +foure, foul, not in honour, neighbour, where o, and u, stand for as good +as nothing.</p> + +<p>And all Vowels be us’d supervacaneously before l, n, or r; as in +brethren, coffen, children, open, navill, wevill; not in cavill, Sybill, +and civill; apron, button, mutton, iron, reason, bacon, treason; and in +proper names, as Gackson, Gohnson, Wilson, Tomson, Rependon, Repton, +Donnington; not in God-Son, Common, but in Cousin.</p> + +<p>All vowels be us’d in vain before r, as pillar, cellar, winter, +summer, dinner, curfir, (as it were cover, fire,) honour, donour, +neighbour, pleasure, measure, nature, feature, scripture, martyr. +I is us’d severally.</p> + +<p>1st and 2dly, I Long and short in the same circumstances, as blind, +find, mind, with i long, kindred, limb, shrimp, pinch, with i short; gh +makes i long, as bright, might, plight, &c. and i is long without +’em, as bite, kite, write.</p> + +<p>3dly and 4thly, I short with a consonant, and e after it, as lives, +gives, nouns and verbs: Bible, possible, triple, tribled, idle fidle, +Prince, prince. 5thly, and 6thly, makeing e long, and not as before.</p> + +<p>7thly, Used in vain, as gainful, <i>&c.</i> as before; also e and +a put for i, <ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads ‘us’">as</ins> +borage, savage, knowledge, colledge, not in hedge and +nonage; also y was us’d formerly for i.</p> + +<p>But most abominably i is us’d for g, which is unpardonable, when g +being a letter of a double meaning can do without, as gaol, or goal; why +should it infect i with its own distemper, to be double minded.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">17</span> +<span class = "folionum">B</span> +Lastly, W[h]y g[h] ma not make all vowels long as well as i, and w[h]y +ma not ye and we make vowels long, as well as a, e, and o; we must +ask t[h]e natural P[h]ilosop[h]ers w[h]at sympat[h]y or antipat[h]y is +in t[h]e Lettrz; and w[h]et[h]er an occult quality; or t[h]e divines, if +t[h]ere be not a mystery in it above nature before we adventure to teah +and cong the batl-dur; and w[h]y I ma not supply t[h]e place of y +rat[h]er t[h]an g, as in yate, yell, yule, younger, (as +Italians)<ins class = "correction" +title = "no full stop visible">.</ins></p> + +<p>T[h]is [h]ad bin very excuseable, and not wit[h]out antient +president. As likewise w[h]y some consonants take exception at some +vowels; or some vowels at t[h]em, t[h]at t[h]ey change t[h]eir meaning? +as c and g, sometimes before e and i, and t before ion +sometimes.</p> + +<p>8thly, W[h]y not always wit[h]out exeption: If t[h]ere be a +supernatural cause (for we are sure <ins class = "correction" title = +"text reads ‘te[h]ir’">t[h]eir</ins> is no <ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads ‘naural’">natural</ins> one) for t[h]ese t[h]ings, +t[h]ey will declare it, if not; t[h]ere must needs be a preternatural +won.</p> + +<p>O, is us’d accordingly, as most, dost, lost, tost.</p> + +<p>3dly and 4thly, As some, come, [h]ome, done, gone; short a in Joan, +Joanne, Joakim, a and o part.</p> + +<p>Also l makes o long, as roll, poll, not extoll, and w[h]y not ot[h]er +vowels too.</p> + +<p>O, for oe, as mot[h]er, among, from.</p> + +<p>O, for u, as brot[h]er, come, some, word, world, wont, t[h]e verb; +anot[h]er, good, blood, not yonder.</p> + +<p>O, for a, nort[h]erly, as paredg, [h]arses, carn, amang.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">18</span> +U is us’d promiscuously, as appears in the vowels afore going, but not +so frequently as the rest, as [h]ugh long, hug short; [h]uge, voluble, +superfluous after b and g, as build, guard, not regard, +q being call’d cu, needs it not; guide, not gilbert.</p> + +<p>But v consonant not call’d ev, with a different caracter, is no less +absur’d than j consonant, not call’d ij, with a different figure, as +mejer for measure, as the French also use it, as je vou remercy. So +osier, [h]osier, easier, azure, <i>&c.</i></p> + +<p>F us’d for v anciently, as d for th, as fader; but spokn as we do +now: <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘e v’">ev</ins> is +us’d for f in the <i>West</i>, as vire, vield, for fire, field, and we +put p for v in upper: The Hebrews put veth for it, beth for b, the +Spaniards make v, b, but to let other Languages alone, we +pass to</p> + +<p>The Diphthongs.</p> + +<p>Whereof 3 be very absurd, ee for which the Latins us’d ij, as ijdem +oculi lucent, eadem feritatis imago est, <i>Ov.</i> met. The Greeks made +Eta a doble e, as also oo OMEGA.</p> + +<p>2. Oo, for which the Latins us’d uu, as uva, uuula, and the British +and Hebrews double u.</p> + +<p>3. Aw, all, au, as augre, maugre, awe, law, all, calf, (se the rest +in l.) and ao properly, as graot, gaol, gaot.</p> + +<p>Ai, as straight, again, not, wait, ei as eight, not neither.</p> + +<p>Oi, as boile, not the noun.</p> + +<p>Uu is serv’d by oo, and so forth. No thanks for it.</p> + +<p>Ui, as juice. Ou, as ought, not, out.</p> + +<p>Au is put for ao, ou for au, as sauce, souce.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">19</span> +<span class = "folionum">B2</span> +Eu or ew, ewe, neuter, is right.</p> + +<p>Iu, as view, might be mended thus, viu.</p> + +<p>Ou is common, as could, cow, but there is difference between o long +and short.</p> + +<p>O is often us’d for a triphthong (y in British). +O u u, as hone, stone, doore, through, wo, whore, fore, +more.</p> + +<p>In ou o is oft left out, as double, trouble.</p> + +<p>L is us’d for o, as Ralph, [h]alf, calf, malt, [h]alt, salt and +scalp, not in [h]ealth and wealth, and dealt: L is so us’d +after e, as elf, not self, whelm, Gulielm, not elme.</p> + +<p>Lastly, L is for u, as old, cold, gold, fold, bold, colt, bolt, not +in dolt.</p> + +<p>If ae, eo, ie, and ea be diphthongs, and lawfully marry’d by Banes, +or Licens, I’m sure it is but an [h]alf char-marriage, for they (for a +just impediment) never bed together.</p> + + +<h5 class = "ital">Amendment offer’d.</h5> + +<p>Make a Cambril over the vowels to make ’em long; and this will cure +innumerabl errors, and there will be no more mistakes or abuse of the +vowels, and this will save a world of truble.</p> + +<p>But because the titl of i stands in the way, give a dash for I long, +and let a low <ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads ‘Apostorphe’">Apostrophe</ins>, +as high as the bodies of <ins class = +"correction" title = "text reads ‘he’">the</ins> letters, stand for i +short, and i with a tittle for double i or ee. So</p> + +<p class = "verse plain"> +Mal, mel, mil, mol, mul.<br> +Mâl, mêl, mıl, môl, mûl.<a class = "tag" name = "tag_D" id = "tag_D" +href = "#note_D">D</a></p> + +<p>Then ask the Printer whether a Cambril set over the vowels, be not as +good, and <ins class = "correction" title = "‘c’ invisible">cheap</ins> +as an e, a, o, or gh at the end.</p> + +<p> +<span class = "pagenum">20</span> +But w[h]at difference can we make in figures, between ou, long o, and +short o? Thus like the sign Taurus<a class = "tag" name = "tag_E" id = +"tag_E" href = "#note_E">E</a> after the Greek fashion is short ou, or +(speak Tongue) ou at lengt[h], is long o wit[h] u; and again the sign +Taurus wit[h] a Foot-Ball between [h]is [h]orns, is t[h]e Trift[h]ong; +t[h]e reason belongs to Grammar.</p> + +<p>For to lay sound upon sound wit[h]out sig[h]t, is as field upon +field, false Heraldry.</p> + +<p>But as for suc[h] as [h]ave t[h]eir for[h]eads no broader t[h]an +t[h]eir Battledore, they must stic in the old nooke at q in the corner, +not seven years, but seventy times seven.</p> + +<p>’Tis not a sin sait[h] a P[h]ilosop[h]er t[h]at I cannot spel wel, +but <ins class = "correction" title = "‘a’ invisible">t[h]at</ins> I +cannot live well. If we [h]ave t[h]is error from the Lawyers we [h]ope +’tis lawful; for to put in letters in a word or words in a deed, more +t[h]an enoug[h] often. But the Lawyers English may be no better t[h]an +[h]is Latin, t[h]e one as [h]ard to be spell’d, as t[h]e ot[h]er to be +parsd.</p> + +<p>Next we come to the Consonants.</p> + +<hr class = "mid"> + +<h5 class = "ital">Third Part of Babling <span class = +"plaintext">Babel</span> undermin’d; the Eyes submitting to the +Ears.</h5> + + +<p class = "verse plain"> +<span class = "firstword"> +<span class = "dropcap">C</span>o</span>nsonants do sometimes stand for +noug[h]t,<br> +Sometimes for one anot[h]er;</p> +<p class = "pair"> +But w[h]en stands eah one as it oug[h]t?<br> +W[h]en stands it for its brot[h]er?</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">21</span> +<span class = "folionum"><ins class = "correction" title = +"folio number not visible in page">B3</ins></span> + +<p>B is a Consonant [h]at[h] no name-sake, as none oug[h]t to have. For +put a vowel before or after it, its all one for the name and value, for +every value of a letter is according to its name, or oug[h]t to be, for +the name is proper to the figure as call, de or ed, ’tis all one, as +r o ed, rod. Call b be, or eb; but use custom, ’tis [h]elpful +w[h]en proper; [h]urtful w[h]en improper. B is overplus in Lamb, +t[h]umb, debt, doubt; and w[h]at need is t[h]ere of t[h]ese unnecessary +bees; scarce one in a Parish besides the Parson t[h]inks t[h]e two last +come of Latin words, debitum and dubito, w[h]ere t[h]ey are +pronounc’d.</p> + +<p>B is a letter of t[h]e lips, shutting t[h]e lips before t[h]e vowel, +w[h]en it begins a syllable, and after a vowel when it ends: So do the +rest in BUMaF <i>viz.</i> ev, we, m, f, p.</p> + + +<p class = "hanging ital bigger"> +A Rule useful for School-Teachers, for short Tongu’d Children, for easy +Utterance use the upper Letters for the neather.</p> + +<table class = "chart center" summary = "alphabet chart"> +<tr> +<td>B</td> +<td>[G]</td> +<td>D</td> +<td>V</td> +<td>G</td> +<td>J</td> +<td>Z</td> +<td><ins class = "correction" title = "error for ‘[D]’?">[C]</ins></td> +<td>[Y]</td> +<td>[R] +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "10">For</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>P</td> +<td>C</td> +<td><ins class = "correction" title = "error for ‘T’?">[T]</ins></td> +<td>F</td> +<td>H</td> +<td>[J]</td> +<td>S</td> +<td>[T]</td> +<td>K</td> +<td>R</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "mynote"> +<a name = "txt_chart" id = "txt_chart" href = "#alt_chart">With +letter-substitution</a></p> + +<h5 class = "ital">Probatum est.</h5> + +<p>By one I had a Scholar, could speak none of the neather Letters, till +he [h]ad learn’d (after the <i>West</i> [G]untry fashion, and the Rules +of the Learn’d Grammars) to pronounce the upper first.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">22</span> +We are not awar [h]au muh our deseitful lettrz [h]indr uthr Learning, +and refining Inglish, and [h]au tru letrz would furthr it.</p> + +<p class = "pair"> +Mad <ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads “C w’’[c]” or “C w”[c]”">C w’[c]</ins> +s spelz sound [c]e sàm, <i>Stilo novo</i>.<br> +Betráz q h and k.</p> +<p class = "pair"> +Desetfule deniz its nam,<br> +And s do[c] it betra.</p> +<p class = "pair"> +Dissembli[v] C wi[c] nidles vot,<br> +Ov ridi[v] brex [c]e nec.</p> +<p class = "pair"> +Unles it [h]av a proper nam,<br> +And spelli[v] suits wi[c] C.</p> +<p class = "pair"> +C <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘[g]i[v]z’">[g]ivz</ins> +an il exampl,<br> +And iz a tripl tna[v]: CCC ERAS. Ad.</p> +<p class = "pair"> +On gustis it do[c] trampl,<br> +Scab’d for aol [h]er aolz <ins class = "correction" +title = "error for ‘brav’?">bra[v]</ins>.</p> +<p class = "pair"> +Ov sierz [c]e blind ledr iz:<br> +<ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘De’">[D]e</ins> ded [c]e +livi[v] rul. ARISTOF.</p> +<p class = "pair"> +And <ins class = "correction" title = "error for ‘wot’?">[w]ot</ins> a +tirsum tasc iz [c]is<br> +To wat upon a Fuul?</p> +<p class = "pair"> +Larg [h]ausn [h]av wi in larg taunz,<br> +And largr hevnle buux:</p> +<p class = "pair"> +Larg Cots and <ins class = "correction" +title = "text unchanged">Tlox</ins> +[h]av wi and [G]aunz,<br> +Aur fit in <ins class = "correction" +title = "error for ‘le[t]r’?">letr</ins> stox.</p> +<p class = "pair"> +It nivr iz tuu lat to [t]riv,<br> +Nor to inven[j]onz ad:</p> +<p class = "pair"> +For Silvr auns wi ra[c]r striv,<br> +<ins class = "correction" title = "error for ‘[D]un’?">Dun</ins> mane +paundz ov Led.</p> +<p class = "pair"> +Nau [c]at I ma u trule si,<br> +Sertante to mi sa:</p> +<p class = "pair"> +If lic u sim and no frend be,<br> +Non ledz mi wursr wa.</p> +<p class = "pair"> +In cruuced waz [c]is aol iz il,<br> +Men tno not <ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads ‘[c]rt’">[c]at</ins> [c]a er.</p> +<p class = "pair"> +And [c]at men luv darcnes stil,<br> +No faot in endless fir.</p> + +<p class = "mynote"> +<a name = "txt_poem" id = "txt_poem" href = "#alt_poem">With +letter-substitution</a></p> + +<p>As c t and h do fuul our erz ovr and ovr in hatch and catch, +<i>&c.</i> so dodh D (non without <ins class = "correction" title = +"error for ‘desert’?">deset</ins>) in Wednesday, Hedg, Judg, spring, +grudg, badg, +<span class = "pagenum">23</span> +<span class = "folionum">B4</span> +where g may do well without its false [h]elp or cumber-place.</p> + +<p>F is unpronounc’d in mastiff and t is spoken instead of f, in +handful, armful, sackful. But it hath manifest wrong done it, by his +convertible p, and its unconvertible h, against their own names too, as +Philip. Whereas ph help no more for spelling Filip, than it doth +Alexander. Now if you had said HURH spells Church, and GUG spells Judge, +I could easily believe it.</p> + +<p>But heap, God, thy, thigh, hang, shame, which are none of the seven +spell’d by the Letters we intend should spell them: neither can any +Englishman for his ears, eyes and wits, spell any of these words, and +MILLIONS more like ’em, more by his 24 English Letters, make what shift +he can, while <i>Ingland</i> is <i>Ingland</i>, and have both +Universities, <i>CAMBRIGE</i> and <i>Oxford</i> to help him, and all the +Universities beyond the Seas to help them.</p> + +<p><i>Viz.</i> [Y]èp, [G]od, [C]i, [T]i, [Y]a[v], [J]à[v], [W]ih; also +[F]aun, [R]ûm; and Hif, Ked, <ins class = "correction" +title = "error for ‘Ple[j]r’?">Plejr</ins>. For</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Turpe est doctore cum culpa redarguit ipsum.</p> + +<p>According to <i>Cato</i>:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Unto the Teacher its a shame,<br> +In others his own Faults to blame.</p> + +<p>Thus you percieve the whole World is but in the Battle-dore, and +Lerning is in the Cradle, and the sayings of this Book, as Macroons to +invite her to the taking her Letters to keep up old custom. As +<i>Horas</i> [h]ath it in his first Sermon.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">24</span> + +<p class = "verse"> +——Pueris dant crustula blandi<br> +Doctores elementa velint ut discere prima.<br> + <br> +Kind Teachers give Boys Bun and Cake,<br> +Their Letters for to Learn them make.</p> + +<p>G is deaf in sign, not signifie, and g[h] in boug[h]t, broug[h]t, not +in coug[h], throug[h], enoug[h], w[h]ih is strangly spoken, stuff, +enoug[h], boug[h]s, enoug[h],<ins class = "correction" +title = "open parenthesis missing"> (</ins>corn enoug[h]) and sig[h]ed, and g[h]ed +spells [h]ead, if ec be not cast away; let k be g[h]a, else k (unless +for g[h]) as in back, stack, crack, would be a vain impertinent Letter, +and deserves (as suh) in an orderly Family to be cic’d out o’ th’ doors. +For our Battle-dore is a well-[g]overn’d SITY, w[h]ih shuts out all idle +impertinent persnz, as vagrants wit[h] t[h]eir extravagancies out o’ +t[h]’ Gates.</p> + +<p>H is vain, in Ghost, Sc[h]olar, not in Churh, but c is, t[h]erefore +it deserves to be turn’d out of doors, for loosing its good name, +[h]aving work enoug[h] to live of its trade, and is an Interlooper, +sounding one t[h]ing by its self, anot[h]er in word-spelling, that she +ma not be [h]onest by [h]er self, and a knave in company.</p> + +<p>L in will, bell, mall, full, and t[h]ousands more.</p> + +<p>M in gemm, stem, <i>&c</i>.</p> + +<p>N in Henry and proper names, as Normanton, Rependon, Donington. T[h]e +former n is un[h]eard.</p> + +<p>P in receipt, not except, and mig[h]t as well be left out, as in +deceit, conceit, of t[h]e same sin, so empty temptation.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">25</span> +S in isle, island, ass, as is uz, s single is as</p> + +<p>T in whitsunday, and watch, catch, clutch.</p> + +<p>U is turn’d into EV, Coventry, Daventry, Oven for Couentry, Dauntry, +Ouen, an eut; see Mr. <i>Dugdal</i>.</p> + +<p>So our <ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads ‘Letaers’">Letters</ins> +rat[h]er marr than mend our Language, w[h]en +wrong spell’d: but more Letters would do well in the Alfabet, (w[h]ih is +preparing) but fewer in most words to spell properly.</p> + +<p>We is us’d t[h]ree ways, as a vowel, as now, [h]ow, as a consonant in +we, went, as nothing, in know, show, and <ins class = "correction" title += "error for ‘bow’?">bo</ins>.</p> + +<p>Ye is us’d four ways, as a consonant, as yea, yes, as a long and +short vowel, as w[h]y, [h]oly and doubtful, as my, t[h]y, and as +not[h]ing in may day.</p> + +<p>W[h]en each Letter [h]at[h] but one meaning 1; the Reading is certain +as two and twenty one, one wants w, and two ma spare it.</p> + +<p>Z is scarce us’d in vain, but as many consonants are double to make a +short vowel, as Buzze, but is most us’d for s after all Letters but p, +c, t, for plurals and t[h]e like, s and z seem to cross one another, as +raze and raise, and x for z, as beaux.</p> + +<p>Since renoun’d Aut[h]ors of late [h]ave left out ugh, as t[h]oug[h] +and the like, writing t[h]o’, if they [h]ad left out w and y +superfluous, as know, row, da, t[h]are, and put out all vain letters, +and cambril the vowels, the idle Letters would never [h]ave come in +again.</p> + +<p>Now if Books were begun to be all printed by t[h]ese directions, +t[h]ey would make all other old books easier read, and more truly +pronounced, t[h]e false spelling being discover’d and amended.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">26</span> +But Letters are neither here nor there, for all this, in every circuit +there is something of a particular dialect, differing from the common +English, though the Western and Northern differ most.</p> + +<p>Now when we speak of altering the Letters, we alter not, but +establish and settle the known speech, which is no more but to alter or +remove the sign when it directedh to the wrong [h]ouse, but the Inn all +the while is the same. If one be in the North or West, he had best speak +as they do, that he may be readily understood, which is the end of +speech.</p> + +<p>We have corruptions enough in our Letters to corrupt all Languages +writ with them.</p> + +<p>If our Letters were thus Corrected, a stranger, or home-bred, might +learn as much English in a day, as otherwise in a month or more.</p> + +<p>Put nature in arts Cradle, and its <ins class = "correction" title = +"text reads ‘set in the ftox’">fet in the stox</ins>.</p> + +<p>There have been many changes of [G]overnment this hundred years, yet +the same errors rule, that we are, and no body for promisiz better.</p> + +<p>But what ails you to be so bitter against the Letters? Why I look at +them as the dark-house to lodge all our errors in, and a feather-bed, +where all, both errors and unknown sins may be lodg’d, therefore I pull +out the Straws out of your bolster, that I may let light into the house, +that you ma see you lodge in a thorn-bush instead of a feather-bed. But +I find, (God [h]elp us both) that at all final errors are friends of the +greater, that neither am I able by these letters to speak, nor you to +understand me by Writing. Nay no man is by old +<span class = "pagenum">27</span> +Letters able so much as to hint what he would have the new ones call’d, +but the old will insinuate their sufficiency.</p> + + +<hr class = "mid"> + + +<h5 class = "ital">The Fourth Part, of Instructions Instructed, or Light +out of Darkness.</h5> + +<p class = "hanging ital">The first Table, wherein the self-same sounds +are Spell’d by different Letters, first Right, and then Wrong.</p> + + +<p><span class = "firstword"><span class = "dropcap">A</span> +a</span>s a, Manna, Joshua, Asia, Judah, Hannah; why ma we not cast awa +the Hebrew He out of words, as well as the Latins and Greeks have done? +Day, say, their, they, fair. These Letters that be, not pronounc’d are +very wellcome to be gone, the door stands wide open.</p> + +<p>E, as be, the, Phebe, yea, weigh, key, holy. If propagating Error be +lawful, ’tis lawful to teach wrong.</p> + +<p>I, as Ivi; lie, lye, thy, why, thigh, buy, for the first might as +lawfully be spell’d like the last, as UYe I, as the last is wrong +spell’d, but more lawfully ma the last be spell’d as your first.</p> + +<p>O, do, no, so, to, right, tow, dough, Bowes, beau, sloe, <ins class = +"correction" title = "error for ‘flow’?">slow</ins>. (If u be pronounc’d +in <ins class = "correction" title = "error for ‘slow’?">flow</ins>, +’tis a diphthong, let u take its place) wrong.</p> + +<p>U, as tru, blue, Hugh, new, a singl u might stand for you (if it +please u) but not for your, beauty.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">28</span> +Ao, gaol, gaot, graot, goal, law, sauce, calf, scalp, caug[h]t, +taug[h]t.</p> + +<p>Al, as ale, fail, but, fayl in old Books.</p> + +<p>El, as kele, meale, seale, veil, and veal.</p> + +<p>Il, mile, isle, island, boile, pyle.</p> + +<p>Ol, mole, soul, coal, roll, poll.</p> + +<p>Ul, deul, the straig[h]test road, the shortest rule.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Sore against shins it goes to go about,<br> +Where you’ve but one road, you cannot go out.</p> + +<p>So âm, em, im, om, um, and an, en, in, on, un, as claim, p[h]legm, +rooms, [h]olmes, tombs, soveraign, foreigners, sign, groan, hewn.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Hav two strait lines from point to point you shall,<br> +* Pseudografy ageometrical. * <span class = +"plaintext">Bz.</span> </p> + +<p>So a, e, and sofort[h], before, before, r, s, t, z, bier, [h]ig[h]er, +bore, soar, four, lower, case, ace, raze, bass, peace, cease, rise, +price, justice, prose, sloce, prize, wise, eyes, lies, rise verb, sighs, +use, noun, truce, nose, foes, blows, use verb; suit, an <ins class = +"correction" title = "error for ‘event’?">evet</ins>: but s is us’d for +z too oft, the more intollerable; but z should be us’d when it makes a +distinction between noun and verb, as use, rise, abuse:</p> + +<p>Conceit wit[h]out receit, is mere deceit.</p> + +<p>Jams, gaol, Jo[h]n, goal, magistrate, majesty, geese, fleece, +sig[h]ed, [h]ead, sadled, glad, titled, clad, battled, know, frenh, +wensh, good, blood, wort[h], [h]unt, gentl, jear, rih, wit[h], city, +sit, scituate, year, be[h]aviour, Joshua, wa, now, noug[h]t.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">29</span> +S, as factious, precious, anctious, conscience, sho, fashion, +Je[h]oschua, these wi the help ov the Frenh, as quelque hose, and old +Authors ma be quadrupled all wrong.</p> + +<p>So x for ckes, as flax, stackes, sex, necks, six, stickes, fox, +rokes, flux, bucks.</p> + +<p>What spells g u g, q i c, [w] i h, +R e p n, s c o l r; if wrong +(w [h]as no business there) be plesant, rite, (gh [h]at[h] +not[h]ing to do t[h]ere) is plezantr, unless to please t[h]ose t[h]at +[h]ave t[h]eir wits wit[h]out ’em, will [h]ave t[h]e ears misled by +t[h]e eys, and t[h]e soul by t[h]e body, t[h]erefore<ins class = +"correction" title = "no open parenthesis in text"> (</ins>suppose +t[h]at t[h]ere are fashions for t[h]e soul as well as the body) in t[h]e +old Church Bible ov <i>K. J.</i> its [h]ye, now [h]ig[h]; so +formerly forainers, now foreigners, Rawley, Rawleigh, [h]ere’s wit with +a witness: But these are no more besides their wits, t[h]an t[h]ey are +wit[h]out their wits, t[h]at [h]ave t[h]eir wits wit[h]in t[h]em. These +that can, paint the vois, can limb out souls too. No doubt very Learn’d +men!</p> + +<p>You t[h]at understand t[h]e frets on t[h]e great Fidle, and wit[h]out +Gammut, can pric down proper sounds to words in visible shapes, +according to t[h]e nu fashion; pra take not awa the falals the old +Fat[h]ers put to t[h]eir words, lest posterity serve you no better, as +Hierom, Hierusalem, ripe, snite, knight, as haucer.</p> + +<p class = "pair ital"> +The time shall come that Doctors and Knights<br> +Shall be as common as Woodcox and Snites,</p> +<p class = "pair ital"> +With Crambo’s or Books ful many a score,<br> +As good as these you find, I’ll ad no more.</p> +<br> +<p class = "pair"> +<ins class = "correction" +title = "text unclear: may be ‘Epsti.’">Fpsti.</ins> +<i>Difficilia quæ pulchra.<br> +Hard to be dun, a dute iz sur dhe gratest bute.</i></p> + +<hr class = "mid"> + +<span class = "pagenum">30</span> +<h5 class = "ital">A Table of the self-same Leters, Spelling words ov a +far different sound.</h5> + + +<p>As with, with, bath, bathe, sith, sithe, both, both, loath, loath, +oath, oathes, smith, smithy, breath, of, off, then, yet, liveth or +liveth, joth or joth, mouth, mouth, path or path, wrath, wreath, faith +or faith, thy, thigh, this, thistle, thou, thousand, thank, they, them, +theame, thus, thunder, thine, thin, goal or goal, as afore, motion, +crimson, action, Acteon, singed, hanged, changed, shepherd, Shaphat, +dishonour, asham’d, bishop, mishap, character, charity, duckherd, +blockhead, Dutchess, gather, success, suggest, or suggest, or suggest, +or suggest, haov, rij, [w]heg and who, come, on, you know what I mean, +as well as [h]orses. War rod: scepter, sceptic, syllables, bless, +access, axes, oxen, Christ-cross, beaux, beauty, ancre, kernel, acres, +craz’d, threatned, knead, bootes, Bootes, winged, gnaw’d: th is cut of +from with, <i>cum</i>, after another of the same, at wi’ them.</p> + +<p>To Read English after the names ov the Letters, which is blameless, +max English as strang as to read after the French fashion; what would +become of Gire-eagle, wither, league, thing, Jehosaphat.</p> + +<p>Put an Apostrophe (call’d Swa in Hebru) between every two consonants +(<i>viz.</i> a short i) the spelling is discern’d as well as with a +touch-stone, that you may perseve easily that falsehood is not in good +earnest.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">31</span> +So george, gorge, Gomorrha, Esau, Hus or uz, Nubes, Ragau, Joshua, where +([V] [v]) is the first letter in the four first, middlemost in fist, +a in the last all wrong. That no wonder if the Bible Translators +took up the blanket, and left the Child behind ’em, when St. Hierom +says, the Hebrew Letters are not to be exprest by the Western figures +(I think truly) And for want of axents Church-Readers wickedly +miscall Bible-words, as Theobulus, Jericho, Goliah, Cæsarea, +a Decapolis, Penacutes or Prepenacutes, also Haggi four ways.</p> + +<p>A duble Letter in Hebrew of the same sort, being dageshed, prevents +all mistakes, as <span title = "[Hebrew] Heggai">הגּי</span> So <ins +class += "correction" title = "error for _“[G]od’es”_?">’[G]od”es”</ins> for +the Goddesses.</p> + +<p>But for example sake, as far as any thing can really be exprest by +English Letters, without bodging patching, or bungling balderdash or +barbarous gallimofry of our Romantic Letters, obscurer than the Egiptian +Hieroglifix. I will subscribe an old saing in English, as easy as +any thing, if custom and fashion <ins class = "correction" +title = "text unclear">tnu</ins> it:</p> + +<p class = "pair ital"> +An As an Mul carrid Runlets ov Wine,<br> +But d’ Ass did gron undr er burdn gret:</p> +<p class = "pair ital"> +Qo’d’ Mul, Modr, wat al u dus to win?<br> +And under your lijt lod so sor to swet?</p> +<p class = "pair ital"> +Ist dubl ber if I tac won ov din.<br> +Wijst ber a lic if dau tac won ov min.</p> +<p class = "verse ital"> +Pride cind Gometer do us dis fet.</p> + +<p><i><ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads ‘Doctrida’">Doctrina</ins> +non habet inimicum præter ignorantem.</i></p> + +<p class = "verse ital"> +Of erudition dher’s no sircumstans<br> +Hadh ani enimi but ignorans.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">32</span> + +<p class = "hanging ital"> +But ’premisses rightly understood desier the exhibition of a compleat +Alfebet, to read English as easily as [G]reek; therefore I shall end +this Book wi’ the first Letter ov the ensuing Batl-dur.</p> + +<p> +[A] [a] A a B b <ins class = "correction" title = +"text unchanged: error for ‘D d [D] [c]’ or ‘[D] [c] D d’?">[D] d +D [c]</ins> E e F f G g [G] [g] H h [Y] [h] I i J j C c +K k<ins class = "correction" +title = "‘L l’ missing (see Introduction)"> </ins>[F] +[f] M m N n [V] [v] O o P p Q q R r S s [J] [j] T t [T] [t] U u V v W w +[W] [w] X x Y y<ins class = "correction" title = +"capital Z missing"> z </ins>&. †</p> + +<p class = "mynote"> +<a name = "txt_alpha" id = "txt_alpha" href = "#alt_alpha">With +letter-substitution</a></p> + + +<h4 class = "extended">FINIS.</h4> + + + + +<hr> + +<h4><a name = "augustan" id = "augustan">William Andrews Clark Memorial +Library: University of California</a></h4> + +<h2 class = "smallcaps">The Augustan Reprint Society</h2> + +<p align = "center"><i>General Editors</i></p> + +<table class = "editors" summary = "ARS editors"> +<tr> +<td> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">R. C. Boys</span><br> +University of Michigan</p> +</td> +<td> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vinton A. Dearing</span><br> +University of California, Los Angeles</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ralph Cohen</span><br> +University of California, Los Angeles</p> +</td> +<td> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Lawrence Clark Powell</span><br> +Wm. Andrews Clark Memorial Library</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><br> +<p><i>Corresponding Secretary:</i> Mrs. <span class = "smallcaps">Edna +C. Davis</span>, Wm. Andrews Clark Memorial Library</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">The Society</span> exists to make available +inexpensive reprints (usually facsimile reproductions) of rare +seventeenth and eighteenth century works. The editorial policy of the +Society remains unchanged. As in the past, the editors welcome +suggestions concerning publications. All income of the Society is +devoted to defraying cost of publication and mailing.</p> + +<p>All correspondence concerning subscriptions in the United States and +Canada should be addressed to the William Andrews Clark Memorial +Library, 2205 West Adams Boulevard, Los Angeles 18, California. +Correspondence concerning editorial matters may be addressed to any of +the general editors. The membership fee is $3.00 a year for subscribers +in the United States and Canada and 15/- for subscribers in Great +Britain and Europe. British and European subscribers should address +B. H. Blackwell, Broad Street, Oxford, England.</p> + +<p class = "dec long"> </p> + +<div class = "publications"> <!--all <p> hanging --> + +<p align = "center">Publications for the twelfth year [1957-58]</p> + +<p class = "plain" align = "center"> +(At least six items, most of them from the<br> +following list, will be reprinted.)</p> + +<p>Henry Fielding, <i>The Voyages of Mr. Job Vinegar</i> (1740). +Introduction by Sam Sackett.</p> + +<p>William Herbert, Third Earl of Pembroke, <i>Poems</i> (1660). +Introduction by Gaby Onderwyzer.</p> + +<p><i>An Historical View of the Political Writers of Great Britain</i> +(1740). Introduction by Robert L. Haig.</p> + +<p>Francis Hutcheson, <i>Essays on Laughter</i> (1729).</p> + +<p>Samuel Johnson, <i>Notes to Shakespeare, Vol. III, Tragedies</i>. +Edited by Arthur Sherbo.</p> + +<p>Richard Savage, <i>An Author to be Let</i> (1732). Introduction by +James Sutherland.</p> + +<p>Elkanah Settle, <i>The Notorious Impostor</i> (1692). Introduction by +Spiro Peterson.</p> + +<p><i>Seventeenth Century Tales of the Supernatural</i>. Selected, with +an Introduction, by Isabel M. Westcott.</p> + +<p class = "plain"> +Publications for the first eleven years (with the exception of Nos. 1-6, +which are out of print) are available at the rate of $3.00 a year. +Prices for individual numbers may be obtained by writing to the +Society.</p> + +</div> + +<p class = "dec short"> </p> + +<h5 class = "extended">THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY</h5> + +<h6 class = "extended ital">WILLIAM ANDREWS CLARK MEMORIAL LIBRARY</h6> + +<h6 class = "smallcaps">2205 West Adams Boulevard, Los Angeles 18, +California</h6> + +<p class = "smaller" align = "center">Make check or money order payable +to <span class = "smallcaps">The Regents of the University of +California</span>.</p> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<div class = "publications"> + +<h4>PUBLICATIONS OF THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY</h4> + +<div class = "mynote"> +Transcriber’s Note:<br> +Many of the listed titles are available from Project Gutenberg. Where +possible, links are included. +</div> + +<p><b>First Year (1946-1947)</b></p> + +<p>Numbers 1-6 out of print.</p> + +<div class = "mynote"> +<p>Titles:</p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/13484">1.</a> +Richard Blackmore’s <i>Essay upon Wit</i> (1716), +and Addison’s <i>Freeholder</i> No. 45 (1716).</p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14973">2.</a> +Anon., <i>Essay on Wit</i> (1748), together with Characters by Flecknoe, +and Joseph Warton’s <i>Adventurer</i> Nos. 127 and 133.</p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14047">3.</a> +Anon., <i>Letter to A. H. Esq.; concerning the Stage</i> (1698), and +Richard Willis’ <i>Occasional Paper</i> No. IX (1698).</p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14528">4.</a> +Samuel Cobb’s <i>Of Poetry</i> and <i>Discourse +on Criticism</i> (1707).</p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/16506">5.</a> +Samuel Wesley’s <i>Epistle to a Friend Concerning Poetry</i> (1700) +and <i>Essay on Heroic Poetry</i> (1693).</p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/15656">6.</a> +Anon., <i>Representation of the Impiety and Immorality of the Stage</i> +(1704) and anon., <i>Some Thoughts Concerning the Stage</i> (1704). +</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Second Year (1947-1948)</b></p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14800">7.</a> +John Gay’s <i>The Present State of Wit</i> (1711); and a section on Wit +from <i>The English Theophrastus</i> (1702).</p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14495">8.</a> +Rapin’s <i>De Carmine Pastorali</i>, translated by Creech(1684).</p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14899">9.</a> +T. Hanmer’s(?) <i>Some Remarks on the Tragedy of Hamlet</i> (1736).</p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/16233">10.</a> +Corbyn Morris’ <i>Essay towards Fixing the True Standards of Wit, +etc.</i> (1744).</p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/15313">11.</a> +Thomas Purney’s <i>Discourse on the Pastoral</i> (1717).</p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/16335">12.</a> +Essays on the Stage, selected, with an Introduction by Joseph Wood +Krutch.</p> + + +<p><b>Third Year (1948-1949)</b></p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/15999">13.</a> +Sir John Falstaff (pseud.), <i>The Theatre</i> (1720).</p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/16267">14.</a> +Edward Moore’s <i>The Gamester</i>(1753).</p> + +<p> +<ins class = "correction" title = "in preparation">15.</ins> +John Oldmixon’s <i>Reflections on Dr. Swift’s Letter to Harley</i> +(1712); and Arthur Mainwaring’s <i>The British Academy</i> (1712).</p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/16916">16.</a> +Nevil Payne’s <i>Fatal Jealousy</i> (1673).</p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/16275">17.</a> +Nicholas Rowe’s <i>Some Account of the Life of Mr. William +Shakespeare</i> (1709).</p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/15870">18.</a> +“Of Genius,” in <i>The Occasional Paper</i>, Vol. III, No. 10 +(1719); and Aaron Hill’s Preface to <i>The Creation</i> (1720).</p> + + +<p><b>Fourth Year (1949-1950)</b></p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/16740">19.</a> +Susanna Centlivre’s <i>The Busie Body</i> (1709).</p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/16346">20.</a> +Lewis Theobold’s <i>Preface to The Works of Shakespeare</i> (1734).</p> + +<p> +21. <i>Critical Remarks on Sir Charles Grandison, Clarissa, and +Pamela</i> (1754).</p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/13350">22.</a> +Samuel Johnson’s <i>The Vanity of Human Wishes</i> (1749) and Two +<i>Rambler</i> papers (1750).</p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/15074">23.</a> +John Dryden’s <i>His Majesties Declaration Defended</i> (1681).</p> + +<p>24. Pierre Nicole’s <i>An Essay on True and Apparent Beauty in Which +from Settled Principles is Rendered the Grounds for Choosing and +Rejecting Epigrams</i>, translated by J. V. Cunningham.</p> + + +<p><b>Fifth Year (1950-1951)</b></p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14467">25.</a> +Thomas Baker’s <i>The Fine Lady’s Airs</i> (1709).</p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14463">26.</a> +Charles Macklin’s <i>The Man of the World</i> (1792).</p> + +<p>27. Out of print.</p> + +<div class = "mynote"> +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/13485">27.</a> +Frances Reynolds’ <i>An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Taste, and +of the Origin of Our Ideas of Beauty, etc.</i> (1785).</p></div> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/17833">28.</a> +John Evelyn’s <i>An Apologie for the Royal Party</i> (1659); and +<i>A Panegyric to Charles the Second</i> (1661).</p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14084">29.</a> +Daniel Defoe’s <i>A Vindication of the Press</i> (1718).</p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/13464">30.</a> +Essays on Taste from John Gilbert Cooper’s <i>Letters Concerning +Taste</i>, 3rd edition (1757), & John Armstrong’s +<i>Miscellanies</i> (1770).</p> + +<p><b>Sixth Year</b></p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/15409">31.</a> +Thomas Gray, <i>Elegy in a Country Church Yard</i> (1751); and <i>The +Eton College Manuscript</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14525">32.</a> +Prefaces to Fiction; Georges de Scudéry’s Preface to <i>Ibrahim</i> +(1674), etc.</p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/16299">33.</a> +Henry Gally’s <i>A Critical Essay</i> on Characteristic-Writings +(1725).</p> + +<p>34. Thomas Tyers’ A Biographical Sketch of Dr. Samuel <ins class = +"correction" title = "text reads ‘Johson’">Johnson</ins> (1785).</p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/15857">35.</a> +James Boswell, Andrew Erskine, and George Dempster. <i>Critical +Strictures on the New Tragedy of Elvira, Written by Mr. David Malloch +<ins class = "correction" +title = "date italicized in original">(1763)</ins>.</i></p> + +<p> +<ins class = "correction" title = "in preparation">36.</ins> +Joseph Harris’s <i>The City Bride</i> (1696).</p> + + +<p><b>Seventh Year (1952-1953)</b></p> + +<p>37. Thomas Morrison’s <i>A Pindarick Ode on Painting</i> (1767).</p> + +<p>38. John Phillips’ <i>A Satyr Against Hypocrites</i> (1655).</p> + +<p>39. Thomas Warton’s <i>A History of English Poetry</i>.</p> + +<p>40. Edward Bysshe’s <i>The Art of English Poetry</i> (1708).</p> + +<p>41. Bernard Mandeville’s “A Letter to Dion” (1732).</p> + +<p>42. Prefaces to Four Seventeenth-Century Romances.</p> + + +<p><b>Eighth Year (1953-1954)</b></p> + +<p>43. John Baillie’s <i>An Essay on the Sublime</i> (1747).</p> + +<p>44. Mathias Casimire Sarbiewski’s <i>The Odes of Casimire</i>, +Translated by G. Hils (1646).</p> + +<p>45. John Robert Scott’s <i>Dissertation on the Progress of the Fine +Arts</i>.</p> + +<p>46. Selections from Seventeenth Century Songbooks.</p> + +<p>47. Contemporaries of the <i>Tatler</i> and <i>Spectator</i>.</p> + +<p>48. Samuel Richardson’s Introduction to <i>Pamela</i>.</p> + + +<p><b>Ninth Year (1954-1955)</b></p> + +<p>49. Two St. Cecilia’s Day Sermons (1696-1697).</p> + +<p>50. Hervey Aston’s <i>A Sermon Before the Sons of the Clergy</i> +(1745).</p> + +<p>51. Lewis Maidwell’s <i>An Essay upon the Necessity and Excellency of +Education</i> (1705).</p> + +<p>52. Pappity Stampoy’s <i>A Collection of Scotch Proverbs</i> +(1663).</p> + +<p>53. Urian Oakes’ <i>The Soveraign Efficacy of Divine Providence</i> +(1682).</p> + +<p>54. Mary Davys’ <i>Familiar Letters Betwixt a Gentlemen and a +Lady</i> (1725).</p> + + +<p><b>Tenth Year (1955-1956)</b></p> + +<p>55. Samuel Say’s <i>An Essay on the Harmony, Variety, and Power of +Numbers</i> (1745).</p> + +<p>56. <i>Theologia Ruris, sive Schola & Scala Naturae</i> +(1686).</p> + +<p>57. Henry Fielding’s <i>Shamela</i> (1741).</p> + +<p>58. Eighteenth Century Book Illustrations.</p> + +<p>59. Samuel Johnson’s <i>Notes to Shakespeare</i>. Vol. I, +Comedies, Part I.</p> + +<p>60. Samuel Johnson’s <i>Notes to Shakespeare</i>. Vol. I, +Comedies, Part II.</p> + + +<p><b>Eleventh Year (1956-1957)</b></p> + +<p> +<a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/15329">61.</a> +Elizabeth Elstob’s <i>An Apology for the Study of Northern +Antiquities</i> (1715)</p> + +<p>62. <i>Two Funeral Sermons</i> (1635)</p> + +<p>63. <i>Parodies of Ballad Criticism</i> (1711-1787)</p> + +<p>64. <i>Prefaces to Three Eighteenth Century Novels</i> (1708, 1751, +1797)</p> + +<p>65. Samuel Johnson’s <i>Notes to Shakespeare</i>. Vol. II, Histories, +Part I.</p> + +<p>66. Samuel Johnson’s <i>Notes to Shakespeare</i>. Vol. II, Histories, +Part II.</p> + +</div> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<div class = "notes"> + +<h4><a name = "trans" id = "trans">Transcriber’s Annotations</a></h4> + +<div class = "footnote"> + +<p><a name = "note_A" id = "note_A" href = "#tag_A">A.</a> +The printed text uses 26 ordinary English letters, distinguishing +between <b>i</b> and <b>j</b> and between <b>u</b> and <b>v</b>. It also +uses ſ (long <b>s</b>).</p> + +<p><a name = "note_B" id = "note_B" href = "#tag_B">B.</a> +The Hebrew terms are usually written קרי (Keri) and כתיב (Kethiv).</p> + +<p><a name = "note_C" id = "note_C" href = "#tag_C">C.</a> +The “herb Gohn” is probably St. John’s Wort, which can be made into a +mash or “porridge”.</p> +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/page15.png" width = "371" height = "55" +alt = "partial page image" title = "partial page image"> +</p> + +<p><a name = "note_D" id = "note_D" href = "#tag_D">D.</a> +Text unchanged. The preceding paragraph implies “m'l” or “mıl” +(dotless i, or i without “tittle”) in the first line, “m—l” +in the second.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_E" id = "note_E" href = "#tag_E">E.</a> +“Taurus” (astrological symbol ♉) refers to the “ou” ligature +(ȣ, or upsilon balanced atop omicron) used in printed Greek.</p> + +</div> + +<h4 class = "section"><a name = "alternative" id = +"alternative">Alternative Text</a></h4> + +<p>On page 8 the author writes:</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +... we want to borrow Two letters of the Greek, <i>Gama</i>, and +<i>Theta</i>, and Four of the Hebrew, <i>Thaleth</i>, <i>He</i>, +<i>Aim</i>, and <i>Shin</i> ...</p> + +<p>It is not clear whether he intended to use the actual Greek and +Hebrew +letters where the printed text shows upside-down Roman letters.</p> + +<p>The substitutions would be (note that [c] is used for [d] and [Y] +for [H]):</p> + +<table class = "chart left" summary = "letter substitutions"> +<tr> +<td>[D] [c]</td> +<td>“thaleth” ד</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>[G] [g]</td> +<td>“gama” Γ</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>[Y] [h]</td> +<td>he ה</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>[J] [j]</td> +<td>shin ש</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>[V] [v]</td> +<td>“aim” (ayin) ע</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>[T] [t]</td> +<td>theta Θ</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>[w] [f] [a] [r]</td> +<td><i>author’s intention unclear</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name = "alt_gotham" id = "alt_gotham" href = "#txt_gotham"><b>Page +8</b></a>, “Gothám” paragraph, with silent correction of apparent +typographic errors:</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Gôtham, Γôtham, Gótham, Γótham, Gôθam, Γôθam, Góθam, Γóθam, +Gôדam, Γôדam, Góדam, Γóדam, Gothâm, Γothâm, Gothám, Γothám, +Goθâm, Γoθâm, Goθám, Γoθám, Goדâm, Γoדâm, Goדám, Γoדám.</p> + +<p><a name = "alt_chart" id = "alt_chart" href = "#txt_chart"><b>Page +21</b></a>, “A Rule useful for School-Teachers,” with conjectural +corrections:</p> + +<table class = "chart center" summary = "alphabet chart"> +<tr> +<td>B</td> +<td>Γ</td> +<td>D</td> +<td>V</td> +<td>G</td> +<td>J</td> +<td>Z</td> +<td>ד</td> +<td><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads [C]">ה</ins></td> +<td>[R]</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "10">For</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>P</td> +<td>C</td> +<td><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads [T] (Θ)">T</ins></td> +<td>F</td> +<td>H</td> +<td>ש</td> +<td>S</td> +<td>Θ</td> +<td>K</td> +<td>R</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name = "alt_poem" id = "alt_poem" href = "#txt_poem"><b>Page +22</b></a>, entire poem. Line-initial Dalet ד is shown as Delta Δ to +avoid script-direction confusion in some computers. The letter-sequences +<i>tn</i> and <i>tl</i> may represent <i>kn</i> (knave, know) and +<i>kl</i>/<i>cl</i>.</p> + +<p class = "pair"> +Mad C w’ד s spelz sound דe sàm, <i>Stilo novo</i>.<br> +Betráz q h and k.</p> +<p class = "pair"> +Desetfule deniz its nam,<br> +And s doד it betra.</p> +<p class = "pair"> +Dissembliע C wiד nidles vot,<br> +Ov ridiע brex דe nec.</p> +<p class = "pair"> +Unles it הav a proper nam,<br> +And spelliע suits wiד C.</p> +<p class = "pair"> +C γivz an il exampl,<br> +And iz a tripl tnav: CCC ERAS. Ad.</p> +<p class = "pair"> +On gustis it doד trampl,<br> +Scab’d for aol הer aolz brav.</p> +<p class = "pair"> +Ov sierz דe blind ledr iz:<br> +Δe ded דe liviע rul. ARISTOF.</p> +<p class = "pair"> +And wot a tirsum tasc iz דis<br> +To wat upon a Fuul?</p> +<p class = "pair"> +Larg הausn הav wi in larg taunz,<br> +And largr hevnle buux:</p> +<p class = "pair"> +Larg Cots and Tlox הav wi and Γaunz,<br> +Aur fit in leθr stox.</p> +<p class = "pair"> +It nivr iz tuu lat to θriv,<br> +Nor to invenשonz ad:</p> +<p class = "pair"> +For Silvr auns wi raדr striv,<br> +Δun mane paundz ov Led.</p> +<p class = "pair"> +Nau דat I ma u trule si,<br> +Sertante to mi sa:</p> +<p class = "pair"> +If lic u sim and no frend be,<br> +Non ledz mi wursr wa.</p> +<p class = "pair"> +In cruuced waz דis aol iz il,<br> +Men tno not דat דa er.</p> +<p class = "pair"> +And דat men luv darcnes stil,<br> +No faot in endless fir.</p> + +<p><a name = "alt_alpha" id = "alt_alpha" href = "#txt_alpha"><b>Page +32</b></a>, full alphabet:</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +[A] [a] A a B b D d ד E e F f G g Γ γ H h ה I i J j C c +K k [F] [f] M m N n ע O o P p Q q R r S s ש T t Θ θ U u +V v W w [W] [w] X x Y y z &. †</p> + +<p>[A] [a], [F] [f] and [W] [w] are not explained in the text. +[F] occurs in place of L, which seems to have been omitted by mistake, +as noted in the Introduction. Capital Z is missing.</p> + +<h4 class = "section"><a name = "nottingham" id = "nottingham"> +John Wild</a></h4> + +<p>A more recent candidate for “G. W.” is John Wild, whose name appears +on this 1710 broadsheet:</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/nottingham_small.png" width = "455" height = "835" +alt = "broadside" title = "Nottingham Printing"> +</p> + +<h5><a href = "images/nottingham_large.png">larger view</a></h5> + +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Magazine, or Animadversions on the +English Spelling (1703), by G. 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