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diff --git a/old/20110-8.txt b/old/20110-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 52df21d..0000000 --- a/old/20110-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16437 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, Canada: the Empire of the North, by Agnes C. -Laut - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - - - - -Title: Canada: the Empire of the North - Being the Romantic Story of the New Dominion's Growth from Colony to Kingdom - - -Author: Agnes C. Laut - - - -Release Date: December 14, 2006 [eBook #20110] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANADA: THE EMPIRE OF THE NORTH*** - - -E-text prepared by Al Haines - - - -Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this - file which includes the original illustrations. - See 20110-h.htm or 20110-h.zip: - (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/0/1/1/20110/20110-h/20110-h.htm) - or - (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/0/1/1/20110/20110-h.zip) - - -Transcriber's note: - - Page numbers in this book are indicated by numbers enclosed - in curly braces, e.g. {99}. They have been located where page - breaks occurred in the original book. For its Index, a page - number has been placed only at the start of that section. - - - - - -CANADA - -THE EMPIRE OF THE NORTH - -Being the Romantic Story of the - New Dominion's Growth from - Colony to Kingdom - -by - -AGNES C. LAUT - -Author of "The Conquest of the Great North-West" "Lords of the North," -Etc. - - - - - - - - -[Frontispiece: Map of Western Canada] - - - -Boston and London -Ginn and Company, Publishers -1909 -Copyright, 1909, by Agnes C. Laut -Entered at Stationers' Hall -All Rights Reserved - - - - -PREFACE - -To re-create the shadowy figures of the heroic past, to clothe the dead -once more in flesh and blood, to set the puppets of the play in life's -great dramas again upon the stage of action,--frankly, this may not be -formal history, but it is what makes the past most real to the present -day. Pictures of men and women, of moving throngs and heroic episodes, -stick faster in the mind than lists of governors and arguments on -treaties. Such pictures may not be history, but they breathe life into -the skeletons of the past. - -Canada's past is more dramatic than any romance ever penned. The story -of that past has been told many times and in many volumes, with far -digressions on Louisiana and New England and the kingcraft of Europe. -The trouble is, the story has not been told in one volume. Too much -has been attempted. To include the story of New England wars and -Louisiana's pioneer days, the story of Canada itself has been either -cramped or crowded. To the eastern writer, Canada's history has been -the record of French and English conflict. To him there has been -practically no Canada west of the Great Lakes; and in order to tell the -intrigue of European tricksters, very often the writer has been -compelled to exclude the story of the Canadian people,--meaning by -people the breadwinners, the toilers, rather than the governing -classes. Similarly, to the western writer, Canada meant the Hudson's -Bay Company. As for the Pacific coast, it has been almost ignored in -any story of Canada. - -Needless to say, a complete history of a country as vast as Canada, -whose past in every section fairly teems with action, could not be -crowded into one volume. To give even the story {iv} of Canada's most -prominent episodes and actors is a matter of rigidly excluding the -extraneous. - -All that has been attempted here is such a story--_story, not -history_--of the romance and adventure in Canada's nation building as -will give the casual reader knowledge of the country's past, and how -that past led along a trail of great heroism to the destiny of a -Northern Empire. This volume is in no sense formal history. There -will be found in it no such lists of governors with dates appended, of -treaties with articles running to the fours and eights and tens, of -battles grouped with dates, as have made Canadian history a nightmare -to children. - -It is only such a story as boys and girls may read, or the hurried -business man on the train, who wants to know "what was doing" in the -past; and it is mainly a story of men and women and things doing. - -I have not given at the end of each chapter the list of authorities -customary in formal history. At the same time it is hardly necessary -to say I have dug most rigorously down to original sources for facts; -and of secondary authorities, from _Pierre Boucher, his Book_, to -modern reprints of _Champlain and L'Escarbot_, there are not any I have -not consulted more or less. Especially am I indebted to the -_Documentary History of New York_, sixteen volumes, bearing on early -border wars; to _Documents Relatifs à la Nouvelle France, Quebec_; to -the _Canadian Archives_ since 1886; to the special historical issues of -each of the eastern provinces; and to the monumental works of Dr. -Kingsford. Nearly all the places described are from frequent visits or -from living on the spot. - - - - -{v} - -INTRODUCTION - -"The Twentieth century belongs to Canada." - -The prediction of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Premier of the Dominion, seems -likely to have bigger fulfillment than Canadians themselves realize. -What does it mean? - -Canada stands at the same place in the world's history as England stood -in the Golden Age of Queen Elizabeth--on the threshold of her future as -a great nation. Her population is the same, about seven million. Her -mental attitude is similar, that of a great awakening, a consciousness -of new strength, an exuberance of energy biting on the bit to run the -race; mellowed memory of hard-won battles against tremendous odds in -the past; for the future, a golden vision opening on vistas too far to -follow. They dreamed pretty big in the days of Queen Elizabeth, but -they did n't dream big enough for what was to come; and they are -dreaming pretty big up in Canada to-day, but it is hard to forecast the -future when a nation the size of all Europe is setting out on the -career of her world history. - -To put it differently: Canada's position is very much the same to-day -as the United States' a century ago. Her population is about seven -million. The population of the United States was seven million in -1810. One was a strip of isolated settlements north and south along -the Atlantic seaboard; the other, a string of provinces east and west -along the waterways that ramify from the St. Lawrence. Both possessed -and were flanked by vast unexploited territory the size of Russia; the -United States by a Louisiana, Canada by the Great Northwest. What the -Civil War did for the United States, Confederation did for the Canadian -provinces--welded them into a nation. The parallel need not be carried -farther. If the same development {vi} follows Confederation in Canada -as followed the Civil War in the United States, the twentieth century -will witness the birth and growth of a world power. - -To no one has the future opening before Canada come as a greater -surprise than to Canadians themselves. A few years ago such a claim as -the Premier's would have been regarded as the effusions of the -after-dinner speaker. While Canadian politicians were hoping for the -honor of being accorded colonial place in the English Parliament, they -suddenly awakened to find themselves a nation. They suddenly realized -that history, and big history, too, was in the making. Instead of -Canada being dependent on the Empire, the Empire's most far-seeing -statesmen were looking to Canada for the strength of the British -Empire. No longer is there a desire among Canadians for place in the -Parliament at Westminster. With a new empire of their own to develop, -equal in size to the whole of Europe, Canadian public men realize they -have enough to do without taking a hand in European affairs. - -As the different Canadian provinces came into Confederation they were -like beads on a string a thousand miles apart. First were the Maritime -Provinces, with western bounds touching the eastern bounds of Quebec, -but in reality with the settlements of New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, -and Prince Edward Island separated from the settlements of Quebec by a -thousand miles of untracked forest. Only the Ottawa River separated -Quebec from Ontario, but one province was French, the other English, -aliens to each other in religion, language, and customs. A thousand -miles of rock-bound, winter-bound wastes lay between Ontario and the -scattered settlement of Red River in Manitoba. Not an interest was in -common between the little province of the middle west and her sisters -to the east. Then prairie land came for a thousand miles, and -mountains for six hundred miles, before reaching the Pacific province -of British Columbia, more completely cut off from other parts of Canada -than from Mexico or Panama. In fact, it would have been easier for -British Columbia to trade with Mexico and Panama than with the rest of -Canada. - -{vii} To bind these far-separated patches of settlement, oases in a -desert of wilds, into a nation was the object of the union known as -Confederation. But a nation can live only as it trades what it draws -from the soil. Naturally, the isolated provinces looked for trade to -the United States, just across an invisible boundary. It seemed absurd -that the Canadian provinces should try to trade with each other, a -thousand miles apart, rather than with the United States, a stone's -throw from the door of each province. But the United States erected a -tariff wall that Canada could not climb. The struggling Dominion was -thrown solely on herself, and set about the giant task of linking the -provinces together, building railroads from Atlantic to Pacific, canals -from tide water to the Great Lakes. In actual cash this cost Canada -four hundred million dollars, not counting land grants and private -subscriptions for stock, which would bring up the cost of binding the -provinces together to a billion. This was a staggering burden for a -country with smaller population than Greater New York--a burden as big -as Japan and Russia assumed for their war; but, like war, the -expenditure was a fight for national existence. Without the railroads -and canals, the provinces could not have been bound together into a -nation. - -These were Canada's pioneer days, when she was spending more than she -was earning, when she bound herself down to grinding poverty and big -risks and hard tasks. It was a long pull, and a hard pull; but it was -a pull altogether. That was Canada's seed time; this is her harvest. -That was her night work, when she toiled, while other nations slept; -now is the awakening, when the world sees what she was doing. Railroad -man, farmer, miner, manufacturer, all had the same struggle, the big -outlay of labor and money at first, the big risk and no profit, the -long period of waiting. - -Canada was laying her foundations of yesterday for the superstructure -of prosperity to-day and to-morrow--the New Empire. - -When one surveys the country as a whole, the facts are so big they are -bewildering. - -{viii} In the first place, the area of the Dominion is within a few -thousand miles of as large as all Europe. To be more specific, you -could spread the surface of Italy and Spain and Turkey and Greece and -Austria over eastern Canada, and you would still have an area uncovered -in the east alone bigger than the German Empire. England spread flat -on the surface of Eastern Canada would just serve to cover the Maritime -Provinces nicely, leaving uncovered Quebec, which is a third bigger -than Germany; Ontario, which is bigger than France; and Labrador -(Ungava), which is about the size of Austria. - -In the west you could spread the British Isles out flat, and you would -not cover Manitoba--with her new boundaries extending to Hudson Bay. -It would take a country the size of France to cover the province of -Saskatchewan, a country larger than Germany to cover Alberta, two -countries the size of Germany to cover British Columbia and the Yukon, -and there would still be left uncovered the northern half of the -West--an area the size of European Russia. - -No Old World monarch from William the Conqueror to Napoleon could boast -of such a realm. People are fond of tracing ancestry back to feudal -barons of the Middle Ages. What feudal baron of the Middle Ages, or -Lord of the Outer Marches, was heir to such heritage as Canada may -claim? Think of it! Combine all the feudatory domains of the Rhine -and the Danube, you have not so vast an estate as a single western -province. Or gather up all the estates of England's midland counties -and eastern shires and borderlands, you have not enough land to fill -one of Canada's inland seas,--Lake Superior. - -If there were a population in eastern Canada equal to France,--and -Quebec alone would support a population equal to France,--and in -Manitoba equal to the British Isles, and in Saskatchewan equal to -France, and in Alberta equal to Germany, and in British Columbia equal -to Germany,--ignoring Yukon, Mackenzie River, Keewatin, and Labrador, -taking only those parts of Canada where climate has been tested and -lands surveyed,--Canada would support two hundred million people. - -{ix} The figures are staggering, but they are not half so improbable as -the actual facts of what has taken place in the United States. -America's population was acquired against hard odds. There were no -railroads when the movement to America began. The only ocean goers -were sailboats of slow progress and great discomfort. In Europe was -profound ignorance regarding America; to-day all is changed. Canada -begins where the United States left off. The whole world is gridironed -with railroads. Fast Atlantic liners offer greater comfort to the -emigrant than he has known at home. Ignorance of America has given -place to almost romantic glamour. Just when the free lands of the -United States are exhausted and the government is putting up bars to -keep out the immigrant, Canada is in a position to open her doors wide. -Less than a fortieth of the entire West is inhabited. Of the Great -Clay Belt of North Ontario only a patch on the southern edge is -populated. The same may be said of the Great Forest Belt of Quebec. -These facts are the magnet that will attract the immigrant to Canada. -The United States wants no more immigrants. - -And the movement to Canada has begun. To her shores are thronging the -hosts of the Old World's dispossessed, in multitudes greater than any -army that ever marched to conquest under Napoleon. When the history of -America comes to be written in a hundred years, it will not be the -record of a slaughter field with contending nations battling for the -mastery, or generals wading to glory knee-deep in blood. It will be an -account of the most wonderful race movement, the most wonderful -experiment in democracy the world has known. - -The people thronging to Canada for homes, who are to be her nation -builders, are people crowded out of their home lands, who had n't room -for the shoulder swing manhood and womanhood need to carve out -honorable careers. Look at them in the streets of London, or Glasgow, -or Dublin, or Berlin, these _émigrés_, as the French called their -royalists, whom revolution drove from home, and I think the word -_émigré_ is a truer description of the newcomer to Canada than the word -"emigrant." They are {x} poor, they are desperately poor, so poor that -a month's illness or a shut-down of the factory may push them from -poverty to the abyss. They are thrifty, but can neither earn nor save -enough to feel absolutely sure that the hollow-eyed specter of Want may -not seize them by the throat. They are willing to work, so eager to -work that at the docks and the factory gates they trample and jostle -one another for the chance to work. They are the underpinnings, the -underprops of an old system, these _émigrés_, by which the masses were -expected to toil for the benefit of the classes. - -"It's all the average man or woman is good for," says the Old Order, -"just a day's wage representing bodily needs." - -"Wait," says the New Order. "Give him room! Give him an opportunity! -Give him a full stomach to pump blood to his muscles and life to his -brain! Wait and see! If he fails _then_, let him drop to the bottom -of the social pit without stop of poorhouse or help!" - -A penniless immigrant boy arrives in New York. First he peddles -peanuts, then he trades in a half-huckster way whatever comes to hand -and earns profits. Presently he becomes a fur trader and invests his -savings in real estate. Before that man dies, he has a monthly income -equal to the yearly income of European kings. That man's name was John -Jacob Astor. - -Or a young Scotch boy comes out on a sailing vessel to Canada. For a -score of years he is an obscure clerk at a distant trading post in -Labrador. He comes out of the wilds to take a higher position as land -commissioner. Presently he is backing railroad ventures of tremendous -cost and tremendous risk. Within thirty years from the time he came -out of the wilds penniless, that man possesses a fortune equal to the -national income of European kingdoms. The man's name is Lord -Strathcona. - -Or a hard-working coal miner emigrates to Canada. The man has brains -as well as hands. Other coal miners emigrate at the same time, but -this man is as keen as a razor in foresight and care. From coal miner -he becomes coal manager, from manager {xi} operator, from operator -owner, and dies worth a fortune that the barons of the Middle Ages -would have drenched their countries in blood to win. The man's name is -James Dunsmuir. - -Or it is a boy clerking in a departmental store. He emigrates. When -he goes back to England it is to marry a lady in waiting to the Queen. -He is now known as Lord Mount-Stephen. - -What was the secret of the success? Ability in the first place, but in -the second, opportunity; opportunity and room for shoulder swing to -show what a man can do when keen ability and tireless energy have -untrammeled freedom to do their best. - -Examples of the _émigrés'_ success could be multiplied. It is more -than a mere material success; it is eternal proof that, given a fair -chance and a square deal and shoulder swing, the boy born penniless can -run the race and outstrip the boy born to power. - -"Have you, then, no _menial_ classes in Canada?" asked a member of the -Old Order. - -"No, I'm thankful to say," said I. - -"Then _who_ does the work?" - -"The workers." - -"But what's the difference?" - -"Just this: your menial of the Old Country is the child of a menial, -whose father before him was a menial, whose ancestors were in servile -positions to other people back as far as you like to go,--to the time -when men were serfs wearing an iron collar with the brand of the lord -who owned them. With us no stigma is attached to work. _Your_ menial -expects to be a menial all his life. With our worker, just as sure as -the sun rises and sets, if he continues to work and is no fool, he will -rise to earn a competency, to improve himself, to own his own labor, to -own his own home, to hire the labor of other men who are beginners as -he once was himself." - -"Then you have no social classes?" - -"Lots. The _ups_, who have succeeded; and the _half-way ups_, who are -succeeding; and the _beginners_, who are going to succeed; and the -_downs_, who never try. And as success doesn't necessarily mean money, -but doing the best at whatever one tries, {xii} you can see that the -_ups_ and the _halfway ups_, and the _beginners_ and the _downs_ have -each their own classes of special workers." - -"That," she answered, "is not democracy; it is revolution." She was -thinking of those Old World hard-and-fast divisions of society into -royalty, aristocracy, commons, peasantry. - -"It is not revolution," I explained. "It is rebirth! When you send -your _émigré_ out to us, he is a made-over man." - -But it is not given to all _émigré's_ to become great capitalists or -great leaders. Some who have the opportunity have not the ability, and -the majority would not, for all the rewards that greatness offers, -choose careers that entail long years of nerve-wracking, unflagging -labor. But on a minor scale the same process of making over takes -place. One case will illustrate. - -Some years before immigration to Canada had become general, two or -three hundred Icelanders were landed in Winnipeg destitute. From some -reason, which I have forgotten,--probably the quarantine of an -immigrant,--the Icelanders could not be housed in the government -immigration hall. They were absolutely without money, household goods, -property of any sort except clothing, and that was scant, the men -having but one suit of the poorest clothes, the women thin homespun -dresses so worn one could see many of them had no underwear. The -people represented the very dregs of poverty. Withdrawing to the -vacant lots in the west end of Winnipeg,--at that time a mere -town,--the newcomers slept for the first nights, herded in the rooms of -an Icelander opulent enough to have rented a house. Those who could -not gain admittance to this house slept under the high board sidewalks, -then a feature of the new town. I remember as a child watching them -sit on the high sidewalk till it was dark, then roll under. -Fortunately it was summer, but it was useless for people in this -condition to go bare to the prairie farm. To make land yield, you must -have house and barns and stock and implements, and I doubt if these -people had as much as a jackknife. I remember how two or three of the -older women used to sit crying each night in despair till they -disappeared in the crowded house, fourteen or {xiii} twenty of them to -a room. Within a week, the men were all at work sawing wood from door -to door at a dollar and a half a cord the women out by the day washing -at a dollar a day. Within a month they had earned enough to buy lumber -and tar paper. Tar-papered shanties went up like mushrooms on the -vacant lots. Before winter each family had bought a cow and chickens. -I shall not betray confidence by telling where the cow and chickens -slept. Those immigrants were not desirable neighbors. Other people -moved hastily away from the region. Such a condition would not be -tolerated now, when there are spacious immigration halls and sanitary -inspectors to see that cows and people do not house under the same -roof. What with work and peddling milk, by spring the people were able -to move out on the free prairie farms. To-day those Icelanders own -farms clear of debt, own stock that would be considered the possession -of a capitalist in Iceland, and have money in the savings banks. Their -sons and daughters have had university educations and have entered -every avenue of life, farming, trading, practicing medicine, actually -teaching English in English schools. Some are members of Parliament. -It was a hard beginning, but it was a rebirth to a new life. They are -now among the nation builders of the West. - -But it would be a mistake to conclude that Canada's nation builders -consisted entirely of poor people. The race movement has not been a -leaderless mob. Princes, nobles, adventurers, soldiers of fortune, -were the pathfinders who blazed the trail to Canada. Glory, pure and -simple, was the aim that lured the first comers across the trackless -seas. Adventurous young aristocrats, members of the Old Order, led the -first nation builders to America, and, all unconscious of destiny, laid -the foundations of the New Order. The story of their adventures and -work is the history of Canada. - -It is a new experience in the world's history, this race movement that -has built up the United States and is now building up Canada. Other -great race movements have been a tearing down of high places, the -upward scramble of one class on the {xiv} backs of the deposed class. -Instead of leveling down, Canada's nation building is leveling up. - -This, then, is the empire--the size of all the nations in Europe, -bigger than Napoleon's wildest dreams of conquest--to which Canada has -awakened.[1] - - - [1]COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF AREAS OF CANADA AND EUROPE - - Canada . . 3,750,000 square miles Europe . . 3,797,410 square miles - - Maritime Provinces Square Miles Square Miles - Nova Scotia . . . . . 20,600 England . . . . . 50,867 - Prince Edward Island 2,000 Germany . . . . . 208,830 - New Brunswick . . . . 28,200 France . . . . . 204,000 - ------ Italy . . . . . . 110,000 - 50,800 Spain . . . . . . 197,000 - Quebec . . . . . . . . 347,350 Austria and Hungary 241,000 - Ontario . . . . . . . . 222,000 Russia in Europe 2,000,000 - Manitoba - Saskatchewan 204,000 - Alberta . . . . . . . . 350,000 - British Columbia . . . 383,000 - Unorganized Territory of - Keewatin . . . . . . 756,000 - Yukon . . . . . . . . 200,000 - MacKenzie River and - Ungava . . . . . . 1,000,000 - - - COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF POPULATION IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES - - United States Canada - In 1800 . . . 5,000,000 In 1881 . . . 4,300,000 - " 1810 . . . 7,000,000 " 1891 . . . 5,000,000 - " 1820 . . . 9,600,000 " 1901 . . . 5,500,000 - " 1830 . . . 12,800,000 " 1906 . . . 6,500,000 - - -It will be noticed that for twenty years Canada's population becomes -almost stagnant. The reason for this will be found as the story of -Canada is related. If she keeps up the increase at the pace she has -now set, or at the rate the United States' population went ahead during -the same period of industrial development, the results can be forecast -from the following table: - - United States in 1840 . . . . . . 17,000,000 - " " " 1850 . . . . . . 23,000,000 - " " " 1860 . . . . . . 31,000,000 - " " " 1870 . . . . . . 38,000,000 - " " " 1880 . . . . . . 50,000,000 - " " " 1890 . . . . . . 63,000,000 - " " " 1900 . . . . . . 85,000,000 - - -{xv} A few years ago, when talking to a leading editor of Canada, I -chanced to say that I did not think Canadians had at that time awakened -to their future. The editor answered that he was afraid I had -contracted the American disease of "bounce" through living in the -United States; to which I retorted that if Canadians could catch the -same disease and accomplish as much by it in the twentieth century as -Americans had in the nineteenth, it would be a good thing for the -country. It is wonderful to have witnessed the complete face-about of -Canadian public opinion in the short space of six years, this editor -shouting as loud as any of his exuberant brethren. Still, as the -outlook in Canadian affairs may be regarded as flamboyant, it is worth -while quoting the comment of the most critical and conservative -newspaper in the world,--the London _Times_. The _Times_ says: -"Without doubt the expansion of Canada is the greatest political event -in the British Empire to-day. The empire is face to face with -development which makes it impossible for indefinite maintenance of the -present constitutional arrangements." - - -Regarding the Iceland immigrants, to whom reference is made, I recently -met in London a famed traveler, who was in Iceland when the people were -setting out for Canada, Mrs. Alec. Tweedie. She explains in her book -how these people were absolutely poverty-stricken when they left -Iceland. In fact, the sufferings endured the first year in Winnipeg -were mild compared to their privations in Iceland before they sailed. - - -The explanations of Canada's hard times from Confederation to 1898--say -from 1871, when all the provinces had really gone into Confederation, -to 1897, when the Yukon boom poured gold into the country--can be -figured out. Of a population of 3,000,000, four fifths need not be -counted as taxpayers, as they include women, children, clerks, farmers' -help, domestic help,--classes who pay no taxes but the indirect duty on -clothes they wear and food they eat. This practically means that the -billion-dollar burden of making the ideal of Confederation into a -reality by building railroads and canals was borne by 600,000 people, -which means again a large quota per man to the public treasury. People -forget that you can't take more out of the public treasury than you put -into it, that it is n't like an artesian well, self-supplied, and the -truth is, at this period Canadians were paying more into the public -treasury than they could afford,--more than the investment was bringing -them in. - - - - -{xvii} - -CONTENTS - - -CHAPTER PAGE - - I. FROM 1000 TO 1600 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - - II. FROM 1600 TO 1607 . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 - - III. FROM 1607 TO 1635 . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 - - IV. FROM 1635 TO 1666 . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 - - V. FROM 1635 TO 1650 . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 - - VI. FROM 1650 TO 1672 . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 - - VII. FROM 1672 TO 1688 . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 - - VIII. FROM 1679 TO 1713 . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 - - IX. FROM 1686 TO 1698 . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 - - X. FROM 1698 TO 1713 . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 - - XI. FROM 1713 TO 1755 . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 - - XII. FROM 1756 TO 1763 . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 - - XIII. FROM 1763 TO 1812 . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 - - XIV. FROM 1812 TO 1820 . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 - - XV. FROM 1812 TO 1846 . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 - - XVI. FROM 1820 TO 1867 . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 - - INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 - - - - -{xix} - -ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS - - PAGE - -MAP OF WESTERN CANADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _Frontispiece_ - -VIKING SHIP RECENTLY DISCOVERED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - After a photograph of the Viking Ship at Sandefjord, Norway. - -MAP SHOWING DIVISION OF THE NEW WORLD BETWEEN SPAIN AND - PORTUGAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - -A TYPICAL "HOLE IN THE WALL" AT "KITTY VIDDY," NEAR - ST. JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - From a photograph. - -SEBASTIAN CABOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - After the portrait attributed to Holbein. - -JACQUES CARTIER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - After the portrait at St. Malo, France, with signature. - -WHERE THE FISHER HAMLETS NOW NESTLE, NEWFOUNDLAND . . . . . . 9 - From a photograph. - -ANCIENT HOCHELAGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 - After a cut in the third volume of Ramusio's _Raccolta_, - Venice, 1565. - -THE "DAUPHIN MAP" OF CANADA, _CIRCA_ 1543, SHOWING CARTIER'S - DISCOVERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 - -QUEEN ELIZABETH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 - After the ermine portrait in Hatfield House, with signature. - -THE BOYHOOD OF GILBERT AND RALEIGH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 - From the painting by Sir John Millais. - -SIR HUMPHREY GILBERT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 - After the print in Holland's _Herwologia-Anglica_, 1620. - -SIR WALTER RALEIGH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 - After the portrait in the possession of the Duchess of Dorset. - -AT EASTERN ENTRANCE TO HUDSON STRAITS . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 - From a photograph by Dominion Geological Survey. - -HUDSON COAT OF ARMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 - From Lenox Collection, New York City. - -THE FANTASTIC ROCKS OF GASPÉ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 - From a photograph. - -{xx} - -SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 - After the Moncornet portrait, with signature. - -PORT ROYAL OR ANNAPOLIS BASIN, 1609 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 - From Lescarbot's map. - -BUILDINGS ON STE. CROIX ISLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 - From _Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_, Paris, 1613. - -PORT ROYAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 - From the same. - -TADOUSSAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 - From the same. - -DEFEAT OF THE IROQUOIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 - From the same. - -THE ONONDAGA FORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 - From the same. - -VIEW OF QUEBEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 - From the same. - -QUEBEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 - From the same. - -SIR WILLIAM ALEXANDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 - After an engraved portrait by Marshall. - -MAP SHOWING LA TOUR'S POSSESSIONS IN ACADIA . . . . . . . . . 64 - -CARDINAL RICHELIEU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 - After the portrait by Philippe de Champaigne - -MAP OF ANNAPOLIS BASIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 - -MADAME DE LA PELTRIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 - After a picture in the Ursuline Convent, Quebec. - -PIERRE LE JEUNE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 - From an engraving in Winsor's America, after an old print. - -GEORGIAN BAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 - From a photograph by A. G. Alexander. - -BRÉBEUF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 - From a bust in silver at Quebec. - -REMNANTS OF WALLS OF FORT ST. MARY ON CHRISTIAN ISLAND - IN 1891 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 - After a photograph reproduced in _Ontario Historical - Society Papers and Records_. - -MAP OF THE GREAT LAKES, SHOWING THE TERRITORY OF THE - JESUIT HURON MISSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 - Bellin's map, 1744. - -A CANADIAN ON SNOWSHOES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 - From La Potherie's _Histoire de l'Amerique Septentrionale_, - Paris, 1753. - -{xxi} - -SAUSON'S MAP, 1656 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 - -TITLE-PAGE--JESUIT RELATION OF 1662-1663 . . . . . . . . . 111 - -THE JESUIT MAP OF LAKE SUPERIOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 - From the Relation, of 1670-1671. - -CHARLES II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 - After the miniature portrait by Cooper, with signature. - -PLAN OF MONTREAL IN 1672 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 - From _Quebec Historical Society Papers and Records_. - -LA SALLE'S HOUSE NEAR MONTREAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 - From a photograph. - -KITCHEN, CHÂTEAU DE RAMEZAY, MONTREAL . . . . . . . . . . . 120 - From a photograph. - -LAVAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 - After the portrait in Laval University, Quebec. - -A MAP IN THE RELATION OF 1662-1663 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 - -GALINÉE'S MAP OF THE GREAT LAKES, 1669 . . . . . . . . . . 129 - -ROBERT DE LA SALLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 - After an engraved portrait said to be preserved - in the _Bibliothèque de Rouen_, with signature. - -OLD PLAN OF FORT FRONTENAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 - From _Mémoirs sur le Canada_, Quebec, 1873. - -THE BUILDING OF THE _GRIFFON_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 - From Father Hennepin's _Nouvelle Découverte_, Amsterdam, 1704. - -PRINCE RUPERT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 - After the painting by Sir P. Lely. - -MAP OF HUDSON BAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 - -CONTEMPORARY FRENCH MAP OF HUDSON BAY AND VICINITY . . . . 155 - From La Potherie's _Histoire de l'Amerique Septentrionale_. - -LE MOYNE D'IBERVILLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 - After a portrait in Margry's _Découvertes Établissemens_. - -FORT FRONTENAC AND THE ADJACENT COUNTRY . . . . . . . . . . 164 - From _The London Magazine_, 1758. - -WILLIAM OF ORANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 - After the portrait by Sir Godfrey Kneller, with signature. - -QUEBEC, 1689 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 - From La Potherie's _Histoire de l'Amérique Septentrionale_. - -FRENCH SOLDIER OF THE PERIOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 - After a cut in Massachusetts Archives, Documents - collected in France, 111, 3. - -SIR WILLIAM PHIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 - After an accepted likeness reproduced - in Winsor's _America_. - -{xxii} - -COUNT FRONTENAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 - From the statue by Hébert at Quebec. - -CASTLE ST. LOUIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 - After a cut in Hawkins' _Pictures of Quebec_, Quebec, 1834. - -ATTACK ON QUEBEC, 1690 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 - From La Hontan's _Mémoires_, 1709. - -CASTLE ST. LOUIS, QUEBEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 - From Sulte's _Canadiens Français_, viii. - -PLAN OF QUEBEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 - From Franquelin, 1683. - -LANDING OF IBERVILLE'S MEN AT PORT NELSON . . . . . . . . . 186 - From La Potherie's _Histoire de l'Amérique Septentrionale_. - -CAPTURE OF FORT NELSON BY THE FRENCH . . . . . . . . . . . 187 - From the same. - -CONTEMPORARY MAP, 1689 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 - From La Hontan. - -HERTEL DE ROUVILLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 - After a portrait in Daniel's _Nos Gloires Nationales_. - -CONTEMPORARY PLAN OF PORT ROYAL BASIN . . . . . . . . . . . 199 - From Bellin's map, 1744. - -PAUL MASCARENE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 - After a portrait in Savary's edition - of Calnek's _Annapolis_. - -LA VÉRENDRYE'S FORTS AND THE RIVER OF THE WEST . . . . . . 207 - After Jeffery's map, 1762. - -MAP PUBLISHED IN PARIS IN 1752 SHOWING THE SUPPOSED - SEA OF THE WEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 - From the Mémoire presented to the Academy - of Sciences at Paris by Buache, August, 1752. - -MAP SHOWING THE SUPPOSED SEA OF THE WEST, WITH APPROACHES - TO THE MISSISSIPPI AND GREAT LAKES, PARIS, 1755 . . . . . 211 - From the same. - -WILLIAM PEPPERRELL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 - After the portrait by Smibert. - -RUINS OF THE FORTIFICATIONS AT LOUISBURG . . . . . . . . . . 219 - From a recent photograph. - -CONTEMPORARY PLAN OF THE ATTACK ON LOUISBURG . . . . . . . . 221 - After a plan reproduced in Winsor's _America_. - -FORT HALIFAX, 1755 (Restoration) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 - -CONTEMPORARY VIEW OF OSWEGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 - From Smith's _History of the Province of New York_. - -GOVERNOR DINWIDDIE OF VIRGINIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 - After a portrait by Ramsay. - -{xxiii} - -TITLE-PAGE OF WASHINGTON'S JOURNAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 - -A SKETCH OF THE FIELD OF BATTLE AT BRADDOCK'S DEFEAT . . . . 229 - From a contemporary manuscript in the Library - of Harvard University. - -PLAN OF FORT BEAUSEJOUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 - From Mante's _History of the Late War in North America_. - -GENERAL MONCKTON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 - After a mezzotint in the Library of the - American Antiquarian Society. - -GENERAL JOHN WINSLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 - After the portrait in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth, Massachusetts. - -MAP OF ACADIA AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS, 1755 . . . . . . . . 237 - -SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 - After the portrait by Adams. - -MAP OF THE REGION OF LAKE GEORGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 - From _Documentary History of New York_. - -RUINS OF CHÂTEAU BIGOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 - From a photograph by Captain Wurtelle. - -PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, OTTAWA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 - From a photograph. - -QUEBEC, CHÂTEAU FRONTENAC AND THE CITADEL . . . . . . . . . 246 - From a photograph. - -THE EARL OF LOUDON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 - After the portrait by Ramsay. - -BOSCAWEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 - After the portrait by Reynolds. - -THE SIEGE OF LOUISBURG, 1758 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 - From a picture in the Lenox Collection, - New York Public Library. - -AMHERST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 - After the portrait by Reynolds. - -THE COUNTRY ROUND TICONDEROGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 - From _Documentary History of New York_. - -GENERAL JAMES WOLFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 - After the engraved portrait by Houstin. - -BOUGAINVILLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 - After a cut in Bounechose's _Montcalm_. - -THE SITE OF QUEBEC AND THE GROUND OCCUPIED - DURING THE SIEGE OF 1759 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 - After a plan in _The Universal Magazine_, - London, December, 1859. - -LOUIS JOSEPH, MARQUIS DE MONTCALM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 - After the portrait in the possession of his descendants. - -DEATH OF WOLFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 - From the painting by West. - -{xxiv} - -MAJOR ROBERT ROGERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 - After a mezzotint by an unknown engraver. - Published in London, October 1, 1776 - -NORTH AMERICA AT THE CLOSE OF THE FRENCH WARS, 1763 . . . . 278 - -GENERAL MURRAY, FIRST GOVERNOR OF QUEBEC . . . . . . . . . 280 - After the portrait by Ramsay. - -SETTLEMENTS ON THE DETROIT RIVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 - From Parkman's _Conspiracy of Pontiac_. - -BOUQUET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 - After the portrait by West. - -RETURN OF THE ENGLISH CAPTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 - After the painting by West. - -MONTREAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 - After a print in the New York Public Library. - -SAMUEL HEARNE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 - After an engraving published in 1796. - -GENERAL RICHARD MONTGOMERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 - After the painting by Chappel. - -MAP OF QUEBEC DURING THE SIEGE OF CONGRESS TROOPS . . . . . 303 - -SIR GUY CARLETON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 - After an engraving in _The Political Magazine_, June, 1782. - -BENEDICT ARNOLD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 - After the portrait by Tate. - -GENERAL HALDIMAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 - After the portrait by Reynolds. - -JOSEPH BRANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 - After the portrait by Ames. - -LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR SIMCOE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 - After an engraving in Scadding's _Toronto of Old_. - -CAPTAIN COOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 - After the portrait by Dauce. - -FORT CHURCHILL AS IT WAS IN 1777 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 - After a print in the _European Magazine_, June, 1797. - -TOTEM POLES, BRITISH COLUMBIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 - From a photograph. - -CAPTAIN GEORGE VANCOUVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 - After the portrait by Abbott. - -NOOTKA SOUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 - From an engraving in Vancouver's _Journal_. - -FORT CHIPPEWYAN, ATHABASCA LAKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 - From a recent photograph. - -{xxv} - -ALEXANDER MACKENZIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 - After the portrait by Lawrence. - -CAUSE OF A PORTAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 - From a photograph. - -SIMON FRASER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 - From a likeness in Morice's _The History - of the Northern Interior of British Columbia_. - -ASTORIA IN 1813 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 - From a cut in Franchere's _Narrative of a Voyage_. - -MAP OF WEST COAST, SHOWING THE OGDEN AND ROSS - EXPLORATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 - From Laut's _Conquest of the Great North West_. - -GENERAL SIR JAMES HENRY CRAIG, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, - 1807-1811 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 - After an engraving at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. - -WILLIAM HULL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 - After the portrait by Stuart, with autograph. - -MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE MILITARY OPERATIONS - ON THE DETROIT RIVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 - -MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE MILITARY OPERATIONS ON - THE NIAGARA FRONTIER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 - -GENERAL BROCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 - After a portrait in the possession of - J. A. Macdonell Esq., Alexandria, Ontario. - -BROCK MONUMENT, QUEENSTON HEIGHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 - From a photograph. - -YORK (TORONTO) HARBOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 - From Bouchette's _British Dominions in North America_. - -FITZGIBBONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 - After a photograph reproduced in _Proceedings - and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada_, 1900. - -LAURA SECORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 - From _Ontario Historical Society Papers and Records_. - -TWO VIEWS OF THE BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE . . . . . . . . . . . 364 - From prints published in 1815 - -TECUMSEH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 - After the drawing by Pierre Le Drie. - -DE SALABERRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 - After a portrait in Fannings Taylor's _Portraits of - British Americans_. - -SIR GORDON DRUMMOND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 - After an engraving at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. - -MONUMENT AT LUNDY'S LANE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 - From a photograph. - -{xxvi} - -SELKIRK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 - From Ontario Archives Collection. - -NELSON AND HAYES RIVERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 - From a map in Robson's _Hudson Bay_. - -FORT GARRY, RED RIVER SETTLEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 - From Ross' _Red River Settlement_. - -FORT DOUGLAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 - After an old engraving. - -SKETCH OF THE CITY OF WINNIPEG, SHOWING THE SITES - OF THE EARLY FORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 - From Manitoba Historical Society - -RED RIVER SETTLEMENT, 1816-1820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 - After a map in Amos' _Report of the Trials Relative - to the Destruction of the Earl of Selkirk's Settlement_. - -MONUMENT TO COMMEMORATE THE MASSACRE OF SEVEN OAKS . . . . . 397 - After a sketch. - -TRACKING ON ATHABASCA RIVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 - From a photograph. - -PLANS OF YORK AND PRINCE OF WALES FORTS . . . . . . . . . . 405 - From a plate in Robson's _Hudson Bay_. - -SIR GEORGE SIMPSON, GOVERNOR OF HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY, 1820 406 - -JOHN MCLOUGHLIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 - After a likeness in Laut's _Conquest - of the Great Northwest_. - -SIR JOHN SHERBROOKE, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, 1816-1818 413 - After an engraving at Queen's University, - Kingston, Ontario. - -THE FOURTH DUKE OF RICHMOND, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, - 1818-1819 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 - After an engraving at Queen's University, - Kingston, Ontario. - -WILLIAM LYON MACKENZIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 - After a likeness in Lindsey's _Life and Times of Mackenzie_. - -ALLAN McNAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 - After the portrait in the Speaker's Chambers, Ottawa. - -LOUIS J. PAPINEAU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 - After a likeness in Fannings Taylor's _British Americans_. - -SIR JOHN COLBORNE, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, 1838-1841 . . 430 - After an engraving at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. - -LORD DURHAM, SPECIAL COMMISSIONER TO CANADA, 1838 . . . . . 432 - After an engraving at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. - -JOHN A. MACDONALD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 - From a photograph. - -FATHERS OF CONFEDERATION, 1867 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 - From the painting by Hariss. - - - - -CANADA - -THE EMPIRE OF THE NORTH - - -CHAPTER I - -FROM 1000 TO 1600 - -Early voyages to America--Voyages of the Cabots--The French fisher -folk--Cartier's first voyage--Cartier's second voyage--Cartier's third -voyage--Marguerite Roberval - - -Who first found Canada? As many legends surround the beginnings of -empire in the North as cling to the story of early Rome. - -When Leif, son of Earl Eric, the Red, came down from Greenland with his -Viking crew, which of his bearded seamen in Arctic furs leaned over the -dragon prow for sight of the lone new land, fresh as if washed by the -dews of earth's first morning? Was it Thorwald, Leif's brother, or the -mother of Snorri, first white child born in America, who caught first -glimpse through the flying spray of Labrador's domed hills,--"Helluland, -place of slaty rocks"; and of Nova Scotia's wooded meadows,--"Markland"; -and Rhode Island's broken vine-clad shore,--"Vinland"? The question -cannot be answered. All is as misty concerning that Viking voyage as the -legends of old Norse gods. - -Leif, the Lucky, son of Earl Eric, the outlaw, coasts back to Greenland -with his bold sea-rovers. This was in the year 1000. - -For ten years they came riding southward in their rude-planked ships of -the dragon prow, those Norse adventurers; and Thorwald, Leif's brother, -is first of the pathfinders in America to lose his life in battle with -the "Skraelings" or Indians. Thornstein, another brother, sails south in -1005 with Gudrid, his wife; but a roaring nor'easter tears the piping {2} -sails to tatters, and Thornstein dies as his frail craft scuds before the -blast. Back comes Gudrid the very next year, with a new husband and a -new ship and two hundred colonists to found a kingdom in the "Land of the -Vine." At one place they come to rocky islands, where birds flock in -such myriads it is impossible to land without trampling nests. Were -these the rocky islands famous for birds in the St. Lawrence? On another -coast are fields of maize and forests entangled with grapevines. Was -this part of modern New England? On Vinland--wherever it was--Gudrid, -the Norse woman, disembarks her colonists. All goes well for three -years. Fish and fowl are in plenty. Cattle roam knee-deep in pasturage. -Indians trade furs for scarlet cloth and the Norsemen dole out their -barter in strips narrow as a little finger; but all beasts that roam the -wilds are free game to Indian hunters. The cattle begin to disappear, -the Indians to lurk armed along the paths to the water springs. The -woods are full of danger. Any bush may conceal painted foe. Men as well -as cattle lie dead with telltale arrow sticking from a wound. The -Norsemen begin to hate these shadowy, lonely, mournful forests. They -long for wild winds and trackless seas and open world. Fur-clad, what do -they care for the cold? Greenland with its rolling drifts is safer -hunting than this forest world. What glory, doomed prisoners between the -woods and the sea within the shadow of the great forests and a great -fear? The smell of wildwood things, of flower banks, of fern mold, came -dank and unwholesome to these men. Their {3} nostrils were for the whiff -of the sea; and every sunset tipped the waves with fire where they longed -to sail. And the shadow of the fear fell on Gudrid. Ordering the -vessels loaded with timber good for masts and with wealth of furs, she -gathered up her people and led them from the "Land of the Vine" back to -Greenland. - -[Illustration: VIKING SHIP RECENTLY DISCOVERED.] - -Where was Vinland? Was it Canada? The answer is unknown. It was south -of Labrador. It is thought to have been Rhode Island; but certainly, -passing north and south, the Norse were the first white men to see Canada. - - -Did some legend, dim as a forgotten dream, come down to Columbus in 1492 -of the Norsemen's western land? All sailors of Europe yearly fished in -Iceland. Had one of Columbus's crew heard sailor yarns of the new land? -If so, Columbus must have thought the new land part of Asia; for ever -since Marco Polo had come from China, Europe had dreamed of a way to Asia -by the sea. What with Portugal and Spain dividing the New World, all the -nations of Europe suddenly awakened to a passion for discovery. - -[Illustration: DIVISION OF THE NEW WORLD BETWEEN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.] - -There were still lands to the north, which Portugal and Spain had not -found,--lands where pearls and gold might abound. At Bristol in England -dwelt with his sons John Cabot, the Genoese master mariner, well -acquainted with Eastern-trade. Henry VII commissions him on a voyage of -discovery--an empty honor, the King to have one fifth of all profit, -Cabot to bear all expense. The _Matthew_ ships from Bristol with a crew -of eighteen in May of 1497. North and west sails the tumbling craft two -thousand miles. Colder grows the air, stiffer the breeze in the bellying -sails, till the _Matthew's_ crew are shivering on decks amid fleets of -icebergs that drift from Greenland in May and June. This is no realm of -spices and gold. Land looms through the mist the last week in June, {4} -rocky, surf-beaten, lonely as earth's ends, with never a sound but the -scream of the gulls and the moan of the restless water-fret along endless -white reefs. Not a living soul did the English sailors see. Weak in -numbers, disappointed in the rocky land, they did not wait to hunt for -natives. An English flag was hastily unfurled and possession taken of -this Empire of the North for England. The woods of America for the first -time rang to the chopper. Wood and water were taken on, and the -_Matthew_ had anchored in Bristol by the first week of August. Neither -gold nor a way to China had Cabot found; but he had accomplished three -things: he had found that the New World was not a part of Asia, as Spain -thought; he had found the continent itself; and he had given England the -right to claim new dominion. - -[Illustration: A TYPICAL "HOLE IN THE WALL" AT "KITTY VIDDY," NEAR ST. -JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND] - -England went mad over Cabot. He was granted the title of admiral and -allowed to dress in silks as a nobleman. King Henry gave him 10 pounds, -equal to $500 of modern money, and a pension of 20 pounds, equal to $1000 -to-day. It is sometimes said that modern writers attribute an air of -romance to these old pathfinders, {5} which they would have scorned; but -"Zuan Cabot," as the people called him, wore the halo of glory with glee. -To his barber he presented an island kingdom; to a poor monk he gave a -bishopric. His son, Sebastian, sailed out the next year with a fleet of -six ships and three hundred men, coasting north as far as Greenland, -south as far as Carolina, so rendering doubly secure England's title to -the North, and bringing back news of the great cod banks that were to -lure French and Spanish and English fishermen to Newfoundland for -hundreds of years. - -[Illustration: SEBASTIAN CABOT] - -Where was Cabot's landfall? - -I chanced to be in Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland, shortly after the 400th -anniversary of Cabot's voyage. King's Cove, landlocked as a hole in a -wall, mountains meeting sky line, presented on one flat rock in letters -the size of a house claim that it was _here_ John Cabot sent his sailors -ashore to plant the flag on cairn of bowlders; but when I came back from -Newfoundland by way of Cape Breton, I found the same claim there. For -generations the tradition has been handed down from father to son among -Newfoundland fisher folk that as Cabot's vessel, pitching and rolling to -the tidal bore, came scudding into King's Cove, rock girt as an inland -lake, the sailors shouted "Bona Vista--Beautiful View"; but Cape Breton -has her legend, too. It was Cabot's report of the cod banks that brought -the Breton fishermen out, whose name Cape Breton bears. - -{6} As Christopher Columbus spurred England to action, so Cabot now -spurred Portugal and Spain and France. - -Gaspar Cortereal comes in 1500 from Portugal on Cabot's tracks to that -land of "slaty rocks" which the Norse saw long ago. The Gulf Stream -beats the iron coast with a boom of thunder, and the tide swirl meets the -ice drift; and it isn't a land to make a treasure hunter happy till there -wander down to the shore Montaignais Indians, strapping fellows, a head -taller than the tallest Portuguese. Cortereal lands, lures fifty savages -on board, carries them home as slaves for Portugal's galley ships, and -names the country--"land of laborers"--Labrador. He sailed again, the -next year; but never returned to Portugal. The seas swallowed his -vessel; or the tide beat it to pieces against Labrador's rocks; of those -Indians slaked their vengeance by cutting the throats of master and crew. - -And Spain was not idle. In 1513 Balboa leads his Spanish treasure -seekers across the Isthmus of Panama, discovers the Pacific, and realizes -what Cabot has already proved--that the New World is not a part of Asia. -Thereupon, in swelling words, he takes possession of "earth, air, and -water from the Pole Arctic to the Pole Antarctic" for Spain. A few years -later Magellan finds his way to Asia round South America; but this path -by sea is too long. - -From France, Normans and Bretons are following Cabot's tracks to -Newfoundland, to Labrador, to Cape Breton, "quhar men goeth a-fishing" in -little cockleshell boats no bigger than three-masted schooner, with -black-painted dories dragging in tow or roped on the rolling decks. -Absurd it is, but with no blare of trumpets or royal commissions, with no -guide but the wander spirit that lured the old Vikings over the rolling -seas, these grizzled peasants flock from France, cross the Atlantic, and -scatter over what were then chartless waters from the Gulf of St. -Lawrence to the Grand Banks. - -Just as they may be seen to-day bounding over the waves in their little -black dories, hauling in . . . hauling in the endless line, or jigging -for squid, or lying at ease at the noonday hour {7} singing some old land -ballad while the kettle of cod and pork boils above a chip fire kindled -on the stones used as ballast in their boats--so came the French fisher -folk three years after Cabot had discovered the Grand Banks. Denys of -Honfleur has led his fishing fleet all over the Gulf of St. Lawrence by -1506. So has Aubert of Dieppe. By 1517, fifty French vessels yearly -fish off the coast of New-Found-Land. By 1518 one Baron de Lery has -formed the project of colonizing this new domain; but the baron's ship -unluckily came from the Grand Banks to port on that circular bank of sand -known as Sable Island--from twenty to thirty miles as the tide shifts the -sand, with grass waist high and a swampy lake in the middle. The Baron -de Lery unloads his stock on Sable island and roves the sea for a better -port. - -The King of France, meanwhile, resents the Pope dividing the New World -between Spain and Portugal. "I should like to see the clause in Father -Adam's will that gives the whole earth to you," he sent word to his -brother kings. Verrazano, sea rover of Florence, is commissioned to -explore the New World seas; but Verrazano goes no farther north in 1524 -than Newfoundland, and when he comes on a second voyage he is lost--some -say hanged as a pirate by the Spaniards for intruding on their seas. - -In spite of the loss of the King's sea rover, the fisher folk of France -continue coming in their crazy little schooners, continue fishing in the -fogs of the Grand Banks from their rocking black-planked dories, continue -scudding for shelter from storm . . . here, there, everywhere; into the -south shore of Newfoundland; into the long arms of the sea at Cape -Breton, dyed at sundawn and sunset by such floods of golden light, these -arms of the sea become known as Bras d'Or Lakes--Lakes of Gold; into the -rock-girt lagoons of Gaspé; into the holes in the wall of Labrador . . .; -till there presently springs up a secret trade in furs between the -fishing fleet and the Indians. The King of France is not to be balked by -one failure. "What," he asked, "are my royal brothers to have _all_ -America?" Among the Bank fishermen were many sailors of St. Malo. -Jacques Cartier, master pilot, {8} now forty years of age, must have -learned strange yarns of the New World from harbor folk. Indeed, he may -have served as sailor on the Banks. Him the King chose, with one hundred -and twenty men and two vessels, in 1534, to go on a voyage of discovery -to the great sea where men fished. Cartier was to find if the sea led to -China and to take possession of the countries for France. Captain, -masters, men, march to the cathedral and swear fidelity to the King. The -vessels sail on April 20, with the fishing fleet. - -[Illustration: Jacques Cartier] - -Piping winds carry them forward at a clipper pace. The sails scatter and -disappear over the watery sky line. In twenty days Cartier is off that -bold headland with the hole in the wall called Bona Vista. Ice is -running as it always runs there in spring. What with wind and ice, -Cartier deems it prudent to look for shelter. Sheering south among the -scarps at Catalina, where the whales blow and the seals float in -thousands {9} on the ice pans, Cartier anchors to take on wood and water. -For ten days he watches the white whirl driving south. Then the water -clears and his sails swing to the wind, and he is off to the north, along -that steel-gray shore of rampart rock, between the white-slab islands and -the reefy coast. Birds are in such flocks off Funk Island that the men -go ashore to hunt, as the fisher folk anchor for bird shooting to-day. - -Higher rises the rocky sky line; barer the shore wall, with never a break -to the eye till you turn some jagged peak and come on one of those snug -coves where the white fisher hamlets now nestle. Reefs white as lace -fret line the coast. Lonely as death, bare as a block of marble, Gull -Island is passed where another crew in later years perish as castaways. -Gray finback whales flounder in schools. The lazy humpbacks lounge round -and round the ships, eyeing the keels curiously. A polar bear is seen on -an ice pan. Then the ships come to those lonely harbors north of -Newfoundland--Griguet and Quirpon and Ha-Ha-Bay, rock girt, treeless, -always windy, desolate, with an eternal moaning of the tide over the -fretful reefs. - -[Illustration: WHERE THE FISHER HAMLETS NOW NESTLE, NEWFOUNDLAND] - -{10} To the north, off a little seaward, is Belle Isle. Here, storm or -calm, the ocean tide beats with fury unceasing and weird reëchoing of -baffled waters like the scream of lost souls. It was sunset when I was -on a coastal ship once that anchored off Belle Isle, and I realized how -natural it must have been for Cartier's superstitious sailors to mistake -the moan of the sea for wild cries of distress, and the smoke of the -spray for fires of the inferno. To French sailors Belle Isle became Isle -of Demons. In the half light of fog or night, as the wave wash rises and -falls, you can almost see white arms clutching the rock. - -As usual, bad weather caught the ships in Belle Isle Straits. Till the -9th of June brown fog held Cartier. When it lifted the tide had borne -his ships across the straits to Labrador at Castle Island, Château Bay. -Labrador was a ruder region than Newfoundland. Far as eye could scan -were only domed rocks like petrified billows, dank valleys moss-grown and -scrubby, hillsides bare as slate; "This land should not be called earth," -remarked Cartier. "It is flint! Faith, I think this is the region God -gave Cain!" If this were Cain's realm, his descendants were "men of -might"; for when the Montaignais, tall and straight as mast poles, came -down to the straits, Cartier's little scrub sailors thought them giants. -Promptly Cartier planted the cross and took possession of Labrador for -France. As the boats coasted westward the shore rock turned to -sand,--huge banks and drifts and hillocks of white sand,--so that the -place where the ships struck across for the south shore became known as -Blanc Sablon (White Sand). Squalls drove Cartier up the Bay of Islands -on the west shore of Newfoundland, and he was amazed to find this arm of -the sea cut the big island almost in two. Wooded mountains flanked each -shore. A great river, amber with forest mold, came rolling down a deep -gorge. But it was not Newfoundland Cartier had come to explore; it was -the great inland sea to the west, and to the west he sailed. - -July found him off another kind of coast--New Brunswick--forested and -rolling with fertile meadows. Down a broad shallow stream--the -Miramichi--paddled Indians waving furs {11} for trade; but wind -threatened a stranding in the shallows. Cartier turned to follow the -coast north. Denser grew the forests, broader the girths of the great -oaks, heavier the vines, hotter the midsummer weather. This was no land -of Cain. It was a new realm for France. While Cartier lay at anchor -north of the Miramichi, Indian canoes swarmed round the boats at such -close quarters the whites had to discharge a musket to keep the three -hundred savages from scrambling on decks. Two seamen then landed to -leave presents of knives and coats. The Indians shrieked delight, and, -following back to the ships, threw fur garments to the decks till -literally naked. On the 18th of July the heat was so intense that -Cartier named the waters Bay of Chaleur. Here were more Indians. At -first the women dashed to hiding in the woods, while the painted warriors -paddled out; but when Cartier threw more presents into the canoes, women -and children swarmed out singing a welcome. The Bay of Chaleur promised -no passage west, so Cartier again spread his sails to the wind and -coasted northward. The forests thinned. Towards Gaspé the shore became -rocky and fantastic. The inland sea led westward, but the season was far -advanced. It was decided to return and report to the King. Landing at -Gaspé on July 24, Cartier erected a cross thirty feet high with the words -emblazoned on a tablet, _Vive le Roi de France_. Standing about him were -the painted natives of the wilderness, one old chief dressed in black -bearskin gesticulating protest against the cross till Cartier explained -by signs that the whites would come again. Two savages were invited on -board. By accident or design, as they stepped on deck, their skiff was -upset and set adrift. The astonished natives found themselves in the -white men's power, but food and gay clothing allayed fear. They -willingly consented to accompany Cartier to France. Somewhere north of -Gaspé the smoke of the French fishing fleet was seen ascending from the -sea, as the fishermen rocked in their dories cooking the midday meal. - -August 9 prayers are held for safe return at Blanc Sablon,--port of the -white, white sand,--and by September 5 Cartier is {12} home in St. Malo, -a rabble of grizzled sailor folk chattering a welcome from the wharf -front. - -He had not found passage to China, but he had found a kingdom; and the -two Indians told marvelous tales of the Great River to the West, where -they lived, of mines, of vast unclaimed lands. - - -Cartier had been home only a month when the Admiral of France ordered him -to prepare for another voyage. He himself was to command the _Grand -Hermine_, Captain Jalobert the _Little Hermine_, and Captain Le Breton -the _Emerillon_. Young gentlemen adventurers were to accompany the -explorers. The ships were provisioned for two years; and on May 16, -1535, all hands gathered to the cathedral, where sins were confessed, the -archbishop's blessing received, and Cartier given a Godspeed to the music -of full choirs chanting invocation. Three days later anchors were -hoisted. Cannon boomed. Sails swung out; and the vessels sheered away -from the roadstead while cheers rent the air. - -Head winds held the ship back. Furious tempests scattered the fleet. It -was July 17 before Cartier sighted the gull islands of Newfoundland and -swung up north with the tide through the brown fogs of Belle Isle Straits -to the shining gravel of Blanc Sablon. Here he waited for the other -vessels, which came on the 26th. - -The two Indians taken from Gaspé now began to recognize the headlands of -their native country, telling Cartier the first kingdom along the Great -River was Saguenay, the second Canada, the third Hochelaga. Near Mingan, -Cartier anchored to claim the land for France; and he named the great -waters St. Lawrence because it was on that saint's day he had gone -ashore. The north side of Anticosti was passed, and the first of -September saw the three little ships drawn up within the shadow of that -somber gorge cut through sheer rock where the Saguenay rolls sullenly out -to the St. Lawrence. The mountains presented naked rock wall. Beyond, -rolling back . . . rolling back to an impenetrable wilderness . . . were -the primeval {13} forests. Through the canyon flowed the river, dark and -ominous and hushed. The men rowed out in small boats to fish but were -afraid to land. - -As the ships advanced up the St. Lawrence the seamen could scarcely -believe they were on a river. The current rolled seaward in a silver -flood. In canoes paddling shyly out from the north shore Cartier's two -Indians suddenly recognized old friends, and whoops of delight set the -echoes ringing. - -Keeping close to the north coast, russet in the September sun, Cartier -slipped up that long reach of shallows abreast a low-shored wooded island -so laden with grapevines he called it Isle Bacchus. It was the Island of -Orleans. - -Then the ships rounded westward, and there burst to view against the high -rocks of the north shore the white-plumed shimmering cataract of -Montmorency leaping from precipice to river bed with roar of thunder. - -Cartier had anchored near the west end of Orleans Island when there came -paddling out with twelve canoes, Donnacona, great chief of Stadacona, -whose friendship was won on the instant by the tales Cartier's Indians -told of France and all the marvels of the white man's world. - -Cartier embarked with several young officers to go back with the chief; -and the three vessels were cautiously piloted up little St. Charles -River, which joins the St. Lawrence below the modern city of Quebec. -Women dashed to their knees in water to welcome ashore these gayly -dressed newcomers with the gold-braided coats and clanking swords. -Crossing the low swamp, now Lower Town, Quebec, the adventurers followed -a path through the forest up a steep declivity of sliding stones to the -clear high table-land above, and on up the rolling slopes to the airy -heights of Cape Diamond overlooking the St. Lawrence like the turret of -some castle above the sea. Did a French soldier, removing his helmet to -wipe away the sweat of his arduous climb, cry out "Que bec" (What a -peak!) as he viewed the magnificent panorama of river and valley and -mountain rolling from his feet; or did their Indian guide point to the -water of the river narrowing like {14} a strait below the peak, and -mutter in native tongue, "Quebec" (The strait)? Legend gives both -explanations of the name. To the east Cartier could see far down the -silver flood of the St. Lawrence halfway to Saguenay; to the south, far -as the dim mountains of modern New Hampshire. What would the King of -France have thought if he could have realized that his adventurers had -found a province three times the size of England, one third larger than -France, one third larger than Germany? And they had as yet reached only -one small edge of Canada, namely Quebec. - -Heat haze of Indian summer trembled over the purple hills. Below, the -river quivered like quicksilver. In the air was the nutty odor of dried -grasses, the clear tang of coming frosts crystal to the taste as water; -and if one listened, almost listened to the silence, one could hear above -the lapping of the tide the far echo of the cataract. To Cartier the -scene might have been the airy fabric of some dream world; but out of -dreams of earth's high heroes are empires made. - - -But the Indians had told of that other kingdom, Hochelaga. Hither -Cartier had determined to go, when three Indians dressed as devils--faces -black as coals, heads in masks, brows adorned with elk horns--came -gyrating and howling out of the woods on the mountain side, making wild -signals to the white men encamped on the St. Charles. Cartier's -interpreters told him this was warning from the Indian god not to ascend -the river. The god said Hochelaga was a realm of snow, where all white -men would perish. It was a trick to keep the white men's trade for -themselves. - -Cartier laughed. - -"Tell them their god is an old fool," he said. "Christ is to be our -guide." - -The Indians wanted to know if Cartier had spoken to his God about it. - -"No," answered Cartier. Then, not to be floored, he added, "but my -priest has." - -{15} With three cheers, fifty young gentlemen sheered out on September 19 -from the St. Charles on the _Emerillon_ to accompany Cartier to Hochelaga. - -[Illustration: ANCIENT HOCHELAGA. (From Ramusio)] - -Beyond Quebec the St. Lawrence widened like a lake. September frosts had -painted the maples in flame. Song birds, the glory of the St. Lawrence -valley, were no longer to be heard, but the waters literally swarmed with -duck and the forests were alive with partridge. Where to-day nestle -church spires and whitewashed hamlets were the birch wigwams and night -camp fires of Indian hunters. Wherever Cartier went ashore, Indians -rushed knee-deep to carry him from the river; and one old chief at -Richelieu signified his pleasure by presenting the whites with two Indian -children. Zigzagging leisurely, now along the north shore, now along the -south, pausing to hunt, pausing to explore, pausing to powwow with the -Indians, the adventurers came, on September 28, to the reedy shallows and -breeding grounds of wild fowl at Lake St. Peter. Here they were so close -ashore the _Emerillon_ caught her keel in the weeds, and the explorers -left her aground under guard and went forward in rowboats. - -{16} "Was this the way to Hochelaga?" the rowers asked Indians paddling -past. - -"Yes, three more sleeps," the Indians answered by the sign of putting the -face with closed eyes three times against their hand; "three more nights -would bring Cartier to Hochelaga"; and on the night of the 2d of October -the rowboats, stopped by the rapids, pulled ashore at Hochelaga amid a -concourse of a thousand amazed savages. - -It was too late to follow the trail through the darkening forest to the -Indian village. Cartier placed the soldiers in their burnished armor on -guard and spent the night watching the council fires gleam from the -mountain. And did some soldier standing sentry, watching the dark shadow -of the hill creep longer as the sun went down, cry out, "Mont Royal," so -that the place came to be known as Montreal? - -At peep of dawn, while the mist is still smoking up from the river, -Cartier marshals twenty seamen with officers in military line, and, to -the call of trumpet, marches along the forest trail behind Indian guides -for the tribal fort. Following the river, knee-deep in grass, the French -ascend the hill now known as Notre Dame Street, disappear in the hollow -where flows a stream,--modern Craig Street,--then climb steeply through -the forests to the plain now known as the great thoroughfare of -Sherbrooke Street. Halfway up they come on open fields of maize or -Indian corn. Here messengers welcome them forward, women singing, -tom-tom beating, urchins stealing fearful glances through the woods. The -trail ends at a fort with triple palisades of high trees, walls separated -by ditches and roofed for defense, with one carefully guarded narrow -gate. Inside are fifty large wigwams, the oblong bark houses of the -Huron-Iroquois, each fifty feet long, with the public square in the -center, or what we would call the courtyard. - -It needs no trick of fancy to call up the scene--the winding of the -trumpet through the forest silence, the amazement of the Indian drummers, -the arrested frenzy of the dancers, the sunrise turning burnished armor -to fire, the clanking of swords, {17} the wheeling of the soldiers as -they fall in place, helmets doffed, round the council fire! Women swarm -from the long houses. Children come running with mats for seats. -Bedridden, blind, maimed are carried on litters, if only they may touch -the garments of these wonderful beings. One old chief with skin like -crinkled leather and body gnarled with woes of a hundred years throws his -most precious possession, a headdress, at Cartier's feet. - -Poor Cartier is perplexed. He can but read aloud from the Gospel of St. -John and pray Christ heal these supplicants. Then he showers presents on -the Indians, gleeful as children--knives and hatchets and beads and tin -mirrors and little images and a crucifix, which he teaches them to kiss. -Again the silver trumpet peals through the aisled woods. Again the -swords clank, and the adventurers take their way up the mountain--a Mont -Royal, says Cartier. - -The mountain is higher than the one at Quebec. Vaster the view--vaster -the purple mountains, the painted forests, the valleys bounded by a sky -line that recedes before the explorer as the rainbow runs from the grasp -of a child. This is not Cathay; it is a New France. Before going back -to Quebec the adventurers follow a trail up the St. Lawrence far enough -to see that Lachine Rapids bar progress by boat; far enough, too, to see -that the Gaspé Indians had spoken truth when they told of another grand -river--the Ottawa--coming in from the north. - - -By the 11th of October Cartier is at Quebec. His men have built a -palisaded fort on the banks of the St. Charles. The boats are beached. -Indians scatter to their far hunting grounds. Winter sets in. Canadian -cold is new to these Frenchmen. They huddle indoors instead of keeping -vigorous with exercise. Ice hangs from the dismantled masts. Drifts -heap almost to top of palisades. Fear of the future falls on the crew. -Will they ever see France again? Then scurvy breaks out. The fort is -prostrate. Cartier is afraid to ask aid of the wandering Indians lest -they learn his weakness. To keep up show of strength he has his men fire -off muskets, batter the fort walls, march and drill and {18} tramp and -stamp, though twenty-five lie dead and only four are able to keep on -their feet. The corpses are hidden in snowdrifts or crammed through ice -holes in the river with shot weighted to their feet. - -In desperation Cartier calls on all the saints in the Christian calendar. -He erects a huge crucifix and orders all, well and ill, out in -procession. Weak and hopeless, they move across the snows chanting -psalms. That night one of the young noblemen died. Toward spring an -Indian was seen apparently recovering from the same disease. Cartier -asked him what had worked the cure and learned of the simple remedy of -brewed spruce juice. - -By the time the Indians came from the winter hunt Cartier's men were in -full health. Up at Hochelaga a chief had seized Cartier's gold-handled -dagger and pointed up the Ottawa whence came ore like the gold handle. -Failing to carry any minerals home, Cartier felt he must have witnesses -to his report. The boats are rigged to sail, Chief Donnacona and eleven -others are lured on board, surrounded, forcibly seized, and treacherously -carried off to France. May 6, 1536, the boats leave Quebec, stopping -only for water at St. Pierre, where the Breton fishermen have huts. July -16 they anchor at St. Malo. - - -Did France realize that Cartier had found a new kingdom? Not in the -least; but the home land gave heed to that story of minerals, and had the -kidnapped Indians baptized. Donnacona and all his fellow-captives but -the little girl of Richelieu die, and Sieur de Roberval is appointed lord -paramount of Canada to equip Cartier with five vessels and scour the -jails of France for colonists. Though the colonists are convicts, the -convicts are not criminals. Some have been convicted for their religion, -some for their politics. What with politics and war, it is May, 1541, -before the ships sail, and then Roberval has to wait another year for his -artillery, while Cartier goes ahead to build the forts. - -From the first, things go wrong. Head winds prolong the passage for -three months. The stock on board is reduced to a diet of cider, and half -the cattle die. Then the Indians of Quebec {19} ask awkward questions -about Donnacona. Cartier flounders midway between truth and lie. -Donnacona had died, he said; as for the others, they have become as white -men. Agona succeeds Donnacona as chief. Agona is so pleased at the news -that he gives Cartier a suit of buckskin garnished with wampum, but the -rest of the Indians draw off in such resentment that Cartier deems it -wise to build his fort at a distance, and sails nine miles up to Cape -Rouge, where he constructs Bourg Royal. Noel, his nephew, and Jalobert, -his brother-in-law, take two ships back to France. While Cartier roams -exploring, Beaupré commands Bourg Royal. - -In his roamings, ever with his eyes to earth for minerals, he finds -stones specked with mica, and false diamonds, whence the height above -Quebec is called Cape Diamond. It is enough. The crews spend the year -loading the ships with cargo of worthless stones, and set sail in May, -high of hope for wealth great as Spaniard carried from Peru. June 8 the -ships slip in to St. John's, Newfoundland, for water. Seventeen fishing -vessels rock to the tide inside the landlocked lagoon, and who comes -gliding up the Narrows of the harbor neck but Viceroy Roberval, mad with -envy when he hears of the diamond cargoes! He breaks the head of a -Portuguese or two among the fishing fleet and forthwith orders Cartier -back to Quebec. - -Cartier shifts anchor from too close range of Roberval's guns and says -nothing. At dead of night he slips anchor altogether and steals away on -the tide, with only one little noiseless sail up on each ship through the -dark Narrows. Once outside, he spreads his wings to the wind and is off -for France. The diamonds prove worthless, but Cartier receives a title -and retires to a seigneurial mansion at St. Malo. - -The episode did not improve Roberval's temper. The new Viceroy was a -soldier and a martinet, and his authority had been defied. With his two -hundred colonists, taken from the prisons of France, commanded by young -French officers,--a Lament and a La Salle among others,--he proceeded up -the coast of Newfoundland to enter the St. Lawrence by Belle Isle. {20} -Among his people were women, and Roberval himself was accompanied by a -niece, Marguerite, who had the reputation of being a bold horsewoman and -prime favorite with the grandees who frequented her uncle's castle. -Perhaps Roberval had brought her to New France to break up her attachment -for a soldier. Or the Viceroy may have been entirely ignorant of the -romance, but, anchored off Belle Isle,--Isle of Demons,--the angry -governor made an astounding discovery. The girl had a lover on board, a -common soldier, and the two openly defied his interdict. Coming after -Cartier's defection, the incident was oil to fire with Roberval. Sailors -were ordered to lower the rowboat. One would fain believe that the -tyrannical Viceroy offered the high-spirited girl at least the choice of -giving up her lover. She was thrust into the rowboat with a faithful old -Norman nurse. Four guns and a small supply of provisions were tossed to -the boat. The sailors were then commanded to row ashore and abandon her -on Isle of Demons. The soldier lover leaped over decks and swam through -the surf to share her fate. - -Isle of Demons, with its wailing tides and surf-beaten reefs, is a -desolate enough spot in modern days when superstitions do not add to its -terrors. The wind pipes down from The Labrador in fairest weather with -weird voices as of wailing ghosts, and in winter the shores of Belle Isle -never cease to echo to the hollow booming of the pounding surf. - -Out of driftwood the castaways constructed a hut. Fish were in plenty, -wild fowl offered easy mark, and in springtime the ice floes brought down -the seal herds. There was no lack of food, but rescue seemed forever -impossible; for no fishing craft would approach the demon-haunted isle. -A year passed, two years,--a child was born. The soldier lover died of -heartbreak and despondency. The child wasted away. The old nurse, too, -was buried. Marguerite was left alone to fend for herself and hope -against hope that some of the passing sails would heed her signals. No -wonder at the end of the third year she began to hear shrieking laughter -in the lonely cries of tide and wind, and to imagine that she saw -fiendish arms snatching through the spume of storm drift. - -{21} Towards the fall of 1545, one calm day when spray for the once did -not hide the island, some fishermen in the straits noticed the smoke of a -huge bonfire ascending from Isle Demons. Was it a trick of the fiends to -lure men to wreck, or some sailors like themselves signaling distress? - -The boat drew fearfully near and nearer. A creature in the strange -attire of skins from wild beasts ran down the rocks, signaling -frantically. It was a woman. Terrified and trembling, the sailors -plucked up courage to land. Then for the first time Marguerite -Roberval's spirit gave way. She could not speak; she seemed almost -bereft of reason. It was only after the fishermen had nourished her back -to semblance of womanhood that they drew from her the story. On -returning to France, Marguerite Roberval entered a convent. It was there -an old court friend of her château days sought her out and heard the tale -from her own lips. - -[Illustration: THE "DAUPHIN MAP" OF CANADA, _CIRCA_ 1543, SHOWING -CARTIER'S DISCOVERIES] - -{22} A colony begun under such ill omen was not likely to prosper. -Roberval had proceeded to Cape Rouge, where he landed in July, and before -winter had a respectable fort constructed. Fifty of his colonists died -of scurvy. As many as six were hanged in a single day for -insubordination, and the whipping post became the emblem of an authority -that trembled in the balance. Roberval, in troth, was not thinking of -the colony. He was thinking of those minerals which the Indians said -were at the head waters of the Saguenay. Leaving thirty women at the -fort, he ascended the Saguenay with seventy men in spring and explored as -far as Lake St. John, where the village of Roberval commemorates his -feat; but he found no minerals and lost eight men running rapids. When -Cartier came out in 1543, Roberval took the remaining colonists home, a -profoundly embittered man. Legend has it that he either perished on a -second voyage in 1549, or was assassinated in Paris. - -So falls the curtain on the first attempt to colonize Canada. - - - - -{23} - -CHAPTER II - -FROM 1600 TO 1607 - -English voyages to North America--Sir Humphrey Gilbert--Henry -Hudson--Champlain's first voyage--Founding of Ste. Croix--The colonists -in Acadia - - -The second attempt to plant a French colony in the New World was more -disastrous than the first. - -Though my Lord Roberval fails, the French fishing vessels continue to -bound over the billows of the Atlantic to the New World. By 1578 there -are a hundred and fifty French fishing vessels off Newfoundland alone. -The fishing folk engage in barter. Cartier's heirs ask for a monopoly of -the fur trade in Canada, but the grant is so furiously opposed by the -merchants of the coast towns that it is revoked until the Marquis de la -Roche, who had been a page at the French court, again obtains monopoly, -with many high-sounding titles as Governor, and the added obligation that -he must colonize the new land. What with wars and court intrigue, it is -1598 before the Governor of Canada is ready to sail. Of his two hundred -people taken from jails, all but sixty have obtained their freedom by -paying a ransom. With these sixty La Roche follows the fishing fleet out -to the Grand Banks, then rounds southwestward for milder clime, where he -may winter his people. - -Straight across the ship's course lies the famous sand bank, the -graveyard of the Atlantic,--what the old navigators called "the dreadful -isle,"--Sable Island. The sea lies placid as glass between the crescent -horns of the long, low reefs,--thirty miles from horn to horn, with never -a tree to break the swale of the grass waist-high. - -The marquis lands his sixty colonists to fish for supplies, while he goes -on with the crew to find place for settlement. - -Barely has the topsail dipped over the watery sky before breakers begin -to thunder on the sand reefs. Air and earth lash to fury. Sails are -torn from the ship of the marquis. His {24} masts go overboard, and the -vessel is driven, helpless as a chip in a maelstrom, clear back to the -ports of France. Here double misfortune awaits La Roche. His old -patrons of the court are no longer powerful. He is thrown in prison by a -rival baron. - -In vain the colonists strain tired eyes for a sail at sea. Days become -weeks, weeks months, summer autumn; and no boat came back. As winter -gales assailed the sea, sending the sand drifting like spray, the -convicts built themselves huts out of driftwood, and scooped beds for -themselves in the earth like rabbit burrows. Of food there was plenty. -The people had their fishing lines; and the stock, left by the Baron de -Lery long ago, had multiplied and now overran the island. Wild fowl, -too, teemed on the inland lake; and foxes, which must have drifted ashore -on the ice float of spring, ran wild through the sedge. - -Like Robinson Crusoe cast on a desert isle, the desperate people fought -their fate. Traps were set for the foxes, snares for the birds, and -scouts kept tramping from end to end of the island for sight of a sail. -Racked with despair and anxiety, these outcasts of civilization soon fell -to bitter quarreling. Traps were found rifled. Dead men lay beside the -looted traps; and, doubtless, not a few men lost their lives in spring -when the ice floes drifted down with the seal herds, and the men gave mad -chase from ice pan to ice pan for seal pelts to make clothing. Spring -wore to summer. The graves on the sand banks increased. For a second -winter the dreary snowfall wrapped the island in a mantle white as death -sheet. Then came the same weary monotony,--the frenzied seal hunt over -the blood-stained floes; the long summer days with the drone of the tide -on the sand banks; the men mad with hope at sight of a sail peak over the -far wave tops, only to be plunged in despair as the fisher boat passed -too far for signal; the fading of the grasses to russet in the sad autumn -light; then snowfall again--and despair. - -Five years passed before La Roche could aid his people; and the pilot who -went to their rescue won himself immortal contempt by robbing the -castaways of their furs. Word of the {25} rescue came to the ears of the -court. Royalty commanded the refugees brought before the throne. Only -twelve had survived, and these marched before the royal presence clothed -in the skins of seals, hair unkempt, beards to mid-waist, "like river -gods of yore," says the old record. The King was so touched that he -commanded fifty crowns given to each man and the stolen furs restored. -La Roche died of chagrin. - - -While France is trying to colonize Canada, England has not forgotten that -John Cabot first coasted these northern shores and erected the English -flag. - -[Illustration: QUEEN ELIZABETH] - -About the time that Marguerite Roberval was left alone on Isle Demons, -two boys--half-brothers--were playing on the sands of the English -Channel, sailing toy boats and listening to sailor yarns of loot on the -Spanish Main. One was Humphrey Gilbert; the other, Walter Raleigh. -These two were destined to lead England's first colonies to America. - -Martin Frobisher had already poked the prows of English ships into the -icy straits of Greenland waters, seeking way to {26} China. He had come -out with a fleet of fifteen sails and one hundred mariners in 1578 to -found colonies, but was led away by the lure of "fool's gold." Loading -his vessels with worthless rocks which he believed contained gold enough -"to suffice all the gold gluttons of the world," he sailed back to -England without leaving the trace of a colony. Francis Drake, the very -same year, had for the first time plowed an English furrow around the -seas of the world, chasing Spanish treasure boats up the west coast of -South America and loading his own vessel with loot to the water line. -Afraid to go back the way he had come, round South America, where all the -Spanish frigates lay in wait to catch him, Drake pushed on up the west -coast as far as California, and landing, took possession of what he -called "New Albion" for Queen Elizabeth. But still no colony had been -planted for England. - -[Illustration: THE BOYHOOD OF GILBERT AND RALEIGH. (From the painting by -Sir John Millais)] - -Gilbert and Raleigh, the two half-brothers, were both zealous for glory. -Both stood high in court favor. Both had fought for Queen Elizabeth in -the wars. Gilbert had fame as seaman and geographer. He asks for the -privilege of founding England's first colony. The Queen will incur no -expense. Gilbert and Raleigh and their friends will fit out the vessels. -Elizabeth deeds to Gilbert all that old domain discovered by John Cabot, -reserving only one fifth of the minerals he may find; and she sends him a -present of a golden anchor as a Godspeed. June 11, 1583, Sir Humphrey -sets sail with a fleet of three splendid merchantmen, fitted out as -men-of-war, and two heavily armed little frigates. The crews number -three hundred and sixty men, but they are for the most part impressed -seamen and riotous. The fleet is only well away when the biggest of the -merchantmen signals that plague has broken out, and flees back to -England. Later, as fog hides the boats from one another, the pirate crew -on board the little frigate _Swallow_ run down an English fisherman on -the Grand Banks, board her, and at bayonet point loot the schooner from -stem to stern. When the ships lower sail to come in on the tide through -the long Narrows, to the rock-girt harbor of St. John's, Newfoundland, -{27} the hundreds of fishing vessels lying at anchor there object to the -pirate _Swallow_; but Sir Humphrey reads his commission from the Queen, -and the fishing fleet roars a welcome that sets the rocks ringing. -Sunday, August 4, the next day after entering, Biscayans and French and -Portuguese and English send their new Governor tribute in -provisions,--fish from the English, marmalade and wines and spices from -the foreigners. The admiral gives a feast to the master mariners each -week he is in port, and entertains--as the old record says--"right -bountifully." Wandering round the rocky harbor, up the high cliff to the -left where remnants of an old fortress may be seen to-day, along the -circular hills to the right where the fishing stages cover the water -front, Gilbert's men find "fool's gold," rock with specks of iron and -mica. Daniel, the refiner of metals, declares it is a rich specimen of -silver. The find goes to Sir Humphrey's head. He sees himself a second -Francis Drake, ships crammed with gold. When the captains of the other -vessels in his fleet would see the treasure, he answers: "Content -yourselves! It is enough! I have seen it but I would have no speech -made of it in harbor; for the Portuguese and {28} Biscayans and French -might learn of it. We shall soon return hither again." - -[Illustration: SIR HUMPHREY GILBERT] - -Many of the men are in ill health. Gilbert decides to send the invalids -home in the _Swallow_; but he transfers the bold pirate crew of that -frigate to the big ship _Delight_, which carries provisions for the -colony. While planning to make St. John's the headquarters of his new -kingdom, Sir Humphrey wishes to explore those regions where Cartier had -gone and whence the fishing schooners bring such wealth in furs. - -August 20 the remainder of his fleet rounds out of St. John's south west -for the Gulf of St. Lawrence,--the _Delight_ with the provisions, the -_Golden Hinde_ with the majority of the people, the little frigate -_Squirrel_ weighted down by artillery stores but under command of Gilbert -himself, because the smaller ship can run close ashore to explore. To -keep up the spirits of the men, there is much merrymaking. Becalmed off -Cape Breton, Sir Humphrey visits the big ship _Delight_, where the -trumpets and the drums and the pipes and the cornets reel off wild sailor -jigs. "There was," says the old record, "little watching for danger." -Wednesday, August 26, the sounding line forewarned the reefs of Sable -Island. Breakers were sighted. The _Delight_ signaled that her captain -wanted to shift southwest to deeper water, but Gilbert wanted to enter -the St. Lawrence and signaled back to go on northwest. That night a -storm raged. The provision ship ran full tilt into the sand banks of -Sable Island, and was battered into chips before the other ships could -come to rescue. All supplies were lost and all the pirate crew perished -but sixteen, who jumped into the pinnace dragging astern, and, with only -one oar, half punted, half drifted for seven days till the wave wash -carried them to the shores of Newfoundland. There they were picked up by -a fishing vessel. - -With provisions gone, Sir Humphrey Gilbert's colony was doomed. He must -turn back. Saturday, August 31, they reversed the course. When halfway -across the Atlantic the admiral rowed from the little _Squirrel_ across -to the _Golden Hinde_ to have a lame foot treated by the surgeon. "Cheer -{29} up," he urged the men. "Next year her Majesty will loan me 1000 -pounds, and we shall come again." - -[Illustration: SIR WALTER RALEIGH] - -As storm was gathering, the men begged him to remain on the larger ship, -but Gilbert refused to leave the sailors of the _Squirrel_. The frigate -was as safe for him as for them, he said. Some one called his attention -to the fact that the frigate was overweighted with cannon. Gilbert -laughed all danger to scorn. Soon afterwards the waves began to break -short and high--a dangerous sea for a small, overweighted ship. It had -been arranged that both ships should swing lanterns fore and aft to keep -each other in sight at night. On the night of September 9 a -phosphorescent light was seen to gleam above the mainmast of the -_Squirrel_,--certain sign to the superstitious sailors of dire disaster; -but when the _Hinde_ slackened speed, and the great waves threw the -vessels almost together, there was Sir Humphrey sitting aloft, book in -hand, shouting out, "We are as near Heaven by sea as by land." The -_Hinde_ fell to the rear. The _Squirrel_ led away, her stern lanterns -lighting a trail across the shiny dark of the tempestuous billows. -Suddenly, at midnight, the guiding {30} light was lost. The _Squirrel's_ -stern lanterns were seen to descend the pitching trough of a mountain -wave, and when the wall of water fell, no light came up. Down into the -abyss the little craft had plunged, never to rise again, carrying -explorer, treasure hunters, colonists, to a watery grave. - -It may be added that the disaster took place halfway across the ocean, -and not off Newfoundland, as the ballad relates. - - -But for all this misfortune, England did not desist. The very next year -Raleigh, who had played on the sands with Humphrey Gilbert, sends out his -colonists to the Roanoke, and lays the foundations for the beginning of -empire in the Southern States. English sailors explore Cape Cod. Ten -years after Frobisher had brought home his cargo of worthless stones from -Labrador, Davis, the master mariner, is out exploring the waters west of -Greenland; and Henry Hudson, the English pilot who had discovered Hudson -River, New York, for the Dutch, is retained by the English in 1610 to -explore those waters west of Greenland where both Frobisher and Davis -reported open passage. - -It is midsummer of 1610 when Hudson enters Hudson Straits. The ice jam -of Ungava Bay, Labrador, has almost torn his ships' timbers apart and has -set fear shivering like an aspen leaf among the crew. Old Juett, the -mate, rages openly at Hudson for venturing such a frail ship on such a -sea; but when the ship anchors at the west end of Hudson Straits, five -hundred miles from the Atlantic, there opens to view another sea,--a sea -large as the Mediterranean, that, like the Mediterranean, may lead to -another world. It is as dangerous to go back as forward; and forward -Hudson sails, southwestward for that sea Drake had cruised off -California, the old mate's mutiny rumbling beneath decks like a volcano. -South, southwestward, seven hundred miles sails Hudson, past the high -rocks and airy cataracts of Richmond Gulf, past silence like the realms -of death, on down where Hudson Bay rounds into James Bay and the shallows -plainly show this is no way to a western sea, but a blind inlet, -bowlder-strewn and muddy as swamps. - -{31} - -[Illustration: AT EASTERN ENTRANCE TO HUDSON STRAITS] - -When the ship runs aground and all hands must out to waist in ice water -to pull her ashore as the tide comes in, Juett's rage bursts all bounds. -As they toil, snow begins to fall. They are winter bound and storm bound -in an unknown land. Half the crew are in open mutiny; the other half -build winter quarters and range the woods of James Bay for game. Of game -there is plenty, but the rebels refuse to hunt. A worthless lad named -Green, whom Hudson had picked off the streets of London, turns traitor -and talebearer, fomenting open quarrels till the commander threatens he -will hang to the yardarm the first man guilty of disobedience. So passes -the sullen winter. Provisions are short when the ship weighs anchor for -England in June of 1611. With tears in his eyes, Hudson hands out the -last rations. Ice blocks the way. Delay means starvation. If the crew -were only half as large, Henry Green whispers to the mutineers, there -would be food enough for passage home. The ice floes clear, the sails -swing rattling to the breeze, but as Hudson steps on deck, the mutineers -leap upon him like wolves. He is bound and thrown into the rowboat. -With him are thrust his son and {32} eight others of the crew. The rope -is cut, the rowboat jerks back adrift, and Hudson's vessel, manned by -mutineers, drives before the wind. A few miles out, the mutineers lower -sails to rummage for food. The little boat with the castaways is seen -coming in pursuit. Guilt-haunted, the crew out with all sails and flee -as from avenging ghosts. So passes Henry Hudson from the ken of all men, -though Indian legend on the shores of Hudson Bay to this day maintains -that the castaways landed north of Rupert and lived among the savages. - -[Illustration: HUDSON COAT OF ARMS] - -Not less disastrous were English efforts than French to colonize the New -World. Up to 1610 Canada's story is, in the main, a record of blind -heroism, dogged courage, death that refused to acknowledge defeat. - - -Four hundred French vessels now yearly come to reap the harvest of the -sea; in and out among the fantastic rocks of Gaspé, pierced and pillared -and scooped into caves by the wave wash, where fisher boats reap other -kind of harvest, richer than the silver harvest of the sea,--harvest of -beaver, and otter, and marten; up the dim amber waters of the Saguenay, -within the shadow of the somber gorge, trafficking baubles of bead and -red print for furs, precious furs. Pontgravé, merchant prince, comes out -with fifty men in 1600, and leaves sixteen at Tadoussac, ostensibly as -colonists, really as wood lopers to scatter through the forests and learn -the haunts of the Indians. Pontgravé comes back for men and furs in -1601, and comes again in 1603 with two vessels, accompanied by a soldier -of fortune from the French court, who acts as geographer,--Samuel -Champlain, now in his thirty-sixth year, with service in war to his -credit and a journey across Spanish America. - -{33} The two vessels are barely as large as coastal schooners; but -shallow draft enables them to essay the Upper St. Lawrence far as Mount -Royal, where Cartier had voyaged. Of the palisaded Indian fort not a -vestige remains. War or plague has driven the tribe westward, but it is -plain to the court geographer that, in spite of former failures, this -land of rivers like lakes, and valleys large as European kingdoms, is fit -for French colonists. - -[Illustration: THE FANTASTIC ROCKS OF GASPÉ] - -When Champlain returns to France the King readily grants to Sieur de -Monts a region roughly defined as anywhere between Pennsylvania and -Labrador, designated Acadia. This region Sieur de Monts is to colonize -in return for a monopoly of the fur trade. When other traders complain, -De Monts quiets them by letting them all buy shares in the venture. With -him are associated as motley a throng of treasure seekers as ever -stampeded for gold. There is Samuel Champlain, the court geographer; -there is Pontgravé, the merchant prince, on a separate {34} vessel with -stores for the colonists. Pontgravé is to attend especially to the fur -trading. There are the Baron de Poutrincourt and his young son, -Biencourt, and other noblemen looking for broader domains in the New -World; and there are the usual riffraff of convicts taken from dungeons. -Priests go to look after the souls of the Catholics, Huguenot ministers -to care for the Protestants, and so valiantly do these dispute with -tongues and fists that the sailors threaten to bury them in the same -grave to see if they can lie at peace in death. - -[Illustration: SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN] - -Before the boats sight Acadia, it is early summer of 1604. Pontgravé -leaves stores with De Monts and sails on up to Tadoussac. De Monts -enters the little bay of St. Mary's, off the northwest corner of Nova -Scotia, and sends his people ashore to explore. - -Signs of minerals they seek, rushing pellmell through the woods, gleeful -as boys out of school. The forest is pathless and dense with June -undergrowth, shutting out the sun and all sign of direction. The company -scatters. Priest Aubry, more used to the cobble pavement of Paris than -to the tangle of ferns, grows fatigued and drinks at a fresh-water rill. -Going in the direction of his comrades' voices, he suddenly realizes that -he has left his sword at the spring. The priest hurries back for the -sword, loses his companions' voices, and when he would return, finds that -he is hopelessly lost. The last shafts of {35} sunlight disappear. The -chill of night settles on the darkening woods. The priest shouts till he -is hoarse and fires off his pistol; but the woods muffle all sound but -the scream of the wild cat or the uncanny hoot of the screech owl. Aubry -wanders desperately on and on in the dark, his cassock torn to tatters by -the brushwood, his way blocked by the undisturbed windfall of countless -ages, . . . on and on, . . . till gray dawn steals through the forest and -midday wears to a second night. - -Back at the boat were wild alarm and wilder suspicions. Could the -Huguenots, with whom Aubry had battled so violently, have murdered him? -De Monts scouted the notion as unworthy, but the suspicion clung in spite -of fiercest denials. All night cannon were fired from the vessel and -bonfires kept blazing on shore; but two or three days passed, and the -priest did not come. - -De Monts then sails on up the Bay of Fundy, which he calls French Bay, -and by the merest chance sheers through an opening eight hundred feet -wide to the right and finds himself in the beautiful lakelike Basin of -Annapolis, broad chough to harbor all the French navy, with a shore line -of wooded meadows like home-land parks. Poutrincourt is so delighted, he -at once asks for an estate here and names the domain Port Royal. - -On up Fundy Bay sails De Monts, Samuel Champlain ever leaning over decks, -making those maps and drawings which have come down from that early -voyage. The tides carry to a broad river on the north side. It is St. -John's Day. They call the river St. John, and wander ashore, looking -vainly for more minerals. Westward is another river, known to-day as the -Ste. Croix, the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick. Dochet Island -at its mouth seems to offer what to a soldier is an ideal site. A fort -here could command either Fundy Bay or the upland country, which Indians -say leads back to the St. Lawrence. Thinking more of fort than farms, De -Monts plants his colony on Ste. Croix River, on an island composed mainly -of sand and rock. - -While workmen labor to erect a fort on the north side, the pilot is sent -back to Nova Scotia to prospect for minerals. As {36} the vessel coasts -near St. Mary's Bay, a black object is seen moving weakly along the -shore. Sailors and pilot gaze in amazement. A hat on the end of a pole -is waved weakly from the beach. The men can scarcely believe their -senses. It must be the priest, though sixteen days have passed since he -disappeared. For two weeks Aubry had wandered, living on berries and -roots, before he found his way back to the sea. - -[Illustration: PORT ROYAL OR ANNAPOLIS BASIN, 1609 (From Lescarbot's -map)] - - -Here, then, at last, is founded the first colony in Canada, a little -palisaded fort of seventy-nine men straining longing eyes at the sails of -the vessel gliding out to sea; for Pontgravé has taken one vessel up the -St. Lawrence to trade, and Poutrincourt has gone back to France with the -other for supplies. A worse beginning could hardly have been made. The -island was little better than a sand heap. No hills shut out the cold -winds that swept down the river bed from the north, and the tide carried -in ice jam from the south. As the snow began to fall, padding the -stately forests with a silence as of death, whitening the gaunt spruce -trees somber as funereal mourners, the colonists felt the icy loneliness -of winter in a forest chill their hearts. {37} Cooped up on the island -by the ice, they did little hunting. Idleness gives time for repinings. -Scurvy came, and before spring half the colonists had peopled the little -cemetery outside the palisades. De Monts has had enough of Ste. Croix. -When Pontgravé comes out with forty more men in June, De Monts prepares -to move. Champlain had the preceding autumn sailed south seeking a -better site; and now with De Monts he sails south again far as Cape Cod, -looking for a place to plant the capital of New France. It is amusing to -speculate that Canada might have included as far south as Boston, if they -had found a harbor to their liking; but they saw nothing to compare with -Annapolis Basin, narrow of entrance, landlocked, placid as a lake, with -shores wooded like a park; and back they cruised to Ste. Croix in August, -to move the colony across to Nova Scotia, to Annapolis Basin of Acadia. -While Champlain and Pontgravé volunteer to winter in the wilderness, De -Monts goes home to look after his monopoly in France. - -What had De Monts to show for his two years' labor? His company had -spent what would be $20,000 in modern money, and all returns from fur -trade had been swallowed up prolonging the colony. While Champlain -hunted moose in the woods round Port Royal and Pontgravé bartered furs -during the winter of 1605-1606, De Monts and Poutrincourt and the gay -lawyer Marc Lescarbot fight for the life of the monopoly in Paris and -point out to the clamorous merchants that the building of a French empire -in the New World is of more importance than paltry profits. De Monts -remains in France to stem the tide rising against him, while Poutrincourt -and Lescarbot sail on the _Jonas_ with more colonists and supplies for -Port Royal. - -Noon, July 27, 1606, the ship slips into the Basin of Annapolis. To -Lescarbot, the poet lawyer, the scene is a fairyland--the silver flood of -the harbor motionless as glass, the wooded meadows dank with bloom, the -air odorous of woodland smells, the blue hills rimming round the sky, and -against the woods of the north shore the chapel spire and thatch roofs -and slab walls of the little fort, the one oasis of life in a wilderness. -{38} As the sails rattled down and the anchor dropped, not a soul -appeared from the fort. The gates were bolted fast. The _Jonas_ runs up -the French ensign. Then a canoe shoots out from the brushwood, paddled -by the old chief Membertou. He signals back to the watchers behind the -gates. Musketry shots ring out welcome. The ship's cannon answer, -setting the waters churning. Trumpets blare. The gates fly wide and out -marches the garrison--two lone Frenchmen. The rest, despairing of a ship -that summer, have cruised along to Cape Breton to obtain supplies from -French fishermen, whence, presently, come Pontgravé and Champlain, -overjoyed to find the ship from France. Poutrincourt has a hogshead of -wine rolled to the courtyard and all hands fitly celebrate. - -[Illustration: BUILDINGS ON STE. CROIX ISLAND, 1613 (From Champlain's -diagram)] - -When Pontgravé carries the furs to France, Marc Lescarbot, the lawyer -poet, proves the life of the fort for this, the third winter of the -colonists in Acadia. Poutrincourt and his son {39} attend to trade. -Champlain, as usual, commands; and dull care is chased away by a thousand -pranks of the Paris advocate. First, he sets the whole fort a-gardening, -and Baron Poutrincourt forgets his _noblesse_ long enough to wield the -hoe. Then Champlain must dam up the brook for a trout pond. The weather -is almost mild as summer until January. The woods ring to many a merry -picnic, fishing excursion, or moose hunt; and when snow comes, the gay -Lescarbot along with Champlain institutes a New World order of -nobility--the Order of Good Times. Each day one of the number must cater -to the messroom table of the fort. This means keen hunting, keen rivalry -for one to outdo another in the giving of sumptuous feasts. And all is -done with the pomp and ceremony of a court banquet. When the chapel bell -rings out noon hour and workers file to the long table, there stands the -Master of the Revels, napkin on shoulder, chain of honor round his neck, -truncheon in his hand. The gavel strikes, and there enter the -Brotherhood, each bearing a steaming dish in his hand,--moose hump, -beaver tail, bears' paws, wild fowl smelling luscious as food smells only -to out-of-doors men. Old Chief Membertou dines with the whites. -Crouching round the wall behind the benches are the squaws and the -children, to whom are flung many a tasty bit. - -At night time, round the hearth fire, when the roaring logs set the -shadows dancing on the rough-timbered floor, the truncheon and chain of -command are pompously transferred to the new Grand Master. It is all -child's play, but it keeps the blood of grown men coursing hopefully. - -Or else Lescarbot perpetrates a newspaper,--a handwritten sheet giving -the doings of the day,--perhaps in doggerel verse of his own composing. -At other times trumpets and drums and pipes keep time to a dance. As all -the warring clergymen, both Huguenot and Catholic, have died of scurvy, -Lescarbot acts as priest on Sundays, and winds up the day with cheerful -excursions up the river, or supper spread on the green. The lawyer's -good spirits proved contagious. The French songs that rang through the -woods of Acadia, keeping time to the chopper's {40} labors, were the best -antidote to scurvy; but the wildwood happiness was too good to last. -While L'Escarbot was writing his history of the new colonies a bolt fell -from the blue. Instead of De Monts' vessel there came in spring a -fishing smack with word that the grant of Acadia had been rescinded. No -more money would be advanced. Poutrincourt and his son, Biencourt, -resolved to come back without the support of a company; but for the -present all took sad leave of the little settlement--Poutrincourt, -Champlain, L'Escarbot--and sailed with the Cape Breton fishing fleet for -France, where they landed in October, 1607. - -Cartier, Roberval, La Roche, De Monts--all had failed to establish France -in Canada; and as for England, Sir Humphrey's colonists lay bleaching -skeletons at the bottom of the sea. - - - - -{41} - -CHAPTER III - -FROM 1607 TO 1635 - -Argall of Virginia attacks the French--Champlain on the St. -Lawrence--Champlain and the Iroquois--Champlain explores the -Ottawa--Champlain with the Indians--Discovery of the Great Lakes--War -with the Iroquois--Conflicting interests in New France--The English -take Quebec - - -Though the monopoly had been rescinded, Poutrincourt set himself to -interesting merchants in the fur trade of Acadia, and the French king -confirmed to him the grant of Port Royal. Yet it was 1610 before Baron -Poutrincourt had gathered supplies to reëstablish the colony, and an -ominous cloud rose on the horizon, threatening his supremacy in the New -World. Nearly all the merchants supporting him were either Huguenots -or moderate Catholics. The Jesuits were all powerful at court, and -were pressing for a part in his scheme. The Jesuit, Father Biard, was -waiting at Bordeaux to join the ship. Poutrincourt evaded issues with -such powerful opponents. He took on board Father La Fléché, a -moderate, and gave the Jesuit the slip by sailing from Dieppe in -February. - -To this quarrel there are two sides, as to all quarrels. The colony -must now be supported by the fur trade; and fur traders, world over, -easily add to their profits by deeds which will not bear the censure of -missionaries. On the other hand, to Poutrincourt, the Jesuits meant -divided authority; and the most lawless scoundrel that ever perpetrated -crimes in the fur trade could win over the favor of the priests by a -hypocritical semblance of contrition at the confessional. Contrition -never yet undid a crime; and civil courts can take no cognizance of -repentance. - -When the ships sailed in to Port Royal the little fort was found -precisely as it had been left. Not even the furniture had been -disturbed, and old Membertou, the Indian chief, welcomed the white men -back with taciturn joy. Père La Fléché assembles the savages, tells -them the story of the Christian faith, then to the beat of drum and -chant of "Te Deum" receives, one {42} afternoon, twenty naked converts -into the folds of the church. Membertou is baptized Henry, after the -King, and all his frowsy squaws renamed after ladies of the most -dissolute court in Christendom. - -Young Biencourt is to convey the ship back to France. He finds that -the Queen Dowager has taken the Jesuits under her especial protection. -Money enough to buy out the interests of the Huguenot merchants for the -Jesuits has been advanced. Fathers Biard and Massé embark on _The -Grace of God_ with young Biencourt in January, 1611, for Port Royal. -Almost at once the divided authority results in trouble. Coasting the -Bay of Fundy, Biencourt discovers that Pontgravé's son has roused the -hostility of the Indians by some shameless act. Young Biencourt is for -hanging the miscreant to the yardarm, but the sinner gains the ear of -the saints by woeful tale of penitence, and Father Biard sides with -young Pontgravé. Instead of the gayety that reigned at Port Royal in -L'Escarbot's day, now is sullen mistrust. - -The Jesuits threaten young Biencourt with excommunication. Biencourt -retaliates by threatening _them_ with expulsion. For three months no -religious services are held. The boat of 1612 brings out another -Jesuit, Gilbert du Thet; and the _Jonas_, which comes in 1613 with -fifty more men,--La Saussaye, commander, Fleury, captain,--has been -entirely outfitted by friends of the Jesuits. By this time Baron de -Poutrincourt, in France, was involved in debt beyond hope; but his -right to Port Royal was unshaken, and the Jesuits decided to steer -south to seek a new site for their colony. - -[Illustration: PORT ROYAL (From Champlain's diagram)] - -Zigzagging along the coast of Maine, Captain Fleury cast anchor off -Mount Desert at Frenchman's Bay. A cross was erected, mass celebrated, -and four white tents pitched to house the people; but the clash between -civil and religious authority broke out again. The sailors would not -obey the priests. Fleury feared mutiny. Saussaye, the commander, lost -his head, and disorder was ripening to disaster when there appeared -over the sea the peak of a sail,--a sail topped by a little red ensign, -the {43} flag of the English, who claimed all this coast. And the sail -was succeeded by decks with sixty mariners, and hulls through whose -ports bristled fourteen cannon. The newcomer was Samuel Argall of -Virginia, whom the Indians had told of the French, now bearing down -full sail, cannon leveled, to expel these aliens from the domain of -England's King. Drums were beating, trumpets blowing, fifes -shrieking--there was no mistaking the purpose of the English ship. -Saussaye, the French commander, dashed for hiding in the woods. -Captain Fleury screamed for some one, every one, any one, "to -fire--fire"; but the French sailors had imitated their commander and -fled to the woods, while the poor Jesuit, Gilbert du Thet, fell -weltering in blood from an English cannonade that swept the French -decks bare and set all sails in flame. In the twinkling of an eye, -Argall had captured men and craft. Fifteen of the French prisoners he -set adrift in open boat, on the chance of their joining the French -fishing fleet off Cape Breton. They were ultimately carried to St. -Malo. {44} The rest of the prisoners, including Father Biard, he took -back to Virginia, where the commission held from the French King -assured them honorable treatment in time of peace; but Argall was -promptly sent north again with his prisoners, and three frigates to lay -waste every vestige of French settlement from Maine to St. John. Mount -Desert, the ruins of Ste. Croix, the fortress beloved by Poutrincourt -at Port Royal, the ripening wheat of Annapolis Basin--all fed the -flames of Argall's zeal; and young Biencourt's wood runners, watching -from the forests the destruction of all their hopes, the ruin of all -their plans, ardently begged their young commander to parley with -Argall that they might obtain the Jesuit Biard and hang him to the -highest tree. To _his_ coming they attributed all the woes. It was as -easy for them to believe that the Jesuit had piloted the English -destroyer to Port Royal, as it had been ten years before for the -Catholics to accuse the Huguenots of murdering the lost priest Aubry; -and there was probably as much truth in one charge as the other. - -So fell Port Royal; but out round the ruins of Port Royal, where the -little river runs down to the sea past Goat Island, young Biencourt and -his followers took to the woods--the first of that race of bush lopers, -half savages, half noblemen, to render France such glorious service in -the New World. - - -When De Monts lost the monopoly of furs in Acadia, Champlain, the court -geographer, had gone home from Port Royal to France. De Monts now -succeeds in obtaining a fresh monopoly for one year on the St. -Lawrence, and sends out two ships in 1608 under his old friends, -Pontgravé, who is to attend to the bartering, Champlain, who is to -explore. With them come some of the colonists from Port Royal, among -others Louis Hebert, the chemist, first colonist to become farmer at -Quebec, and Abraham Martin, whose name was given to the famous plains -where Wolfe and Montcalm later fought. - -Pontgravé arrived at the rendezvous of Tadoussac early in June. Here -he found Basque fishermen engaged in the peltry {45} traffic with -Indians from Labrador. When Pontgravé read his commission interdicting -all ships but those of De Monts from trade, the Basques poured a -fusillade of musketry across his decks, killed one man, wounded two, -then boarded his vessel and trundled his cannon ashore. So much for -royal commissions and monopoly! - -[Illustration: TADOUSSAC (From Champlain's map)] - -At this stage came Champlain on the second boat. Two vessels were -overstrong for the Basques. They quickly came to terms and decamped. -Champlain steered his tiny craft on up the silver flood of the St. -Lawrence to that Cape Diamond where Cartier's men had gathered -worthless stones. Between the high cliff and the river front, not far -from the market place of Quebec City to-day, workmen began clearing the -woods for the site of the French habitation. The little fort was -palisaded, of course, with a moat outside and cannon commanding the -river. The walls were loopholed for musketry; and inside ran a gallery -to serve as lookout and defense. Houses, barracks, garden, and -fresh-water supply completed the fort. One day, as Champlain {46} -worked in his garden, a colonist begged to speak with him. Champlain -stepped into the woods. The man then blurted out how a conspiracy was -on foot, instigated by the Basques, to assassinate Champlain, seize the -fort, and stab any man who dared to resist. One of Pontgravé's small -boats lay at anchor. Champlain sent for the pilot, told him the story -of the plot, gave him two bottles of wine, and bade him invite the -ringleaders on board that night to drink. The ruse worked. The -ringleaders were handcuffed, the other colonists awakened in the fort -and told that the plot had been crushed. The body of Duval, the chief -plotter, in pay of the Basques, swung as warning from a gibbet; and his -head was exposed on a pike to the birds of the air. Though Pontgravé -left a garrison of twenty-eight when he sailed for France, less than a -dozen men had survived the plague of scurvy when the ships came back to -Champlain in 1609. - -Champlain's part had been to explore. Now that his fort was built, he -planned to do this by allying himself with the Indians, who came down -to trade at Quebec. These were the Hurons and Montaignais, the former -from the Ottawa, the latter from Labrador. Both waged ceaseless war on -the Iroquois south of the St. Lawrence. After bartering their furs for -weapons from the traders, the allied tribes would set out on the -warpath against the Iroquois. In June, Champlain and eleven white men -accompanied the roving warriors. - -The way led from the St. Lawrence south, up the River Richelieu. -Champlain's boat was a ponderous craft; and when the shiver of the -sparkling rapids came with a roar through the dank forest, the heavy -boat had to be sent back to Quebec. Adopting the light birch canoe of -the Indian, Champlain went on, accompanied by only two white men. Of -Indians, there were twenty-four canoes with sixty warriors. For the -first part of the voyage night was made hideous by the grotesque war -dances of the braves lashing themselves to fury by scalp raids in -pantomime, or by the medicine men holding solemn converse with the -demons of earth; the tent poles of the medicine lodge rocked as if by -wind, while eldritch howls predicted victory. {47} Then the long line -of silent canoes had spread out on that upland lake named after -Champlain, the heavily forested Adirondacks breaking the sky line on -one side, the Green Mountains rolling away on the other. Caution now -marked all advance. The Indians paddled only at night, withdrawing to -the wooded shore through the morning mist to hide in the undergrowth -for the day. This was the land of the Iroquois. - -[Illustration: DEFEAT OF THE IROQUOIS (From Champlain's drawing)] - -On July 29, as the invaders were stealing silently along the west shore -near Crown Point at night about ten o'clock, there were seen by the -starlight, coming over the water with that peculiar galloping motion of -paddlers dipping together, the Iroquois war canoes. Each side -recognized the other, and the woods rang with shouts; but gathering -clouds and the mist rising from the river screened the foes from mutual -attack, though the night echoed to shout and countershout and challenge -and abuse. Through the half light Champlain could see that the -Iroquois were working like beavers erecting a barricade of logs. The -assailants kept to their canoes under cover of bull-hide shields till -daylight, when Champlain buckled on his armor--breastplate, helmet, -thigh pieces--and landing, advanced. There were not less than two -hundred Iroquois. Outnumbering the Hurons three times over, they -uttered a jubilant whoop and {48} came on at a rush. Champlain and his -two white men took aim. The foremost chiefs dropped in their tracks. -Terrified by "the sticks that thundered and spat fire," the Iroquois -fell back in amaze, halted, then fled. The victory was complete; but -it left as a legacy to New France the undying enmity of the Iroquois. - - -When Champlain came out from France in 1610, he would have repeated the -raid; but a fight with invading Iroquois at the mouth of the Richelieu -delayed him, and the expiration of De Monts' monopoly took him back to -France. - -In 1611 trade was free to all comers. Fur traders flocked to the St. -Lawrence like birds of passage. The only way to secure furs for De -Monts was to go higher up the river beyond Quebec; and ascending to -Montreal, Champlain built a factory called Place Royale, with a wall of -bricks to resist the ice jam. This was the third French fort Champlain -helped to found in Canada. - -Presently, on his tracks to Montreal, came a flock of free traders. -When the Hurons come shooting down the foamy rapids--here, a pole-shove -to avoid splitting canoes on a rock in mid-rush; there, a dexterous -whirl from the trough of a back wash--the fur traders fire off their -guns in welcome. The Hurons are suspicious. What means it, these -white men, coming in such numbers, firing off their "sticks that -thunder"? At midnight they come stealthily to Champlain's lodge to -complain. Peltries and canoes, the Indians transfer themselves above -the rapids, and later conduct Champlain down those same white -whirlpools to the uneasy amaze of the explorer. - -It is clear to Champlain he must obtain royal patronage to stem the -boldness of these free traders. In France he obtains the favor of the -Bourbons; and he obtains it more generously because the world of Paris -has gone agog about a fabulous tale that sets the court by the ears. -From the first Champlain has encouraged young Frenchmen to winter with -the Indian hunters and learn the languages. Brulé is with them now. -Nicholas Vignau has just come back from the Ottawa with a fairy story -of a marvelous voyage he has made with the Indians through {49} the -forests to the Sea of the North--the sea where Henry Hudson, the -Englishman, had perished. As the romance gains the ear of the public, -the young man waxes eloquent in detail, and tells of the number of -Englishmen living there. Champlain is ordered to follow this -exploration up. - -May, 1613, he is back at Montreal, opposite that island named St. -Helen, after the frail girl who became his wife, preparing to ascend -the Ottawa with four white men--among them Vignau. What Vignau's -sensations were, one may guess. The vain youth had not meant his love -of notoriety to carry him so far; and he must have known that every -foot of the way led him nearer detection; but the liar is always a -gambler with chance. Mishap, bad weather, Indian war--might drive -Champlain back. Vignau assumed bold face. - -The path followed was that river trail up the Ottawa which was to -become the highway of empire's westward march for two and a half -centuries. Mount Royal is left to the rear as the voyageurs traverse -the Indian trail through the forests along the rapids to that launching -place named after the patron saint of French voyageur--Ste. Anne's. -The river widens into the silver expanse of Two Mountains Lake, rimmed -to the sky line by the vernal hills, with a silence and solitude over -all, as when sunlight first fell on face of man. Here the eagle utters -a lonely scream from the top of some blasted pine; there a covey of -ducks, catching sight of the coming canoes, dive to bottom, only to -reappear a gunshot away. Where the voyageurs land for their nooning, -or camp at nightfall, or pause to gum the splits in their birch canoes, -the forest in the full flush of spring verdure is a fairy woods. -Against the elms and the maples leafing out in airy tracery that -reveals the branches bronze among the budding green, stand the silver -birches, and the somber hemlocks, and the resinous pines. Upbursting -from the mold below is another miniature forest--a forest of ferns -putting out the hairy fronds that in another month will be above the -height of a man. Overhead, like a flame of fire, flashes the scarlet -tanager with his querulous call; or the oriole flits from branch to -branch, {50} fluting his springtime notes; or the yellow warbler -balances on topmost spray to sing his crisp love song on the long -journey north to nest on Hudson Bay. And over all and in all, -intangible as light, intoxicating as wine, is the tang of the clear, -unsullied, crystal air, setting the blood coursing with new life. -Little wonder that Brulé, and Vignau, and other young men whom -Champlain sent to the woods to learn wood lore, became so enamored of -the life that they never returned to civilization. - -Presently the sibilant rush of waters forewarns rapids. Indians and -voyageurs debark, invert canoes on their shoulders, packs on back with -straps across foreheads, and amble away over the portages at that -voyageurs' dog-trot which is half walk, half run. So the rapids of -Carillon and Long Sault are ascended. Night time is passed on some -sandy shore on a bed under the stars, or under the canoes turned upside -down. Tents are erected only for the commander, Champlain; and at day -dawn, while the tips of the trees are touched with light and the -morning mist is smoking up from the river shot with gold, canoes are -again on the water and paddle blades tossing the waves behind. - -The Laurentian Hills now roll from the river in purpling folds like -fields of heather. The Gatineau is passed, winding in on the right -through dense forests. On the left, flowing through the rolling sand -hills, and joining the main river just where the waters fall over a -precipice in a cataract of spray, is the Rideau River with its famous -falls resembling the white folds of a wind-blown curtain. Then the -voyageurs have swept round that wooded cliff known as Parliament Hill, -jutting out in the river, and there breaks on view a wall of water -hurtling down in shimmering floods at the Chaudière Falls. The high -cliff to the left and countercurrent from the falls swirl the canoes -over on the right side to the sandy flats where the lumber piles to-day -defile the river. Here boats are once more hauled up for portage--a -long portage, nine miles, all the way to the modern town of Aylmer, -where the river becomes wide as a lake, Lake Du Chêne of the oak -forests. Here camp for the night was made, and leaks in the canoes -mended with resin, round fires gleaming red as an angry eye across the -{51} darkening waters, while the prowling wild cats and lynx, which -later gave such good hunting in these forests that the adjoining rapids -became known as the Chats, sent their unearthly screams shivering -through the darkness. - -Somewhere near Allumette Isle, Champlain came to an Indian settlement -of the Ottawa tribe. He camped to ask for guides to go on. Old Chief -Tessouat holds solemn powwow, passing the peace pipe round from hand to -hand in silence, before the warriors rise to answer Champlain. Then -with the pompous gravity of Abraham dickering with the desert tribes, -they warn Champlain it is unsafe to go farther. Beyond the Ottawa is -the Nipissing, where dwell the Sorcerer Indians--a treacherous people. -Beyond the Nipissing is the great Fresh Water Sea of the Hurons. They -will grant Champlain canoes, but warn him against the trip. Later the -interpreter comes with word they have changed their minds. Champlain -must _not_ go on. It is too dangerous. Attack would involve war. - -"What," demanded Champlain, rushing into the midst of the council tent, -"not go? Why, my young man, here"--pointing to Vignau--"has gone to -that country and found no danger." - -What Vignau thought at that stage is not told. The Indians turned on -him in fury. - -"Nicholas, did _you_ say _you_ had visited the Nipissings?" - -Vignau hems and haws, and stammers, "Yes." - -"Liar," roars the chief. "You slept here every night, and if you went -to the Nipissings, you went in a dream." Then to Champlain, "Let him -be tortured." - -Champlain took the fellow to his own tent. Vignau reiterated his -story. Champlain took him back to the council. The Indians jeered his -answers and tore the story he told to tatters, showing Champlain how -utterly wrong Vignau's descriptions were. - -That night, on promise of forgiveness, Vignau fell on his knees and -confessed the imposture to Champlain. When the fur canoes came down -the Ottawa to trade at Montreal, Champlain accompanied them to the St. -Lawrence, and sailed for France. His exploration had been an -ignominious failure. - -{52} Champlain was ever Knight of the Cross as well as explorer. He -longed with the zeal of a missionary to reclaim the Indians from -savagery, and at last raised funds in France to pay the expense of -bringing four or five Recollets--a branch of the Franciscan Friars--to -Quebec in May of 1615. With the peaked hood thrown back, the gray garb -roped in at the waist, the bare feet protected only by heavy sandals, -the Recollets landed at Quebec, and with cannon booming, white men all -on bended knee, held service before the amazed savages. - -Of the Recollets, it was agreed that Joseph le Caron should go west to -the Hurons of the Sweet Water Sea. Accompanied by a dozen Frenchmen, -the friar ascended the Ottawa in July, passed that Allumette Island -where Vignau's lie had been confessed, and proceeded westward to the -land of the Hurons. Nine days later Champlain followed with two -canoes, ten Indians, and Etienne Brulé, his interpreter. In order to -hold the ever-lasting loyalty of the Hurons and Algonquins in Canada, -Champlain had pledged them that the French would join their twenty-five -hundred warriors in a great invasion of the Iroquois to the south. It -was to be a war not of aggression but of defense; for the Five Nations -of the Iroquois in New York state had harried the Canadian tribes like -wolves raiding a sheep pen. No Frenchman cultivating his farm patch on -the St. Lawrence was safe from ambuscade; no hunter afield secure from -a chance war party. - -Any tourist crossing Canada to-day can trace Champlain's voyage. Where -the rolling tide of the Ottawa forks at Mattawa, there comes in on the -west side, through dense forests and cedar swamps, a river -amber-colored with the wood-mold of centuries. This is the Mattawa. -Up the Mattawa Champlain pushed his canoes westward, up the shining -flood of the river yellow as gold where the waters shallow above the -pebble bottom. Then the gravel grated keels. The shallows became -weed-grown swamps that entangled the paddles and hid voyageur from -voyageur in reeds the height of a man; and presently a portage over -rocks slippery as ice leads to a stream flowing westward, opening {53} -on a low-lying, clay-colored lake--the country of the Nipissings, with -whom Champlain pauses to feast and hear tales of witchcraft and demon -lore, that gave them the name of Sorcerers. - -In a few sleeps--they tell him--he will reach the Sweet Water Sea. The -news is welcome; for the voyageurs are down to short rations, and -launch eagerly westward on the stream draining Nipissing Lake--French -River. This is a tricky little stream in whose sands lie buried the -bodies of countless French voyageurs. It is more dangerous going -_with_ rapids than _against_ them; for the hastening current is -sometimes an undertow, which sweeps the canoes into the rapids before -the roar of the waterfall has given warning. And the country is barren -of game. - -As they cross the portages, Champlain's men are glad to snatch at the -raspberry and cranberry bushes for food; and their night-time meal is -dependent on chance fishing. Indian hunters are met,--three hundred of -them,--the Staring Hairs, so named from the upright posture of their -headdress tipped by an eagle quill; and again Champlain is told he is -very near the Inland Sea. - -It comes as discoveries nearly always come--his finding of the Great -Lakes; for though Joseph Le Caron, the missionary, had passed this way -ten days ago, the zealous priest never paused to explore and map the -region. You are paddling down the brown, forest-shadowed waters--long -lanes of water like canals through walls of trees silent as sentinels. -Suddenly a change almost imperceptible comes. Instead of the earthy -smell of the forest mold in your nostrils is the clear tang of -sun-bathed, water-washed rocks; and the sky begins to swim, to lose -itself at the horizon. There is no sudden bursting of a sea on your -view. The river begins to coil in and out among islands. The amber -waters have become sheeted silver. You wind from island to island, -islands of pink granite, islands with no tree but one lone blasted -pine, islands that are in themselves forests. There is no end to these -islands. They are not in hundreds; they are in thousands. Then you -see the spray breaking over the reefs, and there is its sky line. You -are not on a river at all. You are on an inland sea. You have been on -the lake for hours. One {54} can guess how Champlain's men scrambled -from island to island, and fished for the rock bass above the deep -pools, and ran along the water line of wave-dashed reefs, wondering -vaguely if the wind wash were the ocean tide of the Western Sea. - -But Champlain's Huron guides had not come to find a Western Sea. With -the quick choppy stroke of the Indian paddler they were conveying him -down that eastern shore of Lake Huron now known as Georgian Bay, from -French River to Parry Sound and Midland and Penetang. Where these -little towns to-day stand on the hillsides was a howling wilderness of -forest, with never a footprint but the zigzagging trail of the Indians -back from Georgian Bay to what is now Lake Simcoe. - -Between these two shores lay the stamping grounds of the great Huron -tribe. How numerous were they? Records differ. Certainly at no time -more numerous than thirty thousand souls all told, including children. -Though they yearly came to Montreal for trade and war, the Hurons were -sedentary, living in the long houses of bark inclosed by triple -palisades, such as Cartier had seen at Hochelaga almost a century -before. - -Champlain followed his supple guides along the wind-fallen forest trail -to the Huron villages. Here he found the missionary. One can guess -how the souls of these two heroes burned as the deep solemn chant of -the _Te Deum_ for the first time rolled through the forests of Lake -Huron. - - -But now Champlain must to business; and his business is war. Brulé and -twelve Indians are sent like the carriers of the fiery cross in the -Highlands of Scotland to rally tribes of the Susquehanna to join the -Hurons against the Iroquois. A wild war dance is held with mystic -rites in the lodges of the Hurons; and the braves set out with -Champlain from Lake Simcoe for Lake Ontario by way of Trent River. As -they near what is now New York state, buckskin is flung aside, the -naked bodies painted and greased, and the trail shunned for the -pathless woods off the beaten track where the Indians glide like beasts -of prey through the frost-tinted forest. - -{55} - -[Illustration: THE ONONDAGA FORT (From Champlain's diagram)] - -October 9 they suddenly come on some Onondagas fishing, and they begin -torturing their captives by cutting off a girl's finger, when Champlain -commands them to desist. Presently the forest opens to a farm clearing -where the Iroquois are harvesting their corn. Spite of all Champlain -could do, the wild Hurons uttered their war cry and rushed the field, -but the Iroquois turned on the rabble and drove them back to the woods. -Champlain was furious. They should have waited for Brulé to come with -their allies; and the foolish attack had only served to forewarn the -enemy. He frankly told the Hurons if they were going to fight under -_his_ command, they must fight as white men fight; and he set them to -building a platform from which marksmen could shoot over the walls of -the Iroquois town. But the admonitions {56} fell on frenzied ears. No -sooner was the command to advance given than the Hurons broke from -cover like maniacs, easy marks for the javelin throwers inside the -walls, and hurled themselves against the Iroquois palisades in blind -fury, making more din with yelling than woe with shots. Boiling water -poured from the galleries inside drove the braves back from the walls, -and the poisoned barb of the Iroquois arrows pursued their flight. A -score fell wounded, among them Champlain with an arrow in his knee-cap. -The flight became panic fast and furious, with the wounded carried on -wicker stretchers whose every jolt added agony to pain. - -[Illustration: VIEW OF QUEBEC (From Champlain's plan)] - -As for Brulé, he arrived with the allies only to find that the Hurons -had fled, and here was he, alone in a hostile land, with Iroquois -warriors rampant as molested wasps. In the swift retreat off the trail -Brulé lost his way. He was without food {57} or powder, and had to -choose between starvation or surrender to the Iroquois. Throwing down -his weapons, he gave himself up to what he knew would be certain -torture. Had he winced or whined as they tore the nails from his -fingers and the hair from his head, the Iroquois would probably have -brained him on the spot for a poltroon; but the young man, bound to a -stake, pointed to a gathering storm as sign of Heaven's displeasure. -The high spirit pleased the Iroquois. They unbound him and took him -with them in their wanderings for three years. - -The Hurons had promised to convey Champlain back down the St. Lawrence -to Quebec, but the defeat had caused loss of prestige. The man "with -the stick that thundered" was no more invulnerable to wounds than they. -They forgot their promises and invented excuses for not proceeding to -Quebec. Champlain wintered with the hunters somewhere north of Lake -Ontario, and came down the Ottawa with the fur canoes the next summer. -He was received at Quebec as one risen from the dead. - - -While Champlain had been exploring, New France had not prospered as a -colony. Royal patron after royal patron sold the monopoly to fresh -hands, and each new master appointed Champlain viceroy. The fur trade -merchants could pay forty per cent dividends, but could do nothing to -advance settlement. Less than one hundred people made up the -population of New France; and these were torn asunder by jealousies. -Huguenot and Catholic were opposed; and when three Jesuits came to -Quebec, Jesuits and Recollets distrusted each other. - -Madam Champlain joined her husband at Quebec, in 1620, to stay for four -years, and that same year Champlain built himself a new habitation--the -famous Castle of St. Louis on the cliff above the first dwelling. -Louis Hebert, the apothecary of Port Royal, is now a farmer close to -the Castle of Quebec; and the wife of Abraham Martin has given birth to -the first white child born in New France. - -Now came a revolutionary change. Cardinal Richelieu was virtual ruler -of France. He quickly realized that the monopolists {58} were sucking -the lifeblood of the colony in furs and were giving nothing in return -to the country. In 1627, under the great cardinal's patronage, the -Company of One Hundred Associates was formed. In this company any of -the seaport traders could buy shares. Indeed, they were promised -patent of nobility if they did buy shares. Exclusive monopoly of furs -was given to the company from Florida to Labrador. In return the -Associates were to send two ships yearly to Canada. Before 1643 they -were to bring out four thousand colonists, support them for three -years, and give them land. In each settlement were to be supported -three priests; and, to prevent discord, Huguenots were to be banished -from New France. - -To Champlain it must have seemed as if the ambition of his life were to -be realized. Just when the sky seemed clearest the bolt fell. - - -Early in April, 1628, the Associates had dispatched colonists and -stores for Quebec; but war had broken out between France and England. -Gervais Kirke, an English Huguenot of Dieppe, France, who had been put -under the ban by Cardinal Richelieu, had rallied the merchants of -London to fit out privateers to wage war on New France. The vessels -were commanded by the three sons, Thomas, Louis, and David; and to the -Kirkes rallied many Huguenots banished from France. - -Quebec was hourly looking for the annual ships, when one morning in -July two men rushed breathless through the woods and up the steep rock -to Castle St. Louis with word that an English fleet of six frigates lay -in hiding at Tadoussac, ready to pounce on the French! Later came -other messengers--Indians, fishermen, traders--confirming the terrible -news. Then a Basque fisherman arrives with a demand, from Kirke for -the keys to the fort. Though there is no food inside the walls, less -than fifty pounds of ammunition in the storehouse, and not enough men -to man the guns, Champlain hopes against hope, and sends the Basque -fisherman back with suave regrets that he cannot comply with Monsieur -Kirke's polite request. Quebec's one chance lay in the hope that the -French vessels might {59} slip past the English frigates by night. -Days wore on to weeks, weeks to months, and a thousand rumors filled -the air; but no ships came. The people of Quebec were now reduced to -diet of nuts and corn. Then came Indian runners with word that the -French ships had been waylaid, boarded, scuttled, and sunk. Loaded to -the water line with booty, the English privateers had gone home. - -[Illustration: QUEBEC (From Champlain's map)] - -For that winter Quebec lived on such food as the Indians brought in -from the woods. By the summer of 1629 men, women, and children were -grubbing for roots, fishing for food, ranging the rocks for berries. -There are times when the only thing to do is--do nothing; and it is -probably the hardest task a brave man ever has. When the English fleet -came back in July Champlain had a ragamuffin, half-starved retinue of -precisely sixteen men. Yet he haggled for such terms that the English -promised to convey the prisoners to France. On July 20, for the first -time in history, the red flag of England blew to the winds above the -heights of Quebec. - - -But New France was only a pawn to the gamesters of French and English -diplomacy. Peace was proclaimed; and for the {60} sake of receiving -$200,000 as dowry due his French wife, Charles of England restored to -France the half continent which the Kirkes had captured, David Kirke -receiving the paltry honor of a title as compensation for the loss. -Champlain was back in Quebec by 1633; but his course had run. Between -Christmas eve and Christmas morning, in 1635, the brave Soldier of the -Cross, the first knight of the Canadian wildwoods, passed from the -sphere of earthly life--a life without a stain, whether among the -intriguing courtiers of Paris or in the midst of naked license in the -Indian camp. - - - - -{61} - -CHAPTER IV - -FROM 1635 TO 1666 - -Frays between La Tour and Charnisay--Madame La Tour defends the -fort--Charnisay's treachery - - -When Port Royal fell before Argall, it will be remembered, young -Biencourt took to the woods with his French bush lopers and Indian -followers of Nova Scotia. The farms and fort of Annapolis Basin -granted to his father by special patents lay in ruins. Familiar with -the woods as the English buccaneer, who had destroyed the fort, was -with his ship's cabin, Biencourt withdrew to the southwest corner of -Nova Scotia, where he built a rude stronghold of logs and slabs near -the modern Cape Sable. Here he could keep in touch with the French -fishermen off Cape Breton, and also traffic with the Indians of the -mainland. - -With Biencourt was a young man of his own age, boon comrade, kindred -spirit, who had come to Port Royal a boy of fourteen, in 1606, in the -gay days of Marc L'Escarbot--Charles de La Tour. Sea rovers, bush -lopers, these two could bid defiance to English raiders. Whether -Biencourt died in 1623 or went home to France is unknown; but he deeded -over to his friend, Charles de La Tour, all possessions in Acadia. - -And now England again comes on the scene. By virtue of Cabot's -discovery and Argall's conquest, the King of England, in 1621, grants -to Sir William Alexander, the Earl of Stirling, all of Acadia, renamed -Nova Scotia--New Scotland. By way of encouraging emigration, the order -of Nova Scotia Baronets is created, a title being granted to those who -subscribe to the colonization company. - -Sir William Alexander's colonists shun the French bush lopers under -Charles de La Tour down at Fort St. Louis on Cape Sable. The seventy -Scotch colonists go on up the Annapolis Basin and build their fort four -miles from old Port Royal. How did they pass the pioneer years--these -Scotch retainers of the {62} Nova Scotia Baronets? Report among the -French fishing fleet says thirty died of scurvy; but of definite -information not a vestige remains. The annals of these colonists are -as completely lost to history as the annals of the lost Roanoke colony -in Virginia. - -Under the same English patent Lord Ochiltree lands English colonists in -Cape Breton, the grand summer rendezvous of the French fishermen; but -two can play at Argall's game of raids. French seamen swoop down on -Ochiltree's colony, capture fifty, destroy the settlement, and run up -the white flag of France in place of the red standard of England. - -[Illustration: SIR WILLIAM ALEXANDER] - -Charles de La Tour with his Huguenots hides safely ensconced behind his -slab palisades with the swarthy faces of half a hundred Indian -retainers lighted up by the huge logs at blaze on the hearth. Charles -de La Tour takes counsel with himself. English at Port Royal, English -at Cape Breton, English on the mainland at Boston, English ships -passing and repassing his lone lodge in the wilderness, he will be -safer, will Charles de La Tour, with wider distance between himself and -the foe; and he will take more peltries where there are fewer traders. -Still keeping his fort in Nova Scotia, La Tour goes across Fundy Bay -and builds him a second, stronger fort on St. John River, New -Brunswick, near where Carleton town stands to-day. - -Then two things happened that upset all plans. - -{63} The Hundred Associates are given _all_ Canada--Quebec and Acadia. -Founded by Cardinal Richelieu, the Hundred Associates are violently -Catholic, violently anti-Protestant. Charles de La Tour need expect no -favors, if indeed the grant that he holds from Biencourt be not -assailed. Double reason for moving the most of his possessions across -Fundy Bay to St. John River. - -Then the Englishmen, under the Kirke brothers, capture Quebec. As luck -or ill luck will have it, among the French captured from the French -ships of the Hundred Associates down at Tadoussac, is Claude de La -Tour, the father of Charles. Claude de La Tour was a Protestant. This -and his courtly manner and his noble birth commended him to the English -court. What had France done for Claude de La Tour? Placed him under -the ban on account of his religion. - -Claude de La Tour promptly became a British subject, received the title -Baronet of Nova Scotia with enormous grants of land on St. John River, -New Brunswick, married an English lady in waiting to the Queen, and -sailed with three men-of-war for Nova Scotia to win over his son -Charles. No writer like Marc Lescarbot was present to describe the -meeting between father and son; but one can guess the stormy -scene,--the war between love of country and love of father, the guns of -the father's vessels pointing at the son's fort, the guns of the son's -fort pointing at the father's vessels. The father's arguments were -strong. What had France done for the La Tours? By siding with England -they would receive safe asylum in case of persecution and enormous -grants of land on St. John River. But the son's arguments were -stronger. The father must know from his English bride--maid in waiting -to the English Queen--that England had no intentions of keeping her -newly captured possessions in Canada, but had already decided to trade -them back to France for a dowry to the English Queen. If Canada were -given back to France, what were English grants in New Brunswick worth? -"If those who sent you think me capable of betraying my country even at -the prayer of my father, they are mightily mistaken," thundered the -young man, ordering his gunners to their places. {64} "I don't -purchase honors by crime! I don't undervalue the offer of England's -King; but the King of France is just as able to reward me! The King of -France has confided the defense of Acadia to me; and I'll defend it to -my last breath." - -Stung by his son's rebuke, the elder La Tour retired to his ship, wrote -one more unavailing appeal, then landed his mariners to rush the fort. -But the rough bush lopers inside the palisades were expert marksmen. -Their raking cross fire kept the English at a distance, and the father -could neither drive nor coax his men to the sticking point of courage -to scale palisades in such an unnatural war. Claude de La Tour was now -in an unenviable plight. He dare not go back to France a traitor. He -could not go back to England, having failed to win the day. The son -built him a dwelling outside the fort; and there this famous courtier -of two great nations, with his noble wife, retired to pass the end of -his days in a wildwood wilderness far enough from the gaudy tinsel of -courts. The fate of both husband and wife is unknown. - -[Illustration: MAP SHOWING LA TOUR'S POSSESSIONS IN ACADIA] - - -Charles de La Tour's predictions were soon verified. The Treaty of -St.-Germain-en-Laye, in 1632, gave back all Canada to France; and the -young man's loyalty was rewarded by the French King confirming the -father's English patent to the lands of St. John River, New Brunswick. -Perhaps he expected more. He certainly wanted to be governor of -Acadia, and may have looked for fresh title to Port Royal, which -Biencourt had deeded {65} to him. His ambition was embittered. -Cardinal Richelieu of the Hundred Associates had his own favorites to -look after. Acadia is divided into three provinces. Over all as -governor is Isaac Razilli, chief of the Hundred Associates. La Tour -holds St. John. One St. Denys is given Cape Breton; and Port Royal, -the best province of all, falls to Sieur d'Aulnay de Charnisay, friend -and relative of Richelieu; and when Razilli dies in 1635, Charnisay, -with his strong influence at court, easily secures the dead man's -patents with all land grants attached. Charnisay becomes governor of -Acadia. - -For a second time La Tour is thwarted. Things are turning out as his -father had foretold. Who began the border warfare matters little. -Whether Charnisay as lord of all Acadia first ordered La Tour to -surrender St. John, or La Tour, holding his grant from Biencourt to -Port Royal, ordered Charnisay to give up Annapolis Basin, war had -begun,--such border warfare as has its parallel only in the raids of -rival barons in the Middle Ages. Did La Tour's vessels laden with furs -slip out from St. John River across Fundy Bay bound for France? There -lay at Cape Sable and Sable Island Charnisay's freebooters, Charnisay's -wreckers, ready to board the ship or lure her a wreck on Sable Island -reefs by false lights. It is unsafe to accept as facts the charges and -countercharges made by these two enemies; but from independent sources -it seems fairly certain that Charnisay, unknown to Cardinal Richelieu, -was a bit of a freebooter and wrecker; for his men made a regular -business of waylaying English ships from Boston, Dutch ships from New -York, as they passed Sable Island; and Charnisay's name became -cordially hated by the Protestant colonies of New England. La Tour, -being Huguenot, could count on firm friends in Boston. - -Countless legends cling to Fundy Bay of the forays between these two. -In 1640 La Tour and his wife, cruising past Annapolis Basin in their -fur ships, rashly entered and attacked Port Royal. Their ship was run -aground by Charnisay's vessels and captured; but the friars persuaded -the victor to set La Tour and his wife free, pending an appeal to -France. France, of {66} course, decided in favor of Charnisay, who was -of royal blood, a relative of Richelieu's, in high favor with the -court. La Tour's patent was revoked and he was ordered to surrender -his fort on the St. John. - -[Illustration: CARDINAL RICHELIEU] - -In answer, La Tour loaded his cannon, locked the fort gates, and bade -defiance to Charnisay. Charnisay sails across Fundy Bay in June, 1643, -with a fleet of four vessels and five hundred men to bombard the fort. -La Tour was without provisions, though his store ship from France lay -in hiding outside, blocked from entering by Charnisay's fleet. Days -passed. Resistance was hopeless. On one side lay the impenetrable -forest; on the other, Charnisay's fleet. On the night of June 12th, La -Tour and his wife slipped from a little sally port in the dark, ran -along the shore, and, evading spies, succeeded in rowing out to the -store ship. Ebb tide carried them far from the four men-of-war -anchored fast in front of the abandoned fort. Then sails out, the -store ship fled for Boston, where La Tour and his wife appealed for aid. - -The Puritans of Boston had qualms of conscience about interfering in -this French quarrel; but they did not forget that Charnisay's wreckers -had stripped their merchant ships come to grief on the reefs of Sable -Island. La Tour gave the Boston merchants a mortgage on all his -belongings at St. John, and in return obtained four vessels, fifty -mariners, ninety-two soldiers, {67} thirty-eight cannon. With this -fleet he swooped down on Fundy Bay in July. Charnisay's vessels lay -before Fort St. John, where the stubborn little garrison still held -out, when La Tour came down on him like an enraged eagle. Charnisay's -fur ships were boarded, scuttled, and sunk, while the commander himself -fled in terror for Port Royal. All sails pressed, La Tour pursued -right into Annapolis Basin, wounding seven of the enemy, killing three, -taking one prisoner. Charnisay's one remaining vessel grounded in the -river. A fight took place near the site of the mill which Poutrincourt -had built long ago, but Charnisay succeeded in gaining the shelter of -Port Royal, where his cannon soon compelled La Tour to fly from -Annapolis Basin. Charnisay found it safer to pass that winter in -France, and La Tour gathered in all the peltry traffic of the bay. - -Early in 1644 Charnisay returned and sent a friar to secure the -neutrality of the New Englanders. All summer negotiations dragged on -between Boston and Port Royal, La Tour meanwhile scouring land and sea -unchecked, packing his fort with peltries. Finally, Charnisay promised -to desist from all fur trade along the coast if the New England -colonies would remain neutral; and the colonies promised not to aid La -Tour. La Tour was now outlawed by the French government, and Charnisay -had actually induced New England to promise not to convey either La -Tour or his wife to or from Bay of Fundy in English boats. - -La Tour chanced to be absent from his fort in 1645. Like a bird of -prey Charnisay swooped on St. John River; but he had not reckoned on -Madame La Tour--Frances Marie Jacqueline. With the courage and agility -of a trained soldier, she commanded her little garrison of fifty and -returned the raider's cannonade with a fury that sent Charnisay limping -back to Port Royal with splintered decks, twenty mangled corpses -jumbled aft, and a dozen men wounded to the death lying in the hold. - -With all the power of France at his back Charnisay had been defeated by -a woman,--the Huguenot wife of an outlaw! He must reduce La Tour or -stand discredited before the world. {68} Furious beyond words, he -hastened to France to prepare an overwhelming armament. - -But Madame La Tour was not idle. She, too, hastened across the -Atlantic to solicit aid in London. One can imagine how Charnisay -gnashed his teeth. Here, at last, was his chance. The Boston vessels -were not to convey the La Tours back to Acadia. Like a hawk Charnisay -cruised the sea for the outcoming ship with its fair passenger; but -Madame La Tour had made a cast-iron agreement with the master of the -sailing vessel to bring her direct to Boston. Instead of this, the -vessel cruised the St. Lawrence, trading with the Indians, and so -delayed the aid coming to La Tour; but when Charnisay's searchers came -on board off Sable Island, Madame La Tour was hidden among the freight -in the hold. For the delay she sued the sailing master in Boston and -obtained a judgment of 2000 pounds; and when he failed to pay, had his -cargo seized and sold, and with the proceeds equipped three vessels to -aid her outlawed husband. So the whole of 1646 passed, each side -girding itself for the final fray. - -April, 1647, spies brought word to Charnisay that La Tour was absent -from his fort. Waiting not a moment, Charnisay hurried ships, -soldiers, cannon across the bay. Inside La Tour's fort was no -confusion. Madame La Tour had ordered every man to his place. Day and -night for three days the siege lasted, Charnisay's men closing in on -the palisades so near they could bandy words with the fighters on the -galleries inside the walls. Among La Tour's fighters were Swiss -mercenaries--men who fight for the highest pay. Did Charnisay in the -language of the day "grease the fist" of the Swiss sentry, or was it a -case of a boorish fellow refusing to fight under a woman's command? -Legend gives both explanations; but on Easter Sunday morning -Charnisay's men gained entrance by scaling the walls where the Swiss -sentry stood. Madame La Tour rushed her men to an inner fort loopholed -with guns. Afraid of a final defeat that would disgrace him before all -the world, Charnisay called up generous terms if she would surrender. -To save the {69} lives of the men Madame La Tour agreed to honorable -surrender, and the doors were opened. In rushed Charnisay! To his -amazement the woman had only a handful of men. Disgusted with himself -and boiling over with revenge for all these years of enmity, Charnisay -forgot his promise and hanged every soul of the garrison but the -traitor who acted as executioner, compelling Madame La Tour to watch -the execution with a halter round her neck amid the jeers of the -soldiery. Legend says that the experience drove her insane and caused -her death within three weeks. Charnisay was now lord of all Acadia, -with 10,000 pounds worth of Madame La Tour's jewelry transferred to -Port Royal and all La Tour's furs safe in the warehouses of Annapolis -Basin; but he did not long enjoy his triumph. He had the reputation of -treating his Indian servants with great brutality. On the 24th of May, -1650, an Indian was rowing him up the narrows near Port Royal. -Charnisay could not swim. Without apparent cause the boat upset. The -Indian swam ashore. The commander perished. Legend again avers that -the Indian upset the boat to be revenged on Charnisay for some -brutality. - -[Illustration: MAP OF ANNAPOLIS BASIN] - -La Tour had been wandering from Newfoundland to Boston and Quebec -seeking aid, but a lost cause has few friends, and if La Tour turned -pirate on Boston boats, he probably thought he was justified in paying -off the score of Boston's bargain with Charnisay. Later he turned -trader with the Indians from Hudson Bay, and found friends in Quebec. -Word of his wrongs reached the French court. When Charnisay perished, -La Tour was at last appointed lieutenant governor of Acadia. Widow -{70} Charnisay, left with eight children, all minors, made what -reparation she could to La Tour by giving back the fort on the St. -John, and La Tour, to wipe out the bitter enmity, married the widow of -his enemy in February of 1653. - -But this was not the seal of peace on his troubled life. Cromwell was -now ascendant in England, and Major Sedgwick of Boston, in 1654, with a -powerful fleet, captured Port Royal and St. John. Weary of fighting -what seemed to be destiny, La Tour became a British subject, and with -two other Englishmen was granted the whole of Acadia. Ten years later -his English partners bought out his rights, and La Tour died in the -land of his many trials about 1666. A year later the Treaty of Breda -restored Acadia to France. - - - - -{71} - -CHAPTER V - -FROM 1635 TO 1650 - -Mystics come to Canada--A city built of dreams--First night at -Montreal--Maisonneuve fights raiders--Le Jeune joins the -hunters--Brébeuf goes to Lake Huron--Life at the Huron mission--The -scourge of the Iroquois--The fight at St. Louis--Rageneau's converts -resist--Flight of the Hurons - - -While Charles de La Tour and Charnisay scoured the Bay of Fundy in -border warfare like buccaneers of the Spanish Main, what was Quebec -doing? - -The Hundred Associates were to colonize the country; but fur trading -and farming never go together. One means the end of the other; and the -Hundred Associates shifted the obligation of settling the country by -granting vast estates called seigniories along the St. Lawrence and -leaving to these new lords of the soil the duty of bringing out -habitants. Later they deeded over for an annual rental of beaver skins -the entire fur monopoly to the Habitant Company, made up of the leading -people of New France. So ended all the fine promises of four thousand -colonists. - -Years ago Pontgravé had learned that the Indians of the Up-Country did -not care to come down the St. Lawrence farther than Lake St. Peter's, -where Iroquois foe lay in ambush; and the year before Champlain died a -double expedition had set out from Quebec in July: one to build a fort -north of Lake St. Peter's at the entrance to the river with three -mouths,--in other words, to found Three Rivers; the other, under Father -Brébeuf, the Jesuit, and Jean Nicolet, the wood runner, to establish a -mission in the country of the Hurons and to explore the Great Lakes. - -In fact, it must never be forgotten that Champlain's ambitions in -laying the foundations of a new nation aimed just as much to establish -a kingdom of heaven on earth as to win a new kingdom for France. -Always, in the minds of the fathers of New France, Church was to be -first; State, second. When Charles de Montmagny, Knight of Malta, -landed in Quebec one June morning in 1636, to succeed Champlain as -governor of New France, he noticed a crucifix planted by the path side -where {72} viceroy and officers clambered up the steep hill to Castle -St. Louis. Instantly Montmagny fell to his knees before the cross in -silent adoration, and his example was followed by all the gay train of -beplumed officers. The Jesuits regarded the episode as a splendid omen -for New France, and set their chapel organ rolling a _Te Deum_ of -praise, while Governor and retinue filed before the altars with bared -heads. - -It was in the same spirit that Montreal was founded. - - -The Jesuits' letters on the Canadian missions were now being read in -France. Religious orders were on fire with missionary ardor. The -Canadian missions became the fashion of the court. Ladies of noble -blood asked no greater privilege than to contribute their fortunes for -missions in Canada. Nuns lay prostrate before altars praying night and -day for the advancement of the heavenly kingdom on the St. Lawrence. -The Jesuits had begun their college in Quebec. The very year that -Champlain had first come to the St. Lawrence there had been born in -Normandy, of noble parentage, a little girl who became a passionate -devotee of Canadian missions. To divert her mind from the calling of a -nun, her father had thrown her into a whirl of gayety from which she -emerged married; but her husband died in a few years, and Madame de la -Peltrie, left a widow at twenty-two, turned again heart and soul to the -scheme of endowing a Canadian mission. Again her father tried to -divert her mind, threatening to cut off her fortune if she did not -marry. An engagement to a young noble, who was as keen a devotee as -herself, quieted her father and averted the loss of her fortune. On -the death of her father the formal union was dissolved, and Madame de -la Peltrie proceeded to the Ursuline Convent of Tours, where the -Jesuits had already chosen a mother superior for the new institution to -be founded at Quebec--Marie of the Incarnation, a woman of some fifty -years, a widow like Madame de la Peltrie, and, like Madame de la -Peltrie, a mystic dreamer of celestial visions and divine communings -and heroic sacrifices. How much of truth, how much of self-delusion, -{73} lay in these dreams of heavenly revelation is not for the outsider -to say. It is as impossible for the practical mind to pronounce -judgment on the mystic as for the mystic to pronounce sentence on the -scientist. Both have their truths, both have their errors; and by -their fruits are they known. - -[Illustration: MADAME DE LA PELTRIE (After a picture in the Ursuline -Convent, Quebec)] - -May 4th, 1639, Madame de la Peltrie and Marie of the Incarnation -embarked from Dieppe for Canada. In the ship were also another -Ursuline nun, three hospital sisters to found the Hôtel Dieu at Quebec, -Father Vimont, superior of Quebec Jesuits, and two other priests. The -boat was like a chapel. Ship's bell tolled services. Morning prayer -and evensong were chanted from the decks, and the pilgrims firmly -believed that their vows allayed a storm. July 1st they were among the -rocking dories of the Newfoundland fishermen, and then on the 15th the -little sailboat washed and rolled to anchor inshore among the fur -traders under the heights of Tadoussac. - -At sight of the somber Saguenay, the silver-flooded St. Lawrence, the -frowning mountains, the far purple hills, the primeval forests through -which the wind rushed with the sound of the sea, the fishing craft -dancing on the tide like cockle boats, the grizzled fur traders bronzed -as the crinkled oak forests where they passed their lives, the tawny, -naked savages agape at these white-skinned women come from afar, the -hearts of the {74} housed-up nuns swelled with emotions strange and -sweet,--the emotions of a new life in a new world. And when they -scrambled over the rope coils aboard a fishing schooner to go on up to -Quebec, and heard the deep-voiced shoutings of the men, and witnessed -the toilers of the deep fighting wind and wave for the harvest of the -sea, did it dawn on the fair sisterhood that God must have workers -_out_ in the strife of the world, as well as workers _shut up_ from the -world inside convent walls? Who knows? . . . Who knows? At -Tadoussac, that morning, to both Madame de la Peltrie and Marie of the -Incarnation it must have seemed as if their visions had become real. -And then the cannon of Quebec began to thunder till the echoes rolled -from hill to hill and shook--as the mystics thought--the very -strongholds of hell. Tears streamed down their cheeks at such welcome. -The whole Quebec populace had rallied to the water front, and there -stood Governor Montmagny in velvet cloak with sword at belt waving hat -in welcome. Soldiers and priests cheered till the ramparts rang. As -the nuns put foot to earth once more they fell on their knees and -kissed the soil of Canada. August 1st was fête day in Quebec. The -chapel chimes rang . . . and rang again their gladness. The organ -rolled out its floods of soul-shattering music, and deep-throated chant -of priests invoked God's blessing on the coming of the women to the -mission. So began the Ursuline Convent of Quebec and the Hôtel Dieu of -the hospital sisters; but Montreal was still a howling wilderness -untenanted by man save in midsummer, when the fur traders came to -Champlain's factory and the canoes of the Indians from the Up-Country -danced down the swirling rapids like sea birds on waves. - - -The letters from the Jesuit missions touched more hearts than those of -the mystic nuns. - -In Anjou dwelt a receiver of taxes--Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière, -a stout, practical, God-fearing man with a family, about as far removed -in temperament from the founders of the Ursulines as a character could -well be. Yet he, too, had mystic {75} dreams and heard voices bidding -him found a mission in the tenantless wilderness of Montreal. To the -practical man the thing seems sheer moon-stark madness. If Dauversière -had lived in modern days he would have been committed to an asylum. -Here was a man with a family, without a fortune, commanded by what he -thought was the voice of Heaven to found a hospital in a wilderness -where there were no people. Also in Paris dwelt a young priest, Jean -Jacques Olier, who heard the self-same voices uttering the self-same -command. These two men were unknown to each other; yet when they met -by chance in the picture gallery of an old castle, there fell from -their eyes, as it were, scales, and they beheld as in a vision each the -other's soul, and recognized in each fellow-helper and comrade of the -spirit. To all this the practical man cries out "Bosh"! Yet Montreal -is no bosh, but a stately city, and it sprang from the dreams--"fool -dreams," enemies would call them--of these two men, the Sulpician -priest and the Anjou tax collector. - -Hour after hour, arm in arm, they walked and talked, the man of prayers -and the man of taxes. People or no people at Montreal, money or no -money, they decided that the inner voice must be obeyed. A Montreal -Society was formed. Six friends joined. What would be equal to -$75,000 was collected. There were to be no profits on this capital. -It was all to be invested to the glory of the Kingdom of Heaven. -Unselfish if you like, foolish they may have been, but not hypocrites. - -First of all, they must become Seigneurs of Montreal; but the island of -Montreal had already been granted by the Hundred Associates to one -Lauson. To render the title doubly secure, Dauversière and Olier -obtained deeds to the island from Lauson and from the Hundred -Associates. - -Forty-five colonists, part soldiers, part devotees, were then gained as -volunteers; but a veritable soldier of Heaven was desired as commander. -Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve, was noted for his heroism in -war and zeal in religion. When other officers returned from battle for -wild revels, Maisonneuve withdrew to play the flute or pass hours in -religious {76} contemplation. His name occurred to both Dauversière -and Olier as fittest for command; but to make doubly sure, they took -lodgings near him, studied his disposition, and then casually told him -of their plans and asked his coöperation. Maisonneuve was in the prime -of life, on the way to high service in the army. His zeal took fire at -thought of founding a Kingdom of God at Montreal; but his father -furiously opposed what must have seemed a mad scheme. Maisonneuve's -answer was the famous promise of Christ: "No man hath left house or -brethren or sister for my sake but he shall receive a hundredfold." - -Maisonneuve was warned there would be no earthly reward--no pay--for -his arduous task; but he answered, "I devote my life and future; and I -expect no recompense." - -Mademoiselle Jeanne Mance, thirty-four years old, who had given herself -to good works from childhood, though she had not yet joined the -cloister, now felt the call to labor in the wilderness. Later, in -1653, came Marguerite Bourgeoys to the little colony beneath the -mountain. She too, like Jeanne Mance, distrusted dreams and visions -and mystic communings, cherishing a religion of good works rather than -introspection of the soul. Dauversière and Olier remained in France. -Fortunately for Montreal, practical Christians, fighting soldiers of -the cross, carried the heavenly standard to the wilderness. - -It was too late to ascend the St. Lawrence when the ship brought the -crusaders to Quebec in August, 1641; and difficulties harried them from -the outset. Was Montmagny, the Governor, jealous of Maisonneuve; or -did he simply realize the fearful dangers Maisonneuve's people would -run going beyond the protection of Quebec? At all events, he -disapproved this building of a second colony at Montreal, when the -first colony at Quebec could barely gain subsistence. He offered them -the Island of Orleans in exchange for the Island of Montreal, and -warned them of Iroquois raid. - -"I have not come to argue," answered Maisonneuve, "but to act. It is -my duty to found a colony at Montreal, and thither I go though every -tree be an Iroquois." - -{77} Maisonneuve passed the winter building boats to ascend the St. -Lawrence next spring; and Madame de la Peltrie, having established the -Ursulines at Quebec, now cast in her lot with the Montrealers for two -years. - -May 8, 1642, the little flotilla set out from Quebec--a pinnace with -the passengers, a barge with provisions, two long boats propelled by -oars and a sweep. Montmagny and Father Vimont accompanied the -crusaders; and as the boats came within sight of the wooded mountain on -May 17, hymns of praise rose from the pilgrims that must have mingled -strangely on Indian ears with the roar of the angry rapids. One can -easily call up the scene--the mountain, misty with the gathering -shadows of sunset, misty as a veiled bride with the color and bloom of -spring; the boats, moored for the night below St. Helen's Island, where -the sun, blazing behind the half-foliaged trees, paints a path of fire -on the river; the white bark wigwams along shore with the red gleam of -camp fire here and there through the forest; the wilderness world -bathed in a peace as of heaven, as the vesper hymn floats over the -evening air! It is a scene that will never again be enacted in the -history of the world--dreamers dreaming greatly, building a castle of -dreams, a fortress of holiness in the very center of wilderness -barbarity and cruelty unspeakable. The multitudinous voices of traffic -shriek where the crusaders' hymn rose that May night. A great city has -risen on the foundations which these dreamers laid. Let us not scoff -too loudly at their mystic visions and religious rhapsodies! Another -generation may scoff at our too-much-worldliness, with our dreamless -grind and visionless toil and harder creeds that reject everything -which cannot be computed in the terms of traffic's dollar! Well for us -if the fruit of our creeds remain to attest as much worth as the deeds -of these crusaders! - - -Early next morning the boats pulled in ashore where Cartier had landed -one hundred years before and Champlain had built his factory thirty -years ago. Maisonneuve was first to spring on land. He dropped to his -knees in prayer. The others as {78} they landed did likewise. Their -hymns floated out on the forest. Madame de la Peltrie, Jeanne Mance, -and the servant, Charlotte Barré, quickly decorated a wildwood altar -with evergreens. Then, with Montmagny the Governor, and Maisonneuve -the soldier, standing on either side, Madame de la Peltrie and Jeanne -Mance and Charlotte Barré, bowed in reverence, with soldiers and -sailors standing at rest unhooded, Father Vimont held the first -religious services at Mont Royal. "You are a grain of mustard seed," -he said, "and you shall grow till your branches overshadow the earth." - -Maisonneuve cut the first tree for the fort; and a hundred legends -might be told of the little colony's pioneer trials. Once a flood -threatened the existence of the fort. A cross was erected to stay the -waters and a vow made if Heaven would save the fort a cross should be -carried and placed on the summit of the mountain. The river abated, -and Maisonneuve climbed the steep mountain, staggering under the weight -of an enormous cross, and planted it at the highest point. Here, in -the presence of all, mass was held, and it became a regular pilgrimage -from the fort up the mountain to the cross. - -In 1743 came Louis d'Ailleboust and his wife, both zealously bound by -the same vows as devotees, bringing word of more funds for Ville Marie, -as Montreal was called. Montmagny's warning of Iroquois proved all too -true. Within a year, in June, 1743, six workmen were beset in the -fields, only one escaping. Because his mission was to convert the -Indians, Maisonneuve had been ever reluctant to meet the Iroquois in -open war, preferring to retreat within the fort when the dog Pilot and -her litter barked loud warning that Indians were hiding in the woods. -Any one who knows the Indian character will realize how clemency would -be mistaken for cowardice. Even Maisonneuve's soldiers began to doubt -him. - -"My lord, my lord," they urged, "are the enemy never to get a sight of -you? Are we never to face the foe?" - -Maisonneuve's answer was in March, 1644, when ambushed hostiles were -detected stealing on the fort. - -{79} "Follow me," he ordered thirty men, leaving D'Ailleboust in -command of the fort. - -Near the place now known as Place d'Armes the little band was greeted -by the eldritch scream of eighty painted Iroquois. Shots fell thick -and fast. The Iroquois dashed to rescue their wounded, and a young -chief, recognizing Maisonneuve as the leader of the white men, made a -rush for the honor of capturing the French commander alive. -Maisonneuve had put himself between his retreating men and the -advancing warriors. Firing, he would retreat a pace, then fire again, -keeping his face to the foe. His men succeeded in rushing up the -hillock, then made for the gates in a wild stampede. Maisonneuve was -backing away, a pistol in each hand. The Iroquois circled from tree to -tree, near and nearer, and like a wildwood creature of prey was -watching his chance to spring, when the Frenchman fired. The pistol -missed. Dodging, the Indian leaped. Maisonneuve discharged the other -pistol. The Iroquois fell dead, and while warriors rescued the body, -Maisonneuve gained the fort gates. This was only one of countless -frays when the dog Pilot with her puppies sounded the alarm of prowlers -in the woods. - - -What were the letters, what the adventures described by the Jesuits, -that aroused such zeal and inspired such heroism? It would require -many volumes to record the adventures of the Jesuits in Canada, and a -long list to include all their heroes martyred for the faith. Only a -few of the most prominent episodes in the Jesuits' adventures can be -given here. - -When Pierre le Jeune reached Quebec after the victory of the Kirke -brothers, he found only the charred remains of a mission on the old -site of Cartier's winter quarters down on the St. Charles. Of houses, -only the gray-stone cottage of Madame Hebert had been left standing. -Here Le Jeune was welcomed and housed till the little mission could be -rebuilt. At first it consisted of only mud-plastered log cabins, -thatch-roofed, divided into four rooms, with garret and cellar. One -room decorated with saints' images and pictures served as chapel; -another, as {80} kitchen; a third, as lodgings; the fourth, as -refectory. In this humble abode six Jesuit priests and two lay -brothers passed the winter after the war. The roof leaked like a -sieve. The snow piled high almost as the top of the door. Le Jeune's -first care was to obtain pupils. These consisted of an Indian boy and -a negro lad left by the English. Meals of porridge given free -attracted more Indian pupils; but Le Jeune's greatest difficulty was to -learn the Indian language. Hearing that a renegade Indian named -Pierre, who had served the French as interpreter, lodged with some -Algonquins camped below Cape Diamond, Le Jeune tramped up the river -bank, along what is now the Lower Road, where he found the Indians -wigwamming, and by the bribe of free food obtained Pierre. Pierre was -at best a tricky scoundrel, who considered it a joke to give Le Jeune -the wrong word for some religious precept, gorged himself on the -missionaries' food, stole their communion wine, and ran off at Lent to -escape fasting. - -[Illustration: PIERRE LE JEUNE] - -When Champlain returned to receive Quebec back from the English, more -priests joined the Jesuits' mission. Among them was the lion-hearted -giant, Brébeuf. - -If Champlain's bush lopers could join bands of wandering Indians for -the extension of French dominion, surely the Jesuits could dare as -perilous a life "for the greater glory of God,"--as their vows declared. - -{81} Le Jeune joined a band of wandering Montaignais, Pierre, the -rascal, tapping the keg of sacramental wine the first night out, and -turning the whole camp into a drunken bedlam, till his own brother -sobered him with a kettle of hot water flung full in the face. That -night the priest slept apart from the camp in the woods. By the time -the hunters reached the forest borderland between Quebec and New -Brunswick, their number had increased to forty-five. By Christmas time -game is usually dormant, still living on the stores of the fall and not -yet driven afield by spring hunger. In camp was no food. The hunters -halted the march, and came in Christmas Eve of 1633 with not so much as -a pound of flesh for nearly fifty people. From the first the Indian -medicine man had heaped ridicule on the white priest, and Pierre had -refused to interpret as much as a single prayer; but now the whole camp -was starving. Pierre happened to tell the other Indians that Christmas -was the day on which the white man's God had come to earth. In vain -the medicine man had pounded his tom-tom and shouted at the Indian gods -from the top of the wigwams and offered sacrifice of animals to be -slain. No game had come as the result of the medicine man's invocation. - -Le Jeune gathered the people about him and through Pierre, the -interpreter, bade them try the white man's God. In the largest of the -wigwams a little altar was fitted up. Then the Indians repeated this -prayer after Le Jeune: - -Jesus, Son of the Almighty . . . who died for us . . . who promised -that if we ask anything in Thy name, Thou wilt do it--I pray Thee with -all my heart, give food to these people . . . this people promises Thee -faithfully they will trust Thee entirely and obey Thee with all their -heart! My Lord, hear my prayer! I present Thee my life for this -people, most willing to die that they may live and know Thee. - - -"Take that back," grunted the chief. "We love you! We don't want you -to die." - -"I only want to show that I am your friend," answered the priest. - -Le Jeune then commanded them to go forth to the hunt, full of faith -that God would give them food. - -{82} But alas for the poor father's hopes and the childlike Indian vow! -True, they found abundance of food,--a beaver dam full of beaver, a -moose, a porcupine taken by the Indian medicine man. Father Le Jeune, -with radiant face, met the hunters returning laden with game. - -"We must thank your God for this," said the Indian chief, throwing down -his load. - -"Bah," says Pierre, "you 'd have found it anyway." - -"This is not the time to talk," sneered the medicine man. "Let the -hungry people eat." - -And by the time the Indians had gorged themselves with ample measure -for their long fast, they were torpid with sleep. The sad priest was -fain to wander out under the stars. There, in the snow-padded silences -of the white-limned forest, far from the joyous peal of Christmas -bells, he knelt alone and worshiped God. - -For five months he wandered with the Montaignais, and now in April the -hunters turned toward Quebec with their furs. At three in the morning -Le Jeune knocked on the door of the mission house at Quebec, and was -welcomed home by the priests. The pilgrimage had taught him what the -Jesuits have always held--the way to power with a people is through the -education of the children. "Give me a child for the first seven years -of its life," said a famous educator, "and I care not what you do with -him the rest of his years." Missions and schools must be established -among the tribes of Hurons and Iroquois. - - -Consequently, when Champlain sent his soldiers in 1634 to build a fort -at Three Rivers, they were accompanied by three Jesuits, chief of whom -was Jean de Brébeuf, lion-hearted, bound for the land of the Hurons. -The chapel bells of Quebec rang and rang again in honor of the new -Jesuit mission--morning, noon, and night they chimed in airy music, -calling men's thoughts to God, just as you may hear the chimes to-day; -and the ramparts below Quebec thundered and reëchoed with salvos of -cannon when the missionaries set out for Three Rivers. - -{83} At Three Rivers waited the Indians of the Up-Country. The Jesuits -embarked with them for the land of the Hurons. The priests traveled -barefoot to avoid injuring the frail bark of the canoes. Barely had -farewell cheers faded on the river, when the canoes spread apart. With -pieces of buckskin hoisted on fishing rods for sail, and a flipping of -paddles as naked, bronzed arms set the pace, the voyage had begun. -Heroism is easy with chapel bells ringing; it is another matter, -barefoot and with sleeves rolled up. - -It was the same trail that Champlain had followed up the Ottawa. Only -Champlain was assured of good treatment, for he had promised to fight -in the Indian wars; but the Jesuits were dependent on the caprice of -their conductors. Any one, who, from experience in the wilds, has -learned how the term "tenderfoot" came to be applied, will realize the -hardships endured--and endured without self-pity--by these scholarly -men of immured life. The rocks of the portage cut their naked feet. -The Indians refused to carry their packs overland and flung bundles of -clothing and food into the water. In fair weather the voyageurs slept -on the sand under the overturned canoes; in rain a wigwam was raised, -and into the close confines of this tent crowded men, women, and -children, for the most part naked, and with less idea of decency than a -domestic dog. Each night, as the boats were beached, the priests -wandered off into the woods to hold their prayers in privacy. Soon the -canoes were so far apart the different boats did not camp together, and -the white men were scattered alone among the savages. Robberies -increased till, when Brébeuf reached Georgian Bay, thirty days from -leaving Three Rivers, he had little left but the bundles he had carried -for himself. - -Brébeuf had been to the Huron country before with Etienne Brulé, -Champlain's pathfinder; but of the first mission no record exists. -Brébeuf found that Brulé had been murdered near the modern Penetang; -and the Indians had scarcely brought the priest's canoe ashore, when -they bolted through the woods, leaving him to follow as best he could. - -{84} Take a map of modern Ontario. Draw a circle round Georgian Bay, -running from Muskoka through Lake Simcoe and up into Manitoulin Island. -Here, on the very stamping ground of the summer tourist, was the scene -of the Jesuits' Huron mission. - -[Illustration: GEORGIAN BAY] - -When Brébeuf's tall frame emerged from the woods, the whole village of -Ihonateria dashed out to welcome him, shouting, "He has come! He has -come again! Behold, the Black Robe has come again!" Young braves -willingly ran back through the forest for the baggage, which the -voyageurs had thrown aside; and at one o'clock in the morning, as the -messengers came through the moonlit forest, Brébeuf took up his abode -in the house of the leading chief. Later came Fathers Davost and -Daniel. By October the Indians had built the missionaries their -wigwam, a bark-covered house of logs, thirty-six feet long, divided -into three rooms, reception room, living quarters, church. In the -entrance hall assembled the Indians, squatting on the floor, gazing in -astonishment at the religious pictures on the wall, and, above all, at -the clock. - -{85} "What does he say?" they would ask, listening solemnly to the -ticking. - -"He says 'Hang on the kettle,'" Brébeuf would answer as the clock -struck twelve, and the whole conclave would be given a simple meal of -corn porridge; but at four the clock sang a different song. - -"It says 'Get up and go home,'" Brébeuf would explain, and the Indians -would file out, knowing well that the Black Robes were to engage in -prayer. - -No holiday in the wildwoods was the Jesuit mission. Chapel bell called -to service at four in the morning. Eight was the breakfast hour. The -morning was passed teaching, preaching, visiting. At two o'clock was -dinner, when a chapter of the Bible was read. After four the Indians -were dismissed, and the missionaries met to compare notes and plan the -next day's campaign. - -By 1645, five mission houses had been established, with Ste. Marie on -the Wye, east of Midland, as the central house. Near Lake Simcoe were -two missions,--St. Jean Ba'tiste and St. Joseph; near Penetang, St. -Louis, and St. Ignace. Westward of Ste. Marie on the Wye were half a -dozen irregular missions among the Tobacco Indians. Each of the five -regular missions boasted palisaded inclosures, a chapel of log slabs -with bell and spire, though the latter might be only a high wooden -cross. At Ste. Marie, the central station, were lodgings for sixty -people, a hospital, kitchen garden, with cattle, pigs, and poultry. At -various times soldiers had been sent up by the Quebec governors, till -some thirty or forty were housed at Ste. Marie. In all were eighteen -priests, four lay brothers, seven white servants, and twenty-three -volunteers, unpaid helpers--donnés, they were called, young men -ardently religious, learning woodlore and the Indian language among the -Jesuits, as well as exploring whenever it was possible for them to -accompany the Indians. Among the volunteers was one Chouart -Groseillers, who, if he did not accompany Father Jogues on a preaching -tour to the tribes of Lake Superior, had at least gone as far as the -Sault and learned of the vast unexplored world beyond Lake Superior. -{86} Food, as always, played a large part in winning the soul of the -redskin. On church fête days as many as three thousand people were fed -and lodged at Ste. Marie. That the priests suffered many trials among -the unreasonable savages need not be told. When it rained too heavily -they were accused of ruining the crops by praying for too much rain; -when there was drouth they were blamed for not arranging this matter -with their God; and when the scourge of smallpox raged through the -Huron villages, devastating the wigwams so that the timber wolves -wandered unmolested among the dead, it was easy for the humpback -sorcerer to ascribe the pestilence also to the influence of the Black -Robes. Once their houses were set on fire. Again and again their -lives were threatened. Often after tramping twenty miles through the -sleet-soaked, snow-drifted spring forests, arriving at an Indian -village foredone and exhausted, the Jesuit was met with no better -welcome than a wigwam flap closed against his entrance, or a rabble of -impish children hooting and jeering him as he sought shelter from house -to house. - -But an influence was at work on the borders of the St. Lawrence that -yearly rendered the Hurons more tractable. From raiding the -settlements of the St. Lawrence, the Iroquois were sweeping in a -scourge more deadly than smallpox up the Ottawa to the very forests of -Georgian Bay. The Hurons no longer dared to go down to Quebec in -swarming canoes. Only a few picked warriors--perhaps two hundred and -fifty--would venture so near the Iroquois fighting ground. - -One winter night, as the priests sat round their hearth fire watching -the mournful shadows cast by the blazing logs on the rude walls, -Brébeuf, the soldier, lion-hearted, the fearless, told in a low, dreamy -voice of a vision that had come,--the vision of a huge fiery cross -rising slowly out of the forest and moving across the face of the sky -towards the Huron country. It seemed to come from the land of the -Iroquois. Was the priest's vision a dream, or his own intuition deeper -than reason, assuming dire form, portending a universal fear? Who can -tell? I can but repeat the story as it is told in their annals. - -{87} "How large was the cross?" asked the other priests. Brébeuf gazes -long in the fire. - -"Large enough to crucify us all," he answers. - - -And, as he had dreamed, fell the blow. - -St. Joseph, of the Lake Simcoe region, was situated a day's travel from -the main fortified mission of Ste. Marie. Round it were some two -thousand Hurons to whom Father Daniel ministered. Father Daniel was -just closing the morning services on July the 4th, 1648. His tawny -people were on their knees repeating the responses of the service, when -from the forest, humming with insect and bird life, arose a sound that -was neither wind nor running water--confused, increasing, nearing! -Then a shriek broke within the fort palisades,--"The enemy! the -Iroquois!" and the courtyard was in an uproar indescribable. Painted -redskins, naked but for the breech clout, were dashing across the -cornfields to scale the palisades or force the hastily slammed gates. -Father Daniel rushed from church to wigwams rallying the Huron -warriors, while the women and children, the aged and the feeble, ran a -terrified rabble to the shelter of the chapel. Before the Hurons could -man the walls, Iroquois hatchets had hacked holes of entrance in the -palisades. The fort was rushed by a bloodthirsty horde making the air -hideous with fiendish screams. - -"Fly! Save yourselves!" shouted the priest. "I stay here! We shall -this day meet in Heaven!" - -In the volley and counter volley of ball and arrow, Father Daniel -reeled on his face, shot in the heart. In a trice his body was cut to -pieces, and the Iroquois were bathing their hands in his warm -lifeblood. A moment later the village was in roaring flames, and on -the burning pile were flung the fragments of the priest's body. The -victors set out on the homeward tramp with a line of more than six -hundred prisoners, the majority, women and children, to be brained if -their strength failed on the march, to be tortured in the Iroquois -towns if they survived the abuse on the way. - -{88} Next westward from the Lake Simcoe missions were St. Ignace with -four hundred people and St. Louis with seven hundred, near the modern -Penetang and within short distance of the Jesuits' strong headquarters -on the River Wye. At these two missions labored Brébeuf, the giant, -and a fragile priest named Lalemant. - -Encouraged by the total destruction of St. Joseph, the Iroquois that -very fall took the warpath with more than one thousand braves. -Ascending the Ottawa leisurely, they had passed the winter hunting and -cutting off any stray wanderers found in the forest. - -The Hurons knew the doom that was slowly approaching. Yet they -remained passive, stunned, terrified by the blow at St. Joseph. It was -spring of 1649 before the warriors reached Georgian Bay. March winds -had cleared the trail of snowdrifts, but the forests were still -leafless. St. Ignace mission lay between Lake Simcoe and St. Louis. -Approaching it one windy March night, the Iroquois had cut holes -through the palisades before dawn and burst inside the walls with the -yells and gyrations of some hideous hell dance. Here a warrior -simulated the howl of the wolf. There another approached in the -crouching leaps of a panther, all the while uttering the yelps and -screams of a beast of prey lashed to fury. The poor Hurons were easy -victims. Nearly all their braves happened to be absent hunting, and -the four hundred women and children, rushing from the long houses half -dazed with sleep, fell without realizing their fate, or found -themselves herded in the chapel like cattle at the shambles, Iroquois -guards at every window and door. - -Luckily three Hurons escaped over the palisades and rushed breathless -through the forest to forewarn Brébeuf and Lalemant cooped up in St. -Louis. The Iroquois came on behind like a wolf pack. - -"Escape! Escape! Run to the woods, Black Robes! There is yet time," -the Indian converts urged Brébeuf; but the lion-hearted stood -steadfast, though Lalemant, new to scenes of carnage, turned white and -trembled in spite of his resolution. - -{89} "Who would protect the women if the men fled like deer to the -woods?" demanded Brébeuf, and the tigerish yells of the on-rushing -horde answered the question. - -[Illustration: BRÉBEUF] - -Before day dawn had tipped the branches of the leafless trees with -shafted sunlight, the enemy were hacking furiously at the palisades. -Trapped and cornered, the most timid of animals will fight. With such -fury, reckless from desperation, cherishing no hope, the Hurons now -fought, but they were handicapped by lack of guns and balls. Thirty -Iroquois had been slain, a hundred wounded, and the assailants drew off -for breath. It was only the lull between two thunderclaps. A moment -later they were on St. Louis' walls and had hacked through a dozen -places. At these spots the fiercest fighting occurred, and those -Iroquois who had not already bathed their faces in the gore of victims -at St. Ignace were soon enough dyed in their own blood. Here, there, -everywhere, were Brébeuf and Lalemant, fighting, administering last -rites, exhorting the Hurons to perish valiantly. Then the rolling -clouds of flame and smoke told the Hurons that their village was on -fire. Some dashed back to die inside the burning wigwams. Others -fought desperately to escape through the broken walls. A few, in the -confusion and smoke, succeeded in reaching the woods, whence they ran -to warn Ste. Marie on the Wye. Brébeuf and Lalemant had been knocked -down, stripped, bound, and were now {90} half driven, half dragged, -with the other captives to be tortured at Ignace. Not a sign of fear -did either priest betray. - -One would fain pass over the next pages of the Jesuit records. It is -inconceivable how human nature, even savage nature, so often stoops -beneath the most repellent cruelties of the brute world. It is -inconceivable unless one acknowledge an influence fiendish; but let us -not judge the Indians too harshly. When the Iroquois warriors were -torturing the Hurons and their missionaries, the populace of civilized -European cities was outdoing the savages on victims whose sins were -political. - -While the Jesuits of Ste. Marie were praying all day and night before -the lighted altar for heavenly intervention to rescue Brébeuf and -Lalemant, the two captured priests stood bound to the torture stakes, -the gapingstock of a thousand fiends. When the Iroquois singed Brébeuf -from head to foot with burning birch bark, he threatened them in tones -of thunder with everlasting damnation for persecuting the servants of -God. The Iroquois shrieked with laughter. Such spirit in a man was to -their liking. Then, to stop his voice, they cut away his lips and -rammed a red-hot iron into his mouth. Not once did the giant priest -flinch or writhe at the torture stake. Then they brought out Lalemant, -that Brébeuf might suffer the agony of seeing a weaker spirit flinch. -Poor Lalemant fell at his superior's feet, sobbing out a verse of -Scripture. Then they wreathed Lalemant in oiled bark and set fire to -it. - -"We baptize you," they yelled, throwing hot water on the dying man. -Then they railed out blasphemies, obscenities unspeakable, against the -Jesuits' religion. Brébeuf had not winced, but his frame was relaxing. -He sank to his knees, a dying man. With the yells of devils jealous of -losing their prey, they ripped off his scalp while he was still alive, -tore his heart from his breast, and drank the warm lifeblood of the -priest. Brébeuf died at four in the afternoon. Strange to relate, -Lalemant, of the weaker body, survived the tortures till daybreak, -when, weary of the sport, the Indians desisted from their mad night -orgies and put an end to his sufferings by braining him. - -{91} Over at Ste. Marie, Ragueneau and the other priests momentarily -awaited the attack; but at Ste. Marie were forty French soldiers and -ample supply of muskets. The Iroquois was bravest as the wolf is -bravest--when attacking a lamb. Three hundred Hurons lay in ambush -along the forest trail. These ran from the Iroquois like sheep; but -when three hundred more sallied from the fort, led by the French, it -was the Iroquois' turn to run, and they fled back behind the palisades -of St. Louis. The Hurons followed, entered by the selfsame breaches -the Iroquois had made, and drove the invaders out. More Iroquois -rushed from Ignace to the rescue. A hundred Iroquois fell in the day's -fight, and when they finally recaptured St. Louis, only twenty Hurons -remained of the three hundred. The victory had been bought at too -great cost. Tying their prisoners to stakes at St. Ignace, they heaped -the courtyard with inflammable wood, set fire to all, and retreated, -taking only enough prisoners to carry their plunder. - -[Illustration: REMNANTS OF WALLS OF FORT ST. MARY ON CHRISTIAN ISLAND -IN 1891] - -Ste. Marie for the time was safe. The invaders had gone; but the blow -had crushed forever the prowess of the Huron nation. The remaining -towns had thought for nothing but flight. {92} Town after town was -forsaken and burned in the summer of 1649, the corn harvest left -standing in the fields, while the panic-stricken people put out in -their canoes to take refuge on the islands of Georgian Bay. Ste. Marie -on the Wye alone remained, and the reason for its existence was -vanishing like winter snow before summer sun, for its people fled . . . -fled . . . fled . . . daily fled to the pink granite islands of the -lake. The Hurons begged the Jesuits to accompany them, and there was -nothing else for Ragueneau to do. Ste. Marie was stripped, the stock -slain for food. Then the buildings were set on fire. June 14, just as -the sunset bathed water and sky in seas of gold, the priest led his -homeless people down to the lake as Moses of old led the children of -Israel. Oars and sweeps, Georgian Bay calm as glass, they rafted -slowly out to the Christian Islands,--Faith, Hope, and Charity,--which -tourists can still see from passing steamers, a long wooded line beyond -the white water-fret of the wind-swept reefs. The island known on the -map as Charity, or St. Joseph, was heavily wooded. Here the refugees -found their haven, and the French soldiers cleared the ground {93} for -a stone fort of walled masonry,--the islands offering little else than -stone and timber, though the fishing has not failed to this day. - -[Illustration: MAP OF THE GREAT LAKES Showing the territory of the -Jesuit Huron missions] - -By autumn the walled fort was complete, but some eight thousand -refugees had gathered to the island. Such numbers could not subsist on -Georgian Bay in summer. In winter their presence meant starvation, and -before the spring of 1650 half had perished. Of the survivors, many -had fed on the bodies of the dead. No help had come from Quebec for -almost three years. The clothing of the priests had long since worn to -shreds. Ragueneau and his helpers were now dressed in skins like the -Indians, and reduced to a diet of nuts and smoked fish. - -With warm weather came sickness. And also came bands of raiding -Iroquois striking terror to the Tobacco Indians. Among them, too, -perished Jesuit priests, martyrs to the faith. Did some of the Hurons -venture from the Christian Islands across to the mainland to hunt, they -were beset by scalping parties and came back to the fort with tales -that crazed Ragueneau's Indians with terror. The Hurons decided to -abandon Georgian Bay. Some scattered to Lake Superior, to Green Bay, -to Detroit. Others found refuge on Manitoulin Island. A remnant of a -few hundreds followed Ragueneau and the French down the Ottawa to take -shelter at Quebec. Their descendants may be found to this day at the -mission of Lorette. - -To-day, as tourists drive through Quebec, marveling at the massive -buildings and power and wealth of Catholic orders, do they pause to -consider that the foundation stones of that power were dyed in the -blood of these early martyrs? Or, as the pleasure seekers glide among -the islands of Georgian Bay, do they ever ponder that this fair world -of blue waters and pink granite islands once witnessed the most bloody -tragedy of brute force, triumphant over the blasted hopes of religious -zeal? - - - - -{94} - -CHAPTER VI - -FROM 1650 TO 1672 - -Radisson captured by Iroquois--Radisson escapes--At Onandaga--How the -French were saved--Word of the western land--Westward bound--Dollard's -Heroes--The fight at the Long Sault--To seek the north sea--Discovers -Hudson Bay--Origin of the great fur company - - -Having destroyed the Hurons, who were under French protection, it is -not surprising that the Iroquois now set themselves to destroy the -French. From Montreal to Tadoussac the St. Lawrence swarmed with war -canoes. No sooner had the river ice broken up and the birds begun -winging north than the Iroquois flocked down the current of the -Richelieu, across Lake St. Peter to Three Rivers, down the St. Lawrence -to Quebec, up the St. Lawrence to Montreal. And the snows of midwinter -afforded no truce to the raids, for the Iroquois cached their canoes in -the forest, and roamed the woods on snowshoes. Settlers fled terrified -from their farms to the towns; farmers dared not work in their fields -without a sentry standing guard; Montreal became a prison; Three Rivers -lay blockaded; and at Quebec the war canoes passed defiantly below the -cannon of Cape Diamond, paddles beating defiance against the gun'els, -or prows flaunting the scalps of victims within cannon fire of Castle -St. Louis. Rich and poor, priests and parishioners, governors and -habitants, all alike trembled before the lurking treachery. Father -Jogues had been captured on his way from the Huron mission; Père Poncet -was likewise kidnapped at Quebec and carried to the tortures of the -Mohawk towns; and a nephew of the Governor of Quebec was a few years -later attacked while hunting near Lake Champlain. - -The outraged people of New France realized that fear was only -increasing the boldness of the Iroquois. A Mohawk-chief fell into -their hands. By way of warning, they bound him to a stake and burned -him to death. The Indian revenge fell swift and sure. In 1653 the -Governor of Three Rivers and twelve leading citizens were murdered a -short distance from the fort gates. {95} One night in May of 1652 a -tall, slim, swarthy lad about sixteen years of age was seen winding his -way home to Three Rivers from a day's shooting in the marshes. He had -set out at day dawn with some friends, but fear of the Iroquois had -driven his comrades back. Now at nightfall, within sight of Three -Rivers, when the sunset glittered from the chapel spire, he unslung his -bag of game and sat down to reload his musket. Then he noticed that -the pistols in his belt had been water-soaked from the day's wading, -and he reloaded them too. - -Any one who is used to life in the open knows how at sundown wild birds -foregather for a last conclave. Ducks were winging in myriads and -settling on the lake with noisy flacker. Unable to resist the -temptation of one last shot, the boy was gliding noiselessly forward -through the rushes, when suddenly he stopped as if rooted to the -ground, with hands thrown up and eyes bulging from his head. At his -feet lay the corpses of his morning comrades,--scalped, stripped, -hacked almost piecemeal! Then the instinct of the hunted thing, of -flight, of self-protection, eclipsed momentary terror, and the boy was -ducking into the rushes to hide when, with a crash of musketry from the -woods, the Iroquois were upon him. - -When he regained consciousness, he was pegged out on the sand amid a -flotilla of beached canoes, where Iroquois warriors were having an -evening meal. So began the captivity, the love of the wilds, the wide -wanderings of one of the most intrepid explorers in New France,--Pierre -Esprit Radisson. - -His youth and the fact that he would make a good warrior were in his -favor. When he was carried back to the Mohawk town and with other -prisoners compelled to run the gauntlet between two lines of -tormentors, Radisson ran so fast and dodged so dexterously that he was -not once hit. The feat was greeted with shrieks of delight by the -Iroquois; and the high-spirited boy was given in adoption to a captive -Huron woman. - -Things would have gone well had he not bungled an attempt to escape; -but one night, while in camp with three Iroquois hunters, an Algonquin -captive entered. While the Iroquois {96} slept with guns stacked -against the trees, the sleepless Algonquin captive rose noiselessly -where he lay by the fire, seized the Mohawk warriors' guns, threw one -tomahawk across to Radisson, and with the other brained two of the -sleepers. The French boy aimed a blow at the third sleeper, and the -two captives escaped. But they might have saved themselves the -trouble. They were pursued and overtaken on Lake St. Peter, within -sight of Three Rivers. This time Radisson had to endure all the -_diableries_ of Mohawk torture. For two days he was kept bound to the -torture stake. The nails were torn from his fingers, the flesh burnt -from the soles of his feet, a hundred other barbarous freaks of impish -Indian children wreaked on the French boy. Arrows with flaming points -were shot at his naked body. His mutilated finger ends were ground -between stones, or thrust into the smoking bowl of a pipe full of -coals, or bitten by fiendish youngsters being trained up the way a -Mohawk warrior should go. - -[Illustration: A CANADIAN IN SNOWSHOES (After La Potherie)] - -Radisson's youth, his courage, his very dare-devil rashness, together -with presents of wampum belts from his Indian parents, {97} saved his -life for a second time, and a year of wild wanderings with Mohawk -warriors finally brought him to Albany on the Hudson, where the Dutch -would have ransomed him as they had ransomed the two Jesuits, Jogues -and Poncet; but the boy disliked to break faith a second time with his -loyal Indian friends. Still, the glimpse of white man's life caused a -terrible upheaval of revulsion from the barbarities, the filth, the -vice, of the Mohawk camp. He could endure Indian life no longer. One -morning, in the fall of 1653, he stole out from the Mohawk lodges, -while the mist of day dawn still shadowed the forest, and broke at a -run down the trail of the Mohawk valley for Albany. All day he ran, -pursued by the phantom fright of his own imagination, fancying -everything that crunched beneath his moccasined tread some Mohawk -warrior, seeing in the branches that reeled as he passed the arms of -pursuers stretched out to stop him;--on . . . and on . . . and on, he -ran, pausing neither to eat nor rest; here dashing into the bed of a -stream and running along the pebbled bottom to throw pursuers off the -trail; there breaking through a thicket of brushwood away from the -trail, only to come back to it breathless farther on, when some alarm -of the wind in the trees or deer on the move had proved false. Only -muscles of iron strength, lithe as elastic, could have endured the -strain. Nightfall at last came, hiding him from pursuers; but still he -sped on at a run, following the trail by the light of the stars and the -rush of the river. By sunrise of the second day he was staggering; for -the rocks were slippery with frost and his moccasins worn to tatters. -It was four in the afternoon before he reached the first outlying cabin -of the Dutch settlers. For three days he lay hidden in Albany behind -sacks of wheat in a thin-boarded attic, through the cracks of which he -could see the Mohawks searching everywhere. The Jesuit Poncet gave him -passage money to take ship to Europe by way of New York. New York was -then a village of a few hundred houses, thatch-roofed, with stone fort, -stone church, stone barracks. Central Park was a rocky wilderness. -What is now Wall Street was the stamping ground of pigs and goats. -January of 1654 Radisson {98} reached Europe, no longer a boy, but a -man inured to danger and hardships and daring, though not yet eighteen. - - -When Radisson came back to Three Rivers in May he found changes had -taken place in New France. Among the men murdered with the Governor of -Three Rivers by the Mohawks the preceding year had been his sister's -husband, and the widow had married one Medard Chouart de Groseillers, -who had served in the Huron country as a lay helper with the martyred -Jesuits. Also a truce had been patched up between the Iroquois and the -French. The Iroquois were warring against the Eries and wanted arms -from the French. A still more treacherous motive underlay the -Iroquois' peace. They wanted a French settlement in their country as a -guarantee of non-intervention when they continued to raid the refugee -Hurons. Such duplicity was unsuspected by New France. The Jesuits -looked upon the peace as designed by Providence to enable them to -establish missions among the Iroquois. Father Le Moyne went from -village to village preaching the gospel and receiving belts of wampum -as tokens of peace--one belt containing as many as seven thousand -beads. When the Onondagas asked for a French colony, Lauzon, the -French Governor, readily consented if the Jesuits would pay the cost, -estimated at about $10,000; and in 1656 Major Dupuis had led fifty -Frenchmen and four Jesuits up the St. Lawrence in long boats through -the wilderness to a little hill on Lake Onondaga, where a palisaded -fort was built, and the lilies of France, embroidered on a white silk -flag by the Ursuline nuns, flung from the breeze above the Iroquois -land. The colony was hardly established before three hundred Mohawks -fell on the Hurons encamped under shelter of Quebec, butchered without -mercy, and departed with shouts of laughter that echoed below the guns -at Cape Diamond, scalps waving from the prow of each Iroquois canoe. -Quebec was thunderstruck, numb with fright. The French dared not -retaliate, or the Iroquois would fall on the colony at Onondaga. -Perhaps people who keep their vision too constantly fixed on heaven -lose {99} sight of the practical duties of earth; but when eighty -Onondagas came again in 1657, inviting a hundred Hurons to join the -Iroquois Confederacy, the Jesuits again suspected no treachery in the -invitation, but saw only a providential opportunity to spread one -hundred Huron converts among the Iroquois pagans. Father Ragueneau, -who had led the poor refugees down from the Christian Islands on -Georgian Bay, now with another priest offered to accompany the Hurons -to the Iroquois nation. An interpreter was needed. Young Radisson, -now twenty-one years of age, offered to go as a lay helper, and the -party of two hundred and twenty French, eighty Iroquois, one hundred -Hurons, departed from the gates of Montreal, July 26. - -[Illustration: SAUSON'S MAP, 1656] - - -Hardly were they beyond recall, before scouts brought word that twelve -hundred Iroquois had gone on the warpath against Canada, and three -Frenchmen of Montreal had been scalped. At last the Governor of Quebec -bestirred himself: he caused twelve Iroquois to be seized and held as -hostages for the safety of the French. - -The Onondagas had set out from Montreal carrying the Frenchmen's -baggage. Beyond the first portage they flung the packs on the ground, -hurried the Hurons into canoes so that no two Hurons were in one boat, -and paddled over the {100} water with loud laughter, leaving the French -in the lurch. Father Ragueneau and Radisson quickly read the ominous -signs. Telling the other French to gather up the baggage, they armed -themselves and paddled in swift pursuit. That night Ragueneau's party -and the Onondagas camped together. Nothing was said or done to evince -treachery. Friends and enemies, Onondagas and Hurons and white men, -paddled and camped together for another week; but when, on August 3, -four Huron warriors and two women forcibly seized a canoe and headed -back for Montreal, the Onondagas would delay no longer. That afternoon -as the Indians paddled inshore to camp on one of the Thousand Islands, -some Onondaga braves rushed into the woods as if to hunt. As the -canoes grated the pebbled shore a secret signal was given. The Huron -men with their eyes bent on the beach, intent on landing, never knew -that they had been struck. Onondaga hatchets, clubs, spears, were -plied from the water side, and from the hunters ambushed on shore -crashed musketry that mowed down those who would have fled to the woods. - -By night time only a few Huron women and the French had survived the -massacre. Such was the baptism of blood that inaugurated the French -colony at Onondaga. Luckily the fort built on the crest of the hill -above Lake Onondaga was large enough to house stock and provisions. -Outside the palisades there daily gathered more Iroquois warriors, who -no longer dissembled a hunger for Jesuits' preaching. Among the -warriors were Radisson's old friends of the Mohawks, and his foster -father confessed to him frankly that the Confederacy were only delaying -the massacre of the French till they could somehow obtain the freedom -of the twelve Iroquois hostages held at Quebec. - -Daily more warriors gathered; nightly the war drum pounded; week after -week the beleaguered and imprisoned French heard their stealthy enemy -closing nearer and nearer on them, and the painted foliage of autumn -frosts gave place to the leafless trees and the drifting snows of -midwinter. The French were hemmed in completely as if on a desert -isle, and no help could come from Quebec, where New France was -literally under Iroquois siege. - -{101} The question was, what to do? Messengers had been secretly sent -to Quebec, but the Mohawks had caught the scouts bringing back answers, -and there was no safe escape from the colony through ambushed woods in -midwinter. The Iroquois could afford to bide their time for victims -who could not escape. All winter the whites secretly built boats in -the lofts of the fort, but when the timbers were put together the boats -had to be brought downstairs, and a Huron convert spread a terrifying -report of a second deluge for which the white men were preparing a -second Noah's Ark. Mohawk warriors at once scented an attempt to -escape when the ice broke up in spring, and placed their braves in -ambush along the portages. Also they sent a deputation to see if that -story of the boats were true. Forewarned by Radisson, the whites built -a floor over the boats, heaped canoes above the floor, and invited the -Mohawk spies in. The Mohawks smiled grimly and were reassured. Canoes -would be ripped into shingles if they ran the ice jam of spring. The -Iroquois felt doubly certain of their victims; but Radisson, free to go -among the warriors as one of themselves, learned that they were -plotting to murder half the colony and hold the other half as hostages -for the safety of the twelve Indians in the dungeon at Quebec. The -whites could delay no longer. Something must be done, but what? -Radisson, knowing the Indian customs, proposed a way out. - -No normally built savage could refuse an invitation to a sumptuous -feast. According to Indian custom, no feaster dare leave uneaten food -on his plate. Waste to the Indian is crime. In the words of the -Scotch proverb, "Better burst than waste." And all Indians have -implicit faith in dreams. Radisson dreamed--so he told the -Indians--that the white men were to give them a marvelous banquet. No -sooner dreamed than done! The Iroquois probably thought it a chance to -obtain possession inside the fort; but the whites had taken good care -to set the banquet between inner and outer walls. - -Such a repast no savage had ever enjoyed in the memory of the race. -All the ambushed spies flocked in from the portages. {102} The painted -warriors washed off their grease, donned their best buckskin, and -rallied to the banquet as to battle. All the stock but one solitary -pig, a few chickens and dogs, had been slaughtered for the kettle. -Such an odor of luscious meat steamed up from the fort for days as -whetted the warriors' hunger to the appetite of ravenous wolves. -Finally, one night, the trumpets blew a blare that almost burst -eardrums. Fifes shrilled, and the rub-a-dub-dub of a dozen drums set -the air in a tremor. A great fire had been kindled between the inner -and outer walls that set shadows dancing in the forest. Then the gates -were thrown open, and in trooped the feasters. All the French acting -as waiters, the whites carried in the kettles--kettles of wild fowl, -kettles of oxen, kettles of dogs, kettles of porridge and potatoes and -corn and what not? That is it--what not? Were the kettles drugged? -Who knows? The feasters ate till their eyes were rolling lugubriously; -and still the kettles came round. The Indians ate till they were -torpid as swollen corpses, and still came the white men with more -kettles, while the mischievous French lad, Radisson, danced a mad jig, -shouting, yelling, "Eat! eat! Beat the drum! Awake! awake! Cheer up! -Eat! eat!" - -By midnight every soul of the feast had tumbled over sound asleep, and -at the rear gates were the French, stepping noiselessly, speaking in -whispers, launching their boats loaded with provisions and ammunition. -The soldiers were for going back and butchering every warrior, but the -Jesuits forbade such treachery. Then Radisson, light-spirited as if -the refugees had been setting out on a holiday, perpetrated yet a last -trick on the warriors. To the bell rope of the main gate he fastened a -pig, so when the Indians would pull the rope for admission, they would -hear the tramp of a sentry inside. Then he stuffed effigies of men on -guard round the windows of the fort. - -It was a pitchy, sleety night, the river roaring with the loose ice of -spring flood, the forests noisy with the boisterous March wind. Out on -the maelstrom of ice and flood launched the fifty-three colonists, -March 20, 1658. By April they were safe {103} inside the walls of -Quebec, and chance hunters brought word that what with sleep, and the -measured tramp, tramp of the pig, and the baying of the dogs, and the -clucking of the chickens inside the fort, the escape of the whites had -not been discovered for a week. The Indians thought the whites had -gone into retreat for especially long prayers. Then a warrior climbed -the inner palisades, and rage knew no bounds. The fort was looted and -burnt to the ground. - - -Peltry traffic was the life of New France. Without it the colony would -have perished, and now the rupture of peace with the Iroquois cut off -that traffic. To the Iroquois land south of the St. Lawrence the -French dared not go, and the land of the Hurons was a devastated -wilderness. The boats that came out to New France were compelled to -return without a single peltry, but there still remained the unknown -land of the Algonquin northwest and beyond the Great Lakes. Year after -year young French adventurers essayed the exploration of that land. In -1634 Jean Nicolet, one of Champlain's wood runners, had gone westward -as far as Green Bay and coasted the shores of Lake Michigan. Jesuits, -where they preached on Lake Superior, had been told of a vast land -beyond the Sweet Water Seas,--Great Lakes,--a land where wandered -tribes of warriors powerful as the Iroquois. - -Yearly, when the Algonquins came down the Ottawa to trade, Jesuits and -young French adventurers accompanied the canoes back up the Ottawa, -hoping to reach the Unknown Land, which rumor said was bounded only by -the Western Sea. However, the priests went no farther than Lake -Nipissing; but two nameless French wood runners came back from Green -Bay in August of 1656 with marvelous tales of wandering hunters to the -north called "Christines" (Crees), who passed the winter hunting -buffalo on a land bare of trees (the prairie) and the summer fishing on -the shores of the North Sea (Hudson's Bay). They told also of fierce -tribes south of the Christines (the Sioux), who traded with the Indians -of the Spanish settlements in Mexico. - -{104} All New France became fired by these reports. When Radisson -returned from Onondaga in April of 1659, he found his brother-in-law, -Chouart Groseillers, just back from Nipissing, where he had been -serving the Jesuits, with more tales of this marvelous undiscovered -land. The two kinsmen decided to go back with the Algonquins that very -year; for, confessed Radisson in his journal, "I longed to see myself -again in a boat." - -Thirty other Frenchmen and two Jesuits had assembled in Montreal to -join the Algonquins. More than sixty canoes set out from Montreal in -June, the one hundred and forty Algonquins well supplied with firearms -to defend themselves from marauding Iroquois. Numbers begot courage, -courage carelessness; and before the fleet had reached the Chaudière -Falls, at the modern city of Ottawa, the canoes had spread far apart in -utter forgetfulness of danger. Not twenty were within calling distance -when an Indian prophet, or wandering medicine man, ran down to the -shore, throwing his blanket and hatchet aside as signal of peace, and -shouting out warning of Iroquois warriors ambushed farther up the river. - -Drunk with the new sense of power from the possession of French -firearms, perhaps drunk too with French brandy obtained at Montreal, -the Algonquins paused to take the strange captive on board, and -returned thanks for the friendly warning by calling their benefactor a -"coward and a dog and a hen." At the same time they took the -precaution of sleeping in mid-stream with their canoes abreast tied to -water-logged trees. A dull roar through the night mist foretold they -were nearing the great Chaudière Falls; and at first streak of day dawn -there was a rush to land and cross the long portage before the mist -lifted and exposed them to the hostiles. - -To any one who knows the region of Canada's capital the scene can -easily be recalled: the long string of canoes gliding through the gray -morning like phantoms; Rideau Falls shimmering on the left like a snowy -curtain; the dense green of Gatineau Point as the birch craft swerved -across the river inshore to the right; the wooded heights, now known as -Parliament Hill, {105} jutting above the river mist, the new foliage of -the topmost trees just tipped with the first primrose shafts of -sunrise; then the vague stir and unrest in the air as the sun came up -till the gray fog became rose mist shot with gold, and rose like a -curtain to the upper airs, revealing the angry, tempest-tossed cataract -straight ahead, hurtling over the rocks of the Chaudière in walls of -living waters. Where the lumber piles of Hull on the right to-day jut -out as if to span Ottawa River to Parliament Hill, the voyageurs would -land to portage across to Lake Du Chêne. - -Just as they sheered inshore the morning air was split by a hideous din -of guns and war whoops. The Iroquois had been lying in ambush at the -portage. The Algonquins' bravado now became a panic. They abandoned -canoes and baggage, threw themselves behind a windfall of trees, and -poured a steady rain of bullets across the portage in order to permit -the other canoes to come ashore. When the fog lifted, baggage and -canoes lay scattered on the shore. Behind one barricade of logs lay -the French and Algonquins; behind another, the Iroquois; and woe betide -the warrior who showed his head or dared to cross the open. All day -the warriors kept up their cross fire. Thirteen Algonquins had -perished, and the French were only waiting a chance to abandon the -voyage. Luckily, that night was pitch-dark. The Algonquin leader blew -a long low call through his birch trumpet. All hands rallied and -rushed for the boats to cross the river. All the Frenchmen's baggage -had been lost. Of the white adventurers every soul turned back but -Groseillers and Radisson. - -The Algonquins now made up in caution what they had at first lacked. -They voyaged only by night and hid by day. No camp fires were kindled. -No muskets were fired even for game; and the paddlers were presently -reduced to food of _tripe de roche_--green moss scraped from rocks. -Birch canoes could not cross Lake Huron in storm; so the Indians kept -close to the south shore of Georgian Bay, winding among the pink -granite islands, past the ruined Jesuit missions across to the Straits -of Mackinac and on down Lake Michigan to Green Bay. - -{106} "But our mind was not to stay here," relates Radisson, "but to -know the remotest people." Sometime between April and July of 1659 the -two white men had followed the Indian hunters across what is now the -state of Wisconsin to "a mighty river like the St. Lawrence." They had -found the Mississippi, first of white men to view the waters since the -treasure-seeking Spaniards of the south crossed the river. They had -penetrated the Unknown. They had discovered the Great Northwest--a -world boundlessly vast; so vast no man forever after in the history of -the human race need be dispossessed of his share of the earth. -Something of the importance of the discovery seems to have impressed -Radisson; for he speaks of the folly of the European nations fighting -for sterile, rocky provinces when here is land enough for all--land -enough to banish poverty. - -The two Frenchmen's wanderings with the tribes of the prairie--whether -those tribes were Omahas or Iowas or Mandanes or Mascoutins or -Sioux--cannot be told here. It would fill volumes. I have told the -story fully elsewhere. By spring of 1660 Radisson and Groseillers are -back at Sault Ste. Marie, having gathered wealth of beaver peltries -beyond the dreams of avarice; but scouts have come to the Sault with -ominous news--news of one thousand Iroquois braves on the warpath to -destroy every settlement in New France. Hourly, daily, weekly, have -Quebec and Three Rivers and Montreal been awaiting the blow. - -The Algonquins refuse to go down to Quebec with Radisson and -Groseillers. "Fools," shouts Radisson in full assembly of their chiefs -squatting round a council fire, "are you going to allow the Iroquois to -destroy you as they destroyed the Hurons? How are you going to fight -the Iroquois unless you come down to Quebec for guns? Do you want to -see your wives and children slaves? For my part, I prefer to die like -a man rather than live a slave." - -The chiefs were shamed out of their cowardice. Five hundred young -warriors undertook to conduct the two white men down to Quebec. They -embarked at once, scouts to the fore reconnoitering all portages, and -guards on duty wherever the {107} boats landed. A few Iroquois braves -were seen near the Long Sault Rapids, but they took to their heels in -such evident fright that Radisson was puzzled to know what had become -of the one thousand braves on the warpath. Carrying the beaver pelts -along the portage so they could be used as shields in case of attack, -the Algonquins came to the foot of the Long Sault Rapids near Montreal, -and saw plainly what had happened to the invading warriors. A -barricade of logs the shape of a square fort stood on the shore. From -the pickets hung the scalps of dead Indians and on the sands lay the -charred remains of white men. Every tree for yards round was peppered -with bullet holes. Here was a charred stake where some victim had been -tortured; there the smashed remnants of half-burnt canoes; and at -another point empty powder barrels. A terrible battle had been waged -but a week before. Radisson could trace, inside the barricade of logs, -holes scooped in the sand where the besieged, desperate with thirst, -had drunk the muddy water. At intervals in the palisades openings had -been hacked, and these were blood stained, as if the scene of the -fiercest fighting. Bark had been burnt from the logs in places, where -the assailants had set fire to the fort. - -From Indian refugees at Montreal, Radisson learned details of the -fight. It was the battle most famous in early Canadian annals--the -Long Sault. All winter Quebec, Three Rivers, and Montreal had cowered -in terror of the coming Iroquois. In imagination the beleaguered -garrisons foresaw themselves martyrs of Mohawk ferocity. It was -learned that seven hundred of the Iroquois warriors were hovering round -the Richelieu opposite Three Rivers. The rest of the braves had passed -the winter man-hunting in the Huron country, and were in spring -descending the Ottawa to unite with the lower band. - -Week after week Quebec awaited the blow; but the blow never fell, for -at Montreal was a little band of seventeen heroes, led by a youth of -twenty-five,--Adam Dollard,--who longed to wipe out the stain of a -misspent boyhood by some glorious exploit in the service of the Holy -Cross. - -{108} When word came that the upper foragers were descending from the -country of the Hurons to unite with the lower Iroquois against -Montreal, Dollard proposed to go up the Ottawa with a picked party of -chosen fighters, waylay the Iroquois at the foot of the Long Sault -Rapids, and so prevent the attack on Montreal. Sixteen young men -volunteered to join him. Charles Le Moyne, now acting as interpreter -at Montreal, begged the young heroes to delay till reënforcements could -be obtained: seventeen Frenchmen against five hundred Mohawks meant -certain death; but delay meant risk, and Dollard coveted nothing more -than a death of glory. At the chapel of the Hôtel Dieu the young -heroes made what they knew would certainly be their last confession, -bade eternal farewell to friends, and with crushed corn for provisions -set out in canoes for the upper Ottawa. May 1, they came to the foot -of the Long Sault. Here a barricade of logs had been erected in some -skirmish the year before, and here, too, was the usual camping place of -the Iroquois as their canoes came bounding down the swift waters of the -Ottawa. Dollard and his brave boys landed, slung their kettles for the -night meal, and sent scouts upstream to forewarn when the Iroquois -came. The night was passed in prayer. Next day arrived unexpected -reënforcements. Two bands of forty Hurons and four Algonquins, under a -brave Huron convert of the Christian Islands, had asked Maisonneuve's -permission to join Dollard and wreak their pent vengeance on the -Mohawks. Early one morning the scouts reported five Iroquois canoes -coming slowly downstream, and two hundred more warriors behind. There -was not even care to bring a supply of water inside the barricade or -remove kettles from the sticks. Posted in ambush, the young soldiers -fired as soon as the first canoes came within range. This put the rest -of the Iroquois on guard. The whites rushed for the shelter of their -barricade. The Indians dashed to erect a fort of their own. Inside -Dollard's palisades all was activity. Cracks were plastered up with -mud between logs, four marksmen with double stands of arms posted at -each loophole, and a big musketoon leveled straight for the {109} -Iroquois redoubt. The Iroquois rushed out yelling like fiends, and -jumping sideways as they advanced, to avoid becoming targets; but the -scattering fire of the musketoon caught them full abreast and a Seneca -chief fell dead. The Iroquois then broke up Dollard's canoes and tried -to set fire to the logs; but again the musketoon's scattering bullets -mowed a swath of death in the advancing ranks, and for a second time -the red warriors sought shelter behind the logs. Probably to obtain -truce till they could send word to the other warriors on the Richelieu, -the Iroquois then hung out a flag of parley; but the Huron chief knew -what peace with an Iroquois meant. He it was, on the Christian -Islands, who, when the Iroquois had proposed a similar parley for the -purpose of massacring the Hurons, invited their chiefs into the Huron -camp and brained them for their treachery. Dollard's band made answer -to the flag hoisted above the Iroquois pickets by rushing out, securing -the head of the Seneca chief, and elevating it on a pike above their -fort. - -But as the fight went on, the whites had to have water, and a few -rushed for the river to fill kettles. This rejoiced the hearts of the -Iroquois. They could guess if the whites were short of water, it only -required more warriors to surround the barricade completely and compel -surrender. Scouts had meanwhile gone for the Iroquois at Richelieu; -and on the fifth day of the siege a roar, gathering volume as it -approached, told Dollard that the seven hundred warriors were coming -through the forest. Among the newcomers were Huron renegades, who -approached within speaking distance of the fort and called out for the -Hurons to save themselves from death by surrender. Death was plainly -inevitable, and all the Hurons but the chief deserted. This reduced -Dollard's band, from sixty to twenty. The whites were now weak from -lack of food and sleep; but for three more days and nights the marksmen -and musketoon plied such deadly aim at the assailants that the Iroquois -actually held a council whether they should retire. The Iroquois -chiefs argued that it would disgrace the nation forever if one thousand -of their warriors were to retire before a handful of beardless white -boys. {110} Solemnly the bundle of war sticks was thrown on the -ground. Then each warrior willing to go on with the siege picked up a -stick. The chiefs chose first and the rest were shamed into doing -likewise. Inside the fort, Dollard's men were at the last extremities. -Blistered and blackened with powder smoke, the fevered men were half -delirious from lack of sleep and water. Some fell to their knees and -prayed. Others staggered with sleep where they stood. Others had not -strength to stand and sank, muttering prayers, to their knees. The -Iroquois were adopting new tactics. They could not reach the palisades -in the face of the withering fire from the musketoon, so they -constructed a movable palisade of trees, behind which marched the -entire band of warriors. In vain Dollard's marksmen aimed their -bullets at the front carriers. Where one fell another stepped in his -place. Desperate, Dollard resolved on a last expedient. Some accounts -say he took a barrel of powder; others, that he wrapped powder in a -huge bole of birch bark. Putting a light to this, he threw it with all -his might; but his strength had failed; the dangerous projectile fell -back inside the barricade, exploding; marksmen were driven from their -places. A moment later the Iroquois were inside the barricade -screeching like demons. They found only three Frenchmen alive; and so -great was the Mohawk rage to be foiled of victims that they fell on the -Huron renegades in their own ranks and put them to death on the spot. - -Such was the Battle of the Long Sault of which Radisson saw the scars -on his way down the Ottawa. It saved New France. If seventeen boys -could fight in this fashion, how--the Iroquois asked--would a fort full -of men fight? A few days later Radisson was conducted in triumph -through the streets of Quebec and personally welcomed by the new -governor, d'Argenson. - -It can well be imagined that Radisson's account of the vast new lands -discovered by him aroused enthusiasm at Quebec. Among the Crees, -Radisson and Groseillers had heard of that Sea of the North--Hudson -Bay--to which Champlain had {111} tried to go by way of the Ottawa. -The Indians had promised to conduct the two Frenchmen overland to the -North Sea; but Radisson deemed it wise not to reveal this fact lest -other voyageurs should forestall them. Somehow the secret leaked out. -Either Groseillers told it or his wife dropped some hint of it to her -father confessor; but the two explorers were amazed to receive official -orders to conduct the Jesuits to the North Sea by way of the Saguenay. -They refused point-blank to go as subordinates on any expedition. The -fur trade was at this time regulated by license. Any one who proceeded -to the woods without license was liable to imprisonment, the galleys -for life, death if the offense were repeated. Radisson and Groseillers -asked for a license to go north in 1661. D'Avaugour, a bluff soldier -who had become governor, would grant it only on condition of receiving -half the profits. Groseillers and Radisson set off by night without a -license. - -[Illustration: TITLE-PAGE--JESUIT RELATION OF 1662-1663] - -{112} This time the Indian canoes struck off into Lake Superior instead -of Lake Michigan, and coasted that billowy inland sea with its iron -shore and shadowy forests. On the northwest side of the lake, -somewhere between Duluth and Fort William, the explorers joined the -Crees, and proceeded northwestward with them, hunting along that Indian -trail to become famous as the fur traders' highway--from Lake Superior -to the Lake of the Woods. The first white man's fort built west of the -Great Lakes, the terrible famine that winter, and the visits of the -Sioux--are all a story in themselves. Spring found the explorers -following the Crees over the height of land from Lake Superior to -Hudson Bay. As soon as the ice loosened, dugouts were launched, and -the voyageurs began that hardest of all canoe trips in America, through -the forest hinterland of Ontario. Here the rivers were a stagnant -marsh, with outlet hidden by dankest forest growth where the light of -the sun never penetrated. There the waters swollen by spring thaw and -broken by the ice jam whirled the {113} boats into rapids before the -paddlers realized. There was wading to mid-waist in ice water. There -were nights when camp was made on water-soaked moss. There were days -when the windfall compelled the canoemen to take the canoes out of the -water and carry them half the time. "At last," writes Radisson, "we -came to the sea, where we found an old house all demolished and -battered with bullets. The Crees told us about Europeans being here; -and we went from isle to isle all that summer." At this time the -canoes must have been coasting the south shore of James Bay, headed -east; for Radisson presently explains that they came to a river, which -rose in a lake near the source of the Saguenay--namely Rupert River. -What was the old house battered with bullets? Was it Hudson's winter -fort of 1610-1611? The Indians of Rupert River to this day have -legends of Hudson having come back to his fort when cast away by the -mutineers. - -[Illustration: THE JESUIT MAP OF LAKE SUPERIOR (From the Relation of -1670-1671)] - -The furs that Radisson and Groseillers brought back from the north this -time were worth fabulous wealth. The cargo saved New France from -bankruptcy; but the explorers had defied both Church and Governor, and -all the greedy monopolists of Quebec fell on Radisson and Groseillers -with jealous fury. They were fined $20,000 to build a fort at Three -Rivers, though given permission to inscribe their coats of arms on the -gate. A $30,000 fine went to the public treasury of New France, and a -tax of $70,000 was imposed by the Farmers of the Revenue. Of the total -cargo there was left to Radisson and Groseillers only $20,000. - - -Disgusted, the two explorers personally appealed to the Court of -France; but there the monopolists were all-powerful, and justice was -denied. They tried to induce some of the fishing fleet off Cape Breton -to venture to the North Sea; but there the monopolists' malign -influence was again felt. They were accused of having broken the laws -of Quebec. Zechariah Gillam, a sea captain of Boston, who chanced to -be at Port Royal, offered them his vessel for a voyage to Hudson Bay; -but when the {114} doughty captain came to the ice-locked straits, his -courage failed and he refused to enter. Finally, at Port Royal, with -the last of their meager and dwindling capital, they hired two ships -for a voyage; but one was wrecked on Sable Island while fishing for -supplies, and instead of sailing for Hudson Bay in 1665, Radisson and -Groseillers were summoned to Boston in a lawsuit over the lost vessel. - -In Boston they met commissioners of the English government and were -invited to lay their plans before Charles II, King of England. At last -the tide of fortune seemed to be turning. Sailing with Sir George -Carterett, after pirate raid and shipwreck, they reached London to find -the plague raging, and were ordered to Windsor, where Charles received -them, recommended their venture to Prince Rupert, and provided 2 pounds -a week each for their living expenses. - -[Illustration: Charles II] - -From being penniless outcasts, Radisson and Groseillers suddenly -wakened to find themselves famous. Groseillers seems to have kept in -the background, but Radisson, the younger man, enjoyed the full blaze -of glory, was seen in the King's box at the theater, and was presently -paying furious court to Mistress Mary Kirke, daughter of Sir John -Kirke, whose ancestors had captured Quebec. What with war and the -plague, it was 1668 before the English Admiralty could loan the two -ships _Eaglet_ and _Nonsuch_ for a voyage to Hudson Bay. The expense -was to be defrayed by a band of {115} friends known as the "Gentlemen -Adventurers of England Trading to Hudson Bay," subscribing so much -stock in cash, provision, and goods for trade. Radisson's ship, the -_Eaglet_, was driven back, damaged by storm; but the other, under -Groseillers, went on to Hudson Bay, where the marks set up on the -overland voyage were found at Rupert River, and a small fort was built -for trade. During the delay Radisson was not idle in London. He wrote -the journals of his first four voyages. He married Mary Kirke--some -accounts say, eloped with her. With the help of King Charles and -Prince Rupert he organized what is now known as the Hudson's Bay Fur -Company; for when Groseillers' ship returned in the fall of 1669, its -success in trade had been so great that the Adventurers at once applied -for a royal charter of exclusive monopoly in trade to all the regions, -land and sea, rivers and territories, adjoining Hudson Bay. The -monopoly of the Hudson's Bay Company to the Great Northwest was granted -by King Charles in May, 1670. - -Here, then, was the situation. England was intrenched south of the St. -Lawrence. England was taking armed possession of all lands bordering -on Hudson Bay and such other lands as the Adventurers might find. -Wedged between was New France with a population of less than six -thousand. If France could have foreseen what her injustice to two poor -adventurers would cost the nation in blood and money, it would have -paid her to pension Radisson like a prince of the blood royal. - - -NOTE TO CHAPTER VI. The viceroys of New France were shifted so -frequently that little record remains of several but their names. The -official list of the governors under the French régime stands as -follows: - -Samuel de Champlain, died at Quebec, Christmas, 1635. - -Marc Antoine de Chasteaufort, _pro tem_. - -Charles Huault de Montmagny, 1636. - -Louis d'Ailleboust of the Montreal Crusaders, 1648. - -Jean de Lauzon, 1651. - -Charles de Lauzon-Charny (son), _pro tem_. - -Louis d'Ailleboust, 1657. - -Viscount d'Argenson, 1658, a young man who quarreled with Jesuits. - -Viscount d'Avagour, 1661, a bluff soldier, who also quarreled with -Jesuits. - -De Mezy, 1663, appointed by Jesuits' influence, but quarreled with them. - -{116} Marquis de Tracy, 1663, who was viceroy of all French possessions -in America, and really sent out to act as general. - -De Courcelle, 1665, who acts as governor under De Tracy and succeeds -him. - -Frontenac, 1672, was recalled through influence of Jesuits, whose -interference he would not tolerate in civil affairs. - -De La Barre, 1682, an impotent, dishonest old man, who came to mend his -fortunes. - -De Brisay de Denonville, 1685. - -Frontenac, 1689. - -De Calliere, 1699. - -Marquis de Vaudreuil, 1703. - -Charles le Moyne, Baron de Longeuil, 1725, son of Le Moyne, the famous -fighter and interpreter of Montreal; brother of Le Moyne d'Iberville, -the commander. - -Marquis de Beauharnois, 1726. - -Count de la Galissoniere, 1747. - -Marquis de la Jonquiere, 1749. - -Charles le Moyne, Baron de Longeuil, 1752, son of former Governor. - -Duquesne,1752. - -Marquis de Vaudreuil, 1755, descendant of first Vaudreuil. - - - - -{117} - -CHAPTER VII - -FROM 1672 TO 1688 - -The fur fairs of Montreal--Customs of people--Shiploads of brides--The -Iroquois and De Tracy--Who first found Ontario?--Through western -Ontario--Up the Great Lakes--Marquette and Jolliet--Frontenac and La -Salle--La Salle rouses enemies--La Salle descends the Mississippi--Death -of La Salle - - -While Radisson and other coureurs of the woods were ranging the wilds -from the St. Lawrence to the Mississippi and from the Great Lakes to -Hudson Bay, changes were almost revolutionizing the little colony of New -France. No longer was everything subservient to missions. When -Marguerite Bourgeoys and Jeanne Mance, of Ville-Marie Mission at -Montreal, went home to France to bring out more colonists in 1659, they -learned that the founder of their mission--Dauversière, the tax -collector--had gone bankrupt. Montreal was penniless, though sixty more -men and thirty-two girls were accompanying the nuns out this very year. -The Sulpician priests had from the first been ardent friends of the -Montrealers. The priests of St. Sulpice now assumed charge of Montreal. -Though "God's Penny" was still collected at the fairs and market places -of Old France for the conversion of Indians at Mont Royal, the fur trade -was rapidly changing the character of the place. - -Afraid of the Iroquois raiders, the tribes of the Up-Country now flocked -to Montreal instead of Quebec, where the traders met them annually at the -great Fur Fairs. - -No more picturesque scene exists in Canada's past than these Fur Fairs. -Down the rapids of the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence bounded the canoes of -the Indian hunters, Hurons and Pottawatomies from Lake Michigan, Crees -and Ojibways from Lake Superior, Iroquois and Eries and Neutrals from -what is now the Province of Ontario, the northern Indians in long birch -canoes light as paper, the Indians of Ontario in dugouts of oak and -walnut. The Fur Fair usually took place between June and August; and the -Viceroy, magnificent in red cloak faced with velvet and ornamented with -gold braid, came up from Quebec {118} for the occasion and occupied a -chair of state under a marquee erected near the Indian tents. Wigwams -then went up like mushrooms, the Huron and Iroquois tents of sewed bark -hung in the shape of a square from four poles, the tepees of the Upper -Indians made of birch and buffalo hides, hung on poles crisscrossed at -the top to a peak, spreading in wide circle to the ground. Usually the -Fur Fair occupied a great common between St. Paul Street and the river. -Furs unpacked, there stalked among the tents great sachems glorious in -robes of painted buckskin garnished with wampum, Indian children stark -naked, young braves flaunting and boastful, wearing headdresses with -strings of eagle quills reaching to the ground, each quill signifying an -enemy taken. Then came "the peddlers,"--the fur merchants,--unpacking -their goods to tempt the Indians, men of the colonial noblesse famous in -history, the Fôrests and Le Chesnays and Le Bers. Here, too, gorgeous in -finery, bristling with firearms, were the bushrovers, the interpreters, -the French voyageurs, who had to come out of the wilds once every two -years to renew their licenses to trade. There was Charles Le Moyne, son -of an innkeeper of Dieppe, who had come to Montreal as interpreter and -won such wealth as trader that his family became members of the French -aristocracy. Two of his descendants became governors of Canada; and the -history of his sons is the history of Canada's most heroic age. There -was Louis Jolliet, who had studied for the Jesuit priesthood but turned -fur trader among the tribes of Lake Michigan. There was Daniel Greysolon -Duluth, a man of good birth, ample means, and with the finest house in -Montreal, who had turned bushrover, gathered round him a band of three or -four hundred lawless, dare-devil French hunters, and now roamed the woods -from Detroit halfway to Hudson Bay, swaying the Indians in favor of -France and ruling the wilds, sole lord of the wilderness. There were -Groseillers and Radisson and a shy young man of twenty-five who had -obtained a seigniory from the Sulpicians at Lachine--Robert Cavelier de -La Salle. Sometimes, too, Father Marquette came down with his Indians -from the missions on Lake Superior. Maisonneuve, {119} too, was there, -grieving, no doubt, to see this Kingdom of Heaven, which he had set up on -earth, becoming more and more a kingdom of this world. Later, when the -Hundred Associates lost their charter and Canada became a Royal Province -governed directly by the Crown, Maisonneuve was deprived of the -government of Montreal and retired to die in obscurity in Paris. Louis -d'Ailleboust, Governor of Montreal when Maisonneuve is absent, Governor -at Quebec when state necessities drag him from religious devotion, moves -also in the gay throng of the Fur Fair. In later days is a famous -character at the Fur Fairs--La Motte Cadillac of Detroit, bushrover and -gentleman like Duluth, but prone to break heads when he comes to town -where the wine is good. - -[Illustration: PLAN OF MONTREAL IN 1672] - -Trade was regulated by royal license. Only twenty-five canoes a year -were allowed to go to the woods with three men in each, and a license was -good for only two years. Fines, branding, the galleys for life, death, -were the penalties for those who traded without license; but that did not -prevent more than one thousand young Frenchmen running off to the woods -to live like Indians. In fact, there was no other way for the youth of -New {120} France to earn a living. Penniless young noblemen, criminals -escaping the law, the sons of the poorest, all were on the same footing -in the woods. He who could persuade a merchant to outfit him for trade -disappeared in the wilds; and if he came back at all, came back with -wealth of furs and bought off punishment, "wearing sword and lace and -swaggering as if he were a gentleman," the annals of the day complain; -and a long session in the confessional box relieved the prodigal's -conscience from the sins of a life in the woods. If my young gentleman -were rich enough, the past was forgotten, and he was now on the highroad -to distinguished service and perhaps a title. - -[Illustration: LA SALLE'S HOUSE NEAR MONTREAL] - -In the early days a beaver skin could be bought for a needle or a bell or -a tin mirror; and in spite of all the priests could do to prevent it, -brandy played a shameful part in the trade. In vain the priests preached -against it, and the bishop thundered anathemas. The evils of the brandy -traffic were apparent to all--the Fur Fairs became a bedlam of crime; but -when the Governor called in all the traders to confer on the subject, it -was plain that if the Indians did _not_ obtain liquor from the French, -they would go on down with their furs to the English of New York, and the -French Governor was afraid to forbid the evil. - -[Illustration: KITCHEN, CHÂTEAU DE RAMEZAY, MONTREAL] - -The Fur Fair over, the Governor departed for Quebec; the Indians, for -their own land; the bushrovers, for their far wanderings; and there -settled over Montreal for another year drowsy quiet but for the chapel -bells of St. Sulpice and Ville Marie and Bon Secours--the Chapel of Ste. -Anne's Good Help--built close on the verge of the river, that the -voyageurs coming and going might cross themselves as they passed her -spire; drowsy peace but for the chapel chimes ringing . . . ringing . . . -ringing . . . morning . . . noon . . . and night . . . lilting and -singing and calling all New France to prayers. As the last canoe glided -up the river, and sunset silence fell on Montreal, there knelt before the -dimly lighted altars of the chapels, shadow figures--Maisonneuve praying -for his mission; D'Ailleboust, asking Heaven's blessing on the new shrine -down at St. Anne de Beaupré near Quebec, which he had built for the -miraculous {121} healing of physical ills; Dollier de Casson, priest of -the wilds, manly and portly and strong, wilderness fighter for the Cross. -Then the organ swells, and the chant rolls out, and till the next Fur -Fair Montreal is again a mission. - - -When New France becomes a Crown Colony, the government consists solely -and only of the Sovereign Council, to whom the King transmits his will. -This council consists of the Governor, his administrative officer called -the "Intendant," the bishop, and several of the inhabitants of New France -nominated by the other members of the council. Of elections there are -absolutely none. Popular meetings are forbidden. New France is a -despotism, with the Sovereign Council representing the King. Domestic -disputes, religious quarrels, civil cases, crimes,--all come before the -Sovereign Council. Clients could plead their own cases without a fee, or -hire a notary. Cases are tried by the Sovereign Council. Laws are -passed by it. Fines are imposed and sentences pronounced; but as the -Sovereign Council met only once a week, the management of affairs fell -chiefly to the Intendant, whose palace became known as the Place of -Justice. Of systematic taxation there was none. One fourth of all -beaver went for public revenue. Part of Labrador was reserved as the -King's Domain for trading, and sometimes a duty of ten per cent was -charged on liquor brought into the colony. The stroke of the Sovereign -Council's pen could create a law, and the stroke of the King's pen annul -it. Laws are passed forbidding men, who are not nobles, assuming the -title of Esquire or Sieur on penalty of what would be a $500 fine. "Wood -is not to be piled on the streets." "Chimneys are to be built large -enough to admit a chimney sweep." "Only shingles of oak and walnut may -be used in towns where there is danger of fire." Swearing is punished by -fines, by the disgrace of being led through the streets at the end of a -rope and begging pardon on knees at the church steps, by branding if the -offense be repeated. Murderers are punished by being shot, or exposed in -an iron cage on the cliffs above the St. Lawrence till death {122} comes. -No detail is too small for the Sovereign Council's notice. In fact, a -case is on record where a Mademoiselle André is expelled from the colony -for flirting so outrageously with young officers that she demoralizes the -garrison. Mademoiselle avoids the punishment by bribing one of the -officers on the ship where she is placed, and escaping to land in man's -clothing. - -The people of New France were regulated in every detail of their lives by -the Church as well as the Sovereign Council. For trading brandy to the -Indians, Bishop Laval thunders excommunication at delinquents; and Bishop -St. Vallière, his successor, publicly rebukes the dames of New France for -wearing low-necked dresses, and curling their hair, and donning gay -ribbons in place of bonnets. "The vanity of dress among women becomes a -greater scandal than before," he complains. "They affect immodest -headdress, with heads uncovered or only concealed under a collection of -ribbons, laces, curls, and other vanities." - -[Illustration: LAVAL (After the portrait in Laval University, Quebec)] - -The laws came from the King and Sovereign Council. The enforcement of -them depended on the Intendant. As long as he was a man of integrity, -New France might live as happily as a family under a despotic but wise -father. It was when the Intendant became corrupt that the system fell to -pieces. {123} Of all the intendants of New France, one name stands -preeminent, that of Jean Talon, who came to Canada, aged forty, in 1665, -at the time the country became a Crown Province. One of eleven children -of Irish origin, Talon had been educated at the Jesuit College of Paris, -and had served as an intendant in France before coming to Canada. -Officially he was to stand between the King and the colony, to transmit -the commands of one and the wants of the other. He was to stand between -the Governor and the colony, to watch that the Governor did not overstep -his authority and that the colony obeyed the laws. He was to stand -between the Church and the colony, to see that the Church did not usurp -the prerogatives of the Governor and that the people were kept in the -path of right living without having their natural liberties curtailed. -He was, in a word, to accept the thankless task of taking all the cuffs -from the King and the kicks from the colony, all the blame of whatever -went amiss and no credit for what went well. - -When Talon came to Canada there were less than two thousand people in the -colony. He wrote frantically to His Royal Master for colonists. "We -cannot depeople France to people Canada," wrote the King; but from his -royal revenue he set aside money yearly to send men to Canada as -soldiers, women as wives. In 1671 one hundred and sixty-five girls were -sent out to be wedded to the French youth. A year later came one hundred -and fifty more. Licenses would not be given to the wood rovers for the -fur trade unless they married. Bachelors were fined unless they quickly -chose a wife from among the King's girls. Promotion was withheld from -the young ensigns and cadets in the army unless they found brides. -Yearly the ships brought girls whom the curés of France had carefully -selected in country parishes. Yearly Talon gave a bounty to the -middle-aged duenna who had safely chaperoned her charges across seas to -the convents of Quebec and Montreal, where the bashful suitors came to -make choice. "We want country girls, who can work," wrote the Intendant; -and girls who could work the King sent, instructing Talon to mate as many -as he {124} could to officers of the Carignan Regiment, so that the -soldiers would be likely to turn settlers. Results: by 1674 Canada had a -population of six thousand seven hundred; by 1684, of nearly twelve -thousand, not counting the one thousand bush lopers who roamed the woods -and married squaws. - -Between Acadia and Quebec lay wilderness. Jean Talon opened a road -connecting the two far-separated provinces. The Sovereign Council had -practically outlawed the bush lopers. Talon pronounced trade free, and -formed them into companies of bush fighters--defenders of the colony. -Instead of being wild-wood bandits, men like Duluth at Lake Superior and -La Motte Cadillac at Detroit became commanders, holding vast tribes loyal -to France. For years there had been legends of mines. Talon opened -mines at Gaspé and Three Rivers and Cape Breton. All clothing had -formerly been imported from France. Talon had the inhabitants -taught--and they badly needed it, for many of their children ran naked as -Indians--to weave their own clothes, make rugs, tan leather, grow straw -for hats,--all of which they do to this day, so that you may enter a -habitant house and not find a single article except saints' images, a -holy book, and perhaps a fiddle, which the habitant has not himself made. -"The Jesuits assume too much authority," wrote the King. Talon lessened -their power by inviting the Recollets to come back to Canada and by -encouraging the Sulpicians. Instead of outlawing young Frenchmen for -deserting to the English, Talon asked the King to grant titles of -nobility to those who were loyal, like the Godefrois and the Denis' and -the Le Moynes and young Chouart Groseillers, son of Radisson's -brother-in-law, so that there sprang up a Canadian noblesse which was as -graceful with the frying pan of a night camp fire in the woods as with -the steps of a stately dance in the governor's ballroom. Above all did -Talon encourage the bush-rovers in their far wanderings to explore new -lands for France. - - -New France had not forgotten the Iroquois treachery to the French colony -at Onondaga. Iroquois raid and ambuscade kept the hostility of these -sleepless foes fresh in French memory. {125} When Jean Talon came to -Canada as intendant, there had come as governor Courcelle, with the -Marquis de Tracy as major general of all the French forces in -America,--the West Indies as well as Canada. The Carignan Regiment of -soldiers seasoned in European campaigns had been sent to protect the -colonists from Indian raid; and it was determined to strike the Iroquois -Confederacy a blow that would forever put the fear of the French in their -hearts. - -Richelieu River was still the trail of the Mohawk warrior; and De Tracy -sent his soldiers to build forts on this stream at Sorel and -Chambly--named after officers of the regiment. January, 1666, Courcelle, -the Governor, set out on snowshoes to invade the Iroquois Country with -five hundred men, half Canadian bushrovers, half regular soldiers. By -some mistake the snow-covered trail to the Mohawks was missed, the wrong -road followed, and the French Governor found himself among the Dutch at -Schenectady. March rains had set in. Through the leafless forests in -driving sleet and rain retreated the French. Sixty had perished from -exposure and disease before Courcelle led his men back to the Richelieu. -The Mohawk warriors showed their contempt for this kind of white-man -warfare by raiding some French hunters on Lake Champlain and killing a -young nephew of De Tracy. - -Nevertheless, on second thought, twenty-four Indian deputies proceeded to -Quebec with the surviving captives to sue for peace. De Tracy was ready -for them. Solemnly the peace pipe had been puffed and solemnly the peace -powwow held. The Mohawk chief was received in pompous state at the -Governor's table. Heated with wine and mistaking French courtesy for -fear, the warrior grew boastful at the white chief's table. - -"This is the hand," he exclaimed, proudly stretching out his right arm, -"this is the hand that split the head of your young man, O Onontio!" - -"Then by the power of Heaven," thundered the Marquis de Tracy, springing -to his feet ablaze with indignation, "it is the hand that shall never -split another head!" - -{126} Forthwith the body of the great Mohawk chief dangled a scarecrow to -the fowls of the air; and the other terrified deputies tore breathlessly -back for the Iroquois land with such a story as one may guess. - -With thirteen hundred men and three hundred boats the Marquis de Tracy -and Courcelle set out from the St. Lawrence in October for the Iroquois -cantons. Charles Le Moyne, the Montreal bushrover, led six hundred -wild-wood followers in their buckskin coats and beaded moccasins, with -hair flying to the wind like Indians; and one hundred Huron braves were -also in line with the Canadians. The rest of the forces were of the -Carignan Regiment. Dollier de Casson, the Sulpician priest, powerful of -frame as De Tracy himself, marched as chaplain. - -[Illustration: A MAP IN THE RELATION OF 1662-1663 (This map includes -Lake Ontario and the Iroquois Country. It shows the relative positions -of the Five Nations and Fort d'Orange (Albany). It also gives plans of -the forts on the Richelieu and shows their location)] - - -Never had such an expedition been seen before on the St. Lawrence. Drums -beat reveille at peep of dawn. Fifes outshrilled the roar of rapids, and -stately figures in gold braid {127} and plumed hats glided over the -waters of the Richelieu among the painted forests of the frost-tinted -maples. Indians have a way of conveying news that modern trappers -designate as "the moccasin telegram." "Moccasin telegram" now carried -news of the coming army to the Iroquois villages, and the alarm ran like -wildfire from Mohawk to Onondaga and from Onondaga to Seneca. When the -French army struck up the Mohawk River, and to beat of drum charged in -full fury out of the rain-dripping forests across the stubble fields to -attack the first palisaded village, they found it desolate, deserted, -silent as the dead, though winter stores crammed the abandoned houses and -wildest confusion showed that the warriors had fled in panic. So it was -with the next village and the next. The Iroquois had stampeded in blind -flight, and the only show of opposition was a wild whoop here and there -from ambush. De Tracy took possession of the land for France, planted a -cross, and ordered the villages set on fire. For a time, at least, peace -was assured with the Iroquois. - - -Who first discovered the Province of Ontario? Before Champlain had -ascended the Ottawa, or the Jesuits established their missions south of -Lake Huron, young men sent out as wood rovers had canoed up the Ottawa -and gone westward to the land of the Sweet Water Seas. Was it Vignau, -the romancer, or Nicolet, the coureur de bois, or the boy Etienne Brulé, -who first saw what has been called the Garden of Canada, the rolling -meadows and wooded hills that lie wedged in between the Upper and the -Lower of the Great Lakes? Tradition says it was Brulé; but however that -may be, little was known of what is now Ontario except in the region of -the old Jesuit missions around Georgian Bay. It was not even known that -Michigan and Huron were _two_ lakes. The Sulpicians of Montreal had a -mission at the Bay of Quinte on Lake Ontario, and the south shore of the -lake, where it touched on Iroquois territory, was known to the Jesuits; -but from Quinte Bay to Detroit--a distance equal to that from New York to -Chicago, or London to Italy--was an unknown world. - -{128} But to return to the explorations which Jean Talon, the Intendant, -had set in motion-- - -When Dollier de Casson, the soldier who had become Sulpician priest, -returned from the campaign against the Iroquois, he had been sent as a -missionary to the Nipissing Country. There he heard among the Indians of -a shorter route to the Great River of the West--the Mississippi--than by -the Ottawa and Sault Ste. Marie. The Indians told him if he would ascend -the St. Lawrence to Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, he could portage overland -to the Beautiful River,--Ohio,--which would carry him down to the -Mississippi. - -The Sulpicians had been encouraged by Talon in order to eclipse and hold -in check the Jesuits. They were eager to send their missionaries to the -new realm of this Great River, and hurried Dollier de Casson down to -Quebec to obtain Intendant Talon's permission. - -There, curiously enough, Dollier de Casson met Cavalier de La Salle, the -shy young seigneur of La Chine, intent on almost the same aim,--to -explore the Great River. Where the Sulpicians had granted him his -seigniory above Montreal he had built a fort, which soon won the nickname -of La Chine,--China,--because its young master was continually -entertaining Iroquois Indians within the walls, to question them of the -Great River, which might lead to China. - -Governor Courcelle and Intendant Talon ordered the priest and young -seigneur to set out together on their explorations. The Sulpicians were -to bear all expenses, buying back La Salle's lands to enable him to -outfit canoes with the money. Father Galinée, who understood map making, -accompanied Dollier de Casson, and the expedition of seven birch canoes, -with three white men in each, and two dugouts with Seneca Indians, who -had been visiting La Salle, set out from Montreal on July 6, 1669. Not a -leader in the party was over thirty-five years of age. Dollier de -Casson, the big priest, was only thirty-three and La Salle barely -twenty-six. Corn meal was carried as food. For the rest, they were to -depend on chance shots. With {129} numerous portages, keeping to the -south shore of the St. Lawrence because that was best known to the Seneca -guides, the canoes passed up Lake St. Louis and Lake St. Francis and -glided through the sylvan fairyland of the Thousand Islands, coming out -in August on Lake Ontario, "which," says Galinée, "appeared to us like a -great sea." Striking south, they appealed to the Seneca Iroquois for -guides to the Ohio, but the Senecas were so intent on torturing some -prisoners recently captured, that they paid no heed to the appeal. A -month was wasted, and the white men proceeded with Indian slaves for -guides, still along the south shore of the lake. - -[Illustration: GALINÉE'S MAP OF THE GREAT LAKES, 1669 (The next oldest -chart to that of Champlain)] - -At the mouth of Niagara River they could hear the far roar of the famous -falls, which Indian legend said "fell over rocks twice the height of the -highest pine tree." The turbulent torrent of the river could not be -breasted, so they did not see the falls, but rounded on up Lake Ontario -to the region now near the city of Hamilton. Here they had prepared to -portage overland to some stream that would bring them down to Lake Erie, -when, to their amazement, they learned from a passing Indian camp that -two Frenchmen were on their way down this very lake from searching copper -mines on Lake Superior. - -{130} The two Frenchmen were Louis Jolliet, yet in his early twenties, to -become famous as an explorer of the Mississippi, and one Monsieur Jean -Peré, soldier of fortune, who was to set France and England by the ears -on Hudson Bay. September 24, as La Salle and Dollier were dragging their -canoes through the autumn-colored sumacs of the swamp, there plunged from -among the russet undergrowth the two wanderers from the north,--Jolliet -and Peré, dumb with amazement to meet a score of men toiling through this -tenantless wilderness. The two parties fell on each other's necks with -delight and camped together. Jolliet told a story that set the -missionaries' zeal on fire and inflamed La Salle with mad eagerness to -pass on to the goal of his discoveries. Jolliet and Peré had not found -the copper mine for Talon on Lake Superior, but they had learned two -important secrets from the Indians. First, if Iroquois blocked the way -up the Ottawa, there was clear, easy water way down to Quebec by Lake -Huron and Lake Ste. Claire and Lake Erie. Jolliet's guide had brought -them down this way, first of white men to traverse the Great Lakes, only -leaving them as they reached Lake Erie and advising them to portage -across up Grand River to avoid Niagara Falls. Second, the Indians told -him the Ohio could be reached by way of Lake Erie. - -Sitting round the camp fires near what is now Port Stanley, La Salle -secretly resolved to go on down to Quebec with Jolliet and rearrange his -plans independent of the missionaries. The portaging through swamps had -affected La Salle's health, and he probably judged he could make quicker -time unaccompanied by missionaries. As for Galinée and Dollier, when -they knelt in prayer that night, they fervently besought Heaven to let -them carry the Gospel of truth to those benighted heathen west of Lake -Michigan, of whom Jolliet told. Dollier de Casson sent a letter by -Jolliet to Montreal, begging the Sulpicians to establish a mission near -what is now Toronto. Early next morning an altar was laid on the propped -paddles of the canoes and solemn service held. La Salle and his four -canoes went back to Montreal with Jolliet and Peré; Dollier and Galinée -coasted along the shores of Lake Erie westward. - -{131} It was October. The forests were leafless, the weather damp, the -lake too stormy for the frail canoes. As game was plentiful, the priests -decided to winter on a creek near Port Dover. Here log houses were -knocked up, and the servants dispersed moose hunting for winter supplies. -Then followed the most beautiful season of the year in the peninsula of -Ontario, Indian summer, dreamy warm days after the first cold, filling -the forest with a shimmer of golden light, the hills with heat haze, -while the air was odorous with smells of nuts and dried leaves and grapes -hanging thick from wild vines. "It was," writes Galinée, "simply an -Earthly Paradise, the most beautiful region that ever I have seen in my -life, with open woods and meadows and rivers and game in plenty." In -this Earthly Paradise the priests passed the winter, holding services -three times a week--"a winter that ought to be worth ten years of any -other kind of life" Dollier calculated, counting up masses and vespers -and matins. Sometimes when the snow lay deep and the weird voices of the -wind hallooed with bugle sound through the lonely forest, the priests -listening inside fancied that they heard "the hunting of -Arthur,"--unearthly huntsmen coursing the air after unearthly game. - -March 23 (Sunday), 1670, the company paraded down to Lake Erie from their -sheltered quarters, and, erecting a cross, took possession of this land -for France. Then they launched their boats to ascend the other Sweet -Water Seas. The preceding autumn the priests had lost some of their -baggage, and now, in camp near Point Pelee, a sweeping wave carried off -the packs in which were all the holy vessels and equipments for the -mission chapel. They decided to go back to Montreal by way of Sault Ste. -Marie, and ascended to Lake Ste. Claire. Game had been scarce for some -days, the weather tempestuous, and now the priests thought they had found -the cause. On one of the rocks of Lake Ste. Claire was a stone, to which -the Indians offered sacrifices for safe passage on the lakes. To the -priests the rude drawing of a face seemed graven images of -paganism,--signs of Satan, who had baffled their hunting and caused loss -{132} of their packs. "I consecrated one of my axes to break this god of -stone, and, having yoked our canoes abreast, we carried the largest -pieces to the middle of the river and cast them in. God immediately -rewarded us, for we killed a deer." Following the east shore of Lake -Huron, the priests came, on May 25, to Sault Ste. Marie, where the -Jesuits Dablon and Marquette had a mission. Three days late, they -embarked by way of the Ottawa for Montreal, where they arrived on June -18, 1670. - - -Meanwhile, what had become of Jolliet and Peré and La Salle? - -They have no sooner reached Quebec with their report than Talon orders -St. Lusson to go north and take possession at Sault Ste. Marie of all -these unknown lands for France. Jolliet accompanies St. Lusson. -Nicholas Perrot, a famous bushrover, goes along to summon the Indians, -and the ceremony takes place on June 14, 1671, in the presence of the -Jesuits at the Sault, by which the King of France is pronounced lord -paramount of all these regions. - -When Jolliet comes down again to Quebec, he finds Count Frontenac has -come as governor, and Jean Talon, the Intendant, is sailing for France. -Before leaving, Talon has recommended Jolliet as a fit man to explore the -Great River of the West. With him is commissioned Jacques Marquette, the -Jesuit, who has labored among the Indians west of Lake Superior. The two -men set out in birch canoes, with smoked meat for provisions, from -Michilimackinac mission, May 17, 1673, for Green Bay, Lake Michigan. -Ascending Fox River on June 17, they induce the Mascoutin Indians, who -had years ago conducted Radisson by this same route, to pilot them across -the portage to the headwaters of the Wisconsin River. - -Their way lies directly across that wooded lake region, which has in our -generation become the resort first of the lumberman, then of the -tourist,--a rolling, wooded region of rare sylvan beauty, park-like -forests interspersed with sky-colored lakes. Six weeks from the time -they had left the Sault, Wisconsin River carried their canoe out on the -swift eddies of a mighty river {133} flowing south,--the Mississippi. -For the first time the boat of a Canadian voyageur glided down its waters. - -Each night as the explorers landed to sleep under the stars, the tilted -canoe inverted with end on a log as roof in case of rain, Marquette fell -to knees and invoked the Virgin's aid on the expedition; and each morning -as Jolliet launched the boat out on the waters through the early mist, he -headed closely along shore on the watch for sign or footprint of Indian. - -The river gathered volume as it rolled southward, carving the clay cliffs -of its banks in a thousand fantastic forms. Where the bank was broken, -the prairies were seen in heaving seas of grass billowing to the wind -like water, herds of countless buffalo pasturing knee-deep. To Marquette -and Jolliet, burning with enthusiasm, it seemed as if they were finding a -new world for France half as large as all Europe. For two weeks not a -sail, not a canoe, not a soul did they see. Then the river carried them -into the country of the Illinois, past Illinois Indians who wore French -clothing, and pictured rocks where the Indians had painted their sign -language. There was no doubt now in the explorers' minds,--the -Mississippi did not lead to China but emptied in the Gulf of Mexico. A -furious torrent of boiling muddy water pouring in on the right forewarned -the Missouri; and in a few more days they passed on the left the clear -current of Beautiful River,--the Ohio. - -It was now midsummer. The heat was heavy and humid. Marquette's health -began to suffer, and the two explorers spread an awning of sailcloth -above the canoe as they glided with the current. Towards the Arkansas, -Indians appeared on the banks, brandishing weapons of Spanish make. -Though Jolliet, with a peace pipe from the Illinois Indians, succeeded in -reassuring the hostiles, it was unsafe to go farther south. They had -established the fact,--the Mississippi emptied into the Gulf of -Mexico,--and on July 17 turned back. It was harder going against stream, -which did not mend Marquette's health; so when the Illinois Indians -offered to show them a shorter way to Lake Michigan, they followed up -Illinois River and crossed the Chicago portage {134} to Lake Michigan. -Jolliet went on down to Quebec with his report. Marquette remained half -ill to establish missions in Michigan. Here, traveling with his Indians -in 1675, the priest died of the malady contracted in the Mississippi -heat, and was buried in a lonely grave of the wildwood wilderness where -he had wandered. Louis Jolliet married and settled down on his seigniory -of Anticosti Island. - - -Though he had as yet little to show for the La Chine estate, which he had -sacrificed, La Salle had not been idle, but was busy pushing French -dominion by another route to the Mississippi. - -Count Frontenac had come to New France as all the viceroys -came--penniless, to mend his fortunes; and as the salary of the Governor -did not exceed $3000 a year, the only way to wealth was by the fur trade; -but which way to look for fur trade! Hudson Bay, thanks to Radisson, was -in the hands of England. Taudoussac was farmed out to the King. The -merchants of Quebec and Three Rivers and Montreal absorbed all the furs -of the tribes from the Ottawa; and New England drained the Iroquois land. -There remained but one avenue of new trade, and that was west of the -Lakes, where Jolliet had been. - -Taking only La Salle into his confidence, Frontenac issued a royal -mandate commanding all the officers and people of New France to -contribute a quota of men for the establishment of a fort on Lake -Ontario. By June 28, 1673, the same year that Jolliet had been -dispatched for the Mississippi, there had gathered at La Chine, La -Salle's old seigniory near Montreal, four hundred armed men and one -hundred and twenty canoes, which Frontenac ordered painted gaudily in red -and blue. With these the Governor moved in stately array up the St. -Lawrence, setting the leafy avenues of the Thousand Islands ringing with -trumpet and bugle, and sweeping across Lake Ontario in martial lines to -the measured stroke of a hundred paddles. - -Long since, La Salle's scouts had scurried from canton to canton, -rallying the Iroquois to the council of great "Onontio." At break of -day, July 13, while the sunrise was just bursting up {135} over the lake, -Frontenac, with soldiers drawn up under arms, himself in velvet cloak -laced with gold braid, met the chiefs of the Iroquois Confederacy at the -place to be known for years as Fort Frontenac, now known as Kingston, a -quiet little city at the entrance of Lake Ontario on the north shore. - -[Illustration: ROBERT DE LA SALLE] - -Ostensibly the powwow was to maintain peace. In reality, it was to -attract the Iroquois, and all the tribes with whom they traded, away from -the English, down to Frontenac's new fort with their furs. It is a -question if all the military pomp deceived a living soul. Before the -Governor had set his sappers to work on the foundations of a fort, the -merchants of Montreal--the Le Bers and Le Moynes and Le Chesnayes and Le -Fôrests--were furious with jealousy. Undoubtedly Fort Frontenac would be -the most valuable fur post in America. - -{136} - -[Illustration: OLD PLAN OF FORT FRONTENAC] - -Determined to have the support of the Court, where his wife was in high -favor, Count Frontenac dispatched La Salle to France in 1674 with letters -of strongest recommendation, which, no doubt, Jean Talon, the former -Intendant, indorsed on the spot. La Salle's case was a strong one. He -was to offer to found a line of forts establishing French dominion from -Lake Ontario to the valley of the Mississippi, which Jolliet had just -explored. In return, he asked for patent of nobility and the grant of a -seigniory at Fort Frontenac; in other words, the monopoly of the furs -there, which would easily clear him $20,000 a year. It has never been -proved, but one may suspect that his profits were to be divided with -Count Frontenac. Both requests were at once granted; and La Salle came -back to a hornet's nest of enmity in Canada. Space forbids to tell of -the means taken to defeat him; for, by promising to support Recollet -friars at his fort instead of Jesuits, La Salle had added {137} to the -enmity of the merchants, the hatred of the Jesuits. Poison was put in -his food. Iroquois were stirred up to hostility against him. - -Meanwhile no enmity checks his ardor. He has replaced the wooden walls -of Fort Frontenac with stone, mounted ten cannon, manned the fort with -twenty soldiers, maintained more than forty workmen, cleared one hundred -acres for crops, and in 1677 is off again for France to ask permission to -build another fort above Niagara. This time, when La Salle comes out, he -is accompanied by a man famous in American annals, a soldier of fortune -from Italy, cousin of Duluth the bushrover, one Henry Tonty, a man with a -copper hand, his arm having been shattered in war, who presently comes to -have repute among the Indians as a great "medicine man," because blows -struck by that metal hand have a way of being effective. By 1678 the -fort is built above Niagara. By 1679 a vessel of forty-five tons and ten -cannon is launched on Lake Erie, the _Griffon_, the first vessel to plow -the waters of the Great Lakes. As she slides off her skids, August 17, -to go up to Michilimackinac for a cargo of furs, _Te Deum_ is chanted -from the new fort, and Louis Hennepin, the Dutch friar, standing on deck -in full vestments, asks Heaven's blessing on the ship's venture. - -Scant is the courtesy of the Michilimackinac traders as the _Griffon's_ -guns roar salute to the fort. Cold is the welcome of the Jesuits as La -Salle enters their chapel dressed in scarlet mantle trimmed with gold. -And to be frank, though La Salle was backed by the King, he had no right -to trade at Michilimackinac, for his monopoly explicitly states he shall -not interfere with the trade of the north, but barter only with the -tribes towards the Illinois. Never mind! he loads his ships to the water -line with furs to pay his increasing debts, and sends the ship on down to -Niagara with the cargo, while he and Tonty, with different parties, -proceed to the south end of Lake Michigan to cross the Chicago portage -leading to the Mississippi. Did the jealous traders bribe the pilot to -sink the ship to bottom? Who knows? Certain it is when Tonty and La -Salle went down the {138} Illinois early in the new year of 1680, news of -disasters came thick and fast. The _Griffon_ had sunk with all her -cargo. The ship from France with the year's supplies for La Salle at -Fort Frontenac had been wrecked at the mouth of the St. Lawrence; and -worse than these losses, which meant financial ruin, here among the -Illinois Indians were Mascoutin Indian spies bribed to stir up trouble -for La Salle. Small wonder that he named the fort built here Fort -Crèvecoeur,--Fort Broken Heart. - -[Illustration: THE BUILDING OF THE _GRIFFON_ (After the engraving in -Father Hennepin's "Nouvelle Découverte," Amsterdam, 1704)] - -If La Salle had been fur trader only, as his enemies averred, and not -patriot, one wonders why he did not sit still in his fort at Frontenac -and draw his profits of $20,000 a year, instead of risking loss and -poison and ruin and calumny and death by chasing the phantom of his great -desire to found a New France on the Mississippi. - -Never pausing to repine, he orders Hennepin, the friar, to take two -voyageurs and descend Illinois River as far as the Mississippi. Tonty he -leaves in charge of the Illinois fort. He {139} himself proceeds -overland the width of half a continent, to Fort Frontenac and Montreal. - -Friar Hennepin's adventures have been told in his own book of marvels, -half truth, half lies. Jolliet, it will be remembered, had explored the -Great River south of the Wisconsin. Hennepin struck up from the mouth of -the Illinois, to explore north, and he found enough adventure to satisfy -his marvel-loving soul. The Sioux captured him somewhere near the -Wisconsin. In the wanderings of his captivity he went as far north as -the Falls of St. Anthony, the site of Minnesota's Twin Cities, and he -finally fell in with a band of Duluth's bushrovers from Kaministiquia -(modern Fort William), Lake Superior. - - -The rest of the story of La Salle on the Mississippi is more the history -of the United States than of Canada, and must be given in few words. - -When La Salle returned from interviewing his creditors on the St. -Lawrence, he found the Illinois Indians dispersed by hostile Iroquois -whom his enemies had hounded on. Fort Crèvecoeur had been destroyed and -plundered by mutineers among his own men. Only Tonty and two or three -others had remained faithful, and they had fled for their lives to Lake -Michigan. Not knowing where Tonty had taken refuge, La Salle pushed on -down the Illinois River, and for the first time beheld the Mississippi, -the goal of all his dreams; but anxiety for his lost men robbed the event -of all jubilation. Once more united with Tonty at Michilimackinac, La -Salle returned dauntlessly to the Illinois. Late in the fall of 1681 he -set out with eighteen Indians and twenty Frenchmen from Lake Michigan for -the Illinois. February of 1682 saw the canoes floating down the -winter-swollen current of the Illinois River for the Mississippi, which -was reached on the 6th. A week later the river had cleared of ice, and -the voyageurs were camped amid the dense forests at the mouth of the -Missouri. The weather became warmer. Trees were donning their bridal -attire of spring and the air was heavy with the odor of blossoms. -Instead of high cliffs, carved fantastic by {140} the waters, came -low-lying swamps, full of reeds, through which the canoes glided and lost -themselves. Camp after camp of strange Indian tribes they visited, till -finally they came to villages where the Indians were worshipers of the -sun and wore clothing of Spanish make. By these signs La Salle guessed -he was nearing the Gulf of Mexico. Fog lay longer on the river of -mornings now. Ground was lower. They were nearing the sea. April 6 the -river seemed to split into three channels. Different canoes followed -each channel. The muddy river water became salty. Then the blue sky -line opened to the fore through the leafy vista of the forest-grown -banks. Another paddle stroke, and the canoes shot out on the Gulf of -Mexico,--La Salle erect and silent and stern as was his wont. April 9, -1682, a cross is planted with claim to this domain for France. To fire -of musketry and chant of Te Deum a new empire is created for King Louis -of France. Louisiana is its name. - - -Take a map of North America. Look at it. What had the pathfinders of -New France accomplished? Draw a line from Cape Breton to James Bay, from -James Bay down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, from the Gulf of -Mexico across to Cape Breton. Inside the triangle lies the French empire -of the New World,--in area the size of half Europe. That had the -pathfinders accomplished for France. - -La Salle was too ill to proceed at once from the Mississippi to Quebec. -As long as Frontenac remained governor, La Salle could rely on his hungry -creditors and vicious enemies--now eager as wolves, to confiscate his -furs and seize his seigniory at Fort Frontenac--being restrained by the -strong hand of the Viceroy; but while La Salle lay ill at the Illinois -fort, Frontenac was succeeded by La Barre as viceroy; and the new -Governor was a weak, avaricious old man, ready to believe any evil tale -carried to his ears. He at once sided with La Salle's enemies, and wrote -the French King that the explorer's "_head was turned_"; that La Salle -"_accomplished nothing, but spent his life leading bandits through the -forests, pillaging Indians; {141} that all the story of discovering the -Mississippi was a fabrication_." When La Salle came from the wilderness -he found himself a ruined man. Fort Frontenac had been seized by his -enemies. Supplies for the Mississippi had been stopped, and officers -were on their way to seize the forts there. - -Leaving Tonty in charge of his interests, La Salle sailed for France -where he had a strong friend at court in Frontenac. As it happened, -Spain and France were playing at the game of checkmating each other; and -it pleased the French King to restore La Salle's forts and to give the -Canadian explorer four ships to colonize the Mississippi by way of the -Gulf of Mexico. This was to oust Spain from her ancient claim on the -gulf; but Beaujeu, the naval commander of the expedition, was not in -sympathy with La Salle. Beaujeu was a noble by birth; La Salle, only a -noble of the merchant classes. The two bickered and quarreled from the -first. By some blunder, when the ships reached the Gulf of Mexico, laden -with colonists, in December of 1684, they missed the mouth of the -Mississippi and anchored off Texas. The main ship sailed back to France. -Two others were wrecked, and La Salle in desperation, after several trips -seeking the Mississippi, resolved to go overland by way of the -Mississippi valley and the Illinois to obtain aid in Canada for his -colonists. All the world knows what happened. Near Trinity River in -Texas some of his men mutinied. Early in the morning of the 19th of -March, 1687, La Salle left camp with a friar and Indian to ascertain what -was delaying the plotters, who had not returned from the hunt. Suddenly -La Salle seemed overwhelmed by a great sadness. He spoke of death. A -moment later, catching sight of one of the delinquents, he had called -out. A shot rang from the underbush; another shot; and La Salle reeled -forward dead, with a bullet wound gaping in his forehead. The body of -the man who had won a new empire for France was stripped and left naked, -a prey to the foxes and carrion birds. So perished Robert Cavelier de La -Salle, aged forty-four. - -Nor need the fate of the mutineers be told here. The fate of mutineers -is the same the world over. Having slain their {142} commander, they -fell on one another and perished, either at one another's hands or among -the Indians. As for the colonists of men, women, and girls left in -Texas, the few who were not massacred by the Indians fell into the hands -of the Spaniards. La Salle's debts at the time of his death were what -would now be half a million dollars. His life had ended in what the -world calls ruin, but France entered into his heritage. - -With the passing of Robert de La Salle passes the heroic age of -Canada,--its age of youth's dream. Now was to come its manhood,--its -struggles, its wars, its nation building, working out a greater destiny -than any dream of youth. - - - - -{143} - -CHAPTER VIII - -FROM 1679 TO 1713 - -Radisson quarrels with company--Up Labrador coast--Radisson captures -his rivals--Radisson ordered back to England--Death of Radisson--Jan -Peré the spy--The raid on Moose Factory--Sargeant besieged - - -Before leaving for France, Jean Talon, the Intendant, had set another -exploration in motion. English trade was now in full sway on Hudson -Bay. In possession of the Mississippi, the Ohio, the Illinois, the -Great Lakes, France controlled all avenues of approach to the Great -Northwest except Hudson Bay. This she had lost through injustice to -Radisson; and already the troublesome question had come up,--What was -to be the boundary between the fur-trading domain of the French -northward from the St. Lawrence and the fur-trading domain of the -English southward from Hudson Bay. Fewer furs came down to Quebec from -Labrador, the King's Domain, from Kaministiquia (Fort William), the -stamping ground of Duluth, the forest ranger. The furs of these -regions were being drained by the English of Hudson Bay. - -Talon determined to put a stop to this, and had advised Frontenac -accordingly. August, 1671, Governor Frontenac dispatched the English -Jesuit--Father Albanel--with French guides and Indian voyageurs to set -up French arms on Hudson Bay and to bear letters to Radisson and -Groseillers. The journey was terrific. I have told the story -elsewhere. Autumn found the voyageurs beyond the forested shores of -the Saguenay and Lake St. John, ascending a current full of boiling -cascades towards Lake Mistassini. Then the frost-painted woods became -naked as antlers, with wintry winds setting the dead boughs crashing; -and the ice, thin as mica, forming at the edges of the streams, had -presently thickened too hard for the voyageurs to break with their -paddles. Albanel and his comrades wintered in the Montaignais' lodges, -which were banked so heavily with snow that scarcely a breath of pure -air could penetrate the {144} stench. By day the priest wandered from -lodge to lodge, preaching the gospel. At night he was to be found afar -in the snow-padded solitudes of the forest engaged in prayer. At last, -in the spring of 1672, thaw set the ice loose and the torrents rushing. -Downstream on June 10 launched Albanel, running many a wild-rushing -rapid, taking the leap with the torrential waters over the lesser -cataracts, and avoiding the larger falls by long detours over rocks -slippery as ice, through swamps to a man's armpits. The hinterland of -Hudson Bay, with its swamps and rough portages and dank forests of -unbroken windfall, was then and is to-day the hardest canoe trip in -North America; but towards the end of June the French canoes glided out -on the arm of the sea called James Bay, hoisted the French flag, and in -solemn council with the Indians presented gifts to induce them to come -down the Saguenay to Quebec. Fort Rupert, the Hudson's Bay Company's -post, consisted of two barrack-like log structures. When Albanel came -to the houses he found not a soul, only boxes of provisions and one -lonely dog. - -A few weeks previously the men of the English company had gone on up -the west coast of Hudson Bay, prospecting for the site of a new -settlement. Before Albanel had come at all, there was friction among -the English. Radisson and Groseillers were Catholics and French, and -they were supervisors of the entire trade. Bayly, the English -governor, was subject to them. So was Captain Gillam, with whom they -had quarreled long ago, when he refused to take his boat into Hudson -Straits on the voyage from Port Royal. Radisson and Groseillers were -for establishing more posts up the west coast of Hudson Bay, farther -from the competition of Duluth's forest rovers on Lake Superior. They -had examined the great River Nelson and urged Bayly, the English -governor, to build a fort there. Bayly sulked and blustered by turns. -In this mood they had come back to Prince Rupert to find the French -flag flying above their fort and the English Jesuit, Albanel, snugly -ensconced, with passports from Governor Frontenac and personal letters -for Radisson and Groseillers. - -{145} England and France were at peace. Bayly had to respect Albanel's -passports, but he wished this English envoy of French rivals far -enough; and when Captain Gillam came from England the old quarrel -flamed out in open hostility. Radisson and Groseillers were accused of -being in league with the French traders. A thousand rumors of what -next happened have gained currency. One writer says that the English -and French came to blows; another, that Radisson and Groseillers -deserted, going back overland with Albanel. In the Archives of -Hudson's Bay House I found a letter stating that the English captain -kidnapped the Jesuit Albanel and carried him a captive to England. It -may as well be frankly stated these rumors are all sheer fiction. -Albanel went back overland as he came. Radisson and Groseillers did -not go with him, though there may have been blows. Instead, they went -to England on Gillam's ship to present their case to the company. - -[Illustration: PRINCE RUPERT (After the painting by Sir P. Lely)] - -The Hudson's Bay Company was uneasy. Radisson and Groseillers were -aliens. True, Radisson had married Mary Kirke, the daughter of a -shareholder, and was bound to the English; but if Radisson and -Groseillers had forsworn one land, might they not forswear another, and -go back to the French, as Frontenac's letters no doubt urged? The -company offered Radisson a salary of 100 pounds a year to stay as clerk -in England. They did not want him out on the bay again; but {146} -France had offered Radisson a commission in the French navy. Without -more ado the two Frenchmen left London for Paris, and Paris for America. - - -The year 1676 finds Radisson back in Quebec engaged in the beaver trade -with all those friends of his youth whose names have become famous,--La -Salle of Fort Frontenac, and Charles Le Moyne the interpreter of -Montreal, and Jolliet of the Mississippi, and La Fôrest who befriended -La Salle, Le Chesnaye who opposed him, and Duluth whose forest rangers -roved from Lake Superior to Hudson Bay. It can be guessed what these -men talked about over the table of the Sovereign Council at Quebec, -whither they had been called to discuss the price of beaver and the use -of brandy. - -The fur traders were at that time in two distinct rings,--the ring of -La Salle and La Fôrest, supported by Frontenac; the Montreal ring, -headed by Le Chesnaye, who fought against the opening of the west -because Lake Ontario trade would divert his trade from the Ottawa. -Radisson's report of that west coast of Hudson Bay, in area large as -all New France, interested both factions of the fur trade intensely. -He was offered two ships for Hudson Bay by the men of both rings. -Because England and France were at peace, Frontenac dared not recognize -the expedition officially; but he winked at it,--as he winked at many -irregularities in the fur trade,--granted the Company of the North -license to trade on Hudson Bay, and gave Radisson's party passports "to -fish off Gaspé." In the venture Radisson, Groseillers, and the son -Chouart Groseillers, invested their all, possibly amounting to $2500 -each. The rest of the money for the expedition came from the Godfreys, -titled seigneurs of Three Rivers; Dame Sorel, widow of an officer in -the Carignan Regiment; Le Chesnaye, La Salle's lieutenant, and others. - -The boats were rickety little tubs unfit for rough northern seas, and -the crews sulky, underfed men, who threatened mutiny at every watering -place and only refrained from cutting Radisson's {147} throat because -he kept them busy. July 11, 1682, the explorers sheered away from the -fishing fleet of the St. Lawrence and began coasting up the lonely iron -shore of Labrador. Ice was met sweeping south in mountainous bergs. -Over Isle Demons in the Straits of Belle Isle hung storm wrack and -brown fog as in the days when Marguerite Roberval pined there. Then -the ships were cutting the tides of Labrador; here through fog; there -skimming a coast that was sheer masonry to the very sky; again, -scudding from storm to refuge of some hole in the wall. - -[Illustration: MAP OF HUDSON BAY] - -{148} Before September the ships rode triumphantly into -Five-Fathom-Hole off Nelson River, Hudson Bay. Here two great rivers, -wide as the St. Lawrence, rolled to the sea, separated by a long tongue -of sandy dunes. The north river was the Nelson; the south, the Hayes. -Approach to both was dangerous, shallow, sandy, and bowlder strewn; but -Radisson's vessels were light draught, and he ran them in on the tide -to Hayes River on the south, where his men took possession for France -and erected log huts as a fort. - -Groseillers remained at the fort to command the twenty-seven men. -Young Chouart ranged the swamps and woods for Indians, and Radisson had -paddled down the Hayes from meeting some Assiniboine hunters, when, to -his amazement, there rolled across the wooded swamps the most -astonishing report that could be heard in desolate solitudes. It was -the rolling reverberation, the dull echo of a far-away cannon firing -signal after signal. - -Like a flash Radisson guessed the game. After all, the Hudson's Bay -Company had taken his advice and were sending ships to trade on the -west coast. The most of men, supported by only twenty-seven mutineers, -would have scuttled ships and escaped overland, but the explorers of -New France, Champlain and Jolliet and La Salle, were not made of the -stuff that runs from trouble. - -Picking out three men, Radisson crossed the marsh northward to -reconnoiter on Nelson River. Through the brush he espied a white tent -on what is now known as Gillam's Island, a fortress half built, and a -ship at anchor. All night he and his spies watched, but none of the -builders came near enough to be seized, and next day at noon Radisson -put a bold face on and paddled within cannon shot of the island. - -Here was a pretty to-do, indeed! The Frenchman must have laughed till -he shook with glee! It was not the Hudson's Bay Company ship at all, -but a poacher, a pirate, an interloper, forbidden by the laws of the -English Company's monopoly; and who was the poacher but Ben Gillam, of -Boston, son of Captain Gillam of the Hudson's Bay Company, with whom, -no doubt, he was in collusion to defraud the English traders! Calling -for {149} Englishmen to come down to the shore as hostages for fair -treatment, Radisson went boldly aboard the young man's ship, saw -everything, counted the men, noted the fact that Gillam's crew were -mutinous, and half frightened the life out of the young Boston captain -by telling him of the magnificent fort the French had on the south -river, of the frigates and cannon and the powder magazines. As a -friend he advised young Gillam not to permit his men to approach the -French; otherwise they might be attacked by the Quebec soldiers. Then -the crafty Radisson paddled off, smiling to himself; but not so fast, -not so easy! As he drifted down Nelson River, what should he run into -full tilt but the Hudson's Bay Company ship itself, bristling with -cannon, manned by his old enemy, Captain Gillam! - -If the two English parties came together, Radisson was lost. He must -beat them singly before they met; and again putting on a bold face, he -marched out, met his former associates, and as a friend advised them -not to ascend the river farther. Fortunately for Radisson, both Gillam -and Bridgar, the Hudson's Bay governor, were drinking heavily and glad -to take his advice. The winter passed, with Radisson perpetrating such -tricks on his rivals as a player might with the dummy men on a -chessboard; but the chessboard, with the English rivals for pawns, was -suddenly upset by the unexpected. Young Gillam discovered that -Radisson had no fort at all,--only log cabins with a handful of -ragamuffin bushrovers; and Captain Gillam senior got word of young -Gillam's presence. Radisson had to act, act quickly, and on the nail. - -Leaving half a dozen men as hostages in young Gillam's fort, Radisson -invited the youth to visit the French fort for which the young Boston -fellow had expressed such skeptical scorn. To make a long story short, -young Gillam was no sooner out of his own fort than the French hostages -took peaceable possession of it, and Gillam was no sooner in Radisson's -fort than the French clapped him a prisoner in their guardroom. -Ignorant that the French had captured young Gillam's fort, the Hudson's -Bay Company men had marched upstream at dead of night to his {150} -rescue. The English knocked for admittance. The French guards threw -open the gates. In marched the English traders. The French clapped -the gates to. The English were now themselves prisoners. Such a -double victory would have been impossible to the French if the Hudson's -Bay Company men had not fuddled themselves with drink and allowed their -fine ship, the _Prince Rupert_, to be wrecked in the ice drive. - -In spring the ice jam wrecked Radisson's vessels, too, so he was -compelled to send the most of his prisoners in a sloop down Hudson Bay -to Prince Rupert, while he carried the rest with him on young Gillam's -ship down to Quebec with an enormous cargo of furs. - -By all the laws of navigation Ben Gillam was nothing more or less than -pirate. The monopoly of the Hudson's Bay Company forbade him trading -on Hudson Bay. The license of the Company of the North at Quebec also -excluded him. In later years, indeed, young Gillam turned pirate -outright, was captured in connection with Captain Kidd at Boston, and -is supposed to have been executed with the famous pirate. But when -Radisson left Nelson in charge of young Chouart and came down to Quebec -with young Gillam's ship as prize, a change had taken place at Quebec. -Governor Frontenac had been recalled. In his place was La Barre, whose -favor could be bought by any man who would pay the bribe, and who had -already ruined La Salle by permitting creditors to seize Fort -Frontenac. England and France were at peace. Therefore La Barre gave -Gillam's vessel back to him. The revenue collectors were permitted to -seize all the furs which La Chesnaye had not already shipped to France. -Though La Barre was reprimanded by the King for both acts, not a sou -did Radisson and Groseillers and Chouart ever receive for their -investment; and Radisson was ordered to report at once to the King in -France. - - -The next part of Radisson's career has always been the great blot upon -his memory, a blot that seemed incomprehensible except on the ground -that his English wife had induced him to {151} return to the Hudson's -Bay Company; but in the memorials left by Radisson himself, in Hudson's -Bay House, London, I found the true explanation of his conduct. - -France and England were, as yet, at peace; but it was a pact of -treacherous kind,--secret treaty by which the King of England drew pay -from the King of France. The King of France dared not offend England -by giving public approval to Radisson's capture of the Hudson's Bay -Company's territory; therefore he ordered Radisson to go back to -Hudson's Bay Company service and restore what he had captured. But the -King of France had no notion of relinquishing claim to the vast -territory of Hudson Bay; therefore he commanded Radisson to go -unofficially. Groseillers, the brother, seems to have dropped from all -engagements from this time, and to have returned to Three Rivers. A -copy of the French minister's instructions is to be found in the -Radisson records of the Hudson's Bay Company to-day. Not a sou of -compensation was Radisson to receive for the money that he and his -friends had invested in the venture of 1682-1683. Not a penny of -reparation was he to obtain for the furs at Nelson, which he was to -turn over to the Hudson's Bay Company. - -In France, preparation went forward as if for a second voyage to -Nelson; but Radisson secretly left Paris for London, where he was -welcomed by the courtiers of England in May, 1684, and given presents -by King Charles and the Duke of York, who were shareholders in the -Hudson's Bay Company. May 17 he sailed with the Hudson's Bay Company -vessels for Port Nelson, and there took over from young Chouart the -French forts with 20,000 pounds worth of furs for the English company. - -Young Chouart Groseillers and his five comrades were furious. They had -borne the brunt of attack from both English and Indian enemies during -Radisson's absence, and they were to receive not a penny for the furs -collected. And their fury knew no bounds when they were forcibly -carried back to England. The English had invited them on board one of -the vessels for last instructions. Quickly the anchor was slipped, -sails run {152} out, and the kidnapped Frenchmen carried from the bay. -In a second, young Chouart's hand was on his sword, and he would have -fought on the spot, but Radisson begged him to conceal his anger; -"for," urged Radisson, "some of these English ruffians would like -nothing better than to stab you in a scuffle." - -In London, Radisson was lionized, publicly thanked by the company, -presented to the court, and given a present of silver plate. As for -the young French captives, they were treated royally, voted salaries of -100 pounds a year, and all their expenses of lodgings paid; but when -they spoke of returning to France, unexpected obstructions were -created. Their money was held back; they were dogged by spies. -Finally they took the oath of allegiance to England, and accepted -engagements to go back as servants of the Hudson's Bay Company to -Nelson at salaries ranging from 100 pounds to 40 pounds, good pay as -money was estimated in those days, equal to at least five times as much -money of the present day. It was even urged on young Chouart that he -should take an English wife, as Radisson had; but the young Frenchmen -smiled quietly to themselves. Secret offers of a title had been -conveyed to Chouart by the French ambassador; and to his mother in -Three Rivers he wrote: - -I could not go to Paris; I was not at liberty; but I shall be at the -rendezvous or perish trying. I cannot say more in a letter. I would -have left this kingdom, but they hold back my pay, and orders have been -given to arrest me if I try to leave. Assure Mr. Duluth of my humble -services. I shall see him as soon as I can. Pray tell my good friend, -Jan Peré. - - -Peré, it will be remembered, was a bushranger of Duluth's band, who had -been with Jolliet on Lake Superior. - -As for Radisson, the English kept faith with him as long as the Stuarts -and his personal friends ruled the English court. He spent the summers -on Hudson Bay as superintendent of trade, the winters in England -supervising cargoes and sales. His home was on Seething Lane near the -great Tower, where one of his friends was commander. Near him dwelt -the merchant princes of London like the Kirkes and the Robinsons and -the Youngs. His next-door neighbor was the man of fashion, {153} -Samuel Pepys, in whose hands Radisson's Journals of his voyages finally -fell. His income at this time was 100 pounds in dividends, 100 pounds -in salary, equal to about five times that amount in modern money. - -Then came a change in Radisson's fortunes. The Stuarts were dethroned -and their friends dispersed. The shareholders of the fur company bore -names of men who knew naught of Radisson's services. War destroyed the -fur company's dividends. Radisson's income fell off to 50 pounds a -year. His family had increased; so had his debts; and he had long -since been compelled to move from fashionable quarters. A petition -filed in a lawsuit avers that he was in great mental anxiety lest his -children should come to want; but he won his lawsuits against the -company for arrears of salary. Peace brought about a resumption of -dividends, and the old pathfinder seems to have passed his last years -in comparative comfort. Some time between March and July, 1710, -Radisson set out on the Last Long Voyage of all men, dying near London. -His burial place is unknown. As far as Canada is concerned, Radisson -stands foremost as pathfinder of the Great Northwest. - - -But to return to "good friend, Jan Peré," whom the Frenchmen, forced -into English service, were to meet somewhere on Hudson Bay. It is like -a story from borderland forays. - -Seven large ships set sail from England for Hudson Bay in 1685, -carrying Radisson and young Chouart and the five unwilling Frenchmen. -The company's forts on the bay now numbered four: Nelson, highest up on -the west; Albany, southward on an island at the mouth of Albany River; -Moose, just where James Bay turns westward; and Rupert at the southeast -corner. But French ships under La Martinière of the Sovereign Council -had also set sail from Quebec in 1685, commissioned by the indignant -fur traders to take Radisson dead or alive; for Quebec did not know the -secret orders of the French court, which had occasioned Radisson's last -defection. - -July saw the seven Hudson's Bay ships worming their way laboriously -through the ice floes of the straits. Small sails only {154} were -used. With grappling hooks thrown out on the ice pans and crews -toiling to their armpits in ice slush, the boats pulled themselves -forward, resting on the lee side of some ice floe during ebb tide, all -hands out to fight the roaring ice pans when the tide began to come in. -At length on the night of July 27, with crews exhausted and the timbers -badly rammed, the ships steered to rest in a harbor off Digge's Island, -sheltered from the ice drive. The nights of that northern sea are -light almost as day; but clouds had shrouded the sky and a white mist -was rising from the water when there glided like ghosts from gloom two -strange vessels. Before the exhausted crews of the English ships were -well awake, the waters were churned to foam by a roar of cannonading. -The strange ships had bumped keels with the little _Merchant -Perpetuana_ of the Hudson's Bay. Radisson, on whose head lay a price, -was first to realize that they were attacked by French raiders; and his -ship was out with sails and off like a bird, followed by the other -English vessels, all except the little _Perpetuana_, now in death -grapple between her foes. Captain Hume, Mates Smithsend and -Grimmington fought like demons to keep the French from boarding her; -but they were knocked down, fettered and clapped below hatches while -the victors plundered the cargo. Fourteen men were put to the sword. -August witnessed ship, cargo, and captives brought into Quebec amid -noisy acclaim and roar of cannon. The French had not captured Radisson -nor ransomed Chouart, but there was booty to the raiders. New France -had proved her right to trade on Hudson Bay spite of peace between -France and England, or secret commands to Radisson. Thrown in a -dungeon below Château St. Louis, Quebec, the English captives hear wild -rumors of another raid on the bay, overland in winter; and Smithsend, -by secret messenger, sends warning to England, and for his pains is -sold with his fellow-captives into slavery in Martinique, whence he -escapes to England before the summer of 1686. - -But what is Jan Peré of Duluth's bushrovers doing? All unconscious of -the raid on the ships, the governors of the four {155} English forts -awaited the coming of the annual supplies. At Albany was a sort of -harbor beacon as well as lookout, built high on scaffolding above a -hill. One morning, in August of 1685, the sentry on the lookout was -amazed to see three men, white men, in a canoe, steering swiftly down -the rain-swollen river from the Up-Country. Such a thing was -impossible. "White men from the interior! Whence did they come?" -Governor Sargeant came striding to the fort gate, ordering his cannon -manned. Behold nothing more dangerous than three French forest rangers -dressed in buckskins, but with manners a trifle too smooth for such -rough garb, as one doffs his cap to Governor Sargeant and introduces -himself as Jan Peré, a woodsman out hunting. - -[Illustration: CONTEMPORARY FRENCH MAP OF HUDSON BAY AND VICINITY] - -England and France were at peace; so Governor Sargeant invited the -three mysterious gentlemen inside to a breakfast of sparkling wines and -good game, hoping no doubt that the wines would unlock the gay fellows' -tongues to tell what game _they_ were playing. As the wine passed -freely, there were stories of {156} the hunt and the voyage and the -annual ships. When might the ships be coming? "Humph," mutters -Sargeant through his beard; and he does n't urge these knights of the -wild woods to tarry longer. Their canoe glides gayly down coast to the -salt marshes, where the shooting is good; but by chance that night, -_purely by chance_, the French leave their canoe so that the tide will -carry it away. Then they come back crestfallen to the English fort. - -Meanwhile a ship has arrived with the story of the raid on the -_Perpetuana_. Sargeant is so enraged that he sends two of the French -spies across to Charlton Island, where they can hunt or die; Monsieur -Jan Peré he casts into the cellar of Albany with irons on his wrists -and balls on his feet. When the ships sail for England, Peré is sent -back as prisoner without having had one word with Chouart Groseillers. -As for the two Frenchmen placed on Charlton Island, did Sargeant think -they were bush-rovers and would stay on an island? By October they -have laid up store of moose meat, built themselves a canoe, paddled -across to the mainland, and are speeding like wildfire overland to -Michilimackinac with word that Jan Peré is held prisoner at Albany. As -Jan Peré drops out of history here, it may be said that he was kept -prisoner in England as guarantee for the safety of the English crew -held prisoners at Quebec. When he escaped to France he was given money -and a minor title for his services. - -The news that Peré lay in a dungeon on Hudson Bay supplied the very -excuse that the Quebec fur traders needed for an overland raid in time -of peace. These were the wild rumors of which the captive English crew -sent warning to England; but the northern straits would not be open to -the company ships before June of 1686, and already a hundred wild -French bushrovers were rallying to ascend the Ottawa to raid the -English on Hudson Bay. - -And now a change comes in Canadian annals. For half a century its -story is a record of lawless raids, bloody foray, dare-devil courage -combined with the most fiendish cruelty and sublime heroism. Only a -few of these raids can be narrated here. {157} June 18, 1686, when the -long twilight of the northern night merged with dawn, there came out -from the thicket of underbrush round Moose Factory, Hudson Bay, one -hundred bush-rovers, led by Chevalier de Troyes of Niagara, accompanied -by Le Chesnaye of the fur trade, Quebec, and the Jesuit, Sylvie. Of -the raiders, sixty-six were Indians under Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville -and his brothers, Maricourt and Ste. Hélène, aged about twenty-four, -sons of Charles Le Moyne, the Montreal interpreter. Moose Factory at -this time boasted fourteen cannon, log-slab palisades, commodious -warehouses, and four stone bastions,--one with three thousand pounds of -powder, another used as barracks for twelve soldiers, another housing -beaver pelts, and a fourth serving as kitchen. Iberville and his -brothers, scouting round on different sides of the fort, soon learned -that not a sentinel was on duty. The great gate opposite the river, -studded with brass nails, was securely bolted, but not a cannon {158} -had been loaded. The bushrangers then cast aside all clothing that -would hamper, and, pistol in hand, advanced silent and stealthy as -wild-cats. Not a twig crunched beneath the moccasin tread. The water -lay like glass, and the fort slept silent as death. Hastily each -raider had knelt for the blessing of the priest. Pistols had been -recharged. Iberville bade his wild Indians not to forget that the -Sovereign Council of Quebec offered ten crowns reward for every enemy -slain, twenty for every enemy captured. In fact, there could be no -turning back. Two thousand miles of juniper swamps and forests lay -between the bush-rovers and home. They must conquer or perish. De -Troyes led his white soldiers round to make a pretense of attack from -the water front. Iberville posted his sixty-six Indians along the -walls with muskets rammed through the loopholes. Then, with an -unearthly yell, the Le Moyne brothers were over the tops of the -pickets, swords in hand, before the English soldiers had awakened. The -English gunner reeled from his cannon at the main gate with head split -to the collar bone. The gates were thrown wide, trees rammed the doors -open, and Iberville had dashed halfway up the stairs of the main house -before the inmates, rushing out in their nightshirts, realized what had -happened. Two men only were killed, one on each side. The French were -masters of Moose Fort in less than five minutes, with sixteen captives -and rich supply of ammunition. - -[Illustration: LE MOYNE D'IBERVILLE] - -Eastward of Moose was Rupert Fort, where the company's ship anchored. -Hither the raiders plied their canoes by sea. Look at the map! Across -the bottom of James Bay projects a long tongue of swamp land. To save -time, Iberville portaged across this, and by July 1 was opposite Prince -Rupert's bastions. At the dock lay the English ship. That day -Iberville's men kept in hiding, but at night he had ambushed his men -along shore and paddled across to the ship. Just as Iberville stepped -on the deck a man on guard sprang at his throat. One blow of -Iberville's sword killed the Englishman on the spot. Stamping to call -the crew aloft, Iberville sabered the men as they scrambled up the -hatches, till the Governor himself threw {159} up hands in -unconditional surrender. The din had alarmed the fort, and hot shot -snapping fire from the loopholes kept the raiders off till the Le Moyne -brothers succeeded in scrambling to the roofs of the bastions, hacking -holes through the rough thatch and firing inside. This drove the -English gunners from their cannon. A moment later, and the raiders -were on the walls. It was a repetition of the fight at Moose Factory. -The English, taken by surprise, surrendered at once; and the French now -had thirty prisoners, a good ship, two forts, but no provisions. - -Northwestward three hundred miles lay Albany Fort. Iberville led off -in canoes with his bushrovers. De Troyes followed on the English boat -with French soldiers and English prisoners. To save time, as the bay -seemed shallow, Iberville struck out from the shore across seas. All -at once a north wind began whipping the waters, sweeping down a -maelstrom of churning ice. Worse still, fog fell thick as wool. Any -one who knows canoe travel knows the danger. Iberville avoided -swamping by ordering his men to camp for the night on the shifting ice -pans, canoes held above heads where the ice crush was wildest, the -voyageurs clinging hand to hand, making a life line if one chanced to -slither through the ice slush. When daylight came with worse fog, -Iberville kept his pistol firing to guide his followers, and so pushed -on. Four days the dangerous traverse lasted, but August 1 the -bushrovers were in camp below the cliffs of Albany. - -Indians had forewarned Governor Sargeant. The loopholes of his -palisades bristled with muskets and heavy guns that set the bullets -flying soon as De Troyes arrived and tried to land the cannon captured -from the other forts for assault on Albany. Drums beating, flags -flying, soldiers in line, a French messenger goes halfway forward and -demands of an English messenger come halfway out the surrender of Sieur -Jan Peré, languishing in the dungeons of Albany. The English Governor -sends curt word back that Peré has been sent home to France long ago, -and demands what in thunder the French mean by these raids in time of -peace. The French retire that night to consider. {160} Cannon they -have, but they have used up nearly all their ammunition. They have -thirty prisoners, but they have no provisions. The prisoners have told -them there are 50,000 pounds worth of furs stored at Albany. - -Inside the fort the English were in almost as bad way. The larder was -lean, powder was scarce, and the men were wildly mutinous, threatening -to desert _en masse_ for the French on the excuse they had not hired to -fight, and "_if any of us lost a leg, the company could not make it -good_." - -At the end of two days' desultory firing, the company Governor captured -down at Rupert came to Sargeant and told him frankly that the -bloodthirsty bushrovers were desperate; they had either to conquer or -starve, and if they were compelled to fight, there would be no quarter. -Men and women alike would be butchered in hand-to-hand fight. Still -Sargeant hung on, hoping for the annual frigate of the company. Then -powder failed utterly. Still Sargeant would not show the white flag; -so an underfactor flourished a white sheet from an upper window. -Chevalier De Troyes came forward and seated himself on one of the -cannon. Governor Sargeant went out and seated himself on the same -cannon with two bottles of wine. The English of Albany were allowed to -withdraw to Charlton Island to await the company ship. As for the -other prisoners, those who were not compelled to carry the plundered -furs back to Quebec, were turned adrift in the woods to find their way -overland north to Nelson. Iberville's bushrovers were back in Montreal -by October. - - - - -{161} - -CHAPTER IX - -FROM 1686 TO 1698 - -War with the Iroquois--The year of the massacre--Frontenac returns--The -heroine of Verchères--Indian raid and counter-raid--Massacre and -Schenectady--The massacre at Fort Loyal--Boston roused to -action--Quebec besieged--Phips and Frontenac--Retreat of the -English--Iberville's gallant sea fight--Nelson surrenders - - -For ten years Hudson Bay becomes the theater of northern buccaneers and -bushraiders. A treaty of neutrality in 1686 provides that the bay -shall be held in common by the fur traders of England and France; but -the adventurers of England and the bushrovers of Quebec have no notion -of leaving things so uncertain. Spite of truce, both fit out raiders, -and the King of France, according to the shifting diplomacy of the day, -issues secret orders "to permit not a vestige of English possession on -the northern bay." - -Maricourt Le Moyne held the newly captured forts on the south shore of -James Bay till Iberville came back overland in 1687. The fort at -Rupert had been completely abandoned after the French victory of the -previous summer, and the Hudson's Bay Company sloop, the _Young_, had -just sailed into the port to reëstablish the fur post. Iberville -surrounded the sloop by his bushrovers, captured it with all hands, and -dispatched four spies across to Charlton Island, where another sloop, -the _Churchill_, swung at anchor. Here Iberville's run of luck turned. -Three of his four spies were captured, fettered, and thrown into the -hold of the vessel for the winter. In the spring of 1688 one was -brought above decks to help the English sailors. Watching his chance, -the grizzled bushrover waited till six of the English crew were up the -ratlines. Quick as flash the Frenchman tiptoed across decks in his -noiseless moccasins, took one precautionary glance over his shoulder, -brained two Englishmen with an ax, liberated his comrades, and at -pistol point kept the other Englishmen up the masts till he and his -fellows had righted the ship and steered the vessel across to Rupert -River, where the provisions were just in time to save Iberville's party -from starvation. - -{162} This episode is typical of what went on at the Hudson's Bay forts -for ten years. Each year, when the English ships came out to Nelson on -the west coast, armed bands were sent south to wrest the forts on James -Bay from the French; and each spring, when Iberville's bushrovers came -gliding down the rivers in their canoes from Canada, there was a fight -to drive out the English. Then the Indians would scatter to their -hunting grounds. No more loot of furs for a year! The English would -sail away in their ships, the French glide away in their canoes; and -for a winter the uneasy quiet of calm between two thunderclaps would -rest over the waters of Hudson Bay. - -In the spring of 1688, about the time that the brave bush-rovers had -brought the English ship from Charlton Island across to Rupert River, -two English frigates under Captain Moon, with twenty-four soldiers over -and above the crews, had come south from Nelson to attack the French -fur traders at Albany. As ill luck would have it, the ice floes began -driving inshore. The English ships found themselves locked in the ice -before the besieged fort. Across the jam from Rupert River dashed -Iberville with his Indian bandits, portaging where the ice floes -covered the water, paddling where lanes of clear way parted the -floating drift. Iberville hid his men in the tamarack swamps till -eighty-two Englishmen had landed and all unsuspecting left their ships -unguarded. Iberville only waited till the furs in the fort had been -transferred to the holds of the vessels. The ice cleared. The -Frenchman rushed his bushrovers on board, seized the vessel with the -most valuable cargo, and sailed gayly out of Albany for Quebec. The -astounded English set fire to the other ship and retreated overland. - -But the dare-devil bushrovers were not yet clear of trouble. As the -ice drive jammed and held them in Hudson Straits, they were aghast to -see, sailing full tilt with the roaring tide of the straits, a fleet of -English frigates, the Hudson's Bay Company's annual ships; but -Iberville sniffed at danger as a war horse glories in gunpowder. He -laughed his merriest, and as the ice drive locked all the ships within -gunshot, ran up an {163} English flag above his French crew and had -actually signaled the captains of the English frigates to come aboard -and visit him, when the ice cleared. Hoisting sail, he showed swift -heels to the foe. Iberville's ambition now was to sweep _all_ the -English from Hudson Bay, in other words, to capture Nelson on the west -coast, whence came the finest furs; but other raids called him to -Canada. - - -It will be recalled that La Salle's enemies had secretly encouraged the -Iroquois to attack the tribes of the Illinois; and now the fur traders -of New York were encouraging the Iroquois to pillage the Indians of the -Mississippi valley, in order to divert peltries from the French on the -St. Lawrence to the English at New York. Savages of the north, rallied -by Perrot and Duluth and La Motte Cadillac, came down by the lakes to -Fort Frontenac to aid the French; but they found that La Barre, the new -governor, foolish old man, had been frightened into making peace with -the Iroquois warriors, abandoning the Illinois to Iroquois raid and -utterly forgetful that _a peace which is not a victory is not worth the -paper it is written on_. - -For the shame of this disgraceful peace La Barre was recalled to France -and the Marquis de Denonville, a brave soldier, sent out as governor. -Unfortunately Denonville did not understand conditions in the colony. -The Jesuit missionaries were commissioned to summon the Iroquois to a -conference at Fort Frontenac, but when the deputies arrived they were -seized, tortured, and fifty of them shipped to France by the King's -order to serve as slaves on the royal galleys. It was an act of -treachery heinous beyond measure and exposed the Jesuit missionaries -among the Five Nations to terrible vengeance; but the Iroquois code of -honor was higher than the white man's. "Go home," they warned the -Jesuit missionary. "We have now every right to treat thee as our foe; -but we shall not do so! Thy heart has had no share in the wrong done -to us. We shall not punish thee for the crimes of another, tho' thou -didst act as the unconscious tool. But leave us! When our young {164} -men chant the song of war they may take counsel only of their fury and -harm thee! Go to thine own people"; and furnishing him with guides, -they sent him to Quebec. - -Though Denonville marched with his soldiers through the Iroquois -cantons, he did little harm and less good; for the wily warriors had -simply withdrawn their families into the woods, and the Iroquois were -only biding their time for fearful vengeance. - -This lust of vengeance was now terribly whetted. Dongan, the English -governor of New York, had been ordered by King James of England to -observe the treaty of neutrality between England and France; but this -did not hinder him supplying the Iroquois with arms to raid the French -and secretly advising them "not to bury the war hatchet,--just to hide -it in the grass, and stand on their guard to begin the war anew." - -[Illustration: FORT FRONTENAC AND THE ADJACENT COUNTRY] - -Nor did the treaty of neutrality prevent the French from raiding Hudson -Bay and ordering shot in cold blood any French bushrover who dared to -guide the English traders to the country of the Upper Lakes. - -In addition to English influence egging on the Iroquois, the treachery -of the Huron chief, The Rat, lashed the vengeance {165} of the Five -Nations to a fury. He had come down to Fort Frontenac to aid the -French. He was told that the French had again arranged peace with the -Iroquois, and deputies were even now on their way from the Five Nations. - -"Peace!" The old Huron chief was dumbfounded. What were these fool -French doing, trusting to an Iroquois peace? "Ah," he grunted, "that -may be well"; and he withdrew without revealing a sign of his -intentions. Then he lay in ambush on the trail of the deputies, fell -on the Iroquois peace messengers with fury, slaughtered half the band, -then sent the others back with word that he had done this by order of -Denonville, the French governor. - -"There," grunted The Rat grimly, "I 've killed the peace for them! We -'ll see how Onontio gets out of this mess." - -Meanwhile war had been declared between England and France. The -Stuarts had been dethroned. France was supporting the exiled monarch, -and William of Orange had become king of England. Iberville and Duluth -and La Motte Cadillac, the famous fighters of Canada's wildwood, were -laying plans before the French Governor for the invasion and conquest -of New York; and New York was preparing to defend itself by pouring -ammunition and firearms free of cost into the hands of the Iroquois. -Then the Iroquois vengeance fell. - -Between the night and morning of August 4 and 5, in 1689, a terrific -thunderstorm had broken over Montreal. Amidst the crack of hail and -crash of falling trees, with the thunder reverberating from the -mountain like cannonading, whilst the frightened people stood gazing at -the play of lightning across their windows, fourteen hundred Iroquois -warriors landed behind Montreal, beached their canoes, and stole upon -the settlement. What next followed beggars description. Nothing else -like it occurs in the history of Canada. For years this summer was to -be known as "the Year of the Massacre." - -Before the storm subsided, the Iroquois had stationed themselves in -circles round every house outside the walls of Montreal. At the signal -of a whistle, the warriors fell on the settlement {166} like beasts of -prey. Neither doors nor windows were fastened in that age, and the -people, deep in sleep after the vigil of the storm, were dragged from -their beds before they were well awake. Men, women, and children fell -victims to such ingenuity of cruelty as only savage vengeance could -conceive. Children were dashed to pieces before their parents' eyes; -aged parents tomahawked before struggling sons and daughters; fathers -held powerless that they might witness the tortures wreaked on wives -and daughters. Homes which had heard some alarm and were on guard were -set on fire, and those who perished in the flames {167} died a merciful -death compared to those who fell in the hands of the victors. By -daybreak two hundred people had been wantonly butchered. A hundred and -fifty more had been taken captives. As if their vengeance could not be -glutted, the Iroquois crossed the river opposite Montreal, and, in full -sight of the fort, weakly garrisoned and paralyzed with fright, spent -the rest of the week, day and night, torturing the white captives. By -night victims could be seen tied to the torture stake amid the -wreathing flames, with the tormentors dancing round the camp fire in -maniacal ferocity. Denonville was simply powerless. He lost his head, -and seemed so panic-stricken that he forbade even volunteer bands from -rallying to the rescue. For two months the Iroquois overran Canada -unchecked. Indeed, it was years before the boldness engendered by this -foray became reduced to respect for French authority. Settlement after -settlement, the marauders raided. From Montreal to Three Rivers crops -went up in flame, and the terrified habitants came cowering with their -families to the shelter of the palisades. - -[Illustration: WILLIAM OF ORANGE] - -In the midst of this universal terror came the country's savior. -Frontenac had been recalled because he quarreled with the intendant and -he quarreled with the Jesuits and he quarreled with the fur traders; -but his bitterest enemies did not deny that he could put the fear of -the Lord and respect for the French into the Iroquois' heart. -Arbitrary he was as a czar, but just always! To be sure he mended his -fortunes by personal fur trade, but in doing so he cheated no man; and -he worked no injustice, and he wrought in all things for the lasting -good of the country. Homage he demanded as to a king, once going so -far as to drive the Sovereign Councilors from his presence with the -flat of a sword; but he firmly believed and he had publicly proved that -he was worthy of homage, and that the men who are forever shouting -"liberty--liberty and the people's rights," are frequently wolves in -sheep's clothing, eating out the vitals of a nation's prosperity. - -Here, then, was the haughty, hot-headed, aggressive Frontenac, sent -back in his old age to restore the prestige of New France, {168} where -both La Barre the grafter, and Denonville the courteous Christian -gentleman, had failed. - - -To this period of Iroquois raids belongs one of the most heroic -episodes in Canadian life. The only settlers who had not fled to the -protection of the palisaded forts were the grand old seigniors, the new -nobility of New France, whose mansions were like forts in themselves, -palisaded, with stone bastions and water supply and yards for stock and -mills inside the walls. Here the seigniors, wildwood knights of a -wilderness age, held little courts that were imitations of the -Governor's pomp at Quebec. Sometimes during war the seignior's wife -and daughters were reduced to plowing in the fields and laboring with -the women servants at the harvest; but ordinarily the life at the -seigniory was a life of petty grandeur, with such style as the -backwoods afforded. In the hall or great room of the manor house was -usually an enormous table used both as court of justice by the seignior -and festive board. On one side was a huge fireplace with its homemade -benches, on the other a clumsily carved chiffonier loaded with solid -silver. In the early days the seignior's bedstead might be in the same -room,--an enormous affair with panoplies of curtains and counterpanes -of fur rugs and feather mattresses, so high that it almost necessitated -a ladder. But in the matter of dress the rude life made up in style -what it lacked in the equipments of a grand mansion. - -The bishop's description of the women's dresses I have already given, -though at this period the women had added to the "sins" of bows and -furbelows and frills, which the bishop deplored, the yet more heinous -error of such enormous hoops that it required fine maneuvering on the -part of a grand dame to negotiate the door of the family coach; and -however pompous the seignior's air, it must have suffered temporary -eclipse in that coach from the hoops of his spouse and his spouse's -daughters. As for the seignior, when he was not dressed in buckskin, -leading bushrovers on raids, he appeared magnificent in all the -grandeur that a 20 pounds wig and Spanish laces and French ruffles -{169} and imported satins could lend his portly person; and if the -figure were not portly, one may venture to guess, from the pictures of -stout gentlemen in the quilted brocades of the period, that padding -made up what nature lacked. - - -Such a seigniory was Verchères, some twenty miles from Montreal, on the -south side of the St. Lawrence. M. de Verchères was an officer in one -of the regiments, and chanced to be absent from home during October of -1696, doing duty at Quebec. Madame de Verchères was visiting in -Montreal. Strange as it may seem, the fort and the family had been -left in charge of the daughter, Madeline, at this time only fourteen -years of age. At eight o'clock on the morning of October 22 she had -gone four hundred paces outside the fort gates when she heard the -report of musket firing. The rest of the story may be told in her own -words: - -I at once saw that the Iroquois were firing at our settlers, who lived -near the fort. One of our servants call out: "Fly, Mademoiselle, fly! -The Iroquois are upon us!" - -Instantly I saw some forty-five Iroquois running towards me, already -within pistol shot. Determined to die rather than fall in their hands, -I ran for the fort, praying to the Blessed Virgin, "Holy Mother, save -me! Let me perish rather than fall in their hands!" Meanwhile my -pursuers paused to fire their guns. Bullets whistled past my ears. -Once within hearing of the fort, I shouted, "To arms! To arms!" - -There were but two soldiers in the fort, and they were so overcome by -fear that they ran to hide in the bastion. At the gates I found two -women wailing for the loss of their husbands. Then I saw several -stakes had fallen from the palisades where enemies could gain entrance; -so I seized the fallen planks and urged the women to give a hand -putting them back in their places. Then I ran to the bastion, where I -found two of the soldiers lighting a fuse. - -"What are you going to do?" I demanded. - -"Blow up the fort," answered one cowardly wretch. - -"Begone, you rascals," I commanded, putting on a soldier's helmet and -seizing a musket. Then to my little brothers: "Let us fight to the -death! Remember what father has always said,--that gentlemen are born -to shed their blood in the service of God and their King." - -My brothers and the two soldiers kept up a steady fire from the -loopholes. I ordered the cannon fired to call in our soldiers, who -were hunting; {170} but the grief-stricken women inside kept wailing so -loud that I had to warn them their shrieks would betray our weakness to -the enemy. While I was speaking I caught sight of a canoe on the -river. It was Sieur Pierre Fontaine, with his family, coming to visit -us. I asked the soldiers to go out and protect their landing, but they -refused. Then ordering Laviolette, our servant, to stand sentry at the -gate, I went out myself, wearing a soldier's helmet and carrying a -musket. I left orders if I were killed the gates were to be kept shut -and the fort defended. I hoped the Iroquois would think this a ruse on -my part to draw them within gunshot of our walls. That was just what -happened, and I got Pierre Fontaine and his family safely inside by -putting a bold face on. Our whole garrison consisted of my two little -brothers aged about twelve, one servant, two soldiers, one old habitant -aged eighty, and a few women servants. Strengthened by the Fontaines, -we began firing. When the sun went down the night set in with a -fearful storm of northeast wind and snow. I expected the Iroquois -under cover of the storm. Gathering our people together, I said: "God -has saved us during the day. Now we must be careful for the night. To -show you I am not afraid to take my part, I undertake to defend the -fort with the old man and a soldier, who has never fired a gun. You, -Pierre Fontaine and La Bonte and Galet (the two soldiers), go to the -bastion with the women and children. If I am taken, never surrender -though I am burnt and cut to pieces before your eyes! You have nothing -to fear if you will make some show of fight!" - -I posted two of my young brothers on one of the bastions, the old man -of eighty on the third, and myself took the fourth. Despite the -whistling of the wind we kept the cry "All's well," "All's well" -echoing and reëchoing from corner to corner. One would have imagined -the fort was crowded with soldiers, and the Iroquois afterwards -confessed they had been completely deceived; that the vigilance of the -guard kept them from attempting to scale the walls. About midnight the -sentinel at the gate bastion called out, "Mademoiselle! I hear -something!" - -I saw it was our cattle. - -"Let me open the gates," urged the sentry. - -"God forbid," said I; "the savages are likely behind, driving the -animals in." - -Nevertheless I _did_ open the gates and let the cattle in, my brothers -standing on each side, ready to shoot if an Indian appeared. - -At last came daylight; and we were hopeful for aid from Montreal; but -Marguerite Fontaine, being timorous as all Parisian women are, begged -her husband to try and escape. The poor husband was almost distracted -as she insisted, and he told her he would set her out in the canoe with -her two sons, who could paddle it, but he would not abandon -Mademoiselle in Verchères. I had been twenty-four hours without rest -or food, and had not {171} once gone from the bastion. On the eighth -day of the siege Lieutenant de La Monnerie reached the fort during the -night with forty men. - -One of our sentries had called out, "Who goes?" - -I was dozing with my head on a table and a musket across my arm. The -sentry said there were voices on the water. I called, "Who are you?" - -They answered, "French--come to your aid!" - -I went down to the bank, saying: "Sir, but you are welcome! I -surrender my arms to you!" - -"Mademoiselle," he answered, "they are in good hands." - -I forgot one incident. On the day of the attack I remembered about one -in the afternoon that our linen was outside the fort, but the soldiers -refused to go out for it. Armed with our guns, my brothers made two -trips outside the walls for our linen. The Iroquois must have thought -it a trick to lure them closer, for they did not approach. - - -It need scarcely be added that brave mothers make brave sons, and it is -not surprising that twenty-five years later, when Madeline Verchères -had become the wife of M. de La Naudière, her own life was saved from -Abenaki Indians by her little son, age twelve. - -But to return to Count Frontenac, marching up the steep streets of -Quebec to Château St. Louis that October evening of 1689, amid the -jubilant shouts of friends and enemies, Jesuit and Recollet, fur trader -and councilor,--the haughty Governor set himself to the task of not -only crushing the Iroquois but invading and conquering the land of the -English, whom he believed had furnished arms to the Iroquois. Now that -war had been openly declared between England and France, Frontenac was -determined on a campaign of aggression. He would keep the English so -busy defending their own borders that they would have no time to tamper -with the Indian allies of the French on the Mississippi. - - -This is one of the darkest pages of Canada's past. War is not a pretty -thing at any time, but war that lets loose the bloodhounds of Indian -ferocity leaves the blackest scar of all. - -There were to be three war parties: one from Quebec to attack the -English settlements around what is now Portland, {172} Maine; a second -from Three Rivers to lay waste the border lands of New Hampshire; a -third from Montreal to assault the English and Dutch of the Upper -Hudson. - -The Montrealers set out in midwinter of 1690, a few months after -Frontenac's arrival, led by the Le Moyne brothers, Ste. Hélène and -Maricourt and Iberville, with one of the Le Bers, and D'Ailleboust, -nephew of the first D'Ailleboust at Montreal. The raiders consisted of -some two hundred and fifty men, one hundred Indian converts and one -hundred and fifty bushrovers, hardy, supple, inured to the wilderness -as to native air, whites and Indians dressed alike in blanket coat, -hood hanging down the back, buckskin trousers, beaded moccasins, -snowshoes of short length for forest travel, cased musket on shoulder, -knife, hatchet, pistols, bullet pouch hanging from the sashed belt, and -provisions in a blanket, knapsack fashion, carried on the shoulders. - -[Illustration: QUEBEC, 1689] - -The woods lay snow padded, silent, somber. Up the river bed of the -Richelieu, over the rolling drifts, glided the bushrovers. {173} -Somewhere on the headwaters of the Hudson the Indians demanded what -place they were to attack. Iberville answered, "Albany." "Humph," -grunted the Indians with a dry smile at the camp fire, "since _when_ -have the French become so brave?" A midwinter thaw now turned the -snowy levels to swimming lagoons, where snowshoes were useless, and the -men had to wade knee-deep day after day through swamps of ice water. -Then came one of those sudden changes,--hard frost with a blinding -snowstorm. Where the trail forked for Albany and Schenectady it was -decided to follow the latter, and about four o'clock in the afternoon, -on the 8th of February, the bush-rovers reached a hut where there -chanced to be several Mohawk squaws. Crowding round the chimney place -to dry their clothes now stiff with ice, the bushrangers learned from -the Indian women that Schenectady lay completely unguarded. There had -been some village festival that day among the Dutch settlers. The -gates at both ends of the town lay wide open, and as if in derision of -danger from the far distant French, a snow man had been mockingly -rolled up to the western gate as sentry, with a sham pipe stuck in his -mouth. The Indian rangers harangued their braves, urging them to wash -out all wrongs in the blood of the enemy, and the Le Moyne brothers -moved from man to man, giving orders for utter silence. At eleven that -night, shrouded by the snowfall, the bushrovers reached the palisades -of Schenectady. They had intended to defer the assault till dawn, but -the cold hastened action, and, uncasing their muskets, they filed -silently past the snow man in the middle of the open gate and encircled -the little village of fifty houses. When the lines met at the far -gate, completely investing the town, a wild yell rent the air! Doors -were hacked down. Indians with tomahawks stood guard outside the -windows, and the dastardly work began,--as gratuitous a butchery of -innocent people as ever the Iroquois perpetrated in their worst raids. -Two hours the massacre lasted, and when it was over the French had, to -their everlasting discredit, murdered in cold blood thirty-eight men -(among them the poor inoffensive dominie), ten women, {174} twelve -children; and the victors held ninety captives. To the credit of -Iberville he offered life to one Glenn and his family, who had aided in -ransoming many French from the Iroquois, and he permitted this man to -name so many friends that the bloodthirsty Indians wanted to know if -all Schenectady were related to this white man. One other house in the -town was spared,--that of a widow with five children, under whose roof -a wounded Frenchman lay. For the rest, Schenectady was reduced to -ashes, the victors harnessing the Dutch farmers' horses to carry off -the plunder. Of the captives, twenty-seven men and boys were carried -back to Quebec. The other captives, mainly women and children, were -given to the Indians. Forty livres for every human scalp were paid by -the Sovereign Council of Quebec to the raiders. - -[Illustration: FRENCH SOLDIER OF THE PERIOD] - -The record of the raiders led from Three Rivers by François Hertel was -almost the same. Setting out in January, he was followed by -twenty-five French and twenty-five Indians to the border lands between -Maine and New Hampshire. The end of March saw the bushrovers outside -the little village of Salmon Falls. Thirty inhabitants were tomahawked -on the spot, the houses burned, and one hundred prisoners carried off; -but news had gone like wildfire to neighboring settlements, and Hertel -was pursued by two hundred Englishmen. He placed his bushrovers on a -small bridge across Wooster River and here held the pursuers at bay -till darkness enabled him to escape. - -But the darkest deed of infamy was perpetrated by the third band of -raiders,--a deed that reveals the glories of war as they {175} exist, -stripped of pageantry. Portneuf had led the raiders from Quebec, and -he was joined by that famous leader of the Abenaki Indians, Baron de -Saint-Castin, from the border lands between Acadia and Maine. Later, -when Hertel struck through the woods with some of his followers, -Portneuf's men numbered five hundred. With these he attacked Fort -Loyal, or what is now Portland, Maine, in the month of June. The fort -boasted eight great guns and one hundred soldiers. Under cover of the -guns Lieutenant Clark and thirty men sallied out to reconnoiter the -attacking forces ambushed in woods round a pasturage. At a musket -crack the English were literally cut to pieces, four men only escaping -back to the fort. The French then demanded unconditional surrender. -The English asked six days to consider. In six days English vessels -would have come to the rescue. Secure, under a bluff of the ocean -cliff, from the cannon fire of the fort, the French began to trench an -approach to the palisades. Combustibles had been placed against the -walls, when the English again asked a parley, offering to surrender if -the French would swear by the living God to conduct them in safety to -the nearest English post. To these conditions the French agreed. -Whether they could not control their Indian allies or had not intended -to keep the terms matters little. The English had no sooner marched -from the fort than, with a wild whoop, the Indians fell on men, women, -and children. Some were killed by a single blow, others reserved for -the torture stake. Only four Englishmen survived the onslaught, to be -carried prisoners to Quebec. - -The French had been victorious on all three raids; but they were -victories over which posterity will never boast, which no writer dare -describe in all the detail of their horrors, and which leave a black -blot on the escutcheon of Canada. - - -It was hardly to be expected that the New England colonies would let -such raids pass unpunished. The destruction of Schenectady had been -bad enough. The massacre of Salmon Falls caused the New Englanders to -forget their jealousies for the once and to unite in a common cause. -All the colonies agreed {176} to contribute men, ships, and money to -invade New France by land and sea. The land forces were placed under -Winthrop and Schuyler; but as smallpox disorganized the expedition -before it reached Lake Champlain, the attack by land had little other -effect than to draw Frontenac from Quebec down to Montreal, where -Captain Schuyler, with Dutch bushmen, succeeded in ravaging the -settlements and killing at least twenty French. - -The expedition by sea was placed under Sir William Phips of -Massachusetts,--a man who was the very antipodes of Frontenac. One of -a poor family of twenty-six children, Phips had risen from being a -shepherd boy in Maine to the position of ship's carpenter in Boston. -Here, among the harbor folk, he got wind of a Spanish treasure ship -containing a million and a half dollars' worth of gold, which had been -sunk off the West Indies. Going to England, Phips succeeded in -interesting that same clique of courtiers who helped Radisson to -establish the Hudson's Bay Company,--Albemarle and Prince Rupert and -the King; and when, with the funds which they advanced, Phips succeeded -in raising the treasure vessel, he received, in addition to his share -of the booty, a title and the appointment as governor of Massachusetts. - -[Illustration: SIR WILLIAM PHIPS] - -Here, then, was the daring leader chosen to invade New France. Phips -sailed first for Port Royal, which had in late years become infested -with French pirates, preying on Boston commerce. Word had just come of -the fearful massacres of {177} colonists at Portland. Boston was -inflamed with a spirit of vengeance. The people had appointed days of -fasting and prayer to invoke Heaven's blessing on their war. When -Phips sailed into Annapolis Basin with his vessels and seven hundred -men in the month of May, he found the French commander, Meneval, ill of -the gout, with a garrison of about eighty soldiers, but all the cannon -chanced to be dismounted. The odds against the French did not permit -resistance. Meneval stipulated for an honorable surrender,--all -property to be respected and the garrison to be sent to some French -port; but no sooner were the English in possession than, like the -French at Portland, they broke the pledge. There was no massacre as in -Maine, but plunderers ran riot, seizing everything on which hands could -be laid, ransacking houses and desecrating the churches; and sixty of -the leading people, including Meneval and the priests, were carried off -as prisoners. Leaving one English flag flying, Phips sailed home. - -Indignation at Boston had been fanned to fury, for now all the details -of the butchery at Portland were known; and Phips found the colony -mustering a monster expedition to attack the very stronghold of French -power,--Quebec itself. England could afford no aid to her colonies, -but thirty-two merchant vessels and frigates had been impressed into -the service, some of them carrying as many as forty-four cannon. -Artisans, sailors, soldiers, clerks, all classes had volunteered as -fighters, to the number of twenty-five hundred men; but there was one -thing lacking,--they had no pilot who knew the St. Lawrence. Full of -confidence born of inexperience, the fleet set sail on the 9th of -August, commanded again by Phips. - -Time was wasted ravaging the coasts of Gaspé, holding long-winded -councils of war, arguing in the commander's stateroom instead of -drilling on deck. Three more weeks were wasted poking about the lower -St. Lawrence, picking up chance vessels off Tadoussac and Anticosti. -Among the prize vessels taken near Anticosti was one of Jolliet's, -bearing his wife and mother-in-law. The ladies delighted the hearts of -the Puritans by the {178} news that not more than one hundred men -garrisoned Quebec; but Phips was reckoning without his host, and his -host was Frontenac. Besides, it was late in the season--the middle of -October--before the English fleet rounded the Island of Orleans and -faced the Citadel of Quebec. - -[Illustration: COUNT FRONTENAC (From a statue at Quebec)] - -Indians had carried word to the city that an Englishwoman, taken -prisoner in their raids, had told them more than thirty vessels had -sailed from Boston to invade New France. Frontenac was absent in -Montreal. Quickly the commander at Quebec sent coureurs with warning -to Frontenac, and then set about casting up barricades in the narrow -streets that led from Lower to Upper Town. - -Frontenac could not credit the news. Had he not heard here in Montreal -from Indian coureurs how the English overland expedition lay rotting of -smallpox near Lake Champlain, such pitiable objects that the Iroquois -refused to join them against the French? New France now numbered a -population of twelve thousand and could muster three thousand fighting -men; and though the English colonies numbered twenty {179} thousand -people, how could they, divided by jealousies, send an invading army of -twenty-seven hundred, as the rumor stated? Frontenac, grizzled old -warrior, did not credit the news, but, all the same, he set out amid -pelting rains by boat for Quebec. Half-way to Three Rivers more -messengers brought him word that the English fleet were now advancing -from Tadoussac. He sent back orders for the commander at Montreal to -rush the bush-rovers down to Quebec, and he himself arrived at the -Citadel just as the Le Moyne brothers anchored below Cape Diamond from -a voyage to Hudson Bay. Maricourt Le Moyne reported how he had escaped -past the English fleet by night, and it would certainly be at Quebec by -daybreak. - -Scouts rallied the bushrangers on both sides of the St. Lawrence to -Quebec's aid. Frontenac bade them guard the outposts and not desert -their hamlets, while Ste. Hélène and the other Le Moynes took command -of the sharpshooters in Lower Town, scattering them in hiding along the -banks of the St. Charles and among the houses facing the St. Lawrence -below Castle St. Louis. - -Sure enough, at daybreak on Monday, October 16, sail after sail, -thirty-four in all, rounded the end of Orleans Island and took up -position directly opposite Quebec City. It was a cold, wet autumn -morning. Fog and rain alternately chased in gray shadows across the -far hills, and above the mist of the river loomed ominous the red-gray -fort which the English had come to capture. Castle St. Louis stood -where Château Frontenac stands to-day; and what is now the promenade of -a magnificent terrace was at that time a breastwork of cannon extending -on down the sloping hill to the left as far as the ramparts. In fact, -the cannon of that period were more dangerous than they are to-day, for -long-range missiles have rendered old-time fortifications adapted for -close-range fighting almost useless; and the cannon of Upper Town, -Quebec, that October morning swept the approach to three sides of the -fort, facing the St. Charles, opposite Point Lévis and the St. -Lawrence, where it curves back on itself; and the fourth side was sheer -wall--invulnerable. - -{180} With a rattling of anchor chains and a creaking of masts the -great sails of the English fleet were lowered, and a little boat put -out at ten o'clock under flag of truce to meet a boat half-way from -Lower Town. Phips' messenger was conducted blindfold up the barricaded -streets leading to Castle St. Louis; and the gunners had been -instructed to clang their muskets on the stones to give the impression -of great numbers. Suddenly the bandage was taken from the man's eyes -and he found himself in a great hall, standing before the august -presence of Frontenac, surrounded by a circle of magnificently dressed -officers. The New Englander delivered his message,--Phips' letter -demanding surrender: "_Your prisoners, your persons, your estates . . . -and should you refuse, I am resolved by the help of God, in whom I -trust, to revenge by force of arms all our wrongs_." . . . As the -reading of the letter was finished the man looked up to see an insolent -smile pass round the faces of Frontenac's officers, one of whom -superciliously advised hanging the bearer of such insolence without -waste of time. The New Englander pulled out his watch and signaled -that he must have Frontenac's answer within an hour. The haughty old -Governor pretended not to see the motion, and then, with a smile like -ice, made answer in {181} words that have become renowned: "I shall not -keep you waiting so long! Tell your General I do not recognize King -William! I know no king of England but King James! Does your General -suppose that these brave gentlemen"--pointing to his officers--"would -consent to trust a man who broke his word at Port Royal?" - -[Illustration: CASTLE ST. LOUIS] - -As the shout of applause died away, the trembling New Englander asked -Frontenac if he would put his answer in writing. - -"No," thundered the old Governor, never happier than when fighting, "I -will answer your General with my cannon! I shall teach him that a man -of my rank"--with covert sneer at Phips' origin, "is not to be summoned -in such rude fashion! Let him do his best! I shall do mine!" - -It was now the turn of the English to be amazed. This was not the -answer they had expected from a fort weakly garrisoned by a hundred -men. If they had struck and struck quickly, they might yet have won -the day; but all Monday passed in futile arguments and councils of war, -and on Tuesday, the 17th, towards night, was heard wild shouting within -Quebec walls. - -[Illustration: ATTACK ON QUEBEC, 1690] - -"My faith, Messieurs!" exclaimed one of the French prisoners aboard -Phips' ship; "now you _have_ lost your chance! Those {182} are the -coureurs de bois from Montreal and the bushrovers of the Pays d'en -Haut, eight hundred strong." - -The news at last spurred Phips to action. All that night the people of -Quebec could hear the English drilling, and shouting "_God save King -William_!" with beat of drum and trumpet calls that set the echoes -rolling from Cape Diamond; and on the 18th small boats landed fourteen -hundred men to cross the St. Charles River and assault the Lower Town, -while the four largest ships took up a position to cannonade the city. -It was four in the afternoon before the soldiers had been landed amid -peppering bullets from the Le Moyne bushrovers. Only a few cannon -shots were fired, and they did no damage but to kill an urchin of the -Upper Town. - -Firing began in earnest on the morning of October 19. The river was -churned to fury and the reverberating echoes set the rocks crashing -from Cape Diamond, but it was almost impossible for the English to -shoot high enough to damage the upper fort. It was easy for the French -to shoot down, and great wounds gaped from the hull of Phips' ship, -while his masts went over decks in flame, flag and all. The tide -drifted the admiral's flag on shore. The French rowed out, secured the -prize, and a jubilant shout roared from Lower Town, to be taken up and -echoed and reëchoed from the Castle! For two more days bombs roared in -midair, plunging through the roofs of houses in Lower Town or -ricochetting back harmless from the rock wall below Castle St. Louis. -At the St. Charles the land forces were fighting blindly to effect a -crossing, but the Le Moyne bushrovers lying in ambush repelled every -advance, though Ste. Hélène had fallen mortally wounded. On the -morning of the 21st the French could hardly believe their senses. The -land forces had vanished during the darkness of a rainy night, and ship -after ship, sail after sail, was drifting downstream--was it -possible?--in retreat. Another week's bombarding would have reduced -Quebec to flame and starvation; but another week would have exposed -Phips' fleet to wreckage from winter weather, and he had drifted down -to Isle Orleans, where the {183} dismantled fleet paused to rig up -fresh masts. It was Madame Jolliet who suggested to the Puritan -commander an exchange of the prisoners captured at Port Royal with the -English from Maine and New Hampshire held in Quebec. She was sent -ashore by Phips and the exchange was arranged. Winter gales assailed -the English fleet as it passed Anticosti, and what with the wrecked and -wounded, Phips' loss totaled not less than a thousand men. - -[Illustration: CASTLE ST. LOUIS, QUEBEC] - -Frontenac had been back in Canada only a year, and in that time he had -restored the prestige of French power in America. The Iroquois were -glad to sue for peace, and his bitterest enemies, the Jesuits, joined -the merrymakers round the bonfires of acclaim kindled in the old -Governor's honor as the English retreated, and the joy bells pealed -out, and processions surged shouting through the streets of Quebec! -From Hudson Bay to the Mississippi, from the St. Lawrence to Lake -Superior and the land of the Sioux, French power reigned supreme. Only -Port Nelson, high up on the west coast of Hudson Bay, remained -unsubdued, draining the furs of the prairie tribes to England away from -Quebec. Iberville had captured it in the fall of 1694, at the cost of -his brother Châteauguay's life; but when Iberville departed from Hudson -Bay, English men-of-war had come out in 1696 and wrested back this most -valuable of all the fur posts. It was now determined to drive the -English forever from Hudson Bay. Le Moyne d'Iberville was chosen for -the task. - - -April, 1697, Sérigny Le Moyne was dispatched from France with five -men-of-war to be placed under the command of Iberville at Placentia, -Newfoundland, whence he was "to proceed {184} to Hudson Bay and to -leave not a vestige of the English in the North." The frigates left -Newfoundland July 8. Three weeks later they were crushing through the -ice jam of Hudson Straits. Iberville commanded the _Pelican_ with two -hundred and fifty men. Bienville, a brother, was on the same ship. -Sérigny commanded the _Palmier_, and there were three other frigates, -the _Profound_, the _Violent_, the _Wasp_. Ice locked round the fleet -at the west end of Hudson Straits, and fog lay so thick there was -nothing visible of any ship but the masthead. For eighteen days they -lay, crunched and rammed and separated by the ice drive, till on August -25, early in the morning, the fog suddenly lifted. Iberville saw that -Sérigny's ship had been carried back {185} in the straits. The _Wasp_ -and _Violent_ were not to be seen, but straight ahead, locked in the -ice, stood the _Profound_, and beside the French vessel three English -frigates, the _Hampshire_, the _Deering_, the _Hudson's Bay_, on their -annual voyage to Nelson! A lane of water opened before Iberville. -Like a bird the _Pelican_ spread her wings to the wind and fled. - -[Illustration: PLAN OF QUEBEC (after Franquelin, 1683)] - -September 3 Iberville sighted Port Nelson, and for two days cruised the -offing, scanning the sea for the rest of his fleet. Early on September -5 the sails of three vessels heaved and rose above the watery horizon. -Never doubting these were his own ships, Iberville signaled. There was -no answer. A sailor scrambled to the masthead and shouted down -terrified warning. These were not the French ships! They were the -English frigates bearing straight down on the single French vessel -commanded by Iberville! - -On one side was the enemy's fort, on the other the enemy's fleet coming -over the waves before a clipping wind, all sails set. Of Iberville's -crew forty men were ill of scurvy. Twenty-five had gone ashore to -reconnoiter. He had left one hundred and fifty fighting men. Amid a -rush of orders, ropes were stretched across decks for handhold, cannon -were unplugged, and the batterymen below decks stripped themselves for -the hot work ahead. The soldiers assembled on decks, sword in hand, -and the Canadian bushrovers stood to the fore, ready to leap across the -enemy's decks. - -By nine in the morning the ships were abreast, and roaring cannonades -from the English cut the decks of the _Pelican_ to kindling wood and -set the masts in flame. At the same instant one fell blast of musketry -mowed down forty French; but Iberville's batterymen below decks had now -ceased to pour a stream of fire into the English hulls. The odds were -three to one, and for four hours the battle raged, the English shifting -and sheering to lock in death grapple, Iberville's sharpshooters -peppering the decks of the foe. - -It had turned bitterly cold. The blood on the decks became ice, and -each roll of the sea sent wounded and dead weltering {186} from rail to -rail. Such holes had been torn in the hulls of both English and French -ships that the gunners below decks were literally looking into each -other's smoke-grimmed faces. Suddenly all hands paused. A frantic -scream cleft the air. The vessels were careening in a tempestuous sea, -for the great ship _Hampshire_ had refused to answer to the wheel, had -lurched, had sunk,--sunk swift as lead amid hiss of flames into the -roaring sea! Not a soul of her two hundred and fifty men escaped. The -frigate _Hudson's Bay_ surrendered and the _Deering_ fled. Iberville -was victor. - -[Illustration: LANDING OF IBERVILLE'S MEN AT PORT NELSON (After La -Potherie)] - -But a storm now broke in hurricane gusts over the sea. Iberville -steered for land, but waves drenched the wheel at every wash, and, -driving before the storm, the _Pelican_ floundered in the sands a few -miles from Nelson. All lifeboats had been shot away. In such a sea -the Canadian canoes were useless. The shattered masts were tied in -four-sided racks. To these {187} Iberville had the wounded bound, and -the crew plunged for the shore. Eighteen men perished going ashore in -the darkness. On land were two feet of snow. No sooner did the French -castaways build fires to warm their benumbed limbs than bullets -whistled into camp. Governor Bayly of Port Nelson had sent out his -sharpshooters. Luckily Iberville's other ships now joined him, and, -mustering his forces, the dauntless French leader marched against the -fort. Storm had permitted the French to land their cannon undetected. -Trenches were cast up, and three times Sérigny Le Moyne was sent to -demand surrender. - -[Illustration: CAPTURE OF FORT NELSON BY THE FRENCH (After La -Potherie)] - -"The French are desperate," he urged. "They must take the fort or -perish of want, and if you continue the fight there will be no mercy -given." - -The Hudson's Bay people capitulated and were permitted to march out -with arms, bag and baggage. An English ship carried the refugees home -to the Thames. - -The rest of Iberville's career is the story of colonizing the -Mississippi. He was granted a vast seigniory on the Bay of {188} -Chaleur, and in 1699 given a title. On his way from the Louisiana -colony to France his ship had paused at Havana. Here Iberville -contracted yellow fever and died while yet in the prime of his manhood, -July 9, 1706. - -After the victory on Hudson Bay the French were supreme in America and -Frontenac supreme in New France. The old white-haired veteran of a -hundred wars became the idol of Quebec. Friends and enemies, Jesuits -and Recollets, paid tribute to his worth. In November of 1698 the -Governor passed from this life in Castle St. Louis at the good old age -of seventy-eight. He had demonstrated--demonstrated in action so that -his enemies acknowledged the fact--that the sterner virtues of the -military chieftain go farther towards the making of great nationhood -than soft sentiments and religious emotionalism. - - - - -{189} - -CHAPTER X - -FROM 1698 TO 1713 - -Petty regulations and blue laws--Massacre of Deerfield--Madame -Freneuse, the painter lady--"Old Wooden Sword"--Subercase at Port -Royal--Paul Mascarene's plight--Court dandies cause naval disaster - - -While Frontenac was striking terror into the heart of New England with -his French Canadian bushrovers, the life of the people went on in the -same grooves. Spite of a dozen raids on the Iroquois cantons, there -was still danger from the warriors of the Mohawk, but the Iroquois -braves had found a new stamping ground. Instead of attacking Canada -they now crossed westward to war on the allies of the French, the -tribes of the Illinois and the Mississippi; and with them traveled -their liege friends, English traders from New York and Pennsylvania and -Virginia. - -The government of Canada continued to be a despotism, pure and simple. -The Supreme Council, consisting of the governor, the intendant, the -bishop, and at different times from three to twelve councilors, stood -between the people and the King of France, transmitting the King's will -to the people, the people's wants to the King; and the laws enacted by -the council ranged all the way from criminal decrees to such petty -regulations as a modern city wardman might pass. Laws enacted to meet -local needs, but subject to the veto of an absent ruler, who knew -absolutely nothing of local needs, exhibited all the absurdities to be -expected. The King of France desires the Sovereign Council to -discourage the people from using horses, which are supposed to cause -laziness, as "it is needful the inhabitants keep up their snowshoe -travel so necessary in their wars." "If in two years the numbers of -horses do not decrease, they are to be killed for meat." Then comes a -law that reflects the presence of the bishop at the governing board. -Horses have become the pride of the country beaux, and the gay -be-ribboned carrioles are the distraction of the village curé. "Men -are forbidden to gallop their horses within a third of a mile from the -church on {190} Sundays." New laws, regulations, arrests, are -promulgated by the public crier, "crying up and down the highway to -sound of trumpet and drum," chest puffed out with self-importance, gold -braid enough on the red-coated regalia to overawe the simple habitants. -Though the companies holding monopoly over trade yearly change, -monopoly is still all-powerful in New France,--so all pervasive that in -1741, in order to prevent smuggling to defraud the Company of the -Indies, it is enacted that "people using chintz-covered furniture" must -upholster their chairs so that the stamp "La Cie des Indes" will be -visible to the inspector. The matter of money is a great trouble to -New France. Beaver is coin of the realm on the St. Lawrence, and -though this beaver is paid for in French gold, the precious metal -almost at once finds its way back to France for goods; so that the -colony is without coin. Government cards are issued as coin, but as -Europe will not accept card money, the result is that gold still flows -from New France, and the colony is flooded with paper money worthless -away from Quebec. - -As of old, the people may still plead their own cases in lawsuits -before the Sovereign Council, but now the privileges of caste and class -and feudalism begin to be felt, and it is enacted that gentlemen may -plead their own cases before the council only "when wearing their -swords." Young men are urged to qualify as notaries. In addition to -the title of "Sieur," baronies are created in Canada, foremost among -them that of the Le Moynes of Montreal. The feudal seignior now has -his coat of arms emblazoned on the church pew where he worships, on his -coach door, and on the stone entrance to his mansion. The habitants -are compelled to grind their wheat at his mill, to use his great bake -oven, to patronize his tannery. The seigniorial mansion itself is -taking on more of pomp. Cherry and mahogany furniture have replaced -homemade, and the rough-cast walls are now covered with imported -tapestries. - -Not gently does the Sovereign Council deal with delinquents. In 1735 -it is enacted of a man who suicided, "that the corpse be tied to a -cart, dragged on a hurdle, head down, face to ground, {191} through the -streets of the town, to be hung up by the feet, an object of derision, -then cast into the river in default of a cesspool." Criminals who -evade punishment by flight are to be hanged in effigy. Montreal -citizens are ordered to have their chimneys cleaned every month and -their houses provided with ladders. Also "the inhabitants of Montreal -must not allow their pigs to run in the street," and they "are -forbidden to throw snowballs at each other," and--a regulation which -people who know Montreal winters will appreciate--"they are ordered to -make paths through the snow before their houses,"--to all of which -petty regulations did royalty subscribe sign manual. - -[Illustration: CONTEMPORARY MAP (after La Hontan, 1689) (The line shows -the French idea of the territory under English control)] - - -The Treaty of Ryswick closed the war between France and England the -year before Frontenac died, but it was not known in Canada till 1698. -As far as Canada was concerned it was no peace, barely a truce. Each -side was to remain in possession of what it held at the time of the -treaty, which meant that France retained all Hudson Bay but one small -fort. Though the English of Boston had captured Port Royal, they had -left {192} no sign of possession but their flag flying over the -tenantless barracks. The French returned from the woods, tore the flag -down, and again took possession; so that, by the Treaty of Ryswick, -Acadia too went back under French rule. - -Indeed, matters were worse than before the treaty, for there could be -no open war; but when English settlers spreading up from Maine met -French traders wandering down from Acadia, there was the inevitable -collision, and it was an easy trick for the rivals to stir up the -Indians to raid and massacre and indiscriminate butchery. For Indian -raids neither country would be responsible to the other. The story -belongs to the history of the New England frontier rather than to the -record of Canada. It is a part of Canada's past which few French -writers tell and all Canadians would fain blot out, but which the -government records prove beyond dispute. Indian warfare is not a thing -of grandeur at its best, but when it degenerates into the braining of -children, the bayoneting of women, the mutilation of old men, it is a -horror without parallel; and the amazing thing is that the white men, -who painted themselves as Indians and helped to wage this war, were so -sure they were doing God's work that they used to kneel and pray before -beginning the butchery. To understand it one has to go back to the -Middle Ages in imagination. New France was violently Catholic, New -England violently Protestant. Bigotry ever looks out through eyes of -jaundiced hatred, and in destroying what they thought was a false -faith, each side thought itself instrument of God. As for the French -governors behind the scenes, who pulled the strings that let loose the -helldogs of Indian war, they were but obeying the kingcraft of a royal -master, who would use Indian warfare to add to his domain. - - -"The English have sent us presents to drive the Black Gowns away," -declared the Iroquois in 1702 regarding the French Jesuits. "You did -well," writes the King of France to his Viceroy in Quebec, "to urge the -Abenakis of Acadia to raid the English of Boston." The Treaty of -Ryswick became {193} known at Quebec towards the end of 1698. The -border warfare of ravage and butchery had begun by 1701, the English -giving presents to the Iroquois to attack the French of the Illinois, -the French giving presents to the Abenakis to raid the New England -borders. Quebec offers a reward of twenty crowns for the scalp of -every white man brought from the English settlements. New England -retaliates by offering 20 pounds for every Indian prisoner under ten -years of age, 40 pounds for every scalp of full-grown Indian. -Presently the young _noblesse_ of New France are off to the woods, -painted like Indians, leading crews of wild bushrovers on ambuscade and -midnight raid and border foray. - -[Illustration: HERTEL DE ROUVILLE] - -"We must keep things stirring towards Boston," declared Vaudreuil, the -French governor. Midwinter of 1704 Hertel de Rouville and his four -brothers set out on snowshoes with fifty-one bushrovers and two hundred -Indians for Massachusetts. Dressed in buckskin, with musket over -shoulder and dagger in belt, the forest rangers course up the frozen -river beds southward of the St. Lawrence, and on over the height of -land towards the Hudson, two hundred and fifty miles through pine woods -snow padded and silent as death. Two miles from Deerfield the marchers -run short of food. It is the last day of February, and the sun goes -down over rolling snowdrifts high as the slab stockades of the little -frontier town whose hearth-fire smoke hangs low in the frosty air, -curling and clouding and lighting to rainbow colors as the ambushed -{194} raiders watch from their forest lairs. Snowshoes are laid aside, -packs unstrapped, muskets uncased and primed, belts reefed tighter. -Twilight gives place to starlight. Candles on the supper tables of the -settlement send long gleams across the snow. Then the villagers hold -their family prayers, all unconscious that out there in the woods are -the bushrovers on bended knees, uttering prayers of another sort. -Lights are put out. The village lies wrapped in sleep. Still -Rouville's raiders lie waiting, shivering in the snow, till starlight -fades to the gray darkness that precedes dawn. Then the bushrovers -rise, and at moccasin pace, noiseless as tigers, skim across the snow, -over the drifts, over the tops of the palisades, and have dropped into -the town before a soul has awakened. There is no need to tell the -rest. It was not war. It was butchery. Children were torn from their -mother's breast to be brained on the hearthstone. Women were hacked to -pieces. Houses were set on fire, and before the sun had risen -thirty-eight persons had been slaughtered, and the French rovers were -back on the forest trail, homeward bound with one hundred and six -prisoners. Old and young, women of frail health and children barely -able to toddle, were hurried along the trail at bayonet point. Those -whose strength was unequal to the pace were summarily knocked on the -head as they fagged, or failed to ford the ice streams. Twenty-four -perished by the way. Of the one hundred and six prisoners scattered as -captives among the Indians, not half were ever heard of again. The -others were either bought from the Indians by Quebec people, whose pity -was touched, or placed round in the convents to be converted to the -Catholic faith. These were ultimately redeemed by the government of -Massachusetts. - -New England's fury over such a raid in time of peace knew no bounds. -Yet how were the English to retaliate? To pursue an ambushed Indian -along a forest trail was to follow a vanishing phantom. - -From earliest times Boston had kept up trade with Port Royal, and of -late years Port Royal had been infested with French pirates, who raided -Boston shipping. Colonel Ben {195} Church of Long Island, a noted -bushfighter, of gunpowder temper and form so stout that his men had -always to hoist him over logs in their forest marches, went storming -from New York to Boston with a plan to be revenged by raiding Acadia. - -Rouville's bushrovers had burned Deerfield the first of March. By May, -Church had sailed from Boston with six hundred men on two frigates and -half a hundred whaleboats, on vengeance bent. First he stopped at -Baron St. Castin's fort in Maine. St. Castin it was who led the -Indians against the English of Maine. The baron was absent, but his -daughter was captured, with all the servants, and the fort was burned -to the ground. Then up Fundy Bay sailed Church, pausing at -Passamaquoddy to knock four Frenchmen on the head; pausing at Port -Royal to take eight men prisoners, kill cattle, ravage fields; pausing -at Basin of Mines to capture forty habitants, burn the church, and cut -the dikes, letting the sea in on the crops; pausing at Beaubassin, the -head of Fundy Bay, in August, to set the yellow wheat fields in flames! -Then he sailed back to Boston with French prisoners enough to insure an -exchange for the English held at Quebec. - -No sooner had English sails disappeared over the sea than the French -came out of the woods. St. Castin rebuilt his fort in Maine. The -local Governor, who had held on with his gates shut and cannon pointed -while Church ravaged Port Royal village, now strengthened his walls. -Acadia took a breath and went on as before,--a little world in itself, -with the pirate ships slipping in and out, loaded to the water line -with Boston booty; with the buccaneer Basset throwing his gold round -like dust; with the brave soldier Bonaventure losing his head and -losing his heart to the painted lady, Widow Freneuse, who came from -nobody knew where and lived nobody knew how, and plied her mischief of -winning the hearts of other women's husbands. "She must be sent away," -thundered the priest from the pulpit, straight at the garrison officer -whose heart she dangled as her trophy. "She must be sent away," -thundered the King's mandate; but the King was in France, and Madame -Freneuse {196} wound her charms the tighter round the hearts of the -garrison officers, and bided her time, to the scandal of the parish and -impotent rage of the priest. Was she vixen or fool, this fair snake -woman with the beautiful face, for whose smile the officers risked -death and disgrace? Was she spy or adventuress? She signed herself as -"Widow Freneuse," and had applied to the King for a pension as having -grown sons fighting in the Indian wars. She will come into this story -again, snakelike and soft-spoken, and appealing for pity, and fair to -look upon, but leaving a trail of blood and treachery and disgrace -where she goes. - -The fur trade of Port Royal at this time was controlled by a family -ring of La Tours and Charnisays, descendants of the ancient foes; and -they lived a life of reckless gayety, spiced with all the excitement of -war and privateering and matrimonial intrigue. Such was life _inside_ -Port Royal. _Outside_ was the quiet peace of a home-loving, -home-staying peasantry. Few of the farmers could read or write. The -houses were little square Norman cottages,--"wooden boxes" the -commandant called them,--with the inevitable porch shaded by the fruit -trees now grown into splendid orchards. By diking out the sea the -peasants farmed the marsh lands and saved themselves the trouble of -clearing the forests. Trade was carried on with Boston and the West -Indies. No card money here! The farmers of Acadia demanded coin in -gold from the privateers who called for cargo, and it is said that in -time of such raids as Colonel Church's, great quantities of this gold -were carried out by night and buried in huge pots,--as much as 5000 -louis d'ors (pounds) in one pot,--to be dug up after the raiders had -departed. Naturally, as raids grew frequent, men sometimes made the -mistake of digging up other men's pots, and one officer lost his -reputation over it. All his knowledge of the outside world, of -politics, of religion, the Acadian farmer obtained from his parish -priest; and the word of the curé was law. - -Encouraged by Church's success and stung by the raids of French -corsairs from Port Royal, New England set herself seriously to the task -of conquering Acadia. Colonel March sailed {197} from Boston with one -thousand men and twenty-three transports, and on June 6, 1707, came -into Port Royal. Misfortunes began from the first. March's men were -the rawest of recruits,--fishermen, farmers, carpenters, turned into -soldiers. Unused to military discipline, they resisted command. A -French guardhouse stood at the entrance to Port Royal Basin, and -fifteen men at once fled to the fort with warning of the English -invasion. Consequently, when Colonel March and Colonel Appleton -attempted to land their men, they were serenaded by the shots of an -ambushed foe. Also French soldiers deserted to the English camp with -fabulous stories about the strength of the French under Subercase. -These yarns ought to have discredited themselves, but they struck -terror to the hearts of March's green fighters. Then came St. Castin -from St. John River with bushrovers to help Subercase. To the -amazement of the French the English hoisted sail and returned, on June -16, without having fired more than a round of shot. The truth is, -March's carpenters and fishermen refused to fight, though -reënforcements joined them halfway home and they made a second attempt -on Port Royal in August. March returned to Boston heartbroken, for his -name had become a byword to the mob, and he was greeted in the streets -with shouts of "Old Wooden Sword!" - - -While Boston was attempting to wreak vengeance on Acadia for the -raiders of Quebec, the bushrovers from the St. Lawrence continued to -scourge the outlying settlements of New England. To post soldiers on -the frontier was useless. Wherever there were guards the raiders -simply passed on to some unprotected village, and to have kept soldiers -along the line of the whole frontier would have required a standing -army. Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, northern New -York,--on the frontier of each reigned perpetual terror. And the -fiendish work was a paying business to the pagan Indian; for the -Christian white men paid well for all scalps, and ransom money could -always be extorted for captives. Barely had the Boston raid on Port -Royal failed, when Governor de Vaudreuil of Quebec {198} retaliated by -turning his raiders loose on Haverhill. The English fleet failed at -Port Royal in June. By dawn of Sunday, August 29, Hertel de Rouville -had swooped on the English village of Haverhill with one hundred -Canadian bushrovers and one hundred and fifty Indians. The story of -one raid is the story of all; so this one need not be told. As the -raiders were discovered at daylight, the people had a chance to defend -themselves, and some of the villagers escaped, the family of one being -hidden by a negro nurse under tubs in the cellar. Alarm had been -carried to the surrounding settlements, and men rode hot haste in -pursuit of the forty prisoners. Hertel de Rouville coolly sent back -word, if the pursuers did not desist, all the prisoners would be -scalped and left on the roadside. Some fifty English had fallen in the -fight, but the French lost fifteen, among them young Jared of -Verchéres, brother of the heroine. - -[Illustration: CONTEMPORARY PLAN OF PORT ROYAL BASIN] - -The only peace for Massachusetts was the peace that would be a victory, -and again New England girded herself to the task of capturing Acadia. -It was open war now, for the crowns of England and France were at odds. -The troops were commanded by General Francis Nicholson, an English -officer who brought out four war ships and four hundred trained -marines. There were, besides, thirty-six transports and three thousand -provincial troops, clothed and outfitted by Queen Anne of England. -Sunday, September 24, 1710, the fleet glides majestically into Port -Royal Basin. That night the wind blew a hurricane and the transport -_Caesar_ went aground with a crash that smashed her timbers to kindling -wood and sent twenty-four men to a watery grave; but General Nicholson -gave the raw provincials no time for panic fright. Day dawn, Monday, -drums rolling a martial tread, trumpets blowing, bugles setting the -echoes flying, flags blowing to the wind in the morning sun, he -commanded Colonel Vetch to lead the men ashore. Inside Port Royal's -palisades Subercase, the French commander, had less than three hundred -men, half that number absolutely naked of clothing, and all short of -powder. There were not provisions to last a month; but, game to his -soul's marrow, as all the warriors of {199} those early days, Subercase -put up a brave fight, sending his bombs singing over the heads of the -English troops in a vain attempt to baffle the landing. Nicholson -retaliated by moving his bomb ship, light of draught, close to the -French fort and pouring a shower of bombs through the roofs of the -French fort. Spite of the wreck the night before, by four o'clock -Monday afternoon all the English had landed in perfect order and high -spirits. Slowly the English forces swung in a circle completely round -the fort. Again and again, by daylight and dark, Subercase's naked -soldiers rushed, screeching the war whoop, to ambush and stampede the -English line; but Nicholson's regulars stood the fire like rocks, and -the desperate sortie of the French ended in fifty of Subercase's -soldiers deserting en masse to the English. By Friday Nicholson's guns -were all mounted in place to bombard the little wooden fort. Subercase -was desperate. Women and children from the settlement had crowded into -the fort for protection, and were now crazed with fear by the bursting -bombs, while the naked soldiers could be kept on the walls only at the -sword point of their commanding officers. {200} For two hundred French -to have held out longer against three thousand five hundred English -would have been madness. Subercase made the presence of the women in -Port Royal an excuse to send a messenger with flag of truce across to -Nicholson, asking the English to take the women under their protection. -Nicholson might well have asked what protection the French raiders had -accorded the women of the New England frontiers; but he sent back -polite answer that "as he was not warring on women and children" he -would receive them in the English camp, meanwhile holding Subercase's -messenger prisoner, as he had entered the English camp without warning, -eyes unbound. Sunday, October 1, the English bombs again began singing -overhead. Subercase sends word he will capitulate if given honorable -terms. For a month the parleying continues. Then November 13 the -terms are signed on both sides, the English promising to furnish ships -to carry the garrison to some French port and pledging protection to -the people of the settlement. November 14 the French officers and -their ladies come across to the English camp and breakfast in pomp with -the English commanders. Seventeen New England captives are hailed -forth from Port Royal dungeons, "all in rags, without shirts, shoes, or -stockings." On the 16th Nicholson draws his men up in two lines, one -on each side of Port Royal gates, and the two hundred French soldiers -marched out, saluting Nicholson as they passed to the transports. On -the bridge, halfway out, French officers meet the English officers, -doff helmets, and present the keys to the fort. For the last time Port -Royal changes hands. Henceforth it is English, and in gratitude for -the Queen's help Nicholson renamed the place as it is known -to-day,--Annapolis. Among the raiders capitulating is the famous -bushrover Baron St. Castin of Maine. - - -When Nicholson returned to Boston all New England went mad with -delight. Thanksgiving services were held, joy bells rang day and night -for a week, and bonfires blazed on village commons to the gleeful -shoutings of rustic soldiers returned to the home settlements glorified -heroes. - -{201} - -[Illustration: PAUL MASCARENE] - -At Annapolis (Port Royal) Paul Mascarene, a French Huguenot of Boston, -has mounted guard with two hundred and fifty New England volunteers. -Colonel Vetch is nominally the English governor; but Vetch is in Boston -the most of the time, and it is on Mascarene the burden of governing -falls. His duties are not light. Palisades have been broken down and -must be repaired. Bombs have torn holes in the fort roofs, and all -that winter the rain leaks in as through a sieve. The soldier -volunteers grumble and mope and sicken. And these are not the least of -Paul Mascarene's troubles. French priests minister to the Acadian -farmers outside the fort, to the sinister Indians ever lying in ambush, -to the French bushrovers under young St. Castin across Fundy Bay on St. -John River. Not for love or money can Mascarene buy provisions from -the Acadians. Not by threats can he compel them to help mend the -breaches in the palisades. The young commandant was only twenty-seven -years of age, but he must have guessed whence came the unspoken -hostility. The first miserable winter wears slowly past and the winter -of 1711 is setting in, with the English garrison even more poverty -stricken than the year before, when there drifts into Annapolis Basin, -in a birch canoe paddled by a New Brunswick Indian, a white woman with -her little son. She has come, she says, from the north side of Fundy -Bay, because the French {202} on St. John River are starving. Whether -the story be true or false matters little. It was the Widow Freneuse, -the snake woman of mischief-making witchery, who had woven her spells -round the officers in the days of the French at Port Royal. True or -false, her story, added to her smile, excited sympathy, and she was -welcomed to the shelter of the fort. It had been almost impossible for -the English to obtain trees to repair the walls of the fort, and -seventy English soldiers were sent out secretly by night to paddle up -the river in a whaleboat for timber. Who conveyed secret warning of -this expedition to the French bushraiders outside? No doubt the fair -spy, Widow Freneuse, could have told if she would; but five miles from -Port Royal, where the river narrowed to a place ever since known as -Bloody Brook, a crash of musket shots flared from the woods on each -side. Painted Indians, and Frenchmen dressed as Indians, among whom -was a son of Widow Freneuse, dashed out. Sixteen English were killed, -nine wounded, the rest to a man captured, to be held for ransoms -ranging from 10 pounds to 50 pounds. Oddly enough, the very night -after the attack, before news of it had come to Annapolis, the Widow -Freneuse disappears from the fort. Henceforth Paul Mascarene's men -kept guard night and day, and slept in their boots. Ever like a -sinister shadow of evil moved St. Castin and his raiders through the -Acadian wildwoods. - -Only one thing prevented the French recapturing Port Royal at this -time. All troops were required to defend Quebec itself from invasion. - - -Nicholson's success at Port Royal spurred England and her American -colonies to a more ambitious project,--to capture Quebec and subjugate -Canada. This time Nicholson was to head twenty-five hundred provincial -troops by way of Lake Champlain to the St. Lawrence, while a British -army of twelve thousand, half soldiers, half marines, on fifteen -frigates and forty-six transports, was to sail from Boston for Quebec. -The navy was under command of Sir Hovender Walker; the army, of General -Jack Hill, a court favorite of Queen Anne's, more noted for {203} his -graces than his prowess. The whole expedition is one of the most -disgraceful in the annals of English war. The fleet left Boston on -July 30, 1711, Nicholson meanwhile waiting encamped on Lake Champlain. -Early in August the immense fleet had rounded Sable Island and was off -the shores of Anticosti. Though there was no good pilot on board, the -two commanders nightly went to bed and slept the sleep of the just. -Off Egg Islands, on the night of August 22, there was fog and a strong -east wind. Walker evidently thought he was near the south shore, -ignorant of the strong undertow of the tide here, which had carried his -ships thirty miles off the course. The water was rolling in the lumpy -masses of a choppy cross sea when a young captain of the regulars -dashed breathlessly into Walker's stateroom and begged him "for the -Lord's sake to come on deck, for there are reefs ahead and we shall all -be lost!" - -With a seaman's laugh at a landsman's fears, the Admiral donned -dressing gown and slippers and shuffled up to the decks. A pale moon -had broken through the ragged fog wrack, and through the white light -they plainly saw mountainous breakers straight ahead. Walker shouted -to let the anchor go and drive to the wind. Above the roar of breakers -and trample of panic-stricken seamen over decks could be heard the -minute guns of the other ships firing for help. Then pitch darkness -fell with slant rains in a deluge. The storm abated, but all night -long, above the boom of an angry sea, could be heard shrieks and -shoutings for help; and by the light of the Admiral's ship could be -seen the faces of the dead cast up by the moil of the sea. Before dawn -eight transports had suffered shipwreck and one thousand lives were -lost. - -It was a night to put fear in the hearts of all but very brave men, and -neither Walker nor Hill proved man enough to stand firm to the shock. -Walker ascribed the loss to the storm and the storm to Providence; and -when war council was held three days later Jack Hill, the court dandy, -was only too glad of excuse to turn tail and flee to England without -firing a gun. Poor old Nicholson, waiting with his provincials up on -Lake Champlain, {204} goes into apoplexy with tempests of rage and -chagrin, when he hears the news, stamping the ground, tearing off his -wig, and shouting, "Rogues! rogues!" He burns his fort and disbands -his men. - -The Peace of Utrecht in 1713 for the time closed the war. France had -been hopelessly defeated in Europe, and the terms were favorable to -England. - -All of Hudson Bay was to be restored to the English; but--note well--it -was not specified where the boundaries were to be between Hudson Bay -and Quebec. That boundary dispute came down as a heritage to modern -days--thanks to the incompetency and ignorance of the statesmen who -arranged the treaty. - -Acadia was given to England, but Cape Breton was retained by the -French, and--note well--it was not stated whether Acadia included New -Brunswick and Maine, as the French formerly contended, or included only -the peninsula south of the Bay of Fundy. That boundary dispute, too, -came down. - -Newfoundland was acknowledged as an English possession, but the French -retained the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, with fishing -privileges on the shores of Newfoundland. That concession, too, has -come down to trouble modern days,--thanks to the same defenders of -colonial interests. - -The Iroquois were acknowledged to be subjects of England, but it was -not stated whether that concession included the lands of the Ohio -raided and subjugated by the Iroquois; and that vagueness was destined -to cost both New France and New England some of its best blood. - - -It has been stated, and stated many times without dispute, that when -England sacrificed the interests of her colonies in boundary -settlements, she did so because she was in honor bound to observe the -terms of treaties. One is constrained to ask whose ignorance was -responsible for the terms of those treaties. - -Looking back on the record so far,--both of France and England,--which -has spent the more both of substance and of life for defense; the -mother countries or the colonies? - - - - -{205} - -CHAPTER XI - -FROM 1713 TO 1755 - -La Vérendrye's adventuring to the West--Adventurers reach Lake -Winnipeg--From Assiniboine to Missouri--Intrigue with Indians--The -building of Louisburg--The siege of the great fort--Jokes bandied by -fighters--Quarrels left unsettled--Beyond the Alleghenies--Washington -and Jumonville--Braddock's march--Defeat of Braddock--Abbé Le -Loutre--The Acadians--Deportation of French--At Lake Champlain--Dieskau -defeated - - -What with clandestine raids and open wars, it might be thought that the -little nation of New France had vent enough for the buoyant energy of -its youth. While the population of the English colonies was nearing -the million mark, New France had not 60,000 inhabitants by 1759. Yet -what had the little nation, whose mainspring was at Quebec, -accomplished? Look at the map! Her bushrovers had gone overland to -Hudson Bay far north as Nelson. Before 1700 Duluth had forts at -Kaministiquia (near modern Fort Williams) on Lake Superior. Radisson, -Marquette, Jolliet, and La Salle had blazed a trail to the Mississippi -from what is now Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico. By 1701 La Motte -Cadillac had built what is now Detroit in order to stop the progress of -the English traders up the lakes to Michilimackinac; and by 1727 the -Company of the Sioux had forts far west as Lake Pepin. With Quebec as -the hub of the wheel, draw spokes across the map of North America. -Where do they reach? From Quebec to the Gulf of Mexico, to the -Missouri, to the Upper Mississippi, to Lake Superior, to Hudson Bay. -Who blazed the way through these far pathless wilds? Nameless -wanderers dressed in rags and tatters,--outcasts of society, forest -rovers lured by the Unknown as by a siren, soldiers of fortune, -penniless, in debt, heartbroken, slandered, persecuted, driven by the -demon of their own genius to earth's ends,--and to ruin! - -Spite of clandestine raids and open wars, New France was now setting -herself to stretch the lines of her discoveries farther westward. - - -It will be remembered it was at Three Rivers that the Indians of the Up -Country paused on their way down the St. Lawrence. {206} From the days -of Radisson in 1660 the passion for discovery had been in the very air -of Three Rivers. In this little fort was born in 1686 Pierre Gaultier -Varennes de La Vérendrye, son of a French officer. From childhood the -boy's ear must have been accustomed to the uncouth babblings of the -half-naked Indians, whose canoes came swarming down the river soon as -ice broke up in spring. One can guess that in his play the boy many a -time simulated Indian voyageur, bushrover, coming home clad in furs, -the envy of the villagers. At fourteen young Pierre had decided that -he would be a great explorer, but destiny for the time ruled otherwise. -At eighteen he was among the bushraiders of New England. Nineteen -found him fighting the English in Newfoundland. Then came the honor -coveted by all Canadian boys,--an appointment to the King's army in -Europe. Young La Vérendrye was among the French forces defeated by the -great Marlborough; but the Peace of Utrecht sent him back to Canada, -aged twenty-seven, to serve in the far northern fur post of Nepigon, -eating his heart out with ambition. - -It was here the dreams of his childhood emerged like a commanding -destiny. Old Indian chief Ochagach drew maps on birch bark of a trail -to the Western Sea. La Vérendrye took canoe for Quebec, and, with -heart beating to the passion of a secret ambition, laid the drawings -before Governor Beauharnois. He came just in the nick of time. -English traders were pressing westward. New France lent ready ear for -schemes of wider empire. The court could grant no money for -discoveries, but it gave La Vérendrye permission for a voyage and -monopoly in furs over the lands he might discover; but the lands must -be found before there would be furs, and here began the mundane worries -of La Vérendrye's glory. - -Montreal merchants outfitted him, but that meant debt; and his little -party of fifty grizzled woodrovers set out with their ninety-foot birch -canoes from Montreal on June 8, 1731. Three sons were in his party and -a nephew, Jemmeraie, from the Sioux country of the west. Every foot -westward had been consecrated by heroism to set the pulse of -red-blooded men jumping. There {207} was the seigniory of La Chine, -named in derision of La Salle's project to find a path to China. There -was the Long Sault, where Dollard had fought the Iroquois. There were -the pink granite islands of Georgian Bay, where the Jesuits had led -their harried Hurons. There was Michilimackinac, with the brawl of its -vice and brandy and lawless traders from the woods, where La Motte -Cadillac ruled before going to found Detroit. Seventy-eight days from -Montreal, there were the pictured rocks of Lake Superior, purple and -silent and deep as ocean, which Radisson had coasted on his way to the -Mississippi. Then La Vérendrye came to Duluth's old stamping -ground--Kaministiquia. - -[Illustration: LA VÉRENDRYE'S FORTS AND THE RIVER OF THE WEST (After -Jeffery's map, 1762)] - - -The home-bound boats were just leaving the fur posts for the St. -Lawrence. Frosts had already stripped the trees of foliage, and winter -would presently lock all avenues of retreat in six months' ice. La -Vérendrye's men began to doubt the wisdom of chasing a will-o'-the-wisp -to an unknown Western Sea. The explorer sent half the party forward -with his nephew Jemmeraie and his son Jean, while he himself remained -at Kaministiquia with the mutineers to forage for provisions. {208} -Winter found Jemmeraie's men on the Minnesota side of Rainy Lake, where -they built Fort Pierre and drove a rich trade in furs with the encamped -Crees. In summer of 1732 came La Vérendrye, his men in gayest apparel -marching before the awe-struck Crees with bugle blowing and flags -flying. Then white men and Crees advanced in canoes to the Lake of the -Woods, coasting from island to island through the shadowy defiles of -the sylvan rocks along the Minnesota shore to the northwest angle. -Here a second winter witnessed the building of a second post, Fort St. -Charles, with four rows of fifteen-foot palisades and thatched-roofed -log cabins. The Western Sea seemed far as ever,--like the rainbow of -the child, ever fleeing as pursued,--and La Vérendrye's merchant -partners were beginning to curse him for a rainbow chaser. He had been -away three years, and there were no profits. Suspicious that he might -be defrauding them by private trade or sacrificing their interests to -his own ambitions, they failed to send forward provisions for this -year. La Vérendrye was in debt to his men for three years' wages, in -debt to his partners for three years' provisions. To fail now he dared -not. Go forward he could not, so he hurried down to Montreal, where he -prevailed on the merchants to continue supplies by the simple argument -that, if they stopped now, there would be total loss. - -Young Jean La Vérendrye and Jemmeraie have meanwhile descended Winnipeg -River's white fret of waterfalls to Winnipeg Lake, where they build -Fort Maurepas, near modern Alexander,--and wait. Fishing failed. The -hunt failed. The winter of 1735-1736 proved of such terrible severity -that famine stalked through the western woods. La Vérendrye's three -forts were reduced to diet of skins, moccasin soup, and dog meat. In -desperation Jemmeraie set out with a few voyageurs to meet the -returning commander, but privation had undermined his strength. He -died on the way and was buried in his hunter's blanket beside an -unknown stream between Lake Winnipeg and the Lake of the Woods. -Accompanied by the priest Aulneau, young Jean de La Vérendrye decided -to rush canoes down from the Lake of the Woods to Michilimackinac for -food and powder. A furious pace was {209} to be kept all the way to -Lake Superior. The voyageurs had risen early one morning in June, and -after paddling some miles through the mist had landed to breakfast when -a band of marauding Sioux fell on them with a shout. The priest -Aulneau fell pierced in the head by a stone-pointed arrow. Young Jean -La Vérendrye was literally hacked to pieces. Not a man of the -seventeen French escaped, and Massacre Island became a place of ill -omen to the French from that day. At last came the belated supplies, -and by February of 1737 La Vérendrye had moved his main forces west to -Lake Winnipeg. This was no Western Sea, though the wind whipped the -lake like a tide,--which explained the Indian legend of an inland -ocean. Though it was no Western Sea, it was a new empire for France. -The bourne of the Unknown still fled like the rainbow, and La Vérendrye -still pursued. - -[Illustration: MAP PUBLISHED IN PARIS IN 1752 SHOWING THE SUPPOSED SEA -OF THE WEST] - -Down to Quebec for more supplies with tales of a vast Beyond Land! -Back to Lake Winnipeg by September of 1738 with canoes gliding up the -muddy current of Red River for the Unknown Land of the Assiniboines; -past Nettley Creek, then known as Massacre Creek or Murderers' River, -from the Sioux having slain the encamped wives and children of the Cree -who had gone to Hudson Bay with their furs; between the wooded banks of -what are now East and West Selkirk, flat to left, high to right; -tracking up the Rapids of St. Andrews, thick oak woods to east, {210} -rippling prairie russet in the autumn rolling to the west,--La -Vérendrye and his voyageurs came to the forks of Red River and the -Assiniboine, or what is now known as the city of Winnipeg. Where the -two rivers met on the flats to the west were the high scaffoldings of -an ancient Cree graveyard, bizarre and eerie and ghostlike between the -voyageurs and the setting sun. On the high river bank of what is now -known as Assiniboine Avenue gleamed the white skin of ten Cree tepees, -where two war chiefs waited to meet La Vérendrye. Drawing up their -canoes near where the bridge now spans between St. Boniface and -Winnipeg, the voyageurs came ashore. - -It was a fair scene that greeted them, such a scene as any westerner -may witness to-day of a warm September night when the sun hangs low -like a blood-red shield, and the evening breeze touches the rustling -grasses of the prairie beyond the city to the waves of an ocean. It -was not the Western Sea, but it was a Sea of Prairie. It was a New -World, unbounded by hill or forest, spacious as the very airs of -heaven, fenced only by the blue dip of a shimmering horizon. It was a -world, though La Vérendrye knew it not, five times larger than New -France, half as big as all Europe. He had discovered the Canadian -Northwest. - -One can guess how the tired wanderers at rest beneath the uptilted -canoes that night wondered whither their quest would lead them over the -fire-dyed horizon where the sun was sinking as over a sea. The Cree -chiefs told them of other lands and other peoples to the south, "who -trade with a people who dwelt on the great waters beyond the mountains -of the setting sun,"--the Spaniards. - -Leaving men to knock up a trading post near the suburb now known as -Fort Rouge, La Vérendrye, on September 26, steers his canoes up the -shallow Assiniboine far as what is now known as Portage La Prairie, -where a trail leads overland to the Saskatchewan and so down to the -English traders of Hudson Bay. But this is not the trail to the -Western Sea; La Vérendrye's quest is set towards those people "who live -on the great waters to the south." - -{211} - -[Illustration: MAP SHOWING THE SUPPOSED SEA OF THE WEST, WITH -APPROACHES TO THE MISSISSIPPI AND GREAT LAKES, PARIS, 1755] - -Fort de La Reine is built at the Portage of the Prairie, and October -18, to beat of drum, with flag flying, La Vérendrye marches forth with -fifty-two men towards Souris River for the land of the Mandanes on the -Missouri. December 3 he is welcomed to the Mandane villages; but here -is no Western Sea, only the broad current of the Missouri rolling -turbulent and muddy southward towards the Mississippi; but the Mandanes -tell of a people to the far west, "who live on the great waters bitter -for drinking, who dress in armor and dwell in stone houses." These -must be the Spaniards. La Vérendrye's quest has become a receding -phantom. Leaving men to learn the Missouri dialects, La Vérendrye -marched in the teeth of mid-winter storms back to the Portage of the -Prairie on the Assiniboine. Of that march, space forbids to tell. A -blizzard raged, driving the fine snows into eyes and skin like hot -salt. When the marchers camped at night they had to bury themselves in -snow to keep from freezing. Drifts covered all landmarks. The men -lost their bearings, doubled back on their own tracks, were -frost-bitten, buffeted by the storm, and short of food. Christmas -{212} was passed in the camps of wandering Assiniboines, and February -10, 1739, the fifty men staggered, weak and starving, back to the -Portage of the Prairie. - -The wanderings of La Vérendrye and his sons for the next few years led -southwestward far as the Rockies in the region of Montana, -northwestward far as the Bow River branch of the Saskatchewan. -Meanwhile, all La Vérendrye's property had been seized by his -creditors. Jealous rivals were clamoring for possession of his fur -posts. The King had conferred on him the Order of the Cross of St. -Louis, but eighteen years of exposure and worry had broken the -explorer's health. On the eve of setting out again for the west he -died suddenly on the 6th of December, 1749, at Montreal. - -Look again at the map! The spokes of the wheel running out from Quebec -extend to the Gulf of Mexico on the south, to the Rockies on the west, -to Hudson Bay on the north. And the population of New France does not -yet number 60,000 people. Is it any wonder French Canadians look back -on these days as the Golden Age? - - -And while the bushrovers of Canada are pushing their way through the -wilderness westward, there come slashing, tramping, swearing, stamping -through the mountainous wilds of West and East Siberia the Cossack -soldiers of Peter the Great, led by the Dane, Vitus Bering, bound on -discovery to the west coast of America. La Vérendrye's men have -crossed only half a continent. Bering's Russians cross the width of -two continents, seven thousand miles, then launch their crazily planked -ships over unknown northern seas for America. From 1729 to August of -1742 toil the Russian sea voyagers. Their story is not part of -Canada's history. Suffice to say, December of 1741 finds the Russian -crews cast away on two desert islands of Bering Sea west of Alaska, now -known as the Commander Islands. Half the crew of seventy-seven perish -of starvation and scurvy. Bering himself lies dying in a sandpit, with -the earth spread over him for warmth. Outside the sand holes, {213} -where the Russians crouch, scream hurricane gales and white billows and -myriad sea birds. The ships have been wrecked. The Russians are on an -unknown island. Day dawn, December 8, lying half buried in the sand, -Bering breathes his last. On rafts made of wreckage the remnant of his -crew find way back to Asia, but they have discovered a trail across the -sea to a new land. Fur hunters are moving from the east, westward. -Fur hunters are moving from the west, eastward. These two tides will -meet and clash at a later era. - - -The Treaty of Utrecht had stopped open war, but that did not prevent -the bushrovers from raiding the border lands of Maine, of -Massachusetts, of New York. The story of one raid is the story of all, -and several have already been related. Now comes a half century of -petty war that raged on the border lands from Saratoga and Northfield -to Maine and New Brunswick. The story of these "little wars," as the -French called them, belongs more to the history of the United States -than Canada. - -Nor did the Peace of Utrecht stop the double dealing and intrigue by -which European rulers sought to use bigoted missionaries and ignorant -Indians as pawns in the game of statecraft. - -"Sentiments of opposition to the English in Acadia must be secretly -fostered," commanded the King of France in 1715, two years after Acadia -had been deeded over to England. "The King is pleased with the efforts -of Père Rasle to induce the Indians not to allow the English to settle -on their lands," runs the royal dispatch of 1721 regarding the border -massacres of Maine. "Advise the missionaries in Acadia to do nothing -that may serve as a pretext for sending them out of the country, but -have them induce the Indians to organize enterprises against the -English," command the royal instructions of 1744. "The Indians," -writes the Canadian Governor, "can be depended on to bring in the -scalps of the English as long as we furnish ammunition. This is the -opinion of the missionary, M. Le Loutre." Again, from the Governor of -New France: "If the settlers of {214} Acadia hesitate to rise against -their English masters, we can employ threats of the Indians and force. -It is inconceivable that the English would try to remove these people. -Letters from M. Le Loutre report that his Indians have intercepted -dispatches of the English officers. M. Le Loutre will keep us informed -of everything in Acadia. We have furnished him with secret signals to -our ships, which will tell us of every movement on the part of the -enemy." - - -Of all the hotbeds of intrigue, Acadia, from its position, had become -the worst. Here was a population of French farmers, which in half a -century had increased to 12,000, held in subjection by an English -garrison at Annapolis of less than two hundred soldiers so destitute -they had neither shoes nor stockings, coats nor bedding. The French -were guaranteed in the Treaty of Utrecht the freedom and privileges of -their religion by the English; but in matters temporal as well as -spiritual they were absolutely subject to priests, acting as spies for -the Quebec plotters. - -France, as has been told, retained Cape Breton (Isle Royal) and Prince -Edward Island (Isle St. Jean), and the Treaty of Utrecht had hardly -been signed before plans were drawn on a magnificent scale for a French -fort on Cape Breton to effect a threefold purpose,--to command the sea -towards Boston, to regain Acadia, to protect the approach to the River -St. Lawrence. - -The Island of Cape Breton is like a hand with its fingers stuck out in -the sea. The very tip of a long promontory commanding one of the -southern arms of the sea was chosen for the fort that was to be the -strongest in all America. On three sides were the sea, with outlying -islands suitable for powerful batteries and a harbor entrance that was -both narrow and deep. To the rear was impassable muskeg--quaking moss -above water-soaked bog. Two weaknesses only had the fort. There were -hills to right and left from which an enemy might pour destruction -inside the walls, but the royal engineers of France depended on the -outlying island batteries preventing any enemy gaining possession of -these hills. By 1720 walls thirty-six feet thick had encircled {215} -an area of over one hundred acres. Outside the rear wall had been -excavated a ditch forty feet deep and eighty wide. Bristling from the -six bastions of the walls were more than one hundred and eighty heavy -cannon. Besides the two batteries commanding the entrance to the -harbor was an outer Royal Battery of forty cannon directly across the -water from the fort, on the next finger of the island. Twenty years -was the fort in building, costing what in those days was regarded as an -enormous sum of money,--equal to $10,000,000. Such was Louisburg, -impregnable as far as human foresight could judge,--the refuge of -corsairs that preyed on Boston commerce; the haven of the schemers who -intrigued to wean away the Acadians from English rule, the guardian -sentinel of all approach to the St. Lawrence. - -"It would be well," wrote the King the very next year after the treaty -was signed, "to attract the Acadians to Cape Breton, but act with -caution." And now twenty years had passed. Some Acadians had gone to -Cape Breton and others to Prince Edward Island; but statecraft judged -the simple Acadian farmer would be more useful where he was,--on the -spot in Acadia, ready to rebel when open war would give the French of -Louisburg a chance to invade. - -Late in 1744 Europe breaks into that flame of war known as the Austrian -Succession. Before either Quebec or Boston knows of open war, -Louisburg has word of it and sends her rangers burning fishing towns -and battering at the rotten palisades of Annapolis (Port Royal). Port -Royal is commanded by that same Paul Mascarene of former wars, grown -old in service. The French bid him save himself by surrender before -their fleet comes. Though Mascarene has less than a hundred men, the -weather is in his favor. It is September. Winter will drive the -invaders home, so he sends back word that he will bide his time till -the hostile fleet comes. As for the Abbé Le Loutre, let the -treacherous priest beware how he brings his murderous Indians within -range of the fort guns! Meanwhile the Acadian habitants are threatened -with death if they do not rise to aid the {216} French, but they too -bide their time, for if they rebel and fail, that too means death; and -"_the Neutrals_" refuse to stir till the invaders, from lack of -provisions, are forced to decamp, and the Abbé Le Loutre, with his -black hat drawn down over his eyes, vanishes into forest with his crew -of painted warriors. - -News of the war and of the ravaging of Acadian fishing towns set -Massachusetts in flame. To Boston, above all New England towns, was -Louisburg a constant danger. The thing seemed absolute stark -madness,--the thoughtless daring of foolhardy enthusiasts,--but it is -ever enthusiasm which accomplishes the impossible; and April 30, 1745, -after only seven weeks of preparation, an English fleet of sixty-eight -ships--some accounts say ninety, including the whalers and transports -gathered along the coast towns--sails into Gabarus Bay, behind -Louisburg, where the waters have barely cleared of ice. William -Pepperrell, a merchant, commands the four thousand raw levies of -provincial troops, the most of whom have never stepped to martial music -before in their lives. Admiral Warren has come up from West India -waters with his men-of-war to command the united fleets. Early Monday -morning, against a shore wind, the boats are tacking to land, when the -alarm bells begin ringing and ringing at Louisburg and a force of one -hundred and fifty men dashes downshore for Flat Cove to prevent the -landing. Pepperrell out-tricks the enemy by leaving only a few boats -to make a feint of landing at the Cove, while he swings his main fleet -inshore round a bend in the coast a mile away. Here, with a prodigious -rattling of lowered sails and anchor chains, the crews plunge over the -rolling waves, pontooning a bridge of small boats ashore. By nightfall -the most of the English have landed, and spies report the harbor of -Louisburg alive with torches where the French are sinking ships to -obstruct the entrance and setting fire to fishing stages that might -interfere with cannon aim. The next night, May 1, Vaughan's New -Hampshire boys--raw farmers, shambling in their gait, singing as they -march--swing through the woods along the marsh {217} behind the fort, -and take up a position on a hill to the far side of Louisburg, creating -an enormous bonfire with the French tar and ships' tackling stored -here. The result of this harmless maneuver was simply astounding. It -will be recalled that Louisburg had an outer battery of forty cannon on -this side. The French soldiers holding this battery mistook the -bonfire for the {218} English attacking forces, and under cover of -darkness abandoned the position,--battery, guns, powder and all,--which -the English promptly seized. This was the Royal Battery, which -commanded the harbor and could shell into the very heart of the fort. - -[Illustration: WILLIAM PEPPERRELL] - -The next thing for the English was to get their heavy guns ashore -through a rolling surf of ice-cold water. For two weeks the men stood -by turns to their necks in the surf, steadying the pontoon gangway as -the great cannon were trundled ashore; and this was the least of their -difficulties. The question was how to get their cannon across the -marsh behind the fort to the hill on the far side. The cannon would -sink from their own weight in such a bog, and either horses or oxen -would flounder to death in a few minutes. Again, the fool-hardy -enthusiasm of the raw levies overcame the difficulty. They built large -stone boats, raft-shaped, such as are used on farms to haul stones over -ground too rough for wagons. Hitching to these, teams of two hundred -men stripped to midwaist, they laboriously hauled the cannon across the -quaking moss to the hills commanding the rear of the fort, bombs and -balls whizzing overhead all the while, fired from the fort bastions. -It was cold, damp spring weather. The men who were not soaked to their -necks in surf and bog were doing picket duty alongshore, sleeping in -their boots. Consequently, in three weeks, half Pepperrell's force -became deadly ill. At this time, within two days, occurred both a -cheering success and a disheartening rebuff. A French man-of-war with -seventy cannon and six hundred men was seen entering Louisburg. As if -in panic fright, one of the small English ships fled. The French ship -pursued. In a trice she was surrounded by the English fleet and -captured. The flight of the little vessel had been a trick. A few -days later four hundred English in whaleboats attempted the mad project -of attacking the Island Battery at the harbor entrance. The boats set -out about midnight with muffled oars, but a wind rose, setting a -tremendous surf lashing the rocks, and yet the invaders might have -succeeded but for a piece of rashness. A hundred men had gained the -shore when, with the thoughtlessness of schoolboys, they uttered a -jubilant yell. {219} Instantly, porthole, platform, gallery, belched -death through the darkness. The story is told that a raw New England -lad was in the act of climbing the French flagstaff to hang out his own -red coat as English flag when a Swiss guard hacked him to pieces. The -boats not yet ashore were sunk by the blaze of cannon. A few escaped -back in the darkness, but by daylight over one hundred English had been -captured. Cannon, mortars, and musketoons were mounted to command the -fort inside the walls, and a continuous rain of fire began from the -hills. In vain Duchambon, the French commander, waited for -reënforcements from Canada. Convent, hospital, barracks, all the -houses of the town, were peppered by bombs till there was not a roof -intact in the place. The soldiers, of whom there were barely two -thousand, were ready to mutiny. The citizens besought Duchambon to -surrender. Provisions ran out. Looking down from the tops of the -walls, cracking jokes with the English across the ditch, the French -soldiers counted more than a thousand scaling ladders ready for -hand-to-hand assault, and a host of barrels filled with mud behind -which the English sharpshooters crouched. It had just been arranged -between Warren and Pepperrell that the {220} former should attack by -sea while the latter assaulted by land, when on June 16 the French -capitulated. How the New England enthusiasts ran rampant through the -abandoned French fort need not be told. How Parson Moody, famous for -his long prayers, hewed down images in the Catholic chapel till he was -breathless and then came to the officers' state dinner so exhausted -that when asked to pronounce blessing he could only mutter, "Good Lord, -we have so much to thank Thee for, time is too short; we must leave it -to eternity. Amen"; how the New Englanders, unused to French wines, -drank themselves torpid on the stores of the fort cellar; how the -French the next year made superhuman effort to regain Louisburg, only -to have a magnificent fleet of one hundred and fifty sail wrecked on -Sable Island, Duke d'Anville, the commander, dying of heartbreak on his -ship anchored near Halifax, his successor killing himself with his own -sword,--cannot be told here. Louisburg was the prize of the war, and -England threw the prize away by giving it back to France in the Treaty -of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. The English government paid back the -colonies for their outlay, but of all the rich French pirate ships -loaded with booty, captured at Louisburg by leaving the French flag -flying, not a penny's worth went to the provincial troops. Warren's -seamen received all the loot. - -[Illustration: RUINS OF THE FORTIFICATIONS AT LOUISBURG] - - -Like all preceding treaties, the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle left -unsettled the boundaries between New France and New England. In -Acadia, in New York, on the Ohio, collisions were bound to come. - -In Acadia the English send their officers to the Isthmus of Chignecto -to establish a fort near the bounds of what are now Nova Scotia and New -Brunswick. The priestly spy, Louis Joseph Le Loutre, leads his wild -Micmac savages through the farm settlement round the English fort, -setting fire to houses putting a torch even to the church, and so -compelling the habitants of the boundary to come over to the French and -take sides. The treaty has restored Louisburg to the French, but the -very {221} next year England sends out Edward Cornwallis with two -thousand settlers to establish the English fort now known as Halifax. -By 1752 there are four thousand people at the new fort, though the -Indian raiders miss no occasion to shoot down wayfarers and farmers; -and the French Governor at Quebec continues his bribes--as much as -eight hundred dollars a year to a man--to stir up hostility to the -English and prevent the Acadian farmers taking the oath of fidelity to -England. So much for the peace treaty in Acadia. It was not peace; it -was farce. - -[Illustration: CONTEMPORARY PLAN OF THE ATTACK ON LOUISBURG] - -In New York state matters were worse. The Iroquois had been -acknowledged allies of the English, and before 1730 the English fort at -Oswego had been built at the southeast corner of Lake Ontario to catch -the fur trade of the northern tribes coming down the lakes to New -France, and to hold the Iroquois' friendship. Also, as French traders -pass up the lake to Fort Frontenac (Kingston) and Niagara with their -national flag flying from the prow of canoe and flatboat, chance -bullets from the {222} English fort ricochet across the advancing -prows, and soldiers on the galleries inside Fort Oswego take bets on -whether they can hit the French flag. Prompt as a gamester, New France -checkmates this move. Peter Schuyler has been settling English farmers -round Lake Champlain. At Crown Point, long known as Scalp Point, where -the lake narrows and portage runs across to Lake George and the Mohawk -land, the French in 1731 erect a strong fort. As for the English -traders at Fort Oswego catching the tribes from the north, New France -counterchecks that by sending Portneuf in April of 1749, only a year -after the peace, to the Toronto portage where the Indians come from the -Upper Lakes by way of Lake Simcoe. What is now known as Toronto is -named Rouillé, after a French minister; and as if this were not -checkmate enough to the English advancing westward, the Sulpician -priest from Montreal, Abbé Picquet, zealously builds a fort straight -north of Oswego, on the south side of the St. Lawrence, to keep the -Iroquois loyal to France. Picquet calls his fort "Presentation." His -enemies call it "Picquet's Folly." It is known to-day as Ogdensburg. -Look at the map. France's frontier line is guarded by forts that stand -like sentinels at the gateways of all waters leading to the -interior,--Ogdensburg, Kingston, Toronto, Niagara, Detroit, -Michilimackinac, and La Vérendrye's string of forts far west as the -Rockies. New York's frontier line is guarded by one fort -only,--Oswego. Here too, as in Acadia, the peace is a farce. - -[Illustration: FORT PRESENTATION] - -But it was in the valley of the Ohio where the greatest struggle over -boundaries took place. One year after the peace, Céloron de Bienville -is sent in July, 1749, to take possession of the {223} Ohio for France. -France claims right to this region by virtue of La Salle's explorations -sixty years previously, and of all those French bushrangers who have -roved the wilds from the Great Lakes to Louisiana. Small token did -France take of La Salle's exploits while he lived, but great store do -her statesmen set by his voyages now that he has been sixty years dead. -"But pause!" commands the English Governor of Virginia. "Since time -immemorial have our traders wandered over the Great Smoky Mountains, -over the Cumberlands, over the Alleghenies, down the Tennessee and the -Kanawha and the Monongahela and the Ohio to the Mississippi." As a -matter of fact, one Major General Wood had in 1670 and 1674 sent his -men overland, if not so far as the Mississippi, then certainly as far -as the Ohio and the valley of the Mississippi. But Wood was a private -adventurer. For years his exploit had been forgotten. No record of it -remained but an account written by his men, Batts and Hallam. The -French declared the record was a myth, and it has, in fact, been so -regarded by the most of historians. Yet, curiously enough, ranging -through some old family papers of the Hudson's Bay Company in the -Public Records, London, I found with Wood's own signature his record of -the trip across the mountains to the Indians of the Ohio and the -Mississippi. It is probable that the {224} English cared quite as much -for claims founded on La Salle's voyage as the French cared for claims -founded on the horseback trip of Major General Wood's men. The fact -remained: here were the English traders from Virginia pressing -northward by way of the Ohio; here were the French adventurers pressing -south by way of the Ohio. As in Acadia and New York, peace or no -peace, a clash was inevitable. - -[Illustration: CONTEMPORARY VIEW OF OSWEGO] - - -Duquesne has come out governor of Canada, and by 1753 has dispatched a -thousand men into the Ohio valley, who blaze a trail through the -wilderness and string a line of forts from Presqu' Isle (Erie) on Lake -Erie southward to Fort Duquesne at the junction of the Allegheny and -Monongahela, where Pittsburg stands to-day. - -One December night at Fort Le Boeuf, on the trail to the Ohio, the -French commandant was surprised to see a slim youth of twenty years -ride out of the rain-drenched, leafless woods, followed by four or five -whites and Indians with a string of belled pack-horses. The young -gentleman introduces himself with great formality, though he must use -an interpreter, for he does not speak French. He is Major George -Washington, sent by Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia to know why the -French have been seizing the fur posts of English traders in this -region. The French commander, Saint Pierre, receives the young -Virginian courteously, plies master and men with such lavish -hospitality that Washington has much trouble to keep his drunk Indians -from deserting, and dismisses his visitor with the smooth but bootless -response that as France and England are at peace he cannot answer -Governor Dinwiddie's message till he has heard from the Governor of -Canada, Marquis Duquesne. Not much satisfaction for emissaries who had -forded ice-rafted rivers and had tramped the drifted forests for three -hundred miles. - -[Illustration: GOVERNOR DINWIDDIE OF VIRGINIA] - -By January of 1754 Washington is back in Virginia. By May he is on the -trail again, blazing a path through the wilderness down the Monongahela -towards the French fort; for what purpose one may guess, though these -were times of piping peace. Come {225} an old Indian chief and an -English bushwhacker one morning with word that fifty French raiders are -on the trail ten miles away; for what purpose one may guess, spite of -peace. Instantly Washington sends half a hundred Virginia frontiersmen -out scouting. They find no trace of raiders, but the old chief picks -up the trail of the ambushed French. Here they had broken branches -going through the woods; there a moccasin track punctures the spongy -mold; here leaves have been scattered to hide camp ashes. At midnight, -with the rain slashing through the forest black as pitch, Washington -sets out with forty men, following his Indian guide. Through the dark -they feel rather than follow the trail, and it is a slow but an easy -trick to those acquainted with wildwood travel. Leave the path by as -much as a foot length and the foliage lashes you back, or the windfall -trips you up, or the punky path becomes punctured beneath moccasin -tread. By day dawn, misty and gray in the May woods, the English are -at the Indian camp and march forward escorted by the redskins, single -file, silent as ghosts, alert as tigers. Raindrip swashes on the -buckskin coats. Muskets are loaded and carefully cased from the wet. -The old chief stops suddenly . . . and points! There lie the French in -a rock ravine sheltered by the woods like a cave. The next instant the -French had leaped up with a whoop. Washington shouted "Fire!" When -the smoke of the musket crash cleared, ten French lay dead, among them -their officer, Jumonville; {226} and twenty-two others surrendered. No -need to dispute whether Washington was justified in firing on thirty -bush rovers in time of peace! The bushrovers had already seized -English forts and were even now scouring the country for English -traders. For a week their scouts had followed Washington as spies. - -Expecting instant retaliation from Fort Duquesne, Washington retreated -swiftly to his camping place at Great Meadows and cast up a log -barricade known as Fort Necessity. A few days later comes a company of -regular troops. By July 1 he has some four hundred men, but at Fort -Duquesne are fourteen hundred French. The French wait only for orders -from Quebec, then march nine hundred bushrovers against Washington. -July 3, towards midday, they burst from the woods whooping and yelling. -Washington chose to meet them on the open ground, but the French were -pouring a cross fire over the meadow; and to compel them to attack in -the open, Washington drew his men behind the barricade. By nightfall -the Virginians were out of powder. Twelve had been killed and -forty-three were wounded. Before midnight the French beat a parley. -All they desired was that the English evacuate the fort. To fight -longer would have risked the extermination of Washington's troops. -Terms of honorable surrender were granted, and the next day--the day -which Washington was to make immortal, July 4--the English retreated -from Fort Necessity. Such was the peace in the Ohio valley. - -Though the peace is still continued, England dispatches in 1755 two -regiments of the line under Major General Braddock to protect Virginia, -along with a fleet of twelve men-of-war under Admiral Boscawen. France -keeps up the farce by sending out Baron Dieskau with three thousand -soldiers and Admiral La Motte with eighteen ships. Coasting off -Newfoundland, the English encounter three of the French ships that have -gone astray in the fog. "Is it peace or war?" shout the French across -decks. "Peace," answers a voice from the English deck; and -instantaneously a hurricane cannonade rakes the decks of the French, -killing eighty. Two of the French ships surrendered. The other -escaped through the fog. Such was the peace! - -{227} So began the famous Seven Years' War; and Major General Braddock, -in session with the colonial governors, plans the campaign that is to -crush New France's pretensions south of the Great Lakes. Acadia, Lake -Champlain, the Ohio,--these are to be the theaters of the contest. - -[Illustration: TITLE-PAGE OF WASHINGTON'S JOURNAL] - -Braddock himself, accompanied by Washington, marches with twenty-two -hundred men over the Alleghenies along the old trail of the Monongahela -against Fort Duquesne. Of Braddock, the least said the better. A -gambler, full of arrogant contempt towards all people and things that -were not British, hail-fellow-well-met to his boon companions, -heartless towards all outside the pale of his own pride, a blustering -bully yet dogged, and withal a gentleman after the standard of the age, -he was neither better nor worse than the times in which he lived. Of -Braddock's men, fifteen hundred were British regulars, the rest -Virginian bushfighters; and the redcoat troops held such contempt -towards the buckskin frontiersmen that friction arose from the first -about the relative rank of regulars and provincials. From the time -they set out, the troops had been retarded by countless delays. There -was trouble buying up supplies of beef cattle {228} among the -frontiersmen. Scouts scoured the country for horses and wagons to haul -the great guns and heavy artillery. Braddock's high mightiness would -take no advice from colonials about single-file march on a bush trail -and swift raids to elude ambushed foes. Everything proceeded slowly, -ponderously, with the system and routine of an English guardroom. -Scouts to the fore and on both flanks, three hundred bushwhackers went -ahead widening the bridle path to a twelve-foot road for the wagons; -and along this road moved the troops, five and six abreast, the red -coats agleam through the forest foliage, drums rolling, flags flying, -steps keeping time as if on parade, Braddock and his officers mounted -on spirited horses, the heavy artillery and supply wagons lagging far -behind in a winding line. - -[Illustration: A SKETCH OF THE FIELD OF BATTLE AT BRADDOCK'S DEFEAT] - -What happened has been told times without number in story and history. -It was what the despised colonials feared and any bushranger could have -predicted. July 9, in stifling heat, the marchers had come to a loop -in the Monongahela River. Braddock thought to avoid the loop by -fording twice. He was now within eight miles of Fort Duquesne--the -modern Pittsburg. Though Indian raiders had scalped some wanderers -from the trail and insolent messages had been occasionally found -scrawled in French on birch trees, not a Frenchman had been seen on the -march. The advance guard had crossed the second ford about midday when -the road makers at a little opening beyond the river saw a white man -clothed in buckskin, but wearing an officer's badge, dash out of the -woods to the fore, wave his hat, . . . and disappear. A moment later -the well-known war whoop of the French bushrovers tore the air to -tatters; and bullets rained from ambushed foes in a sheet of fire. In -vain the English drums rolled . . . and rolled . . . and soldiers -shouted, "The King! God save the King!" One officer tried to rally -his men to rush the woods, but they were shot down by a torrent of -bullets from an unseen foe. The Virginian bushfighters alone knew how -to meet such an emergency. Jumping from tree to tree for shelter like -Indians dancing sideways to avoid the enemy's aim, they had broken from -rank to fight in bushman fashion when Braddock {229} came galloping -furiously from the rear and ordered them back in line. What use was -military rank with an invisible foe? As well shoot air as an unseen -Indian! Again the Virginians broke rank, and the regulars, huddled -together like cattle in the shambles, fired blindly and succeeded only -in hitting their own provincial troops. Braddock stormed and swore and -rode like a fury incarnate, roaring orders which no one could hear, -much less obey. Five horses were shot under him and the dauntless -commander had mounted a fresh one when the big guns came plunging -forward; but the artillery on which Braddock had pinned his faith only -plowed pits in the forest mold. Of eighty officers, sixty had fallen -and a like proportion of men. Braddock ordered a retreat. The march -became a panic, the panic frenzied terror, the men who had stood so -stolidly under withering fire now dashing in headlong flight from the -second to the first ford and back over the trail, breathless as if -pursued by demons! Artillery, cattle, supplies, dispatch boxes,--all -were abandoned. Washington's clothes had been riddled by bullets, but -he had escaped injury. Braddock reeled from his horse mortally -wounded, to be carried {230} back on a litter to that scene of -Washington's surrender the year before. Four days later the English -general died there. Of the English troops, more than a thousand lay -dead, blistering in the July sun, maimed and scalped by the Indians. -Braddock was buried in his soldier's coat beside the trail, all signs -of the grave effaced to prevent vandalism. - -[Illustration: PLAN OF FORT BEAUSÉJOUR] - -Of all the losses the most serious were the dispatch boxes; for they -contained the English plans of campaign from Acadia to Niagara, and -were carried back to Fort Duquesne, where they put the French on guard. -The jubilant joy at the French fort need not be described. When he -heard of the English advance, Contrecoeur, the commander, had been -cooped up with less than one thousand men, half of whom were Indians. -Had Braddock once reached Fort Duquesne, he could have starved it into -surrender without firing a gun, or shelled it into kindling wood with -his heavy artillery. Beaujeu, an officer under Contrecoeur, had -volunteered to go out and meet the English. "My son, my son, will you -walk into the arms of death?" demanded the Indian chiefs. "My fathers, -will you allow me to go alone?" answered Beaujeu; and out he sallied -with six hundred picked men. It was Beaujeu whom Braddock's men had -seen dash out and wave his hat. The brave Frenchman fell, shot at the -first {231} volley from the English, and his Indian friends avenged his -death by roasting thirty English prisoners alive. - - -The Isthmus of Chignecto, or the boundary between New Brunswick and -Nova Scotia, was the scene of the border-land fights in Acadia. To -narrate half the forays, raids, and ambuscades would require a volume. -Fights as gallant as Dollard's at the Sault waged from Beauséjour, the -French fort north of the boundary, to Grand Pré and Annapolis, where -the English were stationed. After the founding of Halifax the Abbé Le -Loutre, whose false, foolish counsels had so often endangered the -habitant farmer, moved from his mission in the center of Acadia up to -Beauséjour on the New Brunswick side. Here he could be seen with his -Indians toiling like a demon over the trenches, when Monckton, the -English general, came on June 1, 1855, with the British fleet, to land -his forces at Fort Lawrence, the English post on the south side. -Colonel Lawrence was now English governor of Acadia, and he had decided -with Monckton that once and for all the French of Acadia must be -subjugated. The French of Beauséjour had in all less than fifteen -hundred men, half of whom were simple Acadian farmers forced into -unwilling service by the priest's threats of Indian raid in this world -and damnation in the next. Day dawn of June 4 the bugles blew to arms -and the English forces, some four thousand, had marched to the south -shore of the Missaguash River, when the French on the north side -uttered a whoop and emitted a clatter of shots. Black-hatted, -sinister, tireless, the priest could be seen urging his Indians on. -The English brought up three field cannon and under protection of their -scattering fire laid a pontoon bridge. Crossing the river, they -marched within a mile of the fort. That night the sky was alight with -flame; for Vergor, the French commander, and Abbé Le Loutre set fire to -all houses outside the fort walls. In a few days the English cannon -had been placed in a circle round the fort, and set such strange music -humming in the ears of the besieged that the Acadian farmers deserted -and the priest nervously thought of flight. Louisburg {232} could send -no aid, and still the bombs kept bursting through the roofs of the fort -houses. One morning a bomb crashed through the roof of the breakfast -room, killing six officers on the spot; and the French at once hung out -the white flag; but when the English troops marched in on June 16, at -seven in the evening, Le Loutre had fled overland through the forests -of New Brunswick for Quebec. - -There scant welcome awaited the renegade priest. The French governors -had been willing to use him as their tool at a price ($800 a year), but -when the tool failed of its purpose they cast him aside. Le Loutre -sailed for France, but his ship was captured by an English cruiser and -he was imprisoned for eight years on the island of Jersey. - -[Illustration: GENERAL MONCKTON] - -Meanwhile, how was fate dealing with the Acadian farmers? Ever since -the Treaty of Utrecht they had been afraid to take the oath of -unqualified loyalty to England, lest New France, or rather Abbé Le -Loutre, let loose the hounds of Indian massacre on their peaceful -settlements. Besides, had not the priest assured them year in and year -out that France would recover Acadia and put to the sword those -habitants who had forsworn France? And they had been equally afraid to -side with the French, for in case of failure the burden of punishment -would fall on them alone. For almost half a century they had been -known as _Neutrals_. Of their population of 12,000, 3000 had been -lured away to Prince Edward Island and Cape Breton. When Cornwallis -had founded Halifax he had intended to wait only till the English were -firmly established, when he would demand an oath of unqualified -allegiance from {233} the Acadians. They, on their part, were willing -to take the oath with one proviso,--that they should never be required -to take up arms against the French; or they would have been willing to -leave Acadia, as the Treaty of Utrecht had provided, in case they did -not take the oath of allegiance. But in the early days of English -possession the English governors were not willing they should leave. -If the Acadians had migrated, it would simply have strengthened the -French in Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick. -Obstructions had been created that prevented the supply of transports -to move the Acadians. The years had drifted on, and a new generation -had grown up, knowing nothing of treaty rights, but only that the -French were threatening them on one side if they did not rise against -England, and the English on the other side if they did not take oath of -unqualified allegiance. Cornwallis had long since left Halifax, and -Lawrence, the English governor, while loyal to a fault, was, like -Braddock, that type of English understrapper who has wrought such -irreparable injury to English prestige purely from lack of sympathetic -insight with colonial conditions. For years before he had become -governor, Lawrence's days had been embittered by the intrigues of the -French with the Acadian farmers. He had been in Halifax when the Abbé -Le Loutre's Indian brigands had raided and slain as many as thirty -workmen at a time near the English fort. He had been at the Isthmus of -Chignecto that fatal morning when some Indians dressed in the suits of -French officers waved a white flag and lured Captain Howe of the -English fort across stream, where they shot him under flag of truce in -cold blood. - -These are not excuses for what Lawrence did. Nothing can excuse the -infamy of his policy toward the Acadians. There are few blacker crimes -in the history of the world; but these facts explain how a man of -Lawrence's standing could assume the responsibility he did. In -addition, Lawrence was a bigoted Protestant. He not only hated the -Acadians because they were French; he hated them as "a colony of -rattlesnakes" because they were Catholics; and being an Englishman, he -despised them {234} because they were colonials. France and England -were now on the verge of the great struggle for supremacy in America. -Eighteen French frigates had come to Louisburg and three thousand -French regulars to Quebec. If Lawrence did not yet know that Braddock -had been defeated on July 9 at Duquesne,--as his friends declare in his -defense,--it is a strange thing; for by August the bloody slaughter of -the Monongahela was known everywhere else in America from Quebec to New -Spain. With Lawrence and Monckton and Murray and Boscawen and the -other English generals sent to conduct the campaign in Acadia, the -question was what to do with the French habitants. Let two facts be -distinctly stated here and with great emphasis: first, the colonial -officers, like Winslow from Massachusetts, knew absolutely nothing of -the English officers' plans; they were not admitted to the conferences -of the English officers and were simply expected to obey orders; -second, the English government knew absolutely nothing of the English -officers' course till it was too late for remedy. In fact, later -dispatches of that year inquire sharply what Lawrence meant by an -obscure threat to drive the Acadians out of the country. - -[Illustration: GENERAL JOHN WINSLOW] - -Did a darker and more sinister motive underlie the policy of Lawrence -and his friends? Poems, novels, histories have waged war of words over -this. Only the facts can be stated. Land to the extent of twenty -thousand acres each, which had belonged to {235} the Acadians, was -ultimately deeded to Lawrence and his friends. Charges of corruption -against Lawrence himself were lodged with the British government both -by mail and by personal delegates from Halifax. Unfortunately Lawrence -died in Halifax in 1760 before the investigation could take place; and -whether true or false, the odium of the charges rests upon his fame. - -What he did with the Acadians is too well known to require telling. In -secret conclave the infamous edict was pronounced. Quickly messengers -were sent with secret dispatches to the officers of land forces and -ships at Annapolis, at Mines, at Chignecto, to repair to the towns of -the Acadians, where, upon opening their dispatches, they would find -their orders, which were to be kept a secret among the officers. The -colonial officers, on reading the orders, were simply astounded. "It -is the most grievous affair that ever I was in, in my life," declared -Winslow. The edict was that every man, woman, and child of the -Acadians should be forcibly deported, in Lawrence's words, "in such a -way as to prevent the reunion of the colonists." The men of the -Acadian settlements were summoned to the churches to hear the will of -the King of England. Once inside, doors were locked, English soldiers -placed on guard with leveled bayonet, and the edict read by an officer -standing on the pulpit stairs or on a table. The Acadians were snared -like rats in a trap. Outside were their families, hostages for the -peaceable conduct of the men. Inside were the brothers and husbands, -hostages for the good conduct of the families outside. Only in a few -places was there any rioting, and this was probably caused by the -brutality of the officers. Murray and Monckton and Lawrence refer to -their prisoners as "Popish recusants," "poor wretches," "rascals who -have been bad subjects." While the Acadians were to be deported so -they could never reunite as a colony, it was intended to keep the -families together and allow them to take on board what money and -household goods they possessed; but there were interminable delays for -transports and supplies. From September to December the deportation -dragged on, and when the Acadians, patient as sheep at the shambles, -became restless, some of the ships were sent off {236} with the men, -while the families were still on land. In places the men were allowed -ashore to harvest their crops and care for their stock; but harvest and -stock fell to the victors as burning hayricks and barns nightly lighted -to flame the wooded background and placid seas of the fair Acadian -land. Before winter set in, the Acadians had been scattered from New -England to Louisiana. A few people in the Chignecto region had escaped -to the woods of New Brunswick, and one shipload overpowered its -officers and fled to St. John River; but in all, six thousand six -hundred people were deported. - -It is the blackest crime that ever took place under the British flag, -and the expulsion was only the beginning of the sufferers' woes. Some -people found their way to Quebec, but Quebec was destitute and in the -throes of war. The wanderers came to actual starvation. The others -wandered homeless in Boston, in New York, in Philadelphia, in -Louisiana. After the peace of 1763 some eight hundred gathered -together in Boston and began the long march overland through the -forests of Maine and New Brunswick, to return to Acadia. Singing -hymns, dragging their baggage on sleighs, pausing to hunt by the way, -these sad pilgrims toiled more than one thousand miles through forest -and swamp, and at the end of two years found themselves back in Acadia. -But they were like ghosts of the dead revisiting scenes of childhood! -Their lands were occupied by new owners. Of their herds naught -remained but the bleaching bone heaps where the lowing cattle had -huddled in winter storms. New faces filled their old houses. Strange -children rambled beneath the little dormer windows of the Acadian -cottages, and the voices of the boys at play in the apple orchards -shouted in an alien tongue. The very names of the places had vanished. -Beauséjour was now Cumberland. Beaubassin had become Amherst. -Cobequid was now Truro. Grand Pré was now known as Horton. The -heart-broken people hurried on like ghosts to the unoccupied lands of -St. Mary's Bay,--St. Mary's Bay, where long ago Priest Aubry had been -lost. Here they settled, to hew out for themselves a second home in -the wilderness. - -{237} It will be recalled that Braddock's plans had been captured by -the French, and those plans told Baron Dieskau, who had come out to -command the French troops, that the English under William Johnson, a -great leader of the Iroquois, inured to bush life like an Indian, were -to attack the French fort at Crown Point on Lake Champlain. Now -observe: on the Ohio, Braddock the regular had been defeated; in -Acadia, Lawrence and Monckton and Murray, the English generals, had -brought infamy across England's renown by their failure to understand -colonial conditions. At Lake Champlain the conditions are reversed. -Johnson, the English leader, is, from long residence in America, almost -a colonial. Dieskau, the commander of the French, is a veteran of -Saxon wars, but knows nothing of bushfighting. What happens? - -[Illustration: MAP OF ACADIA AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS, 1755] - -Dieskau had intended to attack the English at Oswego, but the plans for -Johnson on Lake Champlain brought the commander of the French rushing -up the Richelieu River with three thousand soldiers, part regulars, -part Canadians. Crown Point--called Fort Frederick by the French--was -reached in August. No English are here, but scouts bring word that -Johnson has built a fort on the south end of Lake George, and, leaving -only five hundred men to garrison it, is moving up the lake with his -main troops. - -{238} - -[Illustration: SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON] - -Fired by the French victories over Braddock, Dieskau planned to capture -the English fort and ambush Johnson on the march. Look at the map! -The south end of Lake Champlain lies parallel with the north end of -Lake George. The French can advance on the English one of two -ways,--portage over to Lake George and canoe up the lake to Johnson's -fort, or ascend the marsh to the south of Lake Champlain, then cross -through the woods to Johnson's fort. Dieskau chose the latter trail. -Leaving half his men to guard the baggage, Dieskau bade fifteen hundred -picked men follow him on swiftest march with provisions in haversack -for only eight days. September 8, 10 A.M., the marchers advance -through the woods on Johnson's fort, when suddenly they learn that -their scout has lied,--_Johnson himself is still at the fort_. Instead -of five hundred are four thousand English. Advancing along the trail -V-shape, regulars in the middle, Canadians and Indians on each side, -the French come on a company of five hundred English wagoners. In the -wild mêlée of shouts the English retreat in a rabble. "Pursue! March! -Fire! Force the place!" yells Dieskau, dashing forward sword in hand, -thinking to follow so closely on the heels of the rabble that he can -enter the English fort before the enemy know; but his Indians have -forsaken him, and Johnson's scouts have forewarned the approach of the -French. Instead of ambushing {239} the English, Dieskau finds his own -army ambushed. He had sneered at the un-uniformed plowboys of the -English. "The more there are, the more we shall kill," he had boasted; -but now he discovers that the rude bushwhackers, "who fought like boys -in the morning, at noon fought like men, and by afternoon fought like -devils." Their sharpshooters kept up a crash of fire to the fore, and -fifteen hundred doubled on the rear of his army, "folding us up," he -reported, "like a pack of cards." Dieskau fell, shot in the leg and in -the knee, and a bullet struck the cartridge box of the servant who was -washing out the wounds. - -[Illustration: CONTEMPORARY MAP OF THE REGION OF LAKE GEORGE] - -"Lay my telescope and coat by me, and go!" ordered Dieskau. "This is -as good a deathbed as anyplace. Go!" he thundered, seeing his second -officer hesitate. "Don't you see you are needed? Go and sound a -retreat." - -A third shot penetrated the wounded commander's bladder. Lying alone, -propped against a tree, he heard the drums rolling a retreat, when one -of the enemy jumped from the woods with pointed pistol. - -"Scoundrel!" roared the dauntless Dieskau; "dare to shoot a man -weltering in his blood." The fellow proved to be a Frenchman who had -long ago deserted to the English, and he muttered {240} out some excuse -about shooting the devil before the devil shot him; but when he found -out who Dieskau was, he had him carried carefully to Johnson's tent, -where every courtesy was bestowed upon the wounded commander. Johnson -himself lay wounded. - -All that night Iroquois kept breaking past the guard into the tent. - -"What do they want?" asked Dieskau feebly. - -"To skin you and eat you," returned Johnson laconically. Whose was the -victory? The losses had been about even,--two hundred and fifty on -each side. Johnson had failed to advance to Crown Point, but Dieskau -had failed to dislodge Johnson. If Dieskau had not been captured, it -is a question if either side would have considered the fight a victory. -As it was, New France was plunged in grief; joy bells rang in New -England. Johnson was given a baronetcy and 5000 pounds for his -victory. He had named the lake south of Lake Champlain after the -English King, Lake George. - -So closed the first act in the tragic struggle for supremacy in America. - - - - -{241} - -CHAPTER XII - -FROM 1756 TO 1763 - -Bigot at Quebec--New France on verge of ruin--Bigot's vampires suck -country's lifeblood--Scene on lake--Massacre at Fort William -Henry--Louisburg besieged--Surrender of famous fort--The attack at -Ticonderoga--Abercrombie's forces flee--Wolfe sails for Quebec--Signal -fires forewarn approach of enemy--Both sides become scalp -raiders--English fail at Montmorency--Slip silently down the great -river--The two armies face each other--Death of Montcalm--Why New -France fell - - -How stand both sides at the opening of the year 1756, on the verge of -the Seven Years' War,--the struggle for a continent? - -There has been open war for more than a year, but war is not formally -declared till May 18, 1756. - -Take Acadia first. - -The French have been expelled. The infamous Le Loutre is still in -prison in England, and when he is released, in 1763, he toils till his -death, in 1773, trying to settle the Acadian refugees on some of the -French islands of the English Channel. The smiling farms of Grand Pré -and Port Royal lie a howling waste. Only a small English garrison -holds Annapolis, where long ago Marc L'Escarbot and Champlain held -happy revel; and the seat of government has been transferred to -Halifax, now a settlement and fort of some five thousand people. So -much for the English. Across a narrow arm of the sea is Isle Royal or -Cape Breton, where the French are intrenched as at a second Gibraltar -in the fortress of Louisburg. Since the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle -restored the fort to the French, millions have been spent strengthening -its walls, adding to the armaments; but Intendant Bigot has had charge -of the funds, and Intendant Bigot has a sponge-like quality of -absorbing all funds that flow through his hands. Cannon have been -added, but there are not enough balls to go round. The walls have been -repaired, but with false filling (sand in place of mortar), so that the -first shatter of artillery will send them clattering down in wet -plaster. - -Take the Ohio next. - -"Beautiful River" is the highway between New France and Louisiana. By -Braddock's defeat the English have been driven out to a man. Matters -are a thousandfold worse than before, for {242} the savage allies of -the French now swarm down the bush road cut by Braddock's army and -carry bloody havoc to all the frontier settlements of Pennsylvania and -Virginia. How many pioneers perished in this border war will never be -known. It is a tale by itself, and its story is not part of Canada's -history. George Washington was the officer in charge of a thousand -bushfighters to guard this frontier. - -Take the valley of Lake Champlain. - -This is the highway of approach to Montreal north, to Albany south. -Johnson had defeated Dieskau here, but neither side was strong enough -to advance from the scene of battle into the territory of the enemy. -The English take possession of Lake George and intrench themselves at -the south end in Fort William Henry. Sir William Johnson strings a -line of forts up the Mohawk River towards Oswego on Lake Ontario, and -he keeps his forest rangers, under the famous scout Major Robert -Rogers, scouring the forest and mountain trails of Lake Champlain for -French marauder and news of what the French are doing. Rogers' -Rangers, too, are a story by themselves, but a story which does not -concern Canada. Skating and snowshoeing by winter, canoeing by night -in summer, Rogers passed and repassed the enemy's lines times without -number, as if his life were charmed, though once his wrist was shot -when he had nothing to stanch the blood but the ribbon tying his wig, -and once he stumbled back exhausted to Fort William Henry, to lie -raging with smallpox for the winter. Among the forest rangers of New -Hampshire and New York, Major Robert Rogers was without a peer. No -danger was too great, no feat too daring, for his band of scouts. The -English have established Fort William Henry at the south end of Lake -George. The French checkmate the move by strengthening Crown Point on -Lake Champlain and moving a pace farther south into English -territory,--to Carillon, where the waters of Lake George pour into -Champlain. Here on a high angle between the river and the lake, -commanding all travel north and south, the French build Carillon or -Fort Ticonderoga. - -{243} As for the Great Northwest, New France with her string of -posts--Frontenac, Niagara, Detroit, Michilimackinac, Kaministiquia -(Fort William), Fort Rogue (Winnipeg), Portage la Prairie--stretches -clear across to the foothills of the Rockies. The English fur traders -of Hudson Bay have, in 1754, sent Anthony Hendry up the Saskatchewan, -but when Hendry comes back with word of equestrian Indians--the -Blackfeet on horseback--and treeless plains, the English set him down -as a lying impostor. Indians on horseback! They had never seen -Indians but in canoes and on snowshoes! Hendry was dismissed as -unreliable, and no Englishman went up the Saskatchewan for another ten -years. - - -If the disasters of 1755 did nothing more, they at last stirred the -home governments to action. Earl Loudon is sent out in 1756 to command -the English, and to New France in May comes Louis Joseph, Marquis de -Montcalm, age forty-four, soldier, scholar, country gentleman, with a -staff composed of Chevalier de Lévis, Bourlamaque, and one -Bougainville, to become famous as a navigator. - -Though New France consists of a good three quarters of America, things -are in evil plight that causes Montcalm many sleepless nights. -Vaudreuil, the French governor, descendant of that Vaudreuil who long -ago set the curse of Indian warfare on the borders of New England, had -expected to be appointed chief commander of the troops and jealously -resents Montcalm's coming. With the Governor is leagued Intendant -Bigot, come up from Louisburg. Bigot is a man of sixty, of noble -birth, a favorite of the butterfly woman who rules the King of -France,--the Pompadour,--and he has come to New France to mend his -fortunes. How he planned to do it one may guess from his career at -Louisburg; but Quebec offered better field, and it was to Bigot's -interest to ply Montcalm and Vaudreuil with such tittle-tattle of -enmity as would foment jealousy, keep their attention on each other, -and their eyes off his own doings. As he had done at Louisburg, so he -now did at Quebec. The King was requisitioned for enormous sums to -strengthen the fort. Bigot's {244} ring of friends acted as -contractors. The outlay was enormous, the results trifling. "I -think," complained the King, "that Quebec must be fortified in gold, it -has cost so much." It was time of war. Enormous sums were to be -expended for presents to keep the Indians loyal; and the King complains -that he cannot understand how baubles of beads and powderhorns cost so -much, or how the western tribes seem to become more and more numerous, -or how the French officers, who distribute the presents, become -millionaires in a few years. A friend of Bigot's handled these funds. -There are meat contracts for the army. A worthless, lowbred scamp is -named commissary general. He handles these contracts, and he, too, -swiftly graduates into the millionaire class, is hail-fellow well met -with Bigot, drinks deep at the Intendant's table, and gambles away as -much as $40,000 in a single night. It is time of war, and it is time -of famine too; for the crops have failed. Every inhabitant between the -ages of fifteen and fifty has been drafted into the army. Not counting -Indians, there is an army of fifteen to twenty thousand to be fed; so -Bigot compels the habitants to sell him provisions at a low price. -These provisions he resells to the King for the army and to the -citizens at famine prices. The King's warehouse down by the -Intendant's palace becomes known as La Friponne,--The Cheat. - -And though the country is on verge of ruin, though poor people of the -three towns are rioting in the streets for food, old women cursing the -little wizened Intendant with his pimpled face as he rolls past -resplendent in carriage with horses whose harness is a blaze of silver, -the troops threatening to mutiny because they are compelled to use -horse flesh,--though New France is hovering over a volcano of disaster, -they dance to their death, thoughtless as butterflies, gay as children, -these manikin imitators of the French court, who are ruining New France -that they may copy the vices of an Old World playing at kingcraft. The -regular troops are uniformed in white with facings of blue and red and -gold and violet, three-cornered hat, and leather leggings to knee. -What with chapel bells ringing and ringing, and bugle {245} call and -counter call echoing back from Cape Diamond; what with Monsieur Bigot's -prancing horses and Madame Péan's flashy carriage,--Madame Péan of whom -Bigot is so enamored he has sent her husband to some far western post -and passes each evening at her gay receptions,--what with the grounding -of the sentry's arms and the parade of troops, Quebec is a gay place -these years of black ruin, and the gossips have all they can do to keep -track of the amours and the duels and the high personages cultivating -Madame Péan; for cultivated she must be by all who covet place or -power. A word from Madame Péan to Bigot is of more value than a bribe. -Even Montcalm and De Lévis attend her revels. - -[Illustration: RUINS OF CHÂTEAU BIGOT] - -Twenty people sup with Monsieur Bigot each night, either at the -Intendant's palace down by Charles River, or nine miles out towards -Beauport, where he has built himself the Forest Hermitage, now known as -Château Bigot,--a magnificent country manor house of red brick, hidden -away among the hills with the gay shrubberies of French gardens set -down in an American wilderness. Supper over by seven, the guests sit -down to play, and the amount a man may gamble is his social barometer, -whether {246} he lose or win, cheat or steal. If dancing follows -gambling, the rout will not disperse till seven in the morning. What -time is left of the twenty-four hours in a day will be devoted to -public affairs. - -Montcalm's salary is only 25,000 francs, or $5,000. To maintain the -dignity of the King, the commander in chief must keep the pace, and he -too gives weekly suppers, with places set for forty people, "whom I -don't know," he writes dejectedly to his wife, "and don't want to know; -and wish that I might spend the evenings quietly in my own chamber." -To Montcalm, who was of noble birth with no shamming, this lowbred -pretense and play at courtcraft became a bore; to his staff of -officers, a source of continual amusement; but De Lévis presently falls -victim to a pair of fine eyes possessed by the wife of another man. - -War filled the summers, but the winters were given up to social life; -and of all midwinter social gayeties the most important was the -official visit of the Governor and the Intendant to Montreal. By this -time a good road had been cut from Quebec to Montreal along the north -shore, and the sleighs usually set out in January or February. Bigot -added to the occasion all the prestige of a social rout. All the grand -dames and cavaliers of Quebec were invited. Baggage was sent on ahead -with servants to break the way, find quarters for the night, and -prepare meals. After a dinner at the Intendant's palace the sleighs -set out, two horses to each, driven tandem because the sleigh road was -too narrow for a team. Each sleigh held only two occupants, and to the -damage done by fair eyes was added the glow of exhilaration from -driving behind spirited horses in frosty air with the bells of a -hundred carryalls ringing across the snow. At seven was pause for -supper. High play followed till ten. Then early to bed and early to -rise and on the road again by seven in the morning! In Montreal was -one continual round of dinners and dances. Between times, appointments -were made to the military posts and trading stations of the Up-Country. -He who wanted a good post must pay his court to Madame Péan. No wonder -Montcalm breathed a sigh of relief when Lent put a stop to the gayeties -and he could quietly pass his evenings with the Sulpician priests. -{247} To break from Bigot's ring during the war was impossible. -Creatures of his choosing filled the army, handled the supplies, -controlled the Indians; and when the King's reproof became too sharp, -Bigot simply threatened to resign, which wrought consternation, for no -man of ability would attempt to unwind the tangle of Bigot's dishonesty -during a critical war. Montcalm wrote home complaints in cipher. The -French government bided its time, and Bigot tightened his vampire -suckers on the lifeblood of the dying nation. The whole era is a theme -for the allegory of artist or poet. - -[Illustration: PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, OTTAWA] - -[Illustration: QUEBEC, CHÂTEAU FRONTENAC AND THE CITADEL] - - -Montcalm had arrived in May of 1756. By midsummer he was leading three -thousand French artillerymen across Lake Ontario from Fort Frontenac -(Kingston), to attack the English post on the south side, Oswego. -Inside the fort walls were seven hundred raw English provincials, ill -of scurvy from lack of food. The result need scarcely be told. Seven -hundred ill men behind wooden walls had no chance against three -thousand soldiers in health with heavy artillery. To take the English -by surprise, Montcalm had crossed the lake on August 4 by night. Two -days later all the transport ships had landed the troops and the cannon -had actually been mounted before the English knew of the enemy's -presence. On the east side of the river was Fort Ontario, a barricade -of logs built in the shape of a star, housing an outguard of three -hundred and seventy men. On discovering the French, the sentry spiked -their cannon, threw their powder in the river, and retired at midnight -inside Oswego's walls. Working like beavers, Montcalm's men dragged -twenty cannon to a hill commanding the fort, known as "Fort Rascal" -because the outfort there was useless to the English. Before -Montcalm's cannonade Oswego's walls, plastered with clay and rubble, -fell like the staves of a dry barrel. The English sharpshooters then -hid behind pork barrels placed in three tiers filled with sand; but -Colonel Mercer, their officer, was literally cut in two by a cannon -shot, and the women, cooped up inside the barracks, begged the officers -to avoid Indian massacre by surrender. {248} A white flag was waved. -Including women, something under a thousand English surrendered -themselves prisoners to Montcalm. The Indians fell at once to mad -plunder. Spite of the terms of honorable surrender, the English were -stripped of everything, and only Montcalm's promise of $10,000 worth of -presents to the savages prevented butchery. The victors decamped to -Montreal, well pleased with the campaign of 1756. It need not be told -that there were constant raids and counter raids along the frontier -during the entire year. - -Loudon, the English commander, did not arrive in New York till well on -in midsummer of 1756, and he found far different material from the -trained bushfighters in the hands of Montcalm. The English soldiers -were raw provincial recruits, dressed, at best, in buckskin, but for -the most part in the rough homespun which they had worn when they had -left plow and carpenter's bench and fishing boat. While Montcalm was -capturing Oswego, Loudon was licking his rough recruits into shape, -"making men out of mud" for the campaign of 1757. Indeed, it was said -of Loudon, and the saying stuck to him as characteristic of his -campaign, that he resembled the wooden horse figure of a tavern -sign,--always on horseback but never rode forward. Instead of striking -at Lake Champlain or on the Ohio, where the French were aggressors, -Loudon planned to repeat the brilliant capture of Louisburg. July of -1857 found him at Halifax planting vegetable gardens to prevent -scurvy,--"the cabbage campaign" it was derisively called,--and waiting -for Gorham's rangers to reconnoiter Louisburg. Gorham's scouts brought -back word that the French admiral had come in with twenty-four -men-of-war and seven thousand men. To overpower such strength meant a -prolonged siege. It was already August. Loudon sailed back to New -York without firing a gun, while the English fleet, trying to -reconnoiter Louisburg, suffered terrible shipwreck. - -[Illustration: THE EARL OF LOUDON] - -Montcalm was not the enemy to let the chance of Loudon's absence from -the scene of action pass unimproved. While Loudon is pottering at -Halifax, Montcalm marshals his troops to the {249} number of eight -thousand, including one thousand Indians at Carillon or Ticonderoga, -where Lake George empties into Lake Champlain. Portaging two hundred -and fifty flatboats with as many birch canoes up the river, the French -invade the mountain wilderness of Lake George. Towards the end of -July, Lévis leads part of the troops by land up the west shore towards -the English post of Fort William Henry. Montcalm advances on the lake -with the flatboats and canoes, and the rafts with the heavy artillery. -Each night Lévis' troops kindle their signal fires on the mountain -slope, and each night Montcalm from the lake signals back with torches. -It needs artist's brush to paint the picture: the forested mountains -green and lonely and silent in the shimmering sunlight of the summer -sky; the lake gold as molten metal in the fire of the setting sun; the -soldiers in their gay uniforms of white and blue, hoisting tent cloths -on oar sweeps for sails as a breeze dimples the waters; the French -voyageurs clad in beaded buckskin chanting some ditty of Old-World fame -to the rhythmic dip of the Indian paddles; the Indians naked, painted -for war, with a glitter in their eyes of a sinister intent which they -have no mind to tell Montcalm; and then, at the south of Lake George, -nestling between the hills and the water, the little palisaded -fort,--Fort William Henry,--with gates fast shut and two thousand -bushfighters behind the walls, weak from an epidemic of smallpox, and, -as usual, so short of provisions that siege means starvation. - -{250} Twenty miles southeastward is another English fort,--Fort -Edward,--where General Webb with sixteen hundred men is keeping the -road barred against advance to Albany. Soon as scouts bring word to -Fort William Henry of the advancing French, Lieutenant Monro sends -frantic appeal to Webb for more men; but Webb has already sent all the -men he can spare. If he leaves Fort Edward, the French by a flank -movement through the woods can march on Albany, so Monro unplugs his -seventeen cannon, locks his gates, and bides his fate. - -Montcalm follows the same tactics as at Oswego,--brings heavy artillery -against slab walls. For the first week of August, eight hundred of his -men are digging trenches by night to avoid giving target for the fiery -bombs whizzing through the dark from Monro's cannon. By day they lie -hidden in the woods with a cordon of sharpshooters encircling the fort, -Montcalm encamped on the west to prevent help from Sir William Johnson -up the Mohawk, Lévis on the southeast to cut off aid from Webb. Monro -sends yet one last appeal for help: two thousand men against eight -thousand,--the odds are eloquent of his need! Montcalm's scouts let -the messenger pass through the lines as if unseen, but they make a -point of catching the return messenger and holding Webb's answer that -he cannot come, till their cannon have torn great wounds in the fort -walls. Then Bougainville blindfold carries Webb's answer to Monro and -demands the surrender of the fort. Monro still has a little -ammunition, still hopes against hope that Johnson or Webb or Loudon -will come to the rescue, and he keeps his big guns singing over the -heads of the French in their trenches till all the cannon have burst -but seven, and there are not ten rounds of shells left. Then Colonel -Young, with a foot shot off, rides out on horseback waving a white -flag. Three hundred English have been killed, as many again are -wounded or ill of smallpox, and to the remaining garrison of sixteen -hundred Montcalm promises safe conduct to General Webb at Fort Edward. -Then the English march out. That night--August 9--the vanquished -English camp with Montcalm's forces. The Indians, meanwhile, ramping -through the fort for plunder, {251} have maddened themselves with -traders' rum! Before daybreak they have butchered all the wounded -lying in the hospital and cut to pieces the men ill of smallpox,--a -crime that brought its own punishment in contagion. Next morning, when -the French guard tried to conduct the disarmed English along the trail -to Fort Edward, the Indians snatched at the clothing, the haversacks, -the tent kit of the marchers. With their swords the French beat back -the drunken horde. In answer, the war hatchets were waved over the -heads of the cowering women. The march became a panic; the panic, a -massacre; and for twenty-four hours such bedlam raged as might have put -fiends to shame. The frenzied Indians would listen to no argument but -blows; and when the English prisoners appealed to the French for -protection, the French dared not offend their savage allies by fighting -to protect the English victims. "Take to the woods," they warned the -men, and the women were quickly huddled back to shelter of the fort. -Of the men, sixty were butchered on the spot and some seven hundred -captured to be held for ransom. The remnant of the English soldiers, -along with the women, were held till the Indian frenzy had spent -itself, then sent to Fort Edward. August 16 a torch was put to the -combustibles of the fort ruins, and as the French boats glided out on -Lake George for the St. Lawrence, explosion after explosion, flame -leaping above flame, proclaimed that of Fort William Henry there would -remain naught but ashes and charred ruins and the skeletons of the -dead. So closed the campaign of 1857 [Transcriber's note: 1757?]. For -three years hand running England had suffered defeat. - - -The spring of 1758 witnessed a change. The change was the rise to -power of a man who mastered circumstances instead of allowing them to -master him. Such men are the milestones of human progress, whether -heroes, or quiet toilers unknown to the world. The man was Pitt, the -English statesman. Instead of a weak ministry fighting the -machinations of France, it was now Pitt versus Pompadour, the English -patriot against the light woman who ruled the councils of France. - -{252} From fighting weakly on the defensive, England sprang into the -position of aggressor all along the line. The French were to be -attacked at all points simultaneously, at Louisburg on the east, at -Ticonderoga or Carillon on Lake Champlain, at Duquesne on the Ohio, at -Frontenac on Lake Ontario, and finally at Quebec itself. London is -recalled as commander in chief. Abercrombie succeeds to the position, -with the brilliant young soldier, Lord Howe, as right-hand man; but -Pitt takes good care that there shall be good chiefs and good -right-hand men at _all_ points. The one mistake is Abercrombie,--"Mrs. -Nabby Crombie" the soldiers called him. He was an indifferent, -negative sort of man; and indifferent, negative sorts of people, by -their dishwater goodness, can sometimes do more harm in critical -positions than the branded criminal. Red tape had forced him on Pitt, -but Pitt trusted to the excellence of the subordinate officers, -especially Lord Howe. - -Louisburg first! - -No more dillydallying and delay "to plant cabbages!" The thing is to -reach Louisburg before the French have entered the harbor. Men-of-war -are stationed to intercept the French vessels coming from the -Mediterranean, and before winter has passed Admiral Boscawen has sailed -for America with one hundred and fifty vessels, including forty -men-of-war, frigates, and transports carrying twelve thousand men. -General Amherst is to command the land forces, and with Amherst is -Brigadier James Wolfe, age thirty-one, a tall, slim, fragile man, whose -delicate frame is tenanted by a lion spirit; or, to change the -comparison, by a motive power too strong for the weak body that held -it. By May the fleet is in Halifax. By June Amherst has joined -Boscawen, and the ships beat out for Louisburg through heavy fog, with -a sea that boils over the reefs in angry surf. - -Louisburg was in worse condition than during the siege of 1745. The -broken walls have been repaired, but the filling is false,--sand grit. -Its population is some four thousand, of whom three thousand eight -hundred are the garrison. On the ships lying in the harbor are three -thousand marines, a defensive force, in all, {253} of six thousand -eight hundred. On walls and in bastions are some four hundred and -fifty heavy guns, cannon, and mortars. Imagine a triangle with the -base to the west, the two sides running out to sea on the east. The -fort is at the apex. The wall of the base line is protected by a -marsh. On the northeast side is the harbor protected by reefs and -three batteries. Along the south side, Drucourt, the French commander, -has stationed two thousand men at three different points where landing -is possible, to construct batteries behind barricades of logs. - -[Illustration: BOSCAWEN] - -Fog had concealed the approach of the English, but such a ground swell -was raging over the reefs as threatened any ship with instant -destruction. For a week Amherst and Wolfe and Lawrence row up and down -through the roiling mist and raging surf and singing winds to take -stock of the situation. With those batteries at the landing places -there is only one thing to do,--cannonade them, hold their attention in -a life-and-death fight while the English soldiers scramble through the -surf for the shore. From sunrise to sundown of the 8th furious -cannonading set the green seas churning and tore up the French -barricades as by hurricane. At sunset the firing ceased, and three -detachments of troops launched out in whaleboats at three in the -morning, two of the detachments to make a feint of landing, while Wolfe -with the other division was to run through the surf for the shore at -Freshwater Cove. The French were not deceived. They let Wolfe -approach within range, when the log barricade flashed to flame with a -thousand sharpshooters. Wolfe had foreseen the snare and had waved his -{254} troops off when he noticed that two boat loads were rowing ashore -through a tremendous surf under shelter of a rocky point. Quickly he -signaled the other boats to follow. In a trice the boats had smashed -to kindling on the reefs, but the men were wading ashore, muskets held -high over head, powder pouches in teeth, and rushed with bayonets -leveled against the French, who had dashed from cover to prevent the -landing. This unexpected landing had cut the French off from -Louisburg. Retreating in panic, they abandoned their batteries and -fifty dead. The English had lost one hundred and nine in the surf. It -is said that Wolfe scrambled from the water like a drowned rat and led -the rush with no other weapon in hand but his cane. - -[Illustration: THE SIEGE OF LOUISBURG (From a contemporary print)] - -To land the guns through the jostling sea was the next task. It was -done, as in 1745, by a pontoon bridge of small boats, but the work took -till the 29th of June. Wolfe, meanwhile, has marched with twelve -hundred men round to the rear of the marsh and comes so suddenly on the -Grand and Lighthouse Batteries, which defend the harbor, that the -French abandon them to retreat within the walls. This gives the -English such control of the harbor entrance that Drucourt, the French -commander, sinks six of his ships across the channel to bar out -Boscawen's fleet, the masts of the sunken, vessels sticking above the -water. Amherst's men are working like demons, building a road for the -cannon across the marsh and trenching up to the back wall; but they -work only at night and are undiscovered by the French till the 9th of -July. Then the French rush out with a whoop to drive them off, but the -English already have their guns mounted, and Drucourt's men are glad to -dash for shelter behind the cracking walls. It now became a game of -cannon play pure and simple. Boscawen from harbor front hurls his -whistling bombs overhead, to crash through roofs inside the walls. -Wolfe from the Lighthouse Battery throws shells and flaming -combustibles straight into the midst of the remaining French fleet. At -last, on July 21st, masts, sails, tar ropes, take fire in a terrible -conflagration, and three of the fleet burn to the water line with -terrific explosions of their powder magazines; then the flames hiss out -above {255} the rocking hulls. Only two ships are left to the French, -and the deep bomb-proof casemates inside the fort between outer and -inner walls, where the families and the wounded have been sheltered, -are now in flame. Amherst loads his shells with combustibles and pours -one continuous rain of fiery death on the doomed fort. The houses, -which are of logs, flame like kindling wood, and now the timber work of -the stone bastions is burning from bombs hurtling through the roofs. -The walls crash down in masses. The scared surgeons, all bloody from -amputating shattered limbs, no longer stand in safety above their -operating tables. It is said that Madame Drucourt, the Governor's -wife, actually stayed on the walls to encourage the soldiers, with her -own hands fired some of the great guns, and, when the overworked -surgeons flagged from terror and lack of sleep, it was Madame Drucourt -who attended to the wounded. Drucourt is for holding out to the death, -until one dark night the English row into the harbor and capture his -two last ships. Then Drucourt asks for terms, July 26; but the terms -are stern,--utter surrender,--and Drucourt would have fought till every -man fell from the walls, had not one of the civil officers rushed after -the commander's messenger carrying {256} the refusal, and shouted -across the ditches to the English: "We accept! We surrender! We -accept your terms!" - -Counting soldiers, marines, and townspeople, in all five thousand -French pass over to Amherst, to be carried prisoners on Boscawen's -fleet to England. Wolfe was for proceeding at once to Quebec, but -Amherst considered the season too late and determined to complete the -work where he was. One detachment goes to receive the surrender of -Isle St. John, henceforth known as Prince Edward Island. Another -division proceeds up St. John River, New Brunswick, burning all -settlements that refuse unconditional surrender. Wolfe's grenadiers -are sent to reduce Gaspé and Miramichi and northern New Brunswick. And -now, lest blundering statecraft for a second time return the captured -fort to France, Amherst and Boscawen order the complete disarmament and -destruction of Louisburg. What cannon cannot be removed are tumbled -into the marsh or upset into the sea. The stones from the walls are -carried away to Halifax. By 1760, of Louisburg, the glory of New -France, the pride of America, there remains not a vestige but grassed -slopes overgrown by nettles, ditches with rank growth of weeds, stone -piles where the wild vines grow, and an inner yard where the cows of -the fisher folk pasture. - -Not a poor beginning for the campaign of 1758, though bad enough news -has come from Major General Abercrombie, which was the real explanation -of Amherst's refusal to push on to Quebec. - -Abercrombie, with fifteen thousand men, the pick of the regulars and -provincials, had launched out on Lake George on the 5th of July with -over one thousand boats, to descend the lake northward to the French -fort of Carillon or Ticonderoga. Again, it would require artist's -brush to paint the scene. Rogers' Rangers, dressed in buckskin, led -the way in birch canoes. Lord Howe was there, dressed like a -bushfighter; and with bagpipes setting the echoes ringing amid the -lonely mountains, were the Highland regiments in their tartan plaids. -Flags floated from the prow of every boat. Each battalion had its own -regimental {257} band. Scarcely a breath dimpled the waters of the -lake, and the sun shone without a cloud. Little wonder those who -passed through the fiery Aceldama that was to come, afterwards looked -back on this scene as the fairest in their lives. - -[Illustration: AMHERST] - -Montcalm had only arrived at Ticonderoga on June 30th. There was no -doubting the news. His bushrovers brought in word that the English -were advancing in such multitudes their boats literally covered the -lake. It looked as if the fate of Fort William Henry were to be -reversed. Montcalm never dreamed of Abercrombie attacking without -artillery. To stay cooped up in the fort would invite destruction. -Therefore Montcalm ordered his men out to construct a circular -breastwork from the River of the Chutes on the southeast, which empties -Lake George, round towards Lake Champlain on the northwest. Huge trees -were felled, pile on pile, top-most branches spiked and pointed -outwards. Behind these Montcalm intrenched his four thousand men, -lying in lines three deep, with grenadiers in reserve behind to step up -as the foremost lines fell. At a cannon signal from the fort the men -were to rise to their places, but not to fire till the English were -entangled in the brushwood. It was blisteringly hot weather. It is -said that the troops took off their heavy three-cornered hats and lay -in their shirt sleeves, hand on musket, speaking no word, but waiting. - -{258} On came the English in martial array, pausing in the Narrows at -five o'clock for the troops' evening meal, moving on before daylight of -July 6 to the landing place. The Rangers had brought in word that -Lévis was coming posthaste to Montcalm's aid. Abercrombie thought to -defeat Montcalm before reënforcements could come; and now he committed -his cardinal error. He advanced across the portage without his heavy -artillery. Halfway over, the voice of the French scouts rang out, "Who -goes there?" "French," answer the English soldiers; but the French -were not tricked. The ambushed scouts fired. Lord Howe, the very -spirit of the English army, dropped dead, shot through the breast, -though the English avenged his loss by cutting the French scouts to -pieces. On the night of the 7th the English army bivouacked in sight -of the French barricade. Promptly at twelve o'clock next day a cannon -shot from Ticonderoga brought every Frenchman behind the tree line to -his place at a leap. Abercrombie had ordered his men to rush the -barricade. There was fearful silence till the English were within -twenty paces of the trees. There they broke from quick march to a run -with a wild halloo! Death unerring blazed from the French -barricade,--not bullets only, but broken glass and ragged metal that -tore hideous wounds in the ranks of the English. Caught in the -brushwood, unable even to see their foes, the maddened troops wavered -and fell back. Again Abercrombie roared the order to charge. Six -times they hurled themselves against the impassable wall, and six times -the sharpshooters behind the lines met the advance with a rain of fire. -The Highland troops to the right went almost mad. Lord John Murray, -their commander, had fallen, and not a tenth of their number remained -unwounded; but the broadswords wrought small havoc against the spiked -branches of the log barricade. Obstinate as he was stupid, Abercrombie -kept his men at the bloody but futile attempt till the sun had set -behind the mountains, etching the sad scene with the long painted -shadows. Already almost two thousand English had fallen,--seven -hundred killed, the rest wounded. The French behind the barricade, -where Montcalm marched up and down in his shirt {259} sleeves, grimed -with smoke, encouraging the men, had lost less than four hundred. In a -spirit of hilarious bravado a young Frenchman sprang to the top of the -barricade and waved a coat on the end of his bayonet. Mistaking it for -a flag of surrender, the English ceased firing and dashed up with -muskets held on the horizontal above heads. They were actually scaling -the wall when a French officer, realizing the blunder, roared: "Shoot! -shoot! you fools! Don't you see those men will seize you?" - -[Illustration: THE COUNTRY ROUND TICONDEROGA] - -Cleaning guns and eating snatches of food, Montcalm's men slept that -night in their places behind the logs. Montcalm had passed from man to -man, personally thanking the troops for their valor. When daylight -came over the hills with wisps of fog like cloud banners from the -mountain tops, and the sunlight pouring gold mist through the valley, -the French rose and rubbed their eyes. They could scarcely believe it! -Surely Abercrombie would come back with his heavy guns. Like the mists -of the morning the English had vanished. Far down the lake they were -retreating in such panic terror they had left their baggage. Places -were found on the portage by French scouts where the English had fled -in such haste, marchers had lost their boots in the mud and not stopped -to {260} find them. Such was the battle of Carillon, or -Ticonderoga,--good reason for Amherst refusing to go on to Quebec. - - -The year closed with two more victories for the English. Brigadier -John Forbes and Washington succeeded in cutting their way up to Fort -Duquesne by a new road. They found the fort abandoned, and, taking -possession in November, renamed it Pittsburg after the great English -statesman. The other victory was at Frontenac, or Kingston. As the -French had concentrated at Lake Champlain, leaving Frontenac unguarded, -Bradstreet gained permission from Abercrombie to lead three thousand -men across Lake Ontario against La Salle's old fur post. Crossing from -the ruins of old Oswego, Bradstreet encamped beneath the palisades of -Frontenac on the evening of August 25. By morning he had his cannon in -range for the walls. Inside the fort Commandant de Noyan had less than -one hundred men. At seven in the evening of August 27 he surrendered. -Bradstreet permitted the prisoners to go down to Montreal on parole, to -be exchanged for English prisoners held in Quebec. Furs to the value -of $800,000, twenty cannon, and nine vessels were captured. Bradstreet -divided the loot among his men, taking for himself not so much as a -penny's worth. The fort was destroyed. So were the vessels. The guns -and provisions were carried across the lake and deposited at Fort -Stanwix, east of old Oswego. The loss of Duquesne on the Ohio and Fort -Frontenac on Lake Ontario cut French dominion in America in two. -Henceforth there was no highway from New France to Louisiana. In -September, Abercrombie was recalled. Amherst became chief commander. - - -Wolfe had gone home to England ill. It was while sojourning at the -fashion resort, Bath, that he fell desperately in love with a Miss -Lowther, to whom he became engaged. Then came the summons from Pitt to -meet the cabinet ministers in the war office of London. Wolfe was -asked to take command of the campaign in 1759 against Quebec. It had -been his ambition in Louisburg to proceed at once against Quebec. Here -was his opportunity. {261} It need not be told, he took it. Amherst -now, on the field south of Lake Champlain, received 10 pounds a day as -commander in chief. For the greater task of reducing Quebec, Wolfe was -to receive 2 pounds a day. Under him were to serve Monckton, -Townshend, and Murray. Admiral Saunders was to command the fleet. -Wolfe advised sending a few ships beforehand to guard the entrance to -the St. Lawrence, and Durell was dispatched for this purpose long -before the main armaments set out. By April 30 the combined fleet and -army were at Halifax, Wolfe with a force of some 8500 men. Wolfe, now -only in his thirty-third year, had been the subject of such jealousy -that he was actually compelled to sail from Louisburg in June without -one penny of ready money in his army chest. Underling officers, whose -duty it was to advance him money on credit, had raised difficulties. - -[Illustration: GENERAL JAMES WOLFE] - -Cheers and cheers yet again rent the air as the fleet at last set out -for the St. Lawrence, the soldiers on deck shouting themselves hoarse -as Louisburg faded over the watery horizon, the officers at table the -first night out at sea drinking toast after toast to _British colors on -every French fort in America_. - -At Quebec was fast and furious preparation for the coming siege. -Bougainville had been sent to France from Lake Champlain in 1758 with -report of the victory at Ticonderoga. In vain {262} he appealed for -more money, more men for the coming conflict! The French government -sent him back to Quebec with a bundle of advice and platitudes and -titles and badges and promotions and soft words, but of the sinew which -makes war, men and money, France had naught to spare. The rumor of the -English invasion was confirmed by Bougainville. Every man capable of -bearing arms was called to Quebec except the small forces at the -outposts, and Bourlamaque at Champlain was instructed if attacked by -Amherst to blow up Fort Carillon, then Crown Point, and retire. Grain -was gathered into the state warehouses, and so stripped of able-bodied -men were the rural districts that the crops of 1759 were planted by the -women and children. Fire ships and rafts were constructed, the channel -of St. Charles River closed by sinking vessels, and a bridge built -higher up to lead from Quebec City across the river eastward to -Beauport and Montmorency. Along the high cliffs of the St. Lawrence -from Montmorency Falls to Quebec were constructed earthworks and -intrenchments to command the approach up the river. What frigates had -come in with Bougainville were sent higher up the St. Lawrence to be -out of danger; but the crews, numbering 1400, were posted on the -ramparts of Upper Town. Counting mere boys, Quebec had a defensive -force variously given as from 9000 to 14,000; but deducting raw levies, -who scarcely know the rules of the drill room, it is doubtful if -Montcalm could boast of more than 5000 able-bodied fighters. Still he -felt secure in the impregnable strength of Quebec's natural position. -July 29, when the enemy lay encamped beneath his trenches, he could -write, "Unless they [the English] have wings, they cannot cross a river -and effect a landing and scale a precipice." One cruel feature there -was of Quebec's preparations. To keep the habitants on both sides the -river loyal, Vaudreuil, the governor, issued a proclamation telling the -people that the English intended to massacre the inhabitants, men, -women, and children. Meanwhile, morning, noon, and night, the chapel -bells are ringing . . . ringing . . . lilting . . . and calling the -faithful to prayers for the destruction of the heretic invader! Nuns -lie prostrate day and night in prayer for the {263} country's -deliverance from the English. Holy processions march through the -streets, nuns and priests and little children in white, and rough -soldiery in the uniforms with the blue facings, to pray Heaven's aid -for victory. And while the poor people starve for bread, poultry is -daily fattened on precious wheat that it may make tenderest meat for -Intendant Bigot's table, where the painted women and drunken gamblers -and gay officers nightly feast! - -[Illustration: BOUGAINVILLE] - -Signal fires light up the hills with ominous warning as the English -fleet glides slowly abreast the current of the St. Lawrence, now -pausing to sound where the yellow riffle of the current shows shallows, -now following the course staked out by flags, here depending on the -Frenchman, whom they have compelled to act as pilot! Nightly from hill -to hill the signal fires leap to the sky, till one flames from Cape -Tourmente, and Quebec learns that the English are surely very near. -Among the Englishmen who are out in the advance boats sounding is a -young man, James Cook, destined to become a great navigator. - -June 25, sail after sail, frigate after frigate bristling with cannon, -literally swarming with soldiers and marines, glide round the end of -Orleans Island through driving rain and a squall, and to clatter of -anchor chains and rattle of falling sails, come to rest. "Pray Heaven -they be wrecked as Sir Hovenden Walker's fleet was wrecked long ago," -sigh the nuns of Quebec. If they had {264} prayed half as hard that -their corrupt rulers, their Bigots and their kings and their painted -women whose nod could set Europe on fire with war,--if the holy -sisterhood had prayed for this gang of vampires whose vices had brought -doom to the land, to be swallowed in some abyss, their prayers might -have been more effective with Heaven. - -Next day a band of rangers lands from Wolfe's ships and finds the -Island of Orleans deserted. On the church door the curé has pinned a -note, asking the English not to molest his church; and expressing -sardonic regret that the invaders have not come soon enough to enjoy -the fresh vegetables of his garden. - -Wolfe for the first time gazes on the prize of his highest -ambition,--Quebec. He is at Orleans, facing the city. To his right is -the cataract of Montmorency. From the falls past Beauport to St. -Charles River, the St. Lawrence banks are high cliffs. Above the -cliffs are Montcalm's intrenched fighters. Then the north shore of the -St. Lawrence suddenly sheers up beyond St. Charles River into a lofty, -steep precipice. The precipice is Quebec City: Upper Town and the -convents and the ramparts and Castle St. Louis nestling on an upper -ledge of the rock below Cape Diamond; Lower Town crowding between the -foot of the precipice and tide water. Look again how the St. Lawrence -turns in a sharp angle at the precipice. Three sides of the city are -water,--St. Charles River nearest Wolfe, then the St. Lawrence across -the steep face of the rock, then the St. Lawrence again along a still -steeper precipice to the far side. Only the rear of the city is -vulnerable; but it is walled and inaccessible. - -Quebec was a prize for any commander's ambition; but how to win it? - -The night of June 28 is calm, warm, pitch-dark, the kind of summer -night when the velvet heat touches you as with a hand. The English -soldiers of the crowded transports have gone ashore, when suddenly out -of the darkness glide fire ships as from an under world, with flaming -mast poles, and hulls in shadow, roaring with fire, throwing out -combustibles, drifting straight down on the tide towards the English -fleet. But the French have managed {265} badly. They have set the -ships on fire too soon. The air is torn to tatters by terrific -explosions that light up the outlines of the city spires and churn the -river to billows. Then the English sailors are out in small boats, -avoiding the suck of the undertow. Throwing out grappling hooks, they -tow the flaming fire rafts away from their fleet. It is the first play -of the game, and the French have lost. - -[Illustration: THE SITE OF QUEBEC AND THE GROUND OCCUPIED DURING THE -SIEGE OF 1759] - - -Monckton goes ashore south on Point Lévis side next day. Townshend has -landed his troops east of the Montmorency on the north shore. It is -the second play of the game, and Wolfe has violated every rule of war, -for he has separated his forces in three divisions close to a powerful -enemy. He is counting on Montcalm's policy, however, and Montcalm's -play is to lie inactive, sleeping in his boots, refusing to be lured to -battle till winter drives the English off. It is usual in all accounts -of the great struggle to find that certain facts have been suppressed. -Let us frankly confess that when the English rangers went foraging they -brought back French scalps, and when the French Indians went scouting -they returned with English scalps. However, manners were improving. -Strict orders are given: this is not a war on women; neither women nor -children are to be touched. Wolfe posts proclamations on the parish -churches, calling on the habitants to stand neutral. In answer, they -tear the proclamations down. {266} By July 12 Wolfe's batteries on the -south side of the river are preparing to shell the city. A band of -five hundred students and habitants rows across from Quebec by night to -dislodge the English gunners, but mistaking their own shots for the -shots of the enemy, fall on each other in the dark and retreat in wild -confusion. Then the English cannon begin to do business. In a single -day half the houses of Lower Town are battered to bits, and high-tossed -bombs have plunged through roofs of Upper Town, burning the cathedral -and setting a multitude of lesser buildings on fire. In the confusion -of cannonade and counter-cannonade and a city on fire, shrouding the -ruins in a pall of smoke, some English ships slip up the river beyond -Quebec, but there the precipice of the river bank is still steeper, and -Bougainville is on guard with two thousand men. For thirty miles -around the English rangers have laid the country waste. Still Montcalm -refuses to come out and fight. - -The enforced inaction exasperates Wolfe, whose health is failing him, -and who sees the season passing, no nearer the object of his ambition -than when he came. As he had stormed the batteries of Louisburg, so -now he decides to storm the heights of Montmorency. To any one who has -stood on the knob of rock above the gorge where the cataract plunges to -the St. Lawrence, or has scrambled down the bank slippery with spray, -and watched the black underpool whirl out to the river, Wolfe's venture -must seem madness; for French troops lined the intrenchments above the -cliff, and below a redoubt or battery had been built. Below the -cataract, when the tide ebbed, was a place which might be forded. From -sunrise to sunset all the last days of July, Wolfe's cannon boomed from -Lévis across the city, from the fleet in mid channel, from the land -camp on the east side of Montmorency. Montcalm rightly guessed, this -presaged a night assault. To hide his design, Wolfe kept his -transports shifting up and down the St. Lawrence, as if to land at -Beauport halfway to the city. All the same, two armed transports, as -if by chance, managed to get themselves stranded just opposite the -redoubt below the cliff, where their cannon would protect a landing. -Montcalm saw the move and strengthened the troops behind the earthworks -on the {267} top of the cliff. Toward sunset the tide ebbed, and at -that time cannon were firing from all points with such fury that the -St. Lawrence lay hidden in smoke. As the air cleared, two thousand men -were seen wading and fording below the falls. There was a rush of the -tall grenadiers for the redoubt. The French retreated firing, and the -cliff above poured down an avalanche of shots. At that moment Wolfe -suffered a cruel and unforeseen check. A frightful thunderstorm burst -on the river, lashing earth and air to darkness. It was impossible to -see five paces ahead or to aim a shot. The cliff roared down with -miniature rivulets and the slippery clay bank gave to every step of the -climbers slithering down waist-deep in mud and weeds. Powder was -soaked. As the rain ceased, Indians were seen sliding down the cliff -to scalp the wounded. Wolfe ordered a retreat. The drums rolled the -recall and the English escaped pellmell, the French hooting with -derision at the top of the banks, the English yelling back strong oaths -for the enemy to come out of its rat hole and fight like men. At the -ford the men, soaked like water rats, and a sorry rabble, got into some -sort of rank and burned the two stranded vessels as they passed back to -the east side. In less than an hour four hundred and forty-three men -had fallen, the most of them killed, many both dead and wounded, into -the hands of the Indian scalpers. - -One can guess Wolfe's fearful despair that night. A month had passed. -He had accomplished worse than nothing. In another month the fleet -must leave the St. Lawrence to avoid autumn storms. Fragile at all -times, Wolfe fell ill, ill of fever and of chagrin, and those officers -over whose head he had been promoted did not spare their criticisms, -their malice. It is so easy to win battles of life and war in theory. - -As for Quebec, it was felt the siege was over, the contest won. Still -bad news had come from the west. Niagara had fallen before the -English, and the forts on Lake Champlain were abandoned to Amherst. -Nothing now barred the English advance down the Richelieu to Montreal. -Montcalm dispatches Lévis to Montreal with eight hundred men. - -{268} Why did Amherst not come to Wolfe's aid? His enemies say because -the commanding general was so sure the siege of Quebec would fail that -he did not want any share of the blame. That may be unjust. Amherst -was of the slow, cautious kind, who marched doggedly to victory. He -may not have wished to risk a second Ticonderoga. Wolfe's position was -now desperate. His only alternatives were success or ruin. "You can't -cure me," he told his surgeon, "but mend me up so I can go on for a few -days." What he did in those few days left his name immortal. Robert -Stobo, who had been captured from Washington's battalions on the Ohio, -and who knew every foot of Quebec from five years of captivity, had -escaped, joined Wolfe, and drawn plans of all surroundings. From his -ship above Quebec Wolfe could see there was one path just behind the -city where men might ascend to the Plains of Abraham outside the rear -wall, but the path was guarded, and Bougainville's troops patrolled -westward as far as Cape Rouge. - -[Illustration: LOUIS JOSEPH, MARQUIS DE MONTCALM] - -It was now September. From their trenches above the river the French -could see the English evacuating camp at Montmorency. They were -jubilant. Surely the English were giving up the siege. Night after -night English transports loaded with soldiers ascended the St. Lawrence -above Quebec. What did it mean? Was it a feint to draw Montcalm's men -away from the east side? {269} The French general was sleeplessly -anxious. He had not passed a night in bed since the end of June. The -fall rains were beginning, and another month of work in the trenches -meant half the army invalided. - -The most of the English fleet was working up and down with the tide -between the western limits of Quebec and Cape Rouge, nine miles away. -Bougainville's force was increased to three thousand men, and he was -ordered to keep especial watch westward. The steepness of the -precipice was guard enough near the town. Wednesday, the 12th of -September, the English troops were ordered to hold themselves in -readiness. They passed the day cleaning their arms, and were ordered -not to speak after nightfall or permit a sound to be heard from the -ranks. Admiral Saunders with the main fleet was to feign attack on the -east side of the city. Admiral Holmes with Wolfe's army, now numbering -not four thousand men, was to glide down with the tide from Cape Rouge -above Quebec. Because the main fleet lay on the east side Montcalm -felt sure the attack would come from that quarter. Deserters had -brought word to Wolfe that some flatboats with provisions were coming -down the river to Quebec that night. - -Here, then, the position! Saunders on the east side, opposite -Beauport, feigning attack; Montcalm watching him from the Beauport -cliffs; Wolfe nine miles up the river west of the city; Bougainville -watching him, watching too for those provisions, for Quebec was down to -empty larder. - -It is said that as Wolfe rested in his ship, the _Sutherland_, off Cape -Rouge, he felt strange premonition of approaching death, and repeated -the words of Gray's "Elegy,"--"The paths of glory lead but to the -grave,"--but this has been denied. Certainly he had such strange -consciousness of impending death that, taking a miniature of his -fiancée from his breast, he asked a fellow-officer to return it to her. -About midnight the tide began to ebb, and two lanterns were hung as a -sign from the masthead of the _Sutherland_. Instantly all the ships -glided silent as the great river down with the tide. The night was -moonless. Near the little bridle path now known as Wolfe's Cove the -ships draw {270} ashore. Sharp as iron on stone a sentry's voice rings -out, "Who goes?" - -"The French," answers an officer, who speaks perfect French. - -"What regiment?" - -"The Queen's," replies the officer, who chances to know that -Bougainville has a regiment of that name. Thinking they were the -provision transports, this sentry was satisfied. Not so another. He -ran down to the water's edge, and peering through the darkness called, -"Why can't you speak louder?" - -"Hush you! We 'll be overheard," answers the English officer in French. - -Thus the English boats glided towards the little bridle path that led -up to the rear of the city. Wolfe's Cove is not a path steep as a -stair up the face of a rock, as the most of the schoolbooks teach; it -is a little weed-grown, stony gully, easy to climb, but slant and -narrow, where I have walked many a night to drink from the spring near -the foot of the cliff. - -Twenty-four volunteers lead the way up the stony path, silent and agile -as cats. At the top are the tents of the sentries, who rush from their -couches to be overpowered by the English. Before daybreak the whole -army has ascended to the plateau behind the city, known as the Plains -of Abraham. No use entering here into the dispute whether Wolfe took -his place where the goal now stands, or farther back from the city -wall. Roughly speaking, the main line of Wolfe's forces, three deep, -with himself, Monckton, and Murray in command, faced the rear of Quebec -about three quarters of a mile from what was then the wall. To his -left was the wooded road now known as St. Louis. He posts Townshend -facing this, at right angles to his front line. Another battalion lay -in the woods to the rear. There were, besides, a reserve regiment, and -a battalion to guard the landing. - -What was Wolfe's position? Behind him lay Bougainville with three -thousand French soldiers, fresh and in perfect condition. In front lay -Quebec with three thousand more. To his right was the river; to his -left, across the St. Charles, Montcalm's main army of five thousand -men. "When your enemies blunder, {271} don't interrupt them," Napoleon -is reported to have advised. If some one had not blundered badly now, -it might have been a second Ticonderoga with Wolfe; but some one did -blunder most tragically. - -Montcalm had come from the trenches above Beauport, where he had been -guarding against Saunders' landing, and he had ordered hot tea and beer -served to the troops, when he happened to look across the St. Charles -River towards Quebec. It had been cloudy, but the sun had just burst -out; and there, standing in the morning light, were the English in -battle array, red coat and tartan kilt, grenadier and Highlander, in -the distance a confused mass of color, which was not the white uniform -of the French. - -"This is a serious business," said Montcalm hurriedly to his aide. -Then, spurs to his big black horse, he was galloping furiously along -the Beauport road, over the resounding bridge across the St. Charles, -up the steep cobblestone streets that lead from Lower to Upper Town, -and out by the St. Louis road to the Plains of Abraham. In Quebec all -was confusion. _Who_ had given the order for the troops to move out -against the English without waiting for Bougainville to come from Cape -Rouge? But there they were, huddling, disorderly columns that crowded -on each other, filing out of the St. Louis and St. John Gates, with a -long string of battalions following Montcalm up from the St. Charles. -And Ramezay, who was commandant of the city, refused to send out part -of his troops; and Vaudreuil, who was at Beauport, delayed to come; and -though Montcalm waited till ten o'clock, Bougainville did not come up -from Cape Rouge with his three thousand men. Easy to criticise and say -Montcalm should have waited till Bougainville and Vaudreuil came. He -could _not_ wait, for Wolfe's position cut his forces in two, and the -army was without supplies. With his four thousand five hundred men he -accepted fate's challenge. - -Bagpipes shrilling, English flags waving to the wind, the French -soldiers shouting riotously, the two armies moved towards each other. -Then the English halted, silent, motionless {272} statues. The men -were refreshed, for during the four hours' wait from daylight, Wolfe -had permitted them to rest on the grassed plain. The French came -bounding forward, firing as they ran, and bending down to reload. The -English waited till the French were but forty yards away. "They were -not to throw away their fire," Wolfe had ordered. Now forty yards, if -you measure it off in your mind's eye, is short space between hostile -armies. It is not as wide as the average garden front in a suburban -city. Then suddenly the thin red line of the English spoke in a crash -of fire. The shots were so simultaneous that they sounded like one -terrific crash of ear-splitting thunder. The French had no time to -halt before a second volley rent the air. Then a clattering fire -rocketed from the British like echoes from a precipice. With wild -halloo the British were charging, . . . charging, . . . charging, the -Highlanders leading with their broadswords flashing overhead and their -mountain blood on fire, Wolfe to the fore of the grenadiers till a shot -broke his wrist! Wrapping his handkerchief about the wound as he ran, -the victorious young general was dashing forward when a second shot hit -him and a third pierced his breast. He staggered a step, reeled, fell -to the ground. Three soldiers and an officer ran to his aid and -carried him in their arms to the rear. He would have no surgeon. It -was useless, he said. "But the day is ours, and see that you keep it," -he muttered, sinking back unconscious. A moment later he was roused by -wild, hilarious, jubilant, heart-shattering shouts. - -"Gad! they run! See how they run!" said an English voice. - -"_Who_--run?" demanded Wolfe, roused as if from the sleep of death. - -"The enemy, sir. They give way . . . everywhere." - -"Go, one of you," commanded the dying general; "tell Colonel Burton to -march Webb's regiment down Charles River to cut off retreat by the -bridge. Now God be praised!" he added, sinking back; "I die in peace!" -And the spirit of Wolfe had departed, leaving as a heritage a New -Empire of the North, and an immortal fame. - -[Illustration: DEATH OF WOLFE (From the painting by Benjamin West)] - -{273} - -Fate had gone hard against the gallant Montcalm. The first volley from -the English line had mowed his soldiers down like ripe wheat. At the -second volley the ranks broke and the ground was thick strewn with the -dead. When the English charged, the French fled in wildest panic -downhill for the St. Charles. Wounded and faint, Montcalm on his black -charger was swept swiftly along St. Louis road in the blind stampede of -retreat. Near the walls a ball passed through his groins. Two -soldiers caught him from falling, and steadied him on either side of -his horse through St. Louis gate, where women, waiting in mad anxiety, -saw the blood dripping over his horse. - -"My God! My God! Our marquis is slain!" they screamed. - -"It is nothing,--nothing,--good friends; don't trouble about me," -answered the wounded general as he passed for the last time under the -arched gateway of St. Louis road. - -"How long have I to live?" he asked the surgeon into whose house he had -been carried. - -"Few hours, my lord." - -"So much the better," answered Montcalm. "I shall not live to see -Quebec surrendered." - -Before daylight, he was dead. Wrapped in his soldier's cloak, laid in -a rough box, the body was carried that night to the Ursuline Convent, -where a bursting bomb had scooped a great hole in the floor. Sad-eyed -nuns and priests crowded the chapel. By torchlight, amid tears and -sobs, the body was laid to rest. - -Both generals had died as they had lived,--gallantly. To-day both are -regarded as heroes and commemorated by monuments; but how did their -governments treat them? Of course there were wild huzzas in London and -solemn memorial services over Wolfe; but when his aged mother -petitioned the government that her dead son's salary might be computed -at 10 pounds a day,--the salary of a commander in chief,--instead of 2 -pounds a day, she was refused in as curtly uncivil a note as was ever -penned. Montcalm had died in debt, and when his family petitioned the -French government to pay these debts, the King thought it should be -done, but he did not take the trouble to see that his {274} good -intention was carried out. It was easy and cheaper for orators to talk -of heroes giving their lives for their country. There are no better -examples in history of the truth that glory and honor and true service -must be their own reward, independent of any compensation, any -suffering, any sacrifice. - - -Though the panic retreat continued for hours and Quebec was not -surrendered for some days, the battle was practically decided in ten -minutes. The campaign of the next year was gallant but fruitless. In -April, before the fleet has come back to the English, De Lévis throws -himself with the remnants of the French army against the rear wall of -Quebec; and as Montcalm had come out to fight Wolfe, so Murray marches -out to fight De Lévis. Both sides claimed the battle of Ste. Foye as -victory, but another such victory would have exterminated the English. -Lévis outside the walls, Murray glad to be inside the walls, each side -waited for the spring fleet. If France had come to Canada's aid, even -yet the country might have been won, for sickness had reduced Murray's -army to less than three thousand able men; but the flag that flaunted -from the ship that sailed into the harbor of Quebec on the 9th of May -was British. That decided Canada's fate. De Lévis retreated swiftly -for Montreal, but by September the slow-moving General Amherst has -closed in on Montreal from the west, and up the St. Lawrence from the -east proceeds General Murray. De Lévis and Vaudreuil had less than two -thousand fighting men at Montreal. September 8th they capitulated, and -three years later, by the Treaty of Paris, Canada passed under the -dominion of England. Officers, many of the nobility, Bigot and his -crew, sailed for France, where the Intendant's ring were put on trial -and punished for their corruption and misrule. Bigot suffered -banishment and the confiscation of property. The other members of his -clique received like sentences. - - -Spite of the hopes of her devoted founders,--like Champlain and -Maisonneuve,--spite of the blood of her martyrs and the prayers of her -missionaries, spite of all the pathfinding of her {275} explorers, -spite of the dauntless warfare of her soldier knights,--like Frontenac -and Iberville and Montcalm,--New France had fallen. - -Why? - -For two reasons: because of England's sea power; because of the -unblushing, shameless, gilded corruption of the French court, which -cared less for the fate of Canada than the leer of a painted fool -behind her fan. But be this remembered,--and here was the hand of -overruling Destiny or Providence,--the fall of New France, like the -fall of the seed to the ready soil, was the rebirth of a new nation. -Henceforth it is not New France, the appendage of an Old World nation. -It is Canada,--a New Dominion. - - -To-day wander round Quebec. Tablets and monuments consecrate many of -the old hero days. Though the British government rebuilt a line of -walls in the early eighteen hundreds, you will find it hard to trace -even a vestige of the old French walls. Mounds tell you where there -were bastions. A magnificent boulevard tops the most of the old -ramparts. An imposing hotel stands where Castle St. Louis once frowned -over the St. Lawrence. Of the palace where the Intendant held his -revels there are not even ruins. If you drive out past Beauport, you -will find at the end of a nine-mile forest path the crumbling brick -walls of Château Bigot, the Hermitage, half buried, in the days when I -visited it, with rose vines and orchard trees gone wild. That is all -you will find of the court clique whose folly brought Canada's doom; -but as you drive back from Beauport there towers the city from the -rocky heights above the St. Lawrence,--chapel spire and cross and domed -cathedral roofs aglint in the sunlight like a city of gold. The -church, baptized by the blood of its martyrs, is there in pristine -power; and the fruitful meadows bear witness to the prosperity of the -habitant on whom the burden fell in the days of the ancient régime. -Who shall say that habitant and church do not deserve the place of -power they hold in the government of the Dominion? - - - - -{276} - -CHAPTER XIII - -FROM 1763 TO 1812 - -English law and Quebec--French rights guarded--Pontiac's war--Siege of -Detroit--Fight at Bloody Run--Michilimackinac falls--How Bouquet wins -victory--Return of captives--The peddlers--Methods of -Nor'westers--Traders invade the Up Country--Disaffection in -Canada--Canada invaded--Quebec invested--Montgomery's fight--"Rats in a -trap"--Relief at last--Tricks of ringsters--Coming of Loyalists--Life -in the backwoods - - -Quebec has fallen. As jackals gather to feast on the carcass of the -dead lion, so rallies a rabble of adventurers on the trail of the -victorious army. Sutlers, traders, teamsters, riffraff,--soldiers of -fortune,--stampede to Montreal and Quebec as to a new gold field. When -Major Robert Rogers, the English forest ranger, proceeds up the lakes -to take over the western fur posts,--Presqu' Isle, Detroit, -Michilimackinac,--he is followed by hosts of adventurers looking for -swift way to fortune by either the fur trade or by picking the bones of -the dead lion. Major Rogers, beating up Lake Ontario and Lake Erie -with two hundred bushwhackers, pausing in camp near modern Sandusky, -meets the renowned Ottawa warrior, Pontiac, who had fought with the -French against Braddock and now wants to know in voice of thunder what -all this talk about the French being conquered means; how _dare_ the -French, because _they_ have proved paltroons, deed away the Indian -lands of Canada? How dare Rogers, the white chief of the English -rangers, come here with his pale-faced warriors to Pontiac's land? How -Rogers answered the veteran red-skinned warrior is not told. All that -is known is--the French gave up their western furs with bad grace, and -the English commandants forgot to appease the wound to the Indians' -pride by the customary gifts over solemn powwow. At Detroit and -Michilimackinac the French quietly withdraw from the palisades and -build their white-washed cottages outside the limits of the fort--2500 -French habitants there are at Detroit. - -If the four or five hundred English adventurers who swarmed to Canada -on the heels of the English army thought to batten on the sixty -thousand defeated French inhabitants, far otherwise thought and decreed -the English generals, Sir Jeffrey {277} Amherst, and Murray, who -succeeded him. "You will observe that the French are British subjects -as much as we are, and treat them accordingly," ruled Amherst; and -General Murray, who practically became the first governor of Canada on -Amherst's withdrawal, at once set himself to establish justice. - -[Illustration: MAJOR ROBERT ROGERS] - -No more forced labor! No more carrion birds of the official classes, -like Bigot, fattening on the poor habitants! British government in -Canada for the next few years is known as the period of military rule. -At Quebec, at Three Rivers, at Montreal, the commanding officers -established martial law with biweekly courts; and in the parishes the -local French officers, or seigneurs, are authorized to hear civil -cases. By the terms of surrender the people have been guaranteed their -religious liberty; and the Treaty of Paris, which cedes all Canada to -England in 1763, repeats this guarantee, though it leaves a thorn of -trouble in the flesh of England by reserving to France for the benefit -of the Grand Banks fishermen the Islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, as -well as shore rights of fishing on the west coast of Newfoundland. -Also, the proprietary rights of Jesuits, Sulpicians, Franciscans, are -to remain in abeyance for the pleasure of the English crown. The -rights of the sisterhoods are at once confirmed. - -{278} One of General Murray's first acts as governor is to convey -gentle hint to the Abbé Le Loutre, now released from prison and come -back to Canada, that his absence will be appreciated by the government. -Within a few years there are five hundred English residents in Montreal -and Quebec; and now trouble begins for the government,--that wrangle -between English and French, between Protestant and Catholic, which is -to go on for a hundred years and retard Canada's progress by a century. - -[Illustration: NORTH AMERICA AT THE CLOSE OF THE FRENCH WARS, 1763] - -Being British-born subjects, the few hundred demand that the Governor -call an assembly,--an elective assembly; but by the laws of England, -Roman Catholics must abjure their religion before they can take office, -and by the Treaty of Paris the Catholics of Canada have been guaranteed -the freedom of their religion. To grant an elective assembly now would -mean that the representatives of the five hundred English traders would -rule over 70,000 French. When accusing the French Catholics of Quebec -of remaining a solidarity so that they may wield the balance of power, -it is well to remember how and when the quarrel began. Murray sides -with the French and stands like a rock for their right. He will have -no elective assembly under present conditions; and he puts summary stop -to the business English magistrates and English bailiffs have hatched -against the rights of the habitant,--of seizing lands for debt at a -time when money is scarce, summoning the debtor simultaneously to two -different courts, then charging such outrageous fees that the debtor's -land is sold for the fees, to be bought in by the rascal ring who have -arranged the plot. Ordinances are still proclaimed in primitive -fashion by the crier going through the streets shouting the laws to -beat of drum; but as the crier {279} shouts in English, the habitants -know no more of the laws than if he shouted in Greek. - -As Murray opposes the clamor of the English minority, the English -petition the home government for Murray's recall. In the light of the -fact that there were no schools at all in Canada except the Catholic -seminaries, and that of the five hundred English residents only two -hundred had permanent homes in Montreal and Quebec, it is rather -instructive to read as one of the grievances of the English minority -"_that the only teachers in Canada were Catholics_." - -The governor-generalship is offered to Chatham, the great statesman, at -5000 pounds a year. Chatham refusing the position, there comes in 1768 -as governor, at 1200 pounds a year, Sir Guy Carleton, fellow-soldier -and friend of Wolfe in the great war, who follows in Murray's -footsteps, stands like a rock for the rights of the French, orders -debtors released from jail, fees reduced, and a stoppage of forced land -sales. Bitter is the disappointment to the land jobbers, who had -looked for a partisan in Carleton; doubly bitter, for Carleton goes one -better than Murray. For years the French government had issued paper -money in Quebec. After the conquest seventeen millions of these -worthless government promissory notes were outstanding in the hands of -the habitants. Knowing that the paper money is to be redeemed by the -English government, English jobbers are now busy buying up the paper -among the poor French at fifteen cents on the dollar. Carleton sends -the town crier from parish to parish, warning the habitants to hold -their money and register the amounts with the magistrates till the -whole matter can be arranged between England and France. - -The first newspaper is established now in Quebec, _The Quebec Gazette_, -printed in both English and French. Also the first trouble now arises -from having ceded France the two tiny islands south of Newfoundland, -St. Pierre and Miquelon. By English navigation laws, all trade must -be in English ships. Good! The smugglers slip into St. Pierre with a -cargo. By night a ship with a white sail slips out of St. Pierre with -that {280} cargo. At Gaspé the sail of that ship is red; at Saguenay -it is yellow; at Quebec it is perhaps brown. Ostensibly the ship is a -fishing smack, but it leaves other cargo than fish at the habitant -hamlets of the St. Lawrence; and the smuggling from St. Pierre that -began in Carleton's time is continued to-day in the very same way. - -[Illustration: GENERAL MURRAY, FIRST GOVERNOR OF QUEBEC] - -And Guy Carleton, though he is an Englishman and owes his appointment -to the complaints of the English minority against Murray, remains -absolutely impartial. Good reason for the wisdom of his policy. There -are rumblings from the New England colonies that forewarn the coming -earthquake. For years friction has been growing between the mother -country and the colonies. The story of the Revolution does not belong -to the story of Canada. For years far-sighted statesmen had predicted -that the minute New England ceased to fear New France, ceased to need -England's protection, that minute the growing friction would flame in -open war. Carleton foresaw that to pander to the English minority -would sacrifice the loyalty of the French. Thus he reported to the -home government, and the Quebec Act of 1774 came to the relief of the -French. By it Canada's boundaries were extended across the region of -the Ohio to the Mississippi. French laws were restored {281} in all -civil actions. English law was to rule in criminal cases, which meant -trial by jury. The French are relieved from oaths of office and -enabled to serve on the jury. Also, the Catholic clergy is entitled to -collect its usual tithe of one twenty-sixth from the Catholics. An -elective assembly is refused for reasons that are plain, but a -legislative council is granted, to be appointed by the crown. For the -expense of government a slight tax is levied on liquor; but as the St. -Pierre smuggling is now flourishing, the tax docs not begin to meet the -cost of government, and the difference is paid from the imperial -treasury. However badly the imperial government blundered with the New -England colonies, her treatment of Quebec was an object lesson in -colonizing to the world. Had she treated her New England colonies half -as justly as she treated Quebec, British America might to-day extend to -Mexico. Had she treated Quebec half as unjustly as she treated her own -offspring of New England, the United States might to-day extend to the -Arctic Circle. The man who saved Canada to England, in the first place -by wisdom, in the second place by war, was Sir Guy Carleton. - - -While the English and French, Protestant and Catholic, wrangle for -power in Quebec there rages on the frontier one of the most devastating -Indian wars known to American history. Not for nothing had Pontiac -drawn himself to his full height and defied Major Rogers down on Lake -Erie. From tribe to tribe the lithe coureurs ran, naked but for the -breechcloth, painted as for war, carrying in one hand the tomahawk -dipped in blood, in the other the wampum belt of purple, typifying war. -The French had deeded away the Indian lands to the English! The news -ran like wildfire, ran by moccasin telegram from Montreal up Ottawa -River to Michilimackinac, from Niagara westward to Detroit, and -southward to Presqu' Isle and all that chain of forts leading -southwestward to the Mississippi. Was it a "Conspiracy of Pontiac," as -it has been called? Hardly. It was more one of those general -movements of unrest, of discontent, of misunderstanding, that but -awaits the appearance of {282} a brave leader to become a torrent of -destruction. Pontiac, the Ottawa chief, was such a leader, and to his -standard rallied Indians from Virginia, from the Mississippi, from Lake -Superior. Of the universal unrest among the Indians the English were -not ignorant, but they failed to realize its significance; failed, too, -to realize that the French fur traders, cast out of the western forts -and now roaming the wilds, fanned the flame, gave presents of gunpowder -and firearms to the savages, and egged the hostiles on against the new -possessors of Canada, in order to divert the fur trade to French -traders still in Louisiana. Down at Miami, southwest of Lake Erie, -Ensign Holmes hears in March of 1763 that the war belt has been carried -to the Illinois. Up at Detroit, in May, Pontiac is camped on the east -side of the river with eight hundred hunters. Daily the French -farmers, who supply the fort with provisions, carry word to Major -Gladwin that the Indians are acting strangely, holding long and secret -powwow, borrowing files to saw off the barrels of their muskets short. -A French woman, who has visited the Indians across the river for a -supply of maple sugar, comes to Gladwin on May 5 with the same story. -From eight hundred, the Indians increase to two thousand. Old -Catherine, a toothless squaw, comes shaking as with the palsy to the -fort, and with mumbling words warns Gladwin to "Beware, beware!" So -does a young girl whose fine eyes have caught the fancy of Gladwin -himself. Breaking out with bitter weeping, she covers her head with -her shawl and bids her white lover have a care how he meets Pontiac in -council. Gladwin himself was a seasoned campaigner, who had escaped -the hurricane of death with Braddock and had also served under Amherst -at Montreal. In his fort are one hundred and twenty soldiers and forty -traders. At the wharf lie the two armed schooners, _Beaver_ and -_Gladwin_. When Pontiac comes with his sixty warriors Gladwin is ready -for him. In the council house the warriors seat themselves, weapons -concealed under blankets; but when Pontiac raises the wampum belt that -was to be the signal for the massacre to begin, Major Gladwin, never -moving his light blue eyes from {283} the snaky gleam of the Indian, -waves his hand, and at the motion there is a roll of drums, a grounding -of the sentry's arms, a trampling of soldiers outside, a rush as of -white men marching. Pontiac is dumfounded and departs without giving -the signal. Back in his cabin of rushes across the river he rages like -a maniac and buries a tomahawk in the skull of the old squaw Catherine. -Monday, May 9, at ten o'clock he comes again, followed by a rabble of -hunters. The gates are shut in his face. He shouts for admittance. -The sentry opens the wicket and in traders' vernacular bids him go -about his business. There is a wild war yell. The siege of Detroit -begins. - -[Illustration: SETTLEMENTS ON THE DETROIT RIVER] - -The story of that siege would fill volumes. For fifteen months it -lasted, the French remaining neutral, selling provisions to both sides, -Gladwin defiant inside his palisades, the Indians persistent as enraged -hornets. Two English officers who have been out hunting are waylaid, -murdered, skinned, the skin sewed into powder pouches, the bloody -carcasses sent drifting down on the flood of waters past the fort -walls. Desperately in need of provisions from the French, Gladwin -consents to temporary truce while Captain Campbell and others go out to -parley with the Indians. {284} Gladwin obtains cart loads of -provisions during the parley, but Pontiac violates the honor of war by -holding the messengers captive. Burning arrows are shot at the fort -walls. Gladwin's men sally out by night, hack down the orchards that -conceal the enemy, burn all outbuildings, and come back without losing -a man. Nightly, too, lapping the canoe noiselessly across water with -the palm of the hand, one of the French farmers comes with fresh -provisions. Gladwin has sent a secret messenger, with letter in his -powder pouch, through the lines of the besiegers to Niagara for aid. -May 30, moving slowly, all sails out, the English flag flying from the -prow, comes a convoy of sailboats up the river. Cheer on cheer rent -the air. The soldiers at watch in the galleries inside the palisades -tossed their caps overhead, but as the ships came nearer the whites -were paralyzed with horror. Silence froze the cheer on the parted -lips. Indian warriors manned the boats. The convoy of ninety-six men -had been cut to pieces, only a few soldiers escaping back to Niagara, a -few coming on, compelled by the Indians to act as rowers. As the boats -passed the fort, whoops of derision, wild war chants, eldritch screams, -rose from the Indians. One desperate white captive rose like a flash -from his place at the rowlocks, caught his Indian captor by the scuff -of the neck and threw him into the river; but the redskin grappled the -other in a grip of death. Turning over and over, locked in each -other's arms, the hate of the inferno in their faces, soldier and -Indian swept down to watery death in the river tide. Taking advantage -of the confusion, and under protection of the fort guns, one of the -other captives sprang into the river and succeeded in swimming safely -to the fort. Terrible was the news he brought. All the other forts -south of Niagara, with the exception of Fort Pitt,--Miami, St. Joseph, -Presqu' Isle,--lay in ashes. From some not a man had escaped to tell -the story. - -That night it was pitch-dark,--soft, velvet, warm summer darkness. -From the fort the soldiers could see the sixty captives from the convoy -burning outside at the torture stakes. Then as gray morning came -mangled corpses floated past on the river tide. June 18 another vessel -glides up the river with help, but {285} the garrison is afraid of a -second disaster, for eight hundred warriors have lain in ambush along -the river. Gladwin orders a cannon fired. The boat fires back answer, -but the wind falls and she is compelled to anchor for the night below -the fort. Sixty soldiers armed to the teeth are on board; but the -captain is determined to out-trick the Indians, and he permits only -twelve of his men at a time on deck. Darkness has barely fallen on the -river before the waters are alive with canoes, and naked warriors -clamber to the decks like scrambling monkeys, so sure they have -outnumbered their prey that they forget all caution. At the signal of -a hammer knock on deck,--rap--rap--rap,--three times short and sharp, -up swarm the soldiers from the hatchway. Fourteen Indians dropped on -the deck in as many seconds. Others were thrown on bayonet points into -the river. It is said that after the fight of a few seconds on the -ship the decks looked like a butcher's shambles. Finally the schooner -anchored at Detroit, to the immense relief of the beleaguered garrison. -So elated were the English, one soldier dashed from a sally port and -scalped a dying Indian in full view of both sides. Swift came Indian -vengeance. Captain Campbell, the truce messenger, was hacked to -pieces. By July 28, Dalzell has come from Niagara with nearly two -hundred men, including Rogers, the famous Indian fighter. Both Dalzell -and Rogers are mad for a rush from the fort to deal one crushing blow -to the Indians. Here the one mistake of the siege was made. Gladwin -was against all risk, for the Indians were now dropping off to the -hunting field, but Dalzell and Rogers were for punishing them before -they left. In the midst of a dense night fog the English sallied from -the fort at two o'clock on the 31st of July for Pontiac's main camp, -about two miles up the river, boats rowing upstream abreast the -marchers. It was hot and sultry. The two hundred and fifty -bushrangers marched in shirt sleeves, two abreast. A narrow footbridge -led across a brook, since known as Bloody Run, to cliffs behind which -the Indians were intrenched. Along the trail were the whitewashed -cottages of the French farmers, who stared from their windows in their -nightcaps, amazed beyond speech at the rashness of the {286} English. -On a smaller scale it was a repetition of Braddock's defeat on the -Ohio. Indians lay in ambush behind every house, every shrub, in the -long grass. They only waited till Dalzell's men had crossed the bridge -and were charging the hill at a run. Then the war whoop shrilled both -to fore and to rear. The Indians doubled up on their trapped foe from -both sides. Rogers' Rangers dashed for hiding in a house. The drum -beat retreat. Under cover of Rogers' shots from one side, shots from -the boats on the other, Dalzell's men escaped at a panic run back over -the trail with a loss of some sixty dead. In September came more ships -with more men, again to be ambushed at the narrows, and again to reach -Detroit, as the old record says, "bloody as a butcher's shop." So the -siege dragged on for more than a year at Detroit. Winter witnessed a -slight truce to fighting, for starvation drove the Indians to the -hunting field; but May saw Pontiac again encamped under the walls of -Detroit till word came from the French on the lower Mississippi in -October, definitely and for all, they would not join the Indians. Then -Pontiac knew his cause was lost. - -Up at Michilimackinac similar scenes were enacted. Major Etherington -and Captain Leslie had some thirty-five soldiers. There were also -hosts of traders outside the walls, among whom was Alexander Henry of -Montreal. Word had come of Pontiac at Detroit, but Etherington did not -realize that the uprising was general. June 4 was the King's birthday. -Shops had been closed. Flags blew above the fort. Gates were wide -open. Squaws with heads under shawls sat hunched around the house -steps, with that concealed beneath their shawls which the English did -not guess. All the men except Henry, who was writing letters, and some -Frenchmen, who understood the danger signs, had gone outside the gates -to watch a fast and furious game of lacrosse. Again and again the ball -came bounding towards the fort gates, only to be whisked to the other -end of the field by a deft toss, followed by the swift runners. No one -was louder in applause than Etherington. The officers were completely -off guard. Suddenly the crowds swayed, gave way, opened; . . . {287} -and down the field towards the fort gates surged the players. A -dexterous pitch! The ball was inside the fort. After it dashed the -Indians. In a flash weapons were grasped from the shawls of the -squaws. Musket and knife did the rest. When Henry heard the war whoop -and looked from a window he saw Indian warriors bending to drink the -blood of hearts that were yet warm. For two days Henry lived in the -rubbish heap of the attic in the house of Langlade, a pioneer of -Wisconsin. Of the whites at Michilimackinac only twenty escaped death, -and they were carried prisoners to the Lower Country for ransom. - -From Virginia to Lake Superior such was the Indian war known as -Pontiac's Campaign. Fort Pitt held out like Detroit. Niagara was too -strong for assault, but in September twenty-four soldiers, who had been -protecting _portage_ past the falls, were waylaid and driven over the -precipice at the place called Devil's Hole. More soldiers sent to the -rescue met like fate, horses and wagons being stampeded over the rocks, -seventy men in all being hurled to death in the wild canyon. - -Amherst, who was military commander at this time, was driven nearly out -of his senses. A foe like the French, who would stand and do battle, -he could fight; but this phantom foe, that vanished like mist through -the woods, baffled the English soldier. In less than six months two -thousand whites had been slain; and Amherst could not even find his -foe, let alone strike him. "_Can we not inoculate them with smallpox, -or set bloodhounds to track them_?" he writes distractedly. - -By the summer of 1764 the English had taken the war path. Bradstreet -was to go up the lakes with twelve hundred men, Bouquet, with like -forces, to follow the old Pennsylvania road to the Ohio, both generals -to unite somewhere south of Lake Erie. Of Bradstreet the least said -the better. He had done well in the great war when he captured Fort -Frontenac almost without a blow; but now he strangely played the fool. -He seemed to think that peace, peace at any price, was the object, -whereas peace that is not a victory is worthless with the Indian. -Deputies met him on the 12th of August near Presqu' Isle, Lake Erie. -{288} They carried no wampum belts and were really spies. Without -demanding reparation, without a word as to restoring harried captives, -without hostages for good conduct, Bradstreet entered into a fool's -peace with his foes, proceeded up to Detroit, and was back at Niagara -by winter; though he must have realized the worthlessness of the -campaign when his messengers sent to the Illinois were ambushed. - -[Illustration: BOUQUET] - -When Bouquet heard of the sham peace he was furious and repudiated -Bradstreet's treaty in toto. Bouquet was a veteran of the great war, -and knew bushfighting from seven years' experience on Pennsylvania -frontiers. Slowly, with his fifteen hundred rangers and five hundred -Highlanders, express riders keeping the trail open from fort to fort, -scouts to fore, Bouquet moved along the old army trail used by Forbes -to reach Fort Pitt. Friendly Indians had been warned to keep green -branches as signals in the muzzles of their guns. All others were to -be shot without mercy. Indians vanished before his march like mist -before the sun. August 5 found Bouquet south of Fort Pitt at a place -known as Bushy Run. The scouts had gone ahead to prepare nooning for -the army at the Run. In seven hours the men had marched seventeen -miles spite of sweltering heat; but at one, just as the thirsty columns -were nearing the rest place, the crack--crack--crack of rifle shots to -the fore set every man's blood jumping. From quick march they broke to -a run, priming guns, ball in mouth as they ran. A moment later the old -trick of Braddock's ambush was being repeated, but this time the -Indians were dealing with a seasoned man. Bouquet swung his fighters -in a circle round the stampeding horses and provision wagons. The heat -was terrific, the men almost mad with thirst, the horses neighing and -plunging and breaking away to the woods; and the army stood, a -red-coated, tartan-plaid target for invisible foes! By this time the -men were fighting as Indians fight--breaking ranks, jumping from tree -to tree. It is n't easy to keep men standing as targets when they -can't get at the foe; but Bouquet, riding from place to place, kept his -men in hand till darkness screened them. Sixty had fallen. A circular -barricade {289} was built of flour bags. Inside this the wounded were -laid, and the army camped without water. The agonies of that night -need not be told. Here the neighing of horses would bring down a -clatter of bullets aimed in the dark; and the groans of the wounded, -trampled by the stampeding cavalcade, would mingle with the screams of -terror from the horses. The night continued hot almost as day in the -sultry forest, and the thirst with both man and beast became anguish. -Another such day and another such night, and Bouquet could foresee his -fate would be worse than Braddock's. Passing from man to man, he gave -the army their instructions for the next day. They would form in three -platoons, with the center battalion advanced to the fore, as if to lead -attack. Suddenly the center was to feign defeat and turn as if in -panic flight. It was to be guessed that the Indians would pursue -headlong. Instantly the flank battalions were to sweep through the -woods in wide circle and close in on the rear of the savages. Then the -fleeing center was to turn. The savages would be surrounded. Daybreak -came with a cracking of shots from ambush. Officers and men carried -out instructions exactly as Bouquet had planned. At ten o'clock the -center column broke ranks, wavered, turned, . . . fled in wild panic! -With the whooping of a wolf pack in full cry, the savages burst from -ambush in pursuit. The sides deployed. A moment later the center had -turned to fight the pursuer, {290} and the Highlanders broke from the -woods, yelling their slogan, with broadswords cutting a terrible -hand-to-hand swath. Sixty Indians were slashed to death in as many -seconds. Though the British lost one hundred and fifteen, killed and -wounded, the Indians were in full flight, blind terror at their heels. -The way was now open to Port Pitt, but Bouquet did not dally inside the -palisades. On down the Ohio he pursued the panic-stricken savages, -pausing neither for deputies nor reënforcements. At Muskingum Creek -the Indians sent back the old men to sue, sue abjectedly, for peace at -any cost. - -Bouquet met them with the stern front that never fails to win respect. -They need not palm off their lie that the fault lay with the foolish -young warriors. If the old chiefs would not control the young braves, -then the whole tribe, the whole Indian race, must pay the penalty. In -terror the deputies hung their heads. He would not even discuss the -terms of peace, Bouquet declared, till the Indians restored every -captive,--man, woman, and child, even the child of Indian parentage -born in captivity. The captives must be given suitable clothing, -horses, and presents. Twelve days only would he permit them to gather -the captives. If man, woman, or child were lacking on the twelfth day, -he would pursue them and punish them to the uttermost ends of earth. - -The Indians were dumfounded. These were not soft words. Not thus had -the French spoken, with the giving of manifold presents. But powder -was exhausted. No more was coming from the French traders of the -Mississippi. Winter was approaching, and the Indians must hunt or -starve. Again the coureurs are sent spurring the woods from tribe to -tribe with wampum belts, but this time the belts are the white bands of -peace. While Bouquet waits he sends back over the trail for hospital -nurses to receive the captives, and the army is set knocking up rude -barracks of log and thatch in the wilderness. Then the captives begin -to come. It is a scene for the brush of artist, for all frontiersmen -who have lost friends have rallied to Bouquet's camp, hoping against -hope and afraid to hope. There is the mother, whose infant child has -been snatched from her arms in {291} some frontier attack, now scanning -the lines as they come in, mad with hope and fear. There is the -husband, whose wife has been torn away to some savage's tepee, -searching, searching, searching among the sad, wild-eyed, ill-clad -rabble for one with some resemblance to the wife he loved. There is -the father seeking lost daughters and afraid of what he may find; and -there are the captives themselves, some of the women demented from the -abuse they have received. England may have spent her millions to -protect her colonies, but she never spent in anguish what these rude -frontiersmen suffered at Bouquet's camp. - -[Illustration: RETURN OF THE ENGLISH CAPTIVES (From a contemporary -print)] - - -So ended what is known as the Pontiac War. Up at Detroit in 1765 -Pontiac, in council with the whites, explains that he has listened to -bad advice, but now his heart is right. "Father, you have stopped the -rum barrel while we talked," he says grimly; "as our business is -finished, we request that you open the barrel, that we may drink and be -merry." - -Not a very heroic curtain fall to a dramatic life. But pause a bit: -the Pontiac War was the last united stand of a doomed race against the -advance of the conquering alien; and the Indian is defeated, and he -knows it, and he acknowledges it, and he {292} drowns his despair in a -vice, and so he passes down the Long Trail of time with his face to the -west, doomed, hopeless, pushed westward and ever west. - -Pontiac goes down the Mississippi to his friends, the French fur -traders of St. Louis. One morning in 1767, after a drinking bout, he -is found across the river, lying in camp, with his skull split to the -neck. By the sword he had lived, by the sword he perished. Was the -murder the result of a drunken quarrel, or did some frenzied -frontiersman with deathless woes bribe the hand of the assassin? The -truth of the matter is unknown, and Pontiac's death remains a theme for -fiction. - - -What with struggles for power and Indian wars, one might think that the -few hundred English colonists of Quebec and Montreal had all they could -do. Not so: their quarrels with the French Catholics and fights with -the Indians are merely incidental to the main aim of their lives, to -the one object that has brought them stampeding to Canada as to a new -gold field, namely, quick way to wealth; and the only quick way to -wealth was by the fur trade. In the wilderness of the Up Country -wander some two or three thousand cast-off wood rovers of the old -French fur trade. As the prodigals come down the Ottawa, down the -Detroit, down the St. Lawrence, the English and Scotch merchants of -Montreal and Quebec meet them. Mighty names those merchants have in -history now,--McGillivrays and MacKenzies and McGills and Henrys and -MacLeods and MacGregors and Ogilvies and MacTavishes and Camerons,--but -at this period of the game the most of them were what we to-day would -call petty merchants or peddlers. In their storehouses--small, -one-story, frame affairs--were packed goods for trade. With these -goods they quickly outfitted the French bushrover--$3000 worth to a -canoe--and packed the fellow back to the wilderness to trade on shares -before any rival firm could hire him. Within five years of Wolfe's -victory in 1759 all the French bushrovers of the Up Country had been -reëngaged by merchants of Montreal and Quebec. - -{293} - -[Illustration: MONTREAL (From a contemporary print)] - -Then imperceptible changes came,--the changes that work so silently -they are like destiny. Because it is unsafe to let the rascal -bushrovers and voyageurs go off by themselves with $3000 worth to the -canoe load, the merchants began to accompany them westward. -"Bourgeois," the voyageurs call their outfitters. Then, because -success in fur trade must be kept secret, the merchants cease to have -their men come down to Montreal. They meet them with the goods -halfway, at La Vérendrye's old stamping ground on Lake Superior, first -at the place called Grand Portage, then, when the United States -boundary is changed in 1783, at Kaministiquia, or modern Fort William, -named after William McGillivray. Pontiac's War puts a stop to the new -trade, but by 1766 the merchants are west again. Henry goes up the -Saskatchewan to the Forks, and comes back with such wealth of furs he -retires a rich magnate of Montreal. The Frobisher brothers strike for -new hunting ground. So do Peter Pond and Bostonnais Pangman, and the -MacKenzies, Alexander {294} and Roderick. Instead of following up the -Saskatchewan, they strike from Lake Winnipeg northward for Churchill -River and Athabasca, and they bring out furs that transform those -peddlers into merchant princes. A little later the chief buyer of the -Montreal furs is one John Jacob Astor of New York. Then another -change. Rivalry hurts fur trade. Especially do different prices -demoralize the Indians. The Montreal merchants pool their capital and -become known as the Northwest Fur Company. They now hire their -voyageurs outright on a salary. No man is paid less than what would be -$500 in modern money, with board; and any man may rise to be clerk, -trader, wintering partner, with shares worth 800 pounds ($4000), that -bring dividends of two and three hundred per cent. The petty merchants -whom Murray and Carleton despised became in twenty years the opulent -aristocracy of Montreal, holding the most of the public offices, -dominating the government, filling the judgeships, and entertaining -with a lavish hospitality that put vice-regal splendor in the shade. -The Beaver Club is the great rendezvous of the Montreal partners. -"Fortitude in Distress" is the motto and lords of the ascendant is -their practice. No man, neither governor nor judge, may ignore these -Nor'westers, and it may be added they are a law unto themselves. One -example will suffice. A French merchant of Montreal took it into his -head to have a share of this wealth-giving trade. He was advised to -pool his interests with the Nor'westers, and he foolishly ignored the -advice. In camp at Grand Portage on Lake Superior he is told all the -country hereabout belongs to the Nor'westers, and _he_ must decamp. - -"Show me proofs this country is yours," he answers. "Show me the title -deed and I shall decamp." - -Next night a band of Nor'westers, voyageurs well plied with rum, came -down the strand to the intruder's tents. They cut his tents to -ribbons, scatter his goods to the four winds, and beat his voyageurs -into insensibility. - -"Voila! there are our proofs," they say. - -The French merchant hastens down to Montreal to bring lawsuit, but the -judges, you must remember, are shareholders in the {295} Northwest -Company, and many of the Legislative Council are Nor'westers. What -with real delays and sham delays and put-offs and legal fees, justice -is a bit tardy. While the case is pending the French merchant tries -again. This time he is not molested at Fort William. They let him -proceed on his way up the old trail to Lake of the Woods, the trail -found by La Vérendrye; and halfway through the wilderness, where the -cataract offers only one path for portage, the Frenchman finds -Nor'-westers building a barricade; he tears it down. They build -another; he tears that down. They build a third; fast as he tears -down, they build up. He must either go back baffled by these suave, -smiling, lawless rivals, or fight on the spot to the death; but there -is neither glory nor wealth being killed in the wilderness, where not -so much as the sands of the shore will tell the true story of the -crime. So the French merchant compromises, sells out to the -Nor'westers at cost plus carriage, and retires to the St. Lawrence -cursing British justice. - - -It may be guessed that the sudden eruption of "the peddlers," these -bush banditti, these Scotch soldiers of fortune with French bullies for -fighters, roused the ancient and honorable Hudson's Bay Company from -its half-century slumber of peace. Anthony Hendry, who had gone up the -Saskatchewan far as the Blackfoot country of the foothills, they had -dismissed as a liar in the fifties because he had reported that he had -seen _Indians on horseback_, whereas the sleepy factors of the bay -ports knew very well they never saw any kind of Indians except Indians -in canoes; but now in the sixties it is noted by the company that not -so many furs are coming down from the Up Country. It is voted "the -French Canadian peddlers of Montreal" be notified of the company's -exclusive monopoly to the trade of these regions. One Findley is sent -to Quebec to look after the Hudson's Bay Company's rights; but while -the English company _talks_ about its rights, the Nor'westers go in the -field and _take_ them. - -The English company rubs its eyes and sits up and scratches its heavy -head, and passes an order that Mr. Moses Norton, chief {296} factor of -Churchill, send Mr. Samuel Hearne to explore the Up Country. Hearne -has heard of Far-Away-Metal River, far enough away in all conscience -from the Canadian peddlers; and thither in December, 1770, he finds his -way, after two futile attempts to set out. Matonabbee, great chief of -the Chippewyans, is his guide,--Matonabbee, who brings furs from the -Athabasca, and is now accompanied by a regiment of wives to act as -beasts of burden in the sledge traces, camp servants, and cooks. -Hearne sets out in midwinter in order to reach the Coppermine River in -summer, by which he can descend to the Arctic in canoes. Storm or -cold, bog or rock, Matonabbee keeps fast pace, so fast he reaches the -great caribou traverse before provisions have dwindled and in time for -the spring hunt. Here all the Indian hunters of the north gather twice -a year to hunt the vast herds of caribou going to the seashore for -summer, back to the Up Country for the winter, herds in countless -thousands upon thousands, such multitudes the clicking of the horns -sounds like wind in a leafless forest, the tramp of the hoofs like -galloping cavalry. Store of meat is laid up for Hearne's voyage by -Matonabbee's Indians; and a band of warriors joins the expedition to go -down Coppermine River. If Hearne had known Indian customs as well as -he knew the fur trade, he would have known that it boded no good when -Matonabbee ordered the women to wait for his return in the Athabasca -country of the west. Absence of women on the march meant only one of -two things, a war raid or hunt, and which it was soon enough Hearne -learned. They had come at last, on July 12, 1771, on Coppermine River, -a mean little stream flowing over rocky bed in the Barren Lands of the -Little Sticks (Trees), when Hearne noticed, just above a cataract, the -domed tepee tops of an Eskimo camp. It was night, but as bright as day -in the long light of the North. Instantly, before Hearne could stop -them, his Indians had stripped as for war, and fell upon the sleeping -Eskimo in ruthless massacre. Men were brained as they dashed from the -domed tents, women speared as they slept, children dispatched with less -thought than the white man would give to the killing of a fly. In vain -Hearne, {297} with tears in his eyes, begged the Indians to stop. They -laughed him to scorn, and doubtless wondered where he thought they -yearly got the ten thousand beaver pelts brought to Churchill. A few -days later, July 17, 1771, Hearne stood on the shores of the Arctic, -heaving to the tide and afloat with ice; but the horrors of the -massacre had robbed him of an explorer's exultation, though he was -first of pathfinders to reach the Arctic overland. Matonabbee led -Hearne back to Churchill in June of 1772 by a wide westward circle -through the Athabasca Bear Lake Country, which the Hudson's Bay people -thus discovered only a few years before the Nor'westers came. - -[Illustration: SAMUEL HEARNE] - -No longer dare the Hudson's Bay Company ignore the Up Country. Hearne -is sent to the Saskatchewan to build Fort Cumberland, and Matthew -Cocking is dispatched to the country of the Blackfeet, modern Alberta, -to beat up trade, where his French voyageur, Louis Primeau, deserts him -bag and baggage, to carry the Hudson's Bay furs off to the Nor'westers. -No longer does the English company slumber on the shores of its frozen -sea. Yearly are voyageurs sent inland,--"patroons of the woods," given -bounty to stay in the wilds, luring any trade from the Nor'westers. - - -The Quebec Act, guaranteeing the rights of the French Canadians, had -barely been put in force before the Congress of the {298} revolting -English colonies sent up proclamations to be posted on the church doors -of the parishes, calling on the French to throw off the British yoke, -to join the American colonies, "to seize the opportunity to be free." -Unfortunately for this alluring invitation, Congress had but a few -weeks previously put on record its unsparing condemnation of the Quebec -Act. Inspired by those New Englanders who, for a century, had suffered -from French raids, Congress had expressed its verdict on the privileges -granted to Quebec in these words: "_Nor can we supress our astonishment -that a British Parliament should establish a religion that has drenched -your island_ [England] _in blood_." This declaration was the cardinal -blunder of Congress as far as Canada was concerned. Of the merits of -the quarrel the simple French habitant knew nothing. He did what his -curé told him to do; and the Catholic Church would not risk casting in -its lot with a Congress that declared its religion had drenched England -in blood. English inhabitants of Montreal and Quebec, who had flocked -to Canada from the New England colonies, were far readier to listen to -the invitation of Congress than were the French. - -Governor Carleton had fewer than 800 troops, and naturally the French -did not rally as volunteers in the impending war between England and -her English colonies. Should the Congress troops invade Canada? The -question was hanging fire when Ethan Allen, with his two hundred Green -Mountain boys of Vermont, marched across to Lake Champlain in May of -1775, hobnobbed with the guards of Ticonderoga, who drank not wisely -but too well, then rowed by night across the narrows and knocked at the -wicket beside the main gate. The sleepy guards, not yet sober from the -night's carouse, admitted the Vermonters as friends. In rushed the -whole two hundred. In a trice the Canadian garrison of forty-four were -all captured and Allen was thundering on the chamber door of La Place, -the commandant. It was five in the morning. La Place sprang up in his -nightshirt and demanded in whose name he was ordered to surrender. -Ethan Allen answered in words that have gone {299} down to history, -"_In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress_." -Later fell Crown Point. So began the war with Canada in the great -Revolution. - -And now, from May to September, Arnold's Green Mountain boys sweep from -Lake Champlain down the Richelieu to the St. Lawrence, as Iberville's -bold bushrovers long ago swept through these woods. However, the -American rovers take no permanent occupation of the different forts on -the falls of the Richelieu River, preferring rather to overrun the -parishes, dispatching secret spies and waiting for the habitants to -rally. And they came once too often, once too far, these bold banditti -of the wilderness, clad in buckskin, musket over shoulder, coonskin -cap! Montreal is so full of spies, so full of friendlies, so full of -Bostonnais in sympathy with the revolutionists, that Allen feels safe -in paddling across the St. Lawrence one September morning to the -Montreal side with only one hundred and fifty men. Montreal has grown -in these ten years to a city of some twelve thousand, but the gates are -fast shut against the American scouts; and while Allen waits in some -barns of the suburbs, presto! out sallies Major Garden with twice as -many men armed to the teeth, who assault the barns at a rush. Five -Americans drop at the first crack of the rifles. The Canadians are -preparing to set fire to the barns. Allen's men will be picked off as -they rush from the smoke. Wisely, he saves his Green Mountain boys by -surrender. Thirty-five capitulate. The rest have escaped through the -woods. Carleton refuses to acknowledge the captives as prisoners of -war. He claps irons on their hands and irons on their feet and places -them on a vessel bound for England to be treated as rebels to the -crown. It is said those of Allen's men who deserted were French -Canadians in disguise--which may explain why Carleton made such severe -example of his captives and at once purged Montreal of the disaffected -by compelling all who would not take arms to leave. - -Carleton's position was chancy enough in all conscience. The habitants -were wavering. They refused point-blank to serve as volunteers. They -supplied the invaders with provisions. Spies were everywhere. -Practically no help could come from {300} England till spring, and -scouts brought word that two American armies were now marching in force -on Canada,--one by way of the Richelieu, twelve hundred strong, led by -Richard Montgomery of New York, directed against Montreal; the other by -way of the Kennebec, with fifteen hundred men under Benedict Arnold, to -attack Quebec. Carleton is at Montreal. He rushes his troops, six -hundred and ninety out of eight hundred men, up the Richelieu to hold -the forts at Chambly and St. John's against Montgomery's advance. - -Half September and all October Montgomery camps on the plains before -Fort St. John's, his rough soldiers clad for the most part in their -shirt sleeves, trousers, and coon cap, with badges of "Liberty or -Death" worked in the cap bands, or sprigs of green put in their hats, -in lieu of soldier's uniform. Inside the fort, Major Preston, the -English commander, has almost seven hundred men, with ample powder. It -is plain to Montgomery that he can win the fort in only one of two -ways,--shut off provisions and starve the garrison out, or get -possession of heavy artillery to batter down the walls. It is said -that fortune favors the dauntless. So it was with Montgomery, for he -was enabled to besiege the fort in both ways. Carleton had rushed a -Colonel McLean to the relief of St. John's with a force of French -volunteers, but the French deserted en masse. McLean was left without -any soldiers. This cut off St. John's from supply of provisions. At -Chambly Fort was a Major Stopford with eighty men and a supply of heavy -artillery. Montgomery sent a detachment to capture Chambly for the -sake of its artillery. Stopford surrendered to the Americans without a -blow, and the heavy cannon were forthwith trundled along the river to -Montgomery at St. John's. Preston sends frantic appeal to Carleton for -help. He has reduced his garrison to half rations, to quarter rations, -to very nearly no rations at all! Carleton sends back secret express. -He can send no help. He has no more men. Montgomery tactfully lets -the message pass in. After siege of forty-five days, Preston -surrenders with all the honors of war, his six hundred and eighty-eight -men marching {301} out, arms reversed, and going aboard Montgomery's -ships to proceed as prisoners up Lake Champlain. - -The way is now open to Montreal. Benedict Arnold, meanwhile, with the -army directed against Quebec, has crossed from the Kennebec to the -Chaudière, paddled across St. Lawrence River, and on the very day that -Montgomery's troops take possession of Montreal, November 13, Arnold's -army has camped on the Plains of Abraham behind Quebec walls, whence he -scatters his foragers, ravaging the countryside far west as Three -Rivers for provisions. The trials of his canoe voyage from Maine to -the St. Lawrence at swift pace have been terrific. More than half his -men have fallen away either from illness or open desertion. Arnold has -fewer than seven hundred men as he waits for Montgomery at Quebec. - -[Illustration: GENERAL RICHARD MONTGOMERY] - -What of Guy Carleton, the English governor, now? Canada's case seemed -hopeless. The flower of her army had been taken prisoners, and no help -could come before May. Desperate circumstances either make or break a -man, prove or undo him. As reverses closed in on Carleton, like the -wrestlers of old he but took tighter grip of his resolutions. - -On November 11, two days before Preston's men surrendered, Carleton, -with two or three military officers disguised as peasants, boarded one -of three armed vessels to go down from Montreal to Quebec. All the -cannon at Montreal had been dismounted and spiked. What powder could -not be carried {302} away was buried or thrown into the river. Amid -funereal silence, shaking hands sadly with the Montreal friends who had -gathered at the wharf to say farewell, the English Governor left -Montreal. That night the wind failed, and the three vessels lay to -with limp sails. At Sorel, at Three Rivers, at every hamlet on both -sides of the St. Lawrence, lay American scouts to capture the English -Governor. All next day the vessels lay wind-bound. Desperate for the -fate of Quebec, Carleton embarked on a river barge propelled by sweeps. -Passing Sorel at night Carleton and his disguised officers could see -the camp fires of the American army. Here oars were laid aside and the -raft steadied down the tide by the rowers paddling with the palms of -their hands. Three Rivers was found in possession of the Americans, -and a story is told of Carleton, foredone from lack of sleep, dozing in -an eating house or tavern with his head sunk forward upon his hands, -when two or three American scouts broke into the room. Not a sign did -the English party in peasant disguise give of alarm or uneasiness, -which might have betrayed the Governor. "Come, come," said one of the -English officers in French, slapping Sir Guy Carleton carelessly on the -back, "we must be going"; and the Governor escaped unsuspected. -November 19, to the inexpressible relief of Quebec Carleton reached the -capital city. - -Quebec now had a population of some five thousand. All able-bodied men -who would not fight were expelled from the city. What with the small -garrison, some marines who happened to be in port, and the citizens -themselves, eighteen hundred defenders were mustered. On the walls -were a hundred and fifty heavy cannon, and all the streets leading from -Lower to Upper Town had been barricaded with cannon mounted above. At -each of the city gates were posted battalions. Sentries never left the -walls, and the whole army literally slept in its boots. It will be -remembered that the natural position of Quebec was worth an army in -itself. On all sides there was access only by steepest climb. In -front, where the modern visitor ascends from the wharf to Upper Town by -Mountain Street {303} steep as a stair, barricades had been built. To -the right, where flows St. Charles River past Lower Town, platforms -mounted with cannon guarded approach. To the rear was the wall behind -which camped Arnold; to the left sheer precipice, above which the -defenders had suspended swinging lanterns that lighted up every -movement on the path below along the St. Lawrence. - -[Illustration: MAP OF QUEBEC DURING SIEGE OF CONGRESS TROOPS] - -Early in December comes Montgomery himself to Quebec, on the very ships -which Carleton had abandoned. Carleton refuses even the letter -demanding surrender. Montgomery is {304} warned that forthwith any -messenger sent to the walls will come at peril of being shot as rebel. -Henceforth what communication Montgomery has with the inhabitants must -be by throwing proclamations inside or bribing old habitant women as -carriers,--for the habitants continue to pass in and out of the city -with provisions; and a deserter presently brings word that Montgomery -has declared he will "_eat his Christmas dinner in Quebec or in Hell_!" -Whereupon Carleton retorts, "He may choose his own place, but he shan't -eat it in Quebec." - -Montgomery was now in the same position as Wolfe at the great siege. -His troops daily grew more ragged; many were without shoes, and -smallpox was raging in camp. He could not tempt his foe to come out -and fight; therefore he must assault the foe in its own stronghold. It -will be remembered, Wolfe had feigned attack to the fore, and made the -real attack to the rear. Montgomery reversed the process. He feigned -attack to the rear gates of St. John and St. Louis, and made the real -attack to the fore from the St. Charles and the St. Lawrence. While a -few soldiers were to create noisy hubbub at St. John and St. Louis -gates from the back of the city, Arnold was to march through Lower Town -from the Charles River side, Montgomery along the narrow cliff below -the Citadel, through Lower Town, to that steep Mountain Street which -tourists to-day ascend directly from the wharves of the St. Lawrence. -On the squares of Upper Town the two armies were to unite and fight -Carleton. The plan of attack practically encompassed the city from -every side. Spies had brought rumors to Carleton that the signal for -assault for the American troops was to be the first dark stormy night. -Christmas passed quietly enough without Montgomery carrying out his -threat, and on the night before New Year's all was quiet. Congress -soldiers had dispersed among the taverns outside the walls, and -Carleton felt so secure he had gone comfortably to bed. For a month, -shells from the American guns had been whizzing over Upper Town, with -such small damage that citizens had continued to go about as usual. On -the walls was a constant popping from the sharpshooters of both sides, -and occasionally {305} an English sentry, parading the walls at -imminent risk of being a target, would toss down a cheery "Good morrow, -gentlemen," to a Congress trooper below. Then, quick as a flash, both -men would lift and fire; but the results were small credit to the aim -of either shooter, for the sentry would duck off the wall untouched, -just as the American dashed for hiding behind barricade or house of -Lower Town. Some of the Americans wanted to know what were the -lanterns and lookouts which the English had constructed above the -precipice of Cape Diamond. Some wag of a habitant answered these were -the sign of a wooden horse with hay in front of it, and that the -English general, Carleton, had said he would not surrender the town -till the horse had caught up to the hay. Skulking riflemen of the -Congress troops had taken refuge in the mansion of Bigot's former -magnificence, the Intendant's Palace, and Carleton had ordered the -cannoneers on his walls to knock the house down. So fell the house of -Bigot's infamy. - -Towards 2 A.M. of December 31 the wind began to blow a hurricane. The -bright moonlight became obscured by flying clouds, and earth and air -were wrapped in a driving storm of sleet. Instantly the Congress -troops rallied to their headquarters behind the city. Montgomery at -quick march swept down the steep cliff of the river to the shore road, -and in the teeth of a raging wind led his men round under the heights -of Cape Diamond to the harbor front. Heads lowered against the wind, -coonskin caps pulled low over eyes, ash-colored flannel shirts buttoned -tight to necks, gun casings and sacks wrapped loosely round loaded -muskets to keep out the damp, the marchers tramped silently through the -storm. Overhead was the obscured glare where the lanterns hung out in -a blare of snow above Cape Diamond. Here rockets were sent up as a -signal to Arnold on St. Charles River. Then Montgomery's men were -among the houses of Lower Town, noting well that every window had been -barricaded and darkened from cellar to attic. Somewhere along the -narrow path in front of the town Montgomery knew that barricades had -been built with cannon behind, but he trusted to the storm concealing -his approach till his men could capture them at a rush. At Près {306} -de Ville, just where the traveler approaching harbor front may to-day -see a tablet erected in memory of the invasion, was a barricade. -Montgomery halted his men. Scouts returned with word that all was -quiet and in darkness--the English evidently asleep; and uncovering -muskets, the Congress fighters dashed forward at a run. But it was the -silence that precedes the thunderclap. The English had known that the -storm was to signal attack, and guessing that the rockets foretokened -the assailants' approach, they had put out all lights behind the -barricade. Until Montgomery's men were within a few feet of the log, -there was utter quiet; then a voice shrieked out, "Fire!--fire!" -Instantly a flash of flame met the runners like a wall. Groans and -screams split through the muffling storm. Montgomery and a dozen -others fell dead. The rest had broken away in retreat,--a rabble -without a commander,--carrying the wounded. Behind the barricade was -almost as great confusion among the English, for Quebec's defenders -were made up of boys of fifteen and old men of seventy, and the first -crash of battle had been followed by a panic, when half the guards -would have thrown down their arms if one John Coffin, an expelled -royalist from Boston, had not shouted out that he would throw the first -man who attempted to desert into the river. - -Meantime, how had it gone with Arnold? - -[Illustration: SIR GUY CARLETON] - -An English officer was passing near St. Louis Gate when, sometime after -two o'clock, he noticed rockets go up from the river beyond Cape -Diamond. He at once sounded the alarm. Bugles called to arms, drums -rolled, and every bell in the city was set ringing. In less than ten -minutes every man of Quebec's eighteen hundred was in place. American -soldiers marching through St. Roch, Lower Town, have described how the -tolling of the bells rolling through the storm smote cold on their -hearts, for they knew their designs had been discovered, and they could -not turn back, for a juncture must be effected with Montgomery. A -moment later the sham assaults were peppering the rear gates of Quebec, -but Guy Carleton was too crafty a campaigner to be tricked by any sham. -He rightly guessed that the real attack {307} would be made on one of -the two weaker spots leading up from Lower Town. "Now is the time to -show what stuff you are made of," he called to the soldiers, as he -ordered more detachments to the place whence came crash of heaviest -firing. This was at Sault-au-Matelot Street, a narrow, steep -thoroughfare, barely twenty feet from side to side. Up this little -tunnel of a street Arnold had rushed his men, surmounting one barricade -where they exchanged their own wet muskets for the dry guns of the -English deserters, dashing into houses to get possession of windows as -vantage points, over, some accounts say, yet another obstruction, till -his whole army was cooped up in a canyon of a street directly below the -hill front on which had been erected a platform with heavy guns. It -was a gallant rush, but it was futile, for now Carleton outgeneraled -Arnold. Guessing from the distance of the shots that the attack to the -rear was sheer sham, the English general rushed his fighters downhill -by another gate to catch Arnold on the rear. Quebec houses are built -close and cramped. While these troops were stealing in behind Arnold -to close on him like a trap, it was easy trick for another English -battalion to scramble over house roofs, over back walls, and up the -very stairs of houses where Arnold's troops were guarding the windows. -Then Arnold was carried past his men badly wounded. "We are sold," -muttered the Congress troops, "caught like rats in a trap." Still they -pressed toward in hand to hand scuffle, with shots at such close range -the Boston soldiers were {308} shouting, "Quebec men, do not fire on -your true friends!" with absurd pitching of each other by the scruff of -the neck from the windows. Daylight only served to make plainer the -desperate plight of the entrapped raiders. At ten o'clock five hundred -Congress soldiers surrendered. It must not for one moment be forgotten -that each side was fighting gallantly for what it believed to be right, -and each bore the other the respect due a good fighter and upright foe. -In fact, with the exception of two or three episodes mutually -regretted, it may be said there were fewer bitter thoughts that New -Year's morning than have arisen since from this war. The captured -Americans had barely been sent to quarters in convents and hospitals -before a Quebec merchant sent them a gift of several hogsheads of -porter. When the bodies of Montgomery and his fellow-comrades in death -were found under the snowdrifts, they were reverently removed, and -interred with the honors of war just inside St. Louis Gate. - -Though the invaders were defeated, Quebec continued to be invested till -spring, the thud of exploding bombs doing little harm except in the -case of one family, during spring, when a shell fell through the roof -to a dining-room table, killing a son where he sat at dinner. As the -ice cleared from the river in spring, both sides were on the watch for -first aid. Would Congress send up more soldiers on transports; or -would English frigates be rushed to the aid of Quebec? The Americans -were now having trouble collecting food from the habitants, for the -French doubted the invaders' success, and Congress paper money would be -worthless to the holders. One beautiful clear May moonlight night a -vessel was espied between nine and ten at night coming up the river -full sail before the wind. Was she friend or foe? Carleton and his -officers gazed anxiously from the citadel. Guns were fired as signal. -No answer came from the ship. Again she was hailed, and again; yet she -failed to hang out English colors. Carleton then signaled he would -sink her, and set the rampart cannon sweeping her bows. In a second -she was ablaze, a fire ship sent by the enemy loaded with shells and -grenades and bombs that shot off like a fusillade of rockets. At the -same time a boat was seen rowing from the {309} far side of her with -terrific speed. Carleton's precaution had prevented the destruction of -the harbor fleet. Three days later, at six in the morning, the firing -of great guns announced the coming of an English frigate. At once -every man, woman, and child of Quebec poured down to the harbor front, -half-dressed, mad with joy. By midday, Guy Carleton had led eight -hundred soldiers out to the Plains of Abraham to give battle against -the Americans; but General Thomas of the Congress army did not wait. -Such swift flight was taken that artillery, stores, tents, uneaten -dinners cooked and on the table, were abandoned to Carleton's men. -General Thomas himself died of smallpox at Sorel. At Montreal all was -confusion. The city had been but marking time, pending the swing of -victory at Quebec. In the spring of 1776 Congress had sent three -commissioners to Montreal to win Canada for the new republic. One was -the famous Benjamin Franklin, another a prominent Catholic; but the -French Canadian clergy refused to forget the attack of Congress on the -Quebec Act, and remained loyal to England. - -[Illustration: BENEDICT ARNOLD] - -For almost a year, in desultory fashion, the campaign against Canada -dragged on, Carleton reoccupying and fortifying Montreal, Three Rivers, -St. John's, and Chamby, then pushing up Champlain Lake in October of -1776, with three large vessels and ninety small ones. Between Valcour -Island and the mainland he caught Benedict Arnold with the Congress -boats on October 11, and succeeded in battering them to pieces before -{310} Arnold could extricate them. As the boats sank, the American -crews escaped ashore; but the English went no farther south than Crown -Point this year. If Carleton had failed at Quebec, there can be no -doubt Canada would have been permanently lost to England; for the -following year France openly espoused the cause of Congress, and -proclamations were secretly smuggled all through Canada to be posted on -church doors, calling on Canadians to remain loyal to France. -Curiously enough, it was Washington, the leader of the Americans, who -checkmated this move. With a wisdom almost prophetic, he foresaw that -if France helped the United States, and then demanded Canada as her -reward, the old border warfare would be renewed with tenfold more -terror. No longer would it be bushrover pitted against frontiersmen. -It would be France against Congress, and Washington refused to give the -aid of Congress to the scheme of France embroiling America in European -wars. The story of how Clark, the American, won the Mississippi forts -for Congress is not part of Canada's history, nor are the terrible -border raids of Butler and Brant, the Mohawk, who sided with the -English, and left the Wyoming valley south of the Iroquois Confederacy -a blackened wilderness, and the homes of a thousand settlers smoking -ruins. It is this last raid which gave the poet Campbell his theme in -"Gertrude of Wyoming." By the Treaty of Versailles, in 1783, England -acknowledged the independence of the United States, and Canada's area -was shorn of her fairest territory by one fell swath. Instead of the -Ohio being the southern boundary, the middle line of the Great Lakes -divided Canada from her southern neighbor. The River Ste. Croix was to -separate Maine from New Brunswick. The sole explanation of this loss -to Canada was that the American commissioners knew their business and -the value of the ceded territory, and the English commissioners did -not. It is one of the many conspicuous examples of what loyalty has -cost Canada. England is to give up the western posts to the United -States, from Miami to Detroit and Michilimackinac and Grand Portage. -In return the United States federal government is to recommend to the -States {311} Governments that all property confiscated from Royalists -during the war be restored. - - -[Illustration: GENERAL HALDIMAND] - -General Haldimand, a Swiss who has served in the Seven Years' War, -succeeds Carleton as governor in 1778. The times are troublous. There -is still a party in favor of Congress. The great unrest, which ends in -the French Revolution, disturbs habitants' life. Then that provision -of the Quebec Act, by which legislative councilors were to be nominated -by the crown, works badly. Councilors, judges, crown attorneys, even -bailiffs are appointed by the colonial office of London, and find it -more to their interests to stay currying favor in London than to attend -to their duties in Canada. The country is cursed by the evil of absent -officeholders, who draw salaries and appoint incompetent deputies to do -the work. As for the social unrest that fills the air, Haldimand claps -the malcontents in jail till the storm blows over; but the tricks of -speculators, who have flocked to Canada, give trouble of another sort. -Naturally the ring of English speculators, rather than the impoverished -French, became ascendant in foreign trade, and during the American war -the ring got such complete control of the wheat supply that bread -jumped to famine price. Just as he had dealt with the malcontents -soldier fashion, so Haldimand now had a law passed forbidding tricks -with the price of wheat. Like Carleton, {312} Haldimand too came down -hard on the land-jobbers, who tried to jockey poor French peasants out -of their farms for bailiff's fees. It may be guessed that Haldimand -was not a popular governor with the English clique. Nevertheless, he -kept sumptuous bachelor quarters at his mansion near Montmorency Falls, -was a prime favorite with the poor and with the soldiers, and sometimes -deigned to take lessons in pickle making and home keeping from the -grand dames of Quebec. In 1786 Carleton comes back as Lord Dorchester. - - -Congress had promised to protect the property of those Royalists who -had fought on the losing side in the American Revolution, but for -reasons beyond the control of Congress, that promise could not be -carried out. It was not Congress but the local governments of each -individual state that controlled property rights. In vain Congress -recommended the States Governments to restore the property confiscated -from the Royalists. The States Governments were in a condition of -chaos, packed by jobbers and land-grabbers and the riffraff that always -infest the beginnings of a nation. Instead of protecting the -Royalists, the States Governments passed laws confiscating more -property and depriving those who had fought for England of even holding -office. It was easy for the tricksters who had got possession of the -loyalists' lands to create a social ostracism that endangered the very -lives of the beaten Royalists, and there set towards Canada the great -emigration of the United Empire Loyalists. To Nova Scotia, to New -Brunswick, to Prince Edward Island, to Ontario, they came from Virginia -and Pennsylvania and New York and Massachusetts and Vermont, in -thousands upon thousands. The story of their sufferings and far -wanderings has never been told and probably never will, for there is -little official record of it; but it can be likened only to the -expulsion of the Acadians multiplied a hundredfold. To the Maritime -Provinces alone came more than thirty thousand people. To the eastern -townships of Quebec, to the regions of Kingston and Niagara and Toronto -in Ontario came some twenty thousand more. It needs no {313} trick of -fancy to call up the scene, and one marvels that neither poet nor -novelist has yet made use of it. Here were fine old Royalist officers -of New York reduced from opulence to penury, from wealth to such -absolute destitution they had neither clothing nor food, nor money to -pay ship's passage away, now crowded with their families, and such -wrecks of household goods as had escaped raid and fire, on some cheap -government transport or fishing schooner bound from New York Harbor to -Halifax or Fundy Bay. Of the thirteen thousand people bound for -Halifax there can scarcely be a family that has not lost brothers or -sons in the war. Family plate, old laces, heirlooms, even the father's -sword in some cases, have long ago been pawned for food. If one finds, -as one does find all through Nova Scotia, fine old mahogany and walnut -furniture brought across by the Loyalists, it is only because walnut -and mahogany were not valued at the time of the Revolution as they are -to-day. And instead of welcome at Halifax, the refugees met with -absolute consternation! What is a town of five thousand people to do -with so many hungry visitants? They are quartered about in churches, -in barracks, in halls knocked up, till they can be sent to farms. And -these are not common immigrants coming fresh from toil in the fields of -Europe; they are gently nurtured men and women, representing the -aristocracy and wealth and conservatism of New York. This explains why -one finds among the prominent families of Nova Scotia the same names as -among the most prominent families of Massachusetts and New York. To -the officers and heads of families the English government granted from -two thousand to five thousand acres each, and to sons and daughters of -Loyalists two hundred acres each, besides 3,000,000 pounds in cash, as -necessity for it arose. - -On the north side of Fundy Bay hardships were even greater, for the -Loyalists landed from their ships on the homeless shores of the -wildwood wilderness. Rude log cabins of thatch roof and plaster walls -were knocked up, and there began round the log cabin that tiny clearing -which was to expand into the farm. The coming of the Loyalists really -peopled both New Brunswick {314} and Prince Edward Island: the former -becoming a separate province in 1784, named after the ruling house of -England; the latter named after the Duke of Kent, who was in command of -the garrison at Charlottetown. - -More strenuous still was the migration of the United Empire Loyalists -from the south. Rich old planters of Virginia and Maryland, who had -had their colored servants by the score, now came with their families -in rude tented wagons, fine chippendales jumbled with heavy mahogany -furnishings, up the old Cumberland army road to the Ohio, and across -from the Ohio to the southern townships of Quebec, to the backwoods of -Niagara and Kingston and Toronto and modern Hamilton, and west as far -as what is now known as London. I have heard descendants of these old -southern Loyalists tell how hopelessly helpless were these planters' -families, used to hundreds of negro servants and now bereft of help in -a backwoods wilderness. It took but a year or so to wear out the fine -laces and pompous ruffles of their aristocratic clothing, and men and -women alike were reduced to the backwoods costume of coon cap, homespun -garments, and Indian moccasins. Often one could witness such anomalies -in their log cabins as gilt mirrors and spindly glass cabinets ranged -in the same apartment as stove and cooking utensils. If the health of -the father failed or the war had left him crippled, there was nothing -for it but for the mother to take the helm; and many a Canadian can -trace lineage back to a United Empire Loyalist woman who planted the -first crop by hand with a hoe and reaped the first crop by hand with a -sickle. Sometimes the jovial habits of the planter life came with the -Loyalists to Canada, and winter witnessed a furbishing up of old -flounces and laces to celebrate all-night dance in log houses where -partitions were carpets and tapestries hung up as walls. Sometimes, -too,--at least I have heard descendants of the eastern township people -tell the story,--the jovial habits kept the father tippling and card -playing at the village inn while the lonely mother kept watch and ward -in the cabin of the snow-padded forests. Of necessity the Loyalists -banded together to {315} help one another. There were "sugarings off" -in the maple woods every spring for the year's supply of homemade -sugar,--glorious nights and days in the spring forests with the sap -trickling from the trees to the scooped-out troughs; with the grown-ups -working over the huge kettle where the molasses was being boiled to -sugar; with the young of heart, big and little, gathering round the -huge bonfires at night in the woods for the sport of a taffy pull, with -molasses dripping on sticks and huge wooden spoons taken from the pot. -There were threshings when the neighbors gathered together to help one -another beat out their grain from the straw with a flail. There were -"harvest homes" and "quilting bees" and "loggings" and "barn raisings." -Clothes were homemade. Sugar was homemade. Soap was homemade. And -for years and years the only tea known was made from steeping dry -leaves gathered in the woods; the only coffee made from burnt peas -ground up. Such were the United Empire Loyalists, whose lives some -unheralded poet will yet sing,--not an unfit stock for a nation's -empire builders. - - -At the same time that the Loyalists came to Canada, came Joseph -Brant,--Thayendanegea, the Mohawk,--with the remnant of his tribe, who -had fought for the English. To them the government granted some -700,000 acres in Ontario. - -[Illustration: JOSEPH BRANT] - -{316} It is not surprising that the United Empire Loyalists objected to -living under the French laws of the Quebec Act. They had fought for -England against Congress, but they wanted representative government, -and the Constitutional Act was passed in 1791 dividing the country into -Upper and Lower Canada, each to have its own parliament consisting of a -governor, a legislative council appointed by the crown, and an assembly -elected by the people. There was to be no religious test. Naturally -old French laws would prevail in Quebec, English laws in Ontario or -Upper Canada. By this act, too, land known as the Clergy Reserves was -set apart for the Protestant Church. The first parliament in Quebec -met in the bishop's palace in December of 1792; the first parliament of -Ontario in Newark or Niagara in September of the same year, the most of -the newly elected members coming by canoe and dugout, and, as the -Indian summer of that autumn proved hot, holding many of the sessions -in shirt sleeves out under the trees, Lieutenant Governor Simcoe -reporting that the electors seem to have favored "men of the lower -order, who kept but one table and ate with their servants." The -earliest sessions of the Ontario House were marked by acts to remove -the capital from the boundary across to Toronto, and to legalize -marriages by Protestant clergymen other than of the English church. It -is amusing to read how Governor Simcoe regarded the marriage bill as an -opening of the flood gates to {317} republicanism; but for all their -shirt sleeves, the legislators enjoyed themselves and danced till -morning in Navy Hall, the Governor's residence, "Mad Tom Talbot," the -Governor's aid-de-camp, losing his heart to the fine eyes of Brant's -Indian niece, daughter of Sir William Johnson of the old Lake George -battle. - -[Illustration: LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR SIMCOE] - -Down at Quebec things were managed with more pomp, and no social event -was complete without the presence of the Duke of Kent, military -commandant, now living in Haldimand's old house at Montmorency. Nova -Scotia had held parliaments since 1758, when Halifax elected her first -members. - -Besides the United Empire Loyalists, other settlers were coming to -Canada. The Earl of Selkirk, a patriotic young Scotch nobleman, had -arranged for the removal of evicted Highlanders to Prince Edward Island -in 1803 and to Baldoon on Lake St. Clair. Then "Mad Tom Talbot," -Governor Simcoe's aid, descendant of the Talbots of Castle Malahide and -boon comrade of the young soldier who became the Duke of Wellington, -becomes so enamored of wilderness life that he gives up his career in -Europe, gains grant of lands between London and Port Dover, and lays -foundations of settlements in western Ontario, spite of the fact he -remains a bachelor. The man who had danced at royalty's balls and -drunk deep of pleasure at the beck of princes now lived in a log house -of three rooms, laughed at difficulties, "baked his own bread, milked -his own cows, made his own butter, washed his own clothes, ironed his -own linen," and taught colonists who bought his lands "how to do -without the rotten refuse of Manchester warehouses,"--the term he -applied to the broadcloth of the newcomer. - - -Under the French régime, Canada had consisted of a string of fur posts -isolated in a wilderness. It will be noticed that it now consisted of -five distinct provinces of nation builders. - - - - -{318} - -CHAPTER XIV - -FROM 1812 TO 1820 - -Hearne surrenders--Cook on the west coast--Vancouver on -Pacific--Discovery of Mackenzie River--Across to the Pacific--A smash -in bad rapids--Down Fraser River--Cause of war--The Chesapeake -outrage--War declared--Hull surrenders at Detroit--The fight round -Niagara--Soldiers exchange jokes across gorge--The traverse at -Queenston--The surrender at Queenston--1813 A dark year--Raid on -Ogdensburg--Attack on Toronto--Toronto burned--Vincent's soldiers at -Burlington Bay--Ill hap of all the generals--Laura Secord's -heroism--Campaign in the west--Moraviantown Disaster--Chrysler's -farm--De Salaberry's buglers--The charge at Chippewa--Final action at -Lundy's Lane--Great heroism on both sides--Assault at Fort Erie--End of -futile war - - -While Canada waged war for her national existence against her border -neighbors to the south, as in the days of the bushrovers' raids of old, -afar in the west, in the burnt-wood, iron-rock region of Lake Superior, -on the lonely wind-swept prairies, at the foothills where each night's -sunset etched the long shadows of the mountain peaks in somber replica -across the plains, in the forested solitude of the tumultuous Rockies -was the ragged vanguard of empire blazing a path through the -wilderness, voyageur and burnt-wood runner, trapper, and explorer, -pushing across the hinterlands of earth's ends from prairie to -mountains, and mountains to sea. - - -It was but as a side clap of the great American Revolution that the -last French cannon were pointed against the English forts on Hudson -Bay. When France sided with the American colonies a fleet of French -frigates was dispatched under the great Admiral La Pérouse against the -fur posts of the English Company. One sleepy August afternoon in 1782, -when Samuel Hearne, governor of Fort Churchill, was sorting furs in the -courtyard, gates wide open, cannon unloaded, guards dispersed, the fort -was electrified by the sudden apparition of three men-of-war, sails -full blown, sides bristling with cannon, plowing over the waves -straight for the harbor gate. French colors fluttered from the -masthead. Sails rattled down. Anchors were cast, and in a few minutes -small boats were out sounding the channel for position to attack the -fort. Hearne had barely forty men, and the most of them were -decrepits, unfit for the hunting field. As sunset merged into the long -white light of northern midnight, four hundred French mariners landed -on the sands outside Churchill. {319} Hearne had no alternative. He -surrendered without a blow. The fort was looted of furs, the Indians -driven out, and a futile attempt made to blow up the massive walls. -Hearne and the other officers were carried off captives. Matonabbee, -the famous Indian guide, came back from the hunt to find the wooden -structures of Churchill in flame. He had thought the English were -invulnerable, and his pagan pride could not brook the shame of such -ignominious defeat. Withdrawing outside the shattered walls, -Matonabbee blew his brains out. A few days later Port Nelson, to the -south, had suffered like fate. The English officers were released by -La Pérouse on reaching Europe. As for the fur company servants, they -waited only till the French sails had disappeared over the sea. Then -they came from hiding and rebuilt the burnt forts. Such was the last -act in the great drama of contest between France and England for -supremacy in the north. - - -For two hundred years explorers had been trying to find a northern -passage between Europe and Asia by way of America, from east to west. -Now that Canada has fallen into English hands; now, too, that the -Russian sea-otter hunters are coasting down the west side of America -towards that region which Drake discovered long ago in California, -England suddenly awakens to a passion for discovery of that mythical -Northwest Passage. Instead of seeking from east to west she sought -from west to east, and sent her navigator round the world to search for -opening along the west coast of America. To carry out the exploration -there was selected as commander that young officer, James Cook, who -helped to sound the St. Lawrence for Wolfe, and had since been cruising -the South Seas. On his ships, the _Resolution_ and the _Discovery_, -was a young man whose name was to become a household word in America, -Vancouver, a midshipman. - -March of 1778 the _Resolution_ and _Discovery_ come rolling over the -long swell of the sheeny Pacific towards Drake's land of New Albion, -California. Suddenly, one morning, the dim sky line resolved into the -clear-cut edges of high land, but by night such a roaring hurricane had -burst on the ships as drove them {320} far out from land, too far to -see the opening of Juan de Fuca, leading in from Vancouver Island, -though Cook called the cape there "Flattery," because he had hoped for -an opening and been deluded. Clearer weather found Cook abreast a -coast of sheer mountains with snowy summits jagging through the clouds -in tent peaks. A narrow entrance opened into a two-horned cove. Small -boats towed the ships in amid a flotilla of Indian dugouts whose -occupants chanted weird welcome to the echo of the surrounding hills. -Women and children were in the canoes. That signified peace. The -ships were moored to trees, and the white men went ashore in that -harbor to become famous as the rendezvous of Pacific fur traders, -Nootka Sound, on the sea side of Vancouver Island. - -[Illustration: CAPTAIN COOK] - -Presently the waters were literally swarming with Indian canoes, and in -a few days Cook's crews had received thousands of dollars' worth of -sea-otter skins for such worthless baubles as tin mirrors and brass -rings and bits of red calico. This was the beginning of the fur trade -in sea otter with Americans and English. Some of the naked savages -were observed wearing metal ornaments of European make. Cook did not -think of the Russian fur traders to the north, but easily persuaded -himself these objects had come from the English fur traders of Hudson -Bay, and so inferred there _must_ be a Northeast Passage. By April, -Cook's ships were once more afloat, {321} gliding among the sylvan -channels of countless wooded islands up past Sitka harbor, where the -Russians later built their fort, round westward beneath the towering -opal dome of Mount St. Elias, which Bering had named, to the waters -bordering Alaska; but, as the world knows, though the ships penetrated -up the channels of many roily waters, they found no open passage. Cook -comes down to the Sandwich Islands, New Year of 1779. There the vices -of his white crew arouse the enmity of the pagan savages. In a riot -over the theft of a rowboat, Cook and a few men are surrounded by an -enraged mob. By some mistake the white sailors rowing out from shore -fire on the mob surrounding Cook. Instantly a dagger rips under Cook's -shoulder blade. In another second Cook and his men are literally -hacked to pieces. All night the conch shells of the savages blow their -war challenge through the darkness and the signal fires dance on the -mountains. By dint of persuasion and threats the white men compel the -natives to restore the mangled remains of the commander. Sunday, -February 21, amid a silence as of death over the waters, the body of -the dead explorer is committed to the deep. - -[Illustration: FORT CHURCHILL, AS IT WAS IN 1777] - -[Illustration: TOTEM POLES, BRITISH COLUMBIA] - - -The chance discovery of the sea-otter trade by Cook's crew at Nootka -brings hosts of English and American adventurers to the Pacific Coast -of Canada. There is Meares, the English officer from China, who builds -a rabbit hutch of a barracks at Nootka and almost involves England and -Spain in war because the Spaniards, having discovered this region -before Cook, knock the log barracks into kindling wood and forcibly -seize an English trading ship. There is Robert Gray, the Boston -trader, who pushes the prow of his little ship, _Columbia_, up a -spacious harbor south of Juan de Fuca in May of 1792 and discovers -Columbia River, so giving the United States flag prior claim here. -There is George Vancouver, the English commander, sent out by his -government in 1791-1793 to receive Nootka formally back from the -Spaniards of California and to explore every inlet from Vancouver -Island to Alaska. As luck would have it, Vancouver, the Englishman, -and Gray, the American, are both hovering off {322} the mouth of the -Columbia in April of 1792, but a gale drives the ships offshore, though -turgid water plainly indicates the mouth of a great river somewhere -near. Vancouver goes on up north. Gray, the American, comes back, and -so Vancouver misses discovering the one great river that remains -unmapped in America. Up Puget Sound, named after his lieutenant, up -Fuca Straits, round Vancouver Island, past all those inlets like seas -on the mainland of British Columbia, coasts Vancouver, rounding south -again to Nootka in August. In Nootka lie the Spanish frigates from -California, bristling with cannon, the red and yellow flag blowing to -the wind above the palisaded fort. In solemn parade, with Maquinna, -the Nootka chief, clad in a state of nature, as guest of the festive -board, Don Quadra, the Spanish officer, dines and wines Vancouver; but -when it comes to business, that is another matter! Vancouver -understands that Spain is to surrender _all_ sovereignty north of San -Francisco. Don Quadra, with pompous bow, maintains that the -international agreement was to surrender rights only north of Juan de -Fuca, leaving the rest of the northwest coast free to all nations for -trade. Incidentally, it may be mentioned, Don Quadra was right, but -the two commanders agree to send home to their respective governments -for {323} instructions. Meanwhile Robert Gray, the American, comes -rolling into port with news he has discovered Columbia River. -Vancouver is skeptical and chagrined. Having failed to discover the -river, he goes down coast to explore it. It may be added, he sends his -men higher up the river than Gray has gone, and has England's flag of -possession as solemnly planted as though Robert Gray had never entered -Columbia's waters. The next two years Vancouver spends exploring every -nook and inlet from Columbia River to Lynn Canal. Once and for all and -forever he disproves the myth of a Northeast Passage. His work was -negative, but it established English rights where America's claims -ceased and Russia's began, namely between Columbia River and Sitka, or -in what is now known as British Columbia. - -[Illustration: CAPTAIN GEORGE VANCOUVER] - -[Illustration: NOOTKA SOUND (From an engraving in Vancouver's journal)] - -As the beaver had lured French bushrovers from the St. Lawrence to the -Rockies, so the sea otter led the way to the exploration of the Pacific -Coast. Artist's brush and novelist's pen have drawn all the romance -and the glamour and the adventure of the beaver hunter's life, but the -sea-otter hunter's life is {324} almost an untold tale. Pacific Coast -Indians were employed by the white traders for this wildest of hunting. -The sea otter is like neither otter nor beaver, though possessing -habits akin to both. In size, when full-grown, it is about the length -of a man. Its pelt has the ebony shimmer of seal tipped with silver. -Cradled on the waves, sleeping on their backs in the sea, playful as -kittens, the sea otters only come ashore when driven by fierce gales; -but they must come above to breathe, for the wave wash of storm would -smother them. Their favorite sleeping grounds used to be the kelp beds -of the Alaskan Islands. Storm or calm, to the kelp beds rode the -Indian hunters in their boats of oiled skin light as paper. If heavy -surf ran, concealing sight and sound, the hunters stood along shore -shouting through the surf and waiting for the wave wash to carry in the -dead body; if the sea were calm, the hunters circled in bands of twenty -or thirty, spearing the sea otter as it came up to breathe; but the -best hunting was when hurricane gales churned sea and air to spray. -Then the sea otter came to the kelp beds in herds, and through the -storm over the wave-dashed reefs, like very spirits of the storm -incarnate, rushed the hunters, spear in hand. It is not surprising -that the sea-otter hunters perished by tens of thousands every year, or -that the sea otter dwindled from a yield of 100,000 a year to a paltry -200 of the present day. - - -Meanwhile Nor'west traders from Montreal and Quebec, English traders -from Hudson Bay, have gone up the Saskatchewan far as the Athabasca and -the Rockies. What lies beyond? Whither runs this great river from -Athabasca Lake? Whence comes the great river from the mountains? Will -the river that flows north or the river that comes from the west, -either of them lead to the Pacific Coast, where Cook's crews found -wealth of sea otter? The lure of the Unknown is the lure of the siren. -First you possess it, then it possesses you! Cooped up in his fort on -Lake Athabasca, Alexander MacKenzie, the Nor'wester, begins wondering -about those rivers, but you can't ask business men to bank on the -Unknown, to write blank checks for profits on what {325} you may not -find. And the Nor'westers were all stern business men. For every -penny's outlay they exacted from their wintering partners and clerks -not ten but a hundredfold. And Alexander MacKenzie received no -encouragement from his company to explore these unknown rivers. The -project got possession of his mind. Sometimes he would pace the little -log barracks of Fort Chippewyan from sunset to day dawn, trying to work -out a way to explore those rivers; or, sitting before the huge hearth -place, he would dream and dream till, as he wrote his cousin Roderick, -"I did not know what I was doing or where I was." Finally he induced -his cousin to take charge of the fort for a summer. Then, assuming all -risk and outlay, he set out on his own responsibility June 3, 1789, to -follow the Great River down to the Arctic Ocean. "English Chief," who -often went down to Hudson Bay for the rival company, went as -MacKenzie's guide, and there were also in the canoes two or three white -men, some Indians as paddlers, and squaws to cook and make moccasins. - -[Illustration: FORT CHIPPEWYAN, ATHABASCA LAKE (From a recent -photograph)] - -{326} The canoes passed Peace River pouring down from the mountains; -then six dangerous rapids, where many a Nor'west voyageur had perished, -one of MacKenzie's canoes going smash over the falls with a squaw, who -swam ashore; then rampart shores came, broader and higher than the St. -Lawrence or the Hudson, the boats skimming ahead with blankets hoisted -for sails through foggy days and nights of driving rain. Cramped and -rain-soaked, bailing water from the canoes with huge sponges, the -Indians began to whine that the way was "hard, white man, hard." Then -the river lost itself in a huge lagoon, Slave Lake, named after -defeated Indians who had taken refuge here; and the question was, which -way to go through the fog across the marshy lake! Poking through -rushes high as a man, MacKenzie found a current, and, hoisting a sail -on his fishing pole, raced out to the river again on a hissing tide. -Here lived the Dog Rib Indians, and they frightened MacKenzie's men -cold with grewsome tales of horrors ahead, of terrible waterfalls, of a -land of famine and hostile tribes. The effect was instant. MacKenzie -could not obtain a guide till "English Chief" hoisted a Slave Lake -Indian into the canoe on a paddle handle. Though MacKenzie himself -nightly slept with the vermin-infested guide to prevent desertion, the -fellow escaped one night during the confusion of a thunder-storm. -Again a chance hunter was forcibly put into the canoe as guide; and the -explorer pushed on for another month. North of Bear Lake, Indian -warriors were seen flourishing weapons along shore, and MacKenzie's men -began to remark that the land was barren of game. If they became -winter bound, they would perish. MacKenzie promised his men if he did -not find the sea within seven days, he would turn back. Suddenly the -men lost track of day, for they had come to the region of long light. -The river had widened to swamp lands. Between the 13th and 14th of -July the men asleep on the sand were awakened by a flood of water -lapping in on their baggage. What did it mean? For a minute they did -not realize. Then they knew. It was the tide. They had found the -sea. Hilarious as boys, they jumped from bed to man their canoes and -chase whales. - -{327} September 12, all sails up before a driving wind, the canoes -raced across Athabasca Lake to the fort landing, Roderick, his nephew, -shouting a welcome. MacKenzie had laid one of the two ghosts that -haunted his peace. Now he must lay the other. Where did Peace River -come from? His achievement on MacKenzie River had been greeted by the -other Nor'west partners with a snub. Nevertheless MacKenzie asked for -leave of absence that he might go to London and study the taking of -astronomic observations in order to explore that other river flowing -from the mountains; and in London, though poor and obscure, he heard -all about Cook's voyages and Meare's brush with the Spaniards at -Nootka, and plans for Captain Vancouver to make a final exploration of -the Pacific Coast. Hurrying back to the Nor'wester's fort on Peace -River, he was beset by the blue devils of despondency. What if Peace -River did _not_ lead to the Pacific Ocean at all? What if he were -behind some other discoverer? What if the venture proved a fool's trip -leading to a blind nowhere? He was only a junior partner and could ill -afford either money or time for failure. - -[Illustration: ALEXANDER MACKENZIE] - -Nevertheless, when the furs have been dispatched for Montreal, -MacKenzie launches out on May 9 of 1793 with a thirty-foot birch canoe, -six voyageurs, and Alexander Mackay as lieutenant, for the hinterland -beyond the Rockies. This time the going was _against_ stream,--hard -paddling, but safer than with a {328} swift current in a river with -dangerous rapids. Ten days later the river has become a canyon of -tumbling cascades, the mountains sheer wall on each side, with snowy -peaks jagging up through the clouds. To portage baggage up such cliffs -was impossible. Yet it was equally impossible to go on up the canyon, -and MacKenzie's men became so terrified they refused to land. Jumping -to foothold on the wall, a towrope in one hand, an ax in the other, -MacKenzie cut steps in the cliff, then signaled above the roar of the -rapids for the men to follow. They stripped themselves to swim if they -missed footing, and obeyed, trembling in every limb. The towrope was -warped round trees and the loaded canoe tracked up the cascade. At the -end of that portage the men flatly refused to go on. MacKenzie ignored -the mutiny and ordered the best of provisions spread for a feast. -While the crew rested, he climbed the face of a rocky cliff to -reconnoiter. As far as eye could see were cataracts walled by mighty -precipices. The canoe could not be tracked up such waters. Mackay, -who had gone prospecting a portage, reported that it would be nine -miles over the mountain. MacKenzie did not tell his men what was ahead -of them, but he led the way up the steep mountain, cutting trees to -form an outer railing, and up this trail the canoe was hauled, towline -round trees, the men swearing and sweating and blowing like whales. -Three miles was the record that day, the voyageurs throwing themselves -down to sleep at five in the afternoon, wrapped in their blanket coats -lying close to the glacier edges. Three days it took to cross this -mountain, and the end of the third day found them at the foot of -another mountain. Here the river forked. MacKenzie followed the south -branch, or what is now known as the Parsnip. Often at night the men -would be startled by rocketing echoes like musketry firing, and they -would spring to their feet to keep guard with backs to trees till -morning; but presently they learned the cause of the pistol-shot -reports. They were now on the Uplands among the eternal snows. The -sharp splittings, the far boomings, the dull breaking thuds were frost -cornices of overhanging snow crashing down in avalanches that swept the -mountain slopes clear of forests. - -{329} - -[Illustration: CAUSE OF A PORTAGE] - -A short portage from the Parsnip over a low ridge to a lake, and the -canoe is launched on a stream flowing on the far side of the Divide, -Bad River, a branch of the Fraser, though MacKenzie mistakes it for an -upper tributary of the great river discovered by Gray, the Columbia. -Then, before they realize it, comes the danger of going _with_ the -current on a river with rapids. The stream sweeps to a torrent, mad -and unbridled. The canoe is as a chip in a maelstrom, the precipices -racing past in a blur, the Indians hanging frantically to the gunnels, -bawling aloud in fear, the terrified voyageurs reaching, . . . -grasping, . . . snatching at trees overhanging from the banks. The -next instant a rock has banged through bottom, tearing away the stern. -The canoe reels in a swirl. Bang goes a rock through the bow. The -birch bark flattens like a shingle. Another swirl, and, to the -amazement of all, instead of the death that had seemed impending, -smashed canoe, baggage, and voyageurs are dumped on the shallows of a -sandy reach. One can guess the gasp of relief that went up. Nobody -uttered a word for some {330} time. One voyageur, who had grasped at a -branch and been hoisted bodily from the canoe, now came limping to the -disconsolate group, and had stumbled with lighted pipe in teeth across -the powder that had been spread out to dry, when a terrific yell of -warning brought him to his senses, and relieved the tension. MacKenzie -spread out a treat for the men and sent them to gather bark for a fresh -canoe. Other adventures on Bad River need not be given. This one was -typical. The record was but two miles a day; and now there was no -turning back. The difficulties behind were as great as any that could -be before. June 15 Bad River led them westward into the Fraser, but -somewhere in the canyon between modern Quesnel and Alexandria the way -became impassable. Besides, the river was leading too far south. -MacKenzie struck up Blackwater River to the west. _Caching_ canoe and -provisions on July 4, he marched overland. The Pacific was reached on -July 22, 1793, near Bella Coola. By September, after perils too -numerous to be told, MacKenzie was back at his fur post on Peace River. -As his discoveries on this trip blazed the way to new hunting ground -for his company, they brought both honor and wealth to MacKenzie. He -was knighted by the English King for his explorations, and he retired -to an estate in Scotland, where he died about 1820. - - -Meanwhile, Napoleon has sold Louisiana to the United States. The -American explorers, Lewis and Clark, have crossed from the Missouri to -the Columbia; and now John Jacob Astor, the great fur merchant of New -York, in 1811 sends his fur traders overland to build a fort at the -mouth of Columbia River. The Northwest Company in frantic haste -dispatches explorers to follow up MacKenzie's work and take possession -of the Pacific fur trade before Astor's men can reach the field. It -becomes a race for the Pacific. - -[Illustration: SIMON FRASER] - -Simon Fraser is sent in 1806 to build posts west of the Rockies in New -Caledonia, and to follow that unknown river which MacKenzie mistook for -the Columbia, on down to the sea. Two years he passed building the -posts, that exist to this {331} day as Fraser planned them: Fort -MacLeod at the head of Parsnip River, on a little lake set like an -emerald among the mountains; Fort St. James on Stuart Lake, a reach of -sheeny green waters like the Trossachs, dotted with islands and -ensconced in mountains; Fraser Fort on another lake southward; Fort St. -George on the main Fraser River. Then, in May of 1808, with four -canoes Fraser descends the river named after him, accompanied by Stuart -and Quesnel and nineteen voyageurs. This was the river where the -rapids had turned MacKenzie back, canyon after canyon tumultuous with -the black whirlpools and roaring like a tempest. Before essaying the -worst runs of the cascades Fraser ordered a canoe lightened at the prow -and manned by the five best voyageurs. It shot down the current like a -stone from a catapult. "She flew from one danger to another," relates -Fraser, who was watching the canoe from the bank, "till the current -drove her on a rock. The men disembarked, and we had to plunge our -daggers into the bank to keep from sliding into the river as we went -down to their aid, our lives hanging on a thread." Like MacKenzie, -Fraser was compelled to abandon canoes. Each with a pack of eighty -pounds, the voyageurs set out on foot down that steep gorge where the -traveler to-day can see the trail along the side of the precipice like -basket work between Lilloet and Thompson River. In Fraser's day was no -{332} trail, only here and there bridges of trembling twig ladders -across chasms; and over these swinging footholds the marchers had to -carry their packs, the river rolling below, deep and ominous and -treacherous. At Spuzzum the river turned from the south straight west. -Fraser knew it was not the Columbia. His men named it after himself. -Forty days was Fraser going from St. George to tide water. Early in -August he was back at his fur posts of New Caledonia. - -[Illustration: ASTORIA IN 1813] - -Yet another explorer did the Nor'westers send to take possession of the -region beyond the mountains. David Thompson had been surveying the -bounds between the United States and what is now Manitoba, when he was -ordered to explore the Rockies in the region of the modern Banff. Up -on Canoe River, Thompson and his men build canoes to descend the -Columbia. Following the Big Bend, they go down the rolling milky tide -past Upper and Lower Arrow Lakes, a region of mountains sheer on each -side as walls, with wisps of mist marking the cloud line. Then a -circular sweep westward through what is now Washington, pausing at -Snake River to erect formal claim of possession for England, then a -riffle on the current, a {333} smell of the sea, and at 1 P.M. on July -15, 1811, Thompson glides within view of a little raw new fort, -Astoria. In the race to the Pacific the Americans have gained the -ground at the mouth of the Columbia just two months before Thompson -came. In Astor's fort Thompson finds old friends of the Northwest -Company hired over by Astor. - -[Illustration: MAP OF THE WEST COAST, SHOWING THE OGDEN AND ROSS -EXPLORATIONS] - - -After war has broken out in open flame it is easy to ascribe the cause -to this, that, or the other act, which put the match to the -combustibles; but the real reason usually lies far behind the one act -of explosion, in an accumulation of ill feeling that provided the -combustibles. - -So it was in the fratricidal war of 1812 between Canada and the United -States. The war was criminal folly, as useless as it was unnecessary. -What caused it? What accumulated the ill feeling lying ready like -combustibles for the match? Let us see. - - -The United Empire Loyalists have, by 1812, increased to some 100,000 of -Canada's population, cherishing bitter memories of ruin and -confiscation and persecution because Congress failed to carry out the -pledge guaranteeing protection to the losing side in the Revolution. -Then, because Congress failed to carry out _her_ guarantee, England -delayed turning over the western fur posts to the United States for -almost ten years; and whether true or false, the suspicion became an -open charge that the hostility of the Indians to American frontiersmen -was fomented by the British fur trader. - -Here, then, was cause for rankling anger on both sides, and the -bitterness was unwittingly increased by England's policy. It was hard -for the mother country to realize that the raw new nation of the United -States, child of her very flesh and blood, kindred in thought and -speech, was a power to be reckoned with, on even ground, looking on the -level, eye to eye; and not just a bumptious, underling nation, like a -boy at the hobbledehoy age, to be hectored and chaffed and bullied and -badgered and licked into shape, as a sort of protectorate appended to -English interests. - -I once asked an Englishman why the English press was so virulently -hostile to one of the most brilliant of her rising men. - -"Oh," he answered, "you must be English to understand that. We never -think it hurts a boy to be well ragged when he 's at school." - -Something of that spirit was in England's attitude to the new nation of -the United States. England was hard pressed in life-and-death struggle -with Napoleon. To recruit both army and navy, conscription was rigidly -and ruthlessly enforced. Yet more! England claimed the right to -impress British-born subjects in foreign ports, to seize deserters in -either foreign ports or on foreign ships, and, most obnoxious of all, -to search neutral vessels on the ocean highway for deserters from the -British flag. It was an era of great brutality in military discipline. -Desertions were frequent. Also thousands of immigrants were flocking -to the new nation of the United States and taking out naturalization -papers. England ignored these naturalization papers when taken out by -deserters. - -Let us see how the thing worked out. A passenger vessel is coming up -New York harbor. An English frigate with cannon pointed swings across -the course, signals the American vessel on American waters to slow up, -sends a young lieutenant with some marines across to the American -vessel, searches her from stem to stern, or compels the American -captain to read the roster of the crew, forcibly seizes half a dozen of -the American crew as British deserters, and departs, leaving the -Americans gasping with wonder whether they are a free nation or a tail -to the kite of English designs. It need not be explained that the -offense was often aggravated by the swaggering insolence of the young -officers. They considered the fury of the unprepared American crew a -prime joke. In vain the government at Washington complained to the -government at Westminster. England pigeonholed the complaint and went -serenely on her way, searching American vessels from Canada to Brazil. - -Or an English vessel has come to Hampton Roads to wood and water. An -English officer thinks he recognizes among the {335} American crews men -who have deserted from English vessels. Three men defy arrest and show -their naturalization papers. High words follow, broken heads and -broken canes, and the English crew are glad to escape the mob by rowing -out to their own vessel. - -Is it surprising that the ill feeling on both sides accumulated till -there lacked only the match to cause an explosion? The explosion came -in 1807. H. M. S. _Leopard_, cruising off Norfolk in June, encounters -the United States ship _Chesapeake_. At 3 P.M. the English ship edges -down on the American, loaded to the water line with lumber, and signals -a messenger will be sent across. The young English lieutenant going -aboard the _Chesapeake_ shows written orders from Admiral Berkeley of -Halifax, commanding a search of the _Chesapeake_ for six deserters. He -is very courteous and pleasant about the disagreeable business: the -orders are explicit; he must obey his admiral. The American commander -is equally courteous. He regrets that he must refuse to obey an -English admiral's orders, but his own government has given _most_ -explicit orders that American vessels must _not_ be searched. The -young Englishman returns with serious face. The ships were within -pistol shot of each other, the men on the English decks all at their -guns, the Americans off guard, lounging on the lumber piles. Quick as -flash a cannon shot rips across the _Chesapeake's_ bows, followed by a -broadside, and another, and yet another, that riddle the American decks -to kindling wood before the astonished officers can collect their -senses. Six seamen are dead and twenty-three wounded when the -_Chesapeake_ strikes her colors to surrender; but the _Leopard_ does -not want a captive. She sends her lieutenant back, who musters the -four hundred American seamen, picks out four men as British deserters, -learns that another deserter has been killed and a sixth has jumped -overboard rather than be retaken, takes his prisoners back to the -_Leopard_, which proceeds to Halifax, where they are tried by -court-martial and shot. - -It isn't exactly surprising that the episode literally set the United -States on fire with rage, and that the American President {336} at once -ordered all American ports closed to British war vessels. The quarrel -dragged on between the two governments for five years. England saw at -once that she had gone too far and violated international law. She -repudiated Admiral Berkeley's order, offered to apologize and pension -the heirs of the victims; but _as she would not repudiate either the -right of impressment or the right of search_, the American government -refused to receive the apology. - -[Illustration: GENERAL SIR JAMES HENRY CRAIG, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF -CANADA, 1807-1811] - -Other causes fanned the flame of war. The United States was now almost -the only nation neutral in Napoleon's wars. To cripple English -commerce, Napoleon forbids neutral nations trading at English ports. -By way of retaliation England forbids neutral nations trading with -French ports; and the United States strikes back by closing American -ports to both nations. It means blue ruin to American trade, but the -United States cannot permit herself to be ground between the upper and -nether millstones of two hostile European powers. Then, sharp as a -gamester playing his trump card, Napoleon revokes his embargo in 1810, -which leaves England the offender against the United States. Then -Governor Craig of Canada commits an error that must have delighted the -heart of Napoleon, who always profited by his enemy's blunders. Well -meaning, but {337} fatally ill and easily alarmed, Craig sends one John -Henry from Montreal in 1809 as spy to the United States for the double -purpose of sounding public opinion on the subject of war, and of -putting any Federalists in favor of withdrawing from the Union in touch -with British authorities. Craig goes home to England to die. Henry -fails to collect reward for his ignoble services, turns traitor, and -sells the entire correspondence to the war party in the United States -for $10,000. That spy business adds fuel to fire. Then there are -other quarrels. A deserter from the American army is found teaching -school near Cornwall in Canada. He is driven out of the little -backwoods schoolhouse, pricked across the field with bayonets, out of -the children's view, and shot on Canadian soil by American soldiers, an -outrage almost the same in spirit as the British crew's outrage on the -_Chesapeake_. Also, in spite of apologies, the war ships clash again. -The English sloop _Little Belt_ is cruising off Cape Henry in May of -1811, looking for a French privateer, when a sail appears over the sea. -The _Little Belt_ pursues till she sights the commodore's blue flag of -the United States frigate _President_, then she turns about; but by -this time the _President_ has turned the tables on the little sloop, -and is pursuing to find out what the former's conduct meant. Darkness -settles over the two ships beating about the wind. - -"What sloop is that?" shouts an officer through a speaking trumpet from -the American's decks. - -"What ship is _that_?" bawls back a voice through the darkness from the -little Englander. - -Then, before any one can tell who fired first (in fact, each accuses -the other of firing first), the cannon are pouring hot shot into each -other's hulls till thirty men have fallen on the decks of the _Little -Belt_. Apologies follow, of course, and explanations; but that does -not remedy the ill. In fact, when nations and people want to quarrel, -they can always find a cause. War is declared in June of 1812 by -Congress. It is war against England; but that means war against -Canada, though there are not forty-five hundred soldiers from Halifax -to Lake Huron. As for {338} the American forces, they muster an army -of some one hundred and fifty thousand; but their generals complain -they are "an untrained mob"; and events justified the complaints. - - -There is nothing for Canada to do but stand up to the war of England's -making and fight for hearth and home. Canada on the defensive, there -is nothing for the States to do but invade; and the American generals -don't relish the task with their "untrained mob." - -[Illustration: WILLIAM HULL] - -Upper Canada or Ontario has not four hundred soldiers from Kingston to -Detroit River; but Major General Isaac Brock calls for volunteers. The -clang of arms, of drill, of target practice, resounds in every hamlet -through Canada. At Kingston, at Toronto, at Fort George (Niagara), at -Erie where Niagara River comes from the lake, at Amherstburg, southeast -of Detroit, are stationed garrisons to repel invasion, with hastily -erected cannon and mortar commanding approach from the American side. -And invasion comes soon enough. The declaration of war became known in -Canada about the 20th of June. By July 3 General Hull of Michigan is -at Detroit with two thousand five hundred men preparing to sweep -western Ontario. July 3 an English schooner captures Hull's provision -boat coming up Detroit River, but Hull crosses with his army on July 12 -to Sandwich, opposite Detroit, and issues proclamation calling on the -people to throw off the yoke of English rule. How such an invitation -fell on United Empire Loyalist ears may be guessed. Meanwhile comes -word that the Northwest {339} Company's voyageurs, with four hundred -Indians, have captured Michilimackinac without a blow. The fall of -Michilimackinac, the failure of the Canadians to rally to his flag, the -loss of his provision boat, dampen Hull's ardor so that on August 8 he -moves back with his troops to Detroit. Eight days later comes Brock -from Niagara with five hundred Loyalists and one thousand Indians under -the great chief Tecumseh to join Procter's garrison of six hundred at -Amherstburg. The Canadians have come by open boat up Lake Erie from -Niagara through furious rains; but they are fighting for their homes, -and with eager enthusiasm follow Brock on up Detroit River to Sandwich, -opposite the American fort. Indians come by night and lie in ambush -south of Detroit to protect the Canadians while they cross the river. -Then the cannon on the Canadian side begin a humming of bombs overhead. -While the bombs play over the stream at Sandwich, Brock rushes thirteen -hundred men across the river south of Detroit, and before midday of -August 16 is marching his men through the woods to assault the fort, -when he is met by an officer carrying out the white flag of surrender. -While Brock was crossing the river, something had happened inside the -fort at Detroit. It was one of those curious cases of blind panic when -only the iron grip of a strong man can hold demoralized forces in hand. -The American officers had sat down to breakfast in the mess room at day -dawn, when a bomb plunged through the roof killing four on the spot and -spattering the walls with the blood of the mangled bodies. Disgraceful -stories are told of Hull's conduct. Ashy with fright and trembling, he -dashed from the room, and, before the other officers knew what he was -about, had offered to surrender his army, twenty-five hundred arms, -thirty-three cannon, an armed brig, and the whole state of Michigan. -The case is probably more an example of nervous hysterics than treason, -though the other American officers broke their swords with rage and -chagrin, declaring they had been sold for a price. It was but the -first of the many times the lesson was taught in this war, that however -well intentioned a volunteer's courage may be, it takes a seasoned man -to make war. {340} Ten minutes later, a boy had climbed the flagstaff -and hung out the English flag over Detroit. Of the captured American -army Brock permitted the volunteer privates to go home on parole. The -regulars, including Hull, were carried back prisoners on the boats to -Niagara, to be forwarded to Montreal. At Montreal, Hull was given back -to the Americans in exchange for thirty British prisoners. He was -sentenced by court-martial to be shot for treason and cowardice, but -the sentence was commuted. - -[Illustration: MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE MILITARY OPERATIONS ON -THE DETROIT RIVER] - - -At Niagara River, where the main troops of Ontario were centered, -Brock's victory was greeted with simply a madness of joy. From the -first it had been plain that the principal fighting in Ontario would -take place at Niagara, and along the river Brock had concentrated some -sixteen hundred volunteer troops, {341} raw farm hands most of them, -with a goodly proportion of descendants from the United Empire -Loyalists, who had furbished out their fathers' swords. But the army -was in rags and tatters; many men had no shoes; before Brock captured -the guns at Detroit there had not been muskets to go round the men, and -there were not cannon enough to mount the batteries cast up along -Niagara River facing the American defenses. As the boats came down -Lake Erie and disembarked the American prisoners on August 24, at Fort -Erie on the Canadian side, opposite Black Rock and Buffalo, wild yells -of jubilation rent the air. By nightfall every camp on the Canadian -side for the whole forty miles of Niagara River's course echoed to -shout and counter shout, and a wild refrain which some poet of the -haversack had composed on the spot: - - We 'll subdue the mighty Democrats and pull their dwellings down, - And have the States inhabited with subjects of the Crown. - - -Take a survey of the Niagara region. South is Lake Erie, north is Lake -Ontario, between them Niagara River flowing almost straight north -through a steep dark gorge hewn out of the solid rock by the living -waters of all the Upper Lakes, crushed and cramped, carving a turbulent -way through this narrow canyon. Midway in the river's course the blue -waters begin to race. The race becomes a dizzy madness of blurred, -whirling, raging waters. Then there is the leap, the plunge, the -shattering anger of inland seas hurling their strength over the sheer -precipice in resistless force. Then the foaming whirlpool below, and -the shadowy gorge, and the undercurrent eddying away in the -swift-flowing waters of the river coming out on Lake Ontario. On one -side are the Canadian forts, on the other the American, slab-walled all -of them, with scarcely a stone foundation except in bastions used as -powder magazines. Fort Erie on the Canadian side faces Buffalo and -Black Rock on the American side. Where the old French voyageurs used -to portage past the Falls, about halfway on the Canadian side south of -the precipice, is the village of Chippewa. Here Brock has stationed -{342} a garrison with cannon. Then halfway between the Falls and Lake -Ontario are high cliffs known as Queenston Heights, in plain view of -the American town of Lewiston on the other side. Cannon line the river -cliffs on both sides here. All about Lewiston the fields are literally -white with the tents of General Van Rensselaer's army, now grown from -twenty-five hundred to almost eight thousand. On the Canadian side -cannon had been mounted on the cliffs known as Queenston Heights. -Possibly because the two hundred men would make poor showing in -tents, Brock has his soldiers here take quarters in the farmhouses. -For the rest it is such a rural scene as one may witness any -midsummer,--rolling yellow wheat fields surrounded by the zigzag rail -fences, with square farmhouses of stone and the fields invariably -backed by the uncleared bush land. Six miles farther down the river, -where the waters join Lake Ontario, is the English post, Fort George, -near the old capital, Newark, and just opposite the American fort of -Niagara. With the exception of the Grand Island region on the river, -it may be said that both armies are in full view of each other. -Sometimes, when to the tramp--tramp--tramp of the sentry's {343} tread -a loud "All's well" echoes across the river from Lewiston to the -Canadian side, some wag at Queenston will take up the cry through the -dark and bawl back, "All's well here too"; and all night long the two -sentries bawl back and forward to each other through the dark. -Sometimes, too, though strictest orders are issued against such ruffian -warfare by both Van Rensselaer and Brock, the sentries chance shots at -each other through the dark. Drums beat reveillé at four in the -morning, and the rub-a-dub-dub of Queenston Heights is echoed by -rat-tat-too of Lewiston, though river mist hides the armies from each -other in the morning. Iron baskets filled with oiled bark are used as -telegraph signals, and one may guess how, when the light flared up of a -night on the Canadian heights, scouts carried word to the officers on -the American side. One may guess, too, the effect on Van Rensselaer's -big untrained army, when, with the sun aglint on scarlet uniform, they -saw their fellow-countrymen of Detroit marched prisoners between -British lines along the heights of Queenston opposite Lewiston. Rage, -depression, shame, knew no bounds; and the army was unable to vent -anger in heroic attack, for England had repealed her embargo laws, and -when Brock came back from Detroit he found that an armistice had been -arranged, and both sides had been ordered to suspend hostilities till -instructions came from the governments. The truce, it may be added, -was only an excuse to enable both sides to complete preparations for -the war. In a few weeks ball and bomb were again singing their shrill -songs in mid-air. - -[Illustration: MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE MILITARY OPERATIONS ON -THE NIAGARA FRONTIER] - -Brock's victory demoralized the rabble under the American Van -Rensselaer. Desertions increased daily, and discipline was so -notoriously bad Van Rensselaer and his staff dared not punish desertion -for fear of the army--as one of them put it--"falling to pieces." Van -Rensselaer saw that he must strike, and strike at once, and strike -successfully, or he would not have any army left at all. Two thousand -Pennsylvanians had joined him; and on October 9, at one in the morning, -Lieutenant Elliott led one hundred men with muffled paddles from the -American side to two Canadian ships lying anchored off Fort Erie. One -was the {344} brig captured from Hull at Detroit, the other a sloop -belonging to the Northwest Fur Company, loaded with peltries. Before -the British were well awake, Elliott had boarded decks, captured the -fur ship with forty prisoners, and was turning her guns on the other -ship when Port Erie suddenly awakened with a belch of cannon shot. The -Americans cut the cables and drifted on the captured ship downstream. -The fur ship was worked safely over to the American side, where it was -welcomed with wild cheers. The brig was set on fire and abandoned. - -Van Rensselaer decided to take advantage of the elated spirit among the -troops and invade Canada at once. - -Over on the Canadian side, Brock, at Fort George, wanted to offer an -exchange of Detroit prisoners for the voyageurs on the captured fur -ship, and Evans was ordered to paddle across to Lewiston with the -offer, white handkerchief fluttering as a flag of truce. Evans could -not mistake the signs as he landed on the American shore. Sentries -dashed down to stop his advance at bayonet point. He was denied speech -with Van Rensselaer and refused admittance to the American camp; and -the reason was plain. A score of boats, capable of holding thirty men -each, lay moored at the Lewiston shore. Along the rain-soaked road -behind the shore floundered and marched troops, fresh troops joining -Van Rensselaer's camp. It was dark before Evans returned to Queenston -Heights and close on midnight when he reached Major General Brock at -Fort George. Brock thought Evans over anxious, and both went to bed, -or at least threw themselves down on a mattress to sleep. At two -o'clock they were awakened by a sound which could not be mistaken,--the -thunderous booming of a furious cannonade from Queenston Heights. -Brock realized that the two hundred Canadians on the cliff must be -repelling an invasion, but he was suspicious that the attack from -Lewiston was a feint to draw off attention from Fort Niagara opposite -Fort George, and he did not at once order troops to the aid of -Queenston Heights. - -[Illustration: GENERAL BROCK] - -Evans' predictions of invasion were only too true. After one attempt -to cross the gorge, which was balked by storm, Van {345} Rensselaer -finally got his troops down to the water's edge about midnight of -October 12-13. The night was dark, moonless, rainy,--a wind which -mingled with the roar of the river drowning all sound of marching -troops. Three hundred men embarked on the first passage of the boats -across the swift river, the poor old pilot literally groaning aloud in -terror. Three of the boats were carried beyond the landing on the -Canadian side, and had to come back through the dark to get their -bearings; but the rest, led by Van Rensselaer, had safely landed on the -Canadian side, when the batteries of Queenston Heights flashed to life -in sheets of fire, lighting up the dark tide of the river gorge and -sinking half a dozen boat loads of men now coming on a second traverse. -Instantly Lewiston's cannon pealed furious answer to the Canadian fire, -and in the sheet-lightning flame of the flaring batteries thousands -could be seen on the American shore watching the conflict. As the -Americans landed they hugged the rock cliff for shelter, but the -mortality on the crossing boats was terrible; and each passage carried -back quota of wounded. Van Rensselaer was shot in the thigh almost as -he landed, but still he held his men in hand. A second shot pierced -the same side. A third struck his knee. Six wounds he received in as -many seconds; and he was carried back in the boats to the Lewiston -side. Then began a mad scramble through the darkness {346} up a -fisherman's path steep as trail of mountain goat, sheer against the -face of the cliff. When day dawned misty and gray over the black tide -of the rolling river, the Canadian batterymen of Queenston Heights were -astounded to see American sharp-shooters mustered on the cliff behind -and above them. A quick rush, and the Canadian batterymen were driven -from their ground, the Canadian cannon silenced, and while wild -shoutings of triumph rose from the spectators at Lewiston, the American -boats continued to pour soldiers across the river. - -It was at this stage Brock came riding from Fort George so spattered -with mud from head to heel he was not recognized by the soldiers. One -glance was enough. The Canadians had lost the day. Sending messengers -to bid General Sheaffe hurry the troops from Fort George, and other -runners to bring up the troops from Chippewa behind the Americans on -Queenston Heights, Brock charged up the hill amid shriek of bombs and -clatter of sharpshooters. He had dismounted and was scrambling over a -stone wall. "Follow me, boys!" he shouted to the British grenadiers; -then at the foot of the hill, waving his sword: "Now take a breath; you -will need it! Come on! come on!" and he led the rush of two hundred -men in scarlet coats to dislodge the Americans. A shot pierced his -wrist. "Push on, York volunteers," he shouted. His portly figure in -scarlet uniform was easy mark for the sharpshooters hidden in the brush -of Queenston Heights. One stepped deliberately out and took aim. -Though a dozen Canadian muskets flashed answer, Brock fell, shot -through the breast, dying with the words on his lips, "My fall must not -be noticed to stop the victory." Major Macdonnell led in the charge up -the hill, but the next moment his horse plunged frantically, and he -reeled from the saddle fatally wounded. For a second time the British -were repulsed, and the Americans had won the Heights, if not the day. - -[Illustration: BROCK MONUMENT, QUEENSTON HEIGHTS] - -The invaders were resting on their arms, snatching a breakfast of -biscuit and cheese about midday, when General Sheaffe arrived from Fort -George with troops breathless from running. A heart-shattering huzza -from the village warned the Americans {347} that help had come, and -they were to arms in a second; but Sheaffe had swept round the Heights, -Indians on one side of the hill, soldiers on the other, and came on the -surprised Americans as from the rear. There was a wild whoop, a dash -up the hill, a pause to fire, when the air was splinted by nine hundred -instantaneous shots. Then through the smoke the British rushed the -Heights at bayonet point. For three hours the contest raged in full -sight of Lewiston, a hand-to-hand butchery between Sheaffe's fresh -fighters and the Americans, who had been on their feet since midnight. -Indian tomahawk played its part, but it is a question if the scalping -knife did as deadly work as the grenadier's long bayonets. Cooped up -between the enemy and the precipice, the American sharpshooters waited -for the help that never came. In vain Van Rensselaer's officers prayed -and swore and pleaded with the volunteer troops on the Lewiston side. -The men flatly refused to cross; for boat loads of mangled bodies were -brought back at each passage. Discipline fell to pieces. It was the -old story of volunteers, brave enough at a spurt, going to pieces in -panic under hard and continued strain. Driven from Queenston Heights, -the invaders fought their way down the cliff path by inches to the -water side, and there . . . there were no boats! Pulling off his white -necktie, an officer held it up on the point of his sword as signal of -surrender. It was one of the most {348} gallant fights on both sides -in Canadian history, though officers over on the Lewiston shore were -crying like boys at the sight of nine hundred Americans surrendering. - -Truce was then arranged for the burial of the dead. The bodies of -Brock and Macdonnell were laid on a gun wagon and conveyed between -lines of sorrowing soldiers, with arms reversed, to the burial place -outside Fort George. As the regimental music rang out the last march -of the two dead officers, minute guns were fired in sympathy all along -the American shore. "He would have done as much for us," said the -American officers of the gallant Brock. - -Van Rensselaer at once resigns. "Proclamation" Smyth, whose addresses -resemble Fourth of July backwoods orations, succeeds as commander of -the American army; but "Proclamation" Smyth makes such a mess of a raid -on Fort Erie, retreating with a haste suggestive of Hull at Detroit, -that he is mobbed when he returns to the United States shore. But what -the United States lose by land, they retrieve by sea. England's best -ships are engaged in the great European war. From June to December, -United States vessels sweep the sea; but this is more a story of the -English navy than of Canada. The year of 1812 closes with the cruisers -of Lake Ontario chasing each other through many a wild snowstorm. - - -As the year 1812 proved one of jubilant victory for Canada, so 1813 was -to be one of black despair. With the exception of four brilliant -victories wrested in the very teeth of defeat, the year passes down to -history as one of the darkest in the annals of the country. The -population of the United States at this time was something over seven -millions, and it was not to be thought for one moment that a nation of -this strength would remain beaten off the field by the little province -of Ontario (Upper Canada), whose population numbered barely ninety -thousand. General Harrison hurries north from the Wabash with from six -to eight thousand men to retrieve the defeat of Detroit. At Presqu' -Isle, on Lake Erie, hammer and mallet and {349} forging iron are heard -all winter preparing the fleet for Commodore Perry that is to command -Lake Erie and the Upper Lakes for the Americans. At Sackett's Harbor -similar preparations are under way on a fleet for Chauncey to sweep the -English from Lake Ontario; and all along both sides of the St. -Lawrence, as winter hedged the waters with ice, lurk scouts,--the -Americans, for the most part, uniformed in blue, the Canadians in -Lincoln green with gold braid,--watching chance for raid and counter -raid during the winter nights. The story of these thrilling raids will -probably pass into the shadowy realm of legend handed down from father -to son, for few of them have been embodied in the official reports. - -From being hard pressed on the defensive, Canada has suddenly sprung -into the position of jubilant victor, and if Brock had lived, she would -probably have followed up her victories by aggressive invasion of the -enemy's territory; but all effort was literally paralyzed by the -timidity and vacillation of the governor general, Sir George Prevost. -Prevost's one idea seems to have been that as soon as the obnoxious -embargo laws were revoked by England, the war would stop. When the -embargo was revoked and the armistice of midsummer simply terminated in -a resumption of war, this idea seems to have been succeeded by the -single aim to hold off conclusions with the United States till England -could beat Napoleon and come to the rescue. All winter long scouts and -bold spirits among the volunteers craved the chance to raid the -anchored fleets of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, but Prevost not only -forbade the invasion of the enemy's territory, but before the year was -out actually advocated the abandonment of Ontario. If his advice had -been followed, it is no idle supposition to infer that the fate of -Ontario would have been the same as the destiny of the Ohio and -Michigan. - - -One night in February the sentry at the village of Brockville, named -after the dead hero, was surprised by two hundred American raiders -dashing up from the frozen river bed. Before bugles could sound to -arms, jails had been opened, stores looted, houses {350} plundered, and -the raiders were off and well away with fifty-two prisoners and a dozen -sleigh loads of provisions. Gathering some five hundred men together -from the Kingston region, M'Donnell and Jenkins of the Glengarrys -prepared to be revenged. Cannon were hauled out on the river from the -little village of Prescott to cross the ice to Ogdensburg. The river -here is almost two miles wide, and as it was the 23d of February, the -ice had become rotten from the sun glare of the coming spring. As the -cannon were drawn to mid-river, though it was seven in the morning, the -ice began to heave and crack with dire warning. To hesitate was death; -to go back as dangerous as to go forward. With a whoop the men broke -from quick march to a run, unsheathing musket and fixing bayonet blades -as they dashed ahead to be met with a withering cross fire as they came -within range of the American batteries. In places, the suck of the -water told where the ice had given behind. Then bullets were peppering -the river bed in a rain of fire, Jenkins and M'Donnell to the fore, -waving their swords. Then bombs began to ricochet over the ice. If -the range of the Ogdensburg cannon had been longer, the whole Canadian -force might have been sunk in mid-river; but the men were already -dashing up the American shore whooping like fiends incarnate. First a -grapeshot caught Jenkins' left arm, and it hung in bloody splinters. -Then a second shot took off his right arm. Still he dashed forward, -cheering his men, till he dropped in his tracks, faint from loss of -blood. No answer came back to the summons to surrender, and, taking -possession of an outer battery, the Canadians turned its cannon full on -the village. Under cover of the battery fire, and their own cannon now -in position, the whole force of Canadians immediately rushed the town -at bayonet point. Now the bayonet in a solid phalanx of five hundred -men is not a pleasant weapon to stand up against. As the drill -sergeants order, you not only stick the bayonet _into_ your enemy, but -you turn it round "to let the air in" so he will die; and before the -furious onslaught of bayonets, the defenders of Ogdensburg broke, and -fled for the woods. Within an hour the {351} Canadians had burnt the -barracks, set fire to two schooners iced up, and come off with loot of -a dozen cannon, stores of all sorts, and with prisoners to the number -of seventy-four. - - -[Illustration: YORK (TORONTO) HARBOR] - -The ice had left Lake Ontario early this year, and by mid-April -Commander Chauncey slipped out of Sackett's Harbor with sixteen -vessels, having on board seventeen hundred troops, besides the crews. -It will be remembered that the capital of Ontario had been moved from -Niagara (Newark) to York (Toronto) on the north side of Lake Ontario, -then a thriving village of one thousand souls on the inner shore of -Humber Bay. On the sand reef known as the Island, in front of the -harbor, had been constructed a battery with cannon. The main village -lay east of the present city hall. Westward less than a mile was -Government House, on the site of the present residence. Between -Government House and the village was not a house of any sort, only a -wood road flanking the lake, and badly cut up by ravines. Just west of -Government House, and close to the water, was a blockhouse or tower -used as powder magazine, mounted with cannon to command the landing -from the lake. Some accounts speak of yet another little outer battery -or earthwork farther {352} westward. North of the Government House -road, or what is now King Street, were dense woods. General Sheaffe, -who had succeeded Brock at Queenston Heights, chanced to be in Toronto -in April with some six hundred men. Just where the snug quarters of -the Toronto Hunt Club now stand you may look out through the green -foliage of the woods fringing the high cliffs of Lake Ontario, and -there lies before your view the pure sky-blue surface of an inland sea -washing in waves like a tide to the watery edge of the far sky line. -Early in the morning of April 27 a forest ranger, dressed in the -customary Lincoln green, was patrolling the forested edge of -Scarborough Heights above the lake. The trees had not yet leafed out, -but were in that vernal state when the branches between earth and sky -take on the appearance of an aerial network just budding to light and -color; and in the ravines still lay patches of the winter snow. The -morning was hazy, warm, odoriferous of coming summer, with not a breath -of wind stirring the water. As the sun came up over the lake long -lines of fire shot through the water haze. Suddenly the scout paused -on his parade. Something was advancing shoreward through the mist, -advancing in a circling line like the ranks of wild birds flying north, -with a lap--lap--lap of water drip and a rap--rap--rap of rowlocks from -a multitude of sweeps. The next instant the forest rang to a musket -shot, for the scout had discovered Commodore Chauncey's fleet of -sixteen vessels being towed forward by rowers through a dead calm. The -musket shot was heard by another scout nearer the fort. The signal was -repeated by another shot, and another for the whole twelve miles, till -General Sheaffe, sitting smoking a cigar in Government House, sprang to -his feet and rushed out, followed by his officers, to scan the harbor -of Humber Bay from the tops of the fort bastions. Sure enough! there -was the fleet, led by Chauncey's frigate with twenty-four cannon poking -from its sides, a string of rowboats in tow behind to land the army, -coming straight across the harbor over water calm as silk. It has been -told how the fleet made the mistake of passing beyond the landing, but -the chances are the mistake was intentional {353} for the purpose of -avoiding the cannon of the fort bastions. At all events the report may -be believed that the most of Toronto people forgot to go back to -breakfast that morning. A moment later officers were on top of the -bastion towers, directing battery-men to take range for their cannon. -A battalion variously given as from fifty to one hundred, along with -some Indians, was at once dispatched westward to ambush the Americans -landing. Another division was posted at the battery beyond Government -House. Sheaffe saw plainly from the number of men on deck that he was -outnumbered four to one, and the flag on the commodore's boat probably -told him that General Dearborn, the commander in chief, was himself on -board to direct the land forces. Sheaffe has been bitterly blamed for -two things,--for not invading Niagara after the victory on Queenston -Heights, and for his conduct at Toronto. He now withdrew the main -forces to a ravine east of the fort, plainly preparatory for retreat. -Not thus would Brock have acted. - -Meanwhile time has worn on to nine o'clock. The American ships have -anchored. The Canadian cannon are sending the bombs skipping across -the water. The rowboats are transferring the army from the schooners, -and the ambushed sharpshooters are picking the bluecoats off as they -step from ships to boats. - -"By the powers!" yells Forsyth, an American officer, "I can't stand -seeing this any longer. Come on, boys! jump into our boats!" and he -bids the bugles blow till the echoes are dancing over Humber waters. -Dearborn and Chauncey stay on board. Pike leads the landing, and -Chauncey's cannon set such grape and canister flying through the woods -as clear out those ambushed shooters, the Indians flying like scared -partridges, and the advance is made along Government House road at -quick march. Just west of the Government House battery the marchers -halt to send forward demand for surrender. Firing on both sides -ceases. The smoke clears from the churned-up waters of the bay, and -Commander Pike has seated himself on an old cannon, when, before answer -can come back to the demand, a frightful accident occurs that upsets -all plans. Waiting for the signal {354} to begin firing again, a -batteryman in the near bastion was holding the lighted fuse in his -right hand, ready for the cannon, when something distracted his -attention, and he wheeled with the lighted match behind him. It -touched a box of explosives. If any proof were needed that the tragedy -was _not_ designed, it is to be found in the fact that English officers -were still on the roof of the blockhouse, and the apartment below -crowded with Canadians. A roar shook the earth. A cloud of black -flame shot into mid-air, and the next minute the ground for half a mile -about was strewn with the remains, mangled to a pulp, of more than -three hundred men, ninety of whom were Canadians, two hundred and sixty -Americans, including Brigadier Pike fatally wounded by a rock striking -his head. In the horror of the next few moments, defense was -forgotten. Wheelbarrows, trucks, gun wagons, were hurried forward to -carry wounded and dead to the hospital. Leaving his officers to -arrange the terms of surrender, at 2 P.M. Sheaffe retreated at quick -march for Kingston, pausing only to set fire to a half-built ship and -some naval stores. Lying on a stretcher on Chauncey's ship, Pike is -roused from unconsciousness by loud huzzas. - -"What is it?" he asks. - -"They are running up the stars and stripes, sir." - -A smile passed over Pike's face. When the surgeon looked again, the -commander was dead. For twenty-four hours the haggle went on as to -terms of capitulation. Within that time, two or three things occurred -to inflame the invading troops. They learned that Sheaffe had slipped -away; as the American general's report put it, "They got the shell, but -the kernel of the nut got away." They learned that stores had been -destroyed after the surrender had been granted. Without more -restraint, and in defiance of orders, the American troops gave -themselves up to plunder all that night. In their rummaging through -the Parliament buildings they found hanging above the Speaker's chair -what Canadian records declare was a _wig_, what American reports say -was a _human scalp_ sent in by some ranger from the west. From what I -have read in the private papers of fur traders {355} in that period -regarding international scalping, I am inclined to think that wig may -have been an American scalp. Certainly, the fur traders of -Michilimackinac wrapped no excuses round their savagery when the canoes -all over the coasts of Lake Superior, in lieu of flags, had American -scalps flaunting from their prows. At all events, word went out that -an American scalp had been found above the Speaker's chair. It was -night. The troops were drunk with success and perhaps with the plunder -of the wine shops. All that night and all the next day and night the -skies were alight with the flames of Toronto's public buildings on -fire. Also, the army chest with ten thousand dollars in gold, which -Sheaffe had forgotten, was dug up on pain of the whole town being fired -unless the money were delivered. Private houses were untouched. -Looted provisions which the fleet cannot carry away, Chauncey orders -distributed among the poor. Then, leaving some four hundred prisoners -on parole not to serve again during the war, Chauncey sails away for -Niagara. - - -It is a month later. Down at Fort George on the Canadian side General -Vincent knows well what has happened at Toronto and is on the lookout -for the enemy's fleet. On the American side of the Niagara River, from -Lake Ontario to Lake Erie, are seven thousand troops eager to wipe out -the stain of last year's defeat. On the Canadian side, from Fort -George to Chippewa and Erie, are twenty-three hundred men, mostly -volunteers from surrounding farms, and powder is scarce and provisions -are scarce, for Chauncey's fleet has cut off help from St. Lawrence and -Kingston way. All the last two weeks of May, heavy hot fog lay on the -lake and on the river between the hostile lines, but there was no -mistaking what Chauncey's fleet was about. Red-hot shot showers on -Fort George in a perfect rain. Standing on the other side of the river -are thousands of spectators, among them one grand old swashbuckler -fellow in a cocked hat, whose fighting days are past, taking snuff -after the fashion of a former generation and wearing an air of grand -patronage to the American troops because _he_ has seen service in -Europe. - -{356} "No, sir," says the grand old fighting cock pompously to his -auditors, "can't be done! Have seen it tried on the Continent, and you -can't do it! Lay a wager you can't do it! Can't possibly set fire to -a fort by red-hot shot!" - -Then at night time, when the lurid glare of flame lights up the foggy -darkness, the old gentleman is put to his trumps. "See!" they say; -"Fort George _is_ on fire"; and over at Fort George the bucket brigade -works hard as the cannoneers. But the fog is too good a chance to be -missed by Chauncey; rowing out with muffled oars all the nights of May -24 and 25, he has his men sounding . . . sounding . . . sounding in -silence the channel, right within pistol shot of Fort George. The -night of the 26th troops and marines are bidden breakfast at two in the -morning, and be ready for action with a single blanket and rations for -one day. That is all they are told. They embark at four. The waters -are dead calm, the morning of the 27th gray as wool with fog. Sweeps -out Chauncey's fleet, circles up to Fort George with one hundred scows -in tow, carrying fifty soldiers each. Vincent takes his courage in his -teeth and gathers his one thousand men inside the walls. Then the -cannon of the frigates split fog and air and earth, and, under cover of -the fire, the scows gain the land by 9 A.M. First, Vincent's -sharpshooters sally from the fort and fire; then they fire from the -walls; then they overturn guns, retreat from the walls, throw what -powder they cannot carry into the water, and retreat, fighting, behind -stone walls and ditches. The contest of one thousand against six -thousand is hopeless. Vincent sends coureurs riding like the wind to -Chippewa and Queenston and Erie, ordering the Canadians to retire to -the Back Country. By four o'clock in the afternoon Americans are in -possession of the Canadian side from Fort George to Erie. Vincent -retreats at quick march along the lake shore towards what is now -Hamilton. June 1 General Dearborn sends his officers, Chandler and -Winder, in hot pursuit with thirty-five hundred men. - - -Vincent's soldiers have less than ninety rounds of powder to a man. He -has only one thousand men, for the garrisons of {357} Chippewa and -Queenston Heights and Erie have fallen back in a circle to the region -of St. David's. June 5, Vincent's Canadians are in camp at Burlington -Bay. Only seven miles away, at Stony Creek, lies the American army, -out sentries posted at a church, artillery on a height commanding a -field, officers and men asleep in the long grass. Humanly speaking, -nothing could prevent a decisive battle the next day. The two American -officers, Chandler and Winder, sit late into the night, candles alight -over camp stools, mapping out what they think should be the campaign. -It is a hot night,--muggy, with June showers lighted up by an -occasional flash of sheet lightning. Then all candles out, and pitch -darkness, and silence as of a desert! The American army is asleep,--in -the dead sleep of men exhausted from long, hard, swift marching. The -artillerymen on the hillocks, the sentries, the outposts at the -church,--they, too, are sound asleep! - -[Illustration: FITZGIBBONS] - -But the Canadians, too, know that, humanly speaking, nothing can -prevent a decisive battle on the morrow. The stories run--I do not -vouch for their truth, though facts seem to point to some such -explanation--that Harvey, a Canadian officer, had come back to the -American army that night disguised as a Quaker peddling potatoes, and -noted the unguarded condition of the exhausted troops; also that -Fitzgibbons, the famous scout, came through the American lines dressed -as a rustic selling butter. Whether these stories are true or not, or -whether, indeed, the Canadians knew anything about the American camp, -they plucked resolution from desperation. If they waited for the -morrow's battle, they would be beaten. Harvey proposed to Vincent that -seven {358} hundred picked men go back through the dark and raid the -American camp. Vincent left the entire matter to Harvey. Setting out -at 11.30 along what is now Main Street, Hamilton, the Canadians marched -in perfect silence. Harvey had given orders that not a shot should be -fired, not a word spoken, the bayonet alone to be used. By two in the -morning of June 6 the marchers came to the church where the sentries -were posted. Two were stabbed to death before they awakened. The -third was compelled to give the password, then bayoneted in turn. The -Canadian raiders might have come to the very midst of the American army -if it had not been for the jubilant hilarity of some young officers, -who, capturing a cannon, uttered a wild huzza. On the instant, bugles -sounded alarm; drums beat a crazy tattoo, and every man leaped from his -place in the grass, hand on pistol. The next second the blackness of -the night was ablaze with musketry; the soldiers were firing blindly; -officers were shouting orders that nobody heard; troops were dashing -here, there, everywhere, lost in the darkness, the heavy artillery -horses breaking tether ropes and stampeding over the field. Major -Plenderleath with a company of young Canadians suddenly found himself -in the midst of the American camp. One of the young raiders stabbed -seven Americans to death; a brother bayoneted four, and before daylight -betrayed the smallness of their forces the raiders came safely off with -three guns and one hundred prisoners, including the two American -officers, Winder and Chandler. The loss to the British was one hundred -and fifteen killed and wounded; but there would be no battle the next -day. The battle of Stony Creek sent the Americans retreating back down -the lake front to Fort George, harried by the English fleet under Sir -James Yeo from Kingston. A hundred episodes might be related of the -Stony Creek raid. For years it was to be the theme of camp-fire yarns. -For instance, in the flare of musketry fire a Canadian found himself -gazing straight along the blade of an American's bayonet. "Sir, the -password," demanded the American sentry. Luckily the scout, instead of -wearing an English red coat, had on a blue jacket resembling {359} that -of the American marines, and he instantly took his cue. "Rascal," he -thundered back, "what do you mean, off your line? Go back to your -post!" The sentry's bayonet dropped; there was momentary darkness, and -the Canadian literally bolted. Then ludicrous ill luck befell all the -generals. Vincent had accompanied the raiders on horseback. When the -bugles sounded "retire," he gave his horse the bit, and in the pitch -darkness the brute carried him pellmell along the wrong road, over -fences and hayfields, some fifteen miles into the Back Country. Next -day, when Vincent was missing, under flag of truce messengers went to -the retreating American army to find if he were among the dead. At -four in the afternoon his horse came limping into the Canadian camp. -Chandler, the American officer, on awakening had sprung on horseback -and spurred over the field shouting commands. In the darkness his -horse fell and threw him. When Chandler came to himself he was -prisoner among the Canadians. Winder's ill luck was equally bad. By -the flare of the firing he saw what he thought was a group of -artillerymen deserting a gun. Dashing up, he laid about him with his -pistol, shouting, "Come on! come on!" Another flare of fire, and he -found himself surrounded by a circle of Canadian bayonets. "Drop your -pistol, sir, or you are a dead man," ordered a young Canadian, and -Winder surrendered. - - -It will be recalled that the garrisons of Queenston below the Falls, -and Chippewa above, and Erie at the head of the river, had retreated -from the invading Americans to the Back Country now traversed by -Welland Canal. From different posts beyond what was known as the Black -Swamp, these bands of the dispersed Canadian army swooped down on the -American outposts, harrying the whole American line from Lake Ontario -to Lake Erie. Of all the raiders none was more daring than Lieutenant -Fitzgibbons, posted beyond the Beaver Dams, at a stone house near De -Ceu's Falls. Space forbids more than one episode of his raids. Once, -while riding along Lundy's Lane alone, he was recognized by the wife of -a Canadian captain, who dashed from {360} the cottage, warning him to -retreat, as a hundred and fifty Americans had just passed that way. -Standing in front of the roadside inn was the cavalry horse of an -American. Fitzgibbons could n't resist the temptation for a bout with -the foe, and dismounting, was entering the door when a soldier in blue -dashed at him with leveled musket. Naturally not keen to create alarm, -Fitzgibbons knocked the weapon from the man's hand, and without a sound -had thrown him on the ground, when another American rifleman dashed -from behind. Strong as a lion, Fitzgibbons threw the first man -violently against the second, and was holding both at bay beneath his -leveled rifle when one of the downed men snatched the Irishman's sword -from the scabbard. He was in the very act of thrusting the sword point -into Fitzgibbons, when the innkeeper's wife, with a dexterous kick, -sent the weapon whirling out of his hand. Fitzgibbons disarmed the -men, tied them, threw them across his horse, and himself mounting, -galloped to the woods with a laugh, though one hundred and fifty -Americans were within a quarter of a mile. - -The American commanders at Niagara determined to clean out this nest of -raiders from the Back Country, and Lieutenant Boerstler was ordered to -march from Fort George with some six hundred men. Leaving Fort George -secretly at night, Boerstler came to Queenston at eleven on the night -of June 23. Here all Canadian soldiers free on parole were seized, to -prevent word of the attack reaching the Back Country. The troops were -not even permitted to light camp fire or candles. The great secrecy of -the American marchers at once roused suspicion among the Canadians -between Queenston and the village of St. David's that the expedition -was directed against Fitzgibbons' scouts. At his home, between -Queenston and St. David's, dwelt a United Empire Loyalist, James -Secord, recovering from dangerous wounds received in the battle of -Queenston Heights. He was too weak himself to go by night and forewarn -Fitzgibbons, but his wife, Laura Ingersoll, a woman of some thirty -years, was also of the old United Empire Loyalist stock. She -immediately set out alone for the Back Country to warn Fitzgibbons. -{361} Many and contradictory stories are told of her march. Whether -she tramped two nights and two days, or only one night and one day, -whether her march led her twenty or only twelve miles, matters little. -She succeeded in passing the first sentry on the excuse she was going -out to milk a cow, and she eluded a second by telling him she wished to -visit a wounded brother, which was true. Then she struck away from the -beaten path through what was known as the Black Swamp. It had rained -heavily. The cedar woods were soggy with moisture, the swamp swollen, -and the streams running a mill race. Through the summer heat, through -the windfall, over the quaking forest bog, tramped Laura Secord. It -may be supposed that the most of wild animals had been frightened from -the woods by the heavy cannonading for almost a year; but the hoot of -screech owl, the eldritch scream of wild cat, the far howl of the wolf -pack hanging on the trail of the armies for carrion, were not sounds -quieting to the nerves of a frightened woman flitting through the -forest by moonlight. It was clear moonlight when she came within range -of Beaver Dam and De Ceu's house. She had just emerged in an open -field when she was assailed with unearthly yells, and a thousand -ambushed Indians rose from the grass. - -[Illustration: LAURA SECORD] - -"Woman! A woman! What does a white woman here?" demanded the chief, -seizing her arm. She answered that she was a friend and it was matter -of life and death for her to see {362} Fitzgibbons at once. So Laura -Secord delivered her warning and saved the Canadian army. The episode -has gone down to history one of the national legends, like the story of -Madeline Verchères on the St. Lawrence. Fitzgibbons posts his forty -men in place, and Ducharme, commander of the Indians, scatters his one -thousand redskins in ambush along the trail. Also, word is sent for -two other detachments to come with all speed. - -June 24, at seven in the morning, Boerstler is moving along a narrow -forest trail through the beech woods of Beaver Dams. The men are -advancing single file, mounted infantrymen first with muskets slouched -across saddle pommels, then the heavy wagons, then cavalry to rear. -The timber is heavy, the trail winding. Here the long line deploys out -from the trail to avoid jumping windfall; there halt is made to cut a -way for the wagons; then the long line moves sleepily forward, yellow -sunlight shafted through the green foliage across the riders' blue -uniforms. Suddenly a shot rings out, and another, and another! The -forest is full of unseen foes, before, behind, on all sides, the -cavalry forces breaking rank and dashing forward among the wagons. -Boerstler sees it will be as unsafe to retreat as to go on. Sending -messengers back to Fort George for aid, he pushes forward into an open -wheat field. Fifty-six men have fallen, and the bullets are still -raining from an invisible foe. Looking back he sees mounted men in -green coats passing and repassing across his trail, filing and -refiling. It is a trick of Fitzgibbons to give an impression he has -ten times forty men, but the Americans do not know. There is no -retreat, and Indians are to the fore. In the midst of confusion -Fitzgibbons comes forward with a white handkerchief on his sword point -and begs Boerstler to prevent bloodshed by instant surrender. -Boerstler demands to see the number of his enemies. Fitzgibbons says -he will repeat the request to his commanding officer. Luck is with -Fitzgibbons, for just as he goes back a small party of reënforcements -arrives, and one of its captains acts the part of commanding officer, -telling Boerstler's messenger haughtily that the demand to see the -enemy is an insult, and answer must be given in five minutes {363} or -the Canadians will not be responsible for the Indians. The fight has -lasted three hours. Boerstler surrenders with his entire force. Such -was the battle of Beaver Dams. - -Ever since Brock had captured Detroit in 1812, General Procter, with -twenty-five hundred Canadians, had been holding the western part of -Ontario; and the defeat of the English at Fort George had placed him in -a desperate position. His men had been without pay for months; their -clothes were in tatters, and now, with the Americans in possession of -Niagara region, there was danger of Procter's food supply being cut -off. Procter himself had not been idle these six months. In fact, he -had been too active for the good of his supplies. Space forbids a -detailed account of the raids directed by him and carried out with the -aid of Tecumseh, the great Shawnee chief. January of 1813 saw a -detachment of Procter's men up Raisin River, west of Detroit, where -they defeated General Winchester and captured nearly five hundred -prisoners, to be set free on parole. Harrison, the American general, -is on his way to Lake Erie to rescue Detroit. Procter hastens in May -to meet him with one thousand Canadians and fifteen hundred Indians. -The clash takes place at a barricade known as Fort Meigs on Maumee -River, south of Lake Erie, when again, by the aid of Tecumseh, Procter -captures four hundred and fifty prisoners. It was on this occasion -that the Indians broke from control and tomahawked forty defenseless -American prisoners. August sees Procter raiding Sandusky; but the -Americans refuse to come out and battle, and the axes of the Canadians -are too dull to cut down the ironwood pickets, and when at night -Procter's bugles sound retreat, he has lost nearly one hundred men. At -last, in September, the fleets being built for the Canadians at -Amherstburg and for the Americans at Presqu' Isle are completed. -Whichever side commands Lake Erie will control supplies; and though -Captain Barclay, the Canadian, is short of men, Procter cannot afford -to delay the contest for supremacy any longer. He orders Barclay to -sail out and seek Commodore Perry, the American, for decisive battle. - -{364} On Barclay's boats are only such old land guns as had been -captured from Detroit. His crews consist of lake sailors and a few -soldiers, in all some three hundred and eighty-four men on six vessels. -September 10, at midday, at Put-in-Bay, Barclay finds Perry's fleet of -seven vessels with six hundred and fifty men. For two hours the -furious cannonading could be heard all the way up to Amherstburg. -Space forbids details of the fight so celebrated in the annals of the -American navy. After broadsides that tore hulls clean of masts and -decks, setting sails in flame and the waters seething in mountainous -waves, the two fleets got within pistol shot of each other, and Perry's -superior numbers won. One third of Barclay's officers were killed and -one third of his men. The Canadian fleet on Lake Erie was literally -exterminated before three in the afternoon. - -[Illustration: TWO VIEWS OF THE BATTLE ON LAKE ERIE (From prints -published in 1815)] - -Procter's position was now doubly desperate. He was cut off from -supplies. At a council with the Indians, though Tecumseh, the chief, -was for fighting to the bitter death, it was decided to retreat up the -Thames to Vincent's army near modern {365} Hamilton. All the world -knows the bitter end of that retreat. Procter seems to have been so -sure that General Harrison would not follow, that the Canadian forces -did not even pause to destroy bridges behind them; and behind came -Harrison, hot foot, with four thousand fighters from the Kentucky -backwoods. October first the Canadians had retreated far as Chatham, -provisions and baggage coming in boats or sent ahead on wagons. -Procter's first intimation of the foe's nearness was a breathless -messenger with word the Americans just a few miles behind had captured -the provision boats. Sending on his family and the women with a convoy -of two hundred and fifty soldiers, Procter faced about on the morning -of October the 5th, to give battle. On the left was the river Thames, -on the right a cedar swamp, to rear on the east the Indian mission of -Moraviantown. The troops formed in line across a forest road. Procter -seems to have lost both his heart and his head, for he permitted his -fatigued troops to go into the fight without breakfast. Not a -barricade, not a hurdle, not a log was placed to break the advance of -Harrison's cavalry. The American riders came on like a whirlwind. -Crack went the line of Procter's men in a musketry volley! The horses -plunged, checked up, reared, and were spurred forward. Another volley -from the Canadians! But it was too late. Harrison's fifteen hundred -riders had galloped clean through the Canadian lines, slashing swords -as they dashed past. Now they wheeled and came on the Canadians' rear. -Indians and Canadians scattered to the woods before such fury, like -harried rabbits, poor Tecumseh in the very act of tomahawking an -American colonel when a pistol shot brought him down. The brave Indian -chief was scalped by the white backwoodsmen and skinned and the body -thrown into the woods a prey to wolves. Flushed with victory and -without Harrison's permission, the Kentucky men dashed in and set fire -to Moraviantown, the Indian mission. As for Procter, he had mounted -the fleetest horse to be found, and was riding in mad flight for -Burlington Heights. It is almost a pity he had not fallen in some of -his former heroic raids, for he now became a sorry figure in history, -reprimanded {366} and suspended from the ranks of the army. The only -explanation of Procter's conduct at Moraviantown is that he was anxious -for the safety of his wife and daughters, perhaps needlessly fearing -that the rough backwoodsmen would retaliate on them for the treachery -of the Indians tomahawking American prisoners of war. - -[Illustration: TECUMSEH] - -And it had fared almost as badly with the Canadian fleet on Lake -Ontario. The boats under Sir James Yeo, the young English commander, -were good only for close-range fighting, the boats under Commodore -Chauncey best for long-range firing. All July and August the fleets -maneuvered to catch each other off guard. Between times each raided -the coast of the other for provisions, Chauncey paying a second visit -to Toronto, Yeo swooping down on Sodus Bay. All September the game of -hide and seek went on between the two Ontario squadrons. Sunday night, -the 8th of September, in a gale, two of Chauncey's ships sank, with all -hands but sixteen. Two nights later in a squally wind, by the light of -the moon, two more of his slow sailers, unable to keep up with the rest -of the fleet, were snapped up by the English off Niagara with one -hundred captives. Again, on September 27, at eight in the evening, six -miles off Toronto harbor, Chauncey came up with the English, and the -two fleets poured broadsides into each other. Then Yeo's crippled -brigs limped into Toronto harbor, while Chauncey sailed gayly off to -block all connection with Montreal and help to convoy troops {367} from -Niagara down the St. Lawrence for the master stroke of the year. The -way was now clear for the twofold aim of the American staff,--to starve -out Ontario and concentrate all strength in a signal attack on Montreal. - - -The autumn campaign was without doubt marked by the most comical and -heroic episodes of the war. Wilkinson was to go down the St. Lawrence -from Lake Ontario with eight thousand men to join General Hampton -coming by the way of Lake Champlain with another five thousand men in -united attack against Montreal. November 5 Wilkinson's troops -descended in three hundred flat-boats through the Thousand Islands, now -bleak and leafless and somber in the gray autumn light. It seemed -hardly possible that the few Canadian troops cooped up in Kingston -would dare to pursue such a strong American force, but history is made -up of impossibles. Feeling perfectly secure, Wilkinson's troops -scattered on the river. By November 10, at nine in the morning, half -the Americans had run down the rapids of the Long Sault, and were in -the region of Cornwall, pressing forward to unite with Hampton, where -Chateauguay River came into Lake St. Louis, just above Montreal. The -other half of Wilkinson's army was above the Long Sault, near -Chrysler's Farm. From the outset the rear guard of the advancing -invaders had been harried by Canadian sharpshooters. November 11, -about midday, it was learned that a Canadian battalion of eight hundred -was pressing eagerly on the rear. Chance shots became a rattling -fusillade. Quick as flash the Americans land and wheel face about to -fight, posted behind a stone wall and along a dried gully with -sheltering cliffs at Chrysler's Farm. By 2.30 the foes are shooting at -almost hand-to-hand range. Then, through the powder smoke, the -Canadians break from a march to a run, and charge with all the -dauntless fury of men fighting for hearth and home. Before the line of -flashing bayonets the invaders break and run. Two hundred have fallen -on each side in an action of less than two hours. Then the boats go on -down to the other half of the army at Cornwall, and here is worse -news,--news that sends {368} Wilkinson's army back to the American side -of the St. Lawrence without attempting attack on Montreal. General -Hampton on his way from Lake Champlain has been totally discomfited. - -Finding the way to the St. Lawrence barred by the old raiders' trail of -Richelieu River, Hampton had struck across westward from Lake Champlain -to join Wilkinson on the St. Lawrence, west of Montreal, somewhere near -the road of Chateauguay River. With five thousand infantry and one -hundred and eighty cavalry he has advanced to a ford beyond the fork of -Chateauguay. Uncertain where the blow would be struck, Canada's -governor had necessarily scattered his meager forces. - -[Illustration: DE SALABERRY] - -To oppose advance by the Chateauguay he has sent a young Canadian -officer, De Salaberry, with one hundred and fifty French Canadian -sharp-shooters and one hundred Indians. De Salaberry does not court -defeat by neglecting precautions because he is weak. Windfall is -hurriedly thrown up as barricade along the trail. Where the path -narrows between the river and the bleak forest, De Salaberry has tree -trunks laid spike end towards the foe. At the last moment comes -McDonnell of Brockville with six hundred men, but De Salaberry's three -hundred occupy the front line facing the ford. McDonnell is farther -along the river. By the night of October 25 the American army is close -on the dauntless little band hidden in the forest. On the morning of -the 26th three thousand Americans {369} cross the south bank of the -river, with the design of crossing north again farther down and -swinging round on De Salaberry's rear. At the first shot of the -bluecoats poor De Salaberry's forlorn little band broke in panic fright -and fled, but De Salaberry on the river bank had grabbed his bugle boy -by the scruff of the neck with a grip of iron, and in terms more -forcible than polite bade him "sound--sound--sound _the advance_," till -the forest was filled with flying echoes of bugle calls. McDonnell -behind hears the challenge, and mistaking the cheering call for note of -victory, bids his buglers blow, blow advance, blow and cheer like -devils! The Americans pour shot into the forest. The bugle calls -multiply till the woods seem filled with an advancing army and the -yells split the sky. Also McDonnell has ordered his men to fire -kneeling, so that few of the American shots take effect. The advancing -host became demoralized. At 2.30 they sounded retreat, and it may -truly be said that the battle of Chateauguay was won by De Salaberry's -bugle boy, held to the sticking point, not because he was brave, but -because he could not run away. It is said that Hampton simply would -not believe the truth when told of the numbers by whom he had been -defeated. It is also said that immediately after the victory De -Salaberry fell ill from a bad attack of nerves, brought on by lack of -sleep. However that may be, the Canadian governor, Prevost, did not -suffer from an attack of conscience, for in his report to the English -government he ascribed the victory to his own management and presence -on the field. - - -The year of 1813 closes darkly for both sides. Before withdrawing from -Niagara region the invaders ravage the country and set fire to the -village of Newark, driving four hundred women and children roofless to -December snows. Sir Gordon Drummond, who has just come to command in -Ontario, retaliates swiftly and without mercy. He crosses the Niagara -by night; the fort is carried at bayonet point, three hundred men -captured and three thousand arms taken. Next, Lewiston is burned, then -Black Rock, and on the last day of the year, Buffalo. Down {370} on -the Atlantic Coast both fleets win victories, but the English work the -greater hurt, for they blockade the entire coast south of New York. On -the English squadron are European mercenaries who have been given the -name of Canadian battalions, because their work is to harry the -American coast in order to draw off the American army from Canada. -European mercenaries have been the same the world over,--riffraff -blackguards, guilty of infamous outrages the moment they are out from -under the officers' eye. These were the troops misnamed "Canadians," -whose infamous conduct left a heritage of hate long after the war; but -this is a story of the navy rather than of Canada. - - -The contest has now lasted for almost two years, and both sides are as -far from decisive victory as when war was declared in June of 1812. -Long since the embargo laws of France and England against neutral -nations have been rescinded, and the American coast has suffered more -from the blockade of this war than it ever did from the wars between -France and England. The year 1814 opens with Napoleon defeated and -England pouring aid across the Atlantic into Canada. Wilkinson's big -army hovers inactive round Lake Champlain, and Prevost is afraid to -weaken Montreal by forwarding aid to Drummond at Niagara. The British -fleet blockades Sackett's Harbor, and the American fleet blockades -Kingston. The Canadians raid Oswego on Lake Ontario for provisions. -The Americans raid Port Dover on Lake Erie, leaving the country a -blackened waste and Tom Talbot's Castle Malahide of logs a smoking -ruin, with the determined aim of cutting off all supplies in Ontario. -Drummond sends his troops scouring the country inland from Niagara for -provisions. Military law is established for the seizure of cattle and -grain, but for the latter as high a price is paid as $2.50 a bushel, -and many a pioneer farmer back from York (Toronto) and Burlington -(Hamilton) dates the foundation of his fortune from the famine prices -paid for bread during the War of 1812. - -[Illustration: SIR GORDON DRUMMOND] - -Of course the United States did not purpose leaving the frontier of -Niagara because Drummond had burnt the forts. By {371} May, Major -General Brown had taken command of the United States troops at Buffalo. -The next two months pass, drilling and training, and bringing forward -provisions. July 3, at day dawn, during fog thick as wool on the lake, -five thousand American troops cross to the Canadian side. Fort Erie's -English garrison capitulates on the spot, and the English retreat down -Niagara River towards Chippewa by the Falls. At Chippewa, at -Queenston, at Fort George, in all to guard the Canadian frontier are -only some twenty-eight hundred men. Three fourths of these are kept -doing garrison duty, leaving only seven hundred men free afield. Just -beside Chippewa, a creek some twenty feet wide comes into Niagara -River. The Canadians have destroyed the bridge as they retreat, but -the Americans pursue, and at midnight of the 4th the two armies are -facing each other across the brook, ominous dreadful silence through -the darkness but for the sentry's arms or the lumbering advance of -artillery wagons dragged cautiously near the Canadians. The bridge is -repaired under peppering shot from the British. By four on the -afternoon of the 5th, the Americans have crossed the stream. Their -artillery is in place, and another battalion has forded higher up and -swept round to take the Canadians on the flank. The Canadians must -either flee in such blind panic as Procter displayed at Moraviantown, -or turn and fight. Indians in ambush, reënforcements from Fort George -and Queenston formed in three solid columns, the English wheel to face -the foe. First there is the rattling clatter of musketry fire from -shooters behind in the {372} grass. Then the solid columns break from -a march to a run, and charge with their bayonets. The artillery fire -of the Americans meets the runners in a terrible death blast; but as -the front lines drop, the men behind step in their places till the -armies are not one hundred yards apart. Then another blast from the -heavy guns of the Americans literally tears the Canadian columns to -tatters. As the smoke lifts there are no columns left, only scattered -groups of men retreating across a field strewn thick with the mangled -dead. Out of twelve hundred men, the Canadians have lost five hundred. -The charge of the forlorn twelve hundred at Chippewa against the -artillery of four thousand Americans has been likened to the charge of -the Light Brigade in the Russian War. Though the Canadians were -defeated, their heroic defense had for a few days at least checked the -advance of the invaders. And now the position of the beleaguered -became desperate. At Fort George, at Queenston, and at Burlington -Heights, the men were put on half rations. - -Why did the Americans not advance at once against Queenston and Fort -George? For three weeks they awaited Chauncey's fleet to attack from -the water side, so the army could rush the fort from the land side; but -Chauncey was ill and could not come, and the interval gave the -hard-pressed Canadians their chance. Drummond comes from Kingston with -four hundred fresh men; also he calls on the people to leave their -farms and rally as volunteers to the last desperate fight. This -increased his troops by another thousand, though many of the volunteers -were mere boys, who scarcely knew how to hold a gun. Then, from a -dozen signs, Drummond's practiced eye foresaw that a forward movement -was being planned by the enemy without Chauncey's coöperation. All the -American baggage was being ordered to rear. False attacks to draw off -observation are made on Fort George outposts. American scouts are seen -reconnoitering the Back Country. Drummond rightly guessed that the -attack was being planned in one of two directions,--by rounding through -the Back Country, either to fall in great numbers on Fort George, or to -cut between the {373} Canadian army of Hamilton region and of Niagara -region, taking both battalions in the rear. From Fort George to -Queenston Canadian troops are posted by Drummond, and where the road -called Lundy's Lane runs from the Falls at right angles to the Back -Country more battalions are ordered on guard against the advance of the -invaders. Fitzgibbons, the famous scout, climbing to a tree on top of -a high hill, sees the Americans, five thousand of them, gray coats, -blue coats, white trousers, moving up from Chippewa towards Lundy's -Lane. Quickly sixteen hundred Canadian troops under General Riall take -possession of a hill fronting Lundy's Lane and the Falls. On the hill -is a little brown church and an old-fashioned graveyard. In the midst -of the graves the Canadian cannon are posted. Round the cemetery runs -a stone wall screened by shrubbery, and on both sides of Lundy's Lane -are endless orchards of cherry and peach and apples, the fruit just -beginning to redden in the summer sun. Whether the enemy aim at Fort -George or Hamilton, the Canadian position on Lundy's Lane must be -passed and captured. As soon as Drummond had Fitzgibbons' report, he -sent messengers galloping for Hercules Scott, who had been ordered to -retreat to the lake, to come back to Lundy's Lane with his twelve -hundred men. It may be imagined that the Americans guessed what -message the horseman, in the slather of foam was bearing back to -Hercules Scott; for they at once attacked the Canadians in Lundy's Lane -with fury, to capture the guns on the hill before Hercules Scott's -reënforcements could come. - -It was now six o'clock in the evening of July 25, a sweltering hot -night, and the troops on both sides were parched for water, though the -roar of whole inland oceans of water could be heard pouring over the -Falls of Niagara. As the Canadians had charged against the American -guns at Chippewa, so now the Americans charged uphill against the guns -of the Canadians, hurling their full strength against the enemy's -center. Creeping under shelter of the cemetery stone walls, the -bluecoats would fire a volley of musketry, jump over the fence, dash -through the smoke, {374} bayonet in hand, to capture the Canadian guns. -Time, time again, the rush was dauntlessly made, and time, time again -met by the withering blast. Before nine o'clock the attacking lines -had lost more than five hundred men, and as many Canadians had fallen -on the hill. The dead and mangled lay literally in heaps. As darkness -deepened, lit only by the wan light of a fitful moon and the awesome -flare of volley after volley, the fearful screams of the dying could be -heard above the roar of the Falls and the whistle of cannon ball. -Riall, the commander of the Canadians, had been wounded and captured. -Of his sixteen hundred Canadians, Drummond had now left only one -thousand, and he was himself bleeding from a deep wound in the neck. -Half the American officers had been carried from the field injured, and -still the command was repeated to rush the hill before Scott's -reënforcements came, and each time the advancing line was driven back -shattered and thinned, Canadians dashing in pursuit, cheering and -whooping, till both armies were so inextricably mixed it was impossible -to hear or heed commands. It was in one of these mêlées that Riall, -the Canadian, found himself among the American lines and was captured -to the wild and jubilant shouting of the boys in blue and gray. Pause -fell at nine o'clock. The Americans were mustering for the final -terrible rush. The moon had gone behind a cloud, and the darkness was -inky. Then a shout from the Canadian side split the very welkin. -Hercules Scott had arrived with his twelve hundred men on a run, -breathless and tired from a march and countermarch of twenty miles. -The Americans took up the yell; for fresh reserves had joined them, -too, and Lundy's Lane became a bedlam of ear-shattering sounds,--heavy -artillery wagons forcing up the hill at a gallop over dead and dying, -bombs from the Canadian guns exploding in the darkness, horses taking -fright and bolting from their riders, carrying American guns clear -across the lines among the Canadians. A wild yell of triumph told that -the Americans had captured the hill. For the next two hours it was a -hand-to-hand fight in pitchy darkness. Drummond, the Englishman, could -be heard right in the midst of the {375} American lines, shouting, -"Stick to them, men! stick to them! Don't give up! Don't turn! Stick -to them! You 'll have it!" And American officers were found amidst -Canadian battalions, shouting stentorian command: "Level low! Fire at -their flashes! Watch the flash, and fire at their flashes!" - -[Illustration: MONUMENT AT LUNDY'S LANE] - -The Americans have captured the Canadian guns, but in the darkness they -cannot carry them off. Each side thinks the other beaten, and neither -will retreat. In the confusion it is impossible to rally the -battalions, and men are attacking their own side by mistake. Both -sides claim victory, and each is afraid to await what daylight may -reveal; for it is no exaggeration to say that at the battle of Lundy's -Lane the blood of one third of each side dyed the field. The Canadians -as defenders of their own homes, fighting in the last ditch, dare not -retire. The Americans, having more to risk in numbers, withdraw their -troops at two in the morning. Of her twenty-eight hundred men Canada -had lost nine hundred; and the American loss is as great. Too -exhausted to retire, Drummond's men flung themselves on the ground and -slept lying among the dead, heedless alike of the drenching rain that -follows artillery fire, of the roaring cataract, of the groans from the -wounded. Men awakened in the gray dawn to find themselves -unrecognizable from blood and powder smoke, to find, {376} in some -cases, that the comrade whose coat they had shared as pillow lay cold -in death by morning. While Drummond's men bury the dead in heaps and -carry the wounded to Toronto, the invaders have retreated with their -wounded to Fort Erie. - - -It now became the dauntless Drummond's aim to expel the enemy from Fort -Erie. Five days after the battle of Lundy's Lane he had moved his camp -halfway between Chippewa and Fort Erie; but in addition to its garrison -of two thousand, Fort Erie is guarded by three armed schooners lying at -anchor on the lake front. Captain Dobbs of Drummond's forces makes the -first move. At the head of seventy-five men, he deploys far to the -rear of the fort through the woods, carrying five flatboats over the -forest trail eight miles, and on the night of the 12th of August slips -out through the water mist towards the American schooners. - -"Who goes?" challenges the ships' watchman. - -"Provision boats from Buffalo," calls back the Canadian oarsman; and -the rowboats pass round within the shadow of the schooner. A moment -later the American ships are boarded. A trampling on deck calls the -sailors aloft; but Dobbs has mastered two vessels before the fort wakes -to life with a rush to the rescue. - -Delay means almost inevitable loss to Drummond; for Prevost will send -no more reënforcements, and the Americans are daily strengthening Fort -Erie. Bastions of stone have been built. Outer batteries command -approach to the walls, and along the narrow margin between the fort and -the lake earthworks have been thrown up, mounted with cannon elbowing -to the water's edge. Taking advantage of the elation over Dobbs' raid -on the schooners, Drummond plans a night assault on the 15th of August. -Rain had been falling in splashes all day. The fort trenches were -swimming like rivers, and it may be mentioned that Drummond's camp was -swimming too, boding ill for his men's health. One of the foreign -regiments was to lead {377} the assault round by the lake side, while -Drummond and his nephew rushed the bastions. It will be remembered -these foreign regiments of Napoleonic wars were composed of the -offscourings of Europe. The fighters were to depend "on bayonet alone, -giving no quarter." Splashing along the rain-soaked road in silence -and darkness, scaling ladders over shoulders, bayonets in hand, the -foreign troops came to the earthwork elbowing out into the lake. This -was passed by the men wading out in the lake to their chins; but the -noise was overheard by the fort sentry, and a perfect blaze of musketry -shattered the darkness and drove the mercenaries back pellmell, -bellowing with terror. A few of the English and Canadian troops -pressed forward, only to find that they could not reach within ladder -distance of the walls at all, for spiked trees had been placed above -the trenches in a perfect crisscross hurdle of sharpened ends. In old -letters of the period one reads how the trenches were literally heaped -with a jumbled mass of the dead. The other attacking columns fared -almost as badly. One of the bastions had been entered by the cannon -embrasures, Drummond, Junior, shouting to "give no quarter--give no -quarter," when, from the cross firing in the courtyards, the powder -magazine below this bastion was set on fire, and exploded with a -terrific crash, killing the assailants almost to a man. In -all,--killed, wounded, missing,--the assault cost Drummond's army nine -hundred men. September proved a rainy month. Drummond's camp became -almost a marsh, and the health of the troops compelled a move to higher -ground. It was then the Americans sallied out in assault. Neither -side could claim victory, but the skirmish cost each army more than -five hundred men. Sir James Yeo now comes sailing up Lake Ontario with -some of the sixteen thousand troops sent from England. The weather -became unfavorable to movement on either side,--rain and sleet -continuously. Drummond foresaw that the season would compel the -abandonment of Fort Erie, and on November 5, a scout came in with word -that the invaders had crossed to the American side and Fort Erie had -been blown up. - -{378} While Drummond is fighting for the very life of Canada along the -Niagara frontier, the war continues in desultory fashion elsewhere. -Kentucky riflemen raid western Ontario from Detroit to Port Dover. Up -on the lakes is a story of the war that reads like a page from border -raiders. American fur traders destroy Sault Ste. Marie. Canadian fur -traders retaliate by swooping on Mississippi fur posts. Out on the -Pacific Coast an English gunboat has captured John Jacob Astor's fur -post on the Columbia; and now in the fall of 1814 the Northwest Fur -Company of Montreal are conveying from Astor's fort the furs, worth -millions of dollars, in canoes across the Upper Lakes to Ottawa River. -Two armed American schooners, hiding on the north shore of Lake Huron, -lie in wait for the gay raiders of the Northwest Company; but at the -Sault the Nor'west voyageurs get wind of the danger. They, in turn, -hide their canoes in some of the blue coves of the north shore. Then, -stealing out at night, in canoes with muffled paddles, the Nor'westers -come on one schooner while the watch is asleep. They board her, -bayonet the crew, "pinion some of the wounded to the decks," and with -the captured vessel sidle up to the other vessel, and, before she is -aware of the new masters on board, have captured her too. Then, scalps -flaunting at the prows of their canoes, the Nor'west fur traders gayly -go their way. Down at Lake Champlain occurs the great fiasco of the -war,--the blot on Canada's escutcheon. Prevost with ten thousand -reënforcements has been ordered by the English Governor to proceed from -Montreal against the Americans by both water and land. While an -English fleet attacks the Americans, Prevost is to lead the troops -against Plattsburg. But the Canadian fleet meets terrible disaster. -The commander is killed by a rebounding cannon ball just as the action -begins; and twelve of the gunboats manned by the hired foreigners -desert _en masse_. The rest of the fleet is literally destroyed. -Instead of seconding attack by a battle on land, Prevost sits behind -his trenches waiting for the little fleet to win the battle for him; -and when the fleet is defeated, Prevost's courage sinks with the {379} -sinking ships. He gathers up his troops and retreats in a scare of -haste,--such a fright of unseemly, unsoldierly haste that nearly one -thousand of his soldiers desert in sheer disgust. Down at Nova Scotia -are raid and counter-raid too. The British and American fleets wage -fierce war that is not part of Canada's story; but in the contest the -public buildings of Washington are burned in retaliation for the -burning of Newark; and down at New Orleans the English suffer a -crushing defeat. - -Meanwhile the peace commissioners have been at work; and the war that -ought never to have taken place, that settled not one jot of the -dispute which caused it, was closed by the Treaty of Ghent, Christmas -Eve of 1814. All captured forts, all plunder, all prisoners, are to be -restored. Michilimackinac and Fort Niagara and Astoria on the Columbia -go back to the United States; but of "impressment" and "right of -search" and "embargo of neutrals" not a word. The waste of life and -happiness accomplished not a feather's weight unless it were the lesson -of the criminal folly of a war between nations akin in aim and speech -and blood. - - - - -{380} - -CHAPTER XV - -FROM 1812 TO 1846 - -Selkirk's colony--Troubles on passage--Winter on the bay--First winter on -Red River--First conflict--Nor'westers rally to defense--The storm -gathers--The Nor'westers victorious--Selkirk to the rescue--Banditti -warfare in Athabasca--In Athabasca--Robertson escapes--Frobisher's -death--The Pacific empire--Secede from Oregon - - -When Sir Alexander MacKenzie, the discoverer, went home to retire on an -estate in Scotland, he found the young nobleman and philanthropist, Lord -Selkirk, keenly interested in accounts of vast, new, unpeopled lands, -which lay beyond the Great Lakes. A change in the system of farming, -which dispossessed small farmers to turn the tenantries into sheep runs, -had caused terrible poverty in Scotland at this period. Here in Scotland -were people starving for want of land. There in America were lands idle -for lack of people. Selkirk had already sent out some colonists to the -Lake St. Clair region of Ontario and to Prince Edward Island, but what he -heard from MacKenzie turned his attention to the new empire of the -prairie. Then in Montreal, where he had been dined and wined by the -Northwest Company's "Beaver Club," he had heard still more of this vast -new land, of its wealth of furs, of its untimbered fields, where man had -but to put in the plowshare to sow his crop. The one great obstruction -to settlement there would be the claims of the Hudson's Bay Company to -exclusive monopoly of the country; but as Selkirk listened to the -descriptions of the Red River Valley given by Colin Robertson, who had -been dismissed by the Nor'westers, he thought he saw a way of overcoming -all difficulties which the fur traders could put in the way of settlement. - -Owing to competition Hudson's Bay stock had fallen from two hundred and -fifty to fifty pounds sterling a share. On returning to Scotland Lord -Selkirk had begun buying up Hudson's Bay stock in the market, along with -Sir Alexander MacKenzie; but when MacKenzie learned that Selkirk's object -was colonization first, profits second, he broke in violent anger from -the partnership in speculation, and besought William MacGillivray to go -on {381} the open market and buy against Selkirk to defeat the plans for -settlement. What with shares owned by his wife's family of -Colville-Wedderburns, and those he had himself purchased, Selkirk now -owned a controlling interest in the Hudson's Bay Company. - -Early in 1811 the Company deeds to Lord Selkirk the country of Red River -Valley, exceeding in area the British Isles and extending, through the -ignorance of its donors, far south into American territory. Colin -Robertson, the former Nor'wester, who first interested Selkirk in Red -River, has meanwhile been gathering together a party of colonists. Miles -MacDonell, retired from the Glengarry Regiment, has been appointed by -Selkirk governor of the new colony. - -[Illustration: SELKIRK] - -What of the Nor'westers while these projects went forward? Writes -MacGillivray from London, where he has been stirring up enmity to -Selkirk's project, "_Selkirk must be driven to abandon his project at any -cost, for his colony would prove utterly destructive of our fur trade_." -How he purposed doing this will be seen. Writes Selkirk to the governor -of his colony, Miles MacDonell: "_The Northwest Company must be compelled -to quit my lands. If they refuse, they must be treated as poachers_." -Selkirk believed that the Hudson's Bay Company charter to the Great -Northwest was legal and valid. He believed that the vast territory -granted to him was legally his own as much as his parks in Scotland. He -believed that he possessed the same right to expel intruders on this -territory as to drive poachers from his own Scotch parks. It was the -spirit of feudalism. As for the Nor'westers, let us look at their -rights. They disputed that the charter of the Hudson's Bay Company -applied beyond the bounds {382} of Hudson Bay. Even if it did so apply, -they pointed out that by the terms of the charter it applied only to -lands not possessed by any other Christian power; and who would dispute -that French fur traders and Nor'westers, as their successors, had -ascended the streams of the interior long before the Hudson's Bay men? -It was the spirit of democracy. It needed no prophet to foresee when -these two sets of claims came together there would be a violent clash. - -It is evening in the little harbor of Stornoway, off the Hebrides, north -of Scotland, July 25, 1811. Waning midsummer has begun to shorten the -long days; and lying at anchor in the twilight a few yards offshore are -the three Hudson's Bay Company boats, outward bound. For a week the -quiet little fishing hamlet has been in a turmoil, for Governor Miles -MacDonell and Colin Robertson have ordered the Selkirk settlers here--129 -of them, 70 farmers, 59 clerks--to join the Hudson's Bay boats as they -swing out westward on their far cruise to the north, and the atmosphere -has literally been on fire with vexations created by spies of the -Northwest Company. In the first place, as the settlers wait for the -ships coming up from London, trouble makers pass from group to group -scattering a miserable little sheet called "The Highlander," warning "the -deluded people" against going to "a polar land of Indian hostiles." -Besides, dark hints are uttered that the settlers are not wanted for -colonists at all, but for armed battalions to fight the Nor'westers for -the Hudson's Bay Company, in proof whereof the prophets of evil point -ominously to the cannon and munitions of war on board the three old fur -boats. Then there is too much whisky afloat in Stornoway that week. -Settlers are taken ashore and farewelled and farewelled and farewelled -till unable to find their way down to the rowboats, and then they are -easily frightened into abandoning the risky venture altogether. On the -settlers who have come as clerks to the Company Governor MacDonell can -keep a strong hand, for they have been paid their wages in advance and -are seized if they attempt to desert. Then the excise officer here is a -friend of the Nor'westers, and he creates {383} endless trouble rowing -round and round the boats, bawling . . . bawling out . . . to know "if -all who are embarking are going of their own free will," till the ship's -hands, looking over decks, become so exasperated they heave a cannon ball -over rails, which goes splash through the bottom of the harbor officer's -rowboat and sends him cursing ashore to dispatch a challenge for a duel -to Governor MacDonell. MacDonell sees plainly that if he is to have any -colonists left, he must sail at once. Anchors up and sails out at eleven -that night, the ships glide from shore so unexpectedly that one -faint-heart, desperately resolved on flight, has to jump overboard and -swim ashore, while two other settlers, who have been lingering over -farewells, must be rowed across harbor by Colin Robertson to catch the -departing ships. Then Robertson is back on the wharf trumpeting a last -cheer through his funneled hands. The Highlanders on decks lean over the -vessel railings waving their bonnets. The Glasgow and Dublin lads -indentured as clerks give a last huzza, and the Selkirk settlers are off -for their Promised Land. - -As long ago Cartier's first colonists to the St. Lawrence had their -mettle tested by tempestuous weather and pioneer hardships, so now the -first colonists to the Great Northwest must meet the challenge that fate -throws down to all who leave the beaten path. Though the season was -late, the weather was extraordinarily stormy. Sixty-one days the passage -lasted, the tubby old fur ships lying water-logged, rolling to the angry -sea. MacDonell was furious that colonists had been risked on such -unseaworthy craft, but those old fur-ship captains, with fifty years ice -battling to their credit, probably knew their business better than -MacDonell. The fur ships had not been built for speed and comfort, but -for cargoes and safety, and when storms came they simply lowered sails, -turned tails to the wind, and rolled till the gale had passed, to the -prolonged woe of the Highland landsmen, who for the first time suffered -seasick pangs. Then, when Governor MacDonell attempted drills to pass -the time, he made the discovery that seditious talk had gone the rounds -of the deck. "The Hudson's Bay had no right to this {384} country." -"The Nor'westers owned that country." "The Hudson's Bay could n't compel -any man to drill and fight." Selkirk could not give clear deed to their -"lands," and much more to the same effect, all of which proved that some -Nor'wester agent in disguise had been busy on board. - -September 24, amid falling snow and biting frost, the ships anchored at -Five Fathom Hole off York Factory, Port Nelson. - -[Illustration: NELSON AND HAYES RIVERS (From Robson)] - -The Selkirk settlers had been sixty-one days on board, and they were -still a year away from their Promised Land. Champlain's colonists of -Acadia and Quebec had come to anchorage on a land set like a jewel amid -silver waters and green hills, but the Selkirk settlers have as yet seen -only rocks barren of verdure as a billiard ball, vales amidst the domed -hills of Hudson Straits, dank with muskeg, and silent as the very realms -of death itself, but for the flacker of wild fowl, the roaring of the -floundering {385} walrus herds, or the lonely tinkling of mountain -streams running from the ice fields to the mossy valleys bordering the -northern sea. It needed a robust hope, or the blind faith of an almost -religious zeal, to penetrate the future and see beyond these sterile -shores the Promised Land, where homes were to be built, and plenty to -abound. If pioneer struggles leave a something in the blood of the race -that makes for national strength and permanency, the difference between -the home finding of the West and the home finding of the East is worth -noting. - -There were, of course, no preparations for the colonists at York Fort, -for the factor could not know they were coming, or anything of Selkirk's -plans, till the annual ships arrived. On the chance of finding better -hunting farther from the fort, MacDonell withdrew his people from Hayes -River, north across the marsh to a sheltered bank of the River Nelson. -Winter had set in early. A whooping blizzard met the pilgrims as they -marched along an Indian trail through the brushwood. There is a legend -of Miles MacDonell, the governor, becoming benighted between York Fort -and Nelson River, and losing his way in the storm. According to the -story, he beat about the brushwood for twenty-four hours before he -regained his bearings. Rude huts of rough timber and thatch roof with -logs extemporized for berths and benches were knocked up for wintering -quarters on Nelson River, and the next nine months were passed hunting -deer for store of provisions, and building flatboats to ascend the -interior. All winter a mutinous spirit was at work among the young -clerks, which MacDonell, no doubt, ascribed to the machinations of -Nor'westers; but the chief factor quickly quelled mutiny by cutting off -supplies, and all hands were ready to proceed when the fur brigades set -out for the interior on the 21st of June, 1812. - -Up Hayes River, up the whole length of Winnipeg Lake, then in August the -flatboats are ascending the muddy current of Red River, through what is -now Manitoba, and for the first time the people see their Promised Land. -High banks fringed with maple and oak line the river at what is now -Selkirk. Then the cliffs lower, and through the woods are broken gleams -{386} of the rolling prairie intersected by ravines, stretching far as -eye can see, where sky and earth meet. From the lateness of the season -one can guess that the river was low at the bowlder reach known as St. -Andrew's Rapids, and that while the boats were tracked upstream the -people would disembark and walk along the Indian trails of the west bank. -There was no Fort Garry near the rapids, as a few years later. -Buffalo-skin tepees alone broke the endless sweep of russet prairie and -sky, clear swimming blue as the purest lake. Then the people are back -aboard, laboring hard at the oar now, for they know they are nearing the -end of their long pilgrimage. The river banks rise higher. Then they -drop gradually to the flats now known as Point Douglas. Another bend in -the sinuous red current, looping and curving and circling fantastically -through the prairie, and the Selkirk settlers are in full view of the old -Cree graveyard,--bodies swathed in skins on scaffolding,--down at the -junction of the Assiniboine. Hard by they see the towered bastions of -the Northwest Company's post, Fort Gibraltar. Somewhere between what are -known to-day as Broadway Bridge and Point Douglas, the Selkirk settlers -land on the west side. Chief Peguis and his Cree warriors ride -wonderingly among the white-faced newcomers, marveling at men who have -crossed the Great Waters "to dig gardens and work land." The barracks -knocked up hastily is known after Selkirk's family name as Fort Douglas; -but the store of deer meat has been exhausted, and the colonists are on -the verge of a second winter. They at once join the Plain Rangers, or -Bois Brulés (Burnt Wood Runners), half-breed descendants of French and -Nor'west fur traders, who have become retainers of the Montreal Company. -With them the Selkirk settlers proceed south to Pembina and the Boundary -to hunt buffalo. No instructions had yet come to Red River of the -Northwest Company's hostility to the colony, and the lonely Scotch clerks -of Fort Gibraltar were glad to welcome men who spoke their own Highland -tongue. Volumes might be written of this, the colonists' first year in -their Promised Land: how the rude Plain Rangers conveyed them to the -buffalo hunt in their {387} creaking Red River carts,--carts made -entirely of wood, hub, tire, axle, and all, or else on loaned ponies; how -when storm came the white settlers were welcomed to the huts and skin -tents of the French half-breeds, given food and buffalo blankets; how -many a young Highlander came to grief in the wild stampede of his first -buffalo hunt; how when the hunters returned to Fort Gibraltar (Winnipeg), -on Red River, with store enough of pemmican for all the fur posts of the -Nor'westers, many a wild happy winter night was passed dancing mad Indian -jigs to the piping of the Highland piper and the crazy scraping of some -Frenchman's fiddle; how when morning came, in a gray dawn of smoking -frost mist, a long line of the colonists could be seen winding along the -ice of Red River home to Fort Douglas, Piper Green or Hector McLean -leading the way, still prancing and blowing a proud national air; how -when spring opened, ten-acre plots were assigned to each settler, close -to the fort at what were known as the Colony Buildings, and one -hundred-acre farms farther down the river. All this and more are part of -the story of the coming of the first colonists to the Great Northwest. -The very autumn that the first settlers had reached Red River in 1812 -more colonists had arrived on the boats at {388} Hudson Bay. These did -not reach Red River till October of 1812 and the spring of 1813. By -1813, and on till 1817, more colonists yearly came. The story of each -year, with its plot and counterplot, I have told elsewhere. Spite of -Nor'westers' threats, spite of the fact there would be no market for the -colonists when they had succeeded in transforming wilderness prairie into -farms, Selkirk's mad dream of empire seemed to be succeeding. - -[Illustration: FORT GARRY, RED RIVER SETTLEMENT] - - -The cardinal mistake in the contest between Hudson's Bay Company and -Nor'westers, between feudalism and democracy, was now committed by the -governor of the colony, Miles MacDonell. The year 1813 had proved poor -for the buffalo hunters. Large numbers of colonists were coming, and -provisions were likely to be scarce. Also, note it well, while the War -of 1812 did not cut off supplies through Hudson Bay to the English -Company, it did threaten access to the West by the Great Lakes, and cut -off all supplies by way of Detroit and Lake Huron for the Nor'westers. -Was MacDonell scoring a point against the Nor'westers, when they were at -a disadvantage? Who can answer? Selkirk had ordered him to expel the -{389} Nor'westers from his lands, and if the violent contest had not -begun in this way, it was bound to come in another. What MacDonell did -was issue a proclamation in January of 1814, forbidding taking provisions -from Selkirk's territory of Assiniboia. It practically meant that the -Plain Rangers must not hunt buffalo in the limits of modern Manitoba, and -must not sell supplies to the Nor'westers. It also meant that all the -upper posts of the Nor'westers--the fur posts of Athabasca and British -Columbia, which depended on pemmican for food--would be without adequate -provisions. The Plain Rangers were enraged beyond words, and doubly -outraged when some Hudson's Bay men began seizing buffalo meat at Pembina -River, which was beyond the limits of Selkirk's territory. Writes Peter -Fidler, one of the Hudson's Bay factors, "_If MacDonell only perseveres, -he will starve the Nor westers out_." - -[Illustration: FORT DOUGLAS] - -One can guess the anger in the annual meeting of the Nor'westers at Fort -William in July of 1814. Like generals on field of war they laid out -their campaign. Duncan Cameron, a United Empire Loyalist officer of the -1812 War, is to don his red regimentals and proceed to Red River, where -his knowledge of the Gaelic tongue may be trusted to win over Selkirk -settlers. "_Nothing but the complete downfall of the colony will satisfy -some_," wrote one of the fiery Nor'westers to a brother officer. Such -was the mood of the Nor'westers when they came back from their annual -meeting on Lake Superior to Red River, and MacDonell fanned this mood to -dangerous fury by threatening to burn the Nor'westers' forts to the -ground unless they moved from Selkirk's territory. For the present -Duncan Cameron contents himself with striking up a warm friendship with -the Highlanders of the settlement and offering to transport two hundred -of them free of cost to Eastern Canada. MacDonell seizes still more -provisions from northwest forts. Cameron, the Nor'wester, comes back -from the annual meeting of 1815 still more bellicose. He carries the -warrant to arrest Governor Miles MacDonell for the seizure of those -provisions. MacDonell, safe behind the palisades of Fort Douglas, laughs -{390} the warrant to scorn; but it is another matter when the Plain -Rangers ride across the prairie from Fort Gibraltar armed, and pour such -hot shot into Fort Douglas that the colonists, frenzied with fear, huddle -to the fort for shelter. To insure the safety of his colonists, -MacDonell surrenders to the Nor'westers and is sent to Eastern Canada for -a trial which never takes place. No sooner has Governor MacDonell been -expelled than Cuthbert Grant, warden of the Plain Rangers, rides over to -the colony and warns the colonists to flee for their lives, from Indians -enraged at "these land workers spoiling the hunting fields." What the -Indians thought of this defense of their rights is not stated. They were -silent and unacting witnesses of the unedifying spectacle of white men -ready to fly at each other's throats. It was too late for the colonists -to reach Hudson Bay in time for the annual ships of 1815, so the -houseless people dispersed amid the forests of Lake Winnipeg, where they -could be certain of at least fish for food. - -Word of the two hundred settlers having been moved from Red River by the -Nor'westers, of MacDonell's forcible expulsion, and of the dispersion of -the rest of the colony had, of course, been sent to Selkirk and his -agents in both Montreal and London. Swift retaliation is prepared. -Colin Robertson, who speaks French like a Canadian and knows all the -Nor'west voyageurs of the St. Lawrence, is sent to gather up two hundred -French boatmen under the very noses of the Nor'westers at Montreal. With -these Robertson is to invade the far-famed Athabasca, whence come the -best furs, the very heart of the Nor'westers' stamping ground. Robert -Semple is appointed governor of the colony on Red River, with -instructions to resist the aggressions of the Nor'westers even to the -point of "_a shock that may be felt from Montreal to Athabasca_." -Selkirk himself comes to Canada to interview the Governor General about -military forces to protect his colony. - -Robertson, with his two hundred voyageurs for Athabasca, follows the old -Ottawa trail of the French explorers, from the St. Lawrence to the Great -Lakes, and from the Great Lakes to {391} Red River by way of Winnipeg -Lake. Whom does he find on the shores of the lake but Selkirk's -dispersed colonists! Ordering John Clarke, an old campaigner of Astor's -company on the Columbia, to lead the two hundred French voyageurs on up -to Athabasca, Colin Robertson rallies the colonists together and leads -them back to Red River for the winter of 1815-1816. Feeling sure that he -had destroyed Selkirk's scheme root and branch, Cameron has remained at -Fort Gibraltar with only a few men, when back to the field comes -Robertson, stormy, capable, robust, red-blooded, fearless, breathing -vengeance on Selkirk's foes. - -[Illustration: SKETCH OF THE CITY OF WINNIPEG, SHOWING THE SITES OF THE -EARLY FORTS] - -By the spring of 1816 the tables have been turned with a vengeance. -Cameron, the Nor'wester, has been seized and sent to Hudson Bay to be -expelled from the country. Fort Gibraltar has been pulled down and the -timbers used to strengthen Fort Douglas, whose pointed cannon command all -passage up and down Red River. It was hardly to be supposed that the -haughty Nor'westers would submit to expulsion without a blow. From -Athabasca, from New Caledonia, from Qu'Appelle . . . they rally their -doughtiest fighters under Cuthbert Grant, the {392} half-breed Plain -Ranger. From Montreal and Fort William come spurring the leading -partners, with one hundred and seventy French-Canadian bullies, and a -brass cannon concealed under oilcloth in a long boat. The object of the -Plain Rangers is to meet the up-coming partners with supplies for the -year; but is that any reason for the riders who are striking eastward -from Assiniboine to Red River, decking themselves out in war paint and -stripping like savages before battle? The object of the partners is to -meet the Plain Rangers on Red River; but is that any reason for bringing -a cannon concealed under oilcloth all the way from Lake Superior? Or do -men fighting a life-and-death struggle for the thing the world calls -success ever acknowledge plain motives within themselves at all? Is it -not rather the blind brute instinct of self-protection, forfend what may? - -[Illustration: RED RIVER SETTLEMENT, 1816-1820] - -"Listen, white men! Beware! Beware!" the Cree chief Peguis warns -Governor Semple. What means the spectacle of white brothers, who preach -peace, preparing for war over a few beaver pelts? Chief Peguis cannot -understand, except this is the way of white men. - -{393} And now, unluckily for Governor Semple, he quarrels with his -adviser, Colin Robertson. Robertson, from his early training in -Northwest ranks, reads the signs, and is for striking a blow before the -enemy can strike him. Semple is still talking peace. Robertson leaves -Red River in disgust, and departs for Hudson Bay to take ship for -England. The Plain Rangers, it may be explained, have uttered the wild -threat that if they "can catch Robertson," they will avenge the -destruction of Fort Gibraltar "by skinning him alive and feeding him to -the dogs." Also it is well known, Nor'westers of Qu'Appelle have -muttered angry prophecies about "the ground being drenched with the blood -of the colonists." - -Still Semple talks peace, which is a good thing in its place; but this is -n't the place. - -"My Governor! My Governor!" pleads an old hunter of the Hudson's Bay -with Semple; "are you not afraid? The half-breeds are gathering to kill -you!" - -Semple laughs. Pshaw! _He_ has law on _his_ side. Law! What is law? -The old hunter of the lawless wilds does n't know that word. That word -does n't come as far west as the _Pays d'en Haut_. - -It is sunset of June 18, 1816. Old chief Peguis comes again to the -Hudson's Bay fort on Red River. - -"Governor of the gard'ners!" he solemnly warns; "governor of the land -workers and gard'ners, listen! . . ." Not much does he add, after the -fashion of his race. Only this, "_Let me bring my warriors to protect -you_!" - -Semple laughs at such fears. - -It is sunset of June 19. A soft west wind has set the prairie grass -rippling like a green sea between the fort and the sun hanging low at the -western sky line. A boy on the lookout above one of the bastion towers -of Fort Douglas suddenly shouts, "The half-breeds are coming!" - -Semple ascends the tower and looks through a field glass. There is a -line of sixty or seventy horsemen, all armed, not coming to the fort, but -moving diagonally across from the Assiniboine to the Red towards the -colony. And then, north {394} towards the colony, is wildest -clamor,--people in ox carts, people on horseback, people on foot, -stampeding for the shelter of the fort. And up to this moment absolutely -nothing has occurred to create this terror. - -"Let twenty men follow me," orders Semple; and he marches out, followed -by twenty-seven armed men. - -As they wade through the waist-high hay fields they meet the fleeing -colonists. - -"Keep your back to the river!" shouts one colonist, convoying his family. -"They are painted, Governor! Don't let them surround you." - -Semple sends back to the fort for a cannon to be trundled out. - -Young Lieutenant Holte's gun goes off by mistake. Semple turns on him -with fury and bids him have a care: there is to be no firing. - -The half-breeds have turned from their trail and are coming forward at a -gallop. - -"There 's Grant, the Plain Ranger, Governor! Let me shoot him," pleads -one Hudson's Bay man. - -"God have mercy on our souls!" mutters one of the colonists, counting the -foe; "but we are all dead men." - -All the world knows the rest. At a knoll where grew some trees, a spot -now known in Winnipeg on North Main Street as Seven Oaks, Grant, the -Ranger, sent a half-breed, Boucher, forward to parley. - -"What do you want?" demands Semple. - -"We want our fort!" - -"Go to your fort, then!" - -"Rascal! You have destroyed our fort!" - -"Dare you to speak so to me? Arrest him!" - -Boucher slips from his saddle. The Plain Rangers think he has been shot. -Instantaneously from both sides crashes musketry fire. Semple falls with -a broken thigh. Before Grant can control his murderous crew or obtain -aid for the wounded governor, a scamp of a half-breed has slashed the -fallen man to death. Two or three Hudson's Bay men escape through the -long grass {395} and swim across Red River. Two or three more save -themselves by instant surrender. For the rest of the twenty-seven, they -lie where they have fallen. They are stripped, mutilated, cut to pieces. -Only one Nor'wester is killed, only one wounded. - -Later, in order to save the lives of the settlers, Fort Douglas is -surrendered. For a second time the colonists are dispersed. Before -going down Red River in flatboats two of the Hudson's Bay people go out -with Chief Peguis by night and bury the dead; but they have no time to -dig deep graves, and a few days later the wolves have ripped up the -bodies. - -Near Lake Winnipeg the fleeing colonists meet the Northwest partners with -their one hundred and seventy men. No need to announce what the -spectacle of the terrified colonists means. A wild whoop rends the air. -"Thank Providence it was all over before we came," writes one devout -Nor'wester; "for we intended to storm the fort." Both crews pause. The -Nor'westers interrogate the settlers. Semple's private papers are -seized. Also, two Hudson's Bay men who took part in the Seven Oaks fight -are arrested, to be carried on down to Northwest headquarters on Lake -Superior. Then the settlers go on to Lake Winnipeg. - -At the various camping places on the way down to Fort William, those two -Hudson's Bay prisoners overhear strange threats. It is night on the Lake -of the Woods. Voices of Northwest partners sound through the dark. They -are talking of Selkirk coming to the rescue of his people with an armed -force. Says the wild voice of a Nor'wester whose brother had been killed -by a Hudson's Bay man some years before, "There are fine quiet places -along Winnipeg River if he comes this way." . . . Then scraps of -conversation. . . . Then, "The half-breeds could capture him when he is -asleep." . . . Then words too low to be heard. . . . Then, "They could -have the Indians shoot him." . . . Then in voice of authority -restraining the wild folly of a bloodthirst for vengeance, "Things have -gone too far, but we can throw the blame on the Indians." - -The wild words of a man gone mad for revenge must not be taken as the -policy of a great commercial company. - -{396} Meantime, where was Selkirk? He had arrived in Montreal. Secret -coureur, whose adventures I have told elsewhere, had carried him word of -the dangers impending over his colony. He at once appealed to the -Governor General for a military force to protect the settlers, but it -must be recalled how Upper and Lower Canada were to be governed under the -Act of 1791. There were to be the governor, the legislative council -appointed by the crown, and the representative assembly. The legislative -council was entirely dominated by the Northwest Company. Of the -different Quebec courts, there was scarcely a judge who was not -interested directly or indirectly in the Northwest Company. Lord Selkirk -could obtain no aid which would conflict with that company's policy. -Then Selkirk petitioned the Governor that, in view of the threats against -himself, he might be granted the commission of a justice of the peace and -permission to take a personal bodyguard at his own cost to the west. -These requests the Governor granted. - -Thereupon, Selkirk gathers up some two hundred of the De Meuron and De -Watteville regiments, mercenaries disbanded after the War of 1812, and -sets out for the west. Not aware that Robertson has left Red River, he -sends him word to keep the colonists together and to expect help by way -of the states from the Sault in order to avoid touching at the -Nor'westers' post at Fort William. The coureur with this message is -waylaid by the Nor'westers, but Selkirk himself, preceded by his former -governor, Miles MacDonell, has gone only as far as the Sault when word -comes back of the Seven Oaks massacre. What to do now? He can obtain no -justice in Eastern Canada. Two justices of the peace at the Sault refuse -to be involved in the quarrel by accompanying him. Selkirk goes on -without them, accompanied by the two hundred hired soldiers; but instead -of proceeding to Red River by Minnesota, as he had first planned, he -strikes straight for Fort William, the headquarters of the Nor'westers. - -He arrives at the fort August 12, only a few days after the Northwest -partners had come down from the scene of the {397} massacre at Red River. -Cannon are planted opposite Fort William. Things have "gone too far." -The Nor'westers capitulate without a stroke. Then as justice of the -peace, my Lord Selkirk arrests all the partners but one and sends them -east to stand trial for the massacre of Seven Oaks. The one partner not -sent east was a fuddled old drunkard long since retired from active work. -This man now executes a deed of sale to my Lord Selkirk for Fort William -and its furs. The man was so intoxicated that he could not write, so the -afore-time governor, Miles MacDonell, writes out the bargain, which one -could wish so great a philanthropist as Selkirk had not touched with -tongs. Before midwinter of 1817 has passed, the De Meuron soldiers have -crossed Minnesota and gone down Red River to Fort Douglas. One stormy -night they scale the wall and bundle the Northwest usurpers out, bag and -baggage. - -[Illustration: MONUMENT TO COMMEMORATE THE MASSACRE OF SEVEN OAKS] - -July of 1817 comes Selkirk himself to the Promised Land. There is no -record that I have been able to find of his thoughts on first nearing the -ground for which so much blood had been shed, and for which he himself -was yet to suffer much; but {398} one can venture to say that his most -daring hope did not grasp the empire that was to grow from the seed he -had planted. He meets the Indians in treaty for their lands. He greets -his colonists in the open one sunny August day, speaking personally to -each and deeding over to them land free of all charge. "This land I give -for your church," he said, standing on the ground which the cathedral now -occupies. "That plot shall be for your school," pointing across the -gully; "and in memory of your native land, let the parish be called -Kildonan." - - -Of the trials and counter trials between the two companies, there is not -space to tell here. Selkirk was forced to pay heavy damages for his -course at Fort William, but the courts of Eastern Canada record not a -single conviction against the Nor'westers for the massacre of Seven Oaks. -Selkirk retired shattered in health to Europe, where he died in 1820. -The same year passed away Alexander MacKenzie, his old-time rival. - -The truth is, each company had gone too far and was on the verge of ruin. -From Athabasca came the furs that prevented bankruptcy, and whichever -company could drive the other from Athabasca could practically force its -rival to ruin or union. When Colin Robertson had rallied the dispersed -colonists from Lake Winnipeg, he had left John Clarke to conduct the two -hundred Canadian voyageurs to Athabasca for the Hudson's Bay Company. -Clarke had been a Nor'wester before he joined Astor, and was a born -fighter, idolized by the Indians. So confident was he of success now -that he galloped his canoes up the Saskatchewan without pause to gather -provisions. Once on the ground on Athabasca Lake, he divided his party -into two or three bands and sent them foraging to the Nor'westers' forts -and hunting grounds up Peace River, down Slave Lake, at Athabasca itself. -Weakened by division and without food to keep together, his men fell easy -prey to the wily Nor'westers. Of those on Slave Lake eighteen died from -starvation. Those on Peace River were captured and literally whipped out -of the country, signing oaths never to return. Those at {399} Athabasca -being leading officers were held prisoners. Meanwhile the Hudson's Bay -Company is defeated at Seven Oaks and victorious at Fort William. The -Nor'westers at Athabasca were keen to keep the frightened Indians of the -north ignorant that Selkirk had triumphed at Fort William, but the news -traveled over the two thousand miles of prairie in that strange hunter -fashion known as "moccasin telegram," and the story is told how the -captured Hudson's Bay officers let the secret out for the benefit of the -Indians now afraid to carry their hunt to a Hudson's Bay man. - -Revels and all-night carousals marked the winter with the triumphant -Nor'westers of Athabasca Lake. Often, when wild drinking songs were -ringing in the Nor'westers' dining hall, the Hudson's Bay men would be -brought in to furnish a butt for their merciless victors. One night, -when the hall was full of Indians, one of the Northwest bullies began to -brawl out a song in celebration of the Seven Oaks affair. - - "The H.B.C. came up a hill, and _up_ a hill they came, - The H.B.C. came up the hill, but _down_ they went again." - - -Tired of their rude horseplay, one of the Hudson's Bay officers spoke up: -"Y' hae niver asked me for a song. I hae a varse o' me ain compaesin." - -Then to the utter amaze of the drunken listeners and astonishment of the -Indians, the game old officer trolled off this stave: - - "But Selkirk brave went _up_ a hill, and to Fort William came! - When in he popped and out from thence could not be driven again." - - -The thunderstruck Nor'wester leaped to his feet with a yell: "A hundred -guineas for the name of the men who brought that news here." - -"A hundred guineas for twa lines of me ain compaesin! Extravagant, sir," -returns the canny Scot. - - -From accounts held by the Hudson's Bay Company's Montreal lawyers it is -seen that Clarke's expedition cost the Company 20,000 pounds. - -{400} Before the massacre of Seven Oaks Colin Robertson had gone down to -Hudson Bay in high dudgeon with Semple, intending to take ship for -England; but that fall the ice drive prevented one ship from leaving the -bay, and Robertson was stranded at Moose Factory for the winter, whither -coureurs brought him word of the Seven Oaks tragedy and Selkirk's victory -at Fort William. Taking an Indian for guide, Robertson set out on -snowshoes for Montreal, following the old Ottawa trail traversed by -Radisson and Iberville long ago. Montreal he found in a state of turmoil -almost verging on riot over the imprisonment of the Northwest partners, -whom Selkirk had sent east. Nightly the goals [Transcriber's note: -gaols?] were illuminated as for festivals. Nightly sound of wandering -musicians came from the cell windows, where loyal friends were serenading -the imprisoned partners. They were released, of course, and acquitted -from the charge of responsibility for the massacre of Seven Oaks. - -Presently Robertson finds himself behind the bars for his part in -destroying Fort Gibraltar and arresting Duncan Cameron. He too is -acquitted, and he tells us frankly that a private arrangement had been -made beforehand with the presiding judge. Probably if the Nor'westers -had been as frank, the same influence would explain their acquittal. - -Robertson found himself free just about the time Lord Selkirk came back -from Red River by way of the Mississippi in order to avoid those careful -plans for his welfare on the part of the Nor'westers at "the quiet places -along Winnipeg River." The Governor of Canada had notified members of -both companies unofficially that the English government advised the -rivals to find some basis of union, which practically meant that if the -investigations under way were pushed to extremes, both sides might find -themselves in awkward plight; but the fight had gone beyond the period of -pure commercialism. It was now a matter of deadly personal hate between -man and man, which, I am sorry to say, has been carried down by the -descendants of the old fighters almost to the present day. Each side -hoped to drive the other to bankruptcy; and the last throes of the {401} -deadly struggle were to be in Athabasca, the richest fur field. While -Selkirk is fighting his cause in the courts, he gives Robertson carte -blanche to gather two hundred more French voyageurs and proceed to the -Athabasca. - -[Illustration: TRACKING ON ATHABASCA RIVER] - -Midsummer of 1819 finds the stalwart Robertson crossing Lake Winnipeg to -ascend the Saskatchewan. At the mouth of the Saskatchewan a miserable -remnant of terrified men from the last Athabasca expedition is added to -Robertson's party; and John Clarke, breathing death and destruction -against the Nor'westers, goes along as lieutenant to Robertson. -Everywhere are signs of the lawless conditions of the fur trade. Not an -Indian dare speak to a Hudson's Bay man on pain of horsewhipping. -Instead of canoes gliding up and down the Saskatchewan like birds of -passage, reign a silence and solitude as of the dead. Though Robertson -bids his voyageurs sing and fire off muskets as signals for trade, not a -soul comes down to the river banks till the fleet of advancing traders is -well away from the Saskatchewan and halfway across the height of land -towards the Athabasca. - -{402} The amazement of the Nor'westers at Fort Chippewyan in Athabasca -when Robertson pulled ashore at the conglomeration of huts known as Fort -Wedderburn, may be guessed. Two or three of the partners ran down to the -shore and called out that they would like to parley; but John Clarke, -filled with memory of former outrages and rocking the canoe in his fury -so that it almost upset, met the overtures with a volley of stentorian -abuse that sent the Nor'westers scampering and set Robertson laughing -till the tears ran down his cheeks. - -The change of spirit on the part of the Nor'westers was easily explained. -The most of their men were absent on the hunting field. In a few weeks -Robertson had his huts in order and had dispatched his trappers down to -Slave Lake and westward up Peace River. Then, in October, came more -Nor'west partners from Montreal. The Nor'westers were stronger now and -not so peacefully inclined. Nightly the French bullies, well plied with -whisky, would come across to the Hudson's Bay fort, bawling out challenge -to fight; but Robertson held his men in hand and kept his powder dry. - -Early on the morning of October the 11th, Robertson's valet roused him -from bed with word that a man had been accidentally shot. Slipping a -pistol in his pocket and all unsuspicious of trickery, Robertson dashed -out. It happened that the most of his men were at a slight distance from -his fort. Before they could rally to his rescue he was knocked down, -disarmed, surrounded by the Nor'westers, thrown into a boat, and carried -back to their fort a captive. In vain he stormed almost apoplectic with -rage, and tried to send back Indian messengers to his men. The -Nor'westers laughed at him good-naturedly and relegated him to quarters -in one room of a log hut, where sole furnishings were a berth bed and a -fireplace without a floor. Robertson's only possessions in captivity -were the clothes on his back, a jackknife, a small pencil, and a -notebook; but he probably consoled himself that his men were now on -guard, and, outnumbering the Nor'westers two to one, could hold the -ground for the Hudson's Bay that winter. As {403} time passed the -captive Robertson began to wrack his brains how to communicate with his -men. It was a drinking age; and the fur traders had the reputation of -capacity to drink any other class of men off their legs. Robertson -feigned an unholy thirst. Rapping for his guard, he requested that -messengers might be sent across to the Hudson's Bay fort for a keg of -liquor. It can be guessed how readily the Nor'westers complied; but -Robertson took good care, when the guard was absent and the door locked, -to pour out most of the whisky on the earth floor. Then taking slips of -paper from his notebook, he cut them in strips the width of a spool. On -these he wrote cipher and mysterious instructions, which only his men -could understand, giving full information of the Nor'westers' movements, -bidding his people hold their own, and ordering them to send messages -down to the new Hudson's Bay governor at Red River,--William -Williams,--to place his De Meuron soldiers in ambush along the Grand -Rapids of the Saskatchewan to catch the Northwest partners on their way -to Montreal the next spring. These slips of paper he rolled up tight as -a spool and hammered into the bunghole of the barrel. Then he plastered -clay over all to hide the paper, and bade the guard carry this keg of -whisky back to the H.B.C. fort; it was musty, Robertson complained; let -the men rinse out the keg and put in a fresh supply! - -All that winter Robertson, the Hudson's Bay man, captive in the -Nor'westers' fort, sent weekly commands to his men by means of the whisky -kegs; but in the spring his trick was discovered, and the angry -Nor'westers decided he was too clever a man to be kept on the field. -They would ship him out of the country when their furs were sent east. - -On the way east he succeeded in escaping at Cumberland House. Waiting -only a few hours, he launched out in his canoe and followed on the trail -of the Northwest partners, on down to see what would happen at Grand -Rapids, where the Saskatchewan flows into Lake Winnipeg. A jubilant -shout from a canoe turning a bend in the river presently announced the -news: "All the Northwest partners captured!" When Robertson {404} came -to Grand Rapids he found Governor Williams and the De Meurons in -possession. Cannon pointed across the river below the rapids. The -Northwest partners were prisoners in a hut. The voyageurs were allowed -to go on down to Montreal with the furs. This last act in the great -struggle ended tragically enough. What was to be done with the captured -partners? They could not be sent to Eastern Canada. Pending -investigations for the union of the companies, Governor Williams sent -them to York Factory, Hudson Bay, whence some took ship to England, -others set out overland on snowshoes for Canada; but in the scuffle at -Grand Rapids, Frobisher, one of the oldest partners, with a reputation of -great cruelty in his treatment of Hudson's Bay men, had been violently -clubbed on the head with a gun. From that moment he became a raving -maniac, and the Hudson's Bay people did not know what to do with such a -captive. He must not be permitted to go home to England. His condition -was too terrible evidence against them; so they kept him prisoner in the -outhouses of York Factory, with two faithful Nor'wester half-breeds as -personal attendants. - -One dark cold night towards the first of October Frobisher succeeded in -escaping through the broken bars of his cell window. A leap took him -over the pickets. By chance an old canoe lay on Hayes River. With this -he began to ascend stream for the interior, paddling wildly, laughing -wildly, raving and singing. The two half-breeds knew that a voyage to -the interior at this season without snowshoes, food, or heavy clothing, -meant certain death; but they followed their master faithfully as black -slaves. Wherever night found them they turned the canoe upside down and -slept under it. Fish lines supplied food, and the deserted hut of some -hunter occasionally gave them shelter for the night. Winter set in -early. The ice edging of the river cut the birch canoe. Abandoning it, -they went forward on foot. From York Fort, Hudson Bay, the nearest -Northwest post was seven hundred miles. By the end of October they had -not gone half the distance. Then came one of those changes so frequent -in northern climes,--a sunburst of warm {405} weather following the first -early winter, turning all the frozen fields to swimming marshes, and the -travelers had no canoe. By this time Frobisher was too weak to walk. As -his body failed his mind rallied, and he begged the two half-breeds to go -on without him, as delay meant the death of all three; but the faithful -fellows carried him by turns on their backs. They themselves were now so -emaciated they were making but a few miles a day. Their moccasins had -been worn to tatters, and all three looked more like skeletons than -living men. Then, the third week of November, Frobisher could go no -farther, and the servants' strength failed. Building a fire in a -sheltered place for their master, the two faithful fellows left Frobisher -somewhere west of Lake Winnipeg. Two days later they crept into a -Northwest post too weak to speak, and handed the Northwesters a note -scrawled by Frobisher, asking them to send a rescue party. Frobisher was -found lying across the ashes of the fire. Life was extinct. - -[Illustration: PLANS OF YORK AND PRINCE OF WALES FORTS] - - -In 1820 the union of the companies put an end to the ruinous and criminal -struggle. George Simpson, afterwards knighted, {406} who has been sent -to look over matters in Athabasca, is appointed governor, and Nicholas -Garry, one of the London directors, comes out to appoint the officers of -the united companies to their new districts. The scene is one for artist -brush,--the last meeting of the partners at Fort William, Hudson's Bay -men and Nor'westers, such deadly enemies they would not speak, sitting in -the great dining hall, glowering at each other across tables: George -Simpson at one end of the tables, pompously dressed in ruffles and satin -coat and silk breeches, vainly endeavoring to keep up suave conversation; -Nicholas Garry at the other end of the table, also very pompous and -smooth, but with a look on his face as if he were sitting above a powder -mine, the Highland pipers dressed in tartans, standing at each end of the -hall, filling the room with the drone and the skurl of the bagpipes. - -[Illustration: SIR GEORGE SIMPSON, GOVERNOR OF HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY, 1820] - -By the union of the companies both sides avoided proving their rights in -the law courts. Most important of all, the Hudson's Bay Company escaped -proving its charter valid; for the charter applied only to Hudson Bay and -adjacent lands "not occupied by other Christian powers"; but on the union -taking place, the British government granted to the new Hudson's Bay -Company license of exclusive monopoly to _all_ the Indian territory, -meaning (1) Hudson Bay Country, (2) the interior, (3) New Caledonia as -well as Oregon. In fact, the union left the fur traders ten times more -strongly intrenched than before. {407} By the new arrangement Dr. John -McLoughlin was appointed chief factor of the western territories known as -Oregon and New Caledonia. When the War of 1812 closed, treaty provided -that Oregon should be open to the joint occupancy of English and American -traders till the matter of the western boundary could be finally settled. -Oregon roughly included all territory between the Columbia and the -Spanish fort at San Francisco, namely, Washington, Oregon, Northern -California, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, parts of Montana and Wyoming. It was -cheaper to send provisions round by sea to the fur posts of New -Caledonia, in modern British Columbia, than across the continent by way -of the Saskatchewan; so McLoughlin's district also included all the -territory far as the Russian possessions in Alaska. - -This part of the Hudson's Bay Company's history belongs to the United -States rather than Canada, but it is interesting to remember that just as -the French fur traders explored the Mississippi far south as the Gulf of -Mexico, so English fur traders first explored the western states far -south as New Spain. This western field was perhaps the most picturesque -of all the Hudson's Bay Company's possessions. - -Fort Vancouver, ninety miles inland from the sea on the Columbia, was the -capital of this transmontane kingdom, and yearly till 1846 the fur -brigades set out from Fort Vancouver two or three hundred strong by pack -horse and canoe. Well-known officers became regular leaders of the -different brigades. There was Ross, who led the Rocky Mountain Brigade -inland across the Divide to the buffalo ranges of Montana. There was -Ogden, son of the Chief Justice in Montreal, who led the Southern Brigade -up Snake River to Salt Lake and the Nevada desert and Humboldt River and -Mt. Shasta, all of which regions except Salt Lake he was first to -discover. There was Tom McKay, son of the McKay who had crossed to the -Pacific with MacKenzie, who, dressed as a Spanish cavalier, led the -pack-horse brigades down the coast past the Rogue River Indians and the -Klamath Lakes to San Francisco, where Dr. Glen Rae had opened a fort for -the Hudson's Bay Company. {408} Then there was the New Caledonia -Brigade, two hundred strong, which set out from Fort Vancouver up the -Columbia in canoes to the scream of the bagpipes through the rocky -canyons of the river. Close to the boundary, shift was made from canoe -to pack horse, and, leaving the Columbia, the brigade struck up the -Okanogan Valley to Kamloops, bound for the bridle trail up Fraser River. -This brigade, in later days, was under Douglas, who became the knighted -governor of British Columbia. Tricked out in gay ribbons, the long file -of pack ponies, two hundred with riders, two hundred more with packs, -moved slowly along the forest trail with a drone as of bees humming in -midsummer. So well did ponies know the way that riders often fell -asleep, to be suddenly jarred awake by the horses jamming against a tree, -or running under a low branch to brush riders off, or hurdle-jumping over -windfall. Each of these brigades has its own story, and each story would -fill a book. For instance, Glen Rae at San Francisco has a difficult -mission. The company has a plan to take over the debts of Mexico to -British capitalists and exchange them for California. Glen Rae is sent -to watch matters, but he commits the blunder of furnishing arms to the -losing side of a revolution. The debt for the arms remains unpaid. Glen -Rae suicides, and the company withdraws from California. - -[Illustration: JOHN MCLOUGHLIN] - -{409} Presently come American settlers and missionaries over the -mountains. The American government delays settling that treaty of joint -occupancy, for the more American settlers that come, the stronger will be -the American claim to the territory. McLoughlin helps the settlers who -would have starved without his aid, and McLoughlin receives such sharp -censure from his company for this that he resigns. When the American -settlers set up a provisional government, the foolish cry is raised, "54, -40 or fight," which means the Americans claim all the way up to Alaska, -and for this there is no warrant either through their own occupation or -discovery. The boundary is compromised by the Treaty of Oregon in 1846 -at the 49th parallel. - -When settlers come, fur-bearing animals leave. Long ago the Hudson's Bay -Company had foreseen the end and moved the capital of its Pacific Empire -up to Victoria. A string of fur posts extends up Fraser River to New -Caledonia. - - - - -{410} - -CHAPTER XVI - -FROM 1820 TO 1867 - -How the Family Compact worked--The old order changeth--"Loyalty -cry"--Gourley driven mad--Richmond's tragic death--Patriots of the -plow--Defeat of patriots--Duncombe's escape--Execution of -patriots--Bloodshed in Quebec--Chenier's tragic death--Durham gives -Canada a Magna Charta--Confederation--What of the future - - -It will be recalled that on the coming of the United Empire Loyalists -to Canada, the form of government was changed by the Constitutional Act -of 1791, dividing the country into Upper and Lower Canada, the -government of each province to consist of a governor, the legislative -council, and the assembly. Unfortunately, self-government for the -colonies was not yet a recognized principle of English rule. While the -assemblies of the two provinces were elected by the people, the power -of the assemblies was practically a blank, for the governor and council -were the real rulers, and they were appointed by the Crown, which meant -Downing Street, which meant in turn that the two Canadas were regarded -as the happy hunting ground for incompetent office seekers of the great -English parties. From the governor general to the most insignificant -postal clerk, all were appointed from Downing Street. Influence, not -merit, counted, which perhaps explains why one can count on the fingers -of one hand the number of governors and lieutenants from 1791 to 1841 -who were worthy of their trust and did not disgrace their position by -blunders that were simply notorious. Prevost's disgraceful retreat -from Lake Champlain in the War of 1812 is a typical example of the -mischief a political jobber can work when placed in position of trust; -but the life-and-death struggle of the war prevented the people turning -their attention to questions of misgovernment, and it is hardly an -exaggeration to say that the Act of 1791 reduced Canadian affairs to -the chaos of a second Ireland and retarded the progress of the country -for a century. - -It has become customary for English writers to slur over the disorders -of 1837 as the results of the ignorant rabble following {411} the bad -advice of the hot-heads, MacKenzie and Papineau; but it is worth -remembering that everything the rabble fought for, and hanged for, has -since been incorporated in Canada's constitution as the very woof and -warp of responsible government. - -Let us see how the system worked out in detail. - -After the War of 1812 Prevost dies before court-martial can pronounce -on his misconduct at Plattsburg, and Sir Gorden Drummond, the hero of -Fort Erie's siege, is sworn in. - -Canada is governed from Downing Street, and it is my Lord Bathurst's -brilliant idea that forever after the war there shall be a belt of -twenty miles left waste forest and prairie between Canada and the -United States, presumably to prevent democracy rolling across the -northern boundary. Fortunately the rough horse sense of the -frontiersman is wiser than the wisdom of the British statesman, and -settlement continues along the boundary in spite of Bathurst's -brilliant idea. - -Those who fought in the War of 1812 are to be rewarded by grants of -land,--rewarded, of course, by the Crown, which means the Governor; but -the Governor must listen to the advice of his councilors, who are -appointed for life; and to the heroes of 1812 the councilors grant -fifty acres apiece, while to themselves the said councilors vote grants -of land running from twenty thousand to eighty thousand acres apiece. - -After the war it is agreed that neither Canada nor the United States -shall keep war vessels on the lakes, except such cruisers as shall be -necessary to maintain order among the fisheries; but the credit for -this wise arrangement does not belong to the councils at Toronto or -Quebec, for the suggestions came from Washington. - -As the legislative councilors are appointed for life, they control -enormous patronage, recommending all appointments to government -positions and meeting any applicants for office, who are outside the -"_family_" ring, with the curt refusal that has become famous for its -insolence, "_no one but a gentleman_." - -Judges are appointed by favor. So are local magistrates. So are -collectors at the different ports of entry. Smaller cities like {412} -Kingston are year after year refused incorporation, because -incorporation would confer self-government, and that would oust members -of the "_family compact_" who held positions in these places. - -Officeholders are responsible to the Crown only, not to the people. -Therefore when Receiver General Caldwell of Quebec does away with -96,000 pounds, or two years' revenue of Lower Canada, he accounts for -the defalcation to his friends with the explanation of unlucky -investments, and goes scot free. - -Quebec is a French province, but appointments are made in England; so -that out of 71,000 pounds paid to its civil servants 58,000 pounds go -to the English officeholders, 13,000 pounds to French; out of 36,000 -pounds paid to judges only 8,000 pounds go to the French. - -And in Upper Canada, Ontario, it was even worse. In Quebec there was -always the division of French against English, and Catholic against -Protestant; but in Upper Canada "_the family compact_" of councilors -against commoners was a solid and unbroken ring. When the assembly -raises objections to some items of expense sent down by the council, -writes Lieutenant Governor Simcoe in high dudgeon, "I will send the -rascals," meaning the commoners, "packing about their business," and he -prorogues the House. - -Not all the governors and their lieutenants are as foolishly blind to -the faults of the system as Simcoe of Ontario. Sir John Sherbrooke of -Quebec, who succeeds Drummond in Lower Canada, knows very well he is -surrounded by a pack of thieves; but they are his councilors, appointed -for life, and there he is, bound to abide by their advice. -Nevertheless, he kicks over traces vigorously now and then, like the -old war horse that he is. The commissary general comes to him with -word that 600 pounds is missing from the military chest, and he needs a -warrant for search. - -"Search, indeed!" roars Sir John. "There's not the slightest need! -Whenever there is a robbery in _your_ department, it is among -yourselves! Go and find it!" - -{413} - -[Illustration: SIR JOHN SHERBROOKE, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, -1816-1818] - -Curious it is how good men reared in the old school, where the masses -exist for the benefit of the classes and the governed are to be allowed -to exist only by favor of those who govern--curious how good men fail -to read the sign of the times. Colonel Tom Talbot's settlement in West -Ontario has, by 1832, increased to 50,000 people, and the mad -harum-scarum of court days is becoming an old man. Talbot has been a -legislative councilor for life, but it is not on record that he ever -attended the council in Toronto. Still he views with high disfavor -this universal discontent with "being governed." The secret meetings -held to agitate for responsible government, Tom Talbot regards as "a -pestilence" leading on to the worst disease from which humanity can -suffer, namely, democracy. The old bear stirs uneasily in his lair, as -reports come in of louder and louder demands that the colony shall be -_permitted to govern itself_. What would become of kings and colonels -and land grants by special favor, if colonies governed themselves? -Colonel Tom Talbot doffs his homespun and his coon cap, and he dons the -satin ruffles of twenty-five years ago, and he mounts his steed and he -rides pompously forth to the market place of St. Thomas Town on St. -George's Day of 1832. Bands play; flags wave; the country people from -twenty miles round come riding to town. Banners {414} inscribed with -"Loyalty to the Constitution" are carried at the head of parades. The -venerable old colonel is greeted with burst after burst of shouting as -he comes prancing on horseback up the hill. The band plays "the -British Grenadiers." The Highland bagpipes skurl a welcome. Then the -old man mounts the rostrum and delivers a speech that ought to be -famous as an exposition of good old Tory doctrine: - -Some black sheep have slipped into my flock, and very black they are, -and what is worse, they have got the rot, a distemper not known in this -settlement till some I shall call for short "rebels" began their work -of darkness under cover of organizing Blanked Cold Water Drinking -Societies, where they meet at night to communicate their poisonous -schemes and circulate the infection and delude the unwary! Then they -assumed a more daring aspect under mask of a grievance petition, which, -when it was placed before me, I would not take the trouble to read, -being aware it was trash founded on falsehood, fabricated to create -discontent. - -At the end of a half hour's tirade, of which these lines are a sample, -the good old Tory raised his hands, and in the words of the Church's -benediction blessed his people and prayed Heaven to keep their minds -untainted by sedition. - -Looking back less than a century, it is almost impossible to believe -that the colonel's speech--it cannot be called reasoning--was applauded -to the echo and regarded as a masterly justification of people "being -governed" rather than governing themselves. - -Perhaps, after all, it was not so much the Constitution of Canada that -caused the conflict as the clash between the old-time feudalism and the -spirit of modern, aggressive democracy. The United States _fought_ -this question out in 1776. Canada _wrestled_, it cannot be called a -_fight_, the same question out in 1837. - - -It is necessary to give one or two cases of individual persecution to -understand how the disorders flamed to open rebellion. - -One Matthews, an officer of the 1812 War, living on a pension, had -incurred the distrust of the governing ring by expressing sympathy with -the agitators. Now to be an agitator was bad enough in the eyes of -"_the family compact_," but for one of their {415} own social circle to -sympathize with the outsiders was, to the snobocracy clique of the -little city of ten thousand at Toronto, almost an unpardonable sin. -Such sins were punished by social ostracism, by the grand dames of -Toronto not inviting the officer's wife to social functions, by the -families of the upper clique literally freezing the sinner's children -out of the foremost circles of social life. Many a Canadian family is -proud to trace lineage back to some old lady of this tempestuous -period, whose only claim to recognition is that she waged petty -persecution against the heroes of Canadian progress. Now the annals of -the times do not record that this special sinner's wife and children so -suffered. At all events Matthews' spirits were not cast down by social -snobbery. He continued to sympathize with the agitators. The "_family -compact_" bided their time, and their time came a few months later, -when a company of American actors came to Toronto. A band concert had -been given. When the British national air struck up, all hats were -off. Then some one called for "Yankee Doodle," and in compliment to -the visitors, when the American air struck up, Matthews shouted out for -"hats off." For this sin the legislative council ordered the -lieutenant governor to cut off Matthews' pension, and, to the -everlasting shame of Sir Peregrine Maitland, the advice was taken, -though Matthews had twenty-seven years of service to his credit. -Matthews appealed to England, and his pension was restored, so that in -this case "_the family compact_" for political reasons was pretending -to be more British than Great Britain. It was not to be the last -occasion on which "the loyalty cry" was to be used as a political dodge. - -The persecution of Robert Gourlay was yet more outrageous. - -He had come to Canada soon after the War of 1812, and in the course of -collecting statistics for a book on the colony was quick to realize how -Canada's progress was being literally gagged by the policy of the -ruling clique. Gourlay attacked the local magistrates in the press. -He pointed out that the land grants were notorious. He advocated -bombarding the evils from two sides at once, by appealing to the home -government and by {416} holding local conventions of protest. The pass -to which things had come may be realized by the attitude of the -council. It held that the colony must hold no communications with the -imperial government except through the Governor General; in other -words, individual appeals not passing through the hands of the -legislative council were to be regarded as illegal. It is sad to have -to acknowledge that such a palpably dishonest measure was ever -countenanced by people in their right minds. But "_the family -compact_" went a step farther. It passed an order forbidding meetings -to discuss public grievances. This part of Canada's story reads more -like Russia than America, and shows to what length men will go when -special privileges rather than equal rights prevail in a country. -Gourlay met these infamous measures by penning some witty doggerel, -headed "Gagged, gagged, by Jingo!" The editor in whose paper Gourlay's -writings had appeared, was arrested, and the offending sheet was -compelled to suspend. Gourlay himself is arrested for sedition and -libel at least four times, but each time the jury acquits him. At any -cost the governing clique must get rid of this scribbling fellow, whose -pen voices the rising discontent. An alien act, passed before the War -of 1812, compelling the deportation of seditious persons, is revived. -Under the terms of the act Gourlay is arrested, tried, and sentenced to -be exiled, but Gourlay declares he is not an alien. He is a British -subject, and he refuses to leave the country. He is thrown in jail at -Niagara, and for a year and a half left in a moldy, close cell. One -dislikes to write that this outrage on British justice was perpetrated -under Chief Justice Powell, whose failure to obtain decisions from the -jury in the Red River trials brought down such harsh criticism on the -bench. At the end of twenty months Gourlay is again hauled before the -jury and sentenced to deportation on pain of death if he refuses. He -was calmly asked if he had anything to say, if there were any reason -why sentence should not be pronounced. - -"Anything . . . to . . . say? Any reason . . . why . . . -sentence . . . should not be pronounced?" From 1818 to 1820 {417} -Gourlay had been having things "to say," had been giving good and -sufficient reasons why sentence should not be pronounced! The question -is repeated: "Robert Gourlay stand up! Have you anything to say?" The -court waits, Chief Justice Powell, bewigged and wearing his grandest -manner, all unconscious that the scene is to go down to history with -blot of ignominy against _his_ name, not Gourlay's. - -Gourlay's face twitches, and he breaks into shrieks of maniacal -laughter. The petty persecutions of a provincial tyranny have driven a -man, who is true patriot, out of his mind. As Gourlay drops out of -Canada's story here, it may be added that the English government later -pronounced the whole trial an outrage, and Gourlay was invited back to -Canada. - - -If at this stage a man had come to Canada as governor, big enough and -just enough to realize that colonies had some rights, there might have -been remedy; for the imperial government, eager to right the wrong, was -misled by the legislative councilors, and all at sea as to the source -of the trouble. While men were being actually driven out of Canada by -the governing ring on the charge of disloyalty, the colonial minister -of England was sending secret dispatches to the Governor General, -instructing him plainly that if independence was what Canada wanted, -then the mother country, rather than risk a second war with the United -States, or press conclusions with the Canadas themselves, would -willingly cede independence. It is as well to be emphatic and clear on -this point. _It was not the tyranny of England that caused the -troubles of 1837_. It was the dishonesty of the ruling rings at Quebec -and Toronto, and this dishonesty was possible because of the -Constitutional Act of 1791. - -Unfortunately, just when imperial statesmen of the modern school were -needed, governors of the old school were appointed to Canada. After -Sir John Sherbrooke came the Duke of Richmond to Quebec, and his -son-in-law, Sir Peregrine Maitland, as lieutenant governor to Ontario. -Men of more courtly manners never graced the vice-regal chairs of -Quebec and Toronto. {418} Richmond, who was some fifty years of age, -had won notoriety in his early days by a duel with a prince of the -blood royal, honor on both sides being satisfied by Richmond shooting -away a curl from the royal brow; but presto, an Irish barrister takes -up the quarrel by challenging Richmond to a second duel for having -dared to fight a prince; and here Richmond satisfies claims of honor by -a well-directed ball aimed to wound, not kill. Long years after, when -the duke became viceroy of Ireland, the Irishman appeared at one of -Richmond's state balls. - -"Hah," laughed the barrister, "the last time we met, your Grace gave -_me_ a ball." - -"Best give you a brace of 'em now," retorted the witty Richmond; and he -sent his quondam foe invitation to two more balls. - -Richmond it was who gave the famous ball before the defeat of Napoleon -at Waterloo. The story of his daughter's love match with Sir Peregrine -Maitland is of a piece with the rest of the romance in Richmond's life. -Richmond and Maitland had been friends in the army, but when the duke -began to observe that his daughter, Lady Sarah, and the younger man -were falling in love, he thought to discourage the union with a poor -man by omitting Maitland's name from invitation lists. When Lady Sarah -came downstairs to a ball she surmised that Maitland had not been -invited, and, withdrawing from the assembled guests, drove to her -lover's apartments. She married Maitland without her father's consent, -but a reconciliation had been patched up. Father and son-in-law now -came to Canada as governor and lieutenant governor. - -The military and social life of both unfitted them to appreciate the -conditions in Canada. Socially both were the lions of the hour. As a -man and gentleman Richmond was simply adored, and Quebec's love of all -the pomp of monarchy was glutted to the full. No more distinguished -governor ever played host in the old Château St. Louis; but as rulers, -as pacifiers, as guides of the ship of state, Richmond and Maitland -were dismal failures. To them Canada's demand for responsible {419} -government seemed the rallying cry of an impending republic. "We must -overcome democracy or it will overcome us," pronounced Richmond. He -failed to see that resistance to the demand for self-government would -bring about the same results in Canada as resistance had brought about -in the United States, and he could not guess--for the thing was new in -the world's history--that the grant of self-government would but bind -the colony the closer to the mother land. - -[Illustration: THE FOURTH DUKE OF RICHMOND, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, -1818-1819] - -It is sad to write of two such high-minded, well-intentioned rulers, -that the worst acts of misgovernment in Canada took place in their -régime. - -Richmond's death was as unusual as his life. Two accounts are given of -the cause. One states that he permitted a pet dog to touch a cut in -his face. The other account has it that he was bitten by a tame fox at -a fair in Sorel, and the date of Richmond's death, late in August of -1819, exactly two months from the time he was bitten at Sorel,--which -is the length of time that hydrophobia takes to develop in a grown -person,--would seem to substantiate the latter story. He was traveling -on horseback from Perth to Richmond, on the Ottawa, and had complained -of feeling poorly. A small stream had to be crossed. The sight of the -stream brought the strange water delirium to Richmond, when he begged -his attendants to take him quickly to Montreal. It need scarcely be -explained here that hydrophobia {420} is not caused by lack of water, -but by contagious transmission. The feeling passed, as the first -terrors of the disease are usually spasmodic, and the Governor was -proceeding through the woods with his attendants, when he suddenly -broke away deliriously, leading them a wild race to a farm shed. There -he died during the night, crying out as the lucid intervals broke the -delirium of his agonies: "For shame! for shame Lenox! Richmond, be a -man! Can you not bear it?" - - -Public affairs are meanwhile passing from bad to worse. William Lyon -MacKenzie has become leader of the agitators in his newspaper, _The -Advocate_, of Toronto. A band of young vandals, sons of the ruling -clique, wreck his newspaper office and throw the type into Toronto Bay, -but MacKenzie recovers $3000 damages and goes on agitating. Four times -he is publicly expelled from the House, and four times he is returned -by the electors. What are they asking, these agitators, branded as -rebels, expelled from the assembly, in some cases cast in prison by the -councilors, in others threatened with death? - - Control of public revenues. - Reform in the land system. - Municipal rights for towns and cities. - The exclusion of judges from Parliament. - That the council be directly responsible to the people - rather than the Crown. - - -Since 1818 the reformers have been agitating to have wrongs righted, -and for nineteen years the clique has prevented official inquiry, -gagged the press, bludgeoned conventions out of existence, and thrown -leaders of opposition in prison. - -MacKenzie now makes the mistake of publishing in his papers a letter -from the English radical Hume, advocating the freedom of Canada "from -the baneful domination of the mother country." At once, with a jingo -whoop, the loyalty cry is emitted by "_the family compact_." Is not -this what they have been telling the Governor from the first,--these -reformers are republicans in {421} disguise? By trickery and -manipulation they swing the next election so that MacKenzie is -defeated. From that moment MacKenzie's tone changed. It may be that, -losing all hope of reform, he became a republican. If this were -treason, then the English ministers, who were advocating the same -remedy, were guilty of the same treason. With MacKenzie, secretly and -openly, are a host of sympathizers,--Dr. Rolph, Tom Talbot's old -friend, come up from the London district to practice medicine in -Toronto, and Van Egmond, who has helped to settle the Huron Tract of -the Canada Company, founded by John Galt, the novelist, and some four -thousand others whose names MacKenzie has on a list in his carpet bag. - -[Illustration: WILLIAM LYON MACKENZIE] - -All the autumn of 1837 Fitzgibbons, now commander of the troops in -Toronto, hears vague rumors of farmers secretly drilling, of workmen -extemporizing swords out of scythes, of old soldiers furbishing up -their arms of the 1812 War. What does it mean? Sir Francis Bond Head, -the new governor of Ontario, refuses to believe his own ears. Neither -does _the family compact_ realize that there is any danger to their -long tenure of power. They affect to sneer at these poor patriots of -the plow, little dreaming that the rights which these poor patriots of -the scythe swords are burning to defend, will, by and by, be the pride -of England's colonial system. The story of plot and counter plot -cannot be told in detail here; it is too {422} long. But on the night -of Monday, December 4, Toronto wakes up to a wild ringing of college -bells. The rebel patriots have collected at Montgomery's Tavern -outside Toronto, and are advancing on the city. - -Poor MacKenzie's plans have gone all awry. Four thousand patriots had -pledged themselves to assemble at the tavern on December 7, but Dr. -Rolph, or some other friend in the city, sends word that the date has -been discovered. The only hope of seizing the city is for them to come -sooner; and MacKenzie arrives at the tavern on December 3, with only a -few hundred followers, who have neither food nor firearms; and I doubt -much if they had even definite plans; of such there are no records. -Before Van Egmond comes from Seaforth, doubt and dissension and -distrust of success depress the insurgents; and it does n't help their -spirits any to have four Toronto scouts break through their lines in -the dark and back again with word of their weakness, though they plant -a fatal bullet neatly in the back of one poor loyalist. If they had -advanced promptly on the 4th, as planned, they might have given Sir -Francis Bond Head and Fitzgibbons a stiff tussle for possession of the -city, for Toronto's defenders at this time numbered scarcely three -hundred; but during the days MacKenzie's followers delayed north of -Yonge Street, Allan McNab came up from Hamilton with more troops. By -Wednesday, the 6th, there were twelve hundred loyalist troops in -Toronto; and noon of the 7th, out marches the loyalist army by way of -Yonge Street, bands playing, flags flying, horses prancing under -Fitzgibbons and McNab. It was a warm, sunny day. From the windows of -Yonge Street women waved handkerchiefs and cheered. At street corners -the rabble shouted itself hoarse, just as it would have cheered -MacKenzie had he come down Yonge Street victorious. - -MacKenzie's sentries had warned the insurgents of the loyalists' -coming. MacKenzie was for immediate advance. Van Egmond thought it -stark madness for five hundred poorly armed men to meet twelve hundred -troopers in pitched battle; but it was too late now for stark madness -to retreat. The loyalist {423} bands could be heard from Rosedale; the -loyalists' bayonets could be seen glittering in the sun. MacKenzie -posted his men a short distance south of the tavern in some woods; one -hundred and fifty on one side of the road west of Yonge Street, one -hundred on the other side. The rest of the insurgents, being without -arms, did not leave the rendezvous. In the confusion and haste the -tragic mistake was made of leaving MacKenzie's carpet bag with the list -of patriots at the tavern. This gave the loyalists a complete roster -of the agitators' names. - -[Illustration: ALLAN McNAB] - -Fifteen minutes later it was all over with MacKenzie. The big guns of -the Toronto troops shelled the woods, killing one patriot rebel and -wounding eleven, four fatally. In answer, only a clattering spatter of -shots came from the rebel side. The patriots were in headlong flight -with the mounted men of Toronto in pursuit. - -It was over with MacKenzie, but, as the sequence of events will show, -it was not all over with the cause. A book of soldiers' yarns might be -told of hairbreadth escapes, the aftermath of the rebellion. Knowing -his side was doomed to defeat, Dr. Rolph tried to escape from Toronto. -He was stopped by a loyalist sentry, but explained he was leaving the -city to visit a patient. Farther on he had been arrested by a loyalist -picket, when luckily a young doctor who had attended Rolph's medical -lectures, all unconscious of MacKenzie's plot, vouched for his {424} -loyalty. Riding like a madman all that night, Rolph reached Niagara -and escaped to the American frontier. A reward of 1000 pounds had been -offered for MacKenzie dead or alive. He had waited only till his -followers fled, when he mounted his big bay horse and galloped for the -woods, pursued by Fitzgibbons' men. The big bay carried him safely to -the country, where he wandered openly for four days. It speaks volumes -for the stanch fidelity of the country people to the cause which -MacKenzie represented, that during these wanderings he was unbetrayed, -spite of the 1000 pounds reward. Finally he too succeeded in crossing -Niagara. Van Egmond was captured north of Yonge Street, but died from -disease contracted in his prison cell before he could be tried. Lount, -another of the leaders, had succeeded in reaching Long Point, Lake -Erie. With a fellow patriot, a French voyageur, and a boy, he started -to cross Lake Erie in an open boat. It was wintry, stormy weather. -For two days and two nights the boat tossed, a plaything of the waves, -the drenching spray freezing as it fell, till the craft was almost -ice-logged. For food they had brought only a small piece of meat, and -this had frozen so hard that their numbed hands could not break it. -Weakening at each oar stroke, they at last saw the south shore of Lake -Erie rise on the sky line; but before the close-muffled refugees had -dared to hope for safety on the American side, a strong south wind had -sprung up that drove the boat back across the lake towards Grand River. -To remain exposed longer meant certain death. They landed, were -mistaken for smugglers, and thrown into jail, where Lount was at once -recognized. - -In West Ontario one Dr. Duncombe had acted as MacKenzie's lieutenant. -Allan McNab had come west with six hundred men to suppress the -rebellion. Realizing the hopelessness of further resistance, Duncombe -had tried to save his men by ordering them to disperse to their homes. -He himself, with his white horse, took to the woods, where he lay in -hiding all day--and it was a Canadian December--and foraged at night -for berries and roots. Judge Ermatinger gives the graphic story of -{425} Duncombe's escape. Starvation drove him to the house of a -friend. The friend was out, and when the wife asked who he was, -Duncombe laid his revolver on the table and made answer, "I am -Duncombe; and I must have food." Here he lay disguised so completely -with nightcap, nightdress, and all, as the visiting grandmother of the -family, that loyalists who saw his white horse and came in to search -the house, looked squarely at the recumbent figure beneath the -bedclothes and did not recognize him. Duncombe at last reached his -sister's home near London. - -"Don't you know me?" he asked, standing in the open door, waiting for -her recognition. In the few weeks of exposure and pursuit his hair had -turned snow-white. - -His friends suggested that he cross to the American frontier dressed as -a woman, and the disguise was so perfect, curls of his sister's hair -bobbing from beneath his bonnet, that two loyalist soldiers gallantly -escorted the lady's sleigh across unsafe places in the ice. Duncombe -waited till he was well on the American side, and his escorts on the -way back to Sarnia. Then he emitted a yell over the back of the -cutter, "Go tell your officers you have just helped Dr. Duncombe -across!" - -Having lost the fight for a cause which events have since justified, it -is not surprising that the patriots on the American frontier now lost -their heads. They formed organizations from Detroit to Vermont for the -invasion of Canada and the establishment of a republic. These bands -were known as "Hunter's Lodges." Rolph and Duncombe repudiated -connection with them, but MacKenzie was head and heart for armed -invasion from Buffalo. Space forbids the story of these raids. They -would fill a book with such thrilling tales as make up the border wars -of Scotland. - -The tumultuous year of 1837 closed with the burning of the _Caroline_. -MacKenzie had taken up quarters on Navy Island in Niagara River. The -_Caroline_, an American ship, was being employed to convey guns and -provisions to the insurgents' camp. On the Canadian side of the river -camped Allan McNab with {426} twenty-five hundred loyalist troops. -Looking across the river with field glasses, McNab sees the boat -landing field guns on Navy Island for MacKenzie. - -"I say," exclaims the future Sir Allan, "this won't do! Can't you cut -that vessel out, Drew?" addressing a young officer. - -"Nothing easier," answers Drew. - -"Do it, then," orders McNab. - -In spite of the fact "nothing was easier," Drew's men came near -disaster on their midnight escapade. The river below Navy Island was -three miles wide, and only a mile and a half from the rapids above the -Falls, with a current like a mill race. Secretly seven boats, with -four men in each, set out at half past eleven, a few friends on the -river bank wishing Drew Godspeed. Out from shore Drew draws his boats -together, and tells the men the perilous task they have to do: if any -one wishes to go back let him do so now. Not a man speaks. Halfway -across, firing from the island drives two of the boats back. The rest -get under shadow from the bright moonlight and go on. The roar of the -Falls now became deafening, and some of the rowers called out they were -being drawn down the center of the river astern. Drew fastens his eyes -on a light against the American shore to judge of their progress. For -a moment, though the men were rowing with all their might, the light -ashore and the boats in mid-river seemed to remain absolutely still. -Finally the boats gained an oar's length. Then a mighty pull, and all -forge ahead. A strip of land hides approach to the _Caroline_. The -Canadian boatmen lie in hiding till the moon goes down, then glide in -on the _Caroline_, when Drew mounts the decks. Three unarmed men are -found on the shore side. Drew orders them to land. One fires -point-blank; Drew slashes him down with a single saber cut. The rest -of the crew are roused from sleep and sent ashore. The _Caroline_ is -set on fire in four places. She is moored to the shore ice; axes chop -her free. She is adrift; Drew the last to jump from her flaming decks -to his place in the small boats. The flames are seen from the Canadian -side, and huge bonfires light up the Canadian shore; by their gleam -{427} Drew steers back for McNab's army, and is welcomed with cheers -that split the welkin. Slowly the flaming vessel drifted down the -channel to the Falls. Suddenly the lights went out; the _Caroline_ had -either sunk on a reef or gone over the Falls. One man had been killed -on the decks. As the vessel was American, and had been raided in -American ports, the episode raised an international dispute that might -in another mood have caused war. - -Lount and Matthews pay for the rebellion on the gallows, upon which the -imperial government expressed regret that the Toronto Executive "found -such severity necessary." Later, when "the Hunters' Lodges" raid -Prescott, and Van Shoultz, the Polish leader, with nine others, is -executed at Kingston, a great revulsion of feeling takes place against -_the family compact_. The execution of the patriots did more for their -cause than all their efforts of twenty years. The Canadian people had -supported the agitators up to the point of armed rebellion. That gave -British blood pause, for the Britisher reveres the law next to God; but -when the governing ring began to glut its vengeance under cloak of -loyalty that was another matter. After the execution of Lount and -Matthews _the family compact_ could scarcely count a friend outside its -own circle in Upper Canada. It is worth remembering that the young -lawyer who defended Van Shoultz in the trial at Kingston was a John A. -Macdonald, who later took foremost part in framing a new constitution -for Canada. - - -Affairs had gone faster in Quebec. There the rebellion almost became -war. Papineau was leader of the agitators,--Papineau, fiery, -impetuous, eloquent, followed by the bold boys in the bonnets blue, -marching the streets of Montreal singing revolutionary songs and -planting liberty trees. In Lower Canada, too, things have come to the -pass where the agitators advocate armed resistance. From the first, in -Quebec, the struggle has waged round two questions,--the exclusion of -the French from the council, and the right of the colony to spend its -own revenues; but boil down the ninety-two resolutions of 1834, and the -demands {428} of the agitators in Lower Canada are the same as in Upper -Canada, for complete self-government. A dozen clashes of authority -lead up to the final outbreak. For instance, the House elects -Papineau, the agitator, speaker. The Governor General refuses to -recognize him, and Parliament is dissolved. - -Failing to obtain redress by constitutional methods, the agitators now -advocate the right of a colony to abolish government unsuited to it. -The constitutional party takes alarm and organizes volunteers. -Papineau's party, early in 1837, begin violently advocating that all -French magistrates resign their commissions from the English -government. On Richelieu River and up in Two Mountains, north of -Montreal, are the strongholds of the agitators, where men have been -drilling, and the boys in the bonnets blue rioting through the villages -to the great scandal of parish priests. - -[Illustration: LOUIS J. PAPINEAU] - -There are riots in Montreal early in November of 1837, and "the Sons of -Liberty" are chased through the town. Then in the third week of -November a troop of Montreal cavalry is sent to St. John's to arrest -three agitators, who have been threatening a magistrate for refusing to -resign his commission. The agitators are arrested and handcuffed, and -at three in the morning the troops are moving along across country -towards Longueuil with the prisoners in a wagon, when suddenly three -hundred armed men rise on either side of the road to the fore. Shots -are exchanged. In the confusion the prisoners jump from the wagon. -This is not resistance to authority. It is open rebellion. Papineau -intrusts the management of affairs in St. Eustache, north of Montreal, -to Girod, a Swiss, and to {429} Dr. Chenier, a local patriot. Papineau -himself and Dr. Nelson and O'Callaghan are down on the Richelieu at St. -Denis. - -Take the Richelieu region first. Colonel Gore is to strike up the -river southward to St. Denis. Colonel Wetherell is to cross country -from Montreal and strike down the river north to St. Charles, thus -hemming in the insurgents between Gore on the north and himself on the -south. There are eight hundred rebels at St. Denis, one hundred and -fifty armed, and twelve hundred at St. Charles. Papineau and -O'Callaghan for safety's sake slip across the line to Swanton in -Vermont. One could wish that, having led their faithful followers up -to the sticking point of stark madness, the agitators had remained -shoulder to shoulder with the brave fellows on the field. - -Colonel Gore came from Montreal by boat to the mouth of the Richelieu. -At seven-thirty on the night of November 22 two hundred and fifty -troopers landed to march up the Richelieu road to St. Denis. Rain -turning to sleet was falling in a deluge. The roads were swimming -knee-deep in slush. Bridges had been cut, and in the darkness the -loyalists had to diverge to fording places, which lengthened out the -march twenty-four miles. At St. Denis was Dr. Nelson with the -agitators in a three-story stone house, windows bristling with muskets. -By dawn Papineau and O'Callaghan had fled, and at nine o'clock came -Colonel Gore's loyalist troopers, exhausted from the march, soaked to -the skin, their water-sagged clothes freezing in the cold wind. The -loyalists went into the fight unfed, and with a whoop; but it is not -surprising that the peppering of bullets from the windows drove the -troopers back, and Gore's bugles sounded retreat. Unaware of Gore's -defeat, one Lieutenant Weir has been sent across country with -dispatches. He is captured and bound, and, in a futile attempt to -escape, shot and stabbed to death. - -Wetherell comes down the river from Chambly with three hundred men. He -finds St. Charles village protected by outworks of felled trees, and -the houses are literally loopholed with muskets; but Wetherell has -brought cannon along, and the cannon begin to sing on November 25. -Then Wetherell's {430} men charge through the village with leveled -bayonets. The poor habitants scatter like frightened sheep; they -surrender; one hundred perish. It is estimated that on both sides -three hundred are wounded, though some English writers give the list of -wounded as low as forty. Messengers galloped with news of the -patriots' defeat at St. Charles to Dr. Nelson at St. Denis. The -habitants fled to their homes. Nelson was left without a follower. He -escaped to the woods, and for two weeks wandered in the forests of the -boundary, exposed to cold and hunger, not daring to kindle a fire that -would betray him, afraid to let himself sleep for fear of freezing to -death. He was captured near the Vermont line and carried prisoner to -Montreal. - -[Illustration: SIR JOHN COLBORNE, GOVERNOR OF CANADA, 1838-1841] - -And still worse fared the fortunes of war with the patriots north of -Montreal. Their defense and defeat were almost pitiable in childish -ignorance of what war might mean. Boys' marbles had been gathered -together for bullets. Scythes were carried as swords, and old -flintlocks that had not seen service for twenty years were taken down -from the chimney places. With their bonnets blue hanging down their -backs, rusty firearms over their shoulders, and the village fiddler -leading the march, one thousand "Sons of Liberty" had paraded the -streets of St. Eustache, singing, rollicking, speechifying, unconscious -as {431} children playing war that they were dancing to ruin above a -volcano. Chenier, the beloved country doctor, is their leader. Girod, -the Swiss, has come up to show them how to drill. They take possession -of a newly built convent. Then on Sunday, the 3d of December, comes -word of the defeat down on the Richelieu. The moderate men plead with -Chenier to stop now before it is too late; but Chenier will not listen. -He knows the cause is right, and with the credulity or faith of a -simple child hopes some mad miracle will win the day. Still he is much -moved; tears stream down his face. Then on December 14 the church -bells ring a crazy alarm. The troops are coming, two thousand of them -from Montreal under Sir John Colborne, the governor. The insurgent -army melts like frost before the sun. Less than one hundred men stand -by poor Chenier. At eleven-thirty the troops sweep in at both ends of -the village at once, Girod, the Swiss commander, suicides in panic -flight. Cooped up in the church steeple with the flames mounting -closer round them and the troopers whooping jubilantly outside, Chenier -and his eighty followers call out: "We are done! We are sold! Let us -jump!" Chenier jumps from the steeple, is hit by the flying bullets, -and perishes as he falls. His men cower back in the flaming steeple -till it falls with a crash into the burning ruins. Amid the ash heap -are afterwards found the corpses of seventy-two patriots. The troopers -take one hundred prisoners in the region, then set fire to all houses -where loyalist flags are not waved from the windows. - - -Matters have now come to such an outrageous pass that the British -government can no longer ignore the fact that the colony has been -goaded to desperation by the misgovernment of the ruling clique. Lord -Durham is appointed special commissioner with extraordinary powers to -proceed to Canada and investigate the whole subject of colonial -government. One may guess that the ruling clique were prepared to take -possession of the new commissioner and prime him with facts favorable -to their side; but Durham was not a man to be monopolized by any -faction. {432} When he arrived, in May of 1838, he quickly gave proof -that he would follow his own counsels and choose his own councilors. -His first official declaration was practically an act of amnesty to the -rebels, eight only of the leading prisoners, among them Dr. Nelson, -being punished by banishment to Bermuda, the rest being simply expelled -from Canada. - -This act was tantamount to a declaration that the rebels possessed some -rights and had suffered real grievances, and the governing rings in -both Toronto and Quebec took furious offense. Complaints against -Durham poured into the English colonial office,--complaints, oddly -enough, that he had violated the spirit of the English Constitution by -sentencing subjects of the Crown without trial. Though every one knew -that in Canada's turbulent condition trial by jury was impossible, -Durham's political foes in England took up the cry. In addition to -political complaints were grudges against Durham for personal slight; -and it must be confessed the haughty earl had ridden roughshod over all -the petty prejudices and little dignities of the colonial magnates. -The upshot was, Durham resigned in high dudgeon and sailed for England -in November of 1838. - -[Illustration: LORD DURHAM, SPECIAL COMMISSIONER TO CANADA, 1838] - -On his way home he dictated to his secretary, Charles Buller, the -famous report which is to Canada what the Magna Charta is to England or -the Declaration of Independence to the United States. Without going -into detail, it may be said that it {433} recommended complete -self-government for the colonies. As disorders had again broken out in -Canada, the English government hastened to embody the main -recommendations of Durham's report in the Union Act of 1840, which came -into force a year later. By it Upper and Lower Canada were united on a -basis of equal representation each, though Quebec's population was six -hundred thousand to Ontario's five hundred thousand. The colonies were -to have the entire management of their revenues and civil lists. The -government was to consist of an Upper Chamber appointed by the Crown -for life, a representative assembly, and the governor with a cabinet of -advisers responsible to the assembly. - -In all, more than seven hundred arrests had been made in Quebec -Province. Of these all were released but some one hundred and thirty, -and the state trials resulted in sentence of banishment against fifty, -death to twelve. In modern days it is almost impossible to realize the -degree of fanatical hatred generated by this half century of -misgovernment. Declared one of the governing clique's official -newspapers in Montreal: "Peace must be maintained, even if we make the -country a solitude. French Canadians must be swept from the face of -the earth. . . . The empire must be respected, even at the cost of the -entire French Canadian people." With such sentiments openly uttered, -one may surely say that the Constitutional Act of 1791 turned back the -pendulum of Canada's progress fifty years, and it certainly took fifty -more years to eradicate the bitterness generated by the era of -misgovernment. - - -With the Upper and Lower Canadas united in a federation of two -provinces, it was a foregone conclusion that all parts of British North -America must sooner or later come into the fold. It would be hard to -say from whom the idea of confederation of all the provinces first -sprang. Purely as a theory the idea may be traced back as early as -1791. The truth is, Destiny, Providence, or whatever we like to call -that great stream of concurrent events which carries men and nations -out to the ocean {434} highway of a larger life, forced British North -America into the Confederation of 1867. - -In the first place, while the Union worked well in theory, it was -exceedingly difficult in practice. Ontario and Quebec had equal -representation. One was Protestant, the other Catholic; one French, -the other English. Deadlocks, or, to use the slang of the street, even -tugs of war, were inevitable and continual. All Ontario had to do to -thwart Quebec, or Quebec had to do to thwart Ontario, was to stand -together and keep the votes solid. Coalition ministries proved a -failure. - -In the second place, Ontario was practically dependent on the customs -duties collected at Quebec ports of entry for a provincial revenue. -The goods might be billed for Ontario; Quebec collected the tax. - -Ontario was also dependent on Quebec for access to the sea. Which -province was to pay for the system of canals being developed, and the -deepening of the St. Lawrence? - -Then the Oregon Treaty of 1846 had actually brought a cloud of war on -the horizon. In case of war, there was the question of defense. - -Then railways had become a very live question. Quebec wanted -connection with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. How was the cost of a -railroad to be apportioned? Red River was agitating for freedom from -fur-trade monopoly. How were railways to be built to Red River? - -Ontario's population in twenty years jumped past the million mark. Was -it fair that her million people should have only the same number of -representatives as Quebec with her half million? Reformers of Ontario, -voiced by George Brown of _The Globe_, called for "Rep. by -Pop.,"--representation by population. - -Civil war was raging in the United States, threatening to tear the -Union to tatters. Why? Because the balance of power had been left -with the states governments, and not enough authority centralized in -the federal government. The lesson was not lost on struggling Canada. - -{435} England's declaration of free trade brought the colonies face to -face with the need of some united action to raise revenue by tariff. - -Then the Hudson's Bay Company's license of monopoly over the fur trade -of the west was nearing expiration. Should the license be renewed for -another twenty years, or should Canada take over Red River as a new -province, which was the wish of the people both east and west? And if -Canada did buy out the Hudson's Bay Company's vested rights, who was to -pay down the cost? - -[Illustration: JOHN A. MACDONALD] - -Lastly, was John A. Macdonald, the young lawyer who had pleaded the -defense of the patriot trials at Kingston in 1838, now a leading -politician of the United Canadas, weary of the hopeless deadlocks -between Ontario and Quebec. With almost a sixth sense of divination in -reading the signs of the times in the trend of events, John A. -Macdonald saw that Canada's one hope of becoming a national power lay -in union,--confederation. The same thing was seen by other leaders of -the day, by all that grand old guard known as the Fathers of -Confederation, sent from the different provinces to the conference at -Quebec in October of 1864. There the outline of what is known as the -British North America Act was drafted,--in the main but an -amplification of Durham's scheme, made broad enough to receive all -{436} the provinces whenever they might decide to come into -Confederation. The delegates then go back to be indorsed by their -provinces. By some provinces the scheme is rejected. Newfoundland is -not yet part of Canada, but by 1867 Confederation is an accomplished -fact. By 1871 the new Dominion has bought out the rights of the -Hudson's Bay Company in the West and Manitoba joins the Eastern -Provinces. By 1885 a railway links British Columbia with Nova Scotia. -By 1905 the great hunting field of the Saskatchewan prairies has been -divided into two new provinces, Saskatchewan and Alberta, each larger -than France. - - -Such is barest outline of Canada's past. What of the future for this -Empire of the North? That future is now in the making. It lies in the -hands of the men and women who are living to-day. In the past Canada's -makers dreamed greatly, and they dared greatly, and they took no heed -of impossibles, and they spent without stint of blood and happiness for -high aim. When Canada lost ground in the progress of the nations, as -in the corrupt days of Bigot's rule during the French régime, or the -equally corrupt days of _the family compact_ after the Conquest, it was -because the altar fires of her ideals were allowed to burn low. - -It has been said that the past is but a rear light marking the back -trail of the ship's passage. Say rather it is the search light on the -ship's prow, pointing the way over the waters. - -[Illustration: FATHERS OF CONFEDERATION, 1867. (From the painting by -Robert Hariss)] - -To-day Canada is in the very vanguard of the nations. Her wheat fields -fill the granaries of the world; and to her ample borders come the -peoples of earth's ends, bringing tribute not of incense and -frankincense as of old, but of manhood and strength, of push and lift, -of fire and hope and enthusiasm and the daring that conquers all the -difficulties of life; bringing too, all the outworn vices of an Old -World, all the vicious instincts of the powers that prey in the Under -World. Canada's prosperity is literally overflowing from a cornucopia -of super-abundant plenty. Will her constitution, wrested from -political and civil strife; will her moral stamina, bred from the -heroism of an heroic past, stand the strain, the tremendous strain of -the {437} new conditions? Will she assimilate the strange new -peoples--strange in thought and life and morals--coming to her borders? -Will she eradicate their vices like the strong body of a healthy -constitution throwing off disease; or will she be poisoned by the -toxins of vicious traits inherited from centuries of vicious living? -Will she remake the men, regenerate the aliens, coming to her hearth -fire; or will they drag her down to their degeneracy? Above all, will -she stand the strain, the tremendous strain, of prosperity, and the -corruption that is attendant on prosperity? _Quien sabe_? Let him -answer who can; and the question is best answered by watching the -criminal calendar. (Is the percentage of convictions as certain and -relentless as under the old régime? What manner of crimes is growing -up in the land?) And the question may be answered, too, by watching -whether the press and platform and pulpit stand as everlastingly and -relentlessly for sharp demarkation between right and wrong, for the -sharp demarkation between truth, plain truth, and intentional -mendacity, as under the régime of the old hard days. When political -life grows corrupt, is it now cleansed, or condoned? Let each Canadian -answer for himself. If the altar fires of Canada's ideals again burn -low, again she will lag in the progress of the world's great builders. - - - - -{439} - -INDEX - -NOTE. In all names of persons, names have been spelled as signed by -the person; in names of places, as written in early state documents. -In all other cases the rulings of the Canadian Geographic Board have -been followed, with the exception of _Montagnais_, which is given -_Montaignais_, _Tadousac_ as _Tadoussac_, _Saut_ as _Sault_, -_Louisbourg_ as _Louisburg_, _Denys_ as _Denis_. - - -Abenaki Indians, 171, 192, 193 - -Abercrombie, 252, 256, 258, 259 - -Acadia, 40, 41, 61, 64, 65, 69, 70, 192, 196, 197, 204, 214, 216, 220, -231, 233, 235, 236, 241 - -Agona, 19 - -Alaska, 321, 324 - -Albanel, Father, 143, 144 - -Albany, 97, 153, 159, 160, 162 - -Alberta, 297, 436 - -Alexander, 208 - -Alexander, Sir William, 61 - -Algonquin Indians, 52, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108 - -Allen, Ethan, 298 - -Allumette Island, 51, 52 - -Alymer, 50 - -Amherst, 236 - -Amherst, Sir Jeffrey, 252, 253, 256, 261, 268, 274, 277 - -André, Mademoiselle, 122 - -Annapolis, 200, 201, 215, 231 - -Annapolis Basin, 35, 37, 44, 61, 65, 67, 69, 177 - -Anticosti Island, 12, 134, 177 - -Appleton, Colonel, 197 - -Argall, Samuel, 43, 44, 61 - -Arnold, Benedict, 300-309 - -Astor, John Jacob, 294, 330, 333 - -Astoria, 333, 379 - -Athabasca, 324, 327, 390, 391, 398, 399, 401, 402 - -Aubert, 7 - -Aubry, 34, 35, 36, 44, 236 - -Aulneau, 208, 209 - - - -Bad River, 329, 330 - -Balboa, 6 - -Barclay, Captain, 363, 364 - -Barré, Charlotte, 78 - -Basin of Mines, 195 - -Basques, 44, 45, 46, 58 - -Basset, 195 - -Bathurst, Lord, 411 - -Bay of Islands, 10 - -Bayly, Governor, 144, 187 - -Beaubassin, 195, 236 - -Beauharnois, Governor, 206 - -Beaujeu, 141 - -Beauport, 269, 275 - -Beaupré, 19 - -Beauséjour, 231, 236 - -Beaver Dams, 362 - -Bella Coola, 330 - -Belle Isle, 10, 19, 20 - -Belle Isle Straits, 10, 12 - -Bering, Vitus, 212 - -Berkeley, Admiral, 335, 336 - -Biard, Father, 41, 42, 44 - -Biencourt, 34, 40, 42, 61 - -Bigot, Intendant, 241-247, 274 - -Black Rock, 369 - -Blackwater River, 330 - -Blanc Sablon, 10, 11, 12 - -Bloody Brook, 202 - -Boerstler, Lieutenant, 360, 362 - -Bona Vista, 5, 8 - -Bonaventure, 195 - -Boscawen, 226, 234, 252, 256 - -Boston, 66, 194, 195, 203, 216 - -Boucher, 394 - -Bougainville, 243, 261, 270 - -Bouquet, 287, 288, 289, 290 - -Bourgeoys, Marguerite, 117 - -Bourlamaque, 243, 262 - -Braddock, General, 226-230 - -Bradstreet, General, 260, 287, 288 - -Brant, Joseph, 310, 315 - -Bras d'Or Lakes, 7 - -Brébeuf, Jean de, 71, 80, 82-90 - -Bridgar, 149 - -British Columbia, 323, 436 - -Brock, Isaac, 338-348, 363 - -Brockville, 349 - -Brown, George, 371, 434 - -Brulé, Etienne, 48, 50, 52-57, 83, 127 - -Buffalo, 369, 371 - -Buller, Charles, 432 - -Burlington Heights, 365, 372 - -Burton, Colonel, 272 - - - -Cabot, John, 3-7, 26, 61 - -Cabot, Sebastian, 5 - -Cadillac, La Motte, 119, 124, 163, 165, 205 - -Caldwell, General, 412 - -California, 319, 408 - -Cameron, Duncan, 389, 391 - -Campbell, Captain, 285 - -Cape Breton, 5, 6, 7, 38, 43, 61, 62, 65, 124, 204, 214, 215 - -Cape Cod, 30, 37 - -Cape Diamond, 13, 19, 45, 80 - -Cape Rouge, 19, 22 - -Cape Sable, 61, 65 - -Garden, Major, 299 - -Carillon, 50 - -Carleton, 62 - -Carleton, Sir Guy, 279, 280, 281, 298-312 - -Carterett, George, 114 - -Cartier, Jacques, 7-22, 33, 40, 45, 77, 79 - -Casson, Dollier de, 121, 126, 128, 130 - -Castle Island, 10 - -Catalina, 8 - -Chaleur, Bay of, 11, 188 - -Chambly, Fort, 125 - -Champlain, Lake, 47, 203, 237, 242, 298, 299, 378 - -Champlain, Madame, 57 - -Champlain, Samuel, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 44, 45, 46, 48-60, 77, -80, 82, 83, 115 - -Chandler, 356, 357, 359 - -Charity Island, 92 - -Charles II, 114, 115 - -Charlottetown, 314 - -Charlton Island, 156, 160, 161 - -Charnisay, Sieur d'Aulnay de, 65-69 - -Chasteaufort, Marc Antoine de, 115 - -Château Bay, 10 - -Chateauguay River, 368, 369 - -Chatham, 279 - -Chats Rapids, 51 - -Chaudière Falls, 50, 104 - -Chauncey, 349, 351-356, 366 - -Chenier, Dr., 429, 431 - -Chicago Portage, 133 - -Chignecto, 231 - -Chippewa, 371, 372, 373 - -Chippewyan, Fort, 325, 402 - -Chomedey, Paul de, 75 - -Christian Islands, 92, 99 - -Chrysler's Farm, 367 - -Church, Ben, 195 - -Churchill, Fort, 297, 318, 319 - -Clark, Lieutenant, 175 - -Clark, William, 310, 330 - -Clarke, John, 391, 398, 401, 402 - -Cobequid, 236 - -Cocking, Matthew, 297 - -Coffin, John, 306 - -Colborne, Sir John, 431 - -Columbia River, 321-323 - -Columbus, 3, 6 - -Contrecoeur, 230 - -Cook, James, 263, 319-321 - -Coppermine River, 296 - -Cornwallis, Edward, 221, 232 - -Cortereal, Caspar, 6 - -Courcelle, Governor, 125, 126 - -Craig, Governor, 336, 337 - -Cree Indians, 103, 110, 112, 208, 210, 386 - -Crèvecoeur, Fort, 138, 139 - -Cumberland, 236 - - - -Dablon, 132 - -D'Ailleboust, Louis, 78, 79, 115, 119, 120, 172 - -Dalzell, 285 - -Daniel, Father, 27, 84, 87 - -D'Anville, Duke, 220 - -D'Argenson, 110, 115 - -Dauversière, Jérôme le Royer de la, 74, 117 - -D'Avaugour, 111, 115 - -Davis, 30 - -Davost, Father, 84 - -Dearborn, General, 353, 356 - -Deerfield, 193, 195 - -De Mezy, 115 - -De Monts, Sieur, 33-37, 40, 44, 45, 48 - -Denis, 7 - -Denonville, Marquis de, 163, 164, 167, 168 - -De Salaberry, 368, 369 - -Detroit, 93, 205, 276, 286, 291, 310, 338, 339, 340, 363 - -De Troyes, Chevalier, 157, 158, 159, 160 - -Dieskau, Baron, 226, 237, 240 - -Digge's Island, 154 - -Dinwiddie, Governor, 224 - -Dobbs, Captain, 376 - -Dochet Island, 35 - -Dog Rib Indians, 326 - -Dollard, Adam, 107, 108, 109, 110 - -Don Quadra, 322 - -Donnacona, 13, 18, 19 - -Douglas, Fort, 386, 387, 390, 391, 393, 395-397 - -Douglas, Governor, 408 - -Drake, Sir Francis, 26, 27 - -Drew, 426 - -Drucourt, 253 - -Drummond, Sir Gordon, 369, 370, 372, 374, 376, 377, 378 - -Du Chêne, Lake, 50, 105 - -Duchambon, 219 - -Ducharme, 362 - -Duluth, 112, 146, 163, 165 - -Duluth, Daniel G., 118, 124, 205 - -Duncombe, Dr., 424, 425 - -Dupuis, Major, 98 - -Duquesne, Fort, 224, 226, 227, 228, 252, 260 - -Duquesne, Marquis, 224 - -Durell, 261 - -Durham, Lord, 431, 432 - -Duval, 46 - - - -Egg Islands, 203 - -Elizabeth, Queen, 26 - -Elliott, Lieutenant, 343, 344 - -Eric, Earl, 1 - -Erie, Fort, 344, 376, 377 - -Erie, Lake, 129, 130, 131, 137, 341, 349 - -Ermatinger, Judge, 424 - -Etherington, Major, 286 - -Evans, 344 - - - -Fidler, Peter, 389 - -Findley, 295 - -Fitzgibbons, 357, 359, 360, 362, 373, 421, 422 - -Fleury, 42, 43 - -Fontaine, Marguerite, 170 - -Fontaine, Sieur Pierre, 170 - -Forbes, John, 260 - -Forsyth, 353 - -Franklin, Benjamin, 309 - -Fraser, Simon, 330, 331, 332 - -Fraser River, 330, 331, 332 - -French Bay, 35 - -French River, 53, 54 - -Frenchman's Bay, 42 - -Freneuse, Madame, 195, 196, 202 - -Frobisher, Martin, 25, 30 - -Frontenac, Count, 132, 134, 135, 136, 140, 150, 167, 171, 176-188 - -Frontenac, Fort, 135, 136, 137, 141, 163, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 252, -260 - -Fundy, Bay of, 35, 42, 62, 63, 66 - -Funk Island, 9 - - - -Gâlet, 170 - -Galinée, 129, 130, 131 - -Garry, Nicholas, 406 - -Gaspé, 11, 12, 32, 124, 177, 256 - -Gatineau, 50, 104 - -George, Fort, 342, 344, 348, 355, 356, 360, 372 - -George, Lake, 240, 242 - -Georgian Bay, 54, 83, 84, 92 - -Gibraltar, Fort, 386, 387 - -Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 25-29 - -Gilbert du Thet, 42, 43 - -Gillam, Ben, 148, 149, 150 - -Gillam, Captain, 144, 145, 149 - -Gillam, Zechariah, 113 - -Gillam's Island, 148 - -Girod, 428, 431 - -Gladwin, 284 - -Glen Rae, Dr., 407, 408 - -Glenn, 174 - -Goat Island, 44 - -Gore, Colonel, 429 - -Gorham, 248 - -Gourlay, Robert, 415, 416, 417 - -Grand Pré, 231, 236, 241 - -Grant, Cuthbert, 390, 391, 394 - -Gray, Robert, 321-323 - -Great Lakes, 53, 71 - -Green, Henry, 31 - -Green, Piper, 387 - -Green Bay, 93, 103, 105, 132 - -Greenland, 1, 2, 5 - -Griguet, 9 - -Grimmington, 154 - -Groseillers, Chouart, 150, 151, 152, 153, 156 - -Groseillers, Medard Chouart de, 85, 98-115, 118, 144-153 - -Gudrid, 1, 2, 3 - -Gulf of Mexico, 140, 141 - -Gulf Stream, 6 - -Gull Island, 9 - - - -Ha-Ha Bay, 9 - -Haldimand, General, 311, 312 - -Halifax, 231, 232, 233, 248, 317 - -Hamilton, 129 - -Hampton, General, 367, 368 - -Harrison, General, 363 - -Harvey, 357, 358 - -Haverhill, 198 - -Hayes River, 148, 385 - -Head, Sir Francis, 421 - -Hearne, Samuel, 296, 297, 318, 319 - -Hebert, Louis, 44, 57 - -Hebert, Madame, 79 - -Hendry, Anthony, 243, 295 - -Hennepin, Louis, 137, 138, 139 - -Henry, Alexander, 286, 287 - -Henry, John, 337 - -Henry VII, 3, 4 - -Hertel, François, 174, 175 - -Hill, Jack, 202, 203 - -Hochelaga, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18 - -Holmes, Admiral, 269 - -Horton, 236 - -Hudson, Henry, 30, 31, 32, 49 - -Hudson Bay, 30, 32, 103, 110, 113, 115, 134, 143, 144, 146, 148, 161, -162, 164, 191, 204, 318, 406 - -Hudson River, 30 - -Hudson Straits, 30 - -Hull, 338-340 - -Hume, 420 - -Hume, Captain, 154 - -Huron, Lake, 54 - -Huron Indians, 46, 48, 52-57, 82-93, 98, 108-110, 126 - - - -Iberville, 157-163, 165, 172, 174, 183, 184, 185, 186, 188 - -Iberville, Châteauguay, 183 - -Iceland, 3 - -Ihonateria, 84 - -Illinois Indians, 133, 138, 163, 189 - -Illinois River, 133, 139 - -Iroquois Indians, 46-48, 52-57, 78, 79, 86, 87-102, 103, 105, 106, 108, -110, 125, 128-130, 135, 162-171, 183, 204 - -Island of Orleans, 13 - -Isle of Demons, 10, 20, 21 - - - -Jacqueline, Frances Marie, 67 - -Jalobert, Captain, 12, 19 - -James Bay, 30, 31, 113, 144, 158 - -Jogues, Father, 85, 94, 97 - -Johnson, William, 237, 240 - -Jolliet, Louis, 118, 130, 132-134, 139, 146, 152, 177, 205 - -Jolliet, Madame, 183 - -Joseph, Louis, 243 - -Juett, 30 - -Jumonville, 225 - - - -Kaministiquia, 139, 143, 205, 207 - -Kidd, Captain, 150 - -King's Cove, 5 - -Kingston, 135, 260, 354, 370, 427 - -Kirke, David, 58, 60, 63 - -Kirke, Gervaise, 58, 63 - -Kirke, Louis, 58, 63 - -Kirke, Mary, 114, 115, 145 - -Kirke, Thomas, 58, 63 - - - -La Barre, 140, 150, 163, 168 - -La Bonté, 170 - -Labrador, 1, 6, 7, 10, 30, 46, 121, 143, 147 - -Lachine Rapids, 17 - -La Fléche, Father, 41 - -La Fôrest, 146 - -Lake of the Woods, 112 - -Lalemant, 88, 89, 90 - -La Martinière, 153 - -La Monnerie, Lieutenant de, 171 - -Lamont, 19 - -La Motte, Admiral, 226 - -La Naudière, M. de, 171 - -Langdale, 287 - -La Peltrie, Madame de, 72, 73, 74, 77, 78 - -La Pérouse, Admiral, 318, 319 - -La Place, 298 - -La Reine, Fort de, 211 - -La Roche, Marquis de, 23-25, 40 - -La Salle, Robert Cavalier de, 19, 118, 128-142, 146, 205 - -La Saussaye, 42 - -La Tour, Charles de, 61-69 - -La Tour, Claude de, 63, 64 - -La Tour, Madame Charles de, 67-69 - -Laurentian Hills, 50 - -Lauson, 75 - -Lauzon, Jean de, 98, 115 - -Lauzon-Charny, Charles de, 115 - -Laval, Bishop, 122 - -La Vérendrye, Jean, 207-209 - -La Vérendrye, Jemmeraie, 206-208 - -La Vérendrye, Pierre Gauthier, 206-212 - -Lawrence, Colonel, 231, 233, 234, 235, 253 - -Le Bers, 172 - -Le Breton, Captain, 12 - -Le Caron, Joseph, 52, 53 - -Le Chesnaye, 146, 150, 157 - -Leif, 1 - -Le Jeune, Pierre, 79, 80, 81, 82 - -Le Loutre, Louis Joseph, 213-216, 220, 231, 232, 241, 278 - -Le Moyne, Charles, 108, 118, 126, 146, 157 - -Le Moyne, Father, 98 - -Le Moyne, Maricourt, 157-161, 172, 173, 179, 182 - -Le Moyne, Ste. Helène, 157-159, 172, 173, 179, 182 - -Le Moyne, Sérigny, 183, 184, 187 - -Lery, Baron de, 7, 24 - -Lescarbot, Marc, 37-40, 63 - -Leslie, Captain, 286 - -Lévis, Chevalier de, 243, 245, 246, 249, 250, 267, 274 - -Lewis, 330 - -Lewiston, 342-348, 369 - -Long Sault Rapids, 108 - -Long Saut, 50 - -Lorette mission, 93 - -Loudon, Earl, 243, 248, 252 - -Louisburg, 215, 216, 218, 220, 234, 241, 248, 252 - -Louisiana, 140 - -Lount, 424, 427 - -Lundy's Lane, 373-375 - - - -Macdonald, John A., 427, 435 - -MacDonell, Miles, 381, 385, 388-390, 396, 397 - -McDonnell, 368, 369 - -M'Donnell, 350 - -Macdonnell, Major, 346, 348 - -Macdillivray, William, 380, 381 - -Mackay, Alexander, 327, 328 - -McKay, Tom, 407 - -MacKenzie, Alexander, 324-331, 380, 398 - -Mackenzie, Roderick, 325, 327 - -MacKenzie, William Lyon, 420-426 - -MacKenzie River, 327 - -Mackinac, Straits of, 105 - -McLean, Hector, 300, 387 - -McLoughlin, Dr. John, 407, 409 - -McNab, Allan, 422, 424-426 - -Magellan, 6 - -Maine, 42, 192, 204, 310 - -Maisonneuve, Sieur de, 75-79, 108, 118, 119, 120 - -Maitland, Sir Peregrine, 415, 417, 418 - -Mance, Jeanne, 76, 78, 117 - -Mandanes, 211 - -Manitoba, 436 - -Manitoulin Island, 84, 93 - -Maquinna, 322 - -March, Colonel, 196, 197 - -Marco Polo, 3 - -Marie of the Incarnation, 72-74 - -Marquette, Father, 118, 132, 133, 134, 205 - -Martin, Abraham, 44, 57 - -Mascarene, Paul, 201, 202, 215 - -Mascoutin Indians, 132, 138 - -Massacre Island, 209 - -Massé, Father, 42 - -Matonabbee, 296, 297, 319 - -Mattawa, 52 - -Matthews, 414, 415, 427 - -Meares, 321 - -Meigs, Fort, 363 - -Membertou, Henry, 38, 39, 41, 42 - -Meneval, 177 - -Mercer, Colonel, 247 - -Miami, Fort, 284 - -Michigan, 339 - -Michigan, Lake, 103, 133 - -Michilimackinac, 137, 276, 286, 310, 339, 379 - -Micmac Indians, 220 - -Midland, 54 - -Mingan, 12 - -Minnesota, 205, 208 - -Miquelon, 204, 277 - -Miramichi Indians, 10, 11, 256 - -Mississippi River, 106, 128, 133, 139, 141 - -Missouri River, 133, 139, 211 - -Mohawk River, 127 - -Monckton, 231, 234-235, 261, 265, 270 - -Monro, Lieutenant, 250 - -Montaignais Indians, 6, 10, 46, 81, 82 - -Montana, 212 - -Montcalm, Marquis de, 44, 243-250, 257, 265-269, 271, 273 - -Montgomery, Richard, 300-308 - -Montmagny, Charles de, 71, 72, 74, 76-78, 115 - -Montmorency, 13 - -Montreal, 16, 48-51, 72-78, 94, 107, 108, 117, 120, 165, 191, 267, -274-302, 340, 367, 400, 427, 428 - -Moon, Captain, 162 - -Moose Factory, 153, 157, 158 - -Moraviantown, 365, 366 - -Mount Desert, 42, 44 - -Mount Royal, 49, 78 - -Murray, Lord John, 234, 235, 258, 261, 270, 274, 277-280 - -Muskoka, 84 - - - -Nelson, Dr., 429, 430, 432 - -Nelson, Port, 152, 153, 183, 185, 384 - -Nelson River, 148, 385 - -Nepigon, 206 - -New Brunswick, 10, 62-65, 204, 220, 312, 313, 434 - -New Caledonia, 406, 407 - -New Hampshire, 172 - -New York, 97, 165, 221 - -Newfoundland, 5-7, 9, 10, 12, 19, 23, 30, 183, 184, 204 - -Niagara, 129, 267, 316, 340, 351, 369, 370, 379 - -Nicholson, Francis, 198-203 - -Nicolet, Jean, 71, 103, 127 - -Nipissing Indians, 51, 53 - -Nipissing Lake, 51, 53, 103 - -Noel, 19 - -Nootka, 320-322 - -Norsemen, 2 - -Nova Scotia, 1, 34, 35, 61, 220, 312, 317, 379, 434, 436 - - - -O'Callaghan, 429 - -Ochagach, Chief, 206 - -Ochiltree, Lord, 62 - -Ogden, 407 - -Ogdensburg, 350 - -Ohio River, 128, 130, 133, 224, 226, 241 - -Olier, Jean Jacques, 75, 76 - -Onondaga, Lake,98 - -Onondagas, 55, 98, 99, 100 - -Ontario, 84, 127, 312, 315, 316, 338, 349 - -Ontario, Lake, 54, 57, 127, 129, 134, 349 - -Oregon, 406, 407 - -Orleans Island, 13, 76 - -Oswego, 247, 250 - -Ottawa, 46 - -Ottawa Indians, 51 - -Ottawa River, 17, 49, 51, 52, 57, 86 - - - -Papineau, 427-429 - -Parliament Hill, 50, 104 - -Parry Sound, 54 - -Parsnip River, 328 - -Passamaquoddy, 195 - -Pays d'en Haut, 182 - -Peace River, 326, 327 - -Péan, Madame, 245 - -Peguis, Chief, 392, 393, 395 - -Penetang, 54, 83, 85 - -Pepperrell, William, 216, 219 - -Pepys, Samuel, 153 - -Peré, Jan, 130, 132, 152-159 - -Perrot, Nicholas, 132, 163 - -Perry, 349 - -Phips, Sir William, 176-178, 182 - -Pierre, 80, 81, 82 - -Pierre, Fort, 208 - -Pike, 353, 354 - -Pitt, Fort, 290 - -Pittsburg, 224, 228, 260 - -Place d'Armes, 79 - -Place Royale, 48 - -Placentia, 183 - -Plenderleath, Major, 358 - -Poncet, Père, 94, 97 - -Pontgravé, 32-38, 42, 45, 71 - -Pontiac, 276, 281, 286, 291, 292 - -Port Dover, 131 - -Port Royal, 35-44, 57, 61, 64-70, 114, 191, 194, 202 - -Port Royal Basin, 198 - -Port Stanley, 130 - -Portland, Me., 171, 175 - -Portneuf, 175 - -Poutrincourt, Baron de, 34-42 - -Powell, 416, 417 - -Presqu' Isle, 276, 284, 348, 363 - -Preston, Major, 300 - -Prevost, Sir George, 349, 370, 376, 378, 410, 411 - -Primeau, Louis, 297 - -Prince Edward Island, 214, 215, 232, 256, 312, 314 - -Procter, 363, 365, 366 - -Puget Sound, 322 - - - -Quebec, 13, 17, 44, 45, 52, 57, 59, 60, 63, 71-82, 94, 107, 117, 156, -168, 171, 178-188, 202, 232, 252, 260-275, 276-309, 316, 317, 412, 432, -434, 435 - -Queenston Heights, 342-347, 352, 360, 372 - -Quesnel, 331 - -Quinte, Bay of, 127 - -Quirpon, 9 - - - -Radisson, Pierre Esprit, 95, 96, 98-115, 118, 144-154, 205 - -Ragueneau, Father, 91-93, 99, 100 - -Raleigh, Sir Walter, 25, 26, 30 - -Ramezay, 271 - -Rasle, Père, 213 - -Rat, 164, 165 - -Razilli, Isaac, 65 - -Red River, 381, 388-392 - -Riall, 374 - -Richelieu, Cardinal, 57, 58, 65 - -Richelieu River, 46, 48, 125, 429 - -Richmond, Duke of, 417, 418, 419 - -Richmond Gulf, 30 - -Rideau River, 50, 104 - -Robertson, Colin, 380-383, 390, 391, 393, 396, 400-403 - -Roberval, Marguerite, 20, 21 - -Roberval, Sieur de, 18-23, 40 - -Rogers, Robert, 242, 276, 281, 285 - -Rolph, Dr., 421-425 - -Ross, 407 - -Rouville, Hertel de, 193, 194, 198 - -Rupert, 32, 153 - -Rupert River, 113, 115, 161 - -Rupert's Fort, 158, 161 - - - -Sable Island, 7, 23, 65, 114, 220 - -Sackett's Harbor, 370 - -Saguenay, 12, 22, 32, 73, 113 - -St. Anne de Beaupré, 120 - -St. Anthony, Falls of, 139 - -St. Charles, Fort, 208 - -St. Charles River, 13, 14, 15, 17, 429, 430 - -St. Denys, 65, 71 - -St. Eustache, 430 - -St. Francis, Lake, 129 - -St. Helen's Island, 49, 77 - -St. Ignace, 85, 88, 89, 91 - -St. Jean Ba'tiste, 85 - -St. John, Fort, 65, 67, 70 - -St. John River, 35, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67 - -St. John's, 19, 26, 28, 300 - -St. Joseph, 85, 87, 88, 284 - -St. Joseph Island, 92 - -St. Lawrence River, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 46, 71, 73, 126 - -St. Louis, 61, 85, 88, 89, 91, 292 - -St. Louis, Lake, 129 - -St. Lusson, 132 - -St. Malo, 43 - -St. Mary's Bay, 34, 36, 236 - -St. Peter, Lake, 15, 71 - -St. Pierre, 204, 224, 277, 279, 280, 281 - -St. Thomas Town, 413 - -St. Vallière, Bishop, 122 - -Ste. Anne's, 49 - -Ste. Croix River, 35, 37, 44, 310 - -Ste. Marie Mission, 85-92 - -Saint-Castin, Baron de, 175, 195, 197, 200, 201, 202 - -Salmon Falls, 174, 175 - -San Francisco, 407, 408 - -Sandusky, 276, 313 - -Sandwich Islands, 321 - -Sargeant, Governor, 155, 156, 159, 160 - -Saskatchewan, 212, 243, 297, 401, 403, 436 - -Sault Ste. Marie, 106, 132, 378 - -Saunders, 261, 269 - -Schenectady, 173, 174 - -Schuyler, Captain, 176 - -Scott, Hercules, 373, 374 - -Secord, James, 360 - -Secord, Laura, 360-362 - -Sedgwick, Major, 70 - -Selkirk, 385 - -Selkirk, Lord, 317, 380, 381, 384, 388, 390, 396, 397, 398, 400 - -Semple, Robert, 390, 392, 393, 394 - -Seven Oaks, 394, 399 - -Sheaffe, General, 346, 347, 354 - -Sherbrooke, Sir John, 412, 417 - -Simcoe, Lake, 54, 84, 85 - -Simcoe, Lieutenant Governor, 316, 412 - -Simpson, Sir George, 406 - -Sioux Indians, 103 - -Skraelings, 1 - -Smithsend, 154 - -Smyth, 348 - -Sorcerer Indians, 51 - -Sorel, Dame, 146 - -Sorel, Fort, 125 - -Stadacona, 13 - -Staring Hairs, 53 - -Stobo, Robert, 268 - -Stony Creek, 357, 358 - -Stopford, Major, 300 - -Stuart, 331 - -Subercase, 197-200 - -Superior, Lake, 85, 112 - -Susquehanna Indians, 54 - -Swanton, Vt., 429 - -Sylvie, 157 - - - -Tadoussac, 32, 34, 44, 58, 63, 73, 74, 94, 134, 177 - -Talbot, Tom, 413 - -Talon, Jean, 123-125, 128, 132, 136, 143 - -Tecumseh, 339, 363 - -Tessouat, Chief, 51 - -Texas, 141 - -Thomas, General, 309 - -Thompson, David, 332, 333 - -Thornstein, 1, 2 - -Thorwald, 1 - -Three Rivers, 71, 82, 83, 94, 95, 98, 107, 113, 124, 206, 277 - -Ticonderoga, Fort, 242, 249, 252, 256, 260, 298 - -Tobacco Indians, 85, 93 - -Tonty, Henry, 137-141 - -Toronto, 351, 353, 355, 415, 420, 422, 423, 432 - -Townshend, 261, 265, 270 - -Tracy, Marquis de, 125, 126 - -Trent River, 54 - -Trinity River, 141 - -Truro, 236 - -Twin Cities, 139 - -Twin Mountains Lake, 49 - -Ungava Bay, 30 - - - -Van Egmond, 421, 422, 424 - -Van Rensselaer, 342-348 - -Van Shoultz, 427 - -Vancouver, George, 319, 321-323 - -Vancouver Island, 320-322 - -Vaudreuil, Governor de, 193, 197, 243, 262, 274 - -Vaughan, 216 - -Verchéres, Jared of, 198 - -Verchères, M. de, 169 - -Verchères, Madame de, 169 - -Vergor, 231 - -Vermont, 429, 430 - -Verrazano, 7 - -Vetch, Colonel, 198, 201 - -Victoria, 409 - -Vignau, Nicholas, 49-51, 127 - -Vikings, 1 - -Ville Marie, 78 - -Vimont, Father, 73, 77, 78 - -Vincent, General, 355, 356, 358, 359 - -Vinland, 1, 2, 3 - - - -Walker, Sir Hovender, 202, 203 - -Warren, 219 - -Washington, George, 224, 229, 260, 310 - -Webb, General, 250 - -Weir, Lieutenant, 429 - -Wetherell, Colonel, 429 - -Wilkinson, 367, 368 - -William, Fort, 112, 397, 398, 399 - -William of Orange, 165, 166 - -Williams, William, 403 - -Winchester, General, 363 - -Winder, 356, 357, 358 - -Winnipeg, 210, 387, 394 - -Winnipeg Lake, 208 - -Winthrop, 176 - -Wisconsin, 106 - -Wisconsin River, 132 - -Wolfe, James, 44, 252-257 - -Wye River, 85, 88, 89, 92 - - - -Yeo, Sir James, 358, 366, 377 - -York Fort, 384, 385 - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANADA: THE EMPIRE OF THE NORTH*** - - -******* This file should be named 20110-8.txt or 20110-8.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/0/1/1/20110 - - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> -<p>Title: Canada: the Empire of the North</p> -<p> Being the Romantic Story of the New Dominion's Growth from Colony to Kingdom</p> -<p>Author: Agnes C. Laut</p> -<p>Release Date: December 14, 2006 [eBook #20110]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANADA: THE EMPIRE OF THE NORTH***</p> -<br><br><center><h3>E-text prepared by Al Haines</h3></center><br><br> -<P CLASS="noindent"> -Transcriber's note:<br> -<br> -Page numbers in this book are indicated by numbers -enclosed in curly braces, e.g. {99} in the left margin. -They have been located where page -breaks occurred in the original book. For its -Index, a page number has been placed only at the start of that -section. -</P> -<br> -<br> -<hr class="full" noshade> -<br> -<br> -<br> -<A NAME="img-000t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-000.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-000t.jpg" ALT="Map of Western Canada" BORDER="2" WIDTH="681" HEIGHT="457"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 681px"> -Map of Western Canada -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<BR><BR> - -<H1 ALIGN="center"> -CANADA -</H1> - -<H2 ALIGN="center"> -THE EMPIRE OF THE NORTH -</H2> - -<BR> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -BEING THE ROMANTIC STORY OF THE<BR> -NEW DOMINION'S GROWTH FROM<BR> -COLONY TO KINGDOM<BR> -</H3> - -<BR><BR> - -<H4 ALIGN="center"> -BY -</H4> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -AGNES C. LAUT -</H3> - -<BR> - -<H4 ALIGN="center"> -AUTHOR OF "THE CONQUEST OF THE GREAT NORTH-WEST" <BR> -"LORDS OF THE NORTH," -ETC. -</H4> - -<BR><BR> - -<H4 ALIGN="center"> -BOSTON AND LONDON -<BR> -GINN AND COMPANY, PUBLISHERS -<BR> -1909 -</H4> - -<BR><BR><BR> - -<H5 ALIGN="center"> -COPYRIGHT, 1909, BY AGNES C. LAUT -<BR> -ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL -<BR> -ALL RIGHTS RESERVED -</H5> - -<BR><BR><BR> -<BR><BR> - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Piii"></A>iii}</SPAN> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -PREFACE -</H3> - -<P> -To re-create the shadowy figures of the heroic past, to clothe the dead -once more in flesh and blood, to set the puppets of the play in life's -great dramas again upon the stage of action,—frankly, this may not be -formal history, but it is what makes the past most real to the present -day. Pictures of men and women, of moving throngs and heroic episodes, -stick faster in the mind than lists of governors and arguments on -treaties. Such pictures may not be history, but they breathe life into -the skeletons of the past. -</P> - -<P> -Canada's past is more dramatic than any romance ever penned. The story -of that past has been told many times and in many volumes, with far -digressions on Louisiana and New England and the kingcraft of Europe. -The trouble is, the story has not been told in one volume. Too much -has been attempted. To include the story of New England wars and -Louisiana's pioneer days, the story of Canada itself has been either -cramped or crowded. To the eastern writer, Canada's history has been -the record of French and English conflict. To him there has been -practically no Canada west of the Great Lakes; and in order to tell the -intrigue of European tricksters, very often the writer has been -compelled to exclude the story of the Canadian people,—meaning by -people the breadwinners, the toilers, rather than the governing -classes. Similarly, to the western writer, Canada meant the Hudson's -Bay Company. As for the Pacific coast, it has been almost ignored in -any story of Canada. -</P> - -<P> -Needless to say, a complete history of a country as vast as Canada, -whose past in every section fairly teems with action, could not be -crowded into one volume. To give even the story -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Piv"></A>iv}</SPAN> -of Canada's most -prominent episodes and actors is a matter of rigidly excluding the -extraneous. -</P> - -<P> -All that has been attempted here is such a story—<I>story, not -history</I>—of the romance and adventure in Canada's nation building as -will give the casual reader knowledge of the country's past, and how -that past led along a trail of great heroism to the destiny of a -Northern Empire. This volume is in no sense formal history. There -will be found in it no such lists of governors with dates appended, of -treaties with articles running to the fours and eights and tens, of -battles grouped with dates, as have made Canadian history a nightmare -to children. -</P> - -<P> -It is only such a story as boys and girls may read, or the hurried -business man on the train, who wants to know "what was doing" in the -past; and it is mainly a story of men and women and things doing. -</P> - -<P> -I have not given at the end of each chapter the list of authorities -customary in formal history. At the same time it is hardly necessary -to say I have dug most rigorously down to original sources for facts; -and of secondary authorities, from <I>Pierre Boucher, his Book</I>, to -modern reprints of <I>Champlain and L'Escarbot</I>, there are not any I have -not consulted more or less. Especially am I indebted to the -<I>Documentary History of New York</I>, sixteen volumes, bearing on early -border wars; to <I>Documents Relatifs à la Nouvelle France, Quebec</I>; to -the <I>Canadian Archives</I> since 1886; to the special historical issues of -each of the eastern provinces; and to the monumental works of Dr. -Kingsford. Nearly all the places described are from frequent visits or -from living on the spot. -</P> - -<BR><BR><BR> - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Pv"></A>v}</SPAN> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -INTRODUCTION -</H3> - -<P> -"The Twentieth century belongs to Canada." -</P> - -<P> -The prediction of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Premier of the Dominion, seems -likely to have bigger fulfillment than Canadians themselves realize. -What does it mean? -</P> - -<P> -Canada stands at the same place in the world's history as England stood -in the Golden Age of Queen Elizabeth—on the threshold of her future as -a great nation. Her population is the same, about seven million. Her -mental attitude is similar, that of a great awakening, a consciousness -of new strength, an exuberance of energy biting on the bit to run the -race; mellowed memory of hard-won battles against tremendous odds in -the past; for the future, a golden vision opening on vistas too far to -follow. They dreamed pretty big in the days of Queen Elizabeth, but -they did n't dream big enough for what was to come; and they are -dreaming pretty big up in Canada to-day, but it is hard to forecast the -future when a nation the size of all Europe is setting out on the -career of her world history. -</P> - -<P> -To put it differently: Canada's position is very much the same to-day -as the United States' a century ago. Her population is about seven -million. The population of the United States was seven million in -1810. One was a strip of isolated settlements north and south along -the Atlantic seaboard; the other, a string of provinces east and west -along the waterways that ramify from the St. Lawrence. Both possessed -and were flanked by vast unexploited territory the size of Russia; the -United States by a Louisiana, Canada by the Great Northwest. What the -Civil War did for the United States, Confederation did for the Canadian -provinces—welded them into a nation. The parallel need not be carried -farther. If the same development -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Pvi"></A>vi}</SPAN> -follows Confederation in Canada -as followed the Civil War in the United States, the twentieth century -will witness the birth and growth of a world power. -</P> - -<P> -To no one has the future opening before Canada come as a greater -surprise than to Canadians themselves. A few years ago such a claim as -the Premier's would have been regarded as the effusions of the -after-dinner speaker. While Canadian politicians were hoping for the -honor of being accorded colonial place in the English Parliament, they -suddenly awakened to find themselves a nation. They suddenly realized -that history, and big history, too, was in the making. Instead of -Canada being dependent on the Empire, the Empire's most far-seeing -statesmen were looking to Canada for the strength of the British -Empire. No longer is there a desire among Canadians for place in the -Parliament at Westminster. With a new empire of their own to develop, -equal in size to the whole of Europe, Canadian public men realize they -have enough to do without taking a hand in European affairs. -</P> - -<P> -As the different Canadian provinces came into Confederation they were -like beads on a string a thousand miles apart. First were the Maritime -Provinces, with western bounds touching the eastern bounds of Quebec, -but in reality with the settlements of New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, -and Prince Edward Island separated from the settlements of Quebec by a -thousand miles of untracked forest. Only the Ottawa River separated -Quebec from Ontario, but one province was French, the other English, -aliens to each other in religion, language, and customs. A thousand -miles of rock-bound, winter-bound wastes lay between Ontario and the -scattered settlement of Red River in Manitoba. Not an interest was in -common between the little province of the middle west and her sisters -to the east. Then prairie land came for a thousand miles, and -mountains for six hundred miles, before reaching the Pacific province -of British Columbia, more completely cut off from other parts of Canada -than from Mexico or Panama. In fact, it would have been easier for -British Columbia to trade with Mexico and Panama than with the rest of -Canada. -</P> - -<P> - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Pvii"></A>vii}</SPAN> -To bind these far-separated patches of settlement, oases in a -desert of wilds, into a nation was the object of the union known as -Confederation. But a nation can live only as it trades what it draws -from the soil. Naturally, the isolated provinces looked for trade to -the United States, just across an invisible boundary. It seemed absurd -that the Canadian provinces should try to trade with each other, a -thousand miles apart, rather than with the United States, a stone's -throw from the door of each province. But the United States erected a -tariff wall that Canada could not climb. The struggling Dominion was -thrown solely on herself, and set about the giant task of linking the -provinces together, building railroads from Atlantic to Pacific, canals -from tide water to the Great Lakes. In actual cash this cost Canada -four hundred million dollars, not counting land grants and private -subscriptions for stock, which would bring up the cost of binding the -provinces together to a billion. This was a staggering burden for a -country with smaller population than Greater New York—a burden as big -as Japan and Russia assumed for their war; but, like war, the -expenditure was a fight for national existence. Without the railroads -and canals, the provinces could not have been bound together into a -nation. -</P> - -<P> -These were Canada's pioneer days, when she was spending more than she -was earning, when she bound herself down to grinding poverty and big -risks and hard tasks. It was a long pull, and a hard pull; but it was -a pull altogether. That was Canada's seed time; this is her harvest. -That was her night work, when she toiled, while other nations slept; -now is the awakening, when the world sees what she was doing. Railroad -man, farmer, miner, manufacturer, all had the same struggle, the big -outlay of labor and money at first, the big risk and no profit, the -long period of waiting. -</P> - -<P> -Canada was laying her foundations of yesterday for the superstructure -of prosperity to-day and to-morrow—the New Empire. -</P> - -<P> -When one surveys the country as a whole, the facts are so big they are -bewildering. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Pviii"></A>viii}</SPAN> -In the first place, the area of the Dominion is within a few -thousand miles of as large as all Europe. To be more specific, you -could spread the surface of Italy and Spain and Turkey and Greece and -Austria over eastern Canada, and you would still have an area uncovered -in the east alone bigger than the German Empire. England spread flat -on the surface of Eastern Canada would just serve to cover the Maritime -Provinces nicely, leaving uncovered Quebec, which is a third bigger -than Germany; Ontario, which is bigger than France; and Labrador -(Ungava), which is about the size of Austria. -</P> - -<P> -In the west you could spread the British Isles out flat, and you would -not cover Manitoba—with her new boundaries extending to Hudson Bay. -It would take a country the size of France to cover the province of -Saskatchewan, a country larger than Germany to cover Alberta, two -countries the size of Germany to cover British Columbia and the Yukon, -and there would still be left uncovered the northern half of the -West—an area the size of European Russia. -</P> - -<P> -No Old World monarch from William the Conqueror to Napoleon could boast -of such a realm. People are fond of tracing ancestry back to feudal -barons of the Middle Ages. What feudal baron of the Middle Ages, or -Lord of the Outer Marches, was heir to such heritage as Canada may -claim? Think of it! Combine all the feudatory domains of the Rhine -and the Danube, you have not so vast an estate as a single western -province. Or gather up all the estates of England's midland counties -and eastern shires and borderlands, you have not enough land to fill -one of Canada's inland seas,—Lake Superior. -</P> - -<P> -If there were a population in eastern Canada equal to France,—and -Quebec alone would support a population equal to France,—and in -Manitoba equal to the British Isles, and in Saskatchewan equal to -France, and in Alberta equal to Germany, and in British Columbia equal -to Germany,—ignoring Yukon, Mackenzie River, Keewatin, and Labrador, -taking only those parts of Canada where climate has been tested and -lands surveyed,—Canada would support two hundred million people. -</P> - -<P> - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Pix"></A>ix}</SPAN> -The figures are staggering, but they are not half so improbable as -the actual facts of what has taken place in the United States. -America's population was acquired against hard odds. There were no -railroads when the movement to America began. The only ocean goers -were sailboats of slow progress and great discomfort. In Europe was -profound ignorance regarding America; to-day all is changed. Canada -begins where the United States left off. The whole world is gridironed -with railroads. Fast Atlantic liners offer greater comfort to the -emigrant than he has known at home. Ignorance of America has given -place to almost romantic glamour. Just when the free lands of the -United States are exhausted and the government is putting up bars to -keep out the immigrant, Canada is in a position to open her doors wide. -Less than a fortieth of the entire West is inhabited. Of the Great -Clay Belt of North Ontario only a patch on the southern edge is -populated. The same may be said of the Great Forest Belt of Quebec. -These facts are the magnet that will attract the immigrant to Canada. -The United States wants no more immigrants. -</P> - -<P> -And the movement to Canada has begun. To her shores are thronging the -hosts of the Old World's dispossessed, in multitudes greater than any -army that ever marched to conquest under Napoleon. When the history of -America comes to be written in a hundred years, it will not be the -record of a slaughter field with contending nations battling for the -mastery, or generals wading to glory knee-deep in blood. It will be an -account of the most wonderful race movement, the most wonderful -experiment in democracy the world has known. -</P> - -<P> -The people thronging to Canada for homes, who are to be her nation -builders, are people crowded out of their home lands, who had n't room -for the shoulder swing manhood and womanhood need to carve out -honorable careers. Look at them in the streets of London, or Glasgow, -or Dublin, or Berlin, these <I>émigrés</I>, as the French called their -royalists, whom revolution drove from home, and I think the word -<I>émigré</I> is a truer description of the newcomer to Canada than the word -"emigrant." They are -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Px"></A>x}</SPAN> -poor, they are desperately poor, so poor that -a month's illness or a shut-down of the factory may push them from -poverty to the abyss. They are thrifty, but can neither earn nor save -enough to feel absolutely sure that the hollow-eyed specter of Want may -not seize them by the throat. They are willing to work, so eager to -work that at the docks and the factory gates they trample and jostle -one another for the chance to work. They are the underpinnings, the -underprops of an old system, these <I>émigrés</I>, by which the masses were -expected to toil for the benefit of the classes. -</P> - -<P> -"It's all the average man or woman is good for," says the Old Order, -"just a day's wage representing bodily needs." -</P> - -<P> -"Wait," says the New Order. "Give him room! Give him an opportunity! -Give him a full stomach to pump blood to his muscles and life to his -brain! Wait and see! If he fails <I>then</I>, let him drop to the bottom -of the social pit without stop of poorhouse or help!" -</P> - -<P> -A penniless immigrant boy arrives in New York. First he peddles -peanuts, then he trades in a half-huckster way whatever comes to hand -and earns profits. Presently he becomes a fur trader and invests his -savings in real estate. Before that man dies, he has a monthly income -equal to the yearly income of European kings. That man's name was John -Jacob Astor. -</P> - -<P> -Or a young Scotch boy comes out on a sailing vessel to Canada. For a -score of years he is an obscure clerk at a distant trading post in -Labrador. He comes out of the wilds to take a higher position as land -commissioner. Presently he is backing railroad ventures of tremendous -cost and tremendous risk. Within thirty years from the time he came -out of the wilds penniless, that man possesses a fortune equal to the -national income of European kingdoms. The man's name is Lord -Strathcona. -</P> - -<P> -Or a hard-working coal miner emigrates to Canada. The man has brains -as well as hands. Other coal miners emigrate at the same time, but -this man is as keen as a razor in foresight and care. From coal miner -he becomes coal manager, from manager -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Pxi"></A>xi}</SPAN> -operator, from operator -owner, and dies worth a fortune that the barons of the Middle Ages -would have drenched their countries in blood to win. The man's name is -James Dunsmuir. -</P> - -<P> -Or it is a boy clerking in a departmental store. He emigrates. When -he goes back to England it is to marry a lady in waiting to the Queen. -He is now known as Lord Mount-Stephen. -</P> - -<P> -What was the secret of the success? Ability in the first place, but in -the second, opportunity; opportunity and room for shoulder swing to -show what a man can do when keen ability and tireless energy have -untrammeled freedom to do their best. -</P> - -<P> -Examples of the <I>émigrés'</I> success could be multiplied. It is more -than a mere material success; it is eternal proof that, given a fair -chance and a square deal and shoulder swing, the boy born penniless can -run the race and outstrip the boy born to power. -</P> - -<P> -"Have you, then, no <I>menial</I> classes in Canada?" asked a member of the -Old Order. -</P> - -<P> -"No, I'm thankful to say," said I. -</P> - -<P> -"Then <I>who</I> does the work?" -</P> - -<P> -"The workers." -</P> - -<P> -"But what's the difference?" -</P> - -<P> -"Just this: your menial of the Old Country is the child of a menial, -whose father before him was a menial, whose ancestors were in servile -positions to other people back as far as you like to go,—to the time -when men were serfs wearing an iron collar with the brand of the lord -who owned them. With us no stigma is attached to work. <I>Your</I> menial -expects to be a menial all his life. With our worker, just as sure as -the sun rises and sets, if he continues to work and is no fool, he will -rise to earn a competency, to improve himself, to own his own labor, to -own his own home, to hire the labor of other men who are beginners as -he once was himself." -</P> - -<P> -"Then you have no social classes?" -</P> - -<P> -"Lots. The <I>ups</I>, who have succeeded; and the <I>half-way ups</I>, who are -succeeding; and the <I>beginners</I>, who are going to succeed; and the -<I>downs</I>, who never try. And as success doesn't necessarily mean money, -but doing the best at whatever one tries, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Pxii"></A>xii}</SPAN> -you can see that the -<I>ups</I> and the <I>halfway ups</I>, and the <I>beginners</I> and the <I>downs</I> have -each their own classes of special workers." -</P> - -<P> -"That," she answered, "is not democracy; it is revolution." She was -thinking of those Old World hard-and-fast divisions of society into -royalty, aristocracy, commons, peasantry. -</P> - -<P> -"It is not revolution," I explained. "It is rebirth! When you send -your <I>émigré</I> out to us, he is a made-over man." -</P> - -<P> -But it is not given to all <I>émigré's</I> to become great capitalists or -great leaders. Some who have the opportunity have not the ability, and -the majority would not, for all the rewards that greatness offers, -choose careers that entail long years of nerve-wracking, unflagging -labor. But on a minor scale the same process of making over takes -place. One case will illustrate. -</P> - -<P> -Some years before immigration to Canada had become general, two or -three hundred Icelanders were landed in Winnipeg destitute. From some -reason, which I have forgotten,—probably the quarantine of an -immigrant,—the Icelanders could not be housed in the government -immigration hall. They were absolutely without money, household goods, -property of any sort except clothing, and that was scant, the men -having but one suit of the poorest clothes, the women thin homespun -dresses so worn one could see many of them had no underwear. The -people represented the very dregs of poverty. Withdrawing to the -vacant lots in the west end of Winnipeg,—at that time a mere -town,—the newcomers slept for the first nights, herded in the rooms of -an Icelander opulent enough to have rented a house. Those who could -not gain admittance to this house slept under the high board sidewalks, -then a feature of the new town. I remember as a child watching them -sit on the high sidewalk till it was dark, then roll under. -Fortunately it was summer, but it was useless for people in this -condition to go bare to the prairie farm. To make land yield, you must -have house and barns and stock and implements, and I doubt if these -people had as much as a jackknife. I remember how two or three of the -older women used to sit crying each night in despair till they -disappeared in the crowded house, fourteen or -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Pxiii"></A>xiii}</SPAN> -twenty of them to -a room. Within a week, the men were all at work sawing wood from door -to door at a dollar and a half a cord the women out by the day washing -at a dollar a day. Within a month they had earned enough to buy lumber -and tar paper. Tar-papered shanties went up like mushrooms on the -vacant lots. Before winter each family had bought a cow and chickens. -I shall not betray confidence by telling where the cow and chickens -slept. Those immigrants were not desirable neighbors. Other people -moved hastily away from the region. Such a condition would not be -tolerated now, when there are spacious immigration halls and sanitary -inspectors to see that cows and people do not house under the same -roof. What with work and peddling milk, by spring the people were able -to move out on the free prairie farms. To-day those Icelanders own -farms clear of debt, own stock that would be considered the possession -of a capitalist in Iceland, and have money in the savings banks. Their -sons and daughters have had university educations and have entered -every avenue of life, farming, trading, practicing medicine, actually -teaching English in English schools. Some are members of Parliament. -It was a hard beginning, but it was a rebirth to a new life. They are -now among the nation builders of the West. -</P> - -<P> -But it would be a mistake to conclude that Canada's nation builders -consisted entirely of poor people. The race movement has not been a -leaderless mob. Princes, nobles, adventurers, soldiers of fortune, -were the pathfinders who blazed the trail to Canada. Glory, pure and -simple, was the aim that lured the first comers across the trackless -seas. Adventurous young aristocrats, members of the Old Order, led the -first nation builders to America, and, all unconscious of destiny, laid -the foundations of the New Order. The story of their adventures and -work is the history of Canada. -</P> - -<P> -It is a new experience in the world's history, this race movement that -has built up the United States and is now building up Canada. Other -great race movements have been a tearing down of high places, the -upward scramble of one class on the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Pxiv"></A>xiv}</SPAN> -backs of the deposed class. -Instead of leveling down, Canada's nation building is leveling up. -</P> - -<P> -This, then, is the empire—the size of all the nations in Europe, -bigger than Napoleon's wildest dreams of conquest—to which Canada has -awakened.[1] -</P> - -<BR> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -[1]COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF AREAS OF CANADA AND EUROPE -</H3> - -<PRE> -Canada . . 3,750,000 square miles Europe . . 3,797,410 square miles - -Maritime Provinces Square Miles Square Miles - Nova Scotia . . . . . 20,600 England . . . . . 50,867 - Prince Edward Island 2,000 Germany . . . . . 208,830 - New Brunswick . . . . 28,200 France . . . . . 204,000 - ------ Italy . . . . . . 110,000 - 50,800 Spain . . . . . . 197,000 -Quebec . . . . . . . . 347,350 Austria and Hungary 241,000 -Ontario . . . . . . . . 222,000 Russia in Europe 2,000,000 -Manitoba -Saskatchewan 204,000 -Alberta . . . . . . . . 350,000 -British Columbia . . . 383,000 -Unorganized Territory of - Keewatin . . . . . . 756,000 - Yukon . . . . . . . . 200,000 - MacKenzie River and - Ungava . . . . . . 1,000,000 -</PRE> - -<BR> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF POPULATION IN CANADA <BR> -AND THE UNITED STATES<BR> -</H3> - -<TABLE ALIGN="center" WIDTH="80%"> -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="center" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="40%" COLSPAN="2"> -United States -</TD> -<TD WIDTH="20%"> </TD> -<TD ALIGN="center" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="40%" COLSPAN="2"> -Canada -</TD> -</TR> - -<TR ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="20%"> -In 1800 -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="20%"> -5,000,000 -</TD> -<TD WIDTH="20%"> </TD> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="20%"> -In 1881 -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="20%"> -4,300,000 -</TD> -</TR> - -<TR ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> - " 1810 -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> -7,000,000 -</TD> -<TD> </TD> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> - " 1891 -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> -5,000,000 -</TD> -</TR> - -<TR ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> - " 1820 -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> -9,600,000 -</TD> -<TD> </TD> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> - " 1901 -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> -5,500,000 -</TD> -</TR> - -<TR ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> - " 1830 -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> -12,800,000 -</TD> -<TD> </TD> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> - " 1906 -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> -6,500,000 -</TD> -</TR> - -</TABLE> - -<BR> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -It will be noticed that for twenty years Canada's population becomes -almost stagnant. The reason for this will be found as the story of -Canada is related. If she keeps up the increase at the pace she has -now set, or at the rate the United States' population went ahead during -the same period of industrial development, the results can be forecast -from the following table: -</P> - -<TABLE ALIGN="center" WIDTH="50%"> -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="50%"> -United States in 1840 -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="50%"> -17,000,000 -</TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="50%"> - " " " 1850 -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="50%"> -23,000,000 -</TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="50%"> - " " " 1860 -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="50%"> -31,000,000 -</TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="50%"> - " " " 1870 -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="50%"> -38,000,000 -</TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="50%"> - " " " 1880 -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="50%"> -50,000,000 -</TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="50%"> - " " " 1890 -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="50%"> -63,000,000 -</TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="50%"> - " " " 1900 -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="50%"> -85,000,000 -</TD> -</TR> - -</TABLE> - -<BR> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Pxv"></A>xv}</SPAN> -A few years ago, when talking to a leading editor of Canada, I -chanced to say that I did not think Canadians had at that time awakened -to their future. The editor answered that he was afraid I had -contracted the American disease of "bounce" through living in the -United States; to which I retorted that if Canadians could catch the -same disease and accomplish as much by it in the twentieth century as -Americans had in the nineteenth, it would be a good thing for the -country. It is wonderful to have witnessed the complete face-about of -Canadian public opinion in the short space of six years, this editor -shouting as loud as any of his exuberant brethren. Still, as the -outlook in Canadian affairs may be regarded as flamboyant, it is worth -while quoting the comment of the most critical and conservative -newspaper in the world,—the London <I>Times</I>. The <I>Times</I> says: -"Without doubt the expansion of Canada is the greatest political event -in the British Empire to-day. The empire is face to face with -development which makes it impossible for indefinite maintenance of the -present constitutional arrangements." -</P> - -<BR> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -Regarding the Iceland immigrants, to whom reference is made, I recently -met in London a famed traveler, who was in Iceland when the people were -setting out for Canada, Mrs. Alec. Tweedie. She explains in her book -how these people were absolutely poverty-stricken when they left -Iceland. In fact, the sufferings endured the first year in Winnipeg -were mild compared to their privations in Iceland before they sailed. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -The explanations of Canada's hard times from Confederation to 1898—say -from 1871, when all the provinces had really gone into Confederation, -to 1897, when the Yukon boom poured gold into the country—can be -figured out. Of a population of 3,000,000, four fifths need not be -counted as taxpayers, as they include women, children, clerks, farmers' -help, domestic help,—classes who pay no taxes but the indirect duty on -clothes they wear and food they eat. This practically means that the -billion-dollar burden of making the ideal of Confederation into a -reality by building railroads and canals was borne by 600,000 people, -which means again a large quota per man to the public treasury. People -forget that you can't take more out of the public treasury than you put -into it, that it is n't like an artesian well, self-supplied, and the -truth is, at this period Canadians were paying more into the public -treasury than they could afford,—more than the investment was bringing -them in. -</P> - -<BR><BR><BR> - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Pxvii"></A>xvii}</SPAN> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -CONTENTS -</H3> - -<BR> - -<CENTER> - -<TABLE WIDTH="80%"> -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="center" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="15%">CHAPTER</TD> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="70%"> </TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="15%">PAGE</TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">I. </TD> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="80%"> -<A HREF="#chap01">FROM 1000 TO 1600</A></TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="20%"> 1 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">II. </TD> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#chap02">FROM 1600 TO 1607 </A></TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> 23 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">III. </TD> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#chap03">FROM 1607 TO 1635 </A></TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> 41 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">IV. </TD> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#chap04">FROM 1635 TO 1666 </A></TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> 61 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">V. </TD> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#chap05">FROM 1635 TO 1650</A></TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> 71 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">VI. </TD> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#chap06">FROM 1650 TO 1672 </A></TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> 94 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">VII. </TD> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#chap07">FROM 1672 TO 1688</A></TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> 117 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">VIII. </TD> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#chap08">FROM 1679 TO 1713</A></TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> 143 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">IX. </TD> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#chap09">FROM 1686 TO 1698 </A></TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> 161 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">X. </TD> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#chap10">FROM 1698 TO 1713</A></TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> 189 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">XI. </TD> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#chap11">FROM 1713 TO 1755</A></TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">205</TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">XII. </TD> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#chap12">FROM 1756 TO 1763</A></TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> 241 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">XIII. </TD> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#chap13">FROM 1763 TO 1812</A></TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> 276 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">XIV. </TD> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#chap14">FROM 1812 TO 1820 </A></TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> 318 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">XV. </TD> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#chap15">FROM 1812 TO 1846</A></TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> 380 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">XVI. </TD> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#chap16">FROM 1820 TO 1867</A></TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">410 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> </TD> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#chap17">INDEX</A></TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">439</TD> -</TR> - -</TABLE> - -</CENTER> - -<BR><BR><BR> - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Pxix"></A>xix}</SPAN> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS -</H3> - -<BR> - -<TABLE WIDTH="100%"> -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="85%"> </TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" WIDTH="15%">Page</TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-000t">MAP OF WESTERN CANADA</A> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> <I>Frontispiece</I> </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-002"> -VIKING SHIP RECENTLY DISCOVERED -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> -After a photograph of the Viking Ship at Sandefjord, Norway. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">2 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-003"> -MAP SHOWING DIVISION OF THE NEW WORLD BETWEEN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL -</A> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">3 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-004"> -A TYPICAL "HOLE IN THE WALL" AT "KITTY VIDDY," NEAR -ST. JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> -From a photograph. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">4 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-005"> -SEBASTIAN CABOT -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> -After the portrait attributed to Holbein. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> 5</TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-008"> -JACQUES CARTIER -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the portrait at St. Malo, France, with signature. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> 8</TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-009"> -WHERE THE FISHER HAMLETS NOW NESTLE, NEWFOUNDLAND -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From a photograph. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">9 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-015t"> -ANCIENT HOCHELAGA -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> -After a cut in the third volume of Ramusio's <I>Raccolta</I>, -Venice, 1565. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">15 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-021t"> -THE "DAUPHIN MAP" OF CANADA, <I>CIRCA</I> 1543, SHOWING CARTIER'S -DISCOVERIES -</A> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">21 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-025"> -QUEEN ELIZABETH -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> -After the ermine portrait in Hatfield House, with signature. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">25 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-026"> -THE BOYHOOD OF GILBERT AND RALEIGH -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> -From the painting by Sir John Millais. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">26 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-027"> -SIR HUMPHREY GILBERT -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the print in Holland's <I>Herwologia-Anglica</I>, 1620. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">27 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-029"> -SIR WALTER RALEIGH -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the portrait in the possession of the Duchess of Dorset. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">29 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-031"> -AT EASTERN ENTRANCE TO HUDSON STRAITS -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From a photograph by Dominion Geological Survey. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">31 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-032"> -HUDSON COAT OF ARMS -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From Lenox Collection, New York City. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">32 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-033"> -THE FANTASTIC ROCKS OF GASPÉ -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From a photograph. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">33 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-034"> -SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the Moncornet portrait, with signature. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">34 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-036t"> -PORT ROYAL OR ANNAPOLIS BASIN, 1609 -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From Lescarbot's map. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">36 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-038t"> -BUILDINGS ON STE. CROIX ISLAND -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From <I>Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain</I>, Paris, 1613. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">38 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-043"> -PORT ROYAL -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From the same. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">43 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-045t"> -TADOUSSAC -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From the same. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">45 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-047"> -DEFEAT OF THE IROQUOIS -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From the same. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">47 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-055"> -THE ONONDAGA FORT -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From the same. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">55 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-056"> -VIEW OF QUEBEC -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From the same. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">56 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-059t"> -QUEBEC -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From the same. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">59 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-062"> -SIR WILLIAM ALEXANDER -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After an engraved portrait by Marshall. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">62 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-064t"> -MAP SHOWING LA TOUR'S POSSESSIONS IN ACADIA -</A> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">64 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-066"> -CARDINAL RICHELIEU -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the portrait by Philippe de Champaigne -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">66 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-069t"> -MAP OF ANNAPOLIS BASIN -</A> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">69 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-073"> -MADAME DE LA PELTRIE -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After a picture in the Ursuline Convent, Quebec. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">73 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-080"> -PIERRE LE JEUNE -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From an engraving in Winsor's America, after an old print. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">80 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-084"> -GEORGIAN BAY -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From a photograph by A. G. Alexander. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">84 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-089"> -BRÉBEUF -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From a bust in silver at Quebec. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">89 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-091"> -REMNANTS OF WALLS OF FORT ST. MARY ON CHRISTIAN ISLAND -IN 1891 -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> -After a photograph reproduced in <I>Ontario Historical -Society Papers and Records</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">91 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-092t"> -MAP OF THE GREAT LAKES, SHOWING THE TERRITORY OF THE - JESUIT HURON MISSIONS -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - Bellin's map, 1744. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">92 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-096"> -A CANADIAN ON SNOWSHOES -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> -From La Potherie's <I>Histoire de l'Amerique Septentrionale</I>, -Paris, 1753. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">96 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-099t"> -SAUSON'S MAP, 1656 -</A> -<BR> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">99 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-111"> -TITLE-PAGE—JESUIT RELATION OF 1662-1663 -</A> -<BR> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">111 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-112t"> -THE JESUIT MAP OF LAKE SUPERIOR -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From the Relation, of 1670-1671. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">112 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-114"> -CHARLES II -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the miniature portrait by Cooper, with signature. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">114 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-119t"> -PLAN OF MONTREAL IN 1672 -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From <I>Quebec Historical Society Papers and Records</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">119 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-120a"> -LA SALLE'S HOUSE NEAR MONTREAL -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From a photograph. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">120 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-120b"> -KITCHEN, CHÂTEAU DE RAMEZAY, MONTREAL -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From a photograph. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">120 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-122"> -LAVAL -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the portrait in Laval University, Quebec. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">122 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-126t"> -A MAP IN THE RELATION OF 1662-1663 -</A> -<BR> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">126 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-129t"> -GALINÉE'S MAP OF THE GREAT LAKES, 1669 -</A> -<BR> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">129 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-135"> -ROBERT DE LA SALLE -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After an engraved portrait said to be preserved - in the <I>Bibliothèque de Rouen</I>, with signature. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">135 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-136"> -OLD PLAN OF FORT FRONTENAC -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From <I>Mémoirs sur le Canada</I>, Quebec, 1873. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> 136</TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-138"> -THE BUILDING OF THE <I>GRIFFON</I> -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From Father Hennepin's <I>Nouvelle Découverte</I>, Amsterdam, 1704. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">138 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-145"> -PRINCE RUPERT -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the painting by Sir P. Lely. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">145 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-147t"> -MAP OF HUDSON BAY -</A> -<BR> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">147 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-155t"> -CONTEMPORARY FRENCH MAP OF HUDSON BAY AND VICINITY -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From La Potherie's <I>Histoire de l'Amerique Septentrionale</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">155 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-157"> -LE MOYNE D'IBERVILLE -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After a portrait in Margry's <I>Découvertes Établissemens</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">157 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-164t"> -FORT FRONTENAC AND THE ADJACENT COUNTRY -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From <I>The London Magazine</I>, 1758. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">164 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-166"> -WILLIAM OF ORANGE -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the portrait by Sir Godfrey Kneller, with signature. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> 166</TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-172"> -QUEBEC, 1689 -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From La Potherie's <I>Histoire de l'Amérique Septentrionale</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">172 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-174"> -FRENCH SOLDIER OF THE PERIOD -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After a cut in Massachusetts Archives, Documents - collected in France, 111, 3. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">174 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-176"> -SIR WILLIAM PHIPS -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After an accepted likeness reproduced - in Winsor's <I>America</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">176 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-178"> -COUNT FRONTENAC -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From the statue by Hébert at Quebec. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">178 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-180"> -CASTLE ST. LOUIS -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After a cut in Hawkins' <I>Pictures of Quebec</I>, Quebec, 1834. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">180</TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-181t"> -ATTACK ON QUEBEC, 1690 -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From La Hontan's <I>Mémoires</I>, 1709. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">181 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-183"> -CASTLE ST. LOUIS, QUEBEC -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From Sulte's <I>Canadiens Français</I>, viii. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">183 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-184"> -PLAN OF QUEBEC -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From Franquelin, 1683. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">184 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-186"> -LANDING OF IBERVILLE'S MEN AT PORT NELSON -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From La Potherie's <I>Histoire de l'Amérique Septentrionale</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">186 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-187"> -CAPTURE OF FORT NELSON BY THE FRENCH -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From the same. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">187 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-191t"> -CONTEMPORARY MAP, 1689 -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From La Hontan. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">191 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-193"> -HERTEL DE ROUVILLE -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After a portrait in Daniel's <I>Nos Gloires Nationales</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">193 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-199t"> -CONTEMPORARY PLAN OF PORT ROYAL BASIN -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From Bellin's map, 1744. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">199 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-201"> -PAUL MASCARENE -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After a portrait in Savary's edition - of Calnek's <I>Annapolis</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">201 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-207t"> -LA VÉRENDRYE'S FORTS AND THE RIVER OF THE WEST -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After Jeffery's map, 1762. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">207 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-209t"> -MAP PUBLISHED IN PARIS IN 1752 SHOWING THE SUPPOSED - SEA OF THE WEST -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> -From the Mémoire presented to the Academy -of Sciences at Paris by Buache, August, 1752. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">209 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-211"> -MAP SHOWING THE SUPPOSED SEA OF THE WEST, WITH APPROACHES - TO THE MISSISSIPPI AND GREAT LAKES, PARIS, 1755 -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From the same. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">211 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-217"> -WILLIAM PEPPERRELL -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the portrait by Smibert. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">217 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-219"> -RUINS OF THE FORTIFICATIONS AT LOUISBURG -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From a recent photograph. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">219 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-221t"> -CONTEMPORARY PLAN OF THE ATTACK ON LOUISBURG -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After a plan reproduced in Winsor's <I>America</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">221 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-222t"> -FORT HALIFAX, 1755 (Restoration) -</A> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">222 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-223"> -CONTEMPORARY VIEW OF OSWEGO -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From Smith's <I>History of the Province of New York</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">223 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-225"> -GOVERNOR DINWIDDIE OF VIRGINIA -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After a portrait by Ramsay. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">225 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-227"> -TITLE-PAGE OF WASHINGTON'S JOURNAL -</A> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">227 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-229t"> -A SKETCH OF THE FIELD OF BATTLE AT BRADDOCK'S DEFEAT -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From a contemporary manuscript in the Library - of Harvard University. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">229 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-230t"> -PLAN OF FORT BEAUSEJOUR -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From Mante's <I>History of the Late War in North America</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">230 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-232"> -GENERAL MONCKTON -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After a mezzotint in the Library of the - American Antiquarian Society. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">232 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-234"> -GENERAL JOHN WINSLOW -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the portrait in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth, Massachusetts. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">234 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-237t"> -MAP OF ACADIA AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS, 1755 -</A> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">237 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-238"> -SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the portrait by Adams. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">238 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-239t"> -MAP OF THE REGION OF LAKE GEORGE -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From <I>Documentary History of New York</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">239 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-245"> -RUINS OF CHÂTEAU BIGOT -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From a photograph by Captain Wurtelle. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">245 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-246a"> -PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, OTTAWA -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From a photograph. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">246 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-246b"> -QUEBEC, CHÂTEAU FRONTENAC AND THE CITADEL -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From a photograph. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">246 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-249"> -THE EARL OF LOUDON -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the portrait by Ramsay. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">249 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-253"> -BOSCAWEN -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the portrait by Reynolds. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">253 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-255"> -THE SIEGE OF LOUISBURG, 1758 -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From a picture in the Lenox Collection, - New York Public Library. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">255 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-257"> -AMHERST -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the portrait by Reynolds. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">257 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-259t"> -THE COUNTRY ROUND TICONDEROGA -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From <I>Documentary History of New York</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> 259</TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-261"> -GENERAL JAMES WOLFE -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the engraved portrait by Houstin. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">261 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-263"> -BOUGAINVILLE -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After a cut in Bounechose's <I>Montcalm</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">263 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-265t"> -THE SITE OF QUEBEC AND THE GROUND OCCUPIED - DURING THE SIEGE OF 1759 -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After a plan in <I>The Universal Magazine</I>, - London, December, 1859. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">265 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-268"> -LOUIS JOSEPH, MARQUIS DE MONTCALM -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the portrait in the possession of his descendants. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">268 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-272"> -DEATH OF WOLFE -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From the painting by West. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">272 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-277"> -MAJOR ROBERT ROGERS -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After a mezzotint by an unknown engraver. - Published in London, October 1, 1776 -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">277 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-278t"> -NORTH AMERICA AT THE CLOSE OF THE FRENCH WARS, 1763 -</A> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">278 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-280"> -GENERAL MURRAY, FIRST GOVERNOR OF QUEBEC -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the portrait by Ramsay. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">280 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-283t"> -SETTLEMENTS ON THE DETROIT RIVER -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From Parkman's <I>Conspiracy of Pontiac</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">283 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-289"> -BOUQUET -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the portrait by West. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> 289</TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-291"> -RETURN OF THE ENGLISH CAPTIVES -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the painting by West. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">291 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-293"> -MONTREAL -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After a print in the New York Public Library. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">293 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-297"> -SAMUEL HEARNE -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After an engraving published in 1796. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">297 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-301"> -GENERAL RICHARD MONTGOMERY -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the painting by Chappel. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">301 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-303t"> -MAP OF QUEBEC DURING THE SIEGE OF CONGRESS TROOPS -</A> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">303 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-307"> -SIR GUY CARLETON -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After an engraving in <I>The Political Magazine</I>, June, 1782. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">307 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-309"> -BENEDICT ARNOLD -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the portrait by Tate. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">309 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-311"> -GENERAL HALDIMAND -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the portrait by Reynolds. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">311 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-315"> -JOSEPH BRANT -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the portrait by Ames. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> 315</TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-316"> -LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR SIMCOE -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After an engraving in Scadding's <I>Toronto of Old</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">316 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-320"> -CAPTAIN COOK -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the portrait by Dauce. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">320 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-320a"> -FORT CHURCHILL AS IT WAS IN 1777 -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After a print in the <I>European Magazine</I>, June, 1797. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">320 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-320b"> -TOTEM POLES, BRITISH COLUMBIA -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From a photograph. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">320 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-322"> -CAPTAIN GEORGE VANCOUVER -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the portrait by Abbott. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">322 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-323"> -NOOTKA SOUND -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From an engraving in Vancouver's <I>Journal</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">323 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-325"> -FORT CHIPPEWYAN, ATHABASCA LAKE -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From a recent photograph. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">325 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-327"> -ALEXANDER MACKENZIE -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the portrait by Lawrence. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"> 327</TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-329"> -CAUSE OF A PORTAGE -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From a photograph. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">329 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-331"> -SIMON FRASER -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From a likeness in Morice's <I>The History - of the Northern Interior of British Columbia</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">331 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-332"> -ASTORIA IN 1813 -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From a cut in Franchere's <I>Narrative of a Voyage</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">332 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-333t"> -MAP OF WEST COAST, SHOWING THE OGDEN AND ROSS - EXPLORATIONS -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From Laut's <I>Conquest of the Great North West</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">332 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-336"> -GENERAL SIR JAMES HENRY CRAIG, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, -1807-1811 -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After an engraving at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">336 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-338"> -WILLIAM HULL -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the portrait by Stuart, with autograph. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">338 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-340t"> -MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE MILITARY OPERATIONS - ON THE DETROIT RIVER -</A> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">340 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-342t"> -MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE MILITARY OPERATIONS ON - THE NIAGARA FRONTIER -</A> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">342 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-345"> -GENERAL BROCK -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> -After a portrait in the possession of -J. A. Macdonell Esq., Alexandria, Ontario. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">345 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-347"> -BROCK MONUMENT, QUEENSTON HEIGHTS -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From a photograph. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">347 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-351t"> -YORK (TORONTO) HARBOR -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From Bouchette's <I>British Dominions in North America</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">351 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-357"> -FITZGIBBONS -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After a photograph reproduced in <I>Proceedings - and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada</I>, 1900. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">357 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-361"> -LAURA SECORD -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From <I>Ontario Historical Society Papers and Records</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">361 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-364"> -TWO VIEWS OF THE BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From prints published in 1815 -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">364 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-366"> -TECUMSEH -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the drawing by Pierre Le Drie. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">366 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-368"> -DE SALABERRY -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> -After a portrait in Fannings Taylor's <I>Portraits of -British Americans</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">368 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-371"> -SIR GORDON DRUMMOND -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After an engraving at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">371 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-375"> -MONUMENT AT LUNDY'S LANE -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From a photograph. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">375 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-381"> -SELKIRK -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From Ontario Archives Collection. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">381 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-384t"> -NELSON AND HAYES RIVERS -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From a map in Robson's <I>Hudson Bay</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">384 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-387"> -FORT GARRY, RED RIVER SETTLEMENT -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From Ross' <I>Red River Settlement</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">387 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-388"> -FORT DOUGLAS -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After an old engraving. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">388 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-391t"> -SKETCH OF THE CITY OF WINNIPEG, SHOWING THE SITES -OF THE EARLY FORTS -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From Manitoba Historical Society -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">391 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-392t"> -RED RIVER SETTLEMENT, 1816-1820 -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> -After a map in Amos' <I>Report of the Trials Relative -to the Destruction of the Earl of Selkirk's Settlement</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">392 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-397"> -MONUMENT TO COMMEMORATE THE MASSACRE OF SEVEN OAKS -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After a sketch. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">397 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-401"> -TRACKING ON ATHABASCA RIVER -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From a photograph. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">401 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-405t"> -PLANS OF YORK AND PRINCE OF WALES FORTS -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From a plate in Robson's <I>Hudson Bay</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">405 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-406"> -SIR GEORGE SIMPSON, GOVERNOR OF HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY, 1820 -</A> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">406 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-408"> -JOHN MCLOUGHLIN -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> -After a likeness in Laut's <I>Conquest -of the Great Northwest</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">408 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-413"> -SIR JOHN SHERBROOKE, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, 1816-1818 -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After an engraving at Queen's University, - Kingston, Ontario. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">413 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-419"> -THE FOURTH DUKE OF RICHMOND, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, -1818-1819 -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> -After an engraving at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">419 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-421"> -WILLIAM LYON MACKENZIE -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After a likeness in Lindsey's <I>Life and Times of Mackenzie</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">421 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-423"> -ALLAN McNAB -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After the portrait in the Speaker's Chambers, Ottawa. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">423 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-428"> -LOUIS J. PAPINEAU -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After a likeness in Fannings Taylor's <I>British Americans</I>. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">428 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-430"> -SIR JOHN COLBORNE, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, 1838-1841 -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After an engraving at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">430 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-432"> -LORD DURHAM, SPECIAL COMMISSIONER TO CANADA, 1838 -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - After an engraving at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">432 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-435"> -JOHN A. MACDONALD -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From a photograph. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">435 </TD> -</TR> - -<TR> -<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> -<A HREF="#img-436"> -FATHERS OF CONFEDERATION, 1867 -</A> -<BR> -<SPAN STYLE="font-size: small; margin-left: 3em"> - From the painting by Hariss. -</SPAN> -</TD> -<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">436 </TD> -</TR> - -</TABLE> - -<BR><BR><BR> - -<A NAME="chap01"></A> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P1"></A>1}</SPAN> -<H1 ALIGN="center"> -CANADA -</H1> - -<H2 ALIGN="center"> -THE EMPIRE OF THE NORTH -</H2> - -<BR> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -CHAPTER I -</H3> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -FROM 1000 TO 1600 -</H3> - -<P CLASS="intro"> -Early voyages to America—Voyages of the Cabots—The French fisher -folk—Cartier's first voyage—Cartier's second voyage—Cartier's third -voyage—Marguerite Roberval -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Who first found Canada? As many legends surround the beginnings of -empire in the North as cling to the story of early Rome. -</P> - -<P> -When Leif, son of Earl Eric, the Red, came down from Greenland with his -Viking crew, which of his bearded seamen in Arctic furs leaned over the -dragon prow for sight of the lone new land, fresh as if washed by the -dews of earth's first morning? Was it Thorwald, Leif's brother, or the -mother of Snorri, first white child born in America, who caught first -glimpse through the flying spray of Labrador's domed hills,—"Helluland, -place of slaty rocks"; and of Nova Scotia's wooded meadows,—"Markland"; -and Rhode Island's broken vine-clad shore,—"Vinland"? The question -cannot be answered. All is as misty concerning that Viking voyage as the -legends of old Norse gods. -</P> - -<P> -Leif, the Lucky, son of Earl Eric, the outlaw, coasts back to Greenland -with his bold sea-rovers. This was in the year 1000. -</P> - -<P> -For ten years they came riding southward in their rude-planked ships of -the dragon prow, those Norse adventurers; and Thorwald, Leif's brother, -is first of the pathfinders in America to lose his life in battle with -the "Skraelings" or Indians. Thornstein, another brother, sails south in -1005 with Gudrid, his wife; but a roaring nor'easter tears the piping -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P2"></A>2}</SPAN> -sails to tatters, and Thornstein dies as his frail craft scuds before the -blast. Back comes Gudrid the very next year, with a new husband and a -new ship and two hundred colonists to found a kingdom in the "Land of the -Vine." At one place they come to rocky islands, where birds flock in -such myriads it is impossible to land without trampling nests. Were -these the rocky islands famous for birds in the St. Lawrence? On another -coast are fields of maize and forests entangled with grapevines. Was -this part of modern New England? On Vinland—wherever it was—Gudrid, -the Norse woman, disembarks her colonists. All goes well for three -years. Fish and fowl are in plenty. Cattle roam knee-deep in pasturage. -Indians trade furs for scarlet cloth and the Norsemen dole out their -barter in strips narrow as a little finger; but all beasts that roam the -wilds are free game to Indian hunters. The cattle begin to disappear, -the Indians to lurk armed along the paths to the water springs. The -woods are full of danger. Any bush may conceal painted foe. Men as well -as cattle lie dead with telltale arrow sticking from a wound. The -Norsemen begin to hate these shadowy, lonely, mournful forests. They -long for wild winds and trackless seas and open world. Fur-clad, what do -they care for the cold? Greenland with its rolling drifts is safer -hunting than this forest world. What glory, doomed prisoners between the -woods and the sea within the shadow of the great forests and a great -fear? The smell of wildwood things, of flower banks, of fern mold, came -dank and unwholesome to these men. Their -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P3"></A>3}</SPAN> -nostrils were for the whiff -of the sea; and every sunset tipped the waves with fire where they longed -to sail. And the shadow of the fear fell on Gudrid. Ordering the -vessels loaded with timber good for masts and with wealth of furs, she -gathered up her people and led them from the "Land of the Vine" back to -Greenland. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-002"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-002.jpg" ALT="VIKING SHIP RECENTLY DISCOVERED." BORDER="2" WIDTH="379" HEIGHT="172"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 379px"> -VIKING SHIP RECENTLY DISCOVERED. -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -Where was Vinland? Was it Canada? The answer is unknown. It was south -of Labrador. It is thought to have been Rhode Island; but certainly, -passing north and south, the Norse were the first white men to see Canada. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Did some legend, dim as a forgotten dream, come down to Columbus in 1492 -of the Norsemen's western land? All sailors of Europe yearly fished in -Iceland. Had one of Columbus's crew heard sailor yarns of the new land? -If so, Columbus must have thought the new land part of Asia; for ever -since Marco Polo had come from China, Europe had dreamed of a way to Asia -by the sea. What with Portugal and Spain dividing the New World, all the -nations of Europe suddenly awakened to a passion for discovery. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-003"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-003.jpg" ALT="DIVISION OF THE NEW WORLD BETWEEN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL." BORDER="2" WIDTH="173" HEIGHT="205"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 173px"> -DIVISION OF THE NEW WORLD BETWEEN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. -</H4> - -<P> -There were still lands to the north, which Portugal and Spain had not -found,—lands where pearls and gold might abound. At Bristol in England -dwelt with his sons John Cabot, the Genoese master mariner, well -acquainted with Eastern-trade. Henry VII commissions him on a voyage of -discovery—an empty honor, the King to have one fifth of all profit, -Cabot to bear all expense. The <I>Matthew</I> ships from Bristol with a crew -of eighteen in May of 1497. North and west sails the tumbling craft two -thousand miles. Colder grows the air, stiffer the breeze in the bellying -sails, till the <I>Matthew's</I> crew are shivering on decks amid fleets of -icebergs that drift from Greenland in May and June. This is no realm of -spices and gold. Land looms through the mist the last week in June, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P4"></A>4}</SPAN> - -rocky, surf-beaten, lonely as earth's ends, with never a sound but the -scream of the gulls and the moan of the restless water-fret along endless -white reefs. Not a living soul did the English sailors see. Weak in -numbers, disappointed in the rocky land, they did not wait to hunt for -natives. An English flag was hastily unfurled and possession taken of -this Empire of the North for England. The woods of America for the first -time rang to the chopper. Wood and water were taken on, and the -<I>Matthew</I> had anchored in Bristol by the first week of August. Neither -gold nor a way to China had Cabot found; but he had accomplished three -things: he had found that the New World was not a part of Asia, as Spain -thought; he had found the continent itself; and he had given England the -right to claim new dominion. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-004"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-004.jpg" ALT="A TYPICAL "HOLE IN THE WALL" AT "KITTY VIDDY," NEAR ST. JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND" BORDER="2" WIDTH="408" HEIGHT="305"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 408px"> -A TYPICAL "HOLE IN THE WALL" AT "KITTY VIDDY," NEAR ST. JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -England went mad over Cabot. He was granted the title of admiral and -allowed to dress in silks as a nobleman. King Henry gave him 10 pounds, -equal to $500 of modern money, and a pension of 20 pounds, equal to $1000 -to-day. It is sometimes said that modern writers attribute an air of -romance to these old pathfinders, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P5"></A>5}</SPAN> -which they would have scorned; but -"Zuan Cabot," as the people called him, wore the halo of glory with glee. -To his barber he presented an island kingdom; to a poor monk he gave a -bishopric. His son, Sebastian, sailed out the next year with a fleet of -six ships and three hundred men, coasting north as far as Greenland, -south as far as Carolina, so rendering doubly secure England's title to -the North, and bringing back news of the great cod banks that were to -lure French and Spanish and English fishermen to Newfoundland for -hundreds of years. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-005"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-005.jpg" ALT="SEBASTIAN CABOT" BORDER="2" WIDTH="257" HEIGHT="326"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 257px"> -SEBASTIAN CABOT -</H4> - -<P> -Where was Cabot's landfall? -</P> - -<P> -I chanced to be in Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland, shortly after the 400th -anniversary of Cabot's voyage. King's Cove, landlocked as a hole in a -wall, mountains meeting sky line, presented on one flat rock in letters -the size of a house claim that it was <I>here</I> John Cabot sent his sailors -ashore to plant the flag on cairn of bowlders; but when I came back from -Newfoundland by way of Cape Breton, I found the same claim there. For -generations the tradition has been handed down from father to son among -Newfoundland fisher folk that as Cabot's vessel, pitching and rolling to -the tidal bore, came scudding into King's Cove, rock girt as an inland -lake, the sailors shouted "Bona Vista—Beautiful View"; but Cape Breton -has her legend, too. It was Cabot's report of the cod banks that brought -the Breton fishermen out, whose name Cape Breton bears. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P6"></A>6}</SPAN> -As Christopher Columbus spurred England to action, so Cabot now -spurred Portugal and Spain and France. -</P> - -<P> -Gaspar Cortereal comes in 1500 from Portugal on Cabot's tracks to that -land of "slaty rocks" which the Norse saw long ago. The Gulf Stream -beats the iron coast with a boom of thunder, and the tide swirl meets the -ice drift; and it isn't a land to make a treasure hunter happy till there -wander down to the shore Montaignais Indians, strapping fellows, a head -taller than the tallest Portuguese. Cortereal lands, lures fifty savages -on board, carries them home as slaves for Portugal's galley ships, and -names the country—"land of laborers"—Labrador. He sailed again, the -next year; but never returned to Portugal. The seas swallowed his -vessel; or the tide beat it to pieces against Labrador's rocks; of those -Indians slaked their vengeance by cutting the throats of master and crew. -</P> - -<P> -And Spain was not idle. In 1513 Balboa leads his Spanish treasure -seekers across the Isthmus of Panama, discovers the Pacific, and realizes -what Cabot has already proved—that the New World is not a part of Asia. -Thereupon, in swelling words, he takes possession of "earth, air, and -water from the Pole Arctic to the Pole Antarctic" for Spain. A few years -later Magellan finds his way to Asia round South America; but this path -by sea is too long. -</P> - -<P> -From France, Normans and Bretons are following Cabot's tracks to -Newfoundland, to Labrador, to Cape Breton, "quhar men goeth a-fishing" in -little cockleshell boats no bigger than three-masted schooner, with -black-painted dories dragging in tow or roped on the rolling decks. -Absurd it is, but with no blare of trumpets or royal commissions, with no -guide but the wander spirit that lured the old Vikings over the rolling -seas, these grizzled peasants flock from France, cross the Atlantic, and -scatter over what were then chartless waters from the Gulf of St. -Lawrence to the Grand Banks. -</P> - -<P> -Just as they may be seen to-day bounding over the waves in their little -black dories, hauling in… hauling in the endless line, or jigging -for squid, or lying at ease at the noonday hour -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P7"></A>7}</SPAN> -singing some old land -ballad while the kettle of cod and pork boils above a chip fire kindled -on the stones used as ballast in their boats—so came the French fisher -folk three years after Cabot had discovered the Grand Banks. Denys of -Honfleur has led his fishing fleet all over the Gulf of St. Lawrence by -1506. So has Aubert of Dieppe. By 1517, fifty French vessels yearly -fish off the coast of New-Found-Land. By 1518 one Baron de Lery has -formed the project of colonizing this new domain; but the baron's ship -unluckily came from the Grand Banks to port on that circular bank of sand -known as Sable Island—from twenty to thirty miles as the tide shifts the -sand, with grass waist high and a swampy lake in the middle. The Baron -de Lery unloads his stock on Sable island and roves the sea for a better -port. -</P> - -<P> -The King of France, meanwhile, resents the Pope dividing the New World -between Spain and Portugal. "I should like to see the clause in Father -Adam's will that gives the whole earth to you," he sent word to his -brother kings. Verrazano, sea rover of Florence, is commissioned to -explore the New World seas; but Verrazano goes no farther north in 1524 -than Newfoundland, and when he comes on a second voyage he is lost—some -say hanged as a pirate by the Spaniards for intruding on their seas. -</P> - -<P> -In spite of the loss of the King's sea rover, the fisher folk of France -continue coming in their crazy little schooners, continue fishing in the -fogs of the Grand Banks from their rocking black-planked dories, continue -scudding for shelter from storm… here, there, everywhere; into the -south shore of Newfoundland; into the long arms of the sea at Cape -Breton, dyed at sundawn and sunset by such floods of golden light, these -arms of the sea become known as Bras d'Or Lakes—Lakes of Gold; into the -rock-girt lagoons of Gaspé; into the holes in the wall of Labrador…; -till there presently springs up a secret trade in furs between the -fishing fleet and the Indians. The King of France is not to be balked by -one failure. "What," he asked, "are my royal brothers to have <I>all</I> -America?" Among the Bank fishermen were many sailors of St. Malo. -Jacques Cartier, master pilot, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P8"></A>8}</SPAN> -now forty years of age, must have -learned strange yarns of the New World from harbor folk. Indeed, he may -have served as sailor on the Banks. Him the King chose, with one hundred -and twenty men and two vessels, in 1534, to go on a voyage of discovery -to the great sea where men fished. Cartier was to find if the sea led to -China and to take possession of the countries for France. Captain, -masters, men, march to the cathedral and swear fidelity to the King. The -vessels sail on April 20, with the fishing fleet. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-008"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-008.jpg" ALT="Jacques Cartier" BORDER="2" WIDTH="315" HEIGHT="469"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 315px"> -Jacques Cartier -</H4> - -<P> -Piping winds carry them forward at a clipper pace. The sails scatter and -disappear over the watery sky line. In twenty days Cartier is off that -bold headland with the hole in the wall called Bona Vista. Ice is -running as it always runs there in spring. What with wind and ice, -Cartier deems it prudent to look for shelter. Sheering south among the -scarps at Catalina, where the whales blow and the seals float in -thousands -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P9"></A>9}</SPAN> -on the ice pans, Cartier anchors to take on wood and water. -For ten days he watches the white whirl driving south. Then the water -clears and his sails swing to the wind, and he is off to the north, along -that steel-gray shore of rampart rock, between the white-slab islands and -the reefy coast. Birds are in such flocks off Funk Island that the men -go ashore to hunt, as the fisher folk anchor for bird shooting to-day. -</P> - -<P> -Higher rises the rocky sky line; barer the shore wall, with never a break -to the eye till you turn some jagged peak and come on one of those snug -coves where the white fisher hamlets now nestle. Reefs white as lace -fret line the coast. Lonely as death, bare as a block of marble, Gull -Island is passed where another crew in later years perish as castaways. -Gray finback whales flounder in schools. The lazy humpbacks lounge round -and round the ships, eyeing the keels curiously. A polar bear is seen on -an ice pan. Then the ships come to those lonely harbors north of -Newfoundland—Griguet and Quirpon and Ha-Ha-Bay, rock girt, treeless, -always windy, desolate, with an eternal moaning of the tide over the -fretful reefs. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-009"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-009.jpg" ALT="WHERE THE FISHER HAMLETS NOW NESTLE, NEWFOUNDLAND" BORDER="2" WIDTH="400" HEIGHT="288"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 400px"> -WHERE THE FISHER HAMLETS NOW NESTLE, NEWFOUNDLAND -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P10"></A>10}</SPAN> -To the north, off a little seaward, is Belle Isle. Here, storm or -calm, the ocean tide beats with fury unceasing and weird reëchoing of -baffled waters like the scream of lost souls. It was sunset when I was -on a coastal ship once that anchored off Belle Isle, and I realized how -natural it must have been for Cartier's superstitious sailors to mistake -the moan of the sea for wild cries of distress, and the smoke of the -spray for fires of the inferno. To French sailors Belle Isle became Isle -of Demons. In the half light of fog or night, as the wave wash rises and -falls, you can almost see white arms clutching the rock. -</P> - -<P> -As usual, bad weather caught the ships in Belle Isle Straits. Till the -9th of June brown fog held Cartier. When it lifted the tide had borne -his ships across the straits to Labrador at Castle Island, Château Bay. -Labrador was a ruder region than Newfoundland. Far as eye could scan -were only domed rocks like petrified billows, dank valleys moss-grown and -scrubby, hillsides bare as slate; "This land should not be called earth," -remarked Cartier. "It is flint! Faith, I think this is the region God -gave Cain!" If this were Cain's realm, his descendants were "men of -might"; for when the Montaignais, tall and straight as mast poles, came -down to the straits, Cartier's little scrub sailors thought them giants. -Promptly Cartier planted the cross and took possession of Labrador for -France. As the boats coasted westward the shore rock turned to -sand,—huge banks and drifts and hillocks of white sand,—so that the -place where the ships struck across for the south shore became known as -Blanc Sablon (White Sand). Squalls drove Cartier up the Bay of Islands -on the west shore of Newfoundland, and he was amazed to find this arm of -the sea cut the big island almost in two. Wooded mountains flanked each -shore. A great river, amber with forest mold, came rolling down a deep -gorge. But it was not Newfoundland Cartier had come to explore; it was -the great inland sea to the west, and to the west he sailed. -</P> - -<P> -July found him off another kind of coast—New Brunswick—forested and -rolling with fertile meadows. Down a broad shallow stream—the -Miramichi—paddled Indians waving furs -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P11"></A>11}</SPAN> -for trade; but wind -threatened a stranding in the shallows. Cartier turned to follow the -coast north. Denser grew the forests, broader the girths of the great -oaks, heavier the vines, hotter the midsummer weather. This was no land -of Cain. It was a new realm for France. While Cartier lay at anchor -north of the Miramichi, Indian canoes swarmed round the boats at such -close quarters the whites had to discharge a musket to keep the three -hundred savages from scrambling on decks. Two seamen then landed to -leave presents of knives and coats. The Indians shrieked delight, and, -following back to the ships, threw fur garments to the decks till -literally naked. On the 18th of July the heat was so intense that -Cartier named the waters Bay of Chaleur. Here were more Indians. At -first the women dashed to hiding in the woods, while the painted warriors -paddled out; but when Cartier threw more presents into the canoes, women -and children swarmed out singing a welcome. The Bay of Chaleur promised -no passage west, so Cartier again spread his sails to the wind and -coasted northward. The forests thinned. Towards Gaspé the shore became -rocky and fantastic. The inland sea led westward, but the season was far -advanced. It was decided to return and report to the King. Landing at -Gaspé on July 24, Cartier erected a cross thirty feet high with the words -emblazoned on a tablet, <I>Vive le Roi de France</I>. Standing about him were -the painted natives of the wilderness, one old chief dressed in black -bearskin gesticulating protest against the cross till Cartier explained -by signs that the whites would come again. Two savages were invited on -board. By accident or design, as they stepped on deck, their skiff was -upset and set adrift. The astonished natives found themselves in the -white men's power, but food and gay clothing allayed fear. They -willingly consented to accompany Cartier to France. Somewhere north of -Gaspé the smoke of the French fishing fleet was seen ascending from the -sea, as the fishermen rocked in their dories cooking the midday meal. -</P> - -<P> -August 9 prayers are held for safe return at Blanc Sablon,—port of the -white, white sand,—and by September 5 Cartier is -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P12"></A>12}</SPAN> -home in St. Malo, -a rabble of grizzled sailor folk chattering a welcome from the wharf -front. -</P> - -<P> -He had not found passage to China, but he had found a kingdom; and the -two Indians told marvelous tales of the Great River to the West, where -they lived, of mines, of vast unclaimed lands. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Cartier had been home only a month when the Admiral of France ordered him -to prepare for another voyage. He himself was to command the <I>Grand -Hermine</I>, Captain Jalobert the <I>Little Hermine</I>, and Captain Le Breton -the <I>Emerillon</I>. Young gentlemen adventurers were to accompany the -explorers. The ships were provisioned for two years; and on May 16, -1535, all hands gathered to the cathedral, where sins were confessed, the -archbishop's blessing received, and Cartier given a Godspeed to the music -of full choirs chanting invocation. Three days later anchors were -hoisted. Cannon boomed. Sails swung out; and the vessels sheered away -from the roadstead while cheers rent the air. -</P> - -<P> -Head winds held the ship back. Furious tempests scattered the fleet. It -was July 17 before Cartier sighted the gull islands of Newfoundland and -swung up north with the tide through the brown fogs of Belle Isle Straits -to the shining gravel of Blanc Sablon. Here he waited for the other -vessels, which came on the 26th. -</P> - -<P> -The two Indians taken from Gaspé now began to recognize the headlands of -their native country, telling Cartier the first kingdom along the Great -River was Saguenay, the second Canada, the third Hochelaga. Near Mingan, -Cartier anchored to claim the land for France; and he named the great -waters St. Lawrence because it was on that saint's day he had gone -ashore. The north side of Anticosti was passed, and the first of -September saw the three little ships drawn up within the shadow of that -somber gorge cut through sheer rock where the Saguenay rolls sullenly out -to the St. Lawrence. The mountains presented naked rock wall. Beyond, -rolling back… rolling back to an impenetrable wilderness… were -the primeval -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P13"></A>13}</SPAN> -forests. Through the canyon flowed the river, dark and -ominous and hushed. The men rowed out in small boats to fish but were -afraid to land. -</P> - -<P> -As the ships advanced up the St. Lawrence the seamen could scarcely -believe they were on a river. The current rolled seaward in a silver -flood. In canoes paddling shyly out from the north shore Cartier's two -Indians suddenly recognized old friends, and whoops of delight set the -echoes ringing. -</P> - -<P> -Keeping close to the north coast, russet in the September sun, Cartier -slipped up that long reach of shallows abreast a low-shored wooded island -so laden with grapevines he called it Isle Bacchus. It was the Island of -Orleans. -</P> - -<P> -Then the ships rounded westward, and there burst to view against the high -rocks of the north shore the white-plumed shimmering cataract of -Montmorency leaping from precipice to river bed with roar of thunder. -</P> - -<P> -Cartier had anchored near the west end of Orleans Island when there came -paddling out with twelve canoes, Donnacona, great chief of Stadacona, -whose friendship was won on the instant by the tales Cartier's Indians -told of France and all the marvels of the white man's world. -</P> - -<P> -Cartier embarked with several young officers to go back with the chief; -and the three vessels were cautiously piloted up little St. Charles -River, which joins the St. Lawrence below the modern city of Quebec. -Women dashed to their knees in water to welcome ashore these gayly -dressed newcomers with the gold-braided coats and clanking swords. -Crossing the low swamp, now Lower Town, Quebec, the adventurers followed -a path through the forest up a steep declivity of sliding stones to the -clear high table-land above, and on up the rolling slopes to the airy -heights of Cape Diamond overlooking the St. Lawrence like the turret of -some castle above the sea. Did a French soldier, removing his helmet to -wipe away the sweat of his arduous climb, cry out "Que bec" (What a -peak!) as he viewed the magnificent panorama of river and valley and -mountain rolling from his feet; or did their Indian guide point to the -water of the river narrowing like -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P14"></A>14}</SPAN> -a strait below the peak, and -mutter in native tongue, "Quebec" (The strait)? Legend gives both -explanations of the name. To the east Cartier could see far down the -silver flood of the St. Lawrence halfway to Saguenay; to the south, far -as the dim mountains of modern New Hampshire. What would the King of -France have thought if he could have realized that his adventurers had -found a province three times the size of England, one third larger than -France, one third larger than Germany? And they had as yet reached only -one small edge of Canada, namely Quebec. -</P> - -<P> -Heat haze of Indian summer trembled over the purple hills. Below, the -river quivered like quicksilver. In the air was the nutty odor of dried -grasses, the clear tang of coming frosts crystal to the taste as water; -and if one listened, almost listened to the silence, one could hear above -the lapping of the tide the far echo of the cataract. To Cartier the -scene might have been the airy fabric of some dream world; but out of -dreams of earth's high heroes are empires made. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -But the Indians had told of that other kingdom, Hochelaga. Hither -Cartier had determined to go, when three Indians dressed as devils—faces -black as coals, heads in masks, brows adorned with elk horns—came -gyrating and howling out of the woods on the mountain side, making wild -signals to the white men encamped on the St. Charles. Cartier's -interpreters told him this was warning from the Indian god not to ascend -the river. The god said Hochelaga was a realm of snow, where all white -men would perish. It was a trick to keep the white men's trade for -themselves. -</P> - -<P> -Cartier laughed. -</P> - -<P> -"Tell them their god is an old fool," he said. "Christ is to be our -guide." -</P> - -<P> -The Indians wanted to know if Cartier had spoken to his God about it. -</P> - -<P> -"No," answered Cartier. Then, not to be floored, he added, "but my -priest has." -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P15"></A>15}</SPAN> -With three cheers, fifty young gentlemen sheered out on September 19 -from the St. Charles on the <I>Emerillon</I> to accompany Cartier to Hochelaga. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-015t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-015.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-015t.jpg" ALT="ANCIENT HOCHELAGA. (From Ramusio)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="405" HEIGHT="296"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 405px"> -ANCIENT HOCHELAGA. (From Ramusio) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -Beyond Quebec the St. Lawrence widened like a lake. September frosts had -painted the maples in flame. Song birds, the glory of the St. Lawrence -valley, were no longer to be heard, but the waters literally swarmed with -duck and the forests were alive with partridge. Where to-day nestle -church spires and whitewashed hamlets were the birch wigwams and night -camp fires of Indian hunters. Wherever Cartier went ashore, Indians -rushed knee-deep to carry him from the river; and one old chief at -Richelieu signified his pleasure by presenting the whites with two Indian -children. Zigzagging leisurely, now along the north shore, now along the -south, pausing to hunt, pausing to explore, pausing to powwow with the -Indians, the adventurers came, on September 28, to the reedy shallows and -breeding grounds of wild fowl at Lake St. Peter. Here they were so close -ashore the <I>Emerillon</I> caught her keel in the weeds, and the explorers -left her aground under guard and went forward in rowboats. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P16"></A>16}</SPAN> -"Was this the way to Hochelaga?" the rowers asked Indians paddling -past. -</P> - -<P> -"Yes, three more sleeps," the Indians answered by the sign of putting the -face with closed eyes three times against their hand; "three more nights -would bring Cartier to Hochelaga"; and on the night of the 2d of October -the rowboats, stopped by the rapids, pulled ashore at Hochelaga amid a -concourse of a thousand amazed savages. -</P> - -<P> -It was too late to follow the trail through the darkening forest to the -Indian village. Cartier placed the soldiers in their burnished armor on -guard and spent the night watching the council fires gleam from the -mountain. And did some soldier standing sentry, watching the dark shadow -of the hill creep longer as the sun went down, cry out, "Mont Royal," so -that the place came to be known as Montreal? -</P> - -<P> -At peep of dawn, while the mist is still smoking up from the river, -Cartier marshals twenty seamen with officers in military line, and, to -the call of trumpet, marches along the forest trail behind Indian guides -for the tribal fort. Following the river, knee-deep in grass, the French -ascend the hill now known as Notre Dame Street, disappear in the hollow -where flows a stream,—modern Craig Street,—then climb steeply through -the forests to the plain now known as the great thoroughfare of -Sherbrooke Street. Halfway up they come on open fields of maize or -Indian corn. Here messengers welcome them forward, women singing, -tom-tom beating, urchins stealing fearful glances through the woods. The -trail ends at a fort with triple palisades of high trees, walls separated -by ditches and roofed for defense, with one carefully guarded narrow -gate. Inside are fifty large wigwams, the oblong bark houses of the -Huron-Iroquois, each fifty feet long, with the public square in the -center, or what we would call the courtyard. -</P> - -<P> -It needs no trick of fancy to call up the scene—the winding of the -trumpet through the forest silence, the amazement of the Indian drummers, -the arrested frenzy of the dancers, the sunrise turning burnished armor -to fire, the clanking of swords, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P17"></A>17}</SPAN> -the wheeling of the soldiers as -they fall in place, helmets doffed, round the council fire! Women swarm -from the long houses. Children come running with mats for seats. -Bedridden, blind, maimed are carried on litters, if only they may touch -the garments of these wonderful beings. One old chief with skin like -crinkled leather and body gnarled with woes of a hundred years throws his -most precious possession, a headdress, at Cartier's feet. -</P> - -<P> -Poor Cartier is perplexed. He can but read aloud from the Gospel of St. -John and pray Christ heal these supplicants. Then he showers presents on -the Indians, gleeful as children—knives and hatchets and beads and tin -mirrors and little images and a crucifix, which he teaches them to kiss. -Again the silver trumpet peals through the aisled woods. Again the -swords clank, and the adventurers take their way up the mountain—a Mont -Royal, says Cartier. -</P> - -<P> -The mountain is higher than the one at Quebec. Vaster the view—vaster -the purple mountains, the painted forests, the valleys bounded by a sky -line that recedes before the explorer as the rainbow runs from the grasp -of a child. This is not Cathay; it is a New France. Before going back -to Quebec the adventurers follow a trail up the St. Lawrence far enough -to see that Lachine Rapids bar progress by boat; far enough, too, to see -that the Gaspé Indians had spoken truth when they told of another grand -river—the Ottawa—coming in from the north. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -By the 11th of October Cartier is at Quebec. His men have built a -palisaded fort on the banks of the St. Charles. The boats are beached. -Indians scatter to their far hunting grounds. Winter sets in. Canadian -cold is new to these Frenchmen. They huddle indoors instead of keeping -vigorous with exercise. Ice hangs from the dismantled masts. Drifts -heap almost to top of palisades. Fear of the future falls on the crew. -Will they ever see France again? Then scurvy breaks out. The fort is -prostrate. Cartier is afraid to ask aid of the wandering Indians lest -they learn his weakness. To keep up show of strength he has his men fire -off muskets, batter the fort walls, march and drill and -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P18"></A>18}</SPAN> -tramp and -stamp, though twenty-five lie dead and only four are able to keep on -their feet. The corpses are hidden in snowdrifts or crammed through ice -holes in the river with shot weighted to their feet. -</P> - -<P> -In desperation Cartier calls on all the saints in the Christian calendar. -He erects a huge crucifix and orders all, well and ill, out in -procession. Weak and hopeless, they move across the snows chanting -psalms. That night one of the young noblemen died. Toward spring an -Indian was seen apparently recovering from the same disease. Cartier -asked him what had worked the cure and learned of the simple remedy of -brewed spruce juice. -</P> - -<P> -By the time the Indians came from the winter hunt Cartier's men were in -full health. Up at Hochelaga a chief had seized Cartier's gold-handled -dagger and pointed up the Ottawa whence came ore like the gold handle. -Failing to carry any minerals home, Cartier felt he must have witnesses -to his report. The boats are rigged to sail, Chief Donnacona and eleven -others are lured on board, surrounded, forcibly seized, and treacherously -carried off to France. May 6, 1536, the boats leave Quebec, stopping -only for water at St. Pierre, where the Breton fishermen have huts. July -16 they anchor at St. Malo. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Did France realize that Cartier had found a new kingdom? Not in the -least; but the home land gave heed to that story of minerals, and had the -kidnapped Indians baptized. Donnacona and all his fellow-captives but -the little girl of Richelieu die, and Sieur de Roberval is appointed lord -paramount of Canada to equip Cartier with five vessels and scour the -jails of France for colonists. Though the colonists are convicts, the -convicts are not criminals. Some have been convicted for their religion, -some for their politics. What with politics and war, it is May, 1541, -before the ships sail, and then Roberval has to wait another year for his -artillery, while Cartier goes ahead to build the forts. -</P> - -<P> -From the first, things go wrong. Head winds prolong the passage for -three months. The stock on board is reduced to a diet of cider, and half -the cattle die. Then the Indians of Quebec -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P19"></A>19}</SPAN> -ask awkward questions -about Donnacona. Cartier flounders midway between truth and lie. -Donnacona had died, he said; as for the others, they have become as white -men. Agona succeeds Donnacona as chief. Agona is so pleased at the news -that he gives Cartier a suit of buckskin garnished with wampum, but the -rest of the Indians draw off in such resentment that Cartier deems it -wise to build his fort at a distance, and sails nine miles up to Cape -Rouge, where he constructs Bourg Royal. Noel, his nephew, and Jalobert, -his brother-in-law, take two ships back to France. While Cartier roams -exploring, Beaupré commands Bourg Royal. -</P> - -<P> -In his roamings, ever with his eyes to earth for minerals, he finds -stones specked with mica, and false diamonds, whence the height above -Quebec is called Cape Diamond. It is enough. The crews spend the year -loading the ships with cargo of worthless stones, and set sail in May, -high of hope for wealth great as Spaniard carried from Peru. June 8 the -ships slip in to St. John's, Newfoundland, for water. Seventeen fishing -vessels rock to the tide inside the landlocked lagoon, and who comes -gliding up the Narrows of the harbor neck but Viceroy Roberval, mad with -envy when he hears of the diamond cargoes! He breaks the head of a -Portuguese or two among the fishing fleet and forthwith orders Cartier -back to Quebec. -</P> - -<P> -Cartier shifts anchor from too close range of Roberval's guns and says -nothing. At dead of night he slips anchor altogether and steals away on -the tide, with only one little noiseless sail up on each ship through the -dark Narrows. Once outside, he spreads his wings to the wind and is off -for France. The diamonds prove worthless, but Cartier receives a title -and retires to a seigneurial mansion at St. Malo. -</P> - -<P> -The episode did not improve Roberval's temper. The new Viceroy was a -soldier and a martinet, and his authority had been defied. With his two -hundred colonists, taken from the prisons of France, commanded by young -French officers,—a Lament and a La Salle among others,—he proceeded up -the coast of Newfoundland to enter the St. Lawrence by Belle Isle. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P20"></A>20}</SPAN> -Among his people were women, and Roberval himself was accompanied by a -niece, Marguerite, who had the reputation of being a bold horsewoman and -prime favorite with the grandees who frequented her uncle's castle. -Perhaps Roberval had brought her to New France to break up her attachment -for a soldier. Or the Viceroy may have been entirely ignorant of the -romance, but, anchored off Belle Isle,—Isle of Demons,—the angry -governor made an astounding discovery. The girl had a lover on board, a -common soldier, and the two openly defied his interdict. Coming after -Cartier's defection, the incident was oil to fire with Roberval. Sailors -were ordered to lower the rowboat. One would fain believe that the -tyrannical Viceroy offered the high-spirited girl at least the choice of -giving up her lover. She was thrust into the rowboat with a faithful old -Norman nurse. Four guns and a small supply of provisions were tossed to -the boat. The sailors were then commanded to row ashore and abandon her -on Isle of Demons. The soldier lover leaped over decks and swam through -the surf to share her fate. -</P> - -<P> -Isle of Demons, with its wailing tides and surf-beaten reefs, is a -desolate enough spot in modern days when superstitions do not add to its -terrors. The wind pipes down from The Labrador in fairest weather with -weird voices as of wailing ghosts, and in winter the shores of Belle Isle -never cease to echo to the hollow booming of the pounding surf. -</P> - -<P> -Out of driftwood the castaways constructed a hut. Fish were in plenty, -wild fowl offered easy mark, and in springtime the ice floes brought down -the seal herds. There was no lack of food, but rescue seemed forever -impossible; for no fishing craft would approach the demon-haunted isle. -A year passed, two years,—a child was born. The soldier lover died of -heartbreak and despondency. The child wasted away. The old nurse, too, -was buried. Marguerite was left alone to fend for herself and hope -against hope that some of the passing sails would heed her signals. No -wonder at the end of the third year she began to hear shrieking laughter -in the lonely cries of tide and wind, and to imagine that she saw -fiendish arms snatching through the spume of storm drift. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P21"></A>21}</SPAN> -Towards the fall of 1545, one calm day when spray for the once did -not hide the island, some fishermen in the straits noticed the smoke of a -huge bonfire ascending from Isle Demons. Was it a trick of the fiends to -lure men to wreck, or some sailors like themselves signaling distress? -</P> - -<P> -The boat drew fearfully near and nearer. A creature in the strange -attire of skins from wild beasts ran down the rocks, signaling -frantically. It was a woman. Terrified and trembling, the sailors -plucked up courage to land. Then for the first time Marguerite -Roberval's spirit gave way. She could not speak; she seemed almost -bereft of reason. It was only after the fishermen had nourished her back -to semblance of womanhood that they drew from her the story. On -returning to France, Marguerite Roberval entered a convent. It was there -an old court friend of her château days sought her out and heard the tale -from her own lips. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-021t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-021.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-021t.jpg" ALT="THE "DAUPHIN MAP" OF CANADA, <I>CIRCA</I> 1543, SHOWING CARTIER'S DISCOVERIES" BORDER="2" WIDTH="406" HEIGHT="337"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 406px"> -THE "DAUPHIN MAP" OF CANADA, <I>CIRCA</I> 1543, SHOWING CARTIER'S DISCOVERIES -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P22"></A>22}</SPAN> -A colony begun under such ill omen was not likely to prosper. -Roberval had proceeded to Cape Rouge, where he landed in July, and before -winter had a respectable fort constructed. Fifty of his colonists died -of scurvy. As many as six were hanged in a single day for -insubordination, and the whipping post became the emblem of an authority -that trembled in the balance. Roberval, in troth, was not thinking of -the colony. He was thinking of those minerals which the Indians said -were at the head waters of the Saguenay. Leaving thirty women at the -fort, he ascended the Saguenay with seventy men in spring and explored as -far as Lake St. John, where the village of Roberval commemorates his -feat; but he found no minerals and lost eight men running rapids. When -Cartier came out in 1543, Roberval took the remaining colonists home, a -profoundly embittered man. Legend has it that he either perished on a -second voyage in 1549, or was assassinated in Paris. -</P> - -<P> -So falls the curtain on the first attempt to colonize Canada. -</P> - -<BR><BR><BR> - -<A NAME="chap02"></A> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P23"></A>23}</SPAN> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -CHAPTER II -</H3> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -FROM 1600 TO 1607 -</H3> - -<P CLASS="intro"> -English voyages to North America—Sir Humphrey Gilbert—Henry -Hudson—Champlain's first voyage—Founding of Ste. Croix—The colonists -in Acadia -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -The second attempt to plant a French colony in the New World was more -disastrous than the first. -</P> - -<P> -Though my Lord Roberval fails, the French fishing vessels continue to -bound over the billows of the Atlantic to the New World. By 1578 there -are a hundred and fifty French fishing vessels off Newfoundland alone. -The fishing folk engage in barter. Cartier's heirs ask for a monopoly of -the fur trade in Canada, but the grant is so furiously opposed by the -merchants of the coast towns that it is revoked until the Marquis de la -Roche, who had been a page at the French court, again obtains monopoly, -with many high-sounding titles as Governor, and the added obligation that -he must colonize the new land. What with wars and court intrigue, it is -1598 before the Governor of Canada is ready to sail. Of his two hundred -people taken from jails, all but sixty have obtained their freedom by -paying a ransom. With these sixty La Roche follows the fishing fleet out -to the Grand Banks, then rounds southwestward for milder clime, where he -may winter his people. -</P> - -<P> -Straight across the ship's course lies the famous sand bank, the -graveyard of the Atlantic,—what the old navigators called "the dreadful -isle,"—Sable Island. The sea lies placid as glass between the crescent -horns of the long, low reefs,—thirty miles from horn to horn, with never -a tree to break the swale of the grass waist-high. -</P> - -<P> -The marquis lands his sixty colonists to fish for supplies, while he goes -on with the crew to find place for settlement. -</P> - -<P> -Barely has the topsail dipped over the watery sky before breakers begin -to thunder on the sand reefs. Air and earth lash to fury. Sails are -torn from the ship of the marquis. His -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P24"></A>24}</SPAN> -masts go overboard, and the -vessel is driven, helpless as a chip in a maelstrom, clear back to the -ports of France. Here double misfortune awaits La Roche. His old -patrons of the court are no longer powerful. He is thrown in prison by a -rival baron. -</P> - -<P> -In vain the colonists strain tired eyes for a sail at sea. Days become -weeks, weeks months, summer autumn; and no boat came back. As winter -gales assailed the sea, sending the sand drifting like spray, the -convicts built themselves huts out of driftwood, and scooped beds for -themselves in the earth like rabbit burrows. Of food there was plenty. -The people had their fishing lines; and the stock, left by the Baron de -Lery long ago, had multiplied and now overran the island. Wild fowl, -too, teemed on the inland lake; and foxes, which must have drifted ashore -on the ice float of spring, ran wild through the sedge. -</P> - -<P> -Like Robinson Crusoe cast on a desert isle, the desperate people fought -their fate. Traps were set for the foxes, snares for the birds, and -scouts kept tramping from end to end of the island for sight of a sail. -Racked with despair and anxiety, these outcasts of civilization soon fell -to bitter quarreling. Traps were found rifled. Dead men lay beside the -looted traps; and, doubtless, not a few men lost their lives in spring -when the ice floes drifted down with the seal herds, and the men gave mad -chase from ice pan to ice pan for seal pelts to make clothing. Spring -wore to summer. The graves on the sand banks increased. For a second -winter the dreary snowfall wrapped the island in a mantle white as death -sheet. Then came the same weary monotony,—the frenzied seal hunt over -the blood-stained floes; the long summer days with the drone of the tide -on the sand banks; the men mad with hope at sight of a sail peak over the -far wave tops, only to be plunged in despair as the fisher boat passed -too far for signal; the fading of the grasses to russet in the sad autumn -light; then snowfall again—and despair. -</P> - -<P> -Five years passed before La Roche could aid his people; and the pilot who -went to their rescue won himself immortal contempt by robbing the -castaways of their furs. Word of the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P25"></A>25}</SPAN> -rescue came to the ears of the -court. Royalty commanded the refugees brought before the throne. Only -twelve had survived, and these marched before the royal presence clothed -in the skins of seals, hair unkempt, beards to mid-waist, "like river -gods of yore," says the old record. The King was so touched that he -commanded fifty crowns given to each man and the stolen furs restored. -La Roche died of chagrin. -</P> - -<BR> -<P> -While France is trying to colonize Canada, England has not forgotten that -John Cabot first coasted these northern shores and erected the English -flag. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-025"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-025.jpg" ALT="QUEEN ELIZABETH" BORDER="2" WIDTH="260" HEIGHT="482"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 260px"> -QUEEN ELIZABETH -</H4> - -<P> -About the time that Marguerite Roberval was left alone on Isle Demons, -two boys—half-brothers—were playing on the sands of the English -Channel, sailing toy boats and listening to sailor yarns of loot on the -Spanish Main. One was Humphrey Gilbert; the other, Walter Raleigh. -These two were destined to lead England's first colonies to America. -</P> - -<P> -Martin Frobisher had already poked the prows of English ships into the -icy straits of Greenland waters, seeking way to -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P26"></A>26}</SPAN> -China. He had come -out with a fleet of fifteen sails and one hundred mariners in 1578 to -found colonies, but was led away by the lure of "fool's gold." Loading -his vessels with worthless rocks which he believed contained gold enough -"to suffice all the gold gluttons of the world," he sailed back to -England without leaving the trace of a colony. Francis Drake, the very -same year, had for the first time plowed an English furrow around the -seas of the world, chasing Spanish treasure boats up the west coast of -South America and loading his own vessel with loot to the water line. -Afraid to go back the way he had come, round South America, where all the -Spanish frigates lay in wait to catch him, Drake pushed on up the west -coast as far as California, and landing, took possession of what he -called "New Albion" for Queen Elizabeth. But still no colony had been -planted for England. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-026"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-026.jpg" ALT="THE BOYHOOD OF GILBERT AND RALEIGH. (From the painting by Sir John Millais)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="454" HEIGHT="418"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 454px"> -THE BOYHOOD OF GILBERT AND RALEIGH. (From the painting by Sir John Millais) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -Gilbert and Raleigh, the two half-brothers, were both zealous for glory. -Both stood high in court favor. Both had fought for Queen Elizabeth in -the wars. Gilbert had fame as seaman and geographer. He asks for the -privilege of founding England's first colony. The Queen will incur no -expense. Gilbert and Raleigh and their friends will fit out the vessels. -Elizabeth deeds to Gilbert all that old domain discovered by John Cabot, -reserving only one fifth of the minerals he may find; and she sends him a -present of a golden anchor as a Godspeed. June 11, 1583, Sir Humphrey -sets sail with a fleet of three splendid merchantmen, fitted out as -men-of-war, and two heavily armed little frigates. The crews number -three hundred and sixty men, but they are for the most part impressed -seamen and riotous. The fleet is only well away when the biggest of the -merchantmen signals that plague has broken out, and flees back to -England. Later, as fog hides the boats from one another, the pirate crew -on board the little frigate <I>Swallow</I> run down an English fisherman on -the Grand Banks, board her, and at bayonet point loot the schooner from -stem to stern. When the ships lower sail to come in on the tide through -the long Narrows, to the rock-girt harbor of St. John's, Newfoundland, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P27"></A>27}</SPAN> -the hundreds of fishing vessels lying at anchor there object to the -pirate <I>Swallow</I>; but Sir Humphrey reads his commission from the Queen, -and the fishing fleet roars a welcome that sets the rocks ringing. -Sunday, August 4, the next day after entering, Biscayans and French and -Portuguese and English send their new Governor tribute in -provisions,—fish from the English, marmalade and wines and spices from -the foreigners. The admiral gives a feast to the master mariners each -week he is in port, and entertains—as the old record says—"right -bountifully." Wandering round the rocky harbor, up the high cliff to the -left where remnants of an old fortress may be seen to-day, along the -circular hills to the right where the fishing stages cover the water -front, Gilbert's men find "fool's gold," rock with specks of iron and -mica. Daniel, the refiner of metals, declares it is a rich specimen of -silver. The find goes to Sir Humphrey's head. He sees himself a second -Francis Drake, ships crammed with gold. When the captains of the other -vessels in his fleet would see the treasure, he answers: "Content -yourselves! It is enough! I have seen it but I would have no speech -made of it in harbor; for the Portuguese and -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P28"></A>28}</SPAN> -Biscayans and French -might learn of it. We shall soon return hither again." -</P> - -<A NAME="img-027"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-027.jpg" ALT="SIR HUMPHREY GILBERT" BORDER="2" WIDTH="300" HEIGHT="376"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 300px"> -SIR HUMPHREY GILBERT -</H4> - -<P> -Many of the men are in ill health. Gilbert decides to send the invalids -home in the <I>Swallow</I>; but he transfers the bold pirate crew of that -frigate to the big ship <I>Delight</I>, which carries provisions for the -colony. While planning to make St. John's the headquarters of his new -kingdom, Sir Humphrey wishes to explore those regions where Cartier had -gone and whence the fishing schooners bring such wealth in furs. -</P> - -<P> -August 20 the remainder of his fleet rounds out of St. John's south west -for the Gulf of St. Lawrence,—the <I>Delight</I> with the provisions, the -<I>Golden Hinde</I> with the majority of the people, the little frigate -<I>Squirrel</I> weighted down by artillery stores but under command of Gilbert -himself, because the smaller ship can run close ashore to explore. To -keep up the spirits of the men, there is much merrymaking. Becalmed off -Cape Breton, Sir Humphrey visits the big ship <I>Delight</I>, where the -trumpets and the drums and the pipes and the cornets reel off wild sailor -jigs. "There was," says the old record, "little watching for danger." -Wednesday, August 26, the sounding line forewarned the reefs of Sable -Island. Breakers were sighted. The <I>Delight</I> signaled that her captain -wanted to shift southwest to deeper water, but Gilbert wanted to enter -the St. Lawrence and signaled back to go on northwest. That night a -storm raged. The provision ship ran full tilt into the sand banks of -Sable Island, and was battered into chips before the other ships could -come to rescue. All supplies were lost and all the pirate crew perished -but sixteen, who jumped into the pinnace dragging astern, and, with only -one oar, half punted, half drifted for seven days till the wave wash -carried them to the shores of Newfoundland. There they were picked up by -a fishing vessel. -</P> - -<P> -With provisions gone, Sir Humphrey Gilbert's colony was doomed. He must -turn back. Saturday, August 31, they reversed the course. When halfway -across the Atlantic the admiral rowed from the little <I>Squirrel</I> across -to the <I>Golden Hinde</I> to have a lame foot treated by the surgeon. "Cheer - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P29"></A>29}</SPAN> -up," he urged the men. "Next year her Majesty will loan me 1000 -pounds, and we shall come again." -</P> - -<A NAME="img-029"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-029.jpg" ALT="SIR WALTER RALEIGH" BORDER="2" WIDTH="308" HEIGHT="394"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 308px"> -SIR WALTER RALEIGH -</H4> - -<P> -As storm was gathering, the men begged him to remain on the larger ship, -but Gilbert refused to leave the sailors of the <I>Squirrel</I>. The frigate -was as safe for him as for them, he said. Some one called his attention -to the fact that the frigate was overweighted with cannon. Gilbert -laughed all danger to scorn. Soon afterwards the waves began to break -short and high—a dangerous sea for a small, overweighted ship. It had -been arranged that both ships should swing lanterns fore and aft to keep -each other in sight at night. On the night of September 9 a -phosphorescent light was seen to gleam above the mainmast of the -<I>Squirrel</I>,—certain sign to the superstitious sailors of dire disaster; -but when the <I>Hinde</I> slackened speed, and the great waves threw the -vessels almost together, there was Sir Humphrey sitting aloft, book in -hand, shouting out, "We are as near Heaven by sea as by land." The -<I>Hinde</I> fell to the rear. The <I>Squirrel</I> led away, her stern lanterns -lighting a trail across the shiny dark of the tempestuous billows. -Suddenly, at midnight, the guiding -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P30"></A>30}</SPAN> -light was lost. The <I>Squirrel's</I> -stern lanterns were seen to descend the pitching trough of a mountain -wave, and when the wall of water fell, no light came up. Down into the -abyss the little craft had plunged, never to rise again, carrying -explorer, treasure hunters, colonists, to a watery grave. -</P> - -<P> -It may be added that the disaster took place halfway across the ocean, -and not off Newfoundland, as the ballad relates. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -But for all this misfortune, England did not desist. The very next year -Raleigh, who had played on the sands with Humphrey Gilbert, sends out his -colonists to the Roanoke, and lays the foundations for the beginning of -empire in the Southern States. English sailors explore Cape Cod. Ten -years after Frobisher had brought home his cargo of worthless stones from -Labrador, Davis, the master mariner, is out exploring the waters west of -Greenland; and Henry Hudson, the English pilot who had discovered Hudson -River, New York, for the Dutch, is retained by the English in 1610 to -explore those waters west of Greenland where both Frobisher and Davis -reported open passage. -</P> - -<P> -It is midsummer of 1610 when Hudson enters Hudson Straits. The ice jam -of Ungava Bay, Labrador, has almost torn his ships' timbers apart and has -set fear shivering like an aspen leaf among the crew. Old Juett, the -mate, rages openly at Hudson for venturing such a frail ship on such a -sea; but when the ship anchors at the west end of Hudson Straits, five -hundred miles from the Atlantic, there opens to view another sea,—a sea -large as the Mediterranean, that, like the Mediterranean, may lead to -another world. It is as dangerous to go back as forward; and forward -Hudson sails, southwestward for that sea Drake had cruised off -California, the old mate's mutiny rumbling beneath decks like a volcano. -South, southwestward, seven hundred miles sails Hudson, past the high -rocks and airy cataracts of Richmond Gulf, past silence like the realms -of death, on down where Hudson Bay rounds into James Bay and the shallows -plainly show this is no way to a western sea, but a blind inlet, -bowlder-strewn and muddy as swamps. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P31"></A>31}</SPAN> -</P> - -<A NAME="img-031"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-031.jpg" ALT="AT EASTERN ENTRANCE TO HUDSON STRAITS" BORDER="2" WIDTH="404" HEIGHT="293"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 404px"> -AT EASTERN ENTRANCE TO HUDSON STRAITS -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -When the ship runs aground and all hands must out to waist in ice water -to pull her ashore as the tide comes in, Juett's rage bursts all bounds. -As they toil, snow begins to fall. They are winter bound and storm bound -in an unknown land. Half the crew are in open mutiny; the other half -build winter quarters and range the woods of James Bay for game. Of game -there is plenty, but the rebels refuse to hunt. A worthless lad named -Green, whom Hudson had picked off the streets of London, turns traitor -and talebearer, fomenting open quarrels till the commander threatens he -will hang to the yardarm the first man guilty of disobedience. So passes -the sullen winter. Provisions are short when the ship weighs anchor for -England in June of 1611. With tears in his eyes, Hudson hands out the -last rations. Ice blocks the way. Delay means starvation. If the crew -were only half as large, Henry Green whispers to the mutineers, there -would be food enough for passage home. The ice floes clear, the sails -swing rattling to the breeze, but as Hudson steps on deck, the mutineers -leap upon him like wolves. He is bound and thrown into the rowboat. -With him are thrust his son and -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P32"></A>32}</SPAN> -eight others of the crew. The rope -is cut, the rowboat jerks back adrift, and Hudson's vessel, manned by -mutineers, drives before the wind. A few miles out, the mutineers lower -sails to rummage for food. The little boat with the castaways is seen -coming in pursuit. Guilt-haunted, the crew out with all sails and flee -as from avenging ghosts. So passes Henry Hudson from the ken of all men, -though Indian legend on the shores of Hudson Bay to this day maintains -that the castaways landed north of Rupert and lived among the savages. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-032"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-032.jpg" ALT="HUDSON COAT OF ARMS" BORDER="2" WIDTH="213" HEIGHT="237"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 213px"> -HUDSON COAT OF ARMS -</H4> - -<P> -Not less disastrous were English efforts than French to colonize the New -World. Up to 1610 Canada's story is, in the main, a record of blind -heroism, dogged courage, death that refused to acknowledge defeat. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Four hundred French vessels now yearly come to reap the harvest of the -sea; in and out among the fantastic rocks of Gaspé, pierced and pillared -and scooped into caves by the wave wash, where fisher boats reap other -kind of harvest, richer than the silver harvest of the sea,—harvest of -beaver, and otter, and marten; up the dim amber waters of the Saguenay, -within the shadow of the somber gorge, trafficking baubles of bead and -red print for furs, precious furs. Pontgravé, merchant prince, comes out -with fifty men in 1600, and leaves sixteen at Tadoussac, ostensibly as -colonists, really as wood lopers to scatter through the forests and learn -the haunts of the Indians. Pontgravé comes back for men and furs in -1601, and comes again in 1603 with two vessels, accompanied by a soldier -of fortune from the French court, who acts as geographer,—Samuel -Champlain, now in his thirty-sixth year, with service in war to his -credit and a journey across Spanish America. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P33"></A>33}</SPAN> -The two vessels are barely as large as coastal schooners; but -shallow draft enables them to essay the Upper St. Lawrence far as Mount -Royal, where Cartier had voyaged. Of the palisaded Indian fort not a -vestige remains. War or plague has driven the tribe westward, but it is -plain to the court geographer that, in spite of former failures, this -land of rivers like lakes, and valleys large as European kingdoms, is fit -for French colonists. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-033"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-033.jpg" ALT="THE FANTASTIC ROCKS OF GASPÉ" BORDER="2" WIDTH="405" HEIGHT="346"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 405px"> -THE FANTASTIC ROCKS OF GASPÉ -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -When Champlain returns to France the King readily grants to Sieur de -Monts a region roughly defined as anywhere between Pennsylvania and -Labrador, designated Acadia. This region Sieur de Monts is to colonize -in return for a monopoly of the fur trade. When other traders complain, -De Monts quiets them by letting them all buy shares in the venture. With -him are associated as motley a throng of treasure seekers as ever -stampeded for gold. There is Samuel Champlain, the court geographer; -there is Pontgravé, the merchant prince, on a separate -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P34"></A>34}</SPAN> -vessel with -stores for the colonists. Pontgravé is to attend especially to the fur -trading. There are the Baron de Poutrincourt and his young son, -Biencourt, and other noblemen looking for broader domains in the New -World; and there are the usual riffraff of convicts taken from dungeons. -Priests go to look after the souls of the Catholics, Huguenot ministers -to care for the Protestants, and so valiantly do these dispute with -tongues and fists that the sailors threaten to bury them in the same -grave to see if they can lie at peace in death. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-034"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-034.jpg" ALT="SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN" BORDER="2" WIDTH="287" HEIGHT="324"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 287px"> -SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN -</H4> - -<P> -Before the boats sight Acadia, it is early summer of 1604. Pontgravé -leaves stores with De Monts and sails on up to Tadoussac. De Monts -enters the little bay of St. Mary's, off the northwest corner of Nova -Scotia, and sends his people ashore to explore. -</P> - -<P> -Signs of minerals they seek, rushing pellmell through the woods, gleeful -as boys out of school. The forest is pathless and dense with June -undergrowth, shutting out the sun and all sign of direction. The company -scatters. Priest Aubry, more used to the cobble pavement of Paris than -to the tangle of ferns, grows fatigued and drinks at a fresh-water rill. -Going in the direction of his comrades' voices, he suddenly realizes that -he has left his sword at the spring. The priest hurries back for the -sword, loses his companions' voices, and when he would return, finds that -he is hopelessly lost. The last shafts of -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P35"></A>35}</SPAN> -sunlight disappear. The -chill of night settles on the darkening woods. The priest shouts till he -is hoarse and fires off his pistol; but the woods muffle all sound but -the scream of the wild cat or the uncanny hoot of the screech owl. Aubry -wanders desperately on and on in the dark, his cassock torn to tatters by -the brushwood, his way blocked by the undisturbed windfall of countless -ages, … on and on, … till gray dawn steals through the forest and -midday wears to a second night. -</P> - -<P> -Back at the boat were wild alarm and wilder suspicions. Could the -Huguenots, with whom Aubry had battled so violently, have murdered him? -De Monts scouted the notion as unworthy, but the suspicion clung in spite -of fiercest denials. All night cannon were fired from the vessel and -bonfires kept blazing on shore; but two or three days passed, and the -priest did not come. -</P> - -<P> -De Monts then sails on up the Bay of Fundy, which he calls French Bay, -and by the merest chance sheers through an opening eight hundred feet -wide to the right and finds himself in the beautiful lakelike Basin of -Annapolis, broad chough to harbor all the French navy, with a shore line -of wooded meadows like home-land parks. Poutrincourt is so delighted, he -at once asks for an estate here and names the domain Port Royal. -</P> - -<P> -On up Fundy Bay sails De Monts, Samuel Champlain ever leaning over decks, -making those maps and drawings which have come down from that early -voyage. The tides carry to a broad river on the north side. It is St. -John's Day. They call the river St. John, and wander ashore, looking -vainly for more minerals. Westward is another river, known to-day as the -Ste. Croix, the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick. Dochet Island -at its mouth seems to offer what to a soldier is an ideal site. A fort -here could command either Fundy Bay or the upland country, which Indians -say leads back to the St. Lawrence. Thinking more of fort than farms, De -Monts plants his colony on Ste. Croix River, on an island composed mainly -of sand and rock. -</P> - -<P> -While workmen labor to erect a fort on the north side, the pilot is sent -back to Nova Scotia to prospect for minerals. As -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P36"></A>36}</SPAN> -the vessel coasts -near St. Mary's Bay, a black object is seen moving weakly along the -shore. Sailors and pilot gaze in amazement. A hat on the end of a pole -is waved weakly from the beach. The men can scarcely believe their -senses. It must be the priest, though sixteen days have passed since he -disappeared. For two weeks Aubry had wandered, living on berries and -roots, before he found his way back to the sea. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-036t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-036.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-036t.jpg" ALT="PORT ROYAL OR ANNAPOLIS BASIN, 1609 (From Lescarbot's map)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="402" HEIGHT="277"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 402px"> -PORT ROYAL OR ANNAPOLIS BASIN, 1609 (From Lescarbot's map) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<BR> - -<P> -Here, then, at last, is founded the first colony in Canada, a little -palisaded fort of seventy-nine men straining longing eyes at the sails of -the vessel gliding out to sea; for Pontgravé has taken one vessel up the -St. Lawrence to trade, and Poutrincourt has gone back to France with the -other for supplies. A worse beginning could hardly have been made. The -island was little better than a sand heap. No hills shut out the cold -winds that swept down the river bed from the north, and the tide carried -in ice jam from the south. As the snow began to fall, padding the -stately forests with a silence as of death, whitening the gaunt spruce -trees somber as funereal mourners, the colonists felt the icy loneliness -of winter in a forest chill their hearts. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P37"></A>37}</SPAN> -Cooped up on the island -by the ice, they did little hunting. Idleness gives time for repinings. -Scurvy came, and before spring half the colonists had peopled the little -cemetery outside the palisades. De Monts has had enough of Ste. Croix. -When Pontgravé comes out with forty more men in June, De Monts prepares -to move. Champlain had the preceding autumn sailed south seeking a -better site; and now with De Monts he sails south again far as Cape Cod, -looking for a place to plant the capital of New France. It is amusing to -speculate that Canada might have included as far south as Boston, if they -had found a harbor to their liking; but they saw nothing to compare with -Annapolis Basin, narrow of entrance, landlocked, placid as a lake, with -shores wooded like a park; and back they cruised to Ste. Croix in August, -to move the colony across to Nova Scotia, to Annapolis Basin of Acadia. -While Champlain and Pontgravé volunteer to winter in the wilderness, De -Monts goes home to look after his monopoly in France. -</P> - -<P> -What had De Monts to show for his two years' labor? His company had -spent what would be $20,000 in modern money, and all returns from fur -trade had been swallowed up prolonging the colony. While Champlain -hunted moose in the woods round Port Royal and Pontgravé bartered furs -during the winter of 1605-1606, De Monts and Poutrincourt and the gay -lawyer Marc Lescarbot fight for the life of the monopoly in Paris and -point out to the clamorous merchants that the building of a French empire -in the New World is of more importance than paltry profits. De Monts -remains in France to stem the tide rising against him, while Poutrincourt -and Lescarbot sail on the <I>Jonas</I> with more colonists and supplies for -Port Royal. -</P> - -<P> -Noon, July 27, 1606, the ship slips into the Basin of Annapolis. To -Lescarbot, the poet lawyer, the scene is a fairyland—the silver flood of -the harbor motionless as glass, the wooded meadows dank with bloom, the -air odorous of woodland smells, the blue hills rimming round the sky, and -against the woods of the north shore the chapel spire and thatch roofs -and slab walls of the little fort, the one oasis of life in a wilderness. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P38"></A>38}</SPAN> -As the sails rattled down and the anchor dropped, not a soul -appeared from the fort. The gates were bolted fast. The <I>Jonas</I> runs up -the French ensign. Then a canoe shoots out from the brushwood, paddled -by the old chief Membertou. He signals back to the watchers behind the -gates. Musketry shots ring out welcome. The ship's cannon answer, -setting the waters churning. Trumpets blare. The gates fly wide and out -marches the garrison—two lone Frenchmen. The rest, despairing of a ship -that summer, have cruised along to Cape Breton to obtain supplies from -French fishermen, whence, presently, come Pontgravé and Champlain, -overjoyed to find the ship from France. Poutrincourt has a hogshead of -wine rolled to the courtyard and all hands fitly celebrate. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-038t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-038.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-038t.jpg" ALT="BUILDINGS ON STE. CROIX ISLAND, 1613 (From Champlain's diagram)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="402" HEIGHT="342"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 402px"> -BUILDINGS ON STE. CROIX ISLAND, 1613 (From Champlain's diagram) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -When Pontgravé carries the furs to France, Marc Lescarbot, the lawyer -poet, proves the life of the fort for this, the third winter of the -colonists in Acadia. Poutrincourt and his son -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P39"></A>39}</SPAN> -attend to trade. -Champlain, as usual, commands; and dull care is chased away by a thousand -pranks of the Paris advocate. First, he sets the whole fort a-gardening, -and Baron Poutrincourt forgets his <I>noblesse</I> long enough to wield the -hoe. Then Champlain must dam up the brook for a trout pond. The weather -is almost mild as summer until January. The woods ring to many a merry -picnic, fishing excursion, or moose hunt; and when snow comes, the gay -Lescarbot along with Champlain institutes a New World order of -nobility—the Order of Good Times. Each day one of the number must cater -to the messroom table of the fort. This means keen hunting, keen rivalry -for one to outdo another in the giving of sumptuous feasts. And all is -done with the pomp and ceremony of a court banquet. When the chapel bell -rings out noon hour and workers file to the long table, there stands the -Master of the Revels, napkin on shoulder, chain of honor round his neck, -truncheon in his hand. The gavel strikes, and there enter the -Brotherhood, each bearing a steaming dish in his hand,—moose hump, -beaver tail, bears' paws, wild fowl smelling luscious as food smells only -to out-of-doors men. Old Chief Membertou dines with the whites. -Crouching round the wall behind the benches are the squaws and the -children, to whom are flung many a tasty bit. -</P> - -<P> -At night time, round the hearth fire, when the roaring logs set the -shadows dancing on the rough-timbered floor, the truncheon and chain of -command are pompously transferred to the new Grand Master. It is all -child's play, but it keeps the blood of grown men coursing hopefully. -</P> - -<P> -Or else Lescarbot perpetrates a newspaper,—a handwritten sheet giving -the doings of the day,—perhaps in doggerel verse of his own composing. -At other times trumpets and drums and pipes keep time to a dance. As all -the warring clergymen, both Huguenot and Catholic, have died of scurvy, -Lescarbot acts as priest on Sundays, and winds up the day with cheerful -excursions up the river, or supper spread on the green. The lawyer's -good spirits proved contagious. The French songs that rang through the -woods of Acadia, keeping time to the chopper's -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P40"></A>40}</SPAN> -labors, were the best -antidote to scurvy; but the wildwood happiness was too good to last. -While L'Escarbot was writing his history of the new colonies a bolt fell -from the blue. Instead of De Monts' vessel there came in spring a -fishing smack with word that the grant of Acadia had been rescinded. No -more money would be advanced. Poutrincourt and his son, Biencourt, -resolved to come back without the support of a company; but for the -present all took sad leave of the little settlement—Poutrincourt, -Champlain, L'Escarbot—and sailed with the Cape Breton fishing fleet for -France, where they landed in October, 1607. -</P> - -<P> -Cartier, Roberval, La Roche, De Monts—all had failed to establish France -in Canada; and as for England, Sir Humphrey's colonists lay bleaching -skeletons at the bottom of the sea. -</P> - -<BR><BR><BR> - -<A NAME="chap03"></A> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P41"></A>41}</SPAN> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -CHAPTER III -</H3> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -FROM 1607 TO 1635 -</H3> - -<P CLASS="intro"> -Argall of Virginia attacks the French—Champlain on the St. -Lawrence—Champlain and the Iroquois—Champlain explores the -Ottawa—Champlain with the Indians—Discovery of the Great Lakes—War -with the Iroquois—Conflicting interests in New France—The English -take Quebec -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Though the monopoly had been rescinded, Poutrincourt set himself to -interesting merchants in the fur trade of Acadia, and the French king -confirmed to him the grant of Port Royal. Yet it was 1610 before Baron -Poutrincourt had gathered supplies to reëstablish the colony, and an -ominous cloud rose on the horizon, threatening his supremacy in the New -World. Nearly all the merchants supporting him were either Huguenots -or moderate Catholics. The Jesuits were all powerful at court, and -were pressing for a part in his scheme. The Jesuit, Father Biard, was -waiting at Bordeaux to join the ship. Poutrincourt evaded issues with -such powerful opponents. He took on board Father La Fléché, a -moderate, and gave the Jesuit the slip by sailing from Dieppe in -February. -</P> - -<P> -To this quarrel there are two sides, as to all quarrels. The colony -must now be supported by the fur trade; and fur traders, world over, -easily add to their profits by deeds which will not bear the censure of -missionaries. On the other hand, to Poutrincourt, the Jesuits meant -divided authority; and the most lawless scoundrel that ever perpetrated -crimes in the fur trade could win over the favor of the priests by a -hypocritical semblance of contrition at the confessional. Contrition -never yet undid a crime; and civil courts can take no cognizance of -repentance. -</P> - -<P> -When the ships sailed in to Port Royal the little fort was found -precisely as it had been left. Not even the furniture had been -disturbed, and old Membertou, the Indian chief, welcomed the white men -back with taciturn joy. Père La Fléché assembles the savages, tells -them the story of the Christian faith, then to the beat of drum and -chant of "Te Deum" receives, one -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P42"></A>42}</SPAN> -afternoon, twenty naked converts -into the folds of the church. Membertou is baptized Henry, after the -King, and all his frowsy squaws renamed after ladies of the most -dissolute court in Christendom. -</P> - -<P> -Young Biencourt is to convey the ship back to France. He finds that -the Queen Dowager has taken the Jesuits under her especial protection. -Money enough to buy out the interests of the Huguenot merchants for the -Jesuits has been advanced. Fathers Biard and Massé embark on <I>The -Grace of God</I> with young Biencourt in January, 1611, for Port Royal. -Almost at once the divided authority results in trouble. Coasting the -Bay of Fundy, Biencourt discovers that Pontgravé's son has roused the -hostility of the Indians by some shameless act. Young Biencourt is for -hanging the miscreant to the yardarm, but the sinner gains the ear of -the saints by woeful tale of penitence, and Father Biard sides with -young Pontgravé. Instead of the gayety that reigned at Port Royal in -L'Escarbot's day, now is sullen mistrust. -</P> - -<P> -The Jesuits threaten young Biencourt with excommunication. Biencourt -retaliates by threatening <I>them</I> with expulsion. For three months no -religious services are held. The boat of 1612 brings out another -Jesuit, Gilbert du Thet; and the <I>Jonas</I>, which comes in 1613 with -fifty more men,—La Saussaye, commander, Fleury, captain,—has been -entirely outfitted by friends of the Jesuits. By this time Baron de -Poutrincourt, in France, was involved in debt beyond hope; but his -right to Port Royal was unshaken, and the Jesuits decided to steer -south to seek a new site for their colony. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-043"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-043.jpg" ALT="PORT ROYAL (From Champlain's diagram)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="405" HEIGHT="320"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 405px"> -PORT ROYAL (From Champlain's diagram) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -Zigzagging along the coast of Maine, Captain Fleury cast anchor off -Mount Desert at Frenchman's Bay. A cross was erected, mass celebrated, -and four white tents pitched to house the people; but the clash between -civil and religious authority broke out again. The sailors would not -obey the priests. Fleury feared mutiny. Saussaye, the commander, lost -his head, and disorder was ripening to disaster when there appeared -over the sea the peak of a sail,—a sail topped by a little red ensign, -the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P43"></A>43}</SPAN> -flag of the English, who claimed all this coast. And the sail -was succeeded by decks with sixty mariners, and hulls through whose -ports bristled fourteen cannon. The newcomer was Samuel Argall of -Virginia, whom the Indians had told of the French, now bearing down -full sail, cannon leveled, to expel these aliens from the domain of -England's King. Drums were beating, trumpets blowing, fifes -shrieking—there was no mistaking the purpose of the English ship. -Saussaye, the French commander, dashed for hiding in the woods. -Captain Fleury screamed for some one, every one, any one, "to -fire—fire"; but the French sailors had imitated their commander and -fled to the woods, while the poor Jesuit, Gilbert du Thet, fell -weltering in blood from an English cannonade that swept the French -decks bare and set all sails in flame. In the twinkling of an eye, -Argall had captured men and craft. Fifteen of the French prisoners he -set adrift in open boat, on the chance of their joining the French -fishing fleet off Cape Breton. They were ultimately carried to St. -Malo. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P44"></A>44}</SPAN> -The rest of the prisoners, including Father Biard, he took -back to Virginia, where the commission held from the French King -assured them honorable treatment in time of peace; but Argall was -promptly sent north again with his prisoners, and three frigates to lay -waste every vestige of French settlement from Maine to St. John. Mount -Desert, the ruins of Ste. Croix, the fortress beloved by Poutrincourt -at Port Royal, the ripening wheat of Annapolis Basin—all fed the -flames of Argall's zeal; and young Biencourt's wood runners, watching -from the forests the destruction of all their hopes, the ruin of all -their plans, ardently begged their young commander to parley with -Argall that they might obtain the Jesuit Biard and hang him to the -highest tree. To <I>his</I> coming they attributed all the woes. It was as -easy for them to believe that the Jesuit had piloted the English -destroyer to Port Royal, as it had been ten years before for the -Catholics to accuse the Huguenots of murdering the lost priest Aubry; -and there was probably as much truth in one charge as the other. -</P> - -<P> -So fell Port Royal; but out round the ruins of Port Royal, where the -little river runs down to the sea past Goat Island, young Biencourt and -his followers took to the woods—the first of that race of bush lopers, -half savages, half noblemen, to render France such glorious service in -the New World. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -When De Monts lost the monopoly of furs in Acadia, Champlain, the court -geographer, had gone home from Port Royal to France. De Monts now -succeeds in obtaining a fresh monopoly for one year on the St. -Lawrence, and sends out two ships in 1608 under his old friends, -Pontgravé, who is to attend to the bartering, Champlain, who is to -explore. With them come some of the colonists from Port Royal, among -others Louis Hebert, the chemist, first colonist to become farmer at -Quebec, and Abraham Martin, whose name was given to the famous plains -where Wolfe and Montcalm later fought. -</P> - -<P> -Pontgravé arrived at the rendezvous of Tadoussac early in June. Here -he found Basque fishermen engaged in the peltry -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P45"></A>45}</SPAN> -traffic with -Indians from Labrador. When Pontgravé read his commission interdicting -all ships but those of De Monts from trade, the Basques poured a -fusillade of musketry across his decks, killed one man, wounded two, -then boarded his vessel and trundled his cannon ashore. So much for -royal commissions and monopoly! -</P> - -<A NAME="img-045t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-045.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-045t.jpg" ALT="TADOUSSAC (From Champlain's map)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="410" HEIGHT="309"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 410px"> -TADOUSSAC (From Champlain's map) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -At this stage came Champlain on the second boat. Two vessels were -overstrong for the Basques. They quickly came to terms and decamped. -Champlain steered his tiny craft on up the silver flood of the St. -Lawrence to that Cape Diamond where Cartier's men had gathered -worthless stones. Between the high cliff and the river front, not far -from the market place of Quebec City to-day, workmen began clearing the -woods for the site of the French habitation. The little fort was -palisaded, of course, with a moat outside and cannon commanding the -river. The walls were loopholed for musketry; and inside ran a gallery -to serve as lookout and defense. Houses, barracks, garden, and -fresh-water supply completed the fort. One day, as Champlain -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P46"></A>46}</SPAN> -worked in his garden, a colonist begged to speak with him. Champlain -stepped into the woods. The man then blurted out how a conspiracy was -on foot, instigated by the Basques, to assassinate Champlain, seize the -fort, and stab any man who dared to resist. One of Pontgravé's small -boats lay at anchor. Champlain sent for the pilot, told him the story -of the plot, gave him two bottles of wine, and bade him invite the -ringleaders on board that night to drink. The ruse worked. The -ringleaders were handcuffed, the other colonists awakened in the fort -and told that the plot had been crushed. The body of Duval, the chief -plotter, in pay of the Basques, swung as warning from a gibbet; and his -head was exposed on a pike to the birds of the air. Though Pontgravé -left a garrison of twenty-eight when he sailed for France, less than a -dozen men had survived the plague of scurvy when the ships came back to -Champlain in 1609. -</P> - -<P> -Champlain's part had been to explore. Now that his fort was built, he -planned to do this by allying himself with the Indians, who came down -to trade at Quebec. These were the Hurons and Montaignais, the former -from the Ottawa, the latter from Labrador. Both waged ceaseless war on -the Iroquois south of the St. Lawrence. After bartering their furs for -weapons from the traders, the allied tribes would set out on the -warpath against the Iroquois. In June, Champlain and eleven white men -accompanied the roving warriors. -</P> - -<P> -The way led from the St. Lawrence south, up the River Richelieu. -Champlain's boat was a ponderous craft; and when the shiver of the -sparkling rapids came with a roar through the dank forest, the heavy -boat had to be sent back to Quebec. Adopting the light birch canoe of -the Indian, Champlain went on, accompanied by only two white men. Of -Indians, there were twenty-four canoes with sixty warriors. For the -first part of the voyage night was made hideous by the grotesque war -dances of the braves lashing themselves to fury by scalp raids in -pantomime, or by the medicine men holding solemn converse with the -demons of earth; the tent poles of the medicine lodge rocked as if by -wind, while eldritch howls predicted victory. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P47"></A>47}</SPAN> -Then the long line -of silent canoes had spread out on that upland lake named after -Champlain, the heavily forested Adirondacks breaking the sky line on -one side, the Green Mountains rolling away on the other. Caution now -marked all advance. The Indians paddled only at night, withdrawing to -the wooded shore through the morning mist to hide in the undergrowth -for the day. This was the land of the Iroquois. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-047"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-047.jpg" ALT="DEFEAT OF THE IROQUOIS (From Champlain's drawing)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="326" HEIGHT="236"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 326px"> -DEFEAT OF THE IROQUOIS (From Champlain's drawing) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -On July 29, as the invaders were stealing silently along the west shore -near Crown Point at night about ten o'clock, there were seen by the -starlight, coming over the water with that peculiar galloping motion of -paddlers dipping together, the Iroquois war canoes. Each side -recognized the other, and the woods rang with shouts; but gathering -clouds and the mist rising from the river screened the foes from mutual -attack, though the night echoed to shout and countershout and challenge -and abuse. Through the half light Champlain could see that the -Iroquois were working like beavers erecting a barricade of logs. The -assailants kept to their canoes under cover of bull-hide shields till -daylight, when Champlain buckled on his armor—breastplate, helmet, -thigh pieces—and landing, advanced. There were not less than two -hundred Iroquois. Outnumbering the Hurons three times over, they -uttered a jubilant whoop and -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P48"></A>48}</SPAN> -came on at a rush. Champlain and his -two white men took aim. The foremost chiefs dropped in their tracks. -Terrified by "the sticks that thundered and spat fire," the Iroquois -fell back in amaze, halted, then fled. The victory was complete; but -it left as a legacy to New France the undying enmity of the Iroquois. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -When Champlain came out from France in 1610, he would have repeated the -raid; but a fight with invading Iroquois at the mouth of the Richelieu -delayed him, and the expiration of De Monts' monopoly took him back to -France. -</P> - -<P> -In 1611 trade was free to all comers. Fur traders flocked to the St. -Lawrence like birds of passage. The only way to secure furs for De -Monts was to go higher up the river beyond Quebec; and ascending to -Montreal, Champlain built a factory called Place Royale, with a wall of -bricks to resist the ice jam. This was the third French fort Champlain -helped to found in Canada. -</P> - -<P> -Presently, on his tracks to Montreal, came a flock of free traders. -When the Hurons come shooting down the foamy rapids—here, a pole-shove -to avoid splitting canoes on a rock in mid-rush; there, a dexterous -whirl from the trough of a back wash—the fur traders fire off their -guns in welcome. The Hurons are suspicious. What means it, these -white men, coming in such numbers, firing off their "sticks that -thunder"? At midnight they come stealthily to Champlain's lodge to -complain. Peltries and canoes, the Indians transfer themselves above -the rapids, and later conduct Champlain down those same white -whirlpools to the uneasy amaze of the explorer. -</P> - -<P> -It is clear to Champlain he must obtain royal patronage to stem the -boldness of these free traders. In France he obtains the favor of the -Bourbons; and he obtains it more generously because the world of Paris -has gone agog about a fabulous tale that sets the court by the ears. -From the first Champlain has encouraged young Frenchmen to winter with -the Indian hunters and learn the languages. Brulé is with them now. -Nicholas Vignau has just come back from the Ottawa with a fairy story -of a marvelous voyage he has made with the Indians through -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P49"></A>49}</SPAN> -the -forests to the Sea of the North—the sea where Henry Hudson, the -Englishman, had perished. As the romance gains the ear of the public, -the young man waxes eloquent in detail, and tells of the number of -Englishmen living there. Champlain is ordered to follow this -exploration up. -</P> - -<P> -May, 1613, he is back at Montreal, opposite that island named St. -Helen, after the frail girl who became his wife, preparing to ascend -the Ottawa with four white men—among them Vignau. What Vignau's -sensations were, one may guess. The vain youth had not meant his love -of notoriety to carry him so far; and he must have known that every -foot of the way led him nearer detection; but the liar is always a -gambler with chance. Mishap, bad weather, Indian war—might drive -Champlain back. Vignau assumed bold face. -</P> - -<P> -The path followed was that river trail up the Ottawa which was to -become the highway of empire's westward march for two and a half -centuries. Mount Royal is left to the rear as the voyageurs traverse -the Indian trail through the forests along the rapids to that launching -place named after the patron saint of French voyageur—Ste. Anne's. -The river widens into the silver expanse of Two Mountains Lake, rimmed -to the sky line by the vernal hills, with a silence and solitude over -all, as when sunlight first fell on face of man. Here the eagle utters -a lonely scream from the top of some blasted pine; there a covey of -ducks, catching sight of the coming canoes, dive to bottom, only to -reappear a gunshot away. Where the voyageurs land for their nooning, -or camp at nightfall, or pause to gum the splits in their birch canoes, -the forest in the full flush of spring verdure is a fairy woods. -Against the elms and the maples leafing out in airy tracery that -reveals the branches bronze among the budding green, stand the silver -birches, and the somber hemlocks, and the resinous pines. Upbursting -from the mold below is another miniature forest—a forest of ferns -putting out the hairy fronds that in another month will be above the -height of a man. Overhead, like a flame of fire, flashes the scarlet -tanager with his querulous call; or the oriole flits from branch to -branch, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P50"></A>50}</SPAN> -fluting his springtime notes; or the yellow warbler -balances on topmost spray to sing his crisp love song on the long -journey north to nest on Hudson Bay. And over all and in all, -intangible as light, intoxicating as wine, is the tang of the clear, -unsullied, crystal air, setting the blood coursing with new life. -Little wonder that Brulé, and Vignau, and other young men whom -Champlain sent to the woods to learn wood lore, became so enamored of -the life that they never returned to civilization. -</P> - -<P> -Presently the sibilant rush of waters forewarns rapids. Indians and -voyageurs debark, invert canoes on their shoulders, packs on back with -straps across foreheads, and amble away over the portages at that -voyageurs' dog-trot which is half walk, half run. So the rapids of -Carillon and Long Sault are ascended. Night time is passed on some -sandy shore on a bed under the stars, or under the canoes turned upside -down. Tents are erected only for the commander, Champlain; and at day -dawn, while the tips of the trees are touched with light and the -morning mist is smoking up from the river shot with gold, canoes are -again on the water and paddle blades tossing the waves behind. -</P> - -<P> -The Laurentian Hills now roll from the river in purpling folds like -fields of heather. The Gatineau is passed, winding in on the right -through dense forests. On the left, flowing through the rolling sand -hills, and joining the main river just where the waters fall over a -precipice in a cataract of spray, is the Rideau River with its famous -falls resembling the white folds of a wind-blown curtain. Then the -voyageurs have swept round that wooded cliff known as Parliament Hill, -jutting out in the river, and there breaks on view a wall of water -hurtling down in shimmering floods at the Chaudière Falls. The high -cliff to the left and countercurrent from the falls swirl the canoes -over on the right side to the sandy flats where the lumber piles to-day -defile the river. Here boats are once more hauled up for portage—a -long portage, nine miles, all the way to the modern town of Aylmer, -where the river becomes wide as a lake, Lake Du Chêne of the oak -forests. Here camp for the night was made, and leaks in the canoes -mended with resin, round fires gleaming red as an angry eye across the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P51"></A>51}</SPAN> -darkening waters, while the prowling wild cats and lynx, which -later gave such good hunting in these forests that the adjoining rapids -became known as the Chats, sent their unearthly screams shivering -through the darkness. -</P> - -<P> -Somewhere near Allumette Isle, Champlain came to an Indian settlement -of the Ottawa tribe. He camped to ask for guides to go on. Old Chief -Tessouat holds solemn powwow, passing the peace pipe round from hand to -hand in silence, before the warriors rise to answer Champlain. Then -with the pompous gravity of Abraham dickering with the desert tribes, -they warn Champlain it is unsafe to go farther. Beyond the Ottawa is -the Nipissing, where dwell the Sorcerer Indians—a treacherous people. -Beyond the Nipissing is the great Fresh Water Sea of the Hurons. They -will grant Champlain canoes, but warn him against the trip. Later the -interpreter comes with word they have changed their minds. Champlain -must <I>not</I> go on. It is too dangerous. Attack would involve war. -</P> - -<P> -"What," demanded Champlain, rushing into the midst of the council tent, -"not go? Why, my young man, here"—pointing to Vignau—"has gone to -that country and found no danger." -</P> - -<P> -What Vignau thought at that stage is not told. The Indians turned on -him in fury. -</P> - -<P> -"Nicholas, did <I>you</I> say <I>you</I> had visited the Nipissings?" -</P> - -<P> -Vignau hems and haws, and stammers, "Yes." -</P> - -<P> -"Liar," roars the chief. "You slept here every night, and if you went -to the Nipissings, you went in a dream." Then to Champlain, "Let him -be tortured." -</P> - -<P> -Champlain took the fellow to his own tent. Vignau reiterated his -story. Champlain took him back to the council. The Indians jeered his -answers and tore the story he told to tatters, showing Champlain how -utterly wrong Vignau's descriptions were. -</P> - -<P> -That night, on promise of forgiveness, Vignau fell on his knees and -confessed the imposture to Champlain. When the fur canoes came down -the Ottawa to trade at Montreal, Champlain accompanied them to the St. -Lawrence, and sailed for France. His exploration had been an -ignominious failure. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P52"></A>52}</SPAN> -Champlain was ever Knight of the Cross as well as explorer. He -longed with the zeal of a missionary to reclaim the Indians from -savagery, and at last raised funds in France to pay the expense of -bringing four or five Recollets—a branch of the Franciscan Friars—to -Quebec in May of 1615. With the peaked hood thrown back, the gray garb -roped in at the waist, the bare feet protected only by heavy sandals, -the Recollets landed at Quebec, and with cannon booming, white men all -on bended knee, held service before the amazed savages. -</P> - -<P> -Of the Recollets, it was agreed that Joseph le Caron should go west to -the Hurons of the Sweet Water Sea. Accompanied by a dozen Frenchmen, -the friar ascended the Ottawa in July, passed that Allumette Island -where Vignau's lie had been confessed, and proceeded westward to the -land of the Hurons. Nine days later Champlain followed with two -canoes, ten Indians, and Etienne Brulé, his interpreter. In order to -hold the ever-lasting loyalty of the Hurons and Algonquins in Canada, -Champlain had pledged them that the French would join their twenty-five -hundred warriors in a great invasion of the Iroquois to the south. It -was to be a war not of aggression but of defense; for the Five Nations -of the Iroquois in New York state had harried the Canadian tribes like -wolves raiding a sheep pen. No Frenchman cultivating his farm patch on -the St. Lawrence was safe from ambuscade; no hunter afield secure from -a chance war party. -</P> - -<P> -Any tourist crossing Canada to-day can trace Champlain's voyage. Where -the rolling tide of the Ottawa forks at Mattawa, there comes in on the -west side, through dense forests and cedar swamps, a river -amber-colored with the wood-mold of centuries. This is the Mattawa. -Up the Mattawa Champlain pushed his canoes westward, up the shining -flood of the river yellow as gold where the waters shallow above the -pebble bottom. Then the gravel grated keels. The shallows became -weed-grown swamps that entangled the paddles and hid voyageur from -voyageur in reeds the height of a man; and presently a portage over -rocks slippery as ice leads to a stream flowing westward, opening -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P53"></A>53}</SPAN> -on a low-lying, clay-colored lake—the country of the Nipissings, with -whom Champlain pauses to feast and hear tales of witchcraft and demon -lore, that gave them the name of Sorcerers. -</P> - -<P> -In a few sleeps—they tell him—he will reach the Sweet Water Sea. The -news is welcome; for the voyageurs are down to short rations, and -launch eagerly westward on the stream draining Nipissing Lake—French -River. This is a tricky little stream in whose sands lie buried the -bodies of countless French voyageurs. It is more dangerous going -<I>with</I> rapids than <I>against</I> them; for the hastening current is -sometimes an undertow, which sweeps the canoes into the rapids before -the roar of the waterfall has given warning. And the country is barren -of game. -</P> - -<P> -As they cross the portages, Champlain's men are glad to snatch at the -raspberry and cranberry bushes for food; and their night-time meal is -dependent on chance fishing. Indian hunters are met,—three hundred of -them,—the Staring Hairs, so named from the upright posture of their -headdress tipped by an eagle quill; and again Champlain is told he is -very near the Inland Sea. -</P> - -<P> -It comes as discoveries nearly always come—his finding of the Great -Lakes; for though Joseph Le Caron, the missionary, had passed this way -ten days ago, the zealous priest never paused to explore and map the -region. You are paddling down the brown, forest-shadowed waters—long -lanes of water like canals through walls of trees silent as sentinels. -Suddenly a change almost imperceptible comes. Instead of the earthy -smell of the forest mold in your nostrils is the clear tang of -sun-bathed, water-washed rocks; and the sky begins to swim, to lose -itself at the horizon. There is no sudden bursting of a sea on your -view. The river begins to coil in and out among islands. The amber -waters have become sheeted silver. You wind from island to island, -islands of pink granite, islands with no tree but one lone blasted -pine, islands that are in themselves forests. There is no end to these -islands. They are not in hundreds; they are in thousands. Then you -see the spray breaking over the reefs, and there is its sky line. You -are not on a river at all. You are on an inland sea. You have been on -the lake for hours. One -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P54"></A>54}</SPAN> -can guess how Champlain's men scrambled -from island to island, and fished for the rock bass above the deep -pools, and ran along the water line of wave-dashed reefs, wondering -vaguely if the wind wash were the ocean tide of the Western Sea. -</P> - -<P> -But Champlain's Huron guides had not come to find a Western Sea. With -the quick choppy stroke of the Indian paddler they were conveying him -down that eastern shore of Lake Huron now known as Georgian Bay, from -French River to Parry Sound and Midland and Penetang. Where these -little towns to-day stand on the hillsides was a howling wilderness of -forest, with never a footprint but the zigzagging trail of the Indians -back from Georgian Bay to what is now Lake Simcoe. -</P> - -<P> -Between these two shores lay the stamping grounds of the great Huron -tribe. How numerous were they? Records differ. Certainly at no time -more numerous than thirty thousand souls all told, including children. -Though they yearly came to Montreal for trade and war, the Hurons were -sedentary, living in the long houses of bark inclosed by triple -palisades, such as Cartier had seen at Hochelaga almost a century -before. -</P> - -<P> -Champlain followed his supple guides along the wind-fallen forest trail -to the Huron villages. Here he found the missionary. One can guess -how the souls of these two heroes burned as the deep solemn chant of -the <I>Te Deum</I> for the first time rolled through the forests of Lake -Huron. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -But now Champlain must to business; and his business is war. Brulé and -twelve Indians are sent like the carriers of the fiery cross in the -Highlands of Scotland to rally tribes of the Susquehanna to join the -Hurons against the Iroquois. A wild war dance is held with mystic -rites in the lodges of the Hurons; and the braves set out with -Champlain from Lake Simcoe for Lake Ontario by way of Trent River. As -they near what is now New York state, buckskin is flung aside, the -naked bodies painted and greased, and the trail shunned for the -pathless woods off the beaten track where the Indians glide like beasts -of prey through the frost-tinted forest. -</P> - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P55"></A>55}</SPAN> - -<A NAME="img-055"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-055.jpg" ALT="THE ONONDAGA FORT (From Champlain's diagram)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="404" HEIGHT="398"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 404px"> -THE ONONDAGA FORT (From Champlain's diagram) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -October 9 they suddenly come on some Onondagas fishing, and they begin -torturing their captives by cutting off a girl's finger, when Champlain -commands them to desist. Presently the forest opens to a farm clearing -where the Iroquois are harvesting their corn. Spite of all Champlain -could do, the wild Hurons uttered their war cry and rushed the field, -but the Iroquois turned on the rabble and drove them back to the woods. -Champlain was furious. They should have waited for Brulé to come with -their allies; and the foolish attack had only served to forewarn the -enemy. He frankly told the Hurons if they were going to fight under -<I>his</I> command, they must fight as white men fight; and he set them to -building a platform from which marksmen could shoot over the walls of -the Iroquois town. But the admonitions -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P56"></A>56}</SPAN> -fell on frenzied ears. No -sooner was the command to advance given than the Hurons broke from -cover like maniacs, easy marks for the javelin throwers inside the -walls, and hurled themselves against the Iroquois palisades in blind -fury, making more din with yelling than woe with shots. Boiling water -poured from the galleries inside drove the braves back from the walls, -and the poisoned barb of the Iroquois arrows pursued their flight. A -score fell wounded, among them Champlain with an arrow in his knee-cap. -The flight became panic fast and furious, with the wounded carried on -wicker stretchers whose every jolt added agony to pain. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-056"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-056.jpg" ALT="VIEW OF QUEBEC (From Champlain's plan)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="405" HEIGHT="379"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 405px"> -VIEW OF QUEBEC (From Champlain's plan) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -As for Brulé, he arrived with the allies only to find that the Hurons -had fled, and here was he, alone in a hostile land, with Iroquois -warriors rampant as molested wasps. In the swift retreat off the trail -Brulé lost his way. He was without food -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P57"></A>57}</SPAN> -or powder, and had to -choose between starvation or surrender to the Iroquois. Throwing down -his weapons, he gave himself up to what he knew would be certain -torture. Had he winced or whined as they tore the nails from his -fingers and the hair from his head, the Iroquois would probably have -brained him on the spot for a poltroon; but the young man, bound to a -stake, pointed to a gathering storm as sign of Heaven's displeasure. -The high spirit pleased the Iroquois. They unbound him and took him -with them in their wanderings for three years. -</P> - -<P> -The Hurons had promised to convey Champlain back down the St. Lawrence -to Quebec, but the defeat had caused loss of prestige. The man "with -the stick that thundered" was no more invulnerable to wounds than they. -They forgot their promises and invented excuses for not proceeding to -Quebec. Champlain wintered with the hunters somewhere north of Lake -Ontario, and came down the Ottawa with the fur canoes the next summer. -He was received at Quebec as one risen from the dead. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -While Champlain had been exploring, New France had not prospered as a -colony. Royal patron after royal patron sold the monopoly to fresh -hands, and each new master appointed Champlain viceroy. The fur trade -merchants could pay forty per cent dividends, but could do nothing to -advance settlement. Less than one hundred people made up the -population of New France; and these were torn asunder by jealousies. -Huguenot and Catholic were opposed; and when three Jesuits came to -Quebec, Jesuits and Recollets distrusted each other. -</P> - -<P> -Madam Champlain joined her husband at Quebec, in 1620, to stay for four -years, and that same year Champlain built himself a new habitation—the -famous Castle of St. Louis on the cliff above the first dwelling. -Louis Hebert, the apothecary of Port Royal, is now a farmer close to -the Castle of Quebec; and the wife of Abraham Martin has given birth to -the first white child born in New France. -</P> - -<P> -Now came a revolutionary change. Cardinal Richelieu was virtual ruler -of France. He quickly realized that the monopolists -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P58"></A>58}</SPAN> -were sucking -the lifeblood of the colony in furs and were giving nothing in return -to the country. In 1627, under the great cardinal's patronage, the -Company of One Hundred Associates was formed. In this company any of -the seaport traders could buy shares. Indeed, they were promised -patent of nobility if they did buy shares. Exclusive monopoly of furs -was given to the company from Florida to Labrador. In return the -Associates were to send two ships yearly to Canada. Before 1643 they -were to bring out four thousand colonists, support them for three -years, and give them land. In each settlement were to be supported -three priests; and, to prevent discord, Huguenots were to be banished -from New France. -</P> - -<P> -To Champlain it must have seemed as if the ambition of his life were to -be realized. Just when the sky seemed clearest the bolt fell. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Early in April, 1628, the Associates had dispatched colonists and -stores for Quebec; but war had broken out between France and England. -Gervais Kirke, an English Huguenot of Dieppe, France, who had been put -under the ban by Cardinal Richelieu, had rallied the merchants of -London to fit out privateers to wage war on New France. The vessels -were commanded by the three sons, Thomas, Louis, and David; and to the -Kirkes rallied many Huguenots banished from France. -</P> - -<P> -Quebec was hourly looking for the annual ships, when one morning in -July two men rushed breathless through the woods and up the steep rock -to Castle St. Louis with word that an English fleet of six frigates lay -in hiding at Tadoussac, ready to pounce on the French! Later came -other messengers—Indians, fishermen, traders—confirming the terrible -news. Then a Basque fisherman arrives with a demand, from Kirke for -the keys to the fort. Though there is no food inside the walls, less -than fifty pounds of ammunition in the storehouse, and not enough men -to man the guns, Champlain hopes against hope, and sends the Basque -fisherman back with suave regrets that he cannot comply with Monsieur -Kirke's polite request. Quebec's one chance lay in the hope that the -French vessels might -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P59"></A>59}</SPAN> -slip past the English frigates by night. -Days wore on to weeks, weeks to months, and a thousand rumors filled -the air; but no ships came. The people of Quebec were now reduced to -diet of nuts and corn. Then came Indian runners with word that the -French ships had been waylaid, boarded, scuttled, and sunk. Loaded to -the water line with booty, the English privateers had gone home. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-059t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-059.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-059t.jpg" ALT="QUEBEC (From Champlain's map)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="404" HEIGHT="289"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 404px"> -QUEBEC (From Champlain's map) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -For that winter Quebec lived on such food as the Indians brought in -from the woods. By the summer of 1629 men, women, and children were -grubbing for roots, fishing for food, ranging the rocks for berries. -There are times when the only thing to do is—do nothing; and it is -probably the hardest task a brave man ever has. When the English fleet -came back in July Champlain had a ragamuffin, half-starved retinue of -precisely sixteen men. Yet he haggled for such terms that the English -promised to convey the prisoners to France. On July 20, for the first -time in history, the red flag of England blew to the winds above the -heights of Quebec. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -But New France was only a pawn to the gamesters of French and English -diplomacy. Peace was proclaimed; and for the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P60"></A>60}</SPAN> -sake of receiving -$200,000 as dowry due his French wife, Charles of England restored to -France the half continent which the Kirkes had captured, David Kirke -receiving the paltry honor of a title as compensation for the loss. -Champlain was back in Quebec by 1633; but his course had run. Between -Christmas eve and Christmas morning, in 1635, the brave Soldier of the -Cross, the first knight of the Canadian wildwoods, passed from the -sphere of earthly life—a life without a stain, whether among the -intriguing courtiers of Paris or in the midst of naked license in the -Indian camp. -</P> - -<BR><BR><BR> - -<A NAME="chap04"></A> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P61"></A>61}</SPAN> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -CHAPTER IV -</H3> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -FROM 1635 TO 1666 -</H3> - -<P CLASS="intro"> -Frays between La Tour and Charnisay—Madame La Tour defends the -fort—Charnisay's treachery -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -When Port Royal fell before Argall, it will be remembered, young -Biencourt took to the woods with his French bush lopers and Indian -followers of Nova Scotia. The farms and fort of Annapolis Basin -granted to his father by special patents lay in ruins. Familiar with -the woods as the English buccaneer, who had destroyed the fort, was -with his ship's cabin, Biencourt withdrew to the southwest corner of -Nova Scotia, where he built a rude stronghold of logs and slabs near -the modern Cape Sable. Here he could keep in touch with the French -fishermen off Cape Breton, and also traffic with the Indians of the -mainland. -</P> - -<P> -With Biencourt was a young man of his own age, boon comrade, kindred -spirit, who had come to Port Royal a boy of fourteen, in 1606, in the -gay days of Marc L'Escarbot—Charles de La Tour. Sea rovers, bush -lopers, these two could bid defiance to English raiders. Whether -Biencourt died in 1623 or went home to France is unknown; but he deeded -over to his friend, Charles de La Tour, all possessions in Acadia. -</P> - -<P> -And now England again comes on the scene. By virtue of Cabot's -discovery and Argall's conquest, the King of England, in 1621, grants -to Sir William Alexander, the Earl of Stirling, all of Acadia, renamed -Nova Scotia—New Scotland. By way of encouraging emigration, the order -of Nova Scotia Baronets is created, a title being granted to those who -subscribe to the colonization company. -</P> - -<P> -Sir William Alexander's colonists shun the French bush lopers under -Charles de La Tour down at Fort St. Louis on Cape Sable. The seventy -Scotch colonists go on up the Annapolis Basin and build their fort four -miles from old Port Royal. How did they pass the pioneer years—these -Scotch retainers of the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P62"></A>62}</SPAN> -Nova Scotia Baronets? Report among the -French fishing fleet says thirty died of scurvy; but of definite -information not a vestige remains. The annals of these colonists are -as completely lost to history as the annals of the lost Roanoke colony -in Virginia. -</P> - -<P> -Under the same English patent Lord Ochiltree lands English colonists in -Cape Breton, the grand summer rendezvous of the French fishermen; but -two can play at Argall's game of raids. French seamen swoop down on -Ochiltree's colony, capture fifty, destroy the settlement, and run up -the white flag of France in place of the red standard of England. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-062"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-062.jpg" ALT="SIR WILLIAM ALEXANDER" BORDER="2" WIDTH="258" HEIGHT="345"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 258px"> -SIR WILLIAM ALEXANDER -</H4> - -<P> -Charles de La Tour with his Huguenots hides safely ensconced behind his -slab palisades with the swarthy faces of half a hundred Indian -retainers lighted up by the huge logs at blaze on the hearth. Charles -de La Tour takes counsel with himself. English at Port Royal, English -at Cape Breton, English on the mainland at Boston, English ships -passing and repassing his lone lodge in the wilderness, he will be -safer, will Charles de La Tour, with wider distance between himself and -the foe; and he will take more peltries where there are fewer traders. -Still keeping his fort in Nova Scotia, La Tour goes across Fundy Bay -and builds him a second, stronger fort on St. John River, New -Brunswick, near where Carleton town stands to-day. -</P> - -<P> -Then two things happened that upset all plans. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P63"></A>63}</SPAN> -The Hundred Associates are given <I>all</I> Canada—Quebec and Acadia. -Founded by Cardinal Richelieu, the Hundred Associates are violently -Catholic, violently anti-Protestant. Charles de La Tour need expect no -favors, if indeed the grant that he holds from Biencourt be not -assailed. Double reason for moving the most of his possessions across -Fundy Bay to St. John River. -</P> - -<P> -Then the Englishmen, under the Kirke brothers, capture Quebec. As luck -or ill luck will have it, among the French captured from the French -ships of the Hundred Associates down at Tadoussac, is Claude de La -Tour, the father of Charles. Claude de La Tour was a Protestant. This -and his courtly manner and his noble birth commended him to the English -court. What had France done for Claude de La Tour? Placed him under -the ban on account of his religion. -</P> - -<P> -Claude de La Tour promptly became a British subject, received the title -Baronet of Nova Scotia with enormous grants of land on St. John River, -New Brunswick, married an English lady in waiting to the Queen, and -sailed with three men-of-war for Nova Scotia to win over his son -Charles. No writer like Marc Lescarbot was present to describe the -meeting between father and son; but one can guess the stormy -scene,—the war between love of country and love of father, the guns of -the father's vessels pointing at the son's fort, the guns of the son's -fort pointing at the father's vessels. The father's arguments were -strong. What had France done for the La Tours? By siding with England -they would receive safe asylum in case of persecution and enormous -grants of land on St. John River. But the son's arguments were -stronger. The father must know from his English bride—maid in waiting -to the English Queen—that England had no intentions of keeping her -newly captured possessions in Canada, but had already decided to trade -them back to France for a dowry to the English Queen. If Canada were -given back to France, what were English grants in New Brunswick worth? -"If those who sent you think me capable of betraying my country even at -the prayer of my father, they are mightily mistaken," thundered the -young man, ordering his gunners to their places. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P64"></A>64}</SPAN> -"I don't -purchase honors by crime! I don't undervalue the offer of England's -King; but the King of France is just as able to reward me! The King of -France has confided the defense of Acadia to me; and I'll defend it to -my last breath." -</P> - -<P> -Stung by his son's rebuke, the elder La Tour retired to his ship, wrote -one more unavailing appeal, then landed his mariners to rush the fort. -But the rough bush lopers inside the palisades were expert marksmen. -Their raking cross fire kept the English at a distance, and the father -could neither drive nor coax his men to the sticking point of courage -to scale palisades in such an unnatural war. Claude de La Tour was now -in an unenviable plight. He dare not go back to France a traitor. He -could not go back to England, having failed to win the day. The son -built him a dwelling outside the fort; and there this famous courtier -of two great nations, with his noble wife, retired to pass the end of -his days in a wildwood wilderness far enough from the gaudy tinsel of -courts. The fate of both husband and wife is unknown. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-064t"></A> -<A HREF="images/img-064.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-064t.jpg" ALT="MAP SHOWING LA TOUR'S POSSESSIONS IN ACADIA" BORDER="2" WIDTH="260" HEIGHT="285"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 260px"> -MAP SHOWING LA TOUR'S POSSESSIONS IN ACADIA -</H4> - -<BR> - -<P> -Charles de La Tour's predictions were soon verified. The Treaty of -St.-Germain-en-Laye, in 1632, gave back all Canada to France; and the -young man's loyalty was rewarded by the French King confirming the -father's English patent to the lands of St. John River, New Brunswick. -Perhaps he expected more. He certainly wanted to be governor of -Acadia, and may have looked for fresh title to Port Royal, which -Biencourt had deeded -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P65"></A>65}</SPAN> -to him. His ambition was embittered. -Cardinal Richelieu of the Hundred Associates had his own favorites to -look after. Acadia is divided into three provinces. Over all as -governor is Isaac Razilli, chief of the Hundred Associates. La Tour -holds St. John. One St. Denys is given Cape Breton; and Port Royal, -the best province of all, falls to Sieur d'Aulnay de Charnisay, friend -and relative of Richelieu; and when Razilli dies in 1635, Charnisay, -with his strong influence at court, easily secures the dead man's -patents with all land grants attached. Charnisay becomes governor of -Acadia. -</P> - -<P> -For a second time La Tour is thwarted. Things are turning out as his -father had foretold. Who began the border warfare matters little. -Whether Charnisay as lord of all Acadia first ordered La Tour to -surrender St. John, or La Tour, holding his grant from Biencourt to -Port Royal, ordered Charnisay to give up Annapolis Basin, war had -begun,—such border warfare as has its parallel only in the raids of -rival barons in the Middle Ages. Did La Tour's vessels laden with furs -slip out from St. John River across Fundy Bay bound for France? There -lay at Cape Sable and Sable Island Charnisay's freebooters, Charnisay's -wreckers, ready to board the ship or lure her a wreck on Sable Island -reefs by false lights. It is unsafe to accept as facts the charges and -countercharges made by these two enemies; but from independent sources -it seems fairly certain that Charnisay, unknown to Cardinal Richelieu, -was a bit of a freebooter and wrecker; for his men made a regular -business of waylaying English ships from Boston, Dutch ships from New -York, as they passed Sable Island; and Charnisay's name became -cordially hated by the Protestant colonies of New England. La Tour, -being Huguenot, could count on firm friends in Boston. -</P> - -<P> -Countless legends cling to Fundy Bay of the forays between these two. -In 1640 La Tour and his wife, cruising past Annapolis Basin in their -fur ships, rashly entered and attacked Port Royal. Their ship was run -aground by Charnisay's vessels and captured; but the friars persuaded -the victor to set La Tour and his wife free, pending an appeal to -France. France, of -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P66"></A>66}</SPAN> -course, decided in favor of Charnisay, who was -of royal blood, a relative of Richelieu's, in high favor with the -court. La Tour's patent was revoked and he was ordered to surrender -his fort on the St. John. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-066"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-066.jpg" ALT="CARDINAL RICHELIEU" BORDER="2" WIDTH="260" HEIGHT="328"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 260px"> -CARDINAL RICHELIEU -</H4> - -<P> -In answer, La Tour loaded his cannon, locked the fort gates, and bade -defiance to Charnisay. Charnisay sails across Fundy Bay in June, 1643, -with a fleet of four vessels and five hundred men to bombard the fort. -La Tour was without provisions, though his store ship from France lay -in hiding outside, blocked from entering by Charnisay's fleet. Days -passed. Resistance was hopeless. On one side lay the impenetrable -forest; on the other, Charnisay's fleet. On the night of June 12th, La -Tour and his wife slipped from a little sally port in the dark, ran -along the shore, and, evading spies, succeeded in rowing out to the -store ship. Ebb tide carried them far from the four men-of-war -anchored fast in front of the abandoned fort. Then sails out, the -store ship fled for Boston, where La Tour and his wife appealed for aid. -</P> - -<P> -The Puritans of Boston had qualms of conscience about interfering in -this French quarrel; but they did not forget that Charnisay's wreckers -had stripped their merchant ships come to grief on the reefs of Sable -Island. La Tour gave the Boston merchants a mortgage on all his -belongings at St. John, and in return obtained four vessels, fifty -mariners, ninety-two soldiers, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P67"></A>67}</SPAN> -thirty-eight cannon. With this -fleet he swooped down on Fundy Bay in July. Charnisay's vessels lay -before Fort St. John, where the stubborn little garrison still held -out, when La Tour came down on him like an enraged eagle. Charnisay's -fur ships were boarded, scuttled, and sunk, while the commander himself -fled in terror for Port Royal. All sails pressed, La Tour pursued -right into Annapolis Basin, wounding seven of the enemy, killing three, -taking one prisoner. Charnisay's one remaining vessel grounded in the -river. A fight took place near the site of the mill which Poutrincourt -had built long ago, but Charnisay succeeded in gaining the shelter of -Port Royal, where his cannon soon compelled La Tour to fly from -Annapolis Basin. Charnisay found it safer to pass that winter in -France, and La Tour gathered in all the peltry traffic of the bay. -</P> - -<P> -Early in 1644 Charnisay returned and sent a friar to secure the -neutrality of the New Englanders. All summer negotiations dragged on -between Boston and Port Royal, La Tour meanwhile scouring land and sea -unchecked, packing his fort with peltries. Finally, Charnisay promised -to desist from all fur trade along the coast if the New England -colonies would remain neutral; and the colonies promised not to aid La -Tour. La Tour was now outlawed by the French government, and Charnisay -had actually induced New England to promise not to convey either La -Tour or his wife to or from Bay of Fundy in English boats. -</P> - -<P> -La Tour chanced to be absent from his fort in 1645. Like a bird of -prey Charnisay swooped on St. John River; but he had not reckoned on -Madame La Tour—Frances Marie Jacqueline. With the courage and agility -of a trained soldier, she commanded her little garrison of fifty and -returned the raider's cannonade with a fury that sent Charnisay limping -back to Port Royal with splintered decks, twenty mangled corpses -jumbled aft, and a dozen men wounded to the death lying in the hold. -</P> - -<P> -With all the power of France at his back Charnisay had been defeated by -a woman,—the Huguenot wife of an outlaw! He must reduce La Tour or -stand discredited before the world. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P68"></A>68}</SPAN> -Furious beyond words, he -hastened to France to prepare an overwhelming armament. -</P> - -<P> -But Madame La Tour was not idle. She, too, hastened across the -Atlantic to solicit aid in London. One can imagine how Charnisay -gnashed his teeth. Here, at last, was his chance. The Boston vessels -were not to convey the La Tours back to Acadia. Like a hawk Charnisay -cruised the sea for the outcoming ship with its fair passenger; but -Madame La Tour had made a cast-iron agreement with the master of the -sailing vessel to bring her direct to Boston. Instead of this, the -vessel cruised the St. Lawrence, trading with the Indians, and so -delayed the aid coming to La Tour; but when Charnisay's searchers came -on board off Sable Island, Madame La Tour was hidden among the freight -in the hold. For the delay she sued the sailing master in Boston and -obtained a judgment of 2000 pounds; and when he failed to pay, had his -cargo seized and sold, and with the proceeds equipped three vessels to -aid her outlawed husband. So the whole of 1646 passed, each side -girding itself for the final fray. -</P> - -<P> -April, 1647, spies brought word to Charnisay that La Tour was absent -from his fort. Waiting not a moment, Charnisay hurried ships, -soldiers, cannon across the bay. Inside La Tour's fort was no -confusion. Madame La Tour had ordered every man to his place. Day and -night for three days the siege lasted, Charnisay's men closing in on -the palisades so near they could bandy words with the fighters on the -galleries inside the walls. Among La Tour's fighters were Swiss -mercenaries—men who fight for the highest pay. Did Charnisay in the -language of the day "grease the fist" of the Swiss sentry, or was it a -case of a boorish fellow refusing to fight under a woman's command? -Legend gives both explanations; but on Easter Sunday morning -Charnisay's men gained entrance by scaling the walls where the Swiss -sentry stood. Madame La Tour rushed her men to an inner fort loopholed -with guns. Afraid of a final defeat that would disgrace him before all -the world, Charnisay called up generous terms if she would surrender. -To save the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P69"></A>69}</SPAN> -lives of the men Madame La Tour agreed to honorable -surrender, and the doors were opened. In rushed Charnisay! To his -amazement the woman had only a handful of men. Disgusted with himself -and boiling over with revenge for all these years of enmity, Charnisay -forgot his promise and hanged every soul of the garrison but the -traitor who acted as executioner, compelling Madame La Tour to watch -the execution with a halter round her neck amid the jeers of the -soldiery. Legend says that the experience drove her insane and caused -her death within three weeks. Charnisay was now lord of all Acadia, -with 10,000 pounds worth of Madame La Tour's jewelry transferred to -Port Royal and all La Tour's furs safe in the warehouses of Annapolis -Basin; but he did not long enjoy his triumph. He had the reputation of -treating his Indian servants with great brutality. On the 24th of May, -1650, an Indian was rowing him up the narrows near Port Royal. -Charnisay could not swim. Without apparent cause the boat upset. The -Indian swam ashore. The commander perished. Legend again avers that -the Indian upset the boat to be revenged on Charnisay for some -brutality. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-069t"></A> -<A HREF="images/img-069.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-069t.jpg" ALT="MAP OF ANNAPOLIS BASIN" BORDER="2" WIDTH="259" HEIGHT="221"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 259px"> -MAP OF ANNAPOLIS BASIN -</H4> - -<P> -La Tour had been wandering from Newfoundland to Boston and Quebec -seeking aid, but a lost cause has few friends, and if La Tour turned -pirate on Boston boats, he probably thought he was justified in paying -off the score of Boston's bargain with Charnisay. Later he turned -trader with the Indians from Hudson Bay, and found friends in Quebec. -Word of his wrongs reached the French court. When Charnisay perished, -La Tour was at last appointed lieutenant governor of Acadia. Widow -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P70"></A>70}</SPAN> -Charnisay, left with eight children, all minors, made what -reparation she could to La Tour by giving back the fort on the St. -John, and La Tour, to wipe out the bitter enmity, married the widow of -his enemy in February of 1653. -</P> - -<P> -But this was not the seal of peace on his troubled life. Cromwell was -now ascendant in England, and Major Sedgwick of Boston, in 1654, with a -powerful fleet, captured Port Royal and St. John. Weary of fighting -what seemed to be destiny, La Tour became a British subject, and with -two other Englishmen was granted the whole of Acadia. Ten years later -his English partners bought out his rights, and La Tour died in the -land of his many trials about 1666. A year later the Treaty of Breda -restored Acadia to France. -</P> - -<BR><BR><BR> - -<A NAME="chap05"></A> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P71"></A>71}</SPAN> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -CHAPTER V -</H3> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -FROM 1635 TO 1650 -</H3> - -<P CLASS="intro"> -Mystics come to Canada—A city built of dreams—First night at -Montreal—Maisonneuve fights raiders—Le Jeune joins the -hunters—Brébeuf goes to Lake Huron—Life at the Huron mission—The -scourge of the Iroquois—The fight at St. Louis—Rageneau's converts -resist—Flight of the Hurons -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -While Charles de La Tour and Charnisay scoured the Bay of Fundy in -border warfare like buccaneers of the Spanish Main, what was Quebec -doing? -</P> - -<P> -The Hundred Associates were to colonize the country; but fur trading -and farming never go together. One means the end of the other; and the -Hundred Associates shifted the obligation of settling the country by -granting vast estates called seigniories along the St. Lawrence and -leaving to these new lords of the soil the duty of bringing out -habitants. Later they deeded over for an annual rental of beaver skins -the entire fur monopoly to the Habitant Company, made up of the leading -people of New France. So ended all the fine promises of four thousand -colonists. -</P> - -<P> -Years ago Pontgravé had learned that the Indians of the Up-Country did -not care to come down the St. Lawrence farther than Lake St. Peter's, -where Iroquois foe lay in ambush; and the year before Champlain died a -double expedition had set out from Quebec in July: one to build a fort -north of Lake St. Peter's at the entrance to the river with three -mouths,—in other words, to found Three Rivers; the other, under Father -Brébeuf, the Jesuit, and Jean Nicolet, the wood runner, to establish a -mission in the country of the Hurons and to explore the Great Lakes. -</P> - -<P> -In fact, it must never be forgotten that Champlain's ambitions in -laying the foundations of a new nation aimed just as much to establish -a kingdom of heaven on earth as to win a new kingdom for France. -Always, in the minds of the fathers of New France, Church was to be -first; State, second. When Charles de Montmagny, Knight of Malta, -landed in Quebec one June morning in 1636, to succeed Champlain as -governor of New France, he noticed a crucifix planted by the path side -where -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P72"></A>72}</SPAN> -viceroy and officers clambered up the steep hill to Castle -St. Louis. Instantly Montmagny fell to his knees before the cross in -silent adoration, and his example was followed by all the gay train of -beplumed officers. The Jesuits regarded the episode as a splendid omen -for New France, and set their chapel organ rolling a <I>Te Deum</I> of -praise, while Governor and retinue filed before the altars with bared -heads. -</P> - -<P> -It was in the same spirit that Montreal was founded. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -The Jesuits' letters on the Canadian missions were now being read in -France. Religious orders were on fire with missionary ardor. The -Canadian missions became the fashion of the court. Ladies of noble -blood asked no greater privilege than to contribute their fortunes for -missions in Canada. Nuns lay prostrate before altars praying night and -day for the advancement of the heavenly kingdom on the St. Lawrence. -The Jesuits had begun their college in Quebec. The very year that -Champlain had first come to the St. Lawrence there had been born in -Normandy, of noble parentage, a little girl who became a passionate -devotee of Canadian missions. To divert her mind from the calling of a -nun, her father had thrown her into a whirl of gayety from which she -emerged married; but her husband died in a few years, and Madame de la -Peltrie, left a widow at twenty-two, turned again heart and soul to the -scheme of endowing a Canadian mission. Again her father tried to -divert her mind, threatening to cut off her fortune if she did not -marry. An engagement to a young noble, who was as keen a devotee as -herself, quieted her father and averted the loss of her fortune. On -the death of her father the formal union was dissolved, and Madame de -la Peltrie proceeded to the Ursuline Convent of Tours, where the -Jesuits had already chosen a mother superior for the new institution to -be founded at Quebec—Marie of the Incarnation, a woman of some fifty -years, a widow like Madame de la Peltrie, and, like Madame de la -Peltrie, a mystic dreamer of celestial visions and divine communings -and heroic sacrifices. How much of truth, how much of self-delusion, - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P73"></A>73}</SPAN> -lay in these dreams of heavenly revelation is not for the outsider -to say. It is as impossible for the practical mind to pronounce -judgment on the mystic as for the mystic to pronounce sentence on the -scientist. Both have their truths, both have their errors; and by -their fruits are they known. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-073"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-073.jpg" ALT="MADAME DE LA PELTRIE (After a picture in the Ursuline Convent, Quebec)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="261" HEIGHT="366"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 261px"> -MADAME DE LA PELTRIE (After a picture in the Ursuline Convent, Quebec) -</H4> - -<P> -May 4th, 1639, Madame de la Peltrie and Marie of the Incarnation -embarked from Dieppe for Canada. In the ship were also another -Ursuline nun, three hospital sisters to found the Hôtel Dieu at Quebec, -Father Vimont, superior of Quebec Jesuits, and two other priests. The -boat was like a chapel. Ship's bell tolled services. Morning prayer -and evensong were chanted from the decks, and the pilgrims firmly -believed that their vows allayed a storm. July 1st they were among the -rocking dories of the Newfoundland fishermen, and then on the 15th the -little sailboat washed and rolled to anchor inshore among the fur -traders under the heights of Tadoussac. -</P> - -<P> -At sight of the somber Saguenay, the silver-flooded St. Lawrence, the -frowning mountains, the far purple hills, the primeval forests through -which the wind rushed with the sound of the sea, the fishing craft -dancing on the tide like cockle boats, the grizzled fur traders bronzed -as the crinkled oak forests where they passed their lives, the tawny, -naked savages agape at these white-skinned women come from afar, the -hearts of the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P74"></A>74}</SPAN> -housed-up nuns swelled with emotions strange and -sweet,—the emotions of a new life in a new world. And when they -scrambled over the rope coils aboard a fishing schooner to go on up to -Quebec, and heard the deep-voiced shoutings of the men, and witnessed -the toilers of the deep fighting wind and wave for the harvest of the -sea, did it dawn on the fair sisterhood that God must have workers -<I>out</I> in the strife of the world, as well as workers <I>shut up</I> from the -world inside convent walls? Who knows?… Who knows? At -Tadoussac, that morning, to both Madame de la Peltrie and Marie of the -Incarnation it must have seemed as if their visions had become real. -And then the cannon of Quebec began to thunder till the echoes rolled -from hill to hill and shook—as the mystics thought—the very -strongholds of hell. Tears streamed down their cheeks at such welcome. -The whole Quebec populace had rallied to the water front, and there -stood Governor Montmagny in velvet cloak with sword at belt waving hat -in welcome. Soldiers and priests cheered till the ramparts rang. As -the nuns put foot to earth once more they fell on their knees and -kissed the soil of Canada. August 1st was fête day in Quebec. The -chapel chimes rang … and rang again their gladness. The organ -rolled out its floods of soul-shattering music, and deep-throated chant -of priests invoked God's blessing on the coming of the women to the -mission. So began the Ursuline Convent of Quebec and the Hôtel Dieu of -the hospital sisters; but Montreal was still a howling wilderness -untenanted by man save in midsummer, when the fur traders came to -Champlain's factory and the canoes of the Indians from the Up-Country -danced down the swirling rapids like sea birds on waves. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -The letters from the Jesuit missions touched more hearts than those of -the mystic nuns. -</P> - -<P> -In Anjou dwelt a receiver of taxes—Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière, -a stout, practical, God-fearing man with a family, about as far removed -in temperament from the founders of the Ursulines as a character could -well be. Yet he, too, had mystic -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P75"></A>75}</SPAN> -dreams and heard voices bidding -him found a mission in the tenantless wilderness of Montreal. To the -practical man the thing seems sheer moon-stark madness. If Dauversière -had lived in modern days he would have been committed to an asylum. -Here was a man with a family, without a fortune, commanded by what he -thought was the voice of Heaven to found a hospital in a wilderness -where there were no people. Also in Paris dwelt a young priest, Jean -Jacques Olier, who heard the self-same voices uttering the self-same -command. These two men were unknown to each other; yet when they met -by chance in the picture gallery of an old castle, there fell from -their eyes, as it were, scales, and they beheld as in a vision each the -other's soul, and recognized in each fellow-helper and comrade of the -spirit. To all this the practical man cries out "Bosh"! Yet Montreal -is no bosh, but a stately city, and it sprang from the dreams—"fool -dreams," enemies would call them—of these two men, the Sulpician -priest and the Anjou tax collector. -</P> - -<P> -Hour after hour, arm in arm, they walked and talked, the man of prayers -and the man of taxes. People or no people at Montreal, money or no -money, they decided that the inner voice must be obeyed. A Montreal -Society was formed. Six friends joined. What would be equal to -$75,000 was collected. There were to be no profits on this capital. -It was all to be invested to the glory of the Kingdom of Heaven. -Unselfish if you like, foolish they may have been, but not hypocrites. -</P> - -<P> -First of all, they must become Seigneurs of Montreal; but the island of -Montreal had already been granted by the Hundred Associates to one -Lauson. To render the title doubly secure, Dauversière and Olier -obtained deeds to the island from Lauson and from the Hundred -Associates. -</P> - -<P> -Forty-five colonists, part soldiers, part devotees, were then gained as -volunteers; but a veritable soldier of Heaven was desired as commander. -Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve, was noted for his heroism in -war and zeal in religion. When other officers returned from battle for -wild revels, Maisonneuve withdrew to play the flute or pass hours in -religious -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P76"></A>76}</SPAN> -contemplation. His name occurred to both Dauversière -and Olier as fittest for command; but to make doubly sure, they took -lodgings near him, studied his disposition, and then casually told him -of their plans and asked his coöperation. Maisonneuve was in the prime -of life, on the way to high service in the army. His zeal took fire at -thought of founding a Kingdom of God at Montreal; but his father -furiously opposed what must have seemed a mad scheme. Maisonneuve's -answer was the famous promise of Christ: "No man hath left house or -brethren or sister for my sake but he shall receive a hundredfold." -</P> - -<P> -Maisonneuve was warned there would be no earthly reward—no pay—for -his arduous task; but he answered, "I devote my life and future; and I -expect no recompense." -</P> - -<P> -Mademoiselle Jeanne Mance, thirty-four years old, who had given herself -to good works from childhood, though she had not yet joined the -cloister, now felt the call to labor in the wilderness. Later, in -1653, came Marguerite Bourgeoys to the little colony beneath the -mountain. She too, like Jeanne Mance, distrusted dreams and visions -and mystic communings, cherishing a religion of good works rather than -introspection of the soul. Dauversière and Olier remained in France. -Fortunately for Montreal, practical Christians, fighting soldiers of -the cross, carried the heavenly standard to the wilderness. -</P> - -<P> -It was too late to ascend the St. Lawrence when the ship brought the -crusaders to Quebec in August, 1641; and difficulties harried them from -the outset. Was Montmagny, the Governor, jealous of Maisonneuve; or -did he simply realize the fearful dangers Maisonneuve's people would -run going beyond the protection of Quebec? At all events, he -disapproved this building of a second colony at Montreal, when the -first colony at Quebec could barely gain subsistence. He offered them -the Island of Orleans in exchange for the Island of Montreal, and -warned them of Iroquois raid. -</P> - -<P> -"I have not come to argue," answered Maisonneuve, "but to act. It is -my duty to found a colony at Montreal, and thither I go though every -tree be an Iroquois." -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P77"></A>77}</SPAN> -Maisonneuve passed the winter building boats to ascend the St. -Lawrence next spring; and Madame de la Peltrie, having established the -Ursulines at Quebec, now cast in her lot with the Montrealers for two -years. -</P> - -<P> -May 8, 1642, the little flotilla set out from Quebec—a pinnace with -the passengers, a barge with provisions, two long boats propelled by -oars and a sweep. Montmagny and Father Vimont accompanied the -crusaders; and as the boats came within sight of the wooded mountain on -May 17, hymns of praise rose from the pilgrims that must have mingled -strangely on Indian ears with the roar of the angry rapids. One can -easily call up the scene—the mountain, misty with the gathering -shadows of sunset, misty as a veiled bride with the color and bloom of -spring; the boats, moored for the night below St. Helen's Island, where -the sun, blazing behind the half-foliaged trees, paints a path of fire -on the river; the white bark wigwams along shore with the red gleam of -camp fire here and there through the forest; the wilderness world -bathed in a peace as of heaven, as the vesper hymn floats over the -evening air! It is a scene that will never again be enacted in the -history of the world—dreamers dreaming greatly, building a castle of -dreams, a fortress of holiness in the very center of wilderness -barbarity and cruelty unspeakable. The multitudinous voices of traffic -shriek where the crusaders' hymn rose that May night. A great city has -risen on the foundations which these dreamers laid. Let us not scoff -too loudly at their mystic visions and religious rhapsodies! Another -generation may scoff at our too-much-worldliness, with our dreamless -grind and visionless toil and harder creeds that reject everything -which cannot be computed in the terms of traffic's dollar! Well for us -if the fruit of our creeds remain to attest as much worth as the deeds -of these crusaders! -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Early next morning the boats pulled in ashore where Cartier had landed -one hundred years before and Champlain had built his factory thirty -years ago. Maisonneuve was first to spring on land. He dropped to his -knees in prayer. The others as -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P78"></A>78}</SPAN> -they landed did likewise. Their -hymns floated out on the forest. Madame de la Peltrie, Jeanne Mance, -and the servant, Charlotte Barré, quickly decorated a wildwood altar -with evergreens. Then, with Montmagny the Governor, and Maisonneuve -the soldier, standing on either side, Madame de la Peltrie and Jeanne -Mance and Charlotte Barré, bowed in reverence, with soldiers and -sailors standing at rest unhooded, Father Vimont held the first -religious services at Mont Royal. "You are a grain of mustard seed," -he said, "and you shall grow till your branches overshadow the earth." -</P> - -<P> -Maisonneuve cut the first tree for the fort; and a hundred legends -might be told of the little colony's pioneer trials. Once a flood -threatened the existence of the fort. A cross was erected to stay the -waters and a vow made if Heaven would save the fort a cross should be -carried and placed on the summit of the mountain. The river abated, -and Maisonneuve climbed the steep mountain, staggering under the weight -of an enormous cross, and planted it at the highest point. Here, in -the presence of all, mass was held, and it became a regular pilgrimage -from the fort up the mountain to the cross. -</P> - -<P> -In 1743 came Louis d'Ailleboust and his wife, both zealously bound by -the same vows as devotees, bringing word of more funds for Ville Marie, -as Montreal was called. Montmagny's warning of Iroquois proved all too -true. Within a year, in June, 1743, six workmen were beset in the -fields, only one escaping. Because his mission was to convert the -Indians, Maisonneuve had been ever reluctant to meet the Iroquois in -open war, preferring to retreat within the fort when the dog Pilot and -her litter barked loud warning that Indians were hiding in the woods. -Any one who knows the Indian character will realize how clemency would -be mistaken for cowardice. Even Maisonneuve's soldiers began to doubt -him. -</P> - -<P> -"My lord, my lord," they urged, "are the enemy never to get a sight of -you? Are we never to face the foe?" -</P> - -<P> -Maisonneuve's answer was in March, 1644, when ambushed hostiles were -detected stealing on the fort. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P79"></A>79}</SPAN> -"Follow me," he ordered thirty men, leaving D'Ailleboust in -command of the fort. -</P> - -<P> -Near the place now known as Place d'Armes the little band was greeted -by the eldritch scream of eighty painted Iroquois. Shots fell thick -and fast. The Iroquois dashed to rescue their wounded, and a young -chief, recognizing Maisonneuve as the leader of the white men, made a -rush for the honor of capturing the French commander alive. -Maisonneuve had put himself between his retreating men and the -advancing warriors. Firing, he would retreat a pace, then fire again, -keeping his face to the foe. His men succeeded in rushing up the -hillock, then made for the gates in a wild stampede. Maisonneuve was -backing away, a pistol in each hand. The Iroquois circled from tree to -tree, near and nearer, and like a wildwood creature of prey was -watching his chance to spring, when the Frenchman fired. The pistol -missed. Dodging, the Indian leaped. Maisonneuve discharged the other -pistol. The Iroquois fell dead, and while warriors rescued the body, -Maisonneuve gained the fort gates. This was only one of countless -frays when the dog Pilot with her puppies sounded the alarm of prowlers -in the woods. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -What were the letters, what the adventures described by the Jesuits, -that aroused such zeal and inspired such heroism? It would require -many volumes to record the adventures of the Jesuits in Canada, and a -long list to include all their heroes martyred for the faith. Only a -few of the most prominent episodes in the Jesuits' adventures can be -given here. -</P> - -<P> -When Pierre le Jeune reached Quebec after the victory of the Kirke -brothers, he found only the charred remains of a mission on the old -site of Cartier's winter quarters down on the St. Charles. Of houses, -only the gray-stone cottage of Madame Hebert had been left standing. -Here Le Jeune was welcomed and housed till the little mission could be -rebuilt. At first it consisted of only mud-plastered log cabins, -thatch-roofed, divided into four rooms, with garret and cellar. One -room decorated with saints' images and pictures served as chapel; -another, as -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P80"></A>80}</SPAN> -kitchen; a third, as lodgings; the fourth, as -refectory. In this humble abode six Jesuit priests and two lay -brothers passed the winter after the war. The roof leaked like a -sieve. The snow piled high almost as the top of the door. Le Jeune's -first care was to obtain pupils. These consisted of an Indian boy and -a negro lad left by the English. Meals of porridge given free -attracted more Indian pupils; but Le Jeune's greatest difficulty was to -learn the Indian language. Hearing that a renegade Indian named -Pierre, who had served the French as interpreter, lodged with some -Algonquins camped below Cape Diamond, Le Jeune tramped up the river -bank, along what is now the Lower Road, where he found the Indians -wigwamming, and by the bribe of free food obtained Pierre. Pierre was -at best a tricky scoundrel, who considered it a joke to give Le Jeune -the wrong word for some religious precept, gorged himself on the -missionaries' food, stole their communion wine, and ran off at Lent to -escape fasting. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-080"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-080.jpg" ALT="PIERRE LE JEUNE" BORDER="2" WIDTH="264" HEIGHT="299"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 264px"> -PIERRE LE JEUNE -</H4> - -<P> -When Champlain returned to receive Quebec back from the English, more -priests joined the Jesuits' mission. Among them was the lion-hearted -giant, Brébeuf. -</P> - -<P> -If Champlain's bush lopers could join bands of wandering Indians for -the extension of French dominion, surely the Jesuits could dare as -perilous a life "for the greater glory of God,"—as their vows declared. -</P> - -<P> - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P81"></A>81}</SPAN> -Le Jeune joined a band of wandering Montaignais, Pierre, the -rascal, tapping the keg of sacramental wine the first night out, and -turning the whole camp into a drunken bedlam, till his own brother -sobered him with a kettle of hot water flung full in the face. That -night the priest slept apart from the camp in the woods. By the time -the hunters reached the forest borderland between Quebec and New -Brunswick, their number had increased to forty-five. By Christmas time -game is usually dormant, still living on the stores of the fall and not -yet driven afield by spring hunger. In camp was no food. The hunters -halted the march, and came in Christmas Eve of 1633 with not so much as -a pound of flesh for nearly fifty people. From the first the Indian -medicine man had heaped ridicule on the white priest, and Pierre had -refused to interpret as much as a single prayer; but now the whole camp -was starving. Pierre happened to tell the other Indians that Christmas -was the day on which the white man's God had come to earth. In vain -the medicine man had pounded his tom-tom and shouted at the Indian gods -from the top of the wigwams and offered sacrifice of animals to be -slain. No game had come as the result of the medicine man's invocation. -</P> - -<P> -Le Jeune gathered the people about him and through Pierre, the -interpreter, bade them try the white man's God. In the largest of the -wigwams a little altar was fitted up. Then the Indians repeated this -prayer after Le Jeune: -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -Jesus, Son of the Almighty … who died for us … who promised -that if we ask anything in Thy name, Thou wilt do it—I pray Thee with -all my heart, give food to these people … this people promises Thee -faithfully they will trust Thee entirely and obey Thee with all their -heart! My Lord, hear my prayer! I present Thee my life for this -people, most willing to die that they may live and know Thee. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -"Take that back," grunted the chief. "We love you! We don't want you -to die." -</P> - -<P> -"I only want to show that I am your friend," answered the priest. -</P> - -<P> -Le Jeune then commanded them to go forth to the hunt, full of faith -that God would give them food. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P82"></A>82}</SPAN> -But alas for the poor father's hopes and the childlike Indian vow! -True, they found abundance of food,—a beaver dam full of beaver, a -moose, a porcupine taken by the Indian medicine man. Father Le Jeune, -with radiant face, met the hunters returning laden with game. -</P> - -<P> -"We must thank your God for this," said the Indian chief, throwing down -his load. -</P> - -<P> -"Bah," says Pierre, "you 'd have found it anyway." -</P> - -<P> -"This is not the time to talk," sneered the medicine man. "Let the -hungry people eat." -</P> - -<P> -And by the time the Indians had gorged themselves with ample measure -for their long fast, they were torpid with sleep. The sad priest was -fain to wander out under the stars. There, in the snow-padded silences -of the white-limned forest, far from the joyous peal of Christmas -bells, he knelt alone and worshiped God. -</P> - -<P> -For five months he wandered with the Montaignais, and now in April the -hunters turned toward Quebec with their furs. At three in the morning -Le Jeune knocked on the door of the mission house at Quebec, and was -welcomed home by the priests. The pilgrimage had taught him what the -Jesuits have always held—the way to power with a people is through the -education of the children. "Give me a child for the first seven years -of its life," said a famous educator, "and I care not what you do with -him the rest of his years." Missions and schools must be established -among the tribes of Hurons and Iroquois. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Consequently, when Champlain sent his soldiers in 1634 to build a fort -at Three Rivers, they were accompanied by three Jesuits, chief of whom -was Jean de Brébeuf, lion-hearted, bound for the land of the Hurons. -The chapel bells of Quebec rang and rang again in honor of the new -Jesuit mission—morning, noon, and night they chimed in airy music, -calling men's thoughts to God, just as you may hear the chimes to-day; -and the ramparts below Quebec thundered and reëchoed with salvos of -cannon when the missionaries set out for Three Rivers. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P83"></A>83}</SPAN> -At Three Rivers waited the Indians of the Up-Country. The Jesuits -embarked with them for the land of the Hurons. The priests traveled -barefoot to avoid injuring the frail bark of the canoes. Barely had -farewell cheers faded on the river, when the canoes spread apart. With -pieces of buckskin hoisted on fishing rods for sail, and a flipping of -paddles as naked, bronzed arms set the pace, the voyage had begun. -Heroism is easy with chapel bells ringing; it is another matter, -barefoot and with sleeves rolled up. -</P> - -<P> -It was the same trail that Champlain had followed up the Ottawa. Only -Champlain was assured of good treatment, for he had promised to fight -in the Indian wars; but the Jesuits were dependent on the caprice of -their conductors. Any one, who, from experience in the wilds, has -learned how the term "tenderfoot" came to be applied, will realize the -hardships endured—and endured without self-pity—by these scholarly -men of immured life. The rocks of the portage cut their naked feet. -The Indians refused to carry their packs overland and flung bundles of -clothing and food into the water. In fair weather the voyageurs slept -on the sand under the overturned canoes; in rain a wigwam was raised, -and into the close confines of this tent crowded men, women, and -children, for the most part naked, and with less idea of decency than a -domestic dog. Each night, as the boats were beached, the priests -wandered off into the woods to hold their prayers in privacy. Soon the -canoes were so far apart the different boats did not camp together, and -the white men were scattered alone among the savages. Robberies -increased till, when Brébeuf reached Georgian Bay, thirty days from -leaving Three Rivers, he had little left but the bundles he had carried -for himself. -</P> - -<P> -Brébeuf had been to the Huron country before with Etienne Brulé, -Champlain's pathfinder; but of the first mission no record exists. -Brébeuf found that Brulé had been murdered near the modern Penetang; -and the Indians had scarcely brought the priest's canoe ashore, when -they bolted through the woods, leaving him to follow as best he could. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P84"></A>84}</SPAN> -Take a map of modern Ontario. Draw a circle round Georgian Bay, -running from Muskoka through Lake Simcoe and up into Manitoulin Island. -Here, on the very stamping ground of the summer tourist, was the scene -of the Jesuits' Huron mission. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-084"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-084.jpg" ALT="GEORGIAN BAY" BORDER="2" WIDTH="386" HEIGHT="306"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 386px"> -GEORGIAN BAY -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -When Brébeuf's tall frame emerged from the woods, the whole village of -Ihonateria dashed out to welcome him, shouting, "He has come! He has -come again! Behold, the Black Robe has come again!" Young braves -willingly ran back through the forest for the baggage, which the -voyageurs had thrown aside; and at one o'clock in the morning, as the -messengers came through the moonlit forest, Brébeuf took up his abode -in the house of the leading chief. Later came Fathers Davost and -Daniel. By October the Indians had built the missionaries their -wigwam, a bark-covered house of logs, thirty-six feet long, divided -into three rooms, reception room, living quarters, church. In the -entrance hall assembled the Indians, squatting on the floor, gazing in -astonishment at the religious pictures on the wall, and, above all, at -the clock. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P85"></A>85}</SPAN> -"What does he say?" they would ask, listening solemnly to the -ticking. -</P> - -<P> -"He says 'Hang on the kettle,'" Brébeuf would answer as the clock -struck twelve, and the whole conclave would be given a simple meal of -corn porridge; but at four the clock sang a different song. -</P> - -<P> -"It says 'Get up and go home,'" Brébeuf would explain, and the Indians -would file out, knowing well that the Black Robes were to engage in -prayer. -</P> - -<P> -No holiday in the wildwoods was the Jesuit mission. Chapel bell called -to service at four in the morning. Eight was the breakfast hour. The -morning was passed teaching, preaching, visiting. At two o'clock was -dinner, when a chapter of the Bible was read. After four the Indians -were dismissed, and the missionaries met to compare notes and plan the -next day's campaign. -</P> - -<P> -By 1645, five mission houses had been established, with Ste. Marie on -the Wye, east of Midland, as the central house. Near Lake Simcoe were -two missions,—St. Jean Ba'tiste and St. Joseph; near Penetang, St. -Louis, and St. Ignace. Westward of Ste. Marie on the Wye were half a -dozen irregular missions among the Tobacco Indians. Each of the five -regular missions boasted palisaded inclosures, a chapel of log slabs -with bell and spire, though the latter might be only a high wooden -cross. At Ste. Marie, the central station, were lodgings for sixty -people, a hospital, kitchen garden, with cattle, pigs, and poultry. At -various times soldiers had been sent up by the Quebec governors, till -some thirty or forty were housed at Ste. Marie. In all were eighteen -priests, four lay brothers, seven white servants, and twenty-three -volunteers, unpaid helpers—donnés, they were called, young men -ardently religious, learning woodlore and the Indian language among the -Jesuits, as well as exploring whenever it was possible for them to -accompany the Indians. Among the volunteers was one Chouart -Groseillers, who, if he did not accompany Father Jogues on a preaching -tour to the tribes of Lake Superior, had at least gone as far as the -Sault and learned of the vast unexplored world beyond Lake Superior. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P86"></A>86}</SPAN> -Food, as always, played a large part in winning the soul of the -redskin. On church fête days as many as three thousand people were fed -and lodged at Ste. Marie. That the priests suffered many trials among -the unreasonable savages need not be told. When it rained too heavily -they were accused of ruining the crops by praying for too much rain; -when there was drouth they were blamed for not arranging this matter -with their God; and when the scourge of smallpox raged through the -Huron villages, devastating the wigwams so that the timber wolves -wandered unmolested among the dead, it was easy for the humpback -sorcerer to ascribe the pestilence also to the influence of the Black -Robes. Once their houses were set on fire. Again and again their -lives were threatened. Often after tramping twenty miles through the -sleet-soaked, snow-drifted spring forests, arriving at an Indian -village foredone and exhausted, the Jesuit was met with no better -welcome than a wigwam flap closed against his entrance, or a rabble of -impish children hooting and jeering him as he sought shelter from house -to house. -</P> - -<P> -But an influence was at work on the borders of the St. Lawrence that -yearly rendered the Hurons more tractable. From raiding the -settlements of the St. Lawrence, the Iroquois were sweeping in a -scourge more deadly than smallpox up the Ottawa to the very forests of -Georgian Bay. The Hurons no longer dared to go down to Quebec in -swarming canoes. Only a few picked warriors—perhaps two hundred and -fifty—would venture so near the Iroquois fighting ground. -</P> - -<P> -One winter night, as the priests sat round their hearth fire watching -the mournful shadows cast by the blazing logs on the rude walls, -Brébeuf, the soldier, lion-hearted, the fearless, told in a low, dreamy -voice of a vision that had come,—the vision of a huge fiery cross -rising slowly out of the forest and moving across the face of the sky -towards the Huron country. It seemed to come from the land of the -Iroquois. Was the priest's vision a dream, or his own intuition deeper -than reason, assuming dire form, portending a universal fear? Who can -tell? I can but repeat the story as it is told in their annals. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P87"></A>87}</SPAN> -"How large was the cross?" asked the other priests. Brébeuf gazes -long in the fire. -</P> - -<P> -"Large enough to crucify us all," he answers. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -And, as he had dreamed, fell the blow. -</P> - -<P> -St. Joseph, of the Lake Simcoe region, was situated a day's travel from -the main fortified mission of Ste. Marie. Round it were some two -thousand Hurons to whom Father Daniel ministered. Father Daniel was -just closing the morning services on July the 4th, 1648. His tawny -people were on their knees repeating the responses of the service, when -from the forest, humming with insect and bird life, arose a sound that -was neither wind nor running water—confused, increasing, nearing! -Then a shriek broke within the fort palisades,—"The enemy! the -Iroquois!" and the courtyard was in an uproar indescribable. Painted -redskins, naked but for the breech clout, were dashing across the -cornfields to scale the palisades or force the hastily slammed gates. -Father Daniel rushed from church to wigwams rallying the Huron -warriors, while the women and children, the aged and the feeble, ran a -terrified rabble to the shelter of the chapel. Before the Hurons could -man the walls, Iroquois hatchets had hacked holes of entrance in the -palisades. The fort was rushed by a bloodthirsty horde making the air -hideous with fiendish screams. -</P> - -<P> -"Fly! Save yourselves!" shouted the priest. "I stay here! We shall -this day meet in Heaven!" -</P> - -<P> -In the volley and counter volley of ball and arrow, Father Daniel -reeled on his face, shot in the heart. In a trice his body was cut to -pieces, and the Iroquois were bathing their hands in his warm -lifeblood. A moment later the village was in roaring flames, and on -the burning pile were flung the fragments of the priest's body. The -victors set out on the homeward tramp with a line of more than six -hundred prisoners, the majority, women and children, to be brained if -their strength failed on the march, to be tortured in the Iroquois -towns if they survived the abuse on the way. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P88"></A>88}</SPAN> -Next westward from the Lake Simcoe missions were St. Ignace with -four hundred people and St. Louis with seven hundred, near the modern -Penetang and within short distance of the Jesuits' strong headquarters -on the River Wye. At these two missions labored Brébeuf, the giant, -and a fragile priest named Lalemant. -</P> - -<P> -Encouraged by the total destruction of St. Joseph, the Iroquois that -very fall took the warpath with more than one thousand braves. -Ascending the Ottawa leisurely, they had passed the winter hunting and -cutting off any stray wanderers found in the forest. -</P> - -<P> -The Hurons knew the doom that was slowly approaching. Yet they -remained passive, stunned, terrified by the blow at St. Joseph. It was -spring of 1649 before the warriors reached Georgian Bay. March winds -had cleared the trail of snowdrifts, but the forests were still -leafless. St. Ignace mission lay between Lake Simcoe and St. Louis. -Approaching it one windy March night, the Iroquois had cut holes -through the palisades before dawn and burst inside the walls with the -yells and gyrations of some hideous hell dance. Here a warrior -simulated the howl of the wolf. There another approached in the -crouching leaps of a panther, all the while uttering the yelps and -screams of a beast of prey lashed to fury. The poor Hurons were easy -victims. Nearly all their braves happened to be absent hunting, and -the four hundred women and children, rushing from the long houses half -dazed with sleep, fell without realizing their fate, or found -themselves herded in the chapel like cattle at the shambles, Iroquois -guards at every window and door. -</P> - -<P> -Luckily three Hurons escaped over the palisades and rushed breathless -through the forest to forewarn Brébeuf and Lalemant cooped up in St. -Louis. The Iroquois came on behind like a wolf pack. -</P> - -<P> -"Escape! Escape! Run to the woods, Black Robes! There is yet time," -the Indian converts urged Brébeuf; but the lion-hearted stood -steadfast, though Lalemant, new to scenes of carnage, turned white and -trembled in spite of his resolution. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P89"></A>89}</SPAN> -"Who would protect the women if the men fled like deer to the -woods?" demanded Brébeuf, and the tigerish yells of the on-rushing -horde answered the question. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-089"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-089.jpg" ALT="BRÉBEUF" BORDER="2" WIDTH="253" HEIGHT="337"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 253px"> -BRÉBEUF -</H4> - -<P> -Before day dawn had tipped the branches of the leafless trees with -shafted sunlight, the enemy were hacking furiously at the palisades. -Trapped and cornered, the most timid of animals will fight. With such -fury, reckless from desperation, cherishing no hope, the Hurons now -fought, but they were handicapped by lack of guns and balls. Thirty -Iroquois had been slain, a hundred wounded, and the assailants drew off -for breath. It was only the lull between two thunderclaps. A moment -later they were on St. Louis' walls and had hacked through a dozen -places. At these spots the fiercest fighting occurred, and those -Iroquois who had not already bathed their faces in the gore of victims -at St. Ignace were soon enough dyed in their own blood. Here, there, -everywhere, were Brébeuf and Lalemant, fighting, administering last -rites, exhorting the Hurons to perish valiantly. Then the rolling -clouds of flame and smoke told the Hurons that their village was on -fire. Some dashed back to die inside the burning wigwams. Others -fought desperately to escape through the broken walls. A few, in the -confusion and smoke, succeeded in reaching the woods, whence they ran -to warn Ste. Marie on the Wye. Brébeuf and Lalemant had been knocked -down, stripped, bound, and were now -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P90"></A>90}</SPAN> -half driven, half dragged, -with the other captives to be tortured at Ignace. Not a sign of fear -did either priest betray. -</P> - -<P> -One would fain pass over the next pages of the Jesuit records. It is -inconceivable how human nature, even savage nature, so often stoops -beneath the most repellent cruelties of the brute world. It is -inconceivable unless one acknowledge an influence fiendish; but let us -not judge the Indians too harshly. When the Iroquois warriors were -torturing the Hurons and their missionaries, the populace of civilized -European cities was outdoing the savages on victims whose sins were -political. -</P> - -<P> -While the Jesuits of Ste. Marie were praying all day and night before -the lighted altar for heavenly intervention to rescue Brébeuf and -Lalemant, the two captured priests stood bound to the torture stakes, -the gapingstock of a thousand fiends. When the Iroquois singed Brébeuf -from head to foot with burning birch bark, he threatened them in tones -of thunder with everlasting damnation for persecuting the servants of -God. The Iroquois shrieked with laughter. Such spirit in a man was to -their liking. Then, to stop his voice, they cut away his lips and -rammed a red-hot iron into his mouth. Not once did the giant priest -flinch or writhe at the torture stake. Then they brought out Lalemant, -that Brébeuf might suffer the agony of seeing a weaker spirit flinch. -Poor Lalemant fell at his superior's feet, sobbing out a verse of -Scripture. Then they wreathed Lalemant in oiled bark and set fire to -it. -</P> - -<P> -"We baptize you," they yelled, throwing hot water on the dying man. -Then they railed out blasphemies, obscenities unspeakable, against the -Jesuits' religion. Brébeuf had not winced, but his frame was relaxing. -He sank to his knees, a dying man. With the yells of devils jealous of -losing their prey, they ripped off his scalp while he was still alive, -tore his heart from his breast, and drank the warm lifeblood of the -priest. Brébeuf died at four in the afternoon. Strange to relate, -Lalemant, of the weaker body, survived the tortures till daybreak, -when, weary of the sport, the Indians desisted from their mad night -orgies and put an end to his sufferings by braining him. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P91"></A>91}</SPAN> -Over at Ste. Marie, Ragueneau and the other priests momentarily -awaited the attack; but at Ste. Marie were forty French soldiers and -ample supply of muskets. The Iroquois was bravest as the wolf is -bravest—when attacking a lamb. Three hundred Hurons lay in ambush -along the forest trail. These ran from the Iroquois like sheep; but -when three hundred more sallied from the fort, led by the French, it -was the Iroquois' turn to run, and they fled back behind the palisades -of St. Louis. The Hurons followed, entered by the selfsame breaches -the Iroquois had made, and drove the invaders out. More Iroquois -rushed from Ignace to the rescue. A hundred Iroquois fell in the day's -fight, and when they finally recaptured St. Louis, only twenty Hurons -remained of the three hundred. The victory had been bought at too -great cost. Tying their prisoners to stakes at St. Ignace, they heaped -the courtyard with inflammable wood, set fire to all, and retreated, -taking only enough prisoners to carry their plunder. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-091"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-091.jpg" ALT="REMNANTS OF WALLS OF FORT ST. MARY ON CHRISTIAN ISLAND IN 1891" BORDER="2" WIDTH="390" HEIGHT="271"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 390px"> -REMNANTS OF WALLS OF FORT ST. MARY ON CHRISTIAN ISLAND IN 1891 -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -Ste. Marie for the time was safe. The invaders had gone; but the blow -had crushed forever the prowess of the Huron nation. The remaining -towns had thought for nothing but flight. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P92"></A>92}</SPAN> -Town after town was -forsaken and burned in the summer of 1649, the corn harvest left -standing in the fields, while the panic-stricken people put out in -their canoes to take refuge on the islands of Georgian Bay. Ste. Marie -on the Wye alone remained, and the reason for its existence was -vanishing like winter snow before summer sun, for its people fled … -fled … fled … daily fled to the pink granite islands of the -lake. The Hurons begged the Jesuits to accompany them, and there was -nothing else for Ragueneau to do. Ste. Marie was stripped, the stock -slain for food. Then the buildings were set on fire. June 14, just as -the sunset bathed water and sky in seas of gold, the priest led his -homeless people down to the lake as Moses of old led the children of -Israel. Oars and sweeps, Georgian Bay calm as glass, they rafted -slowly out to the Christian Islands,—Faith, Hope, and Charity,—which -tourists can still see from passing steamers, a long wooded line beyond -the white water-fret of the wind-swept reefs. The island known on the -map as Charity, or St. Joseph, was heavily wooded. Here the refugees -found their haven, and the French soldiers cleared the ground -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P93"></A>93}</SPAN> -for -a stone fort of walled masonry,—the islands offering little else than -stone and timber, though the fishing has not failed to this day. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-092t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-092.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-092t.jpg" ALT="MAP OF THE GREAT LAKES Showing the territory of the Jesuit Huron missions" BORDER="2" WIDTH="383" HEIGHT="287"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 383px"> -MAP OF THE GREAT LAKES Showing the territory of the Jesuit Huron missions -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -By autumn the walled fort was complete, but some eight thousand -refugees had gathered to the island. Such numbers could not subsist on -Georgian Bay in summer. In winter their presence meant starvation, and -before the spring of 1650 half had perished. Of the survivors, many -had fed on the bodies of the dead. No help had come from Quebec for -almost three years. The clothing of the priests had long since worn to -shreds. Ragueneau and his helpers were now dressed in skins like the -Indians, and reduced to a diet of nuts and smoked fish. -</P> - -<P> -With warm weather came sickness. And also came bands of raiding -Iroquois striking terror to the Tobacco Indians. Among them, too, -perished Jesuit priests, martyrs to the faith. Did some of the Hurons -venture from the Christian Islands across to the mainland to hunt, they -were beset by scalping parties and came back to the fort with tales -that crazed Ragueneau's Indians with terror. The Hurons decided to -abandon Georgian Bay. Some scattered to Lake Superior, to Green Bay, -to Detroit. Others found refuge on Manitoulin Island. A remnant of a -few hundreds followed Ragueneau and the French down the Ottawa to take -shelter at Quebec. Their descendants may be found to this day at the -mission of Lorette. -</P> - -<P> -To-day, as tourists drive through Quebec, marveling at the massive -buildings and power and wealth of Catholic orders, do they pause to -consider that the foundation stones of that power were dyed in the -blood of these early martyrs? Or, as the pleasure seekers glide among -the islands of Georgian Bay, do they ever ponder that this fair world -of blue waters and pink granite islands once witnessed the most bloody -tragedy of brute force, triumphant over the blasted hopes of religious -zeal? -</P> - -<BR><BR><BR> - -<A NAME="chap06"></A> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P94"></A>94}</SPAN> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -CHAPTER VI -</H3> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -FROM 1650 TO 1672 -</H3> - -<P CLASS="intro"> -Radisson captured by Iroquois—Radisson escapes—At Onandaga—How the -French were saved—Word of the western land—Westward bound—Dollard's -Heroes—The fight at the Long Sault—To seek the north sea—Discovers -Hudson Bay—Origin of the great fur company -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Having destroyed the Hurons, who were under French protection, it is -not surprising that the Iroquois now set themselves to destroy the -French. From Montreal to Tadoussac the St. Lawrence swarmed with war -canoes. No sooner had the river ice broken up and the birds begun -winging north than the Iroquois flocked down the current of the -Richelieu, across Lake St. Peter to Three Rivers, down the St. Lawrence -to Quebec, up the St. Lawrence to Montreal. And the snows of midwinter -afforded no truce to the raids, for the Iroquois cached their canoes in -the forest, and roamed the woods on snowshoes. Settlers fled terrified -from their farms to the towns; farmers dared not work in their fields -without a sentry standing guard; Montreal became a prison; Three Rivers -lay blockaded; and at Quebec the war canoes passed defiantly below the -cannon of Cape Diamond, paddles beating defiance against the gun'els, -or prows flaunting the scalps of victims within cannon fire of Castle -St. Louis. Rich and poor, priests and parishioners, governors and -habitants, all alike trembled before the lurking treachery. Father -Jogues had been captured on his way from the Huron mission; Père Poncet -was likewise kidnapped at Quebec and carried to the tortures of the -Mohawk towns; and a nephew of the Governor of Quebec was a few years -later attacked while hunting near Lake Champlain. -</P> - -<P> -The outraged people of New France realized that fear was only -increasing the boldness of the Iroquois. A Mohawk-chief fell into -their hands. By way of warning, they bound him to a stake and burned -him to death. The Indian revenge fell swift and sure. In 1653 the -Governor of Three Rivers and twelve leading citizens were murdered a -short distance from the fort gates. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P95"></A>95}</SPAN> -One night in May of 1652 a -tall, slim, swarthy lad about sixteen years of age was seen winding his -way home to Three Rivers from a day's shooting in the marshes. He had -set out at day dawn with some friends, but fear of the Iroquois had -driven his comrades back. Now at nightfall, within sight of Three -Rivers, when the sunset glittered from the chapel spire, he unslung his -bag of game and sat down to reload his musket. Then he noticed that -the pistols in his belt had been water-soaked from the day's wading, -and he reloaded them too. -</P> - -<P> -Any one who is used to life in the open knows how at sundown wild birds -foregather for a last conclave. Ducks were winging in myriads and -settling on the lake with noisy flacker. Unable to resist the -temptation of one last shot, the boy was gliding noiselessly forward -through the rushes, when suddenly he stopped as if rooted to the -ground, with hands thrown up and eyes bulging from his head. At his -feet lay the corpses of his morning comrades,—scalped, stripped, -hacked almost piecemeal! Then the instinct of the hunted thing, of -flight, of self-protection, eclipsed momentary terror, and the boy was -ducking into the rushes to hide when, with a crash of musketry from the -woods, the Iroquois were upon him. -</P> - -<P> -When he regained consciousness, he was pegged out on the sand amid a -flotilla of beached canoes, where Iroquois warriors were having an -evening meal. So began the captivity, the love of the wilds, the wide -wanderings of one of the most intrepid explorers in New France,—Pierre -Esprit Radisson. -</P> - -<P> -His youth and the fact that he would make a good warrior were in his -favor. When he was carried back to the Mohawk town and with other -prisoners compelled to run the gauntlet between two lines of -tormentors, Radisson ran so fast and dodged so dexterously that he was -not once hit. The feat was greeted with shrieks of delight by the -Iroquois; and the high-spirited boy was given in adoption to a captive -Huron woman. -</P> - -<P> -Things would have gone well had he not bungled an attempt to escape; -but one night, while in camp with three Iroquois hunters, an Algonquin -captive entered. While the Iroquois -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P96"></A>96}</SPAN> -slept with guns stacked -against the trees, the sleepless Algonquin captive rose noiselessly -where he lay by the fire, seized the Mohawk warriors' guns, threw one -tomahawk across to Radisson, and with the other brained two of the -sleepers. The French boy aimed a blow at the third sleeper, and the -two captives escaped. But they might have saved themselves the -trouble. They were pursued and overtaken on Lake St. Peter, within -sight of Three Rivers. This time Radisson had to endure all the -<I>diableries</I> of Mohawk torture. For two days he was kept bound to the -torture stake. The nails were torn from his fingers, the flesh burnt -from the soles of his feet, a hundred other barbarous freaks of impish -Indian children wreaked on the French boy. Arrows with flaming points -were shot at his naked body. His mutilated finger ends were ground -between stones, or thrust into the smoking bowl of a pipe full of -coals, or bitten by fiendish youngsters being trained up the way a -Mohawk warrior should go. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-096"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-096.jpg" ALT="A CANADIAN IN SNOWSHOES (After La Potherie)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="260" HEIGHT="463"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 260px"> -A CANADIAN IN SNOWSHOES (After La Potherie) -</H4> - -<P> -Radisson's youth, his courage, his very dare-devil rashness, together -with presents of wampum belts from his Indian parents, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P97"></A>97}</SPAN> -saved his -life for a second time, and a year of wild wanderings with Mohawk -warriors finally brought him to Albany on the Hudson, where the Dutch -would have ransomed him as they had ransomed the two Jesuits, Jogues -and Poncet; but the boy disliked to break faith a second time with his -loyal Indian friends. Still, the glimpse of white man's life caused a -terrible upheaval of revulsion from the barbarities, the filth, the -vice, of the Mohawk camp. He could endure Indian life no longer. One -morning, in the fall of 1653, he stole out from the Mohawk lodges, -while the mist of day dawn still shadowed the forest, and broke at a -run down the trail of the Mohawk valley for Albany. All day he ran, -pursued by the phantom fright of his own imagination, fancying -everything that crunched beneath his moccasined tread some Mohawk -warrior, seeing in the branches that reeled as he passed the arms of -pursuers stretched out to stop him;—on … and on … and on, he -ran, pausing neither to eat nor rest; here dashing into the bed of a -stream and running along the pebbled bottom to throw pursuers off the -trail; there breaking through a thicket of brushwood away from the -trail, only to come back to it breathless farther on, when some alarm -of the wind in the trees or deer on the move had proved false. Only -muscles of iron strength, lithe as elastic, could have endured the -strain. Nightfall at last came, hiding him from pursuers; but still he -sped on at a run, following the trail by the light of the stars and the -rush of the river. By sunrise of the second day he was staggering; for -the rocks were slippery with frost and his moccasins worn to tatters. -It was four in the afternoon before he reached the first outlying cabin -of the Dutch settlers. For three days he lay hidden in Albany behind -sacks of wheat in a thin-boarded attic, through the cracks of which he -could see the Mohawks searching everywhere. The Jesuit Poncet gave him -passage money to take ship to Europe by way of New York. New York was -then a village of a few hundred houses, thatch-roofed, with stone fort, -stone church, stone barracks. Central Park was a rocky wilderness. -What is now Wall Street was the stamping ground of pigs and goats. -January of 1654 Radisson -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P98"></A>98}</SPAN> -reached Europe, no longer a boy, but a -man inured to danger and hardships and daring, though not yet eighteen. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -When Radisson came back to Three Rivers in May he found changes had -taken place in New France. Among the men murdered with the Governor of -Three Rivers by the Mohawks the preceding year had been his sister's -husband, and the widow had married one Medard Chouart de Groseillers, -who had served in the Huron country as a lay helper with the martyred -Jesuits. Also a truce had been patched up between the Iroquois and the -French. The Iroquois were warring against the Eries and wanted arms -from the French. A still more treacherous motive underlay the -Iroquois' peace. They wanted a French settlement in their country as a -guarantee of non-intervention when they continued to raid the refugee -Hurons. Such duplicity was unsuspected by New France. The Jesuits -looked upon the peace as designed by Providence to enable them to -establish missions among the Iroquois. Father Le Moyne went from -village to village preaching the gospel and receiving belts of wampum -as tokens of peace—one belt containing as many as seven thousand -beads. When the Onondagas asked for a French colony, Lauzon, the -French Governor, readily consented if the Jesuits would pay the cost, -estimated at about $10,000; and in 1656 Major Dupuis had led fifty -Frenchmen and four Jesuits up the St. Lawrence in long boats through -the wilderness to a little hill on Lake Onondaga, where a palisaded -fort was built, and the lilies of France, embroidered on a white silk -flag by the Ursuline nuns, flung from the breeze above the Iroquois -land. The colony was hardly established before three hundred Mohawks -fell on the Hurons encamped under shelter of Quebec, butchered without -mercy, and departed with shouts of laughter that echoed below the guns -at Cape Diamond, scalps waving from the prow of each Iroquois canoe. -Quebec was thunderstruck, numb with fright. The French dared not -retaliate, or the Iroquois would fall on the colony at Onondaga. -Perhaps people who keep their vision too constantly fixed on heaven -lose -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P99"></A>99}</SPAN> -sight of the practical duties of earth; but when eighty -Onondagas came again in 1657, inviting a hundred Hurons to join the -Iroquois Confederacy, the Jesuits again suspected no treachery in the -invitation, but saw only a providential opportunity to spread one -hundred Huron converts among the Iroquois pagans. Father Ragueneau, -who had led the poor refugees down from the Christian Islands on -Georgian Bay, now with another priest offered to accompany the Hurons -to the Iroquois nation. An interpreter was needed. Young Radisson, -now twenty-one years of age, offered to go as a lay helper, and the -party of two hundred and twenty French, eighty Iroquois, one hundred -Hurons, departed from the gates of Montreal, July 26. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-099t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-099.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-099t.jpg" ALT="SAUSON'S MAP, 1656" BORDER="2" WIDTH="388" HEIGHT="243"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 388px"> -SAUSON'S MAP, 1656 -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<BR> - -<P> -Hardly were they beyond recall, before scouts brought word that twelve -hundred Iroquois had gone on the warpath against Canada, and three -Frenchmen of Montreal had been scalped. At last the Governor of Quebec -bestirred himself: he caused twelve Iroquois to be seized and held as -hostages for the safety of the French. -</P> - -<P> -The Onondagas had set out from Montreal carrying the Frenchmen's -baggage. Beyond the first portage they flung the packs on the ground, -hurried the Hurons into canoes so that no two Hurons were in one boat, -and paddled over the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P100"></A>100}</SPAN> -water with loud laughter, leaving the French -in the lurch. Father Ragueneau and Radisson quickly read the ominous -signs. Telling the other French to gather up the baggage, they armed -themselves and paddled in swift pursuit. That night Ragueneau's party -and the Onondagas camped together. Nothing was said or done to evince -treachery. Friends and enemies, Onondagas and Hurons and white men, -paddled and camped together for another week; but when, on August 3, -four Huron warriors and two women forcibly seized a canoe and headed -back for Montreal, the Onondagas would delay no longer. That afternoon -as the Indians paddled inshore to camp on one of the Thousand Islands, -some Onondaga braves rushed into the woods as if to hunt. As the -canoes grated the pebbled shore a secret signal was given. The Huron -men with their eyes bent on the beach, intent on landing, never knew -that they had been struck. Onondaga hatchets, clubs, spears, were -plied from the water side, and from the hunters ambushed on shore -crashed musketry that mowed down those who would have fled to the woods. -</P> - -<P> -By night time only a few Huron women and the French had survived the -massacre. Such was the baptism of blood that inaugurated the French -colony at Onondaga. Luckily the fort built on the crest of the hill -above Lake Onondaga was large enough to house stock and provisions. -Outside the palisades there daily gathered more Iroquois warriors, who -no longer dissembled a hunger for Jesuits' preaching. Among the -warriors were Radisson's old friends of the Mohawks, and his foster -father confessed to him frankly that the Confederacy were only delaying -the massacre of the French till they could somehow obtain the freedom -of the twelve Iroquois hostages held at Quebec. -</P> - -<P> -Daily more warriors gathered; nightly the war drum pounded; week after -week the beleaguered and imprisoned French heard their stealthy enemy -closing nearer and nearer on them, and the painted foliage of autumn -frosts gave place to the leafless trees and the drifting snows of -midwinter. The French were hemmed in completely as if on a desert -isle, and no help could come from Quebec, where New France was -literally under Iroquois siege. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P101"></A>101}</SPAN> -The question was, what to do? Messengers had been secretly sent -to Quebec, but the Mohawks had caught the scouts bringing back answers, -and there was no safe escape from the colony through ambushed woods in -midwinter. The Iroquois could afford to bide their time for victims -who could not escape. All winter the whites secretly built boats in -the lofts of the fort, but when the timbers were put together the boats -had to be brought downstairs, and a Huron convert spread a terrifying -report of a second deluge for which the white men were preparing a -second Noah's Ark. Mohawk warriors at once scented an attempt to -escape when the ice broke up in spring, and placed their braves in -ambush along the portages. Also they sent a deputation to see if that -story of the boats were true. Forewarned by Radisson, the whites built -a floor over the boats, heaped canoes above the floor, and invited the -Mohawk spies in. The Mohawks smiled grimly and were reassured. Canoes -would be ripped into shingles if they ran the ice jam of spring. The -Iroquois felt doubly certain of their victims; but Radisson, free to go -among the warriors as one of themselves, learned that they were -plotting to murder half the colony and hold the other half as hostages -for the safety of the twelve Indians in the dungeon at Quebec. The -whites could delay no longer. Something must be done, but what? -Radisson, knowing the Indian customs, proposed a way out. -</P> - -<P> -No normally built savage could refuse an invitation to a sumptuous -feast. According to Indian custom, no feaster dare leave uneaten food -on his plate. Waste to the Indian is crime. In the words of the -Scotch proverb, "Better burst than waste." And all Indians have -implicit faith in dreams. Radisson dreamed—so he told the -Indians—that the white men were to give them a marvelous banquet. No -sooner dreamed than done! The Iroquois probably thought it a chance to -obtain possession inside the fort; but the whites had taken good care -to set the banquet between inner and outer walls. -</P> - -<P> -Such a repast no savage had ever enjoyed in the memory of the race. -All the ambushed spies flocked in from the portages. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P102"></A>102}</SPAN> -The painted -warriors washed off their grease, donned their best buckskin, and -rallied to the banquet as to battle. All the stock but one solitary -pig, a few chickens and dogs, had been slaughtered for the kettle. -Such an odor of luscious meat steamed up from the fort for days as -whetted the warriors' hunger to the appetite of ravenous wolves. -Finally, one night, the trumpets blew a blare that almost burst -eardrums. Fifes shrilled, and the rub-a-dub-dub of a dozen drums set -the air in a tremor. A great fire had been kindled between the inner -and outer walls that set shadows dancing in the forest. Then the gates -were thrown open, and in trooped the feasters. All the French acting -as waiters, the whites carried in the kettles—kettles of wild fowl, -kettles of oxen, kettles of dogs, kettles of porridge and potatoes and -corn and what not? That is it—what not? Were the kettles drugged? -Who knows? The feasters ate till their eyes were rolling lugubriously; -and still the kettles came round. The Indians ate till they were -torpid as swollen corpses, and still came the white men with more -kettles, while the mischievous French lad, Radisson, danced a mad jig, -shouting, yelling, "Eat! eat! Beat the drum! Awake! awake! Cheer up! -Eat! eat!" -</P> - -<P> -By midnight every soul of the feast had tumbled over sound asleep, and -at the rear gates were the French, stepping noiselessly, speaking in -whispers, launching their boats loaded with provisions and ammunition. -The soldiers were for going back and butchering every warrior, but the -Jesuits forbade such treachery. Then Radisson, light-spirited as if -the refugees had been setting out on a holiday, perpetrated yet a last -trick on the warriors. To the bell rope of the main gate he fastened a -pig, so when the Indians would pull the rope for admission, they would -hear the tramp of a sentry inside. Then he stuffed effigies of men on -guard round the windows of the fort. -</P> - -<P> -It was a pitchy, sleety night, the river roaring with the loose ice of -spring flood, the forests noisy with the boisterous March wind. Out on -the maelstrom of ice and flood launched the fifty-three colonists, -March 20, 1658. By April they were safe -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P103"></A>103}</SPAN> -inside the walls of -Quebec, and chance hunters brought word that what with sleep, and the -measured tramp, tramp of the pig, and the baying of the dogs, and the -clucking of the chickens inside the fort, the escape of the whites had -not been discovered for a week. The Indians thought the whites had -gone into retreat for especially long prayers. Then a warrior climbed -the inner palisades, and rage knew no bounds. The fort was looted and -burnt to the ground. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Peltry traffic was the life of New France. Without it the colony would -have perished, and now the rupture of peace with the Iroquois cut off -that traffic. To the Iroquois land south of the St. Lawrence the -French dared not go, and the land of the Hurons was a devastated -wilderness. The boats that came out to New France were compelled to -return without a single peltry, but there still remained the unknown -land of the Algonquin northwest and beyond the Great Lakes. Year after -year young French adventurers essayed the exploration of that land. In -1634 Jean Nicolet, one of Champlain's wood runners, had gone westward -as far as Green Bay and coasted the shores of Lake Michigan. Jesuits, -where they preached on Lake Superior, had been told of a vast land -beyond the Sweet Water Seas,—Great Lakes,—a land where wandered -tribes of warriors powerful as the Iroquois. -</P> - -<P> -Yearly, when the Algonquins came down the Ottawa to trade, Jesuits and -young French adventurers accompanied the canoes back up the Ottawa, -hoping to reach the Unknown Land, which rumor said was bounded only by -the Western Sea. However, the priests went no farther than Lake -Nipissing; but two nameless French wood runners came back from Green -Bay in August of 1656 with marvelous tales of wandering hunters to the -north called "Christines" (Crees), who passed the winter hunting -buffalo on a land bare of trees (the prairie) and the summer fishing on -the shores of the North Sea (Hudson's Bay). They told also of fierce -tribes south of the Christines (the Sioux), who traded with the Indians -of the Spanish settlements in Mexico. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P104"></A>104}</SPAN> -All New France became fired by these reports. When Radisson -returned from Onondaga in April of 1659, he found his brother-in-law, -Chouart Groseillers, just back from Nipissing, where he had been -serving the Jesuits, with more tales of this marvelous undiscovered -land. The two kinsmen decided to go back with the Algonquins that very -year; for, confessed Radisson in his journal, "I longed to see myself -again in a boat." -</P> - -<P> -Thirty other Frenchmen and two Jesuits had assembled in Montreal to -join the Algonquins. More than sixty canoes set out from Montreal in -June, the one hundred and forty Algonquins well supplied with firearms -to defend themselves from marauding Iroquois. Numbers begot courage, -courage carelessness; and before the fleet had reached the Chaudière -Falls, at the modern city of Ottawa, the canoes had spread far apart in -utter forgetfulness of danger. Not twenty were within calling distance -when an Indian prophet, or wandering medicine man, ran down to the -shore, throwing his blanket and hatchet aside as signal of peace, and -shouting out warning of Iroquois warriors ambushed farther up the river. -</P> - -<P> -Drunk with the new sense of power from the possession of French -firearms, perhaps drunk too with French brandy obtained at Montreal, -the Algonquins paused to take the strange captive on board, and -returned thanks for the friendly warning by calling their benefactor a -"coward and a dog and a hen." At the same time they took the -precaution of sleeping in mid-stream with their canoes abreast tied to -water-logged trees. A dull roar through the night mist foretold they -were nearing the great Chaudière Falls; and at first streak of day dawn -there was a rush to land and cross the long portage before the mist -lifted and exposed them to the hostiles. -</P> - -<P> -To any one who knows the region of Canada's capital the scene can -easily be recalled: the long string of canoes gliding through the gray -morning like phantoms; Rideau Falls shimmering on the left like a snowy -curtain; the dense green of Gatineau Point as the birch craft swerved -across the river inshore to the right; the wooded heights, now known as -Parliament Hill, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P105"></A>105}</SPAN> -jutting above the river mist, the new foliage of -the topmost trees just tipped with the first primrose shafts of -sunrise; then the vague stir and unrest in the air as the sun came up -till the gray fog became rose mist shot with gold, and rose like a -curtain to the upper airs, revealing the angry, tempest-tossed cataract -straight ahead, hurtling over the rocks of the Chaudière in walls of -living waters. Where the lumber piles of Hull on the right to-day jut -out as if to span Ottawa River to Parliament Hill, the voyageurs would -land to portage across to Lake Du Chêne. -</P> - -<P> -Just as they sheered inshore the morning air was split by a hideous din -of guns and war whoops. The Iroquois had been lying in ambush at the -portage. The Algonquins' bravado now became a panic. They abandoned -canoes and baggage, threw themselves behind a windfall of trees, and -poured a steady rain of bullets across the portage in order to permit -the other canoes to come ashore. When the fog lifted, baggage and -canoes lay scattered on the shore. Behind one barricade of logs lay -the French and Algonquins; behind another, the Iroquois; and woe betide -the warrior who showed his head or dared to cross the open. All day -the warriors kept up their cross fire. Thirteen Algonquins had -perished, and the French were only waiting a chance to abandon the -voyage. Luckily, that night was pitch-dark. The Algonquin leader blew -a long low call through his birch trumpet. All hands rallied and -rushed for the boats to cross the river. All the Frenchmen's baggage -had been lost. Of the white adventurers every soul turned back but -Groseillers and Radisson. -</P> - -<P> -The Algonquins now made up in caution what they had at first lacked. -They voyaged only by night and hid by day. No camp fires were kindled. -No muskets were fired even for game; and the paddlers were presently -reduced to food of <I>tripe de roche</I>—green moss scraped from rocks. -Birch canoes could not cross Lake Huron in storm; so the Indians kept -close to the south shore of Georgian Bay, winding among the pink -granite islands, past the ruined Jesuit missions across to the Straits -of Mackinac and on down Lake Michigan to Green Bay. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P106"></A>106}</SPAN> -"But our mind was not to stay here," relates Radisson, "but to -know the remotest people." Sometime between April and July of 1659 the -two white men had followed the Indian hunters across what is now the -state of Wisconsin to "a mighty river like the St. Lawrence." They had -found the Mississippi, first of white men to view the waters since the -treasure-seeking Spaniards of the south crossed the river. They had -penetrated the Unknown. They had discovered the Great Northwest—a -world boundlessly vast; so vast no man forever after in the history of -the human race need be dispossessed of his share of the earth. -Something of the importance of the discovery seems to have impressed -Radisson; for he speaks of the folly of the European nations fighting -for sterile, rocky provinces when here is land enough for all—land -enough to banish poverty. -</P> - -<P> -The two Frenchmen's wanderings with the tribes of the prairie—whether -those tribes were Omahas or Iowas or Mandanes or Mascoutins or -Sioux—cannot be told here. It would fill volumes. I have told the -story fully elsewhere. By spring of 1660 Radisson and Groseillers are -back at Sault Ste. Marie, having gathered wealth of beaver peltries -beyond the dreams of avarice; but scouts have come to the Sault with -ominous news—news of one thousand Iroquois braves on the warpath to -destroy every settlement in New France. Hourly, daily, weekly, have -Quebec and Three Rivers and Montreal been awaiting the blow. -</P> - -<P> -The Algonquins refuse to go down to Quebec with Radisson and -Groseillers. "Fools," shouts Radisson in full assembly of their chiefs -squatting round a council fire, "are you going to allow the Iroquois to -destroy you as they destroyed the Hurons? How are you going to fight -the Iroquois unless you come down to Quebec for guns? Do you want to -see your wives and children slaves? For my part, I prefer to die like -a man rather than live a slave." -</P> - -<P> -The chiefs were shamed out of their cowardice. Five hundred young -warriors undertook to conduct the two white men down to Quebec. They -embarked at once, scouts to the fore reconnoitering all portages, and -guards on duty wherever the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P107"></A>107}</SPAN> -boats landed. A few Iroquois braves -were seen near the Long Sault Rapids, but they took to their heels in -such evident fright that Radisson was puzzled to know what had become -of the one thousand braves on the warpath. Carrying the beaver pelts -along the portage so they could be used as shields in case of attack, -the Algonquins came to the foot of the Long Sault Rapids near Montreal, -and saw plainly what had happened to the invading warriors. A -barricade of logs the shape of a square fort stood on the shore. From -the pickets hung the scalps of dead Indians and on the sands lay the -charred remains of white men. Every tree for yards round was peppered -with bullet holes. Here was a charred stake where some victim had been -tortured; there the smashed remnants of half-burnt canoes; and at -another point empty powder barrels. A terrible battle had been waged -but a week before. Radisson could trace, inside the barricade of logs, -holes scooped in the sand where the besieged, desperate with thirst, -had drunk the muddy water. At intervals in the palisades openings had -been hacked, and these were blood stained, as if the scene of the -fiercest fighting. Bark had been burnt from the logs in places, where -the assailants had set fire to the fort. -</P> - -<P> -From Indian refugees at Montreal, Radisson learned details of the -fight. It was the battle most famous in early Canadian annals—the -Long Sault. All winter Quebec, Three Rivers, and Montreal had cowered -in terror of the coming Iroquois. In imagination the beleaguered -garrisons foresaw themselves martyrs of Mohawk ferocity. It was -learned that seven hundred of the Iroquois warriors were hovering round -the Richelieu opposite Three Rivers. The rest of the braves had passed -the winter man-hunting in the Huron country, and were in spring -descending the Ottawa to unite with the lower band. -</P> - -<P> -Week after week Quebec awaited the blow; but the blow never fell, for -at Montreal was a little band of seventeen heroes, led by a youth of -twenty-five,—Adam Dollard,—who longed to wipe out the stain of a -misspent boyhood by some glorious exploit in the service of the Holy -Cross. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P108"></A>108}</SPAN> -When word came that the upper foragers were descending from the -country of the Hurons to unite with the lower Iroquois against -Montreal, Dollard proposed to go up the Ottawa with a picked party of -chosen fighters, waylay the Iroquois at the foot of the Long Sault -Rapids, and so prevent the attack on Montreal. Sixteen young men -volunteered to join him. Charles Le Moyne, now acting as interpreter -at Montreal, begged the young heroes to delay till reënforcements could -be obtained: seventeen Frenchmen against five hundred Mohawks meant -certain death; but delay meant risk, and Dollard coveted nothing more -than a death of glory. At the chapel of the Hôtel Dieu the young -heroes made what they knew would certainly be their last confession, -bade eternal farewell to friends, and with crushed corn for provisions -set out in canoes for the upper Ottawa. May 1, they came to the foot -of the Long Sault. Here a barricade of logs had been erected in some -skirmish the year before, and here, too, was the usual camping place of -the Iroquois as their canoes came bounding down the swift waters of the -Ottawa. Dollard and his brave boys landed, slung their kettles for the -night meal, and sent scouts upstream to forewarn when the Iroquois -came. The night was passed in prayer. Next day arrived unexpected -reënforcements. Two bands of forty Hurons and four Algonquins, under a -brave Huron convert of the Christian Islands, had asked Maisonneuve's -permission to join Dollard and wreak their pent vengeance on the -Mohawks. Early one morning the scouts reported five Iroquois canoes -coming slowly downstream, and two hundred more warriors behind. There -was not even care to bring a supply of water inside the barricade or -remove kettles from the sticks. Posted in ambush, the young soldiers -fired as soon as the first canoes came within range. This put the rest -of the Iroquois on guard. The whites rushed for the shelter of their -barricade. The Indians dashed to erect a fort of their own. Inside -Dollard's palisades all was activity. Cracks were plastered up with -mud between logs, four marksmen with double stands of arms posted at -each loophole, and a big musketoon leveled straight for the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P109"></A>109}</SPAN> - -Iroquois redoubt. The Iroquois rushed out yelling like fiends, and -jumping sideways as they advanced, to avoid becoming targets; but the -scattering fire of the musketoon caught them full abreast and a Seneca -chief fell dead. The Iroquois then broke up Dollard's canoes and tried -to set fire to the logs; but again the musketoon's scattering bullets -mowed a swath of death in the advancing ranks, and for a second time -the red warriors sought shelter behind the logs. Probably to obtain -truce till they could send word to the other warriors on the Richelieu, -the Iroquois then hung out a flag of parley; but the Huron chief knew -what peace with an Iroquois meant. He it was, on the Christian -Islands, who, when the Iroquois had proposed a similar parley for the -purpose of massacring the Hurons, invited their chiefs into the Huron -camp and brained them for their treachery. Dollard's band made answer -to the flag hoisted above the Iroquois pickets by rushing out, securing -the head of the Seneca chief, and elevating it on a pike above their -fort. -</P> - -<P> -But as the fight went on, the whites had to have water, and a few -rushed for the river to fill kettles. This rejoiced the hearts of the -Iroquois. They could guess if the whites were short of water, it only -required more warriors to surround the barricade completely and compel -surrender. Scouts had meanwhile gone for the Iroquois at Richelieu; -and on the fifth day of the siege a roar, gathering volume as it -approached, told Dollard that the seven hundred warriors were coming -through the forest. Among the newcomers were Huron renegades, who -approached within speaking distance of the fort and called out for the -Hurons to save themselves from death by surrender. Death was plainly -inevitable, and all the Hurons but the chief deserted. This reduced -Dollard's band, from sixty to twenty. The whites were now weak from -lack of food and sleep; but for three more days and nights the marksmen -and musketoon plied such deadly aim at the assailants that the Iroquois -actually held a council whether they should retire. The Iroquois -chiefs argued that it would disgrace the nation forever if one thousand -of their warriors were to retire before a handful of beardless white -boys. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P110"></A>110}</SPAN> -Solemnly the bundle of war sticks was thrown on the -ground. Then each warrior willing to go on with the siege picked up a -stick. The chiefs chose first and the rest were shamed into doing -likewise. Inside the fort, Dollard's men were at the last extremities. -Blistered and blackened with powder smoke, the fevered men were half -delirious from lack of sleep and water. Some fell to their knees and -prayed. Others staggered with sleep where they stood. Others had not -strength to stand and sank, muttering prayers, to their knees. The -Iroquois were adopting new tactics. They could not reach the palisades -in the face of the withering fire from the musketoon, so they -constructed a movable palisade of trees, behind which marched the -entire band of warriors. In vain Dollard's marksmen aimed their -bullets at the front carriers. Where one fell another stepped in his -place. Desperate, Dollard resolved on a last expedient. Some accounts -say he took a barrel of powder; others, that he wrapped powder in a -huge bole of birch bark. Putting a light to this, he threw it with all -his might; but his strength had failed; the dangerous projectile fell -back inside the barricade, exploding; marksmen were driven from their -places. A moment later the Iroquois were inside the barricade -screeching like demons. They found only three Frenchmen alive; and so -great was the Mohawk rage to be foiled of victims that they fell on the -Huron renegades in their own ranks and put them to death on the spot. -</P> - -<P> -Such was the Battle of the Long Sault of which Radisson saw the scars -on his way down the Ottawa. It saved New France. If seventeen boys -could fight in this fashion, how—the Iroquois asked—would a fort full -of men fight? A few days later Radisson was conducted in triumph -through the streets of Quebec and personally welcomed by the new -governor, d'Argenson. -</P> - -<P> -It can well be imagined that Radisson's account of the vast new lands -discovered by him aroused enthusiasm at Quebec. Among the Crees, -Radisson and Groseillers had heard of that Sea of the North—Hudson -Bay—to which Champlain had -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P111"></A>111}</SPAN> -tried to go by way of the Ottawa. -The Indians had promised to conduct the two Frenchmen overland to the -North Sea; but Radisson deemed it wise not to reveal this fact lest -other voyageurs should forestall them. Somehow the secret leaked out. -Either Groseillers told it or his wife dropped some hint of it to her -father confessor; but the two explorers were amazed to receive official -orders to conduct the Jesuits to the North Sea by way of the Saguenay. -They refused point-blank to go as subordinates on any expedition. The -fur trade was at this time regulated by license. Any one who proceeded -to the woods without license was liable to imprisonment, the galleys -for life, death if the offense were repeated. Radisson and Groseillers -asked for a license to go north in 1661. D'Avaugour, a bluff soldier -who had become governor, would grant it only on condition of receiving -half the profits. Groseillers and Radisson set off by night without a -license. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-111"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-111.jpg" ALT="TITLE-PAGE--JESUIT RELATION OF 1662-1663" BORDER="2" WIDTH="289" HEIGHT="500"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 289px"> -TITLE-PAGE—JESUIT RELATION OF 1662-1663 -</H4> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P112"></A>112}</SPAN> -This time the Indian canoes struck off into Lake Superior instead -of Lake Michigan, and coasted that billowy inland sea with its iron -shore and shadowy forests. On the northwest side of the lake, -somewhere between Duluth and Fort William, the explorers joined the -Crees, and proceeded northwestward with them, hunting along that Indian -trail to become famous as the fur traders' highway—from Lake Superior -to the Lake of the Woods. The first white man's fort built west of the -Great Lakes, the terrible famine that winter, and the visits of the -Sioux—are all a story in themselves. Spring found the explorers -following the Crees over the height of land from Lake Superior to -Hudson Bay. As soon as the ice loosened, dugouts were launched, and -the voyageurs began that hardest of all canoe trips in America, through -the forest hinterland of Ontario. Here the rivers were a stagnant -marsh, with outlet hidden by dankest forest growth where the light of -the sun never penetrated. There the waters swollen by spring thaw and -broken by the ice jam whirled the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P113"></A>113}</SPAN> -boats into rapids before the -paddlers realized. There was wading to mid-waist in ice water. There -were nights when camp was made on water-soaked moss. There were days -when the windfall compelled the canoemen to take the canoes out of the -water and carry them half the time. "At last," writes Radisson, "we -came to the sea, where we found an old house all demolished and -battered with bullets. The Crees told us about Europeans being here; -and we went from isle to isle all that summer." At this time the -canoes must have been coasting the south shore of James Bay, headed -east; for Radisson presently explains that they came to a river, which -rose in a lake near the source of the Saguenay—namely Rupert River. -What was the old house battered with bullets? Was it Hudson's winter -fort of 1610-1611? The Indians of Rupert River to this day have -legends of Hudson having come back to his fort when cast away by the -mutineers. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-112t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-112.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-112t.jpg" ALT="THE JESUIT MAP OF LAKE SUPERIOR (From the Relation of 1670-1671)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="391" HEIGHT="325"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 391px"> -THE JESUIT MAP OF LAKE SUPERIOR (From the Relation of 1670-1671) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -The furs that Radisson and Groseillers brought back from the north this -time were worth fabulous wealth. The cargo saved New France from -bankruptcy; but the explorers had defied both Church and Governor, and -all the greedy monopolists of Quebec fell on Radisson and Groseillers -with jealous fury. They were fined $20,000 to build a fort at Three -Rivers, though given permission to inscribe their coats of arms on the -gate. A $30,000 fine went to the public treasury of New France, and a -tax of $70,000 was imposed by the Farmers of the Revenue. Of the total -cargo there was left to Radisson and Groseillers only $20,000. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Disgusted, the two explorers personally appealed to the Court of -France; but there the monopolists were all-powerful, and justice was -denied. They tried to induce some of the fishing fleet off Cape Breton -to venture to the North Sea; but there the monopolists' malign -influence was again felt. They were accused of having broken the laws -of Quebec. Zechariah Gillam, a sea captain of Boston, who chanced to -be at Port Royal, offered them his vessel for a voyage to Hudson Bay; -but when the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P114"></A>114}</SPAN> -doughty captain came to the ice-locked straits, his -courage failed and he refused to enter. Finally, at Port Royal, with -the last of their meager and dwindling capital, they hired two ships -for a voyage; but one was wrecked on Sable Island while fishing for -supplies, and instead of sailing for Hudson Bay in 1665, Radisson and -Groseillers were summoned to Boston in a lawsuit over the lost vessel. -</P> - -<P> -In Boston they met commissioners of the English government and were -invited to lay their plans before Charles II, King of England. At last -the tide of fortune seemed to be turning. Sailing with Sir George -Carterett, after pirate raid and shipwreck, they reached London to find -the plague raging, and were ordered to Windsor, where Charles received -them, recommended their venture to Prince Rupert, and provided 2 pounds -a week each for their living expenses. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-114"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-114.jpg" ALT="Charles II" BORDER="2" WIDTH="247" HEIGHT="363"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 247px"> -Charles II -</H4> - -<P> -From being penniless outcasts, Radisson and Groseillers suddenly -wakened to find themselves famous. Groseillers seems to have kept in -the background, but Radisson, the younger man, enjoyed the full blaze -of glory, was seen in the King's box at the theater, and was presently -paying furious court to Mistress Mary Kirke, daughter of Sir John -Kirke, whose ancestors had captured Quebec. What with war and the -plague, it was 1668 before the English Admiralty could loan the two -ships <I>Eaglet</I> and <I>Nonsuch</I> for a voyage to Hudson Bay. The expense -was to be defrayed by a band of -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P115"></A>115}</SPAN> -friends known as the "Gentlemen -Adventurers of England Trading to Hudson Bay," subscribing so much -stock in cash, provision, and goods for trade. Radisson's ship, the -<I>Eaglet</I>, was driven back, damaged by storm; but the other, under -Groseillers, went on to Hudson Bay, where the marks set up on the -overland voyage were found at Rupert River, and a small fort was built -for trade. During the delay Radisson was not idle in London. He wrote -the journals of his first four voyages. He married Mary Kirke—some -accounts say, eloped with her. With the help of King Charles and -Prince Rupert he organized what is now known as the Hudson's Bay Fur -Company; for when Groseillers' ship returned in the fall of 1669, its -success in trade had been so great that the Adventurers at once applied -for a royal charter of exclusive monopoly in trade to all the regions, -land and sea, rivers and territories, adjoining Hudson Bay. The -monopoly of the Hudson's Bay Company to the Great Northwest was granted -by King Charles in May, 1670. -</P> - -<P> -Here, then, was the situation. England was intrenched south of the St. -Lawrence. England was taking armed possession of all lands bordering -on Hudson Bay and such other lands as the Adventurers might find. -Wedged between was New France with a population of less than six -thousand. If France could have foreseen what her injustice to two poor -adventurers would cost the nation in blood and money, it would have -paid her to pension Radisson like a prince of the blood royal. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -NOTE TO CHAPTER VI. The viceroys of New France were shifted so -frequently that little record remains of several but their names. The -official list of the governors under the French régime stands as -follows: -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -Samuel de Champlain, died at Quebec, Christmas, 1635. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -Marc Antoine de Chasteaufort, <I>pro tem</I>. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -Charles Huault de Montmagny, 1636. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -Louis d'Ailleboust of the Montreal Crusaders, 1648. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -Jean de Lauzon, 1651. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -Charles de Lauzon-Charny (son), <I>pro tem</I>. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -Louis d'Ailleboust, 1657. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -Viscount d'Argenson, 1658, a young man who quarreled with Jesuits. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -Viscount d'Avagour, 1661, a bluff soldier, who also quarreled with -Jesuits. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -De Mezy, 1663, appointed by Jesuits' influence, but quarreled with them. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P116"></A>116}</SPAN> -Marquis de Tracy, 1663, who was viceroy of all French possessions -in America, and really sent out to act as general. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -De Courcelle, 1665, who acts as governor under De Tracy and succeeds -him. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -Frontenac, 1672, was recalled through influence of Jesuits, whose -interference he would not tolerate in civil affairs. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -De La Barre, 1682, an impotent, dishonest old man, who came to mend his -fortunes. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -De Brisay de Denonville, 1685. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -Frontenac, 1689. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -De Calliere, 1699. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -Marquis de Vaudreuil, 1703. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -Charles le Moyne, Baron de Longeuil, 1725, son of Le Moyne, the famous -fighter and interpreter of Montreal; brother of Le Moyne d'Iberville, -the commander. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -Marquis de Beauharnois, 1726. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -Count de la Galissoniere, 1747. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -Marquis de la Jonquiere, 1749. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -Charles le Moyne, Baron de Longeuil, 1752, son of former Governor. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -Duquesne,1752. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -Marquis de Vaudreuil, 1755, descendant of first Vaudreuil. -</P> - -<BR><BR><BR> - -<A NAME="chap07"></A> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P117"></A>117}</SPAN> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -CHAPTER VII -</H3> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -FROM 1672 TO 1688 -</H3> - -<P CLASS="intro"> -The fur fairs of Montreal—Customs of people—Shiploads of brides—The -Iroquois and De Tracy—Who first found Ontario?—Through western -Ontario—Up the Great Lakes—Marquette and Jolliet—Frontenac and La -Salle—La Salle rouses enemies—La Salle descends the -Mississippi—Death of La Salle -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -While Radisson and other coureurs of the woods were ranging the wilds -from the St. Lawrence to the Mississippi and from the Great Lakes to -Hudson Bay, changes were almost revolutionizing the little colony of -New France. No longer was everything subservient to missions. When -Marguerite Bourgeoys and Jeanne Mance, of Ville-Marie Mission at -Montreal, went home to France to bring out more colonists in 1659, they -learned that the founder of their mission—Dauversière, the tax -collector—had gone bankrupt. Montreal was penniless, though sixty -more men and thirty-two girls were accompanying the nuns out this very -year. The Sulpician priests had from the first been ardent friends of -the Montrealers. The priests of St. Sulpice now assumed charge of -Montreal. Though "God's Penny" was still collected at the fairs and -market places of Old France for the conversion of Indians at Mont -Royal, the fur trade was rapidly changing the character of the place. -</P> - -<P> -Afraid of the Iroquois raiders, the tribes of the Up-Country now -flocked to Montreal instead of Quebec, where the traders met them -annually at the great Fur Fairs. -</P> - -<P> -No more picturesque scene exists in Canada's past than these Fur Fairs. -Down the rapids of the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence bounded the canoes -of the Indian hunters, Hurons and Pottawatomies from Lake Michigan, -Crees and Ojibways from Lake Superior, Iroquois and Eries and Neutrals -from what is now the Province of Ontario, the northern Indians in long -birch canoes light as paper, the Indians of Ontario in dugouts of oak -and walnut. The Fur Fair usually took place between June and August; -and the Viceroy, magnificent in red cloak faced with velvet and -ornamented with gold braid, came up from Quebec -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P118"></A>118}</SPAN> -for the occasion -and occupied a chair of state under a marquee erected near the Indian -tents. Wigwams then went up like mushrooms, the Huron and Iroquois -tents of sewed bark hung in the shape of a square from four poles, the -tepees of the Upper Indians made of birch and buffalo hides, hung on -poles crisscrossed at the top to a peak, spreading in wide circle to -the ground. Usually the Fur Fair occupied a great common between St. -Paul Street and the river. Furs unpacked, there stalked among the -tents great sachems glorious in robes of painted buckskin garnished -with wampum, Indian children stark naked, young braves flaunting and -boastful, wearing headdresses with strings of eagle quills reaching to -the ground, each quill signifying an enemy taken. Then came "the -peddlers,"—the fur merchants,—unpacking their goods to tempt the -Indians, men of the colonial noblesse famous in history, the Fôrests -and Le Chesnays and Le Bers. Here, too, gorgeous in finery, bristling -with firearms, were the bushrovers, the interpreters, the French -voyageurs, who had to come out of the wilds once every two years to -renew their licenses to trade. There was Charles Le Moyne, son of an -innkeeper of Dieppe, who had come to Montreal as interpreter and won -such wealth as trader that his family became members of the French -aristocracy. Two of his descendants became governors of Canada; and -the history of his sons is the history of Canada's most heroic age. -There was Louis Jolliet, who had studied for the Jesuit priesthood but -turned fur trader among the tribes of Lake Michigan. There was Daniel -Greysolon Duluth, a man of good birth, ample means, and with the finest -house in Montreal, who had turned bushrover, gathered round him a band -of three or four hundred lawless, dare-devil French hunters, and now -roamed the woods from Detroit halfway to Hudson Bay, swaying the -Indians in favor of France and ruling the wilds, sole lord of the -wilderness. There were Groseillers and Radisson and a shy young man of -twenty-five who had obtained a seigniory from the Sulpicians at -Lachine—Robert Cavelier de La Salle. Sometimes, too, Father Marquette -came down with his Indians from the missions on Lake Superior. -Maisonneuve, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P119"></A>119}</SPAN> -too, was there, grieving, no doubt, to see this -Kingdom of Heaven, which he had set up on earth, becoming more and more -a kingdom of this world. Later, when the Hundred Associates lost their -charter and Canada became a Royal Province governed directly by the -Crown, Maisonneuve was deprived of the government of Montreal and -retired to die in obscurity in Paris. Louis d'Ailleboust, Governor of -Montreal when Maisonneuve is absent, Governor at Quebec when state -necessities drag him from religious devotion, moves also in the gay -throng of the Fur Fair. In later days is a famous character at the Fur -Fairs—La Motte Cadillac of Detroit, bushrover and gentleman like -Duluth, but prone to break heads when he comes to town where the wine -is good. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-119t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-119.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-119t.jpg" ALT="PLAN OF MONTREAL IN 1672" BORDER="2" WIDTH="389" HEIGHT="265"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 389px"> -PLAN OF MONTREAL IN 1672 -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -Trade was regulated by royal license. Only twenty-five canoes a year -were allowed to go to the woods with three men in each, and a license -was good for only two years. Fines, branding, the galleys for life, -death, were the penalties for those who traded without license; but -that did not prevent more than one thousand young Frenchmen running off -to the woods to live like Indians. In fact, there was no other way for -the youth of New -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P120"></A>120}</SPAN> -France to earn a living. Penniless young -noblemen, criminals escaping the law, the sons of the poorest, all were -on the same footing in the woods. He who could persuade a merchant to -outfit him for trade disappeared in the wilds; and if he came back at -all, came back with wealth of furs and bought off punishment, "wearing -sword and lace and swaggering as if he were a gentleman," the annals of -the day complain; and a long session in the confessional box relieved -the prodigal's conscience from the sins of a life in the woods. If my -young gentleman were rich enough, the past was forgotten, and he was -now on the highroad to distinguished service and perhaps a title. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-120a"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-120a.jpg" ALT="LA SALLE'S HOUSE NEAR MONTREAL" BORDER="2" WIDTH="418" HEIGHT="336"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 418px"> -LA SALLE'S HOUSE NEAR MONTREAL -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -In the early days a beaver skin could be bought for a needle or a bell -or a tin mirror; and in spite of all the priests could do to prevent -it, brandy played a shameful part in the trade. In vain the priests -preached against it, and the bishop thundered anathemas. The evils of -the brandy traffic were apparent to all—the Fur Fairs became a bedlam -of crime; but when the Governor called in all the traders to confer on -the subject, it was plain that if the Indians did <I>not</I> obtain liquor -from the French, they would go on down with their furs to the English -of New York, and the French Governor was afraid to forbid the evil. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-120b"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-120b.jpg" ALT="KITCHEN, CHÂTEAU DE RAMEZAY, MONTREAL" BORDER="2" WIDTH="424" HEIGHT="344"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 424px"> -KITCHEN, CHÂTEAU DE RAMEZAY, MONTREAL -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -The Fur Fair over, the Governor departed for Quebec; the Indians, for -their own land; the bushrovers, for their far wanderings; and there -settled over Montreal for another year drowsy quiet but for the chapel -bells of St. Sulpice and Ville Marie and Bon Secours—the Chapel of -Ste. Anne's Good Help—built close on the verge of the river, that the -voyageurs coming and going might cross themselves as they passed her -spire; drowsy peace but for the chapel chimes ringing … -ringing … ringing … morning … noon … and night … -lilting and singing and calling all New France to prayers. As the last -canoe glided up the river, and sunset silence fell on Montreal, there -knelt before the dimly lighted altars of the chapels, shadow -figures—Maisonneuve praying for his mission; D'Ailleboust, asking -Heaven's blessing on the new shrine down at St. Anne de Beaupré near -Quebec, which he had built for the miraculous -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P121"></A>121}</SPAN> -healing of physical -ills; Dollier de Casson, priest of the wilds, manly and portly and -strong, wilderness fighter for the Cross. Then the organ swells, and -the chant rolls out, and till the next Fur Fair Montreal is again a -mission. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -When New France becomes a Crown Colony, the government consists solely -and only of the Sovereign Council, to whom the King transmits his will. -This council consists of the Governor, his administrative officer -called the "Intendant," the bishop, and several of the inhabitants of -New France nominated by the other members of the council. Of elections -there are absolutely none. Popular meetings are forbidden. New France -is a despotism, with the Sovereign Council representing the King. -Domestic disputes, religious quarrels, civil cases, crimes,—all come -before the Sovereign Council. Clients could plead their own cases -without a fee, or hire a notary. Cases are tried by the Sovereign -Council. Laws are passed by it. Fines are imposed and sentences -pronounced; but as the Sovereign Council met only once a week, the -management of affairs fell chiefly to the Intendant, whose palace -became known as the Place of Justice. Of systematic taxation there was -none. One fourth of all beaver went for public revenue. Part of -Labrador was reserved as the King's Domain for trading, and sometimes a -duty of ten per cent was charged on liquor brought into the colony. -The stroke of the Sovereign Council's pen could create a law, and the -stroke of the King's pen annul it. Laws are passed forbidding men, who -are not nobles, assuming the title of Esquire or Sieur on penalty of -what would be a $500 fine. "Wood is not to be piled on the streets." -"Chimneys are to be built large enough to admit a chimney sweep." -"Only shingles of oak and walnut may be used in towns where there is -danger of fire." Swearing is punished by fines, by the disgrace of -being led through the streets at the end of a rope and begging pardon -on knees at the church steps, by branding if the offense be repeated. -Murderers are punished by being shot, or exposed in an iron cage on the -cliffs above the St. Lawrence till death -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P122"></A>122}</SPAN> -comes. No detail is too -small for the Sovereign Council's notice. In fact, a case is on record -where a Mademoiselle André is expelled from the colony for flirting so -outrageously with young officers that she demoralizes the garrison. -Mademoiselle avoids the punishment by bribing one of the officers on -the ship where she is placed, and escaping to land in man's clothing. -</P> - -<P> -The people of New France were regulated in every detail of their lives -by the Church as well as the Sovereign Council. For trading brandy to -the Indians, Bishop Laval thunders excommunication at delinquents; and -Bishop St. Vallière, his successor, publicly rebukes the dames of New -France for wearing low-necked dresses, and curling their hair, and -donning gay ribbons in place of bonnets. "The vanity of dress among -women becomes a greater scandal than before," he complains. "They -affect immodest headdress, with heads uncovered or only concealed under -a collection of ribbons, laces, curls, and other vanities." -</P> - -<A NAME="img-122"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-122.jpg" ALT="LAVAL (After the portrait in Laval University, Quebec)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="261" HEIGHT="383"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 261px"> -LAVAL (After the portrait in Laval University, Quebec) -</H4> - -<P> -The laws came from the King and Sovereign Council. The enforcement of -them depended on the Intendant. As long as he was a man of integrity, -New France might live as happily as a family under a despotic but wise -father. It was when the Intendant became corrupt that the system fell -to pieces. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P123"></A>123}</SPAN> -Of all the intendants of New France, one name stands -preeminent, that of Jean Talon, who came to Canada, aged forty, in -1665, at the time the country became a Crown Province. One of eleven -children of Irish origin, Talon had been educated at the Jesuit College -of Paris, and had served as an intendant in France before coming to -Canada. Officially he was to stand between the King and the colony, to -transmit the commands of one and the wants of the other. He was to -stand between the Governor and the colony, to watch that the Governor -did not overstep his authority and that the colony obeyed the laws. He -was to stand between the Church and the colony, to see that the Church -did not usurp the prerogatives of the Governor and that the people were -kept in the path of right living without having their natural liberties -curtailed. He was, in a word, to accept the thankless task of taking -all the cuffs from the King and the kicks from the colony, all the -blame of whatever went amiss and no credit for what went well. -</P> - -<P> -When Talon came to Canada there were less than two thousand people in -the colony. He wrote frantically to His Royal Master for colonists. -"We cannot depeople France to people Canada," wrote the King; but from -his royal revenue he set aside money yearly to send men to Canada as -soldiers, women as wives. In 1671 one hundred and sixty-five girls -were sent out to be wedded to the French youth. A year later came one -hundred and fifty more. Licenses would not be given to the wood rovers -for the fur trade unless they married. Bachelors were fined unless -they quickly chose a wife from among the King's girls. Promotion was -withheld from the young ensigns and cadets in the army unless they -found brides. Yearly the ships brought girls whom the curés of France -had carefully selected in country parishes. Yearly Talon gave a bounty -to the middle-aged duenna who had safely chaperoned her charges across -seas to the convents of Quebec and Montreal, where the bashful suitors -came to make choice. "We want country girls, who can work," wrote the -Intendant; and girls who could work the King sent, instructing Talon to -mate as many as he -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P124"></A>124}</SPAN> -could to officers of the Carignan Regiment, so -that the soldiers would be likely to turn settlers. Results: by 1674 -Canada had a population of six thousand seven hundred; by 1684, of -nearly twelve thousand, not counting the one thousand bush lopers who -roamed the woods and married squaws. -</P> - -<P> -Between Acadia and Quebec lay wilderness. Jean Talon opened a road -connecting the two far-separated provinces. The Sovereign Council had -practically outlawed the bush lopers. Talon pronounced trade free, and -formed them into companies of bush fighters—defenders of the colony. -Instead of being wild-wood bandits, men like Duluth at Lake Superior -and La Motte Cadillac at Detroit became commanders, holding vast tribes -loyal to France. For years there had been legends of mines. Talon -opened mines at Gaspé and Three Rivers and Cape Breton. All clothing -had formerly been imported from France. Talon had the inhabitants -taught—and they badly needed it, for many of their children ran naked -as Indians—to weave their own clothes, make rugs, tan leather, grow -straw for hats,—all of which they do to this day, so that you may -enter a habitant house and not find a single article except saints' -images, a holy book, and perhaps a fiddle, which the habitant has not -himself made. "The Jesuits assume too much authority," wrote the King. -Talon lessened their power by inviting the Recollets to come back to -Canada and by encouraging the Sulpicians. Instead of outlawing young -Frenchmen for deserting to the English, Talon asked the King to grant -titles of nobility to those who were loyal, like the Godefrois and the -Denis' and the Le Moynes and young Chouart Groseillers, son of -Radisson's brother-in-law, so that there sprang up a Canadian noblesse -which was as graceful with the frying pan of a night camp fire in the -woods as with the steps of a stately dance in the governor's ballroom. -Above all did Talon encourage the bush-rovers in their far wanderings -to explore new lands for France. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -New France had not forgotten the Iroquois treachery to the French -colony at Onondaga. Iroquois raid and ambuscade kept the hostility of -these sleepless foes fresh in French memory. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P125"></A>125}</SPAN> -When Jean Talon -came to Canada as intendant, there had come as governor Courcelle, with -the Marquis de Tracy as major general of all the French forces in -America,—the West Indies as well as Canada. The Carignan Regiment of -soldiers seasoned in European campaigns had been sent to protect the -colonists from Indian raid; and it was determined to strike the -Iroquois Confederacy a blow that would forever put the fear of the -French in their hearts. -</P> - -<P> -Richelieu River was still the trail of the Mohawk warrior; and De Tracy -sent his soldiers to build forts on this stream at Sorel and -Chambly—named after officers of the regiment. January, 1666, -Courcelle, the Governor, set out on snowshoes to invade the Iroquois -Country with five hundred men, half Canadian bushrovers, half regular -soldiers. By some mistake the snow-covered trail to the Mohawks was -missed, the wrong road followed, and the French Governor found himself -among the Dutch at Schenectady. March rains had set in. Through the -leafless forests in driving sleet and rain retreated the French. Sixty -had perished from exposure and disease before Courcelle led his men -back to the Richelieu. The Mohawk warriors showed their contempt for -this kind of white-man warfare by raiding some French hunters on Lake -Champlain and killing a young nephew of De Tracy. -</P> - -<P> -Nevertheless, on second thought, twenty-four Indian deputies proceeded -to Quebec with the surviving captives to sue for peace. De Tracy was -ready for them. Solemnly the peace pipe had been puffed and solemnly -the peace powwow held. The Mohawk chief was received in pompous state -at the Governor's table. Heated with wine and mistaking French -courtesy for fear, the warrior grew boastful at the white chief's table. -</P> - -<P> -"This is the hand," he exclaimed, proudly stretching out his right arm, -"this is the hand that split the head of your young man, O Onontio!" -</P> - -<P> -"Then by the power of Heaven," thundered the Marquis de Tracy, -springing to his feet ablaze with indignation, "it is the hand that -shall never split another head!" -</P> - -<P> - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P126"></A>126}</SPAN> -Forthwith the body of the great Mohawk chief dangled a scarecrow -to the fowls of the air; and the other terrified deputies tore -breathlessly back for the Iroquois land with such a story as one may -guess. -</P> - -<P> -With thirteen hundred men and three hundred boats the Marquis de Tracy -and Courcelle set out from the St. Lawrence in October for the Iroquois -cantons. Charles Le Moyne, the Montreal bushrover, led six hundred -wild-wood followers in their buckskin coats and beaded moccasins, with -hair flying to the wind like Indians; and one hundred Huron braves were -also in line with the Canadians. The rest of the forces were of the -Carignan Regiment. Dollier de Casson, the Sulpician priest, powerful -of frame as De Tracy himself, marched as chaplain. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-126t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-126.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-126t.jpg" ALT="A MAP IN THE RELATION OF 1662-1663 (This map includes Lake Ontario and the Iroquois Country. It shows the relative positions of the Five Nations and Fort d'Orange (Albany). It also gives plans of the forts on the Richelieu and shows their location)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="390" HEIGHT="343"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 390px"> -A MAP IN THE RELATION OF 1662-1663 (This map includes Lake Ontario and the Iroquois Country. It shows the relative positions of the Five Nations and Fort d'Orange (Albany). It also gives plans of the forts on the Richelieu and shows their location) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<BR> - -<P> -Never had such an expedition been seen before on the St. Lawrence. -Drums beat reveille at peep of dawn. Fifes outshrilled the roar of -rapids, and stately figures in gold braid -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P127"></A>127}</SPAN> -and plumed hats glided -over the waters of the Richelieu among the painted forests of the -frost-tinted maples. Indians have a way of conveying news that modern -trappers designate as "the moccasin telegram." "Moccasin telegram" now -carried news of the coming army to the Iroquois villages, and the alarm -ran like wildfire from Mohawk to Onondaga and from Onondaga to Seneca. -When the French army struck up the Mohawk River, and to beat of drum -charged in full fury out of the rain-dripping forests across the -stubble fields to attack the first palisaded village, they found it -desolate, deserted, silent as the dead, though winter stores crammed -the abandoned houses and wildest confusion showed that the warriors had -fled in panic. So it was with the next village and the next. The -Iroquois had stampeded in blind flight, and the only show of opposition -was a wild whoop here and there from ambush. De Tracy took possession -of the land for France, planted a cross, and ordered the villages set -on fire. For a time, at least, peace was assured with the Iroquois. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Who first discovered the Province of Ontario? Before Champlain had -ascended the Ottawa, or the Jesuits established their missions south of -Lake Huron, young men sent out as wood rovers had canoed up the Ottawa -and gone westward to the land of the Sweet Water Seas. Was it Vignau, -the romancer, or Nicolet, the coureur de bois, or the boy Etienne -Brulé, who first saw what has been called the Garden of Canada, the -rolling meadows and wooded hills that lie wedged in between the Upper -and the Lower of the Great Lakes? Tradition says it was Brulé; but -however that may be, little was known of what is now Ontario except in -the region of the old Jesuit missions around Georgian Bay. It was not -even known that Michigan and Huron were <I>two</I> lakes. The Sulpicians of -Montreal had a mission at the Bay of Quinte on Lake Ontario, and the -south shore of the lake, where it touched on Iroquois territory, was -known to the Jesuits; but from Quinte Bay to Detroit—a distance equal -to that from New York to Chicago, or London to Italy—was an unknown -world. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P128"></A>128}</SPAN> -But to return to the explorations which Jean Talon, the -Intendant, had set in motion— -</P> - -<P> -When Dollier de Casson, the soldier who had become Sulpician priest, -returned from the campaign against the Iroquois, he had been sent as a -missionary to the Nipissing Country. There he heard among the Indians -of a shorter route to the Great River of the West—the -Mississippi—than by the Ottawa and Sault Ste. Marie. The Indians told -him if he would ascend the St. Lawrence to Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, -he could portage overland to the Beautiful River,—Ohio,—which would -carry him down to the Mississippi. -</P> - -<P> -The Sulpicians had been encouraged by Talon in order to eclipse and -hold in check the Jesuits. They were eager to send their missionaries -to the new realm of this Great River, and hurried Dollier de Casson -down to Quebec to obtain Intendant Talon's permission. -</P> - -<P> -There, curiously enough, Dollier de Casson met Cavalier de La Salle, -the shy young seigneur of La Chine, intent on almost the same aim,—to -explore the Great River. Where the Sulpicians had granted him his -seigniory above Montreal he had built a fort, which soon won the -nickname of La Chine,—China,—because its young master was continually -entertaining Iroquois Indians within the walls, to question them of the -Great River, which might lead to China. -</P> - -<P> -Governor Courcelle and Intendant Talon ordered the priest and young -seigneur to set out together on their explorations. The Sulpicians -were to bear all expenses, buying back La Salle's lands to enable him -to outfit canoes with the money. Father Galinée, who understood map -making, accompanied Dollier de Casson, and the expedition of seven -birch canoes, with three white men in each, and two dugouts with Seneca -Indians, who had been visiting La Salle, set out from Montreal on July -6, 1669. Not a leader in the party was over thirty-five years of age. -Dollier de Casson, the big priest, was only thirty-three and La Salle -barely twenty-six. Corn meal was carried as food. For the rest, they -were to depend on chance shots. With -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P129"></A>129}</SPAN> -numerous portages, keeping -to the south shore of the St. Lawrence because that was best known to -the Seneca guides, the canoes passed up Lake St. Louis and Lake St. -Francis and glided through the sylvan fairyland of the Thousand -Islands, coming out in August on Lake Ontario, "which," says Galinée, -"appeared to us like a great sea." Striking south, they appealed to -the Seneca Iroquois for guides to the Ohio, but the Senecas were so -intent on torturing some prisoners recently captured, that they paid no -heed to the appeal. A month was wasted, and the white men proceeded -with Indian slaves for guides, still along the south shore of the lake. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-129t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-129.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-129t.jpg" ALT="GALINÉE'S MAP OF THE GREAT LAKES, 1669 (The next oldest chart to that of Champlain)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="392" HEIGHT="260"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 392px"> -GALINÉE'S MAP OF THE GREAT LAKES, 1669 (The next oldest chart to that of Champlain) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -At the mouth of Niagara River they could hear the far roar of the -famous falls, which Indian legend said "fell over rocks twice the -height of the highest pine tree." The turbulent torrent of the river -could not be breasted, so they did not see the falls, but rounded on up -Lake Ontario to the region now near the city of Hamilton. Here they -had prepared to portage overland to some stream that would bring them -down to Lake Erie, when, to their amazement, they learned from a -passing Indian camp that two Frenchmen were on their way down this very -lake from searching copper mines on Lake Superior. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P130"></A>130}</SPAN> -The two Frenchmen were Louis Jolliet, yet in his early twenties, -to become famous as an explorer of the Mississippi, and one Monsieur -Jean Peré, soldier of fortune, who was to set France and England by the -ears on Hudson Bay. September 24, as La Salle and Dollier were -dragging their canoes through the autumn-colored sumacs of the swamp, -there plunged from among the russet undergrowth the two wanderers from -the north,—Jolliet and Peré, dumb with amazement to meet a score of -men toiling through this tenantless wilderness. The two parties fell -on each other's necks with delight and camped together. Jolliet told a -story that set the missionaries' zeal on fire and inflamed La Salle -with mad eagerness to pass on to the goal of his discoveries. Jolliet -and Peré had not found the copper mine for Talon on Lake Superior, but -they had learned two important secrets from the Indians. First, if -Iroquois blocked the way up the Ottawa, there was clear, easy water way -down to Quebec by Lake Huron and Lake Ste. Claire and Lake Erie. -Jolliet's guide had brought them down this way, first of white men to -traverse the Great Lakes, only leaving them as they reached Lake Erie -and advising them to portage across up Grand River to avoid Niagara -Falls. Second, the Indians told him the Ohio could be reached by way -of Lake Erie. -</P> - -<P> -Sitting round the camp fires near what is now Port Stanley, La Salle -secretly resolved to go on down to Quebec with Jolliet and rearrange -his plans independent of the missionaries. The portaging through -swamps had affected La Salle's health, and he probably judged he could -make quicker time unaccompanied by missionaries. As for Galinée and -Dollier, when they knelt in prayer that night, they fervently besought -Heaven to let them carry the Gospel of truth to those benighted heathen -west of Lake Michigan, of whom Jolliet told. Dollier de Casson sent a -letter by Jolliet to Montreal, begging the Sulpicians to establish a -mission near what is now Toronto. Early next morning an altar was laid -on the propped paddles of the canoes and solemn service held. La Salle -and his four canoes went back to Montreal with Jolliet and Peré; -Dollier and Galinée coasted along the shores of Lake Erie westward. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P131"></A>131}</SPAN> -It was October. The forests were leafless, the weather damp, the -lake too stormy for the frail canoes. As game was plentiful, the -priests decided to winter on a creek near Port Dover. Here log houses -were knocked up, and the servants dispersed moose hunting for winter -supplies. Then followed the most beautiful season of the year in the -peninsula of Ontario, Indian summer, dreamy warm days after the first -cold, filling the forest with a shimmer of golden light, the hills with -heat haze, while the air was odorous with smells of nuts and dried -leaves and grapes hanging thick from wild vines. "It was," writes -Galinée, "simply an Earthly Paradise, the most beautiful region that -ever I have seen in my life, with open woods and meadows and rivers and -game in plenty." In this Earthly Paradise the priests passed the -winter, holding services three times a week—"a winter that ought to be -worth ten years of any other kind of life" Dollier calculated, counting -up masses and vespers and matins. Sometimes when the snow lay deep and -the weird voices of the wind hallooed with bugle sound through the -lonely forest, the priests listening inside fancied that they heard -"the hunting of Arthur,"—unearthly huntsmen coursing the air after -unearthly game. -</P> - -<P> -March 23 (Sunday), 1670, the company paraded down to Lake Erie from -their sheltered quarters, and, erecting a cross, took possession of -this land for France. Then they launched their boats to ascend the -other Sweet Water Seas. The preceding autumn the priests had lost some -of their baggage, and now, in camp near Point Pelee, a sweeping wave -carried off the packs in which were all the holy vessels and equipments -for the mission chapel. They decided to go back to Montreal by way of -Sault Ste. Marie, and ascended to Lake Ste. Claire. Game had been -scarce for some days, the weather tempestuous, and now the priests -thought they had found the cause. On one of the rocks of Lake Ste. -Claire was a stone, to which the Indians offered sacrifices for safe -passage on the lakes. To the priests the rude drawing of a face seemed -graven images of paganism,—signs of Satan, who had baffled their -hunting and caused loss -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P132"></A>132}</SPAN> -of their packs. "I consecrated one of my -axes to break this god of stone, and, having yoked our canoes abreast, -we carried the largest pieces to the middle of the river and cast them -in. God immediately rewarded us, for we killed a deer." Following the -east shore of Lake Huron, the priests came, on May 25, to Sault Ste. -Marie, where the Jesuits Dablon and Marquette had a mission. Three -days late, they embarked by way of the Ottawa for Montreal, where they -arrived on June 18, 1670. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Meanwhile, what had become of Jolliet and Peré and La Salle? -</P> - -<P> -They have no sooner reached Quebec with their report than Talon orders -St. Lusson to go north and take possession at Sault Ste. Marie of all -these unknown lands for France. Jolliet accompanies St. Lusson. -Nicholas Perrot, a famous bushrover, goes along to summon the Indians, -and the ceremony takes place on June 14, 1671, in the presence of the -Jesuits at the Sault, by which the King of France is pronounced lord -paramount of all these regions. -</P> - -<P> -When Jolliet comes down again to Quebec, he finds Count Frontenac has -come as governor, and Jean Talon, the Intendant, is sailing for France. -Before leaving, Talon has recommended Jolliet as a fit man to explore -the Great River of the West. With him is commissioned Jacques -Marquette, the Jesuit, who has labored among the Indians west of Lake -Superior. The two men set out in birch canoes, with smoked meat for -provisions, from Michilimackinac mission, May 17, 1673, for Green Bay, -Lake Michigan. Ascending Fox River on June 17, they induce the -Mascoutin Indians, who had years ago conducted Radisson by this same -route, to pilot them across the portage to the headwaters of the -Wisconsin River. -</P> - -<P> -Their way lies directly across that wooded lake region, which has in -our generation become the resort first of the lumberman, then of the -tourist,—a rolling, wooded region of rare sylvan beauty, park-like -forests interspersed with sky-colored lakes. Six weeks from the time -they had left the Sault, Wisconsin River carried their canoe out on the -swift eddies of a mighty river -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P133"></A>133}</SPAN> -flowing south,—the Mississippi. -For the first time the boat of a Canadian voyageur glided down its -waters. -</P> - -<P> -Each night as the explorers landed to sleep under the stars, the tilted -canoe inverted with end on a log as roof in case of rain, Marquette -fell to knees and invoked the Virgin's aid on the expedition; and each -morning as Jolliet launched the boat out on the waters through the -early mist, he headed closely along shore on the watch for sign or -footprint of Indian. -</P> - -<P> -The river gathered volume as it rolled southward, carving the clay -cliffs of its banks in a thousand fantastic forms. Where the bank was -broken, the prairies were seen in heaving seas of grass billowing to -the wind like water, herds of countless buffalo pasturing knee-deep. -To Marquette and Jolliet, burning with enthusiasm, it seemed as if they -were finding a new world for France half as large as all Europe. For -two weeks not a sail, not a canoe, not a soul did they see. Then the -river carried them into the country of the Illinois, past Illinois -Indians who wore French clothing, and pictured rocks where the Indians -had painted their sign language. There was no doubt now in the -explorers' minds,—the Mississippi did not lead to China but emptied in -the Gulf of Mexico. A furious torrent of boiling muddy water pouring -in on the right forewarned the Missouri; and in a few more days they -passed on the left the clear current of Beautiful River,—the Ohio. -</P> - -<P> -It was now midsummer. The heat was heavy and humid. Marquette's -health began to suffer, and the two explorers spread an awning of -sailcloth above the canoe as they glided with the current. Towards the -Arkansas, Indians appeared on the banks, brandishing weapons of Spanish -make. Though Jolliet, with a peace pipe from the Illinois Indians, -succeeded in reassuring the hostiles, it was unsafe to go farther -south. They had established the fact,—the Mississippi emptied into -the Gulf of Mexico,—and on July 17 turned back. It was harder going -against stream, which did not mend Marquette's health; so when the -Illinois Indians offered to show them a shorter way to Lake Michigan, -they followed up Illinois River and crossed the Chicago portage -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P134"></A>134}</SPAN> - -to Lake Michigan. Jolliet went on down to Quebec with his report. -Marquette remained half ill to establish missions in Michigan. Here, -traveling with his Indians in 1675, the priest died of the malady -contracted in the Mississippi heat, and was buried in a lonely grave of -the wildwood wilderness where he had wandered. Louis Jolliet married -and settled down on his seigniory of Anticosti Island. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Though he had as yet little to show for the La Chine estate, which he -had sacrificed, La Salle had not been idle, but was busy pushing French -dominion by another route to the Mississippi. -</P> - -<P> -Count Frontenac had come to New France as all the viceroys -came—penniless, to mend his fortunes; and as the salary of the -Governor did not exceed $3000 a year, the only way to wealth was by the -fur trade; but which way to look for fur trade! Hudson Bay, thanks to -Radisson, was in the hands of England. Taudoussac was farmed out to -the King. The merchants of Quebec and Three Rivers and Montreal -absorbed all the furs of the tribes from the Ottawa; and New England -drained the Iroquois land. There remained but one avenue of new trade, -and that was west of the Lakes, where Jolliet had been. -</P> - -<P> -Taking only La Salle into his confidence, Frontenac issued a royal -mandate commanding all the officers and people of New France to -contribute a quota of men for the establishment of a fort on Lake -Ontario. By June 28, 1673, the same year that Jolliet had been -dispatched for the Mississippi, there had gathered at La Chine, La -Salle's old seigniory near Montreal, four hundred armed men and one -hundred and twenty canoes, which Frontenac ordered painted gaudily in -red and blue. With these the Governor moved in stately array up the -St. Lawrence, setting the leafy avenues of the Thousand Islands ringing -with trumpet and bugle, and sweeping across Lake Ontario in martial -lines to the measured stroke of a hundred paddles. -</P> - -<P> -Long since, La Salle's scouts had scurried from canton to canton, -rallying the Iroquois to the council of great "Onontio." At break of -day, July 13, while the sunrise was just bursting up -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P135"></A>135}</SPAN> -over the -lake, Frontenac, with soldiers drawn up under arms, himself in velvet -cloak laced with gold braid, met the chiefs of the Iroquois Confederacy -at the place to be known for years as Fort Frontenac, now known as -Kingston, a quiet little city at the entrance of Lake Ontario on the -north shore. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-135"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-135.jpg" ALT="ROBERT DE LA SALLE" BORDER="2" WIDTH="323" HEIGHT="378"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 323px"> -ROBERT DE LA SALLE -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -Ostensibly the powwow was to maintain peace. In reality, it was to -attract the Iroquois, and all the tribes with whom they traded, away -from the English, down to Frontenac's new fort with their furs. It is -a question if all the military pomp deceived a living soul. Before the -Governor had set his sappers to work on the foundations of a fort, the -merchants of Montreal—the Le Bers and Le Moynes and Le Chesnayes and -Le Fôrests—were furious with jealousy. Undoubtedly Fort Frontenac -would be the most valuable fur post in America. -</P> - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P136"></A>136}</SPAN> - -<BR> - -<A NAME="img-136"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-136.jpg" ALT="OLD PLAN OF FORT FRONTENAC" BORDER="2" WIDTH="391" HEIGHT="340"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 391px"> -OLD PLAN OF FORT FRONTENAC -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -Determined to have the support of the Court, where his wife was in high -favor, Count Frontenac dispatched La Salle to France in 1674 with -letters of strongest recommendation, which, no doubt, Jean Talon, the -former Intendant, indorsed on the spot. La Salle's case was a strong -one. He was to offer to found a line of forts establishing French -dominion from Lake Ontario to the valley of the Mississippi, which -Jolliet had just explored. In return, he asked for patent of nobility -and the grant of a seigniory at Fort Frontenac; in other words, the -monopoly of the furs there, which would easily clear him $20,000 a -year. It has never been proved, but one may suspect that his profits -were to be divided with Count Frontenac. Both requests were at once -granted; and La Salle came back to a hornet's nest of enmity in Canada. -Space forbids to tell of the means taken to defeat him; for, by -promising to support Recollet friars at his fort instead of Jesuits, La -Salle had added -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P137"></A>137}</SPAN> -to the enmity of the merchants, the hatred of the -Jesuits. Poison was put in his food. Iroquois were stirred up to -hostility against him. -</P> - -<P> -Meanwhile no enmity checks his ardor. He has replaced the wooden walls -of Fort Frontenac with stone, mounted ten cannon, manned the fort with -twenty soldiers, maintained more than forty workmen, cleared one -hundred acres for crops, and in 1677 is off again for France to ask -permission to build another fort above Niagara. This time, when La -Salle comes out, he is accompanied by a man famous in American annals, -a soldier of fortune from Italy, cousin of Duluth the bushrover, one -Henry Tonty, a man with a copper hand, his arm having been shattered in -war, who presently comes to have repute among the Indians as a great -"medicine man," because blows struck by that metal hand have a way of -being effective. By 1678 the fort is built above Niagara. By 1679 a -vessel of forty-five tons and ten cannon is launched on Lake Erie, the -<I>Griffon</I>, the first vessel to plow the waters of the Great Lakes. As -she slides off her skids, August 17, to go up to Michilimackinac for a -cargo of furs, <I>Te Deum</I> is chanted from the new fort, and Louis -Hennepin, the Dutch friar, standing on deck in full vestments, asks -Heaven's blessing on the ship's venture. -</P> - -<P> -Scant is the courtesy of the Michilimackinac traders as the <I>Griffon's</I> -guns roar salute to the fort. Cold is the welcome of the Jesuits as La -Salle enters their chapel dressed in scarlet mantle trimmed with gold. -And to be frank, though La Salle was backed by the King, he had no -right to trade at Michilimackinac, for his monopoly explicitly states -he shall not interfere with the trade of the north, but barter only -with the tribes towards the Illinois. Never mind! he loads his ships -to the water line with furs to pay his increasing debts, and sends the -ship on down to Niagara with the cargo, while he and Tonty, with -different parties, proceed to the south end of Lake Michigan to cross -the Chicago portage leading to the Mississippi. Did the jealous -traders bribe the pilot to sink the ship to bottom? Who knows? -Certain it is when Tonty and La Salle went down the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P138"></A>138}</SPAN> -Illinois -early in the new year of 1680, news of disasters came thick and fast. -The <I>Griffon</I> had sunk with all her cargo. The ship from France with -the year's supplies for La Salle at Fort Frontenac had been wrecked at -the mouth of the St. Lawrence; and worse than these losses, which meant -financial ruin, here among the Illinois Indians were Mascoutin Indian -spies bribed to stir up trouble for La Salle. Small wonder that he -named the fort built here Fort Crèvecoeur,—Fort Broken Heart. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-138"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-138.jpg" ALT="THE BUILDING OF THE <I>GRIFFON</I> (After the engraving in Father Hennepin's "Nouvelle Découverte," Amsterdam, 1704)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="402" HEIGHT="332"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 402px"> -THE BUILDING OF THE <I>GRIFFON</I> (After the engraving in Father Hennepin's "Nouvelle Découverte," Amsterdam, 1704) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -If La Salle had been fur trader only, as his enemies averred, and not -patriot, one wonders why he did not sit still in his fort at Frontenac -and draw his profits of $20,000 a year, instead of risking loss and -poison and ruin and calumny and death by chasing the phantom of his -great desire to found a New France on the Mississippi. -</P> - -<P> -Never pausing to repine, he orders Hennepin, the friar, to take two -voyageurs and descend Illinois River as far as the Mississippi. Tonty -he leaves in charge of the Illinois fort. He -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P139"></A>139}</SPAN> -himself proceeds -overland the width of half a continent, to Fort Frontenac and Montreal. -</P> - -<P> -Friar Hennepin's adventures have been told in his own book of marvels, -half truth, half lies. Jolliet, it will be remembered, had explored -the Great River south of the Wisconsin. Hennepin struck up from the -mouth of the Illinois, to explore north, and he found enough adventure -to satisfy his marvel-loving soul. The Sioux captured him somewhere -near the Wisconsin. In the wanderings of his captivity he went as far -north as the Falls of St. Anthony, the site of Minnesota's Twin Cities, -and he finally fell in with a band of Duluth's bushrovers from -Kaministiquia (modern Fort William), Lake Superior. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -The rest of the story of La Salle on the Mississippi is more the -history of the United States than of Canada, and must be given in few -words. -</P> - -<P> -When La Salle returned from interviewing his creditors on the St. -Lawrence, he found the Illinois Indians dispersed by hostile Iroquois -whom his enemies had hounded on. Fort Crèvecoeur had been destroyed -and plundered by mutineers among his own men. Only Tonty and two or -three others had remained faithful, and they had fled for their lives -to Lake Michigan. Not knowing where Tonty had taken refuge, La Salle -pushed on down the Illinois River, and for the first time beheld the -Mississippi, the goal of all his dreams; but anxiety for his lost men -robbed the event of all jubilation. Once more united with Tonty at -Michilimackinac, La Salle returned dauntlessly to the Illinois. Late -in the fall of 1681 he set out with eighteen Indians and twenty -Frenchmen from Lake Michigan for the Illinois. February of 1682 saw -the canoes floating down the winter-swollen current of the Illinois -River for the Mississippi, which was reached on the 6th. A week later -the river had cleared of ice, and the voyageurs were camped amid the -dense forests at the mouth of the Missouri. The weather became warmer. -Trees were donning their bridal attire of spring and the air was heavy -with the odor of blossoms. Instead of high cliffs, carved fantastic by - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P140"></A>140}</SPAN> -the waters, came low-lying swamps, full of reeds, through which -the canoes glided and lost themselves. Camp after camp of strange -Indian tribes they visited, till finally they came to villages where -the Indians were worshipers of the sun and wore clothing of Spanish -make. By these signs La Salle guessed he was nearing the Gulf of -Mexico. Fog lay longer on the river of mornings now. Ground was -lower. They were nearing the sea. April 6 the river seemed to split -into three channels. Different canoes followed each channel. The -muddy river water became salty. Then the blue sky line opened to the -fore through the leafy vista of the forest-grown banks. Another paddle -stroke, and the canoes shot out on the Gulf of Mexico,—La Salle erect -and silent and stern as was his wont. April 9, 1682, a cross is -planted with claim to this domain for France. To fire of musketry and -chant of Te Deum a new empire is created for King Louis of France. -Louisiana is its name. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Take a map of North America. Look at it. What had the pathfinders of -New France accomplished? Draw a line from Cape Breton to James Bay, -from James Bay down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, from the -Gulf of Mexico across to Cape Breton. Inside the triangle lies the -French empire of the New World,—in area the size of half Europe. That -had the pathfinders accomplished for France. -</P> - -<P> -La Salle was too ill to proceed at once from the Mississippi to Quebec. -As long as Frontenac remained governor, La Salle could rely on his -hungry creditors and vicious enemies—now eager as wolves, to -confiscate his furs and seize his seigniory at Fort Frontenac—being -restrained by the strong hand of the Viceroy; but while La Salle lay -ill at the Illinois fort, Frontenac was succeeded by La Barre as -viceroy; and the new Governor was a weak, avaricious old man, ready to -believe any evil tale carried to his ears. He at once sided with La -Salle's enemies, and wrote the French King that the explorer's "<I>head -was turned</I>"; that La Salle "<I>accomplished nothing, but spent his life -leading bandits through the forests, pillaging Indians; -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P141"></A>141}</SPAN> -that all -the story of discovering the Mississippi was a fabrication</I>." When La -Salle came from the wilderness he found himself a ruined man. Fort -Frontenac had been seized by his enemies. Supplies for the Mississippi -had been stopped, and officers were on their way to seize the forts -there. -</P> - -<P> -Leaving Tonty in charge of his interests, La Salle sailed for France -where he had a strong friend at court in Frontenac. As it happened, -Spain and France were playing at the game of checkmating each other; -and it pleased the French King to restore La Salle's forts and to give -the Canadian explorer four ships to colonize the Mississippi by way of -the Gulf of Mexico. This was to oust Spain from her ancient claim on -the gulf; but Beaujeu, the naval commander of the expedition, was not -in sympathy with La Salle. Beaujeu was a noble by birth; La Salle, -only a noble of the merchant classes. The two bickered and quarreled -from the first. By some blunder, when the ships reached the Gulf of -Mexico, laden with colonists, in December of 1684, they missed the -mouth of the Mississippi and anchored off Texas. The main ship sailed -back to France. Two others were wrecked, and La Salle in desperation, -after several trips seeking the Mississippi, resolved to go overland by -way of the Mississippi valley and the Illinois to obtain aid in Canada -for his colonists. All the world knows what happened. Near Trinity -River in Texas some of his men mutinied. Early in the morning of the -19th of March, 1687, La Salle left camp with a friar and Indian to -ascertain what was delaying the plotters, who had not returned from the -hunt. Suddenly La Salle seemed overwhelmed by a great sadness. He -spoke of death. A moment later, catching sight of one of the -delinquents, he had called out. A shot rang from the underbush; -another shot; and La Salle reeled forward dead, with a bullet wound -gaping in his forehead. The body of the man who had won a new empire -for France was stripped and left naked, a prey to the foxes and carrion -birds. So perished Robert Cavelier de La Salle, aged forty-four. -</P> - -<P> -Nor need the fate of the mutineers be told here. The fate of mutineers -is the same the world over. Having slain their -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P142"></A>142}</SPAN> -commander, they -fell on one another and perished, either at one another's hands or -among the Indians. As for the colonists of men, women, and girls left -in Texas, the few who were not massacred by the Indians fell into the -hands of the Spaniards. La Salle's debts at the time of his death were -what would now be half a million dollars. His life had ended in what -the world calls ruin, but France entered into his heritage. -</P> - -<P> -With the passing of Robert de La Salle passes the heroic age of -Canada,—its age of youth's dream. Now was to come its manhood,—its -struggles, its wars, its nation building, working out a greater destiny -than any dream of youth. -</P> - -<BR><BR><BR> - -<A NAME="chap08"></A> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P143"></A>143}</SPAN> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -CHAPTER VIII -</H3> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -FROM 1679 TO 1713 -</H3> - -<P CLASS="intro"> -Radisson quarrels with company—Up Labrador coast—Radisson captures -his rivals—Radisson ordered back to England—Death of Radisson—Jan -Peré the spy—The raid on Moose Factory—Sargeant besieged -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Before leaving for France, Jean Talon, the Intendant, had set another -exploration in motion. English trade was now in full sway on Hudson -Bay. In possession of the Mississippi, the Ohio, the Illinois, the -Great Lakes, France controlled all avenues of approach to the Great -Northwest except Hudson Bay. This she had lost through injustice to -Radisson; and already the troublesome question had come up,—What was -to be the boundary between the fur-trading domain of the French -northward from the St. Lawrence and the fur-trading domain of the -English southward from Hudson Bay. Fewer furs came down to Quebec from -Labrador, the King's Domain, from Kaministiquia (Fort William), the -stamping ground of Duluth, the forest ranger. The furs of these -regions were being drained by the English of Hudson Bay. -</P> - -<P> -Talon determined to put a stop to this, and had advised Frontenac -accordingly. August, 1671, Governor Frontenac dispatched the English -Jesuit—Father Albanel—with French guides and Indian voyageurs to set -up French arms on Hudson Bay and to bear letters to Radisson and -Groseillers. The journey was terrific. I have told the story -elsewhere. Autumn found the voyageurs beyond the forested shores of -the Saguenay and Lake St. John, ascending a current full of boiling -cascades towards Lake Mistassini. Then the frost-painted woods became -naked as antlers, with wintry winds setting the dead boughs crashing; -and the ice, thin as mica, forming at the edges of the streams, had -presently thickened too hard for the voyageurs to break with their -paddles. Albanel and his comrades wintered in the Montaignais' lodges, -which were banked so heavily with snow that scarcely a breath of pure -air could penetrate the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P144"></A>144}</SPAN> -stench. By day the priest wandered from -lodge to lodge, preaching the gospel. At night he was to be found afar -in the snow-padded solitudes of the forest engaged in prayer. At last, -in the spring of 1672, thaw set the ice loose and the torrents rushing. -Downstream on June 10 launched Albanel, running many a wild-rushing -rapid, taking the leap with the torrential waters over the lesser -cataracts, and avoiding the larger falls by long detours over rocks -slippery as ice, through swamps to a man's armpits. The hinterland of -Hudson Bay, with its swamps and rough portages and dank forests of -unbroken windfall, was then and is to-day the hardest canoe trip in -North America; but towards the end of June the French canoes glided out -on the arm of the sea called James Bay, hoisted the French flag, and in -solemn council with the Indians presented gifts to induce them to come -down the Saguenay to Quebec. Fort Rupert, the Hudson's Bay Company's -post, consisted of two barrack-like log structures. When Albanel came -to the houses he found not a soul, only boxes of provisions and one -lonely dog. -</P> - -<P> -A few weeks previously the men of the English company had gone on up -the west coast of Hudson Bay, prospecting for the site of a new -settlement. Before Albanel had come at all, there was friction among -the English. Radisson and Groseillers were Catholics and French, and -they were supervisors of the entire trade. Bayly, the English -governor, was subject to them. So was Captain Gillam, with whom they -had quarreled long ago, when he refused to take his boat into Hudson -Straits on the voyage from Port Royal. Radisson and Groseillers were -for establishing more posts up the west coast of Hudson Bay, farther -from the competition of Duluth's forest rovers on Lake Superior. They -had examined the great River Nelson and urged Bayly, the English -governor, to build a fort there. Bayly sulked and blustered by turns. -In this mood they had come back to Prince Rupert to find the French -flag flying above their fort and the English Jesuit, Albanel, snugly -ensconced, with passports from Governor Frontenac and personal letters -for Radisson and Groseillers. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P145"></A>145}</SPAN> -England and France were at peace. Bayly had to respect Albanel's -passports, but he wished this English envoy of French rivals far -enough; and when Captain Gillam came from England the old quarrel -flamed out in open hostility. Radisson and Groseillers were accused of -being in league with the French traders. A thousand rumors of what -next happened have gained currency. One writer says that the English -and French came to blows; another, that Radisson and Groseillers -deserted, going back overland with Albanel. In the Archives of -Hudson's Bay House I found a letter stating that the English captain -kidnapped the Jesuit Albanel and carried him a captive to England. It -may as well be frankly stated these rumors are all sheer fiction. -Albanel went back overland as he came. Radisson and Groseillers did -not go with him, though there may have been blows. Instead, they went -to England on Gillam's ship to present their case to the company. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-145"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-145.jpg" ALT="PRINCE RUPERT (After the painting by Sir P. Lely)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="259" HEIGHT="350"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 259px"> -PRINCE RUPERT (After the painting by Sir P. Lely) -</H4> - -<P> -The Hudson's Bay Company was uneasy. Radisson and Groseillers were -aliens. True, Radisson had married Mary Kirke, the daughter of a -shareholder, and was bound to the English; but if Radisson and -Groseillers had forsworn one land, might they not forswear another, and -go back to the French, as Frontenac's letters no doubt urged? The -company offered Radisson a salary of 100 pounds a year to stay as clerk -in England. They did not want him out on the bay again; but -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P146"></A>146}</SPAN> - -France had offered Radisson a commission in the French navy. Without -more ado the two Frenchmen left London for Paris, and Paris for America. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -The year 1676 finds Radisson back in Quebec engaged in the beaver trade -with all those friends of his youth whose names have become famous,—La -Salle of Fort Frontenac, and Charles Le Moyne the interpreter of -Montreal, and Jolliet of the Mississippi, and La Fôrest who befriended -La Salle, Le Chesnaye who opposed him, and Duluth whose forest rangers -roved from Lake Superior to Hudson Bay. It can be guessed what these -men talked about over the table of the Sovereign Council at Quebec, -whither they had been called to discuss the price of beaver and the use -of brandy. -</P> - -<P> -The fur traders were at that time in two distinct rings,—the ring of -La Salle and La Fôrest, supported by Frontenac; the Montreal ring, -headed by Le Chesnaye, who fought against the opening of the west -because Lake Ontario trade would divert his trade from the Ottawa. -Radisson's report of that west coast of Hudson Bay, in area large as -all New France, interested both factions of the fur trade intensely. -He was offered two ships for Hudson Bay by the men of both rings. -Because England and France were at peace, Frontenac dared not recognize -the expedition officially; but he winked at it,—as he winked at many -irregularities in the fur trade,—granted the Company of the North -license to trade on Hudson Bay, and gave Radisson's party passports "to -fish off Gaspé." In the venture Radisson, Groseillers, and the son -Chouart Groseillers, invested their all, possibly amounting to $2500 -each. The rest of the money for the expedition came from the Godfreys, -titled seigneurs of Three Rivers; Dame Sorel, widow of an officer in -the Carignan Regiment; Le Chesnaye, La Salle's lieutenant, and others. -</P> - -<P> -The boats were rickety little tubs unfit for rough northern seas, and -the crews sulky, underfed men, who threatened mutiny at every watering -place and only refrained from cutting Radisson's -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P147"></A>147}</SPAN> -throat because -he kept them busy. July 11, 1682, the explorers sheered away from the -fishing fleet of the St. Lawrence and began coasting up the lonely iron -shore of Labrador. Ice was met sweeping south in mountainous bergs. -Over Isle Demons in the Straits of Belle Isle hung storm wrack and -brown fog as in the days when Marguerite Roberval pined there. Then -the ships were cutting the tides of Labrador; here through fog; there -skimming a coast that was sheer masonry to the very sky; again, -scudding from storm to refuge of some hole in the wall. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-147t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-147.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-147t.jpg" ALT="MAP OF HUDSON BAY" BORDER="2" WIDTH="383" HEIGHT="462"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 383px"> -MAP OF HUDSON BAY -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P148"></A>148}</SPAN> -Before September the ships rode triumphantly into -Five-Fathom-Hole off Nelson River, Hudson Bay. Here two great rivers, -wide as the St. Lawrence, rolled to the sea, separated by a long tongue -of sandy dunes. The north river was the Nelson; the south, the Hayes. -Approach to both was dangerous, shallow, sandy, and bowlder strewn; but -Radisson's vessels were light draught, and he ran them in on the tide -to Hayes River on the south, where his men took possession for France -and erected log huts as a fort. -</P> - -<P> -Groseillers remained at the fort to command the twenty-seven men. -Young Chouart ranged the swamps and woods for Indians, and Radisson had -paddled down the Hayes from meeting some Assiniboine hunters, when, to -his amazement, there rolled across the wooded swamps the most -astonishing report that could be heard in desolate solitudes. It was -the rolling reverberation, the dull echo of a far-away cannon firing -signal after signal. -</P> - -<P> -Like a flash Radisson guessed the game. After all, the Hudson's Bay -Company had taken his advice and were sending ships to trade on the -west coast. The most of men, supported by only twenty-seven mutineers, -would have scuttled ships and escaped overland, but the explorers of -New France, Champlain and Jolliet and La Salle, were not made of the -stuff that runs from trouble. -</P> - -<P> -Picking out three men, Radisson crossed the marsh northward to -reconnoiter on Nelson River. Through the brush he espied a white tent -on what is now known as Gillam's Island, a fortress half built, and a -ship at anchor. All night he and his spies watched, but none of the -builders came near enough to be seized, and next day at noon Radisson -put a bold face on and paddled within cannon shot of the island. -</P> - -<P> -Here was a pretty to-do, indeed! The Frenchman must have laughed till -he shook with glee! It was not the Hudson's Bay Company ship at all, -but a poacher, a pirate, an interloper, forbidden by the laws of the -English Company's monopoly; and who was the poacher but Ben Gillam, of -Boston, son of Captain Gillam of the Hudson's Bay Company, with whom, -no doubt, he was in collusion to defraud the English traders! Calling -for -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P149"></A>149}</SPAN> -Englishmen to come down to the shore as hostages for fair -treatment, Radisson went boldly aboard the young man's ship, saw -everything, counted the men, noted the fact that Gillam's crew were -mutinous, and half frightened the life out of the young Boston captain -by telling him of the magnificent fort the French had on the south -river, of the frigates and cannon and the powder magazines. As a -friend he advised young Gillam not to permit his men to approach the -French; otherwise they might be attacked by the Quebec soldiers. Then -the crafty Radisson paddled off, smiling to himself; but not so fast, -not so easy! As he drifted down Nelson River, what should he run into -full tilt but the Hudson's Bay Company ship itself, bristling with -cannon, manned by his old enemy, Captain Gillam! -</P> - -<P> -If the two English parties came together, Radisson was lost. He must -beat them singly before they met; and again putting on a bold face, he -marched out, met his former associates, and as a friend advised them -not to ascend the river farther. Fortunately for Radisson, both Gillam -and Bridgar, the Hudson's Bay governor, were drinking heavily and glad -to take his advice. The winter passed, with Radisson perpetrating such -tricks on his rivals as a player might with the dummy men on a -chessboard; but the chessboard, with the English rivals for pawns, was -suddenly upset by the unexpected. Young Gillam discovered that -Radisson had no fort at all,—only log cabins with a handful of -ragamuffin bushrovers; and Captain Gillam senior got word of young -Gillam's presence. Radisson had to act, act quickly, and on the nail. -</P> - -<P> -Leaving half a dozen men as hostages in young Gillam's fort, Radisson -invited the youth to visit the French fort for which the young Boston -fellow had expressed such skeptical scorn. To make a long story short, -young Gillam was no sooner out of his own fort than the French hostages -took peaceable possession of it, and Gillam was no sooner in Radisson's -fort than the French clapped him a prisoner in their guardroom. -Ignorant that the French had captured young Gillam's fort, the Hudson's -Bay Company men had marched upstream at dead of night to his -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P150"></A>150}</SPAN> -rescue. The English knocked for admittance. The French guards threw -open the gates. In marched the English traders. The French clapped -the gates to. The English were now themselves prisoners. Such a -double victory would have been impossible to the French if the Hudson's -Bay Company men had not fuddled themselves with drink and allowed their -fine ship, the <I>Prince Rupert</I>, to be wrecked in the ice drive. -</P> - -<P> -In spring the ice jam wrecked Radisson's vessels, too, so he was -compelled to send the most of his prisoners in a sloop down Hudson Bay -to Prince Rupert, while he carried the rest with him on young Gillam's -ship down to Quebec with an enormous cargo of furs. -</P> - -<P> -By all the laws of navigation Ben Gillam was nothing more or less than -pirate. The monopoly of the Hudson's Bay Company forbade him trading -on Hudson Bay. The license of the Company of the North at Quebec also -excluded him. In later years, indeed, young Gillam turned pirate -outright, was captured in connection with Captain Kidd at Boston, and -is supposed to have been executed with the famous pirate. But when -Radisson left Nelson in charge of young Chouart and came down to Quebec -with young Gillam's ship as prize, a change had taken place at Quebec. -Governor Frontenac had been recalled. In his place was La Barre, whose -favor could be bought by any man who would pay the bribe, and who had -already ruined La Salle by permitting creditors to seize Fort -Frontenac. England and France were at peace. Therefore La Barre gave -Gillam's vessel back to him. The revenue collectors were permitted to -seize all the furs which La Chesnaye had not already shipped to France. -Though La Barre was reprimanded by the King for both acts, not a sou -did Radisson and Groseillers and Chouart ever receive for their -investment; and Radisson was ordered to report at once to the King in -France. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -The next part of Radisson's career has always been the great blot upon -his memory, a blot that seemed incomprehensible except on the ground -that his English wife had induced him to -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P151"></A>151}</SPAN> -return to the Hudson's -Bay Company; but in the memorials left by Radisson himself, in Hudson's -Bay House, London, I found the true explanation of his conduct. -</P> - -<P> -France and England were, as yet, at peace; but it was a pact of -treacherous kind,—secret treaty by which the King of England drew pay -from the King of France. The King of France dared not offend England -by giving public approval to Radisson's capture of the Hudson's Bay -Company's territory; therefore he ordered Radisson to go back to -Hudson's Bay Company service and restore what he had captured. But the -King of France had no notion of relinquishing claim to the vast -territory of Hudson Bay; therefore he commanded Radisson to go -unofficially. Groseillers, the brother, seems to have dropped from all -engagements from this time, and to have returned to Three Rivers. A -copy of the French minister's instructions is to be found in the -Radisson records of the Hudson's Bay Company to-day. Not a sou of -compensation was Radisson to receive for the money that he and his -friends had invested in the venture of 1682-1683. Not a penny of -reparation was he to obtain for the furs at Nelson, which he was to -turn over to the Hudson's Bay Company. -</P> - -<P> -In France, preparation went forward as if for a second voyage to -Nelson; but Radisson secretly left Paris for London, where he was -welcomed by the courtiers of England in May, 1684, and given presents -by King Charles and the Duke of York, who were shareholders in the -Hudson's Bay Company. May 17 he sailed with the Hudson's Bay Company -vessels for Port Nelson, and there took over from young Chouart the -French forts with 20,000 pounds worth of furs for the English company. -</P> - -<P> -Young Chouart Groseillers and his five comrades were furious. They had -borne the brunt of attack from both English and Indian enemies during -Radisson's absence, and they were to receive not a penny for the furs -collected. And their fury knew no bounds when they were forcibly -carried back to England. The English had invited them on board one of -the vessels for last instructions. Quickly the anchor was slipped, -sails run -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P152"></A>152}</SPAN> -out, and the kidnapped Frenchmen carried from the bay. -In a second, young Chouart's hand was on his sword, and he would have -fought on the spot, but Radisson begged him to conceal his anger; -"for," urged Radisson, "some of these English ruffians would like -nothing better than to stab you in a scuffle." -</P> - -<P> -In London, Radisson was lionized, publicly thanked by the company, -presented to the court, and given a present of silver plate. As for -the young French captives, they were treated royally, voted salaries of -100 pounds a year, and all their expenses of lodgings paid; but when -they spoke of returning to France, unexpected obstructions were -created. Their money was held back; they were dogged by spies. -Finally they took the oath of allegiance to England, and accepted -engagements to go back as servants of the Hudson's Bay Company to -Nelson at salaries ranging from 100 pounds to 40 pounds, good pay as -money was estimated in those days, equal to at least five times as much -money of the present day. It was even urged on young Chouart that he -should take an English wife, as Radisson had; but the young Frenchmen -smiled quietly to themselves. Secret offers of a title had been -conveyed to Chouart by the French ambassador; and to his mother in -Three Rivers he wrote: -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -I could not go to Paris; I was not at liberty; but I shall be at the -rendezvous or perish trying. I cannot say more in a letter. I would -have left this kingdom, but they hold back my pay, and orders have been -given to arrest me if I try to leave. Assure Mr. Duluth of my humble -services. I shall see him as soon as I can. Pray tell my good friend, -Jan Peré. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Peré, it will be remembered, was a bushranger of Duluth's band, who had -been with Jolliet on Lake Superior. -</P> - -<P> -As for Radisson, the English kept faith with him as long as the Stuarts -and his personal friends ruled the English court. He spent the summers -on Hudson Bay as superintendent of trade, the winters in England -supervising cargoes and sales. His home was on Seething Lane near the -great Tower, where one of his friends was commander. Near him dwelt -the merchant princes of London like the Kirkes and the Robinsons and -the Youngs. His next-door neighbor was the man of fashion, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P153"></A>153}</SPAN> -Samuel Pepys, in whose hands Radisson's Journals of his voyages finally -fell. His income at this time was 100 pounds in dividends, 100 pounds -in salary, equal to about five times that amount in modern money. -</P> - -<P> -Then came a change in Radisson's fortunes. The Stuarts were dethroned -and their friends dispersed. The shareholders of the fur company bore -names of men who knew naught of Radisson's services. War destroyed the -fur company's dividends. Radisson's income fell off to 50 pounds a -year. His family had increased; so had his debts; and he had long -since been compelled to move from fashionable quarters. A petition -filed in a lawsuit avers that he was in great mental anxiety lest his -children should come to want; but he won his lawsuits against the -company for arrears of salary. Peace brought about a resumption of -dividends, and the old pathfinder seems to have passed his last years -in comparative comfort. Some time between March and July, 1710, -Radisson set out on the Last Long Voyage of all men, dying near London. -His burial place is unknown. As far as Canada is concerned, Radisson -stands foremost as pathfinder of the Great Northwest. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -But to return to "good friend, Jan Peré," whom the Frenchmen, forced -into English service, were to meet somewhere on Hudson Bay. It is like -a story from borderland forays. -</P> - -<P> -Seven large ships set sail from England for Hudson Bay in 1685, -carrying Radisson and young Chouart and the five unwilling Frenchmen. -The company's forts on the bay now numbered four: Nelson, highest up on -the west; Albany, southward on an island at the mouth of Albany River; -Moose, just where James Bay turns westward; and Rupert at the southeast -corner. But French ships under La Martinière of the Sovereign Council -had also set sail from Quebec in 1685, commissioned by the indignant -fur traders to take Radisson dead or alive; for Quebec did not know the -secret orders of the French court, which had occasioned Radisson's last -defection. -</P> - -<P> -July saw the seven Hudson's Bay ships worming their way laboriously -through the ice floes of the straits. Small sails only -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P154"></A>154}</SPAN> -were -used. With grappling hooks thrown out on the ice pans and crews -toiling to their armpits in ice slush, the boats pulled themselves -forward, resting on the lee side of some ice floe during ebb tide, all -hands out to fight the roaring ice pans when the tide began to come in. -At length on the night of July 27, with crews exhausted and the timbers -badly rammed, the ships steered to rest in a harbor off Digge's Island, -sheltered from the ice drive. The nights of that northern sea are -light almost as day; but clouds had shrouded the sky and a white mist -was rising from the water when there glided like ghosts from gloom two -strange vessels. Before the exhausted crews of the English ships were -well awake, the waters were churned to foam by a roar of cannonading. -The strange ships had bumped keels with the little <I>Merchant -Perpetuana</I> of the Hudson's Bay. Radisson, on whose head lay a price, -was first to realize that they were attacked by French raiders; and his -ship was out with sails and off like a bird, followed by the other -English vessels, all except the little <I>Perpetuana</I>, now in death -grapple between her foes. Captain Hume, Mates Smithsend and -Grimmington fought like demons to keep the French from boarding her; -but they were knocked down, fettered and clapped below hatches while -the victors plundered the cargo. Fourteen men were put to the sword. -August witnessed ship, cargo, and captives brought into Quebec amid -noisy acclaim and roar of cannon. The French had not captured Radisson -nor ransomed Chouart, but there was booty to the raiders. New France -had proved her right to trade on Hudson Bay spite of peace between -France and England, or secret commands to Radisson. Thrown in a -dungeon below Château St. Louis, Quebec, the English captives hear wild -rumors of another raid on the bay, overland in winter; and Smithsend, -by secret messenger, sends warning to England, and for his pains is -sold with his fellow-captives into slavery in Martinique, whence he -escapes to England before the summer of 1686. -</P> - -<P> -But what is Jan Peré of Duluth's bushrovers doing? All unconscious of -the raid on the ships, the governors of the four -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P155"></A>155}</SPAN> -English forts -awaited the coming of the annual supplies. At Albany was a sort of -harbor beacon as well as lookout, built high on scaffolding above a -hill. One morning, in August of 1685, the sentry on the lookout was -amazed to see three men, white men, in a canoe, steering swiftly down -the rain-swollen river from the Up-Country. Such a thing was -impossible. "White men from the interior! Whence did they come?" -Governor Sargeant came striding to the fort gate, ordering his cannon -manned. Behold nothing more dangerous than three French forest rangers -dressed in buckskins, but with manners a trifle too smooth for such -rough garb, as one doffs his cap to Governor Sargeant and introduces -himself as Jan Peré, a woodsman out hunting. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-155t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-155.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-155t.jpg" ALT="CONTEMPORARY FRENCH MAP OF HUDSON BAY AND VICINITY" BORDER="2" WIDTH="390" HEIGHT="306"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 390px"> -CONTEMPORARY FRENCH MAP OF HUDSON BAY AND VICINITY -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -England and France were at peace; so Governor Sargeant invited the -three mysterious gentlemen inside to a breakfast of sparkling wines and -good game, hoping no doubt that the wines would unlock the gay fellows' -tongues to tell what game <I>they</I> were playing. As the wine passed -freely, there were stories of -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P156"></A>156}</SPAN> -the hunt and the voyage and the -annual ships. When might the ships be coming? "Humph," mutters -Sargeant through his beard; and he does n't urge these knights of the -wild woods to tarry longer. Their canoe glides gayly down coast to the -salt marshes, where the shooting is good; but by chance that night, -<I>purely by chance</I>, the French leave their canoe so that the tide will -carry it away. Then they come back crestfallen to the English fort. -</P> - -<P> -Meanwhile a ship has arrived with the story of the raid on the -<I>Perpetuana</I>. Sargeant is so enraged that he sends two of the French -spies across to Charlton Island, where they can hunt or die; Monsieur -Jan Peré he casts into the cellar of Albany with irons on his wrists -and balls on his feet. When the ships sail for England, Peré is sent -back as prisoner without having had one word with Chouart Groseillers. -As for the two Frenchmen placed on Charlton Island, did Sargeant think -they were bush-rovers and would stay on an island? By October they -have laid up store of moose meat, built themselves a canoe, paddled -across to the mainland, and are speeding like wildfire overland to -Michilimackinac with word that Jan Peré is held prisoner at Albany. As -Jan Peré drops out of history here, it may be said that he was kept -prisoner in England as guarantee for the safety of the English crew -held prisoners at Quebec. When he escaped to France he was given money -and a minor title for his services. -</P> - -<P> -The news that Peré lay in a dungeon on Hudson Bay supplied the very -excuse that the Quebec fur traders needed for an overland raid in time -of peace. These were the wild rumors of which the captive English crew -sent warning to England; but the northern straits would not be open to -the company ships before June of 1686, and already a hundred wild -French bushrovers were rallying to ascend the Ottawa to raid the -English on Hudson Bay. -</P> - -<P> -And now a change comes in Canadian annals. For half a century its -story is a record of lawless raids, bloody foray, dare-devil courage -combined with the most fiendish cruelty and sublime heroism. Only a -few of these raids can be narrated here. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P157"></A>157}</SPAN> -June 18, 1686, when the -long twilight of the northern night merged with dawn, there came out -from the thicket of underbrush round Moose Factory, Hudson Bay, one -hundred bush-rovers, led by Chevalier de Troyes of Niagara, accompanied -by Le Chesnaye of the fur trade, Quebec, and the Jesuit, Sylvie. Of -the raiders, sixty-six were Indians under Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville -and his brothers, Maricourt and Ste. Hélène, aged about twenty-four, -sons of Charles Le Moyne, the Montreal interpreter. Moose Factory at -this time boasted fourteen cannon, log-slab palisades, commodious -warehouses, and four stone bastions,—one with three thousand pounds of -powder, another used as barracks for twelve soldiers, another housing -beaver pelts, and a fourth serving as kitchen. Iberville and his -brothers, scouting round on different sides of the fort, soon learned -that not a sentinel was on duty. The great gate opposite the river, -studded with brass nails, was securely bolted, but not a cannon -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P158"></A>158}</SPAN> -had been loaded. The bushrangers then cast aside all clothing that -would hamper, and, pistol in hand, advanced silent and stealthy as -wild-cats. Not a twig crunched beneath the moccasin tread. The water -lay like glass, and the fort slept silent as death. Hastily each -raider had knelt for the blessing of the priest. Pistols had been -recharged. Iberville bade his wild Indians not to forget that the -Sovereign Council of Quebec offered ten crowns reward for every enemy -slain, twenty for every enemy captured. In fact, there could be no -turning back. Two thousand miles of juniper swamps and forests lay -between the bush-rovers and home. They must conquer or perish. De -Troyes led his white soldiers round to make a pretense of attack from -the water front. Iberville posted his sixty-six Indians along the -walls with muskets rammed through the loopholes. Then, with an -unearthly yell, the Le Moyne brothers were over the tops of the -pickets, swords in hand, before the English soldiers had awakened. The -English gunner reeled from his cannon at the main gate with head split -to the collar bone. The gates were thrown wide, trees rammed the doors -open, and Iberville had dashed halfway up the stairs of the main house -before the inmates, rushing out in their nightshirts, realized what had -happened. Two men only were killed, one on each side. The French were -masters of Moose Fort in less than five minutes, with sixteen captives -and rich supply of ammunition. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-157"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-157.jpg" ALT="LE MOYNE D'IBERVILLE" BORDER="2" WIDTH="356" HEIGHT="346"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 356px"> -LE MOYNE D'IBERVILLE -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -Eastward of Moose was Rupert Fort, where the company's ship anchored. -Hither the raiders plied their canoes by sea. Look at the map! Across -the bottom of James Bay projects a long tongue of swamp land. To save -time, Iberville portaged across this, and by July 1 was opposite Prince -Rupert's bastions. At the dock lay the English ship. That day -Iberville's men kept in hiding, but at night he had ambushed his men -along shore and paddled across to the ship. Just as Iberville stepped -on the deck a man on guard sprang at his throat. One blow of -Iberville's sword killed the Englishman on the spot. Stamping to call -the crew aloft, Iberville sabered the men as they scrambled up the -hatches, till the Governor himself threw -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P159"></A>159}</SPAN> -up hands in -unconditional surrender. The din had alarmed the fort, and hot shot -snapping fire from the loopholes kept the raiders off till the Le Moyne -brothers succeeded in scrambling to the roofs of the bastions, hacking -holes through the rough thatch and firing inside. This drove the -English gunners from their cannon. A moment later, and the raiders -were on the walls. It was a repetition of the fight at Moose Factory. -The English, taken by surprise, surrendered at once; and the French now -had thirty prisoners, a good ship, two forts, but no provisions. -</P> - -<P> -Northwestward three hundred miles lay Albany Fort. Iberville led off -in canoes with his bushrovers. De Troyes followed on the English boat -with French soldiers and English prisoners. To save time, as the bay -seemed shallow, Iberville struck out from the shore across seas. All -at once a north wind began whipping the waters, sweeping down a -maelstrom of churning ice. Worse still, fog fell thick as wool. Any -one who knows canoe travel knows the danger. Iberville avoided -swamping by ordering his men to camp for the night on the shifting ice -pans, canoes held above heads where the ice crush was wildest, the -voyageurs clinging hand to hand, making a life line if one chanced to -slither through the ice slush. When daylight came with worse fog, -Iberville kept his pistol firing to guide his followers, and so pushed -on. Four days the dangerous traverse lasted, but August 1 the -bushrovers were in camp below the cliffs of Albany. -</P> - -<P> -Indians had forewarned Governor Sargeant. The loopholes of his -palisades bristled with muskets and heavy guns that set the bullets -flying soon as De Troyes arrived and tried to land the cannon captured -from the other forts for assault on Albany. Drums beating, flags -flying, soldiers in line, a French messenger goes halfway forward and -demands of an English messenger come halfway out the surrender of Sieur -Jan Peré, languishing in the dungeons of Albany. The English Governor -sends curt word back that Peré has been sent home to France long ago, -and demands what in thunder the French mean by these raids in time of -peace. The French retire that night to consider. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P160"></A>160}</SPAN> -Cannon they -have, but they have used up nearly all their ammunition. They have -thirty prisoners, but they have no provisions. The prisoners have told -them there are 50,000 pounds worth of furs stored at Albany. -</P> - -<P> -Inside the fort the English were in almost as bad way. The larder was -lean, powder was scarce, and the men were wildly mutinous, threatening -to desert <I>en masse</I> for the French on the excuse they had not hired to -fight, and "<I>if any of us lost a leg, the company could not make it -good</I>." -</P> - -<P> -At the end of two days' desultory firing, the company Governor captured -down at Rupert came to Sargeant and told him frankly that the -bloodthirsty bushrovers were desperate; they had either to conquer or -starve, and if they were compelled to fight, there would be no quarter. -Men and women alike would be butchered in hand-to-hand fight. Still -Sargeant hung on, hoping for the annual frigate of the company. Then -powder failed utterly. Still Sargeant would not show the white flag; -so an underfactor flourished a white sheet from an upper window. -Chevalier De Troyes came forward and seated himself on one of the -cannon. Governor Sargeant went out and seated himself on the same -cannon with two bottles of wine. The English of Albany were allowed to -withdraw to Charlton Island to await the company ship. As for the -other prisoners, those who were not compelled to carry the plundered -furs back to Quebec, were turned adrift in the woods to find their way -overland north to Nelson. Iberville's bushrovers were back in Montreal -by October. -</P> - -<BR><BR><BR> - -<A NAME="chap09"></A> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P161"></A>161}</SPAN> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -CHAPTER IX -</H3> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -FROM 1686 TO 1698 -</H3> - -<P CLASS="intro"> -War with the Iroquois—The year of the massacre—Frontenac returns—The -heroine of Verchères—Indian raid and counter-raid—Massacre and -Schenectady—The massacre at Fort Loyal—Boston roused to -action—Quebec besieged—Phips and Frontenac—Retreat of the -English—Iberville's gallant sea fight—Nelson surrenders -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -For ten years Hudson Bay becomes the theater of northern buccaneers and -bushraiders. A treaty of neutrality in 1686 provides that the bay -shall be held in common by the fur traders of England and France; but -the adventurers of England and the bushrovers of Quebec have no notion -of leaving things so uncertain. Spite of truce, both fit out raiders, -and the King of France, according to the shifting diplomacy of the day, -issues secret orders "to permit not a vestige of English possession on -the northern bay." -</P> - -<P> -Maricourt Le Moyne held the newly captured forts on the south shore of -James Bay till Iberville came back overland in 1687. The fort at -Rupert had been completely abandoned after the French victory of the -previous summer, and the Hudson's Bay Company sloop, the <I>Young</I>, had -just sailed into the port to reëstablish the fur post. Iberville -surrounded the sloop by his bushrovers, captured it with all hands, and -dispatched four spies across to Charlton Island, where another sloop, -the <I>Churchill</I>, swung at anchor. Here Iberville's run of luck turned. -Three of his four spies were captured, fettered, and thrown into the -hold of the vessel for the winter. In the spring of 1688 one was -brought above decks to help the English sailors. Watching his chance, -the grizzled bushrover waited till six of the English crew were up the -ratlines. Quick as flash the Frenchman tiptoed across decks in his -noiseless moccasins, took one precautionary glance over his shoulder, -brained two Englishmen with an ax, liberated his comrades, and at -pistol point kept the other Englishmen up the masts till he and his -fellows had righted the ship and steered the vessel across to Rupert -River, where the provisions were just in time to save Iberville's party -from starvation. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P162"></A>162}</SPAN> -This episode is typical of what went on at the Hudson's Bay forts -for ten years. Each year, when the English ships came out to Nelson on -the west coast, armed bands were sent south to wrest the forts on James -Bay from the French; and each spring, when Iberville's bushrovers came -gliding down the rivers in their canoes from Canada, there was a fight -to drive out the English. Then the Indians would scatter to their -hunting grounds. No more loot of furs for a year! The English would -sail away in their ships, the French glide away in their canoes; and -for a winter the uneasy quiet of calm between two thunderclaps would -rest over the waters of Hudson Bay. -</P> - -<P> -In the spring of 1688, about the time that the brave bush-rovers had -brought the English ship from Charlton Island across to Rupert River, -two English frigates under Captain Moon, with twenty-four soldiers over -and above the crews, had come south from Nelson to attack the French -fur traders at Albany. As ill luck would have it, the ice floes began -driving inshore. The English ships found themselves locked in the ice -before the besieged fort. Across the jam from Rupert River dashed -Iberville with his Indian bandits, portaging where the ice floes -covered the water, paddling where lanes of clear way parted the -floating drift. Iberville hid his men in the tamarack swamps till -eighty-two Englishmen had landed and all unsuspecting left their ships -unguarded. Iberville only waited till the furs in the fort had been -transferred to the holds of the vessels. The ice cleared. The -Frenchman rushed his bushrovers on board, seized the vessel with the -most valuable cargo, and sailed gayly out of Albany for Quebec. The -astounded English set fire to the other ship and retreated overland. -</P> - -<P> -But the dare-devil bushrovers were not yet clear of trouble. As the -ice drive jammed and held them in Hudson Straits, they were aghast to -see, sailing full tilt with the roaring tide of the straits, a fleet of -English frigates, the Hudson's Bay Company's annual ships; but -Iberville sniffed at danger as a war horse glories in gunpowder. He -laughed his merriest, and as the ice drive locked all the ships within -gunshot, ran up an -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P163"></A>163}</SPAN> -English flag above his French crew and had -actually signaled the captains of the English frigates to come aboard -and visit him, when the ice cleared. Hoisting sail, he showed swift -heels to the foe. Iberville's ambition now was to sweep <I>all</I> the -English from Hudson Bay, in other words, to capture Nelson on the west -coast, whence came the finest furs; but other raids called him to -Canada. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -It will be recalled that La Salle's enemies had secretly encouraged the -Iroquois to attack the tribes of the Illinois; and now the fur traders -of New York were encouraging the Iroquois to pillage the Indians of the -Mississippi valley, in order to divert peltries from the French on the -St. Lawrence to the English at New York. Savages of the north, rallied -by Perrot and Duluth and La Motte Cadillac, came down by the lakes to -Fort Frontenac to aid the French; but they found that La Barre, the new -governor, foolish old man, had been frightened into making peace with -the Iroquois warriors, abandoning the Illinois to Iroquois raid and -utterly forgetful that <I>a peace which is not a victory is not worth the -paper it is written on</I>. -</P> - -<P> -For the shame of this disgraceful peace La Barre was recalled to France -and the Marquis de Denonville, a brave soldier, sent out as governor. -Unfortunately Denonville did not understand conditions in the colony. -The Jesuit missionaries were commissioned to summon the Iroquois to a -conference at Fort Frontenac, but when the deputies arrived they were -seized, tortured, and fifty of them shipped to France by the King's -order to serve as slaves on the royal galleys. It was an act of -treachery heinous beyond measure and exposed the Jesuit missionaries -among the Five Nations to terrible vengeance; but the Iroquois code of -honor was higher than the white man's. "Go home," they warned the -Jesuit missionary. "We have now every right to treat thee as our foe; -but we shall not do so! Thy heart has had no share in the wrong done -to us. We shall not punish thee for the crimes of another, tho' thou -didst act as the unconscious tool. But leave us! When our young -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P164"></A>164}</SPAN> -men chant the song of war they may take counsel only of their fury and -harm thee! Go to thine own people"; and furnishing him with guides, -they sent him to Quebec. -</P> - -<P> -Though Denonville marched with his soldiers through the Iroquois -cantons, he did little harm and less good; for the wily warriors had -simply withdrawn their families into the woods, and the Iroquois were -only biding their time for fearful vengeance. -</P> - -<P> -This lust of vengeance was now terribly whetted. Dongan, the English -governor of New York, had been ordered by King James of England to -observe the treaty of neutrality between England and France; but this -did not hinder him supplying the Iroquois with arms to raid the French -and secretly advising them "not to bury the war hatchet,—just to hide -it in the grass, and stand on their guard to begin the war anew." -</P> - -<A NAME="img-164t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-164.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-164t.jpg" ALT="FORT FRONTENAC AND THE ADJACENT COUNTRY" BORDER="2" WIDTH="393" HEIGHT="275"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 393px"> -FORT FRONTENAC AND THE ADJACENT COUNTRY -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -Nor did the treaty of neutrality prevent the French from raiding Hudson -Bay and ordering shot in cold blood any French bushrover who dared to -guide the English traders to the country of the Upper Lakes. -</P> - -<P> -In addition to English influence egging on the Iroquois, the treachery -of the Huron chief, The Rat, lashed the vengeance -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P165"></A>165}</SPAN> -of the Five -Nations to a fury. He had come down to Fort Frontenac to aid the -French. He was told that the French had again arranged peace with the -Iroquois, and deputies were even now on their way from the Five Nations. -</P> - -<P> -"Peace!" The old Huron chief was dumbfounded. What were these fool -French doing, trusting to an Iroquois peace? "Ah," he grunted, "that -may be well"; and he withdrew without revealing a sign of his -intentions. Then he lay in ambush on the trail of the deputies, fell -on the Iroquois peace messengers with fury, slaughtered half the band, -then sent the others back with word that he had done this by order of -Denonville, the French governor. -</P> - -<P> -"There," grunted The Rat grimly, "I 've killed the peace for them! We -'ll see how Onontio gets out of this mess." -</P> - -<P> -Meanwhile war had been declared between England and France. The -Stuarts had been dethroned. France was supporting the exiled monarch, -and William of Orange had become king of England. Iberville and Duluth -and La Motte Cadillac, the famous fighters of Canada's wildwood, were -laying plans before the French Governor for the invasion and conquest -of New York; and New York was preparing to defend itself by pouring -ammunition and firearms free of cost into the hands of the Iroquois. -Then the Iroquois vengeance fell. -</P> - -<P> -Between the night and morning of August 4 and 5, in 1689, a terrific -thunderstorm had broken over Montreal. Amidst the crack of hail and -crash of falling trees, with the thunder reverberating from the -mountain like cannonading, whilst the frightened people stood gazing at -the play of lightning across their windows, fourteen hundred Iroquois -warriors landed behind Montreal, beached their canoes, and stole upon -the settlement. What next followed beggars description. Nothing else -like it occurs in the history of Canada. For years this summer was to -be known as "the Year of the Massacre." -</P> - -<P> -Before the storm subsided, the Iroquois had stationed themselves in -circles round every house outside the walls of Montreal. At the signal -of a whistle, the warriors fell on the settlement -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P166"></A>166}</SPAN> -like beasts of -prey. Neither doors nor windows were fastened in that age, and the -people, deep in sleep after the vigil of the storm, were dragged from -their beds before they were well awake. Men, women, and children fell -victims to such ingenuity of cruelty as only savage vengeance could -conceive. Children were dashed to pieces before their parents' eyes; -aged parents tomahawked before struggling sons and daughters; fathers -held powerless that they might witness the tortures wreaked on wives -and daughters. Homes which had heard some alarm and were on guard were -set on fire, and those who perished in the flames -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P167"></A>167}</SPAN> -died a merciful -death compared to those who fell in the hands of the victors. By -daybreak two hundred people had been wantonly butchered. A hundred and -fifty more had been taken captives. As if their vengeance could not be -glutted, the Iroquois crossed the river opposite Montreal, and, in full -sight of the fort, weakly garrisoned and paralyzed with fright, spent -the rest of the week, day and night, torturing the white captives. By -night victims could be seen tied to the torture stake amid the -wreathing flames, with the tormentors dancing round the camp fire in -maniacal ferocity. Denonville was simply powerless. He lost his head, -and seemed so panic-stricken that he forbade even volunteer bands from -rallying to the rescue. For two months the Iroquois overran Canada -unchecked. Indeed, it was years before the boldness engendered by this -foray became reduced to respect for French authority. Settlement after -settlement, the marauders raided. From Montreal to Three Rivers crops -went up in flame, and the terrified habitants came cowering with their -families to the shelter of the palisades. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-166"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-166.jpg" ALT="WILLIAM OF ORANGE" BORDER="2" WIDTH="332" HEIGHT="446"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 332px"> -WILLIAM OF ORANGE -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -In the midst of this universal terror came the country's savior. -Frontenac had been recalled because he quarreled with the intendant and -he quarreled with the Jesuits and he quarreled with the fur traders; -but his bitterest enemies did not deny that he could put the fear of -the Lord and respect for the French into the Iroquois' heart. -Arbitrary he was as a czar, but just always! To be sure he mended his -fortunes by personal fur trade, but in doing so he cheated no man; and -he worked no injustice, and he wrought in all things for the lasting -good of the country. Homage he demanded as to a king, once going so -far as to drive the Sovereign Councilors from his presence with the -flat of a sword; but he firmly believed and he had publicly proved that -he was worthy of homage, and that the men who are forever shouting -"liberty—liberty and the people's rights," are frequently wolves in -sheep's clothing, eating out the vitals of a nation's prosperity. -</P> - -<P> -Here, then, was the haughty, hot-headed, aggressive Frontenac, sent -back in his old age to restore the prestige of New France, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P168"></A>168}</SPAN> -where -both La Barre the grafter, and Denonville the courteous Christian -gentleman, had failed. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -To this period of Iroquois raids belongs one of the most heroic -episodes in Canadian life. The only settlers who had not fled to the -protection of the palisaded forts were the grand old seigniors, the new -nobility of New France, whose mansions were like forts in themselves, -palisaded, with stone bastions and water supply and yards for stock and -mills inside the walls. Here the seigniors, wildwood knights of a -wilderness age, held little courts that were imitations of the -Governor's pomp at Quebec. Sometimes during war the seignior's wife -and daughters were reduced to plowing in the fields and laboring with -the women servants at the harvest; but ordinarily the life at the -seigniory was a life of petty grandeur, with such style as the -backwoods afforded. In the hall or great room of the manor house was -usually an enormous table used both as court of justice by the seignior -and festive board. On one side was a huge fireplace with its homemade -benches, on the other a clumsily carved chiffonier loaded with solid -silver. In the early days the seignior's bedstead might be in the same -room,—an enormous affair with panoplies of curtains and counterpanes -of fur rugs and feather mattresses, so high that it almost necessitated -a ladder. But in the matter of dress the rude life made up in style -what it lacked in the equipments of a grand mansion. -</P> - -<P> -The bishop's description of the women's dresses I have already given, -though at this period the women had added to the "sins" of bows and -furbelows and frills, which the bishop deplored, the yet more heinous -error of such enormous hoops that it required fine maneuvering on the -part of a grand dame to negotiate the door of the family coach; and -however pompous the seignior's air, it must have suffered temporary -eclipse in that coach from the hoops of his spouse and his spouse's -daughters. As for the seignior, when he was not dressed in buckskin, -leading bushrovers on raids, he appeared magnificent in all the -grandeur that a 20 pounds wig and Spanish laces and French ruffles - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P169"></A>169}</SPAN> -and imported satins could lend his portly person; and if the -figure were not portly, one may venture to guess, from the pictures of -stout gentlemen in the quilted brocades of the period, that padding -made up what nature lacked. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Such a seigniory was Verchères, some twenty miles from Montreal, on the -south side of the St. Lawrence. M. de Verchères was an officer in one -of the regiments, and chanced to be absent from home during October of -1696, doing duty at Quebec. Madame de Verchères was visiting in -Montreal. Strange as it may seem, the fort and the family had been -left in charge of the daughter, Madeline, at this time only fourteen -years of age. At eight o'clock on the morning of October 22 she had -gone four hundred paces outside the fort gates when she heard the -report of musket firing. The rest of the story may be told in her own -words: -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -I at once saw that the Iroquois were firing at our settlers, who lived -near the fort. One of our servants call out: "Fly, Mademoiselle, fly! -The Iroquois are upon us!" -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -Instantly I saw some forty-five Iroquois running towards me, already -within pistol shot. Determined to die rather than fall in their hands, -I ran for the fort, praying to the Blessed Virgin, "Holy Mother, save -me! Let me perish rather than fall in their hands!" Meanwhile my -pursuers paused to fire their guns. Bullets whistled past my ears. -Once within hearing of the fort, I shouted, "To arms! To arms!" -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -There were but two soldiers in the fort, and they were so overcome by -fear that they ran to hide in the bastion. At the gates I found two -women wailing for the loss of their husbands. Then I saw several -stakes had fallen from the palisades where enemies could gain entrance; -so I seized the fallen planks and urged the women to give a hand -putting them back in their places. Then I ran to the bastion, where I -found two of the soldiers lighting a fuse. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -"What are you going to do?" I demanded. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -"Blow up the fort," answered one cowardly wretch. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -"Begone, you rascals," I commanded, putting on a soldier's helmet and -seizing a musket. Then to my little brothers: "Let us fight to the -death! Remember what father has always said,—that gentlemen are born -to shed their blood in the service of God and their King." -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -My brothers and the two soldiers kept up a steady fire from the -loopholes. I ordered the cannon fired to call in our soldiers, who -were hunting; -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P170"></A>170}</SPAN> -but the grief-stricken women inside kept wailing so -loud that I had to warn them their shrieks would betray our weakness to -the enemy. While I was speaking I caught sight of a canoe on the -river. It was Sieur Pierre Fontaine, with his family, coming to visit -us. I asked the soldiers to go out and protect their landing, but they -refused. Then ordering Laviolette, our servant, to stand sentry at the -gate, I went out myself, wearing a soldier's helmet and carrying a -musket. I left orders if I were killed the gates were to be kept shut -and the fort defended. I hoped the Iroquois would think this a ruse on -my part to draw them within gunshot of our walls. That was just what -happened, and I got Pierre Fontaine and his family safely inside by -putting a bold face on. Our whole garrison consisted of my two little -brothers aged about twelve, one servant, two soldiers, one old habitant -aged eighty, and a few women servants. Strengthened by the Fontaines, -we began firing. When the sun went down the night set in with a -fearful storm of northeast wind and snow. I expected the Iroquois -under cover of the storm. Gathering our people together, I said: "God -has saved us during the day. Now we must be careful for the night. To -show you I am not afraid to take my part, I undertake to defend the -fort with the old man and a soldier, who has never fired a gun. You, -Pierre Fontaine and La Bonte and Galet (the two soldiers), go to the -bastion with the women and children. If I am taken, never surrender -though I am burnt and cut to pieces before your eyes! You have nothing -to fear if you will make some show of fight!" -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -I posted two of my young brothers on one of the bastions, the old man -of eighty on the third, and myself took the fourth. Despite the -whistling of the wind we kept the cry "All's well," "All's well" -echoing and reëchoing from corner to corner. One would have imagined -the fort was crowded with soldiers, and the Iroquois afterwards -confessed they had been completely deceived; that the vigilance of the -guard kept them from attempting to scale the walls. About midnight the -sentinel at the gate bastion called out, "Mademoiselle! I hear -something!" -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -I saw it was our cattle. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -"Let me open the gates," urged the sentry. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -"God forbid," said I; "the savages are likely behind, driving the -animals in." -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -Nevertheless I <I>did</I> open the gates and let the cattle in, my brothers -standing on each side, ready to shoot if an Indian appeared. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -At last came daylight; and we were hopeful for aid from Montreal; but -Marguerite Fontaine, being timorous as all Parisian women are, begged -her husband to try and escape. The poor husband was almost distracted -as she insisted, and he told her he would set her out in the canoe with -her two sons, who could paddle it, but he would not abandon -Mademoiselle in Verchères. I had been twenty-four hours without rest -or food, and had not -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P171"></A>171}</SPAN> -once gone from the bastion. On the eighth -day of the siege Lieutenant de La Monnerie reached the fort during the -night with forty men. -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -One of our sentries had called out, "Who goes?" -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -I was dozing with my head on a table and a musket across my arm. The -sentry said there were voices on the water. I called, "Who are you?" -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -They answered, "French—come to your aid!" -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -I went down to the bank, saying: "Sir, but you are welcome! I -surrender my arms to you!" -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -"Mademoiselle," he answered, "they are in good hands." -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -I forgot one incident. On the day of the attack I remembered about one -in the afternoon that our linen was outside the fort, but the soldiers -refused to go out for it. Armed with our guns, my brothers made two -trips outside the walls for our linen. The Iroquois must have thought -it a trick to lure them closer, for they did not approach. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -It need scarcely be added that brave mothers make brave sons, and it is -not surprising that twenty-five years later, when Madeline Verchères -had become the wife of M. de La Naudière, her own life was saved from -Abenaki Indians by her little son, age twelve. -</P> - -<P> -But to return to Count Frontenac, marching up the steep streets of -Quebec to Château St. Louis that October evening of 1689, amid the -jubilant shouts of friends and enemies, Jesuit and Recollet, fur trader -and councilor,—the haughty Governor set himself to the task of not -only crushing the Iroquois but invading and conquering the land of the -English, whom he believed had furnished arms to the Iroquois. Now that -war had been openly declared between England and France, Frontenac was -determined on a campaign of aggression. He would keep the English so -busy defending their own borders that they would have no time to tamper -with the Indian allies of the French on the Mississippi. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -This is one of the darkest pages of Canada's past. War is not a pretty -thing at any time, but war that lets loose the bloodhounds of Indian -ferocity leaves the blackest scar of all. -</P> - -<P> -There were to be three war parties: one from Quebec to attack the -English settlements around what is now Portland, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P172"></A>172}</SPAN> -Maine; a second -from Three Rivers to lay waste the border lands of New Hampshire; a -third from Montreal to assault the English and Dutch of the Upper -Hudson. -</P> - -<P> -The Montrealers set out in midwinter of 1690, a few months after -Frontenac's arrival, led by the Le Moyne brothers, Ste. Hélène and -Maricourt and Iberville, with one of the Le Bers, and D'Ailleboust, -nephew of the first D'Ailleboust at Montreal. The raiders consisted of -some two hundred and fifty men, one hundred Indian converts and one -hundred and fifty bushrovers, hardy, supple, inured to the wilderness -as to native air, whites and Indians dressed alike in blanket coat, -hood hanging down the back, buckskin trousers, beaded moccasins, -snowshoes of short length for forest travel, cased musket on shoulder, -knife, hatchet, pistols, bullet pouch hanging from the sashed belt, and -provisions in a blanket, knapsack fashion, carried on the shoulders. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-172"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-172.jpg" ALT="QUEBEC, 1689" BORDER="2" WIDTH="386" HEIGHT="328"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 386px"> -QUEBEC, 1689 -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -The woods lay snow padded, silent, somber. Up the river bed of the -Richelieu, over the rolling drifts, glided the bushrovers. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P173"></A>173}</SPAN> -Somewhere on the headwaters of the Hudson the Indians demanded what -place they were to attack. Iberville answered, "Albany." "Humph," -grunted the Indians with a dry smile at the camp fire, "since <I>when</I> -have the French become so brave?" A midwinter thaw now turned the -snowy levels to swimming lagoons, where snowshoes were useless, and the -men had to wade knee-deep day after day through swamps of ice water. -Then came one of those sudden changes,—hard frost with a blinding -snowstorm. Where the trail forked for Albany and Schenectady it was -decided to follow the latter, and about four o'clock in the afternoon, -on the 8th of February, the bush-rovers reached a hut where there -chanced to be several Mohawk squaws. Crowding round the chimney place -to dry their clothes now stiff with ice, the bushrangers learned from -the Indian women that Schenectady lay completely unguarded. There had -been some village festival that day among the Dutch settlers. The -gates at both ends of the town lay wide open, and as if in derision of -danger from the far distant French, a snow man had been mockingly -rolled up to the western gate as sentry, with a sham pipe stuck in his -mouth. The Indian rangers harangued their braves, urging them to wash -out all wrongs in the blood of the enemy, and the Le Moyne brothers -moved from man to man, giving orders for utter silence. At eleven that -night, shrouded by the snowfall, the bushrovers reached the palisades -of Schenectady. They had intended to defer the assault till dawn, but -the cold hastened action, and, uncasing their muskets, they filed -silently past the snow man in the middle of the open gate and encircled -the little village of fifty houses. When the lines met at the far -gate, completely investing the town, a wild yell rent the air! Doors -were hacked down. Indians with tomahawks stood guard outside the -windows, and the dastardly work began,—as gratuitous a butchery of -innocent people as ever the Iroquois perpetrated in their worst raids. -Two hours the massacre lasted, and when it was over the French had, to -their everlasting discredit, murdered in cold blood thirty-eight men -(among them the poor inoffensive dominie), ten women, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P174"></A>174}</SPAN> -twelve -children; and the victors held ninety captives. To the credit of -Iberville he offered life to one Glenn and his family, who had aided in -ransoming many French from the Iroquois, and he permitted this man to -name so many friends that the bloodthirsty Indians wanted to know if -all Schenectady were related to this white man. One other house in the -town was spared,—that of a widow with five children, under whose roof -a wounded Frenchman lay. For the rest, Schenectady was reduced to -ashes, the victors harnessing the Dutch farmers' horses to carry off -the plunder. Of the captives, twenty-seven men and boys were carried -back to Quebec. The other captives, mainly women and children, were -given to the Indians. Forty livres for every human scalp were paid by -the Sovereign Council of Quebec to the raiders. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-174"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-174.jpg" ALT="FRENCH SOLDIER OF THE PERIOD" BORDER="2" WIDTH="174" HEIGHT="401"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 174px"> -FRENCH SOLDIER OF THE PERIOD -</H4> - -<P> -The record of the raiders led from Three Rivers by François Hertel was -almost the same. Setting out in January, he was followed by -twenty-five French and twenty-five Indians to the border lands between -Maine and New Hampshire. The end of March saw the bushrovers outside -the little village of Salmon Falls. Thirty inhabitants were tomahawked -on the spot, the houses burned, and one hundred prisoners carried off; -but news had gone like wildfire to neighboring settlements, and Hertel -was pursued by two hundred Englishmen. He placed his bushrovers on a -small bridge across Wooster River and here held the pursuers at bay -till darkness enabled him to escape. -</P> - -<P> -But the darkest deed of infamy was perpetrated by the third band of -raiders,—a deed that reveals the glories of war as they -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P175"></A>175}</SPAN> -exist, -stripped of pageantry. Portneuf had led the raiders from Quebec, and -he was joined by that famous leader of the Abenaki Indians, Baron de -Saint-Castin, from the border lands between Acadia and Maine. Later, -when Hertel struck through the woods with some of his followers, -Portneuf's men numbered five hundred. With these he attacked Fort -Loyal, or what is now Portland, Maine, in the month of June. The fort -boasted eight great guns and one hundred soldiers. Under cover of the -guns Lieutenant Clark and thirty men sallied out to reconnoiter the -attacking forces ambushed in woods round a pasturage. At a musket -crack the English were literally cut to pieces, four men only escaping -back to the fort. The French then demanded unconditional surrender. -The English asked six days to consider. In six days English vessels -would have come to the rescue. Secure, under a bluff of the ocean -cliff, from the cannon fire of the fort, the French began to trench an -approach to the palisades. Combustibles had been placed against the -walls, when the English again asked a parley, offering to surrender if -the French would swear by the living God to conduct them in safety to -the nearest English post. To these conditions the French agreed. -Whether they could not control their Indian allies or had not intended -to keep the terms matters little. The English had no sooner marched -from the fort than, with a wild whoop, the Indians fell on men, women, -and children. Some were killed by a single blow, others reserved for -the torture stake. Only four Englishmen survived the onslaught, to be -carried prisoners to Quebec. -</P> - -<P> -The French had been victorious on all three raids; but they were -victories over which posterity will never boast, which no writer dare -describe in all the detail of their horrors, and which leave a black -blot on the escutcheon of Canada. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -It was hardly to be expected that the New England colonies would let -such raids pass unpunished. The destruction of Schenectady had been -bad enough. The massacre of Salmon Falls caused the New Englanders to -forget their jealousies for the once and to unite in a common cause. -All the colonies agreed -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P176"></A>176}</SPAN> -to contribute men, ships, and money to -invade New France by land and sea. The land forces were placed under -Winthrop and Schuyler; but as smallpox disorganized the expedition -before it reached Lake Champlain, the attack by land had little other -effect than to draw Frontenac from Quebec down to Montreal, where -Captain Schuyler, with Dutch bushmen, succeeded in ravaging the -settlements and killing at least twenty French. -</P> - -<P> -The expedition by sea was placed under Sir William Phips of -Massachusetts,—a man who was the very antipodes of Frontenac. One of -a poor family of twenty-six children, Phips had risen from being a -shepherd boy in Maine to the position of ship's carpenter in Boston. -Here, among the harbor folk, he got wind of a Spanish treasure ship -containing a million and a half dollars' worth of gold, which had been -sunk off the West Indies. Going to England, Phips succeeded in -interesting that same clique of courtiers who helped Radisson to -establish the Hudson's Bay Company,—Albemarle and Prince Rupert and -the King; and when, with the funds which they advanced, Phips succeeded -in raising the treasure vessel, he received, in addition to his share -of the booty, a title and the appointment as governor of Massachusetts. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-176"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-176.jpg" ALT="SIR WILLIAM PHIPS" BORDER="2" WIDTH="263" HEIGHT="292"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 263px"> -SIR WILLIAM PHIPS -</H4> - -<P> -Here, then, was the daring leader chosen to invade New France. Phips -sailed first for Port Royal, which had in late years become infested -with French pirates, preying on Boston commerce. Word had just come of -the fearful massacres of -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P177"></A>177}</SPAN> -colonists at Portland. Boston was -inflamed with a spirit of vengeance. The people had appointed days of -fasting and prayer to invoke Heaven's blessing on their war. When -Phips sailed into Annapolis Basin with his vessels and seven hundred -men in the month of May, he found the French commander, Meneval, ill of -the gout, with a garrison of about eighty soldiers, but all the cannon -chanced to be dismounted. The odds against the French did not permit -resistance. Meneval stipulated for an honorable surrender,—all -property to be respected and the garrison to be sent to some French -port; but no sooner were the English in possession than, like the -French at Portland, they broke the pledge. There was no massacre as in -Maine, but plunderers ran riot, seizing everything on which hands could -be laid, ransacking houses and desecrating the churches; and sixty of -the leading people, including Meneval and the priests, were carried off -as prisoners. Leaving one English flag flying, Phips sailed home. -</P> - -<P> -Indignation at Boston had been fanned to fury, for now all the details -of the butchery at Portland were known; and Phips found the colony -mustering a monster expedition to attack the very stronghold of French -power,—Quebec itself. England could afford no aid to her colonies, -but thirty-two merchant vessels and frigates had been impressed into -the service, some of them carrying as many as forty-four cannon. -Artisans, sailors, soldiers, clerks, all classes had volunteered as -fighters, to the number of twenty-five hundred men; but there was one -thing lacking,—they had no pilot who knew the St. Lawrence. Full of -confidence born of inexperience, the fleet set sail on the 9th of -August, commanded again by Phips. -</P> - -<P> -Time was wasted ravaging the coasts of Gaspé, holding long-winded -councils of war, arguing in the commander's stateroom instead of -drilling on deck. Three more weeks were wasted poking about the lower -St. Lawrence, picking up chance vessels off Tadoussac and Anticosti. -Among the prize vessels taken near Anticosti was one of Jolliet's, -bearing his wife and mother-in-law. The ladies delighted the hearts of -the Puritans by the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P178"></A>178}</SPAN> -news that not more than one hundred men -garrisoned Quebec; but Phips was reckoning without his host, and his -host was Frontenac. Besides, it was late in the season—the middle of -October—before the English fleet rounded the Island of Orleans and -faced the Citadel of Quebec. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-178"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-178.jpg" ALT="COUNT FRONTENAC (From a statue at Quebec)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="258" HEIGHT="504"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 258px"> -COUNT FRONTENAC (From a statue at Quebec) -</H4> - -<P> -Indians had carried word to the city that an Englishwoman, taken -prisoner in their raids, had told them more than thirty vessels had -sailed from Boston to invade New France. Frontenac was absent in -Montreal. Quickly the commander at Quebec sent coureurs with warning -to Frontenac, and then set about casting up barricades in the narrow -streets that led from Lower to Upper Town. -</P> - -<P> -Frontenac could not credit the news. Had he not heard here in Montreal -from Indian coureurs how the English overland expedition lay rotting of -smallpox near Lake Champlain, such pitiable objects that the Iroquois -refused to join them against the French? New France now numbered a -population of twelve thousand and could muster three thousand fighting -men; and though the English colonies numbered twenty -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P179"></A>179}</SPAN> -thousand -people, how could they, divided by jealousies, send an invading army of -twenty-seven hundred, as the rumor stated? Frontenac, grizzled old -warrior, did not credit the news, but, all the same, he set out amid -pelting rains by boat for Quebec. Half-way to Three Rivers more -messengers brought him word that the English fleet were now advancing -from Tadoussac. He sent back orders for the commander at Montreal to -rush the bush-rovers down to Quebec, and he himself arrived at the -Citadel just as the Le Moyne brothers anchored below Cape Diamond from -a voyage to Hudson Bay. Maricourt Le Moyne reported how he had escaped -past the English fleet by night, and it would certainly be at Quebec by -daybreak. -</P> - -<P> -Scouts rallied the bushrangers on both sides of the St. Lawrence to -Quebec's aid. Frontenac bade them guard the outposts and not desert -their hamlets, while Ste. Hélène and the other Le Moynes took command -of the sharpshooters in Lower Town, scattering them in hiding along the -banks of the St. Charles and among the houses facing the St. Lawrence -below Castle St. Louis. -</P> - -<P> -Sure enough, at daybreak on Monday, October 16, sail after sail, -thirty-four in all, rounded the end of Orleans Island and took up -position directly opposite Quebec City. It was a cold, wet autumn -morning. Fog and rain alternately chased in gray shadows across the -far hills, and above the mist of the river loomed ominous the red-gray -fort which the English had come to capture. Castle St. Louis stood -where Château Frontenac stands to-day; and what is now the promenade of -a magnificent terrace was at that time a breastwork of cannon extending -on down the sloping hill to the left as far as the ramparts. In fact, -the cannon of that period were more dangerous than they are to-day, for -long-range missiles have rendered old-time fortifications adapted for -close-range fighting almost useless; and the cannon of Upper Town, -Quebec, that October morning swept the approach to three sides of the -fort, facing the St. Charles, opposite Point Lévis and the St. -Lawrence, where it curves back on itself; and the fourth side was sheer -wall—invulnerable. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P180"></A>180}</SPAN> -With a rattling of anchor chains and a creaking of masts the -great sails of the English fleet were lowered, and a little boat put -out at ten o'clock under flag of truce to meet a boat half-way from -Lower Town. Phips' messenger was conducted blindfold up the barricaded -streets leading to Castle St. Louis; and the gunners had been -instructed to clang their muskets on the stones to give the impression -of great numbers. Suddenly the bandage was taken from the man's eyes -and he found himself in a great hall, standing before the august -presence of Frontenac, surrounded by a circle of magnificently dressed -officers. The New Englander delivered his message,—Phips' letter -demanding surrender: "<I>Your prisoners, your persons, your estates … -and should you refuse, I am resolved by the help of God, in whom I -trust, to revenge by force of arms all our wrongs</I>." … As the -reading of the letter was finished the man looked up to see an insolent -smile pass round the faces of Frontenac's officers, one of whom -superciliously advised hanging the bearer of such insolence without -waste of time. The New Englander pulled out his watch and signaled -that he must have Frontenac's answer within an hour. The haughty old -Governor pretended not to see the motion, and then, with a smile like -ice, made answer in -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P181"></A>181}</SPAN> -words that have become renowned: "I shall not -keep you waiting so long! Tell your General I do not recognize King -William! I know no king of England but King James! Does your General -suppose that these brave gentlemen"—pointing to his officers—"would -consent to trust a man who broke his word at Port Royal?" -</P> - -<A NAME="img-180"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-180.jpg" ALT="CASTLE ST. LOUIS" BORDER="2" WIDTH="388" HEIGHT="256"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 388px"> -CASTLE ST. LOUIS -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -As the shout of applause died away, the trembling New Englander asked -Frontenac if he would put his answer in writing. -</P> - -<P> -"No," thundered the old Governor, never happier than when fighting, "I -will answer your General with my cannon! I shall teach him that a man -of my rank"—with covert sneer at Phips' origin, "is not to be summoned -in such rude fashion! Let him do his best! I shall do mine!" -</P> - -<P> -It was now the turn of the English to be amazed. This was not the -answer they had expected from a fort weakly garrisoned by a hundred -men. If they had struck and struck quickly, they might yet have won -the day; but all Monday passed in futile arguments and councils of war, -and on Tuesday, the 17th, towards night, was heard wild shouting within -Quebec walls. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-181t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-181.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-181t.jpg" ALT="ATTACK ON QUEBEC, 1690" BORDER="2" WIDTH="386" HEIGHT="257"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 386px"> -ATTACK ON QUEBEC, 1690 -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -"My faith, Messieurs!" exclaimed one of the French prisoners aboard -Phips' ship; "now you <I>have</I> lost your chance! Those -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P182"></A>182}</SPAN> -are the -coureurs de bois from Montreal and the bushrovers of the Pays d'en -Haut, eight hundred strong." -</P> - -<P> -The news at last spurred Phips to action. All that night the people of -Quebec could hear the English drilling, and shouting "<I>God save King -William</I>!" with beat of drum and trumpet calls that set the echoes -rolling from Cape Diamond; and on the 18th small boats landed fourteen -hundred men to cross the St. Charles River and assault the Lower Town, -while the four largest ships took up a position to cannonade the city. -It was four in the afternoon before the soldiers had been landed amid -peppering bullets from the Le Moyne bushrovers. Only a few cannon -shots were fired, and they did no damage but to kill an urchin of the -Upper Town. -</P> - -<P> -Firing began in earnest on the morning of October 19. The river was -churned to fury and the reverberating echoes set the rocks crashing -from Cape Diamond, but it was almost impossible for the English to -shoot high enough to damage the upper fort. It was easy for the French -to shoot down, and great wounds gaped from the hull of Phips' ship, -while his masts went over decks in flame, flag and all. The tide -drifted the admiral's flag on shore. The French rowed out, secured the -prize, and a jubilant shout roared from Lower Town, to be taken up and -echoed and reëchoed from the Castle! For two more days bombs roared in -midair, plunging through the roofs of houses in Lower Town or -ricochetting back harmless from the rock wall below Castle St. Louis. -At the St. Charles the land forces were fighting blindly to effect a -crossing, but the Le Moyne bushrovers lying in ambush repelled every -advance, though Ste. Hélène had fallen mortally wounded. On the -morning of the 21st the French could hardly believe their senses. The -land forces had vanished during the darkness of a rainy night, and ship -after ship, sail after sail, was drifting downstream—was it -possible?—in retreat. Another week's bombarding would have reduced -Quebec to flame and starvation; but another week would have exposed -Phips' fleet to wreckage from winter weather, and he had drifted down -to Isle Orleans, where the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P183"></A>183}</SPAN> -dismantled fleet paused to rig up -fresh masts. It was Madame Jolliet who suggested to the Puritan -commander an exchange of the prisoners captured at Port Royal with the -English from Maine and New Hampshire held in Quebec. She was sent -ashore by Phips and the exchange was arranged. Winter gales assailed -the English fleet as it passed Anticosti, and what with the wrecked and -wounded, Phips' loss totaled not less than a thousand men. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-183"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-183.jpg" ALT="CASTLE ST. LOUIS, QUEBEC" BORDER="2" WIDTH="425" HEIGHT="125"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 425px"> -CASTLE ST. LOUIS, QUEBEC -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -Frontenac had been back in Canada only a year, and in that time he had -restored the prestige of French power in America. The Iroquois were -glad to sue for peace, and his bitterest enemies, the Jesuits, joined -the merrymakers round the bonfires of acclaim kindled in the old -Governor's honor as the English retreated, and the joy bells pealed -out, and processions surged shouting through the streets of Quebec! -From Hudson Bay to the Mississippi, from the St. Lawrence to Lake -Superior and the land of the Sioux, French power reigned supreme. Only -Port Nelson, high up on the west coast of Hudson Bay, remained -unsubdued, draining the furs of the prairie tribes to England away from -Quebec. Iberville had captured it in the fall of 1694, at the cost of -his brother Châteauguay's life; but when Iberville departed from Hudson -Bay, English men-of-war had come out in 1696 and wrested back this most -valuable of all the fur posts. It was now determined to drive the -English forever from Hudson Bay. Le Moyne d'Iberville was chosen for -the task. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -April, 1697, Sérigny Le Moyne was dispatched from France with five -men-of-war to be placed under the command of Iberville at Placentia, -Newfoundland, whence he was "to proceed -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P184"></A>184}</SPAN> -to Hudson Bay and to -leave not a vestige of the English in the North." The frigates left -Newfoundland July 8. Three weeks later they were crushing through the -ice jam of Hudson Straits. Iberville commanded the <I>Pelican</I> with two -hundred and fifty men. Bienville, a brother, was on the same ship. -Sérigny commanded the <I>Palmier</I>, and there were three other frigates, -the <I>Profound</I>, the <I>Violent</I>, the <I>Wasp</I>. Ice locked round the fleet -at the west end of Hudson Straits, and fog lay so thick there was -nothing visible of any ship but the masthead. For eighteen days they -lay, crunched and rammed and separated by the ice drive, till on August -25, early in the morning, the fog suddenly lifted. Iberville saw that -Sérigny's ship had been carried back -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P185"></A>185}</SPAN> -in the straits. The <I>Wasp</I> -and <I>Violent</I> were not to be seen, but straight ahead, locked in the -ice, stood the <I>Profound</I>, and beside the French vessel three English -frigates, the <I>Hampshire</I>, the <I>Deering</I>, the <I>Hudson's Bay</I>, on their -annual voyage to Nelson! A lane of water opened before Iberville. -Like a bird the <I>Pelican</I> spread her wings to the wind and fled. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-184"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-184.jpg" ALT="PLAN OF QUEBEC (after Franquelin, 1683)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="430" HEIGHT="415"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 430px"> -PLAN OF QUEBEC (after Franquelin, 1683) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -September 3 Iberville sighted Port Nelson, and for two days cruised the -offing, scanning the sea for the rest of his fleet. Early on September -5 the sails of three vessels heaved and rose above the watery horizon. -Never doubting these were his own ships, Iberville signaled. There was -no answer. A sailor scrambled to the masthead and shouted down -terrified warning. These were not the French ships! They were the -English frigates bearing straight down on the single French vessel -commanded by Iberville! -</P> - -<P> -On one side was the enemy's fort, on the other the enemy's fleet coming -over the waves before a clipping wind, all sails set. Of Iberville's -crew forty men were ill of scurvy. Twenty-five had gone ashore to -reconnoiter. He had left one hundred and fifty fighting men. Amid a -rush of orders, ropes were stretched across decks for handhold, cannon -were unplugged, and the batterymen below decks stripped themselves for -the hot work ahead. The soldiers assembled on decks, sword in hand, -and the Canadian bushrovers stood to the fore, ready to leap across the -enemy's decks. -</P> - -<P> -By nine in the morning the ships were abreast, and roaring cannonades -from the English cut the decks of the <I>Pelican</I> to kindling wood and -set the masts in flame. At the same instant one fell blast of musketry -mowed down forty French; but Iberville's batterymen below decks had now -ceased to pour a stream of fire into the English hulls. The odds were -three to one, and for four hours the battle raged, the English shifting -and sheering to lock in death grapple, Iberville's sharpshooters -peppering the decks of the foe. -</P> - -<P> -It had turned bitterly cold. The blood on the decks became ice, and -each roll of the sea sent wounded and dead weltering -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P186"></A>186}</SPAN> -from rail to -rail. Such holes had been torn in the hulls of both English and French -ships that the gunners below decks were literally looking into each -other's smoke-grimmed faces. Suddenly all hands paused. A frantic -scream cleft the air. The vessels were careening in a tempestuous sea, -for the great ship <I>Hampshire</I> had refused to answer to the wheel, had -lurched, had sunk,—sunk swift as lead amid hiss of flames into the -roaring sea! Not a soul of her two hundred and fifty men escaped. The -frigate <I>Hudson's Bay</I> surrendered and the <I>Deering</I> fled. Iberville -was victor. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-186"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-186.jpg" ALT="LANDING OF IBERVILLE'S MEN AT PORT NELSON (After La Potherie)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="391" HEIGHT="349"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 391px"> -LANDING OF IBERVILLE'S MEN AT PORT NELSON (After La Potherie) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -But a storm now broke in hurricane gusts over the sea. Iberville -steered for land, but waves drenched the wheel at every wash, and, -driving before the storm, the <I>Pelican</I> floundered in the sands a few -miles from Nelson. All lifeboats had been shot away. In such a sea -the Canadian canoes were useless. The shattered masts were tied in -four-sided racks. To these -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P187"></A>187}</SPAN> -Iberville had the wounded bound, and -the crew plunged for the shore. Eighteen men perished going ashore in -the darkness. On land were two feet of snow. No sooner did the French -castaways build fires to warm their benumbed limbs than bullets -whistled into camp. Governor Bayly of Port Nelson had sent out his -sharpshooters. Luckily Iberville's other ships now joined him, and, -mustering his forces, the dauntless French leader marched against the -fort. Storm had permitted the French to land their cannon undetected. -Trenches were cast up, and three times Sérigny Le Moyne was sent to -demand surrender. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-187"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-187.jpg" ALT="CAPTURE OF FORT NELSON BY THE FRENCH (After La Potherie)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="390" HEIGHT="301"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 390px"> -CAPTURE OF FORT NELSON BY THE FRENCH (After La Potherie) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -"The French are desperate," he urged. "They must take the fort or -perish of want, and if you continue the fight there will be no mercy -given." -</P> - -<P> -The Hudson's Bay people capitulated and were permitted to march out -with arms, bag and baggage. An English ship carried the refugees home -to the Thames. -</P> - -<P> -The rest of Iberville's career is the story of colonizing the -Mississippi. He was granted a vast seigniory on the Bay of -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P188"></A>188}</SPAN> - -Chaleur, and in 1699 given a title. On his way from the Louisiana -colony to France his ship had paused at Havana. Here Iberville -contracted yellow fever and died while yet in the prime of his manhood, -July 9, 1706. -</P> - -<P> -After the victory on Hudson Bay the French were supreme in America and -Frontenac supreme in New France. The old white-haired veteran of a -hundred wars became the idol of Quebec. Friends and enemies, Jesuits -and Recollets, paid tribute to his worth. In November of 1698 the -Governor passed from this life in Castle St. Louis at the good old age -of seventy-eight. He had demonstrated—demonstrated in action so that -his enemies acknowledged the fact—that the sterner virtues of the -military chieftain go farther towards the making of great nationhood -than soft sentiments and religious emotionalism. -</P> - -<BR><BR><BR> - -<A NAME="chap10"></A> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P189"></A>189}</SPAN> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -CHAPTER X -</H3> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -FROM 1698 TO 1713 -</H3> - -<P CLASS="intro"> -Petty regulations and blue laws—Massacre of Deerfield—Madame -Freneuse, the painter lady—"Old Wooden Sword"—Subercase at Port -Royal—Paul Mascarene's plight—Court dandies cause naval disaster -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -While Frontenac was striking terror into the heart of New England with -his French Canadian bushrovers, the life of the people went on in the -same grooves. Spite of a dozen raids on the Iroquois cantons, there -was still danger from the warriors of the Mohawk, but the Iroquois -braves had found a new stamping ground. Instead of attacking Canada -they now crossed westward to war on the allies of the French, the -tribes of the Illinois and the Mississippi; and with them traveled -their liege friends, English traders from New York and Pennsylvania and -Virginia. -</P> - -<P> -The government of Canada continued to be a despotism, pure and simple. -The Supreme Council, consisting of the governor, the intendant, the -bishop, and at different times from three to twelve councilors, stood -between the people and the King of France, transmitting the King's will -to the people, the people's wants to the King; and the laws enacted by -the council ranged all the way from criminal decrees to such petty -regulations as a modern city wardman might pass. Laws enacted to meet -local needs, but subject to the veto of an absent ruler, who knew -absolutely nothing of local needs, exhibited all the absurdities to be -expected. The King of France desires the Sovereign Council to -discourage the people from using horses, which are supposed to cause -laziness, as "it is needful the inhabitants keep up their snowshoe -travel so necessary in their wars." "If in two years the numbers of -horses do not decrease, they are to be killed for meat." Then comes a -law that reflects the presence of the bishop at the governing board. -Horses have become the pride of the country beaux, and the gay -be-ribboned carrioles are the distraction of the village curé. "Men -are forbidden to gallop their horses within a third of a mile from the -church on -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P190"></A>190}</SPAN> -Sundays." New laws, regulations, arrests, are -promulgated by the public crier, "crying up and down the highway to -sound of trumpet and drum," chest puffed out with self-importance, gold -braid enough on the red-coated regalia to overawe the simple habitants. -Though the companies holding monopoly over trade yearly change, -monopoly is still all-powerful in New France,—so all pervasive that in -1741, in order to prevent smuggling to defraud the Company of the -Indies, it is enacted that "people using chintz-covered furniture" must -upholster their chairs so that the stamp "La Cie des Indes" will be -visible to the inspector. The matter of money is a great trouble to -New France. Beaver is coin of the realm on the St. Lawrence, and -though this beaver is paid for in French gold, the precious metal -almost at once finds its way back to France for goods; so that the -colony is without coin. Government cards are issued as coin, but as -Europe will not accept card money, the result is that gold still flows -from New France, and the colony is flooded with paper money worthless -away from Quebec. -</P> - -<P> -As of old, the people may still plead their own cases in lawsuits -before the Sovereign Council, but now the privileges of caste and class -and feudalism begin to be felt, and it is enacted that gentlemen may -plead their own cases before the council only "when wearing their -swords." Young men are urged to qualify as notaries. In addition to -the title of "Sieur," baronies are created in Canada, foremost among -them that of the Le Moynes of Montreal. The feudal seignior now has -his coat of arms emblazoned on the church pew where he worships, on his -coach door, and on the stone entrance to his mansion. The habitants -are compelled to grind their wheat at his mill, to use his great bake -oven, to patronize his tannery. The seigniorial mansion itself is -taking on more of pomp. Cherry and mahogany furniture have replaced -homemade, and the rough-cast walls are now covered with imported -tapestries. -</P> - -<P> -Not gently does the Sovereign Council deal with delinquents. In 1735 -it is enacted of a man who suicided, "that the corpse be tied to a -cart, dragged on a hurdle, head down, face to ground, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P191"></A>191}</SPAN> -through the -streets of the town, to be hung up by the feet, an object of derision, -then cast into the river in default of a cesspool." Criminals who -evade punishment by flight are to be hanged in effigy. Montreal -citizens are ordered to have their chimneys cleaned every month and -their houses provided with ladders. Also "the inhabitants of Montreal -must not allow their pigs to run in the street," and they "are -forbidden to throw snowballs at each other," and—a regulation which -people who know Montreal winters will appreciate—"they are ordered to -make paths through the snow before their houses,"—to all of which -petty regulations did royalty subscribe sign manual. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-191t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-191.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-191t.jpg" ALT="CONTEMPORARY MAP (after La Hontan, 1689) (The line shows the French idea of the territory under English control)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="394" HEIGHT="287"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 394px"> -CONTEMPORARY MAP (after La Hontan, 1689) (The line shows the French idea of the territory under English control) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<BR> - -<P> -The Treaty of Ryswick closed the war between France and England the -year before Frontenac died, but it was not known in Canada till 1698. -As far as Canada was concerned it was no peace, barely a truce. Each -side was to remain in possession of what it held at the time of the -treaty, which meant that France retained all Hudson Bay but one small -fort. Though the English of Boston had captured Port Royal, they had -left -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P192"></A>192}</SPAN> -no sign of possession but their flag flying over the -tenantless barracks. The French returned from the woods, tore the flag -down, and again took possession; so that, by the Treaty of Ryswick, -Acadia too went back under French rule. -</P> - -<P> -Indeed, matters were worse than before the treaty, for there could be -no open war; but when English settlers spreading up from Maine met -French traders wandering down from Acadia, there was the inevitable -collision, and it was an easy trick for the rivals to stir up the -Indians to raid and massacre and indiscriminate butchery. For Indian -raids neither country would be responsible to the other. The story -belongs to the history of the New England frontier rather than to the -record of Canada. It is a part of Canada's past which few French -writers tell and all Canadians would fain blot out, but which the -government records prove beyond dispute. Indian warfare is not a thing -of grandeur at its best, but when it degenerates into the braining of -children, the bayoneting of women, the mutilation of old men, it is a -horror without parallel; and the amazing thing is that the white men, -who painted themselves as Indians and helped to wage this war, were so -sure they were doing God's work that they used to kneel and pray before -beginning the butchery. To understand it one has to go back to the -Middle Ages in imagination. New France was violently Catholic, New -England violently Protestant. Bigotry ever looks out through eyes of -jaundiced hatred, and in destroying what they thought was a false -faith, each side thought itself instrument of God. As for the French -governors behind the scenes, who pulled the strings that let loose the -helldogs of Indian war, they were but obeying the kingcraft of a royal -master, who would use Indian warfare to add to his domain. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -"The English have sent us presents to drive the Black Gowns away," -declared the Iroquois in 1702 regarding the French Jesuits. "You did -well," writes the King of France to his Viceroy in Quebec, "to urge the -Abenakis of Acadia to raid the English of Boston." The Treaty of -Ryswick became -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P193"></A>193}</SPAN> -known at Quebec towards the end of 1698. The -border warfare of ravage and butchery had begun by 1701, the English -giving presents to the Iroquois to attack the French of the Illinois, -the French giving presents to the Abenakis to raid the New England -borders. Quebec offers a reward of twenty crowns for the scalp of -every white man brought from the English settlements. New England -retaliates by offering 20 pounds for every Indian prisoner under ten -years of age, 40 pounds for every scalp of full-grown Indian. -Presently the young <I>noblesse</I> of New France are off to the woods, -painted like Indians, leading crews of wild bushrovers on ambuscade and -midnight raid and border foray. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-193"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-193.jpg" ALT="HERTEL DE ROUVILLE" BORDER="2" WIDTH="262" HEIGHT="312"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 262px"> -HERTEL DE ROUVILLE -</H4> - -<P> -"We must keep things stirring towards Boston," declared Vaudreuil, the -French governor. Midwinter of 1704 Hertel de Rouville and his four -brothers set out on snowshoes with fifty-one bushrovers and two hundred -Indians for Massachusetts. Dressed in buckskin, with musket over -shoulder and dagger in belt, the forest rangers course up the frozen -river beds southward of the St. Lawrence, and on over the height of -land towards the Hudson, two hundred and fifty miles through pine woods -snow padded and silent as death. Two miles from Deerfield the marchers -run short of food. It is the last day of February, and the sun goes -down over rolling snowdrifts high as the slab stockades of the little -frontier town whose hearth-fire smoke hangs low in the frosty air, -curling and clouding and lighting to rainbow colors as the ambushed -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P194"></A>194}</SPAN> -raiders watch from their forest lairs. Snowshoes are laid aside, -packs unstrapped, muskets uncased and primed, belts reefed tighter. -Twilight gives place to starlight. Candles on the supper tables of the -settlement send long gleams across the snow. Then the villagers hold -their family prayers, all unconscious that out there in the woods are -the bushrovers on bended knees, uttering prayers of another sort. -Lights are put out. The village lies wrapped in sleep. Still -Rouville's raiders lie waiting, shivering in the snow, till starlight -fades to the gray darkness that precedes dawn. Then the bushrovers -rise, and at moccasin pace, noiseless as tigers, skim across the snow, -over the drifts, over the tops of the palisades, and have dropped into -the town before a soul has awakened. There is no need to tell the -rest. It was not war. It was butchery. Children were torn from their -mother's breast to be brained on the hearthstone. Women were hacked to -pieces. Houses were set on fire, and before the sun had risen -thirty-eight persons had been slaughtered, and the French rovers were -back on the forest trail, homeward bound with one hundred and six -prisoners. Old and young, women of frail health and children barely -able to toddle, were hurried along the trail at bayonet point. Those -whose strength was unequal to the pace were summarily knocked on the -head as they fagged, or failed to ford the ice streams. Twenty-four -perished by the way. Of the one hundred and six prisoners scattered as -captives among the Indians, not half were ever heard of again. The -others were either bought from the Indians by Quebec people, whose pity -was touched, or placed round in the convents to be converted to the -Catholic faith. These were ultimately redeemed by the government of -Massachusetts. -</P> - -<P> -New England's fury over such a raid in time of peace knew no bounds. -Yet how were the English to retaliate? To pursue an ambushed Indian -along a forest trail was to follow a vanishing phantom. -</P> - -<P> -From earliest times Boston had kept up trade with Port Royal, and of -late years Port Royal had been infested with French pirates, who raided -Boston shipping. Colonel Ben -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P195"></A>195}</SPAN> -Church of Long Island, a noted -bushfighter, of gunpowder temper and form so stout that his men had -always to hoist him over logs in their forest marches, went storming -from New York to Boston with a plan to be revenged by raiding Acadia. -</P> - -<P> -Rouville's bushrovers had burned Deerfield the first of March. By May, -Church had sailed from Boston with six hundred men on two frigates and -half a hundred whaleboats, on vengeance bent. First he stopped at -Baron St. Castin's fort in Maine. St. Castin it was who led the -Indians against the English of Maine. The baron was absent, but his -daughter was captured, with all the servants, and the fort was burned -to the ground. Then up Fundy Bay sailed Church, pausing at -Passamaquoddy to knock four Frenchmen on the head; pausing at Port -Royal to take eight men prisoners, kill cattle, ravage fields; pausing -at Basin of Mines to capture forty habitants, burn the church, and cut -the dikes, letting the sea in on the crops; pausing at Beaubassin, the -head of Fundy Bay, in August, to set the yellow wheat fields in flames! -Then he sailed back to Boston with French prisoners enough to insure an -exchange for the English held at Quebec. -</P> - -<P> -No sooner had English sails disappeared over the sea than the French -came out of the woods. St. Castin rebuilt his fort in Maine. The -local Governor, who had held on with his gates shut and cannon pointed -while Church ravaged Port Royal village, now strengthened his walls. -Acadia took a breath and went on as before,—a little world in itself, -with the pirate ships slipping in and out, loaded to the water line -with Boston booty; with the buccaneer Basset throwing his gold round -like dust; with the brave soldier Bonaventure losing his head and -losing his heart to the painted lady, Widow Freneuse, who came from -nobody knew where and lived nobody knew how, and plied her mischief of -winning the hearts of other women's husbands. "She must be sent away," -thundered the priest from the pulpit, straight at the garrison officer -whose heart she dangled as her trophy. "She must be sent away," -thundered the King's mandate; but the King was in France, and Madame -Freneuse -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P196"></A>196}</SPAN> -wound her charms the tighter round the hearts of the -garrison officers, and bided her time, to the scandal of the parish and -impotent rage of the priest. Was she vixen or fool, this fair snake -woman with the beautiful face, for whose smile the officers risked -death and disgrace? Was she spy or adventuress? She signed herself as -"Widow Freneuse," and had applied to the King for a pension as having -grown sons fighting in the Indian wars. She will come into this story -again, snakelike and soft-spoken, and appealing for pity, and fair to -look upon, but leaving a trail of blood and treachery and disgrace -where she goes. -</P> - -<P> -The fur trade of Port Royal at this time was controlled by a family -ring of La Tours and Charnisays, descendants of the ancient foes; and -they lived a life of reckless gayety, spiced with all the excitement of -war and privateering and matrimonial intrigue. Such was life <I>inside</I> -Port Royal. <I>Outside</I> was the quiet peace of a home-loving, -home-staying peasantry. Few of the farmers could read or write. The -houses were little square Norman cottages,—"wooden boxes" the -commandant called them,—with the inevitable porch shaded by the fruit -trees now grown into splendid orchards. By diking out the sea the -peasants farmed the marsh lands and saved themselves the trouble of -clearing the forests. Trade was carried on with Boston and the West -Indies. No card money here! The farmers of Acadia demanded coin in -gold from the privateers who called for cargo, and it is said that in -time of such raids as Colonel Church's, great quantities of this gold -were carried out by night and buried in huge pots,—as much as 5000 -louis d'ors (pounds) in one pot,—to be dug up after the raiders had -departed. Naturally, as raids grew frequent, men sometimes made the -mistake of digging up other men's pots, and one officer lost his -reputation over it. All his knowledge of the outside world, of -politics, of religion, the Acadian farmer obtained from his parish -priest; and the word of the curé was law. -</P> - -<P> -Encouraged by Church's success and stung by the raids of French -corsairs from Port Royal, New England set herself seriously to the task -of conquering Acadia. Colonel March sailed -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P197"></A>197}</SPAN> -from Boston with one -thousand men and twenty-three transports, and on June 6, 1707, came -into Port Royal. Misfortunes began from the first. March's men were -the rawest of recruits,—fishermen, farmers, carpenters, turned into -soldiers. Unused to military discipline, they resisted command. A -French guardhouse stood at the entrance to Port Royal Basin, and -fifteen men at once fled to the fort with warning of the English -invasion. Consequently, when Colonel March and Colonel Appleton -attempted to land their men, they were serenaded by the shots of an -ambushed foe. Also French soldiers deserted to the English camp with -fabulous stories about the strength of the French under Subercase. -These yarns ought to have discredited themselves, but they struck -terror to the hearts of March's green fighters. Then came St. Castin -from St. John River with bushrovers to help Subercase. To the -amazement of the French the English hoisted sail and returned, on June -16, without having fired more than a round of shot. The truth is, -March's carpenters and fishermen refused to fight, though -reënforcements joined them halfway home and they made a second attempt -on Port Royal in August. March returned to Boston heartbroken, for his -name had become a byword to the mob, and he was greeted in the streets -with shouts of "Old Wooden Sword!" -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -While Boston was attempting to wreak vengeance on Acadia for the -raiders of Quebec, the bushrovers from the St. Lawrence continued to -scourge the outlying settlements of New England. To post soldiers on -the frontier was useless. Wherever there were guards the raiders -simply passed on to some unprotected village, and to have kept soldiers -along the line of the whole frontier would have required a standing -army. Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, northern New -York,—on the frontier of each reigned perpetual terror. And the -fiendish work was a paying business to the pagan Indian; for the -Christian white men paid well for all scalps, and ransom money could -always be extorted for captives. Barely had the Boston raid on Port -Royal failed, when Governor de Vaudreuil of Quebec -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P198"></A>198}</SPAN> -retaliated by -turning his raiders loose on Haverhill. The English fleet failed at -Port Royal in June. By dawn of Sunday, August 29, Hertel de Rouville -had swooped on the English village of Haverhill with one hundred -Canadian bushrovers and one hundred and fifty Indians. The story of -one raid is the story of all; so this one need not be told. As the -raiders were discovered at daylight, the people had a chance to defend -themselves, and some of the villagers escaped, the family of one being -hidden by a negro nurse under tubs in the cellar. Alarm had been -carried to the surrounding settlements, and men rode hot haste in -pursuit of the forty prisoners. Hertel de Rouville coolly sent back -word, if the pursuers did not desist, all the prisoners would be -scalped and left on the roadside. Some fifty English had fallen in the -fight, but the French lost fifteen, among them young Jared of -Verchéres, brother of the heroine. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-199t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-199.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-199t.jpg" ALT="CONTEMPORARY PLAN OF PORT ROYAL BASIN" BORDER="2" WIDTH="389" HEIGHT="288"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 389px"> -CONTEMPORARY PLAN OF PORT ROYAL BASIN -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -The only peace for Massachusetts was the peace that would be a victory, -and again New England girded herself to the task of capturing Acadia. -It was open war now, for the crowns of England and France were at odds. -The troops were commanded by General Francis Nicholson, an English -officer who brought out four war ships and four hundred trained -marines. There were, besides, thirty-six transports and three thousand -provincial troops, clothed and outfitted by Queen Anne of England. -Sunday, September 24, 1710, the fleet glides majestically into Port -Royal Basin. That night the wind blew a hurricane and the transport -<I>Caesar</I> went aground with a crash that smashed her timbers to kindling -wood and sent twenty-four men to a watery grave; but General Nicholson -gave the raw provincials no time for panic fright. Day dawn, Monday, -drums rolling a martial tread, trumpets blowing, bugles setting the -echoes flying, flags blowing to the wind in the morning sun, he -commanded Colonel Vetch to lead the men ashore. Inside Port Royal's -palisades Subercase, the French commander, had less than three hundred -men, half that number absolutely naked of clothing, and all short of -powder. There were not provisions to last a month; but, game to his -soul's marrow, as all the warriors of -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P199"></A>199}</SPAN> -those early days, Subercase -put up a brave fight, sending his bombs singing over the heads of the -English troops in a vain attempt to baffle the landing. Nicholson -retaliated by moving his bomb ship, light of draught, close to the -French fort and pouring a shower of bombs through the roofs of the -French fort. Spite of the wreck the night before, by four o'clock -Monday afternoon all the English had landed in perfect order and high -spirits. Slowly the English forces swung in a circle completely round -the fort. Again and again, by daylight and dark, Subercase's naked -soldiers rushed, screeching the war whoop, to ambush and stampede the -English line; but Nicholson's regulars stood the fire like rocks, and -the desperate sortie of the French ended in fifty of Subercase's -soldiers deserting en masse to the English. By Friday Nicholson's guns -were all mounted in place to bombard the little wooden fort. Subercase -was desperate. Women and children from the settlement had crowded into -the fort for protection, and were now crazed with fear by the bursting -bombs, while the naked soldiers could be kept on the walls only at the -sword point of their commanding officers. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P200"></A>200}</SPAN> -For two hundred French -to have held out longer against three thousand five hundred English -would have been madness. Subercase made the presence of the women in -Port Royal an excuse to send a messenger with flag of truce across to -Nicholson, asking the English to take the women under their protection. -Nicholson might well have asked what protection the French raiders had -accorded the women of the New England frontiers; but he sent back -polite answer that "as he was not warring on women and children" he -would receive them in the English camp, meanwhile holding Subercase's -messenger prisoner, as he had entered the English camp without warning, -eyes unbound. Sunday, October 1, the English bombs again began singing -overhead. Subercase sends word he will capitulate if given honorable -terms. For a month the parleying continues. Then November 13 the -terms are signed on both sides, the English promising to furnish ships -to carry the garrison to some French port and pledging protection to -the people of the settlement. November 14 the French officers and -their ladies come across to the English camp and breakfast in pomp with -the English commanders. Seventeen New England captives are hailed -forth from Port Royal dungeons, "all in rags, without shirts, shoes, or -stockings." On the 16th Nicholson draws his men up in two lines, one -on each side of Port Royal gates, and the two hundred French soldiers -marched out, saluting Nicholson as they passed to the transports. On -the bridge, halfway out, French officers meet the English officers, -doff helmets, and present the keys to the fort. For the last time Port -Royal changes hands. Henceforth it is English, and in gratitude for -the Queen's help Nicholson renamed the place as it is known -to-day,—Annapolis. Among the raiders capitulating is the famous -bushrover Baron St. Castin of Maine. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -When Nicholson returned to Boston all New England went mad with -delight. Thanksgiving services were held, joy bells rang day and night -for a week, and bonfires blazed on village commons to the gleeful -shoutings of rustic soldiers returned to the home settlements glorified -heroes. -</P> - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P201"></A>201}</SPAN> - -<A NAME="img-201"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-201.jpg" ALT="PAUL MASCARENE" BORDER="2" WIDTH="266" HEIGHT="357"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 266px"> -PAUL MASCARENE -</H4> - -<P> -At Annapolis (Port Royal) Paul Mascarene, a French Huguenot of Boston, -has mounted guard with two hundred and fifty New England volunteers. -Colonel Vetch is nominally the English governor; but Vetch is in Boston -the most of the time, and it is on Mascarene the burden of governing -falls. His duties are not light. Palisades have been broken down and -must be repaired. Bombs have torn holes in the fort roofs, and all -that winter the rain leaks in as through a sieve. The soldier -volunteers grumble and mope and sicken. And these are not the least of -Paul Mascarene's troubles. French priests minister to the Acadian -farmers outside the fort, to the sinister Indians ever lying in ambush, -to the French bushrovers under young St. Castin across Fundy Bay on St. -John River. Not for love or money can Mascarene buy provisions from -the Acadians. Not by threats can he compel them to help mend the -breaches in the palisades. The young commandant was only twenty-seven -years of age, but he must have guessed whence came the unspoken -hostility. The first miserable winter wears slowly past and the winter -of 1711 is setting in, with the English garrison even more poverty -stricken than the year before, when there drifts into Annapolis Basin, -in a birch canoe paddled by a New Brunswick Indian, a white woman with -her little son. She has come, she says, from the north side of Fundy -Bay, because the French -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P202"></A>202}</SPAN> -on St. John River are starving. Whether -the story be true or false matters little. It was the Widow Freneuse, -the snake woman of mischief-making witchery, who had woven her spells -round the officers in the days of the French at Port Royal. True or -false, her story, added to her smile, excited sympathy, and she was -welcomed to the shelter of the fort. It had been almost impossible for -the English to obtain trees to repair the walls of the fort, and -seventy English soldiers were sent out secretly by night to paddle up -the river in a whaleboat for timber. Who conveyed secret warning of -this expedition to the French bushraiders outside? No doubt the fair -spy, Widow Freneuse, could have told if she would; but five miles from -Port Royal, where the river narrowed to a place ever since known as -Bloody Brook, a crash of musket shots flared from the woods on each -side. Painted Indians, and Frenchmen dressed as Indians, among whom -was a son of Widow Freneuse, dashed out. Sixteen English were killed, -nine wounded, the rest to a man captured, to be held for ransoms -ranging from 10 pounds to 50 pounds. Oddly enough, the very night -after the attack, before news of it had come to Annapolis, the Widow -Freneuse disappears from the fort. Henceforth Paul Mascarene's men -kept guard night and day, and slept in their boots. Ever like a -sinister shadow of evil moved St. Castin and his raiders through the -Acadian wildwoods. -</P> - -<P> -Only one thing prevented the French recapturing Port Royal at this -time. All troops were required to defend Quebec itself from invasion. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Nicholson's success at Port Royal spurred England and her American -colonies to a more ambitious project,—to capture Quebec and subjugate -Canada. This time Nicholson was to head twenty-five hundred provincial -troops by way of Lake Champlain to the St. Lawrence, while a British -army of twelve thousand, half soldiers, half marines, on fifteen -frigates and forty-six transports, was to sail from Boston for Quebec. -The navy was under command of Sir Hovender Walker; the army, of General -Jack Hill, a court favorite of Queen Anne's, more noted for -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P203"></A>203}</SPAN> -his -graces than his prowess. The whole expedition is one of the most -disgraceful in the annals of English war. The fleet left Boston on -July 30, 1711, Nicholson meanwhile waiting encamped on Lake Champlain. -Early in August the immense fleet had rounded Sable Island and was off -the shores of Anticosti. Though there was no good pilot on board, the -two commanders nightly went to bed and slept the sleep of the just. -Off Egg Islands, on the night of August 22, there was fog and a strong -east wind. Walker evidently thought he was near the south shore, -ignorant of the strong undertow of the tide here, which had carried his -ships thirty miles off the course. The water was rolling in the lumpy -masses of a choppy cross sea when a young captain of the regulars -dashed breathlessly into Walker's stateroom and begged him "for the -Lord's sake to come on deck, for there are reefs ahead and we shall all -be lost!" -</P> - -<P> -With a seaman's laugh at a landsman's fears, the Admiral donned -dressing gown and slippers and shuffled up to the decks. A pale moon -had broken through the ragged fog wrack, and through the white light -they plainly saw mountainous breakers straight ahead. Walker shouted -to let the anchor go and drive to the wind. Above the roar of breakers -and trample of panic-stricken seamen over decks could be heard the -minute guns of the other ships firing for help. Then pitch darkness -fell with slant rains in a deluge. The storm abated, but all night -long, above the boom of an angry sea, could be heard shrieks and -shoutings for help; and by the light of the Admiral's ship could be -seen the faces of the dead cast up by the moil of the sea. Before dawn -eight transports had suffered shipwreck and one thousand lives were -lost. -</P> - -<P> -It was a night to put fear in the hearts of all but very brave men, and -neither Walker nor Hill proved man enough to stand firm to the shock. -Walker ascribed the loss to the storm and the storm to Providence; and -when war council was held three days later Jack Hill, the court dandy, -was only too glad of excuse to turn tail and flee to England without -firing a gun. Poor old Nicholson, waiting with his provincials up on -Lake Champlain, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P204"></A>204}</SPAN> -goes into apoplexy with tempests of rage and -chagrin, when he hears the news, stamping the ground, tearing off his -wig, and shouting, "Rogues! rogues!" He burns his fort and disbands -his men. -</P> - -<P> -The Peace of Utrecht in 1713 for the time closed the war. France had -been hopelessly defeated in Europe, and the terms were favorable to -England. -</P> - -<P> -All of Hudson Bay was to be restored to the English; but—note well—it -was not specified where the boundaries were to be between Hudson Bay -and Quebec. That boundary dispute came down as a heritage to modern -days—thanks to the incompetency and ignorance of the statesmen who -arranged the treaty. -</P> - -<P> -Acadia was given to England, but Cape Breton was retained by the -French, and—note well—it was not stated whether Acadia included New -Brunswick and Maine, as the French formerly contended, or included only -the peninsula south of the Bay of Fundy. That boundary dispute, too, -came down. -</P> - -<P> -Newfoundland was acknowledged as an English possession, but the French -retained the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, with fishing -privileges on the shores of Newfoundland. That concession, too, has -come down to trouble modern days,—thanks to the same defenders of -colonial interests. -</P> - -<P> -The Iroquois were acknowledged to be subjects of England, but it was -not stated whether that concession included the lands of the Ohio -raided and subjugated by the Iroquois; and that vagueness was destined -to cost both New France and New England some of its best blood. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -It has been stated, and stated many times without dispute, that when -England sacrificed the interests of her colonies in boundary -settlements, she did so because she was in honor bound to observe the -terms of treaties. One is constrained to ask whose ignorance was -responsible for the terms of those treaties. -</P> - -<P> -Looking back on the record so far,—both of France and England,—which -has spent the more both of substance and of life for defense; the -mother countries or the colonies? -</P> - -<BR><BR><BR> - -<A NAME="chap11"></A> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P205"></A>205}</SPAN> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -CHAPTER XI -</H3> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -FROM 1713 TO 1755 -</H3> - -<P CLASS="intro"> -La Vérendrye's adventuring to the West—Adventurers reach Lake -Winnipeg—From Assiniboine to Missouri—Intrigue with Indians—The -building of Louisburg—The siege of the great fort—Jokes bandied by -fighters—Quarrels left unsettled—Beyond the Alleghenies—Washington -and Jumonville—Braddock's march—Defeat of Braddock—Abbé Le -Loutre—The Acadians—Deportation of French—At Lake Champlain—Dieskau -defeated -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -What with clandestine raids and open wars, it might be thought that the -little nation of New France had vent enough for the buoyant energy of -its youth. While the population of the English colonies was nearing -the million mark, New France had not 60,000 inhabitants by 1759. Yet -what had the little nation, whose mainspring was at Quebec, -accomplished? Look at the map! Her bushrovers had gone overland to -Hudson Bay far north as Nelson. Before 1700 Duluth had forts at -Kaministiquia (near modern Fort Williams) on Lake Superior. Radisson, -Marquette, Jolliet, and La Salle had blazed a trail to the Mississippi -from what is now Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico. By 1701 La Motte -Cadillac had built what is now Detroit in order to stop the progress of -the English traders up the lakes to Michilimackinac; and by 1727 the -Company of the Sioux had forts far west as Lake Pepin. With Quebec as -the hub of the wheel, draw spokes across the map of North America. -Where do they reach? From Quebec to the Gulf of Mexico, to the -Missouri, to the Upper Mississippi, to Lake Superior, to Hudson Bay. -Who blazed the way through these far pathless wilds? Nameless -wanderers dressed in rags and tatters,—outcasts of society, forest -rovers lured by the Unknown as by a siren, soldiers of fortune, -penniless, in debt, heartbroken, slandered, persecuted, driven by the -demon of their own genius to earth's ends,—and to ruin! -</P> - -<P> -Spite of clandestine raids and open wars, New France was now setting -herself to stretch the lines of her discoveries farther westward. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -It will be remembered it was at Three Rivers that the Indians of the Up -Country paused on their way down the St. Lawrence. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P206"></A>206}</SPAN> -From the days -of Radisson in 1660 the passion for discovery had been in the very air -of Three Rivers. In this little fort was born in 1686 Pierre Gaultier -Varennes de La Vérendrye, son of a French officer. From childhood the -boy's ear must have been accustomed to the uncouth babblings of the -half-naked Indians, whose canoes came swarming down the river soon as -ice broke up in spring. One can guess that in his play the boy many a -time simulated Indian voyageur, bushrover, coming home clad in furs, -the envy of the villagers. At fourteen young Pierre had decided that -he would be a great explorer, but destiny for the time ruled otherwise. -At eighteen he was among the bushraiders of New England. Nineteen -found him fighting the English in Newfoundland. Then came the honor -coveted by all Canadian boys,—an appointment to the King's army in -Europe. Young La Vérendrye was among the French forces defeated by the -great Marlborough; but the Peace of Utrecht sent him back to Canada, -aged twenty-seven, to serve in the far northern fur post of Nepigon, -eating his heart out with ambition. -</P> - -<P> -It was here the dreams of his childhood emerged like a commanding -destiny. Old Indian chief Ochagach drew maps on birch bark of a trail -to the Western Sea. La Vérendrye took canoe for Quebec, and, with -heart beating to the passion of a secret ambition, laid the drawings -before Governor Beauharnois. He came just in the nick of time. -English traders were pressing westward. New France lent ready ear for -schemes of wider empire. The court could grant no money for -discoveries, but it gave La Vérendrye permission for a voyage and -monopoly in furs over the lands he might discover; but the lands must -be found before there would be furs, and here began the mundane worries -of La Vérendrye's glory. -</P> - -<P> -Montreal merchants outfitted him, but that meant debt; and his little -party of fifty grizzled woodrovers set out with their ninety-foot birch -canoes from Montreal on June 8, 1731. Three sons were in his party and -a nephew, Jemmeraie, from the Sioux country of the west. Every foot -westward had been consecrated by heroism to set the pulse of -red-blooded men jumping. There -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P207"></A>207}</SPAN> -was the seigniory of La Chine, -named in derision of La Salle's project to find a path to China. There -was the Long Sault, where Dollard had fought the Iroquois. There were -the pink granite islands of Georgian Bay, where the Jesuits had led -their harried Hurons. There was Michilimackinac, with the brawl of its -vice and brandy and lawless traders from the woods, where La Motte -Cadillac ruled before going to found Detroit. Seventy-eight days from -Montreal, there were the pictured rocks of Lake Superior, purple and -silent and deep as ocean, which Radisson had coasted on his way to the -Mississippi. Then La Vérendrye came to Duluth's old stamping -ground—Kaministiquia. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-207t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-207.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-207t.jpg" ALT="LA VÉRENDRYE'S FORTS AND THE RIVER OF THE WEST (After Jeffery's map, 1762)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="393" HEIGHT="271"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 393px"> -LA VÉRENDRYE'S FORTS AND THE RIVER OF THE WEST (After Jeffery's map, 1762) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<BR> - -<P> -The home-bound boats were just leaving the fur posts for the St. -Lawrence. Frosts had already stripped the trees of foliage, and winter -would presently lock all avenues of retreat in six months' ice. La -Vérendrye's men began to doubt the wisdom of chasing a will-o'-the-wisp -to an unknown Western Sea. The explorer sent half the party forward -with his nephew Jemmeraie and his son Jean, while he himself remained -at Kaministiquia with the mutineers to forage for provisions. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P208"></A>208}</SPAN> - -Winter found Jemmeraie's men on the Minnesota side of Rainy Lake, where -they built Fort Pierre and drove a rich trade in furs with the encamped -Crees. In summer of 1732 came La Vérendrye, his men in gayest apparel -marching before the awe-struck Crees with bugle blowing and flags -flying. Then white men and Crees advanced in canoes to the Lake of the -Woods, coasting from island to island through the shadowy defiles of -the sylvan rocks along the Minnesota shore to the northwest angle. -Here a second winter witnessed the building of a second post, Fort St. -Charles, with four rows of fifteen-foot palisades and thatched-roofed -log cabins. The Western Sea seemed far as ever,—like the rainbow of -the child, ever fleeing as pursued,—and La Vérendrye's merchant -partners were beginning to curse him for a rainbow chaser. He had been -away three years, and there were no profits. Suspicious that he might -be defrauding them by private trade or sacrificing their interests to -his own ambitions, they failed to send forward provisions for this -year. La Vérendrye was in debt to his men for three years' wages, in -debt to his partners for three years' provisions. To fail now he dared -not. Go forward he could not, so he hurried down to Montreal, where he -prevailed on the merchants to continue supplies by the simple argument -that, if they stopped now, there would be total loss. -</P> - -<P> -Young Jean La Vérendrye and Jemmeraie have meanwhile descended Winnipeg -River's white fret of waterfalls to Winnipeg Lake, where they build -Fort Maurepas, near modern Alexander,—and wait. Fishing failed. The -hunt failed. The winter of 1735-1736 proved of such terrible severity -that famine stalked through the western woods. La Vérendrye's three -forts were reduced to diet of skins, moccasin soup, and dog meat. In -desperation Jemmeraie set out with a few voyageurs to meet the -returning commander, but privation had undermined his strength. He -died on the way and was buried in his hunter's blanket beside an -unknown stream between Lake Winnipeg and the Lake of the Woods. -Accompanied by the priest Aulneau, young Jean de La Vérendrye decided -to rush canoes down from the Lake of the Woods to Michilimackinac for -food and powder. A furious pace was -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P209"></A>209}</SPAN> -to be kept all the way to -Lake Superior. The voyageurs had risen early one morning in June, and -after paddling some miles through the mist had landed to breakfast when -a band of marauding Sioux fell on them with a shout. The priest -Aulneau fell pierced in the head by a stone-pointed arrow. Young Jean -La Vérendrye was literally hacked to pieces. Not a man of the -seventeen French escaped, and Massacre Island became a place of ill -omen to the French from that day. At last came the belated supplies, -and by February of 1737 La Vérendrye had moved his main forces west to -Lake Winnipeg. This was no Western Sea, though the wind whipped the -lake like a tide,—which explained the Indian legend of an inland -ocean. Though it was no Western Sea, it was a new empire for France. -The bourne of the Unknown still fled like the rainbow, and La Vérendrye -still pursued. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-209t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-209.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-209t.jpg" ALT="MAP PUBLISHED IN PARIS IN 1752 SHOWING THE SUPPOSED SEA OF THE WEST" BORDER="2" WIDTH="257" HEIGHT="337"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 257px"> -MAP PUBLISHED IN PARIS IN 1752 SHOWING THE SUPPOSED SEA OF THE WEST -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -Down to Quebec for more supplies with tales of a vast Beyond Land! -Back to Lake Winnipeg by September of 1738 with canoes gliding up the -muddy current of Red River for the Unknown Land of the Assiniboines; -past Nettley Creek, then known as Massacre Creek or Murderers' River, -from the Sioux having slain the encamped wives and children of the Cree -who had gone to Hudson Bay with their furs; between the wooded banks of -what are now East and West Selkirk, flat to left, high to right; -tracking up the Rapids of St. Andrews, thick oak woods to east, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P210"></A>210}</SPAN> - -rippling prairie russet in the autumn rolling to the west,—La -Vérendrye and his voyageurs came to the forks of Red River and the -Assiniboine, or what is now known as the city of Winnipeg. Where the -two rivers met on the flats to the west were the high scaffoldings of -an ancient Cree graveyard, bizarre and eerie and ghostlike between the -voyageurs and the setting sun. On the high river bank of what is now -known as Assiniboine Avenue gleamed the white skin of ten Cree tepees, -where two war chiefs waited to meet La Vérendrye. Drawing up their -canoes near where the bridge now spans between St. Boniface and -Winnipeg, the voyageurs came ashore. -</P> - -<P> -It was a fair scene that greeted them, such a scene as any westerner -may witness to-day of a warm September night when the sun hangs low -like a blood-red shield, and the evening breeze touches the rustling -grasses of the prairie beyond the city to the waves of an ocean. It -was not the Western Sea, but it was a Sea of Prairie. It was a New -World, unbounded by hill or forest, spacious as the very airs of -heaven, fenced only by the blue dip of a shimmering horizon. It was a -world, though La Vérendrye knew it not, five times larger than New -France, half as big as all Europe. He had discovered the Canadian -Northwest. -</P> - -<P> -One can guess how the tired wanderers at rest beneath the uptilted -canoes that night wondered whither their quest would lead them over the -fire-dyed horizon where the sun was sinking as over a sea. The Cree -chiefs told them of other lands and other peoples to the south, "who -trade with a people who dwelt on the great waters beyond the mountains -of the setting sun,"—the Spaniards. -</P> - -<P> -Leaving men to knock up a trading post near the suburb now known as -Fort Rouge, La Vérendrye, on September 26, steers his canoes up the -shallow Assiniboine far as what is now known as Portage La Prairie, -where a trail leads overland to the Saskatchewan and so down to the -English traders of Hudson Bay. But this is not the trail to the -Western Sea; La Vérendrye's quest is set towards those people "who live -on the great waters to the south." -</P> - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P211"></A>211}</SPAN> - -<A NAME="img-211"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-211.jpg" ALT="MAP SHOWING THE SUPPOSED SEA OF THE WEST, WITH APPROACHES TO THE MISSISSIPPI AND GREAT LAKES, PARIS, 1755" BORDER="2" WIDTH="375" HEIGHT="295"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 375px"> -MAP SHOWING THE SUPPOSED SEA OF THE WEST, WITH APPROACHES TO THE MISSISSIPPI AND GREAT LAKES, PARIS, 1755 -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -Fort de La Reine is built at the Portage of the Prairie, and October -18, to beat of drum, with flag flying, La Vérendrye marches forth with -fifty-two men towards Souris River for the land of the Mandanes on the -Missouri. December 3 he is welcomed to the Mandane villages; but here -is no Western Sea, only the broad current of the Missouri rolling -turbulent and muddy southward towards the Mississippi; but the Mandanes -tell of a people to the far west, "who live on the great waters bitter -for drinking, who dress in armor and dwell in stone houses." These -must be the Spaniards. La Vérendrye's quest has become a receding -phantom. Leaving men to learn the Missouri dialects, La Vérendrye -marched in the teeth of mid-winter storms back to the Portage of the -Prairie on the Assiniboine. Of that march, space forbids to tell. A -blizzard raged, driving the fine snows into eyes and skin like hot -salt. When the marchers camped at night they had to bury themselves in -snow to keep from freezing. Drifts covered all landmarks. The men -lost their bearings, doubled back on their own tracks, were -frost-bitten, buffeted by the storm, and short of food. Christmas -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P212"></A>212}</SPAN> -was passed in the camps of wandering Assiniboines, and February -10, 1739, the fifty men staggered, weak and starving, back to the -Portage of the Prairie. -</P> - -<P> -The wanderings of La Vérendrye and his sons for the next few years led -southwestward far as the Rockies in the region of Montana, -northwestward far as the Bow River branch of the Saskatchewan. -Meanwhile, all La Vérendrye's property had been seized by his -creditors. Jealous rivals were clamoring for possession of his fur -posts. The King had conferred on him the Order of the Cross of St. -Louis, but eighteen years of exposure and worry had broken the -explorer's health. On the eve of setting out again for the west he -died suddenly on the 6th of December, 1749, at Montreal. -</P> - -<P> -Look again at the map! The spokes of the wheel running out from Quebec -extend to the Gulf of Mexico on the south, to the Rockies on the west, -to Hudson Bay on the north. And the population of New France does not -yet number 60,000 people. Is it any wonder French Canadians look back -on these days as the Golden Age? -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -And while the bushrovers of Canada are pushing their way through the -wilderness westward, there come slashing, tramping, swearing, stamping -through the mountainous wilds of West and East Siberia the Cossack -soldiers of Peter the Great, led by the Dane, Vitus Bering, bound on -discovery to the west coast of America. La Vérendrye's men have -crossed only half a continent. Bering's Russians cross the width of -two continents, seven thousand miles, then launch their crazily planked -ships over unknown northern seas for America. From 1729 to August of -1742 toil the Russian sea voyagers. Their story is not part of -Canada's history. Suffice to say, December of 1741 finds the Russian -crews cast away on two desert islands of Bering Sea west of Alaska, now -known as the Commander Islands. Half the crew of seventy-seven perish -of starvation and scurvy. Bering himself lies dying in a sandpit, with -the earth spread over him for warmth. Outside the sand holes, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P213"></A>213}</SPAN> - -where the Russians crouch, scream hurricane gales and white billows and -myriad sea birds. The ships have been wrecked. The Russians are on an -unknown island. Day dawn, December 8, lying half buried in the sand, -Bering breathes his last. On rafts made of wreckage the remnant of his -crew find way back to Asia, but they have discovered a trail across the -sea to a new land. Fur hunters are moving from the east, westward. -Fur hunters are moving from the west, eastward. These two tides will -meet and clash at a later era. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -The Treaty of Utrecht had stopped open war, but that did not prevent -the bushrovers from raiding the border lands of Maine, of -Massachusetts, of New York. The story of one raid is the story of all, -and several have already been related. Now comes a half century of -petty war that raged on the border lands from Saratoga and Northfield -to Maine and New Brunswick. The story of these "little wars," as the -French called them, belongs more to the history of the United States -than Canada. -</P> - -<P> -Nor did the Peace of Utrecht stop the double dealing and intrigue by -which European rulers sought to use bigoted missionaries and ignorant -Indians as pawns in the game of statecraft. -</P> - -<P> -"Sentiments of opposition to the English in Acadia must be secretly -fostered," commanded the King of France in 1715, two years after Acadia -had been deeded over to England. "The King is pleased with the efforts -of Père Rasle to induce the Indians not to allow the English to settle -on their lands," runs the royal dispatch of 1721 regarding the border -massacres of Maine. "Advise the missionaries in Acadia to do nothing -that may serve as a pretext for sending them out of the country, but -have them induce the Indians to organize enterprises against the -English," command the royal instructions of 1744. "The Indians," -writes the Canadian Governor, "can be depended on to bring in the -scalps of the English as long as we furnish ammunition. This is the -opinion of the missionary, M. Le Loutre." Again, from the Governor of -New France: "If the settlers of -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P214"></A>214}</SPAN> -Acadia hesitate to rise against -their English masters, we can employ threats of the Indians and force. -It is inconceivable that the English would try to remove these people. -Letters from M. Le Loutre report that his Indians have intercepted -dispatches of the English officers. M. Le Loutre will keep us informed -of everything in Acadia. We have furnished him with secret signals to -our ships, which will tell us of every movement on the part of the -enemy." -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Of all the hotbeds of intrigue, Acadia, from its position, had become -the worst. Here was a population of French farmers, which in half a -century had increased to 12,000, held in subjection by an English -garrison at Annapolis of less than two hundred soldiers so destitute -they had neither shoes nor stockings, coats nor bedding. The French -were guaranteed in the Treaty of Utrecht the freedom and privileges of -their religion by the English; but in matters temporal as well as -spiritual they were absolutely subject to priests, acting as spies for -the Quebec plotters. -</P> - -<P> -France, as has been told, retained Cape Breton (Isle Royal) and Prince -Edward Island (Isle St. Jean), and the Treaty of Utrecht had hardly -been signed before plans were drawn on a magnificent scale for a French -fort on Cape Breton to effect a threefold purpose,—to command the sea -towards Boston, to regain Acadia, to protect the approach to the River -St. Lawrence. -</P> - -<P> -The Island of Cape Breton is like a hand with its fingers stuck out in -the sea. The very tip of a long promontory commanding one of the -southern arms of the sea was chosen for the fort that was to be the -strongest in all America. On three sides were the sea, with outlying -islands suitable for powerful batteries and a harbor entrance that was -both narrow and deep. To the rear was impassable muskeg—quaking moss -above water-soaked bog. Two weaknesses only had the fort. There were -hills to right and left from which an enemy might pour destruction -inside the walls, but the royal engineers of France depended on the -outlying island batteries preventing any enemy gaining possession of -these hills. By 1720 walls thirty-six feet thick had encircled -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P215"></A>215}</SPAN> - -an area of over one hundred acres. Outside the rear wall had been -excavated a ditch forty feet deep and eighty wide. Bristling from the -six bastions of the walls were more than one hundred and eighty heavy -cannon. Besides the two batteries commanding the entrance to the -harbor was an outer Royal Battery of forty cannon directly across the -water from the fort, on the next finger of the island. Twenty years -was the fort in building, costing what in those days was regarded as an -enormous sum of money,—equal to $10,000,000. Such was Louisburg, -impregnable as far as human foresight could judge,—the refuge of -corsairs that preyed on Boston commerce; the haven of the schemers who -intrigued to wean away the Acadians from English rule, the guardian -sentinel of all approach to the St. Lawrence. -</P> - -<P> -"It would be well," wrote the King the very next year after the treaty -was signed, "to attract the Acadians to Cape Breton, but act with -caution." And now twenty years had passed. Some Acadians had gone to -Cape Breton and others to Prince Edward Island; but statecraft judged -the simple Acadian farmer would be more useful where he was,—on the -spot in Acadia, ready to rebel when open war would give the French of -Louisburg a chance to invade. -</P> - -<P> -Late in 1744 Europe breaks into that flame of war known as the Austrian -Succession. Before either Quebec or Boston knows of open war, -Louisburg has word of it and sends her rangers burning fishing towns -and battering at the rotten palisades of Annapolis (Port Royal). Port -Royal is commanded by that same Paul Mascarene of former wars, grown -old in service. The French bid him save himself by surrender before -their fleet comes. Though Mascarene has less than a hundred men, the -weather is in his favor. It is September. Winter will drive the -invaders home, so he sends back word that he will bide his time till -the hostile fleet comes. As for the Abbé Le Loutre, let the -treacherous priest beware how he brings his murderous Indians within -range of the fort guns! Meanwhile the Acadian habitants are threatened -with death if they do not rise to aid the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P216"></A>216}</SPAN> -French, but they too -bide their time, for if they rebel and fail, that too means death; and -"<I>the Neutrals</I>" refuse to stir till the invaders, from lack of -provisions, are forced to decamp, and the Abbé Le Loutre, with his -black hat drawn down over his eyes, vanishes into forest with his crew -of painted warriors. -</P> - -<P> -News of the war and of the ravaging of Acadian fishing towns set -Massachusetts in flame. To Boston, above all New England towns, was -Louisburg a constant danger. The thing seemed absolute stark -madness,—the thoughtless daring of foolhardy enthusiasts,—but it is -ever enthusiasm which accomplishes the impossible; and April 30, 1745, -after only seven weeks of preparation, an English fleet of sixty-eight -ships—some accounts say ninety, including the whalers and transports -gathered along the coast towns—sails into Gabarus Bay, behind -Louisburg, where the waters have barely cleared of ice. William -Pepperrell, a merchant, commands the four thousand raw levies of -provincial troops, the most of whom have never stepped to martial music -before in their lives. Admiral Warren has come up from West India -waters with his men-of-war to command the united fleets. Early Monday -morning, against a shore wind, the boats are tacking to land, when the -alarm bells begin ringing and ringing at Louisburg and a force of one -hundred and fifty men dashes downshore for Flat Cove to prevent the -landing. Pepperrell out-tricks the enemy by leaving only a few boats -to make a feint of landing at the Cove, while he swings his main fleet -inshore round a bend in the coast a mile away. Here, with a prodigious -rattling of lowered sails and anchor chains, the crews plunge over the -rolling waves, pontooning a bridge of small boats ashore. By nightfall -the most of the English have landed, and spies report the harbor of -Louisburg alive with torches where the French are sinking ships to -obstruct the entrance and setting fire to fishing stages that might -interfere with cannon aim. The next night, May 1, Vaughan's New -Hampshire boys—raw farmers, shambling in their gait, singing as they -march—swing through the woods along the marsh -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P217"></A>217}</SPAN> -behind the fort, -and take up a position on a hill to the far side of Louisburg, creating -an enormous bonfire with the French tar and ships' tackling stored -here. The result of this harmless maneuver was simply astounding. It -will be recalled that Louisburg had an outer battery of forty cannon on -this side. The French soldiers holding this battery mistook the -bonfire for the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P218"></A>218}</SPAN> -English attacking forces, and under cover of -darkness abandoned the position,—battery, guns, powder and all,—which -the English promptly seized. This was the Royal Battery, which -commanded the harbor and could shell into the very heart of the fort. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-217"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-217.jpg" ALT="WILLIAM PEPPERRELL" BORDER="2" WIDTH="312" HEIGHT="512"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 312px"> -WILLIAM PEPPERRELL -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -The next thing for the English was to get their heavy guns ashore -through a rolling surf of ice-cold water. For two weeks the men stood -by turns to their necks in the surf, steadying the pontoon gangway as -the great cannon were trundled ashore; and this was the least of their -difficulties. The question was how to get their cannon across the -marsh behind the fort to the hill on the far side. The cannon would -sink from their own weight in such a bog, and either horses or oxen -would flounder to death in a few minutes. Again, the fool-hardy -enthusiasm of the raw levies overcame the difficulty. They built large -stone boats, raft-shaped, such as are used on farms to haul stones over -ground too rough for wagons. Hitching to these, teams of two hundred -men stripped to midwaist, they laboriously hauled the cannon across the -quaking moss to the hills commanding the rear of the fort, bombs and -balls whizzing overhead all the while, fired from the fort bastions. -It was cold, damp spring weather. The men who were not soaked to their -necks in surf and bog were doing picket duty alongshore, sleeping in -their boots. Consequently, in three weeks, half Pepperrell's force -became deadly ill. At this time, within two days, occurred both a -cheering success and a disheartening rebuff. A French man-of-war with -seventy cannon and six hundred men was seen entering Louisburg. As if -in panic fright, one of the small English ships fled. The French ship -pursued. In a trice she was surrounded by the English fleet and -captured. The flight of the little vessel had been a trick. A few -days later four hundred English in whaleboats attempted the mad project -of attacking the Island Battery at the harbor entrance. The boats set -out about midnight with muffled oars, but a wind rose, setting a -tremendous surf lashing the rocks, and yet the invaders might have -succeeded but for a piece of rashness. A hundred men had gained the -shore when, with the thoughtlessness of schoolboys, they uttered a -jubilant yell. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P219"></A>219}</SPAN> -Instantly, porthole, platform, gallery, belched -death through the darkness. The story is told that a raw New England -lad was in the act of climbing the French flagstaff to hang out his own -red coat as English flag when a Swiss guard hacked him to pieces. The -boats not yet ashore were sunk by the blaze of cannon. A few escaped -back in the darkness, but by daylight over one hundred English had been -captured. Cannon, mortars, and musketoons were mounted to command the -fort inside the walls, and a continuous rain of fire began from the -hills. In vain Duchambon, the French commander, waited for -reënforcements from Canada. Convent, hospital, barracks, all the -houses of the town, were peppered by bombs till there was not a roof -intact in the place. The soldiers, of whom there were barely two -thousand, were ready to mutiny. The citizens besought Duchambon to -surrender. Provisions ran out. Looking down from the tops of the -walls, cracking jokes with the English across the ditch, the French -soldiers counted more than a thousand scaling ladders ready for -hand-to-hand assault, and a host of barrels filled with mud behind -which the English sharpshooters crouched. It had just been arranged -between Warren and Pepperrell that the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P220"></A>220}</SPAN> -former should attack by -sea while the latter assaulted by land, when on June 16 the French -capitulated. How the New England enthusiasts ran rampant through the -abandoned French fort need not be told. How Parson Moody, famous for -his long prayers, hewed down images in the Catholic chapel till he was -breathless and then came to the officers' state dinner so exhausted -that when asked to pronounce blessing he could only mutter, "Good Lord, -we have so much to thank Thee for, time is too short; we must leave it -to eternity. Amen"; how the New Englanders, unused to French wines, -drank themselves torpid on the stores of the fort cellar; how the -French the next year made superhuman effort to regain Louisburg, only -to have a magnificent fleet of one hundred and fifty sail wrecked on -Sable Island, Duke d'Anville, the commander, dying of heartbreak on his -ship anchored near Halifax, his successor killing himself with his own -sword,—cannot be told here. Louisburg was the prize of the war, and -England threw the prize away by giving it back to France in the Treaty -of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. The English government paid back the -colonies for their outlay, but of all the rich French pirate ships -loaded with booty, captured at Louisburg by leaving the French flag -flying, not a penny's worth went to the provincial troops. Warren's -seamen received all the loot. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-219"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-219.jpg" ALT="RUINS OF THE FORTIFICATIONS AT LOUISBURG" BORDER="2" WIDTH="389" HEIGHT="277"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 389px"> -RUINS OF THE FORTIFICATIONS AT LOUISBURG -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<BR> - -<P> -Like all preceding treaties, the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle left -unsettled the boundaries between New France and New England. In -Acadia, in New York, on the Ohio, collisions were bound to come. -</P> - -<P> -In Acadia the English send their officers to the Isthmus of Chignecto -to establish a fort near the bounds of what are now Nova Scotia and New -Brunswick. The priestly spy, Louis Joseph Le Loutre, leads his wild -Micmac savages through the farm settlement round the English fort, -setting fire to houses putting a torch even to the church, and so -compelling the habitants of the boundary to come over to the French and -take sides. The treaty has restored Louisburg to the French, but the -very -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P221"></A>221}</SPAN> -next year England sends out Edward Cornwallis with two -thousand settlers to establish the English fort now known as Halifax. -By 1752 there are four thousand people at the new fort, though the -Indian raiders miss no occasion to shoot down wayfarers and farmers; -and the French Governor at Quebec continues his bribes—as much as -eight hundred dollars a year to a man—to stir up hostility to the -English and prevent the Acadian farmers taking the oath of fidelity to -England. So much for the peace treaty in Acadia. It was not peace; it -was farce. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-221t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-221.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-221t.jpg" ALT="CONTEMPORARY PLAN OF THE ATTACK ON LOUISBURG" BORDER="2" WIDTH="380" HEIGHT="327"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 380px"> -CONTEMPORARY PLAN OF THE ATTACK ON LOUISBURG -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -In New York state matters were worse. The Iroquois had been -acknowledged allies of the English, and before 1730 the English fort at -Oswego had been built at the southeast corner of Lake Ontario to catch -the fur trade of the northern tribes coming down the lakes to New -France, and to hold the Iroquois' friendship. Also, as French traders -pass up the lake to Fort Frontenac (Kingston) and Niagara with their -national flag flying from the prow of canoe and flatboat, chance -bullets from the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P222"></A>222}</SPAN> -English fort ricochet across the advancing -prows, and soldiers on the galleries inside Fort Oswego take bets on -whether they can hit the French flag. Prompt as a gamester, New France -checkmates this move. Peter Schuyler has been settling English farmers -round Lake Champlain. At Crown Point, long known as Scalp Point, where -the lake narrows and portage runs across to Lake George and the Mohawk -land, the French in 1731 erect a strong fort. As for the English -traders at Fort Oswego catching the tribes from the north, New France -counterchecks that by sending Portneuf in April of 1749, only a year -after the peace, to the Toronto portage where the Indians come from the -Upper Lakes by way of Lake Simcoe. What is now known as Toronto is -named Rouillé, after a French minister; and as if this were not -checkmate enough to the English advancing westward, the Sulpician -priest from Montreal, Abbé Picquet, zealously builds a fort straight -north of Oswego, on the south side of the St. Lawrence, to keep the -Iroquois loyal to France. Picquet calls his fort "Presentation." His -enemies call it "Picquet's Folly." It is known to-day as Ogdensburg. -Look at the map. France's frontier line is guarded by forts that stand -like sentinels at the gateways of all waters leading to the -interior,—Ogdensburg, Kingston, Toronto, Niagara, Detroit, -Michilimackinac, and La Vérendrye's string of forts far west as the -Rockies. New York's frontier line is guarded by one fort -only,—Oswego. Here too, as in Acadia, the peace is a farce. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-222t"></A> -<A HREF="images/img-222.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-222t.jpg" ALT="FORT PRESENTATION" BORDER="2" WIDTH="262" HEIGHT="223"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 262px"> -FORT PRESENTATION -</H4> - -<P> -But it was in the valley of the Ohio where the greatest struggle over -boundaries took place. One year after the peace, Céloron de Bienville -is sent in July, 1749, to take possession of the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P223"></A>223}</SPAN> -Ohio for France. -France claims right to this region by virtue of La Salle's explorations -sixty years previously, and of all those French bushrangers who have -roved the wilds from the Great Lakes to Louisiana. Small token did -France take of La Salle's exploits while he lived, but great store do -her statesmen set by his voyages now that he has been sixty years dead. -"But pause!" commands the English Governor of Virginia. "Since time -immemorial have our traders wandered over the Great Smoky Mountains, -over the Cumberlands, over the Alleghenies, down the Tennessee and the -Kanawha and the Monongahela and the Ohio to the Mississippi." As a -matter of fact, one Major General Wood had in 1670 and 1674 sent his -men overland, if not so far as the Mississippi, then certainly as far -as the Ohio and the valley of the Mississippi. But Wood was a private -adventurer. For years his exploit had been forgotten. No record of it -remained but an account written by his men, Batts and Hallam. The -French declared the record was a myth, and it has, in fact, been so -regarded by the most of historians. Yet, curiously enough, ranging -through some old family papers of the Hudson's Bay Company in the -Public Records, London, I found with Wood's own signature his record of -the trip across the mountains to the Indians of the Ohio and the -Mississippi. It is probable that the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P224"></A>224}</SPAN> -English cared quite as much -for claims founded on La Salle's voyage as the French cared for claims -founded on the horseback trip of Major General Wood's men. The fact -remained: here were the English traders from Virginia pressing -northward by way of the Ohio; here were the French adventurers pressing -south by way of the Ohio. As in Acadia and New York, peace or no -peace, a clash was inevitable. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-223"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-223.jpg" ALT="CONTEMPORARY VIEW OF OSWEGO" BORDER="2" WIDTH="382" HEIGHT="231"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 382px"> -CONTEMPORARY VIEW OF OSWEGO -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<BR> - -<P> -Duquesne has come out governor of Canada, and by 1753 has dispatched a -thousand men into the Ohio valley, who blaze a trail through the -wilderness and string a line of forts from Presqu' Isle (Erie) on Lake -Erie southward to Fort Duquesne at the junction of the Allegheny and -Monongahela, where Pittsburg stands to-day. -</P> - -<P> -One December night at Fort Le Boeuf, on the trail to the Ohio, the -French commandant was surprised to see a slim youth of twenty years -ride out of the rain-drenched, leafless woods, followed by four or five -whites and Indians with a string of belled pack-horses. The young -gentleman introduces himself with great formality, though he must use -an interpreter, for he does not speak French. He is Major George -Washington, sent by Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia to know why the -French have been seizing the fur posts of English traders in this -region. The French commander, Saint Pierre, receives the young -Virginian courteously, plies master and men with such lavish -hospitality that Washington has much trouble to keep his drunk Indians -from deserting, and dismisses his visitor with the smooth but bootless -response that as France and England are at peace he cannot answer -Governor Dinwiddie's message till he has heard from the Governor of -Canada, Marquis Duquesne. Not much satisfaction for emissaries who had -forded ice-rafted rivers and had tramped the drifted forests for three -hundred miles. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-225"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-225.jpg" ALT="GOVERNOR DINWIDDIE OF VIRGINIA" BORDER="2" WIDTH="257" HEIGHT="327"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 257px"> -GOVERNOR DINWIDDIE OF VIRGINIA -</H4> - -<P> -By January of 1754 Washington is back in Virginia. By May he is on the -trail again, blazing a path through the wilderness down the Monongahela -towards the French fort; for what purpose one may guess, though these -were times of piping peace. Come -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P225"></A>225}</SPAN> -an old Indian chief and an -English bushwhacker one morning with word that fifty French raiders are -on the trail ten miles away; for what purpose one may guess, spite of -peace. Instantly Washington sends half a hundred Virginia frontiersmen -out scouting. They find no trace of raiders, but the old chief picks -up the trail of the ambushed French. Here they had broken branches -going through the woods; there a moccasin track punctures the spongy -mold; here leaves have been scattered to hide camp ashes. At midnight, -with the rain slashing through the forest black as pitch, Washington -sets out with forty men, following his Indian guide. Through the dark -they feel rather than follow the trail, and it is a slow but an easy -trick to those acquainted with wildwood travel. Leave the path by as -much as a foot length and the foliage lashes you back, or the windfall -trips you up, or the punky path becomes punctured beneath moccasin -tread. By day dawn, misty and gray in the May woods, the English are -at the Indian camp and march forward escorted by the redskins, single -file, silent as ghosts, alert as tigers. Raindrip swashes on the -buckskin coats. Muskets are loaded and carefully cased from the wet. -The old chief stops suddenly … and points! There lie the French in -a rock ravine sheltered by the woods like a cave. The next instant the -French had leaped up with a whoop. Washington shouted "Fire!" When -the smoke of the musket crash cleared, ten French lay dead, among them -their officer, Jumonville; -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P226"></A>226}</SPAN> -and twenty-two others surrendered. No -need to dispute whether Washington was justified in firing on thirty -bush rovers in time of peace! The bushrovers had already seized -English forts and were even now scouring the country for English -traders. For a week their scouts had followed Washington as spies. -</P> - -<P> -Expecting instant retaliation from Fort Duquesne, Washington retreated -swiftly to his camping place at Great Meadows and cast up a log -barricade known as Fort Necessity. A few days later comes a company of -regular troops. By July 1 he has some four hundred men, but at Fort -Duquesne are fourteen hundred French. The French wait only for orders -from Quebec, then march nine hundred bushrovers against Washington. -July 3, towards midday, they burst from the woods whooping and yelling. -Washington chose to meet them on the open ground, but the French were -pouring a cross fire over the meadow; and to compel them to attack in -the open, Washington drew his men behind the barricade. By nightfall -the Virginians were out of powder. Twelve had been killed and -forty-three were wounded. Before midnight the French beat a parley. -All they desired was that the English evacuate the fort. To fight -longer would have risked the extermination of Washington's troops. -Terms of honorable surrender were granted, and the next day—the day -which Washington was to make immortal, July 4—the English retreated -from Fort Necessity. Such was the peace in the Ohio valley. -</P> - -<P> -Though the peace is still continued, England dispatches in 1755 two -regiments of the line under Major General Braddock to protect Virginia, -along with a fleet of twelve men-of-war under Admiral Boscawen. France -keeps up the farce by sending out Baron Dieskau with three thousand -soldiers and Admiral La Motte with eighteen ships. Coasting off -Newfoundland, the English encounter three of the French ships that have -gone astray in the fog. "Is it peace or war?" shout the French across -decks. "Peace," answers a voice from the English deck; and -instantaneously a hurricane cannonade rakes the decks of the French, -killing eighty. Two of the French ships surrendered. The other -escaped through the fog. Such was the peace! -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P227"></A>227}</SPAN> -So began the famous Seven Years' War; and Major General Braddock, -in session with the colonial governors, plans the campaign that is to -crush New France's pretensions south of the Great Lakes. Acadia, Lake -Champlain, the Ohio,—these are to be the theaters of the contest. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-227"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-227.jpg" ALT="TITLE-PAGE OF WASHINGTON'S JOURNAL" BORDER="2" WIDTH="261" HEIGHT="447"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 261px"> -TITLE-PAGE OF WASHINGTON'S JOURNAL -</H4> - -<P> -Braddock himself, accompanied by Washington, marches with twenty-two -hundred men over the Alleghenies along the old trail of the Monongahela -against Fort Duquesne. Of Braddock, the least said the better. A -gambler, full of arrogant contempt towards all people and things that -were not British, hail-fellow-well-met to his boon companions, -heartless towards all outside the pale of his own pride, a blustering -bully yet dogged, and withal a gentleman after the standard of the age, -he was neither better nor worse than the times in which he lived. Of -Braddock's men, fifteen hundred were British regulars, the rest -Virginian bushfighters; and the redcoat troops held such contempt -towards the buckskin frontiersmen that friction arose from the first -about the relative rank of regulars and provincials. From the time -they set out, the troops had been retarded by countless delays. There -was trouble buying up supplies of beef cattle -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P228"></A>228}</SPAN> -among the -frontiersmen. Scouts scoured the country for horses and wagons to haul -the great guns and heavy artillery. Braddock's high mightiness would -take no advice from colonials about single-file march on a bush trail -and swift raids to elude ambushed foes. Everything proceeded slowly, -ponderously, with the system and routine of an English guardroom. -Scouts to the fore and on both flanks, three hundred bushwhackers went -ahead widening the bridle path to a twelve-foot road for the wagons; -and along this road moved the troops, five and six abreast, the red -coats agleam through the forest foliage, drums rolling, flags flying, -steps keeping time as if on parade, Braddock and his officers mounted -on spirited horses, the heavy artillery and supply wagons lagging far -behind in a winding line. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-229t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-229.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-229t.jpg" ALT="A SKETCH OF THE FIELD OF BATTLE AT BRADDOCK'S DEFEAT" BORDER="2" WIDTH="393" HEIGHT="293"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 393px"> -A SKETCH OF THE FIELD OF BATTLE AT BRADDOCK'S DEFEAT -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -What happened has been told times without number in story and history. -It was what the despised colonials feared and any bushranger could have -predicted. July 9, in stifling heat, the marchers had come to a loop -in the Monongahela River. Braddock thought to avoid the loop by -fording twice. He was now within eight miles of Fort Duquesne—the -modern Pittsburg. Though Indian raiders had scalped some wanderers -from the trail and insolent messages had been occasionally found -scrawled in French on birch trees, not a Frenchman had been seen on the -march. The advance guard had crossed the second ford about midday when -the road makers at a little opening beyond the river saw a white man -clothed in buckskin, but wearing an officer's badge, dash out of the -woods to the fore, wave his hat, … and disappear. A moment later -the well-known war whoop of the French bushrovers tore the air to -tatters; and bullets rained from ambushed foes in a sheet of fire. In -vain the English drums rolled … and rolled … and soldiers -shouted, "The King! God save the King!" One officer tried to rally -his men to rush the woods, but they were shot down by a torrent of -bullets from an unseen foe. The Virginian bushfighters alone knew how -to meet such an emergency. Jumping from tree to tree for shelter like -Indians dancing sideways to avoid the enemy's aim, they had broken from -rank to fight in bushman fashion when Braddock -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P229"></A>229}</SPAN> -came galloping -furiously from the rear and ordered them back in line. What use was -military rank with an invisible foe? As well shoot air as an unseen -Indian! Again the Virginians broke rank, and the regulars, huddled -together like cattle in the shambles, fired blindly and succeeded only -in hitting their own provincial troops. Braddock stormed and swore and -rode like a fury incarnate, roaring orders which no one could hear, -much less obey. Five horses were shot under him and the dauntless -commander had mounted a fresh one when the big guns came plunging -forward; but the artillery on which Braddock had pinned his faith only -plowed pits in the forest mold. Of eighty officers, sixty had fallen -and a like proportion of men. Braddock ordered a retreat. The march -became a panic, the panic frenzied terror, the men who had stood so -stolidly under withering fire now dashing in headlong flight from the -second to the first ford and back over the trail, breathless as if -pursued by demons! Artillery, cattle, supplies, dispatch boxes,—all -were abandoned. Washington's clothes had been riddled by bullets, but -he had escaped injury. Braddock reeled from his horse mortally -wounded, to be carried -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P230"></A>230}</SPAN> -back on a litter to that scene of -Washington's surrender the year before. Four days later the English -general died there. Of the English troops, more than a thousand lay -dead, blistering in the July sun, maimed and scalped by the Indians. -Braddock was buried in his soldier's coat beside the trail, all signs -of the grave effaced to prevent vandalism. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-230t"></A> -<A HREF="images/img-230.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-230t.jpg" ALT="PLAN OF FORT BEAUSÉJOUR" BORDER="2" WIDTH="260" HEIGHT="387"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 260px"> -PLAN OF FORT BEAUSÉJOUR -</H4> - -<P> -Of all the losses the most serious were the dispatch boxes; for they -contained the English plans of campaign from Acadia to Niagara, and -were carried back to Fort Duquesne, where they put the French on guard. -The jubilant joy at the French fort need not be described. When he -heard of the English advance, Contrecoeur, the commander, had been -cooped up with less than one thousand men, half of whom were Indians. -Had Braddock once reached Fort Duquesne, he could have starved it into -surrender without firing a gun, or shelled it into kindling wood with -his heavy artillery. Beaujeu, an officer under Contrecoeur, had -volunteered to go out and meet the English. "My son, my son, will you -walk into the arms of death?" demanded the Indian chiefs. "My fathers, -will you allow me to go alone?" answered Beaujeu; and out he sallied -with six hundred picked men. It was Beaujeu whom Braddock's men had -seen dash out and wave his hat. The brave Frenchman fell, shot at the -first -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P231"></A>231}</SPAN> -volley from the English, and his Indian friends avenged his -death by roasting thirty English prisoners alive. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -The Isthmus of Chignecto, or the boundary between New Brunswick and -Nova Scotia, was the scene of the border-land fights in Acadia. To -narrate half the forays, raids, and ambuscades would require a volume. -Fights as gallant as Dollard's at the Sault waged from Beauséjour, the -French fort north of the boundary, to Grand Pré and Annapolis, where -the English were stationed. After the founding of Halifax the Abbé Le -Loutre, whose false, foolish counsels had so often endangered the -habitant farmer, moved from his mission in the center of Acadia up to -Beauséjour on the New Brunswick side. Here he could be seen with his -Indians toiling like a demon over the trenches, when Monckton, the -English general, came on June 1, 1855, with the British fleet, to land -his forces at Fort Lawrence, the English post on the south side. -Colonel Lawrence was now English governor of Acadia, and he had decided -with Monckton that once and for all the French of Acadia must be -subjugated. The French of Beauséjour had in all less than fifteen -hundred men, half of whom were simple Acadian farmers forced into -unwilling service by the priest's threats of Indian raid in this world -and damnation in the next. Day dawn of June 4 the bugles blew to arms -and the English forces, some four thousand, had marched to the south -shore of the Missaguash River, when the French on the north side -uttered a whoop and emitted a clatter of shots. Black-hatted, -sinister, tireless, the priest could be seen urging his Indians on. -The English brought up three field cannon and under protection of their -scattering fire laid a pontoon bridge. Crossing the river, they -marched within a mile of the fort. That night the sky was alight with -flame; for Vergor, the French commander, and Abbé Le Loutre set fire to -all houses outside the fort walls. In a few days the English cannon -had been placed in a circle round the fort, and set such strange music -humming in the ears of the besieged that the Acadian farmers deserted -and the priest nervously thought of flight. Louisburg -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P232"></A>232}</SPAN> -could send -no aid, and still the bombs kept bursting through the roofs of the fort -houses. One morning a bomb crashed through the roof of the breakfast -room, killing six officers on the spot; and the French at once hung out -the white flag; but when the English troops marched in on June 16, at -seven in the evening, Le Loutre had fled overland through the forests -of New Brunswick for Quebec. -</P> - -<P> -There scant welcome awaited the renegade priest. The French governors -had been willing to use him as their tool at a price ($800 a year), but -when the tool failed of its purpose they cast him aside. Le Loutre -sailed for France, but his ship was captured by an English cruiser and -he was imprisoned for eight years on the island of Jersey. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-232"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-232.jpg" ALT="GENERAL MONCKTON" BORDER="2" WIDTH="214" HEIGHT="328"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 214px"> -GENERAL MONCKTON -</H4> - -<P> -Meanwhile, how was fate dealing with the Acadian farmers? Ever since -the Treaty of Utrecht they had been afraid to take the oath of -unqualified loyalty to England, lest New France, or rather Abbé Le -Loutre, let loose the hounds of Indian massacre on their peaceful -settlements. Besides, had not the priest assured them year in and year -out that France would recover Acadia and put to the sword those -habitants who had forsworn France? And they had been equally afraid to -side with the French, for in case of failure the burden of punishment -would fall on them alone. For almost half a century they had been -known as <I>Neutrals</I>. Of their population of 12,000, 3000 had been -lured away to Prince Edward Island and Cape Breton. When Cornwallis -had founded Halifax he had intended to wait only till the English were -firmly established, when he would demand an oath of unqualified -allegiance from -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P233"></A>233}</SPAN> -the Acadians. They, on their part, were willing -to take the oath with one proviso,—that they should never be required -to take up arms against the French; or they would have been willing to -leave Acadia, as the Treaty of Utrecht had provided, in case they did -not take the oath of allegiance. But in the early days of English -possession the English governors were not willing they should leave. -If the Acadians had migrated, it would simply have strengthened the -French in Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick. -Obstructions had been created that prevented the supply of transports -to move the Acadians. The years had drifted on, and a new generation -had grown up, knowing nothing of treaty rights, but only that the -French were threatening them on one side if they did not rise against -England, and the English on the other side if they did not take oath of -unqualified allegiance. Cornwallis had long since left Halifax, and -Lawrence, the English governor, while loyal to a fault, was, like -Braddock, that type of English understrapper who has wrought such -irreparable injury to English prestige purely from lack of sympathetic -insight with colonial conditions. For years before he had become -governor, Lawrence's days had been embittered by the intrigues of the -French with the Acadian farmers. He had been in Halifax when the Abbé -Le Loutre's Indian brigands had raided and slain as many as thirty -workmen at a time near the English fort. He had been at the Isthmus of -Chignecto that fatal morning when some Indians dressed in the suits of -French officers waved a white flag and lured Captain Howe of the -English fort across stream, where they shot him under flag of truce in -cold blood. -</P> - -<P> -These are not excuses for what Lawrence did. Nothing can excuse the -infamy of his policy toward the Acadians. There are few blacker crimes -in the history of the world; but these facts explain how a man of -Lawrence's standing could assume the responsibility he did. In -addition, Lawrence was a bigoted Protestant. He not only hated the -Acadians because they were French; he hated them as "a colony of -rattlesnakes" because they were Catholics; and being an Englishman, he -despised them -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P234"></A>234}</SPAN> -because they were colonials. France and England -were now on the verge of the great struggle for supremacy in America. -Eighteen French frigates had come to Louisburg and three thousand -French regulars to Quebec. If Lawrence did not yet know that Braddock -had been defeated on July 9 at Duquesne,—as his friends declare in his -defense,—it is a strange thing; for by August the bloody slaughter of -the Monongahela was known everywhere else in America from Quebec to New -Spain. With Lawrence and Monckton and Murray and Boscawen and the -other English generals sent to conduct the campaign in Acadia, the -question was what to do with the French habitants. Let two facts be -distinctly stated here and with great emphasis: first, the colonial -officers, like Winslow from Massachusetts, knew absolutely nothing of -the English officers' plans; they were not admitted to the conferences -of the English officers and were simply expected to obey orders; -second, the English government knew absolutely nothing of the English -officers' course till it was too late for remedy. In fact, later -dispatches of that year inquire sharply what Lawrence meant by an -obscure threat to drive the Acadians out of the country. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-234"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-234.jpg" ALT="GENERAL JOHN WINSLOW" BORDER="2" WIDTH="263" HEIGHT="331"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 263px"> -GENERAL JOHN WINSLOW -</H4> - -<P> -Did a darker and more sinister motive underlie the policy of Lawrence -and his friends? Poems, novels, histories have waged war of words over -this. Only the facts can be stated. Land to the extent of twenty -thousand acres each, which had belonged to -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P235"></A>235}</SPAN> -the Acadians, was -ultimately deeded to Lawrence and his friends. Charges of corruption -against Lawrence himself were lodged with the British government both -by mail and by personal delegates from Halifax. Unfortunately Lawrence -died in Halifax in 1760 before the investigation could take place; and -whether true or false, the odium of the charges rests upon his fame. -</P> - -<P> -What he did with the Acadians is too well known to require telling. In -secret conclave the infamous edict was pronounced. Quickly messengers -were sent with secret dispatches to the officers of land forces and -ships at Annapolis, at Mines, at Chignecto, to repair to the towns of -the Acadians, where, upon opening their dispatches, they would find -their orders, which were to be kept a secret among the officers. The -colonial officers, on reading the orders, were simply astounded. "It -is the most grievous affair that ever I was in, in my life," declared -Winslow. The edict was that every man, woman, and child of the -Acadians should be forcibly deported, in Lawrence's words, "in such a -way as to prevent the reunion of the colonists." The men of the -Acadian settlements were summoned to the churches to hear the will of -the King of England. Once inside, doors were locked, English soldiers -placed on guard with leveled bayonet, and the edict read by an officer -standing on the pulpit stairs or on a table. The Acadians were snared -like rats in a trap. Outside were their families, hostages for the -peaceable conduct of the men. Inside were the brothers and husbands, -hostages for the good conduct of the families outside. Only in a few -places was there any rioting, and this was probably caused by the -brutality of the officers. Murray and Monckton and Lawrence refer to -their prisoners as "Popish recusants," "poor wretches," "rascals who -have been bad subjects." While the Acadians were to be deported so -they could never reunite as a colony, it was intended to keep the -families together and allow them to take on board what money and -household goods they possessed; but there were interminable delays for -transports and supplies. From September to December the deportation -dragged on, and when the Acadians, patient as sheep at the shambles, -became restless, some of the ships were sent off -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P236"></A>236}</SPAN> -with the men, -while the families were still on land. In places the men were allowed -ashore to harvest their crops and care for their stock; but harvest and -stock fell to the victors as burning hayricks and barns nightly lighted -to flame the wooded background and placid seas of the fair Acadian -land. Before winter set in, the Acadians had been scattered from New -England to Louisiana. A few people in the Chignecto region had escaped -to the woods of New Brunswick, and one shipload overpowered its -officers and fled to St. John River; but in all, six thousand six -hundred people were deported. -</P> - -<P> -It is the blackest crime that ever took place under the British flag, -and the expulsion was only the beginning of the sufferers' woes. Some -people found their way to Quebec, but Quebec was destitute and in the -throes of war. The wanderers came to actual starvation. The others -wandered homeless in Boston, in New York, in Philadelphia, in -Louisiana. After the peace of 1763 some eight hundred gathered -together in Boston and began the long march overland through the -forests of Maine and New Brunswick, to return to Acadia. Singing -hymns, dragging their baggage on sleighs, pausing to hunt by the way, -these sad pilgrims toiled more than one thousand miles through forest -and swamp, and at the end of two years found themselves back in Acadia. -But they were like ghosts of the dead revisiting scenes of childhood! -Their lands were occupied by new owners. Of their herds naught -remained but the bleaching bone heaps where the lowing cattle had -huddled in winter storms. New faces filled their old houses. Strange -children rambled beneath the little dormer windows of the Acadian -cottages, and the voices of the boys at play in the apple orchards -shouted in an alien tongue. The very names of the places had vanished. -Beauséjour was now Cumberland. Beaubassin had become Amherst. -Cobequid was now Truro. Grand Pré was now known as Horton. The -heart-broken people hurried on like ghosts to the unoccupied lands of -St. Mary's Bay,—St. Mary's Bay, where long ago Priest Aubry had been -lost. Here they settled, to hew out for themselves a second home in -the wilderness. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P237"></A>237}</SPAN> -It will be recalled that Braddock's plans had been captured by -the French, and those plans told Baron Dieskau, who had come out to -command the French troops, that the English under William Johnson, a -great leader of the Iroquois, inured to bush life like an Indian, were -to attack the French fort at Crown Point on Lake Champlain. Now -observe: on the Ohio, Braddock the regular had been defeated; in -Acadia, Lawrence and Monckton and Murray, the English generals, had -brought infamy across England's renown by their failure to understand -colonial conditions. At Lake Champlain the conditions are reversed. -Johnson, the English leader, is, from long residence in America, almost -a colonial. Dieskau, the commander of the French, is a veteran of -Saxon wars, but knows nothing of bushfighting. What happens? -</P> - -<A NAME="img-237t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-237.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-237t.jpg" ALT="MAP OF ACADIA AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS, 1755" BORDER="2" WIDTH="388" HEIGHT="255"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 388px"> -MAP OF ACADIA AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS, 1755 -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -Dieskau had intended to attack the English at Oswego, but the plans for -Johnson on Lake Champlain brought the commander of the French rushing -up the Richelieu River with three thousand soldiers, part regulars, -part Canadians. Crown Point—called Fort Frederick by the French—was -reached in August. No English are here, but scouts bring word that -Johnson has built a fort on the south end of Lake George, and, leaving -only five hundred men to garrison it, is moving up the lake with his -main troops. -</P> - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P238"></A>238}</SPAN> - -<A NAME="img-238"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-238.jpg" ALT="SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON" BORDER="2" WIDTH="265" HEIGHT="362"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 265px"> -SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON -</H4> - -<P> -Fired by the French victories over Braddock, Dieskau planned to capture -the English fort and ambush Johnson on the march. Look at the map! -The south end of Lake Champlain lies parallel with the north end of -Lake George. The French can advance on the English one of two -ways,—portage over to Lake George and canoe up the lake to Johnson's -fort, or ascend the marsh to the south of Lake Champlain, then cross -through the woods to Johnson's fort. Dieskau chose the latter trail. -Leaving half his men to guard the baggage, Dieskau bade fifteen hundred -picked men follow him on swiftest march with provisions in haversack -for only eight days. September 8, 10 A.M., the marchers advance -through the woods on Johnson's fort, when suddenly they learn that -their scout has lied,—<I>Johnson himself is still at the fort</I>. Instead -of five hundred are four thousand English. Advancing along the trail -V-shape, regulars in the middle, Canadians and Indians on each side, -the French come on a company of five hundred English wagoners. In the -wild mêlée of shouts the English retreat in a rabble. "Pursue! March! -Fire! Force the place!" yells Dieskau, dashing forward sword in hand, -thinking to follow so closely on the heels of the rabble that he can -enter the English fort before the enemy know; but his Indians have -forsaken him, and Johnson's scouts have forewarned the approach of the -French. Instead of ambushing -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P239"></A>239}</SPAN> -the English, Dieskau finds his own -army ambushed. He had sneered at the un-uniformed plowboys of the -English. "The more there are, the more we shall kill," he had boasted; -but now he discovers that the rude bushwhackers, "who fought like boys -in the morning, at noon fought like men, and by afternoon fought like -devils." Their sharpshooters kept up a crash of fire to the fore, and -fifteen hundred doubled on the rear of his army, "folding us up," he -reported, "like a pack of cards." Dieskau fell, shot in the leg and in -the knee, and a bullet struck the cartridge box of the servant who was -washing out the wounds. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-239t"></A> -<A HREF="images/img-239.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-239t.jpg" ALT="CONTEMPORARY MAP OF THE REGION OF LAKE GEORGE" BORDER="2" WIDTH="263" HEIGHT="432"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 263px"> -CONTEMPORARY MAP OF THE REGION OF LAKE GEORGE -</H4> - -<P> -"Lay my telescope and coat by me, and go!" ordered Dieskau. "This is -as good a deathbed as anyplace. Go!" he thundered, seeing his second -officer hesitate. "Don't you see you are needed? Go and sound a -retreat." -</P> - -<P> -A third shot penetrated the wounded commander's bladder. Lying alone, -propped against a tree, he heard the drums rolling a retreat, when one -of the enemy jumped from the woods with pointed pistol. -</P> - -<P> -"Scoundrel!" roared the dauntless Dieskau; "dare to shoot a man -weltering in his blood." The fellow proved to be a Frenchman who had -long ago deserted to the English, and he muttered -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P240"></A>240}</SPAN> -out some excuse -about shooting the devil before the devil shot him; but when he found -out who Dieskau was, he had him carried carefully to Johnson's tent, -where every courtesy was bestowed upon the wounded commander. Johnson -himself lay wounded. -</P> - -<P> -All that night Iroquois kept breaking past the guard into the tent. -</P> - -<P> -"What do they want?" asked Dieskau feebly. -</P> - -<P> -"To skin you and eat you," returned Johnson laconically. Whose was the -victory? The losses had been about even,—two hundred and fifty on -each side. Johnson had failed to advance to Crown Point, but Dieskau -had failed to dislodge Johnson. If Dieskau had not been captured, it -is a question if either side would have considered the fight a victory. -As it was, New France was plunged in grief; joy bells rang in New -England. Johnson was given a baronetcy and 5000 pounds for his -victory. He had named the lake south of Lake Champlain after the -English King, Lake George. -</P> - -<P> -So closed the first act in the tragic struggle for supremacy in America. -</P> - -<BR><BR><BR> - -<A NAME="chap12"></A> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P241"></A>241}</SPAN> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -CHAPTER XII -</H3> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -FROM 1756 TO 1763 -</H3> - -<P CLASS="intro"> -Bigot at Quebec—New France on verge of ruin—Bigot's vampires suck -country's lifeblood—Scene on lake—Massacre at Fort William -Henry—Louisburg besieged—Surrender of famous fort—The attack at -Ticonderoga—Abercrombie's forces flee—Wolfe sails for Quebec—Signal -fires forewarn approach of enemy—Both sides become scalp -raiders—English fail at Montmorency—Slip silently down the great -river—The two armies face each other—Death of Montcalm—Why New -France fell -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -How stand both sides at the opening of the year 1756, on the verge of -the Seven Years' War,—the struggle for a continent? -</P> - -<P> -There has been open war for more than a year, but war is not formally -declared till May 18, 1756. -</P> - -<P> -Take Acadia first. -</P> - -<P> -The French have been expelled. The infamous Le Loutre is still in -prison in England, and when he is released, in 1763, he toils till his -death, in 1773, trying to settle the Acadian refugees on some of the -French islands of the English Channel. The smiling farms of Grand Pré -and Port Royal lie a howling waste. Only a small English garrison -holds Annapolis, where long ago Marc L'Escarbot and Champlain held -happy revel; and the seat of government has been transferred to -Halifax, now a settlement and fort of some five thousand people. So -much for the English. Across a narrow arm of the sea is Isle Royal or -Cape Breton, where the French are intrenched as at a second Gibraltar -in the fortress of Louisburg. Since the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle -restored the fort to the French, millions have been spent strengthening -its walls, adding to the armaments; but Intendant Bigot has had charge -of the funds, and Intendant Bigot has a sponge-like quality of -absorbing all funds that flow through his hands. Cannon have been -added, but there are not enough balls to go round. The walls have been -repaired, but with false filling (sand in place of mortar), so that the -first shatter of artillery will send them clattering down in wet -plaster. -</P> - -<P> -Take the Ohio next. -</P> - -<P> -"Beautiful River" is the highway between New France and Louisiana. By -Braddock's defeat the English have been driven out to a man. Matters -are a thousandfold worse than before, for -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P242"></A>242}</SPAN> -the savage allies of -the French now swarm down the bush road cut by Braddock's army and -carry bloody havoc to all the frontier settlements of Pennsylvania and -Virginia. How many pioneers perished in this border war will never be -known. It is a tale by itself, and its story is not part of Canada's -history. George Washington was the officer in charge of a thousand -bushfighters to guard this frontier. -</P> - -<P> -Take the valley of Lake Champlain. -</P> - -<P> -This is the highway of approach to Montreal north, to Albany south. -Johnson had defeated Dieskau here, but neither side was strong enough -to advance from the scene of battle into the territory of the enemy. -The English take possession of Lake George and intrench themselves at -the south end in Fort William Henry. Sir William Johnson strings a -line of forts up the Mohawk River towards Oswego on Lake Ontario, and -he keeps his forest rangers, under the famous scout Major Robert -Rogers, scouring the forest and mountain trails of Lake Champlain for -French marauder and news of what the French are doing. Rogers' -Rangers, too, are a story by themselves, but a story which does not -concern Canada. Skating and snowshoeing by winter, canoeing by night -in summer, Rogers passed and repassed the enemy's lines times without -number, as if his life were charmed, though once his wrist was shot -when he had nothing to stanch the blood but the ribbon tying his wig, -and once he stumbled back exhausted to Fort William Henry, to lie -raging with smallpox for the winter. Among the forest rangers of New -Hampshire and New York, Major Robert Rogers was without a peer. No -danger was too great, no feat too daring, for his band of scouts. The -English have established Fort William Henry at the south end of Lake -George. The French checkmate the move by strengthening Crown Point on -Lake Champlain and moving a pace farther south into English -territory,—to Carillon, where the waters of Lake George pour into -Champlain. Here on a high angle between the river and the lake, -commanding all travel north and south, the French build Carillon or -Fort Ticonderoga. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P243"></A>243}</SPAN> -As for the Great Northwest, New France with her string of -posts—Frontenac, Niagara, Detroit, Michilimackinac, Kaministiquia -(Fort William), Fort Rogue (Winnipeg), Portage la Prairie—stretches -clear across to the foothills of the Rockies. The English fur traders -of Hudson Bay have, in 1754, sent Anthony Hendry up the Saskatchewan, -but when Hendry comes back with word of equestrian Indians—the -Blackfeet on horseback—and treeless plains, the English set him down -as a lying impostor. Indians on horseback! They had never seen -Indians but in canoes and on snowshoes! Hendry was dismissed as -unreliable, and no Englishman went up the Saskatchewan for another ten -years. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -If the disasters of 1755 did nothing more, they at last stirred the -home governments to action. Earl Loudon is sent out in 1756 to command -the English, and to New France in May comes Louis Joseph, Marquis de -Montcalm, age forty-four, soldier, scholar, country gentleman, with a -staff composed of Chevalier de Lévis, Bourlamaque, and one -Bougainville, to become famous as a navigator. -</P> - -<P> -Though New France consists of a good three quarters of America, things -are in evil plight that causes Montcalm many sleepless nights. -Vaudreuil, the French governor, descendant of that Vaudreuil who long -ago set the curse of Indian warfare on the borders of New England, had -expected to be appointed chief commander of the troops and jealously -resents Montcalm's coming. With the Governor is leagued Intendant -Bigot, come up from Louisburg. Bigot is a man of sixty, of noble -birth, a favorite of the butterfly woman who rules the King of -France,—the Pompadour,—and he has come to New France to mend his -fortunes. How he planned to do it one may guess from his career at -Louisburg; but Quebec offered better field, and it was to Bigot's -interest to ply Montcalm and Vaudreuil with such tittle-tattle of -enmity as would foment jealousy, keep their attention on each other, -and their eyes off his own doings. As he had done at Louisburg, so he -now did at Quebec. The King was requisitioned for enormous sums to -strengthen the fort. Bigot's -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P244"></A>244}</SPAN> -ring of friends acted as -contractors. The outlay was enormous, the results trifling. "I -think," complained the King, "that Quebec must be fortified in gold, it -has cost so much." It was time of war. Enormous sums were to be -expended for presents to keep the Indians loyal; and the King complains -that he cannot understand how baubles of beads and powderhorns cost so -much, or how the western tribes seem to become more and more numerous, -or how the French officers, who distribute the presents, become -millionaires in a few years. A friend of Bigot's handled these funds. -There are meat contracts for the army. A worthless, lowbred scamp is -named commissary general. He handles these contracts, and he, too, -swiftly graduates into the millionaire class, is hail-fellow well met -with Bigot, drinks deep at the Intendant's table, and gambles away as -much as $40,000 in a single night. It is time of war, and it is time -of famine too; for the crops have failed. Every inhabitant between the -ages of fifteen and fifty has been drafted into the army. Not counting -Indians, there is an army of fifteen to twenty thousand to be fed; so -Bigot compels the habitants to sell him provisions at a low price. -These provisions he resells to the King for the army and to the -citizens at famine prices. The King's warehouse down by the -Intendant's palace becomes known as La Friponne,—The Cheat. -</P> - -<P> -And though the country is on verge of ruin, though poor people of the -three towns are rioting in the streets for food, old women cursing the -little wizened Intendant with his pimpled face as he rolls past -resplendent in carriage with horses whose harness is a blaze of silver, -the troops threatening to mutiny because they are compelled to use -horse flesh,—though New France is hovering over a volcano of disaster, -they dance to their death, thoughtless as butterflies, gay as children, -these manikin imitators of the French court, who are ruining New France -that they may copy the vices of an Old World playing at kingcraft. The -regular troops are uniformed in white with facings of blue and red and -gold and violet, three-cornered hat, and leather leggings to knee. -What with chapel bells ringing and ringing, and bugle -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P245"></A>245}</SPAN> -call and -counter call echoing back from Cape Diamond; what with Monsieur Bigot's -prancing horses and Madame Péan's flashy carriage,—Madame Péan of whom -Bigot is so enamored he has sent her husband to some far western post -and passes each evening at her gay receptions,—what with the grounding -of the sentry's arms and the parade of troops, Quebec is a gay place -these years of black ruin, and the gossips have all they can do to keep -track of the amours and the duels and the high personages cultivating -Madame Péan; for cultivated she must be by all who covet place or -power. A word from Madame Péan to Bigot is of more value than a bribe. -Even Montcalm and De Lévis attend her revels. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-245"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-245.jpg" ALT="RUINS OF CHÂTEAU BIGOT" BORDER="2" WIDTH="392" HEIGHT="272"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 392px"> -RUINS OF CHÂTEAU BIGOT -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -Twenty people sup with Monsieur Bigot each night, either at the -Intendant's palace down by Charles River, or nine miles out towards -Beauport, where he has built himself the Forest Hermitage, now known as -Château Bigot,—a magnificent country manor house of red brick, hidden -away among the hills with the gay shrubberies of French gardens set -down in an American wilderness. Supper over by seven, the guests sit -down to play, and the amount a man may gamble is his social barometer, -whether -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P246"></A>246}</SPAN> -he lose or win, cheat or steal. If dancing follows -gambling, the rout will not disperse till seven in the morning. What -time is left of the twenty-four hours in a day will be devoted to -public affairs. -</P> - -<P> -Montcalm's salary is only 25,000 francs, or $5,000. To maintain the -dignity of the King, the commander in chief must keep the pace, and he -too gives weekly suppers, with places set for forty people, "whom I -don't know," he writes dejectedly to his wife, "and don't want to know; -and wish that I might spend the evenings quietly in my own chamber." -To Montcalm, who was of noble birth with no shamming, this lowbred -pretense and play at courtcraft became a bore; to his staff of -officers, a source of continual amusement; but De Lévis presently falls -victim to a pair of fine eyes possessed by the wife of another man. -</P> - -<P> -War filled the summers, but the winters were given up to social life; -and of all midwinter social gayeties the most important was the -official visit of the Governor and the Intendant to Montreal. By this -time a good road had been cut from Quebec to Montreal along the north -shore, and the sleighs usually set out in January or February. Bigot -added to the occasion all the prestige of a social rout. All the grand -dames and cavaliers of Quebec were invited. Baggage was sent on ahead -with servants to break the way, find quarters for the night, and -prepare meals. After a dinner at the Intendant's palace the sleighs -set out, two horses to each, driven tandem because the sleigh road was -too narrow for a team. Each sleigh held only two occupants, and to the -damage done by fair eyes was added the glow of exhilaration from -driving behind spirited horses in frosty air with the bells of a -hundred carryalls ringing across the snow. At seven was pause for -supper. High play followed till ten. Then early to bed and early to -rise and on the road again by seven in the morning! In Montreal was -one continual round of dinners and dances. Between times, appointments -were made to the military posts and trading stations of the Up-Country. -He who wanted a good post must pay his court to Madame Péan. No wonder -Montcalm breathed a sigh of relief when Lent put a stop to the gayeties -and he could quietly pass his evenings with the Sulpician priests. - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P247"></A>247}</SPAN> -To break from Bigot's ring during the war was impossible. -Creatures of his choosing filled the army, handled the supplies, -controlled the Indians; and when the King's reproof became too sharp, -Bigot simply threatened to resign, which wrought consternation, for no -man of ability would attempt to unwind the tangle of Bigot's dishonesty -during a critical war. Montcalm wrote home complaints in cipher. The -French government bided its time, and Bigot tightened his vampire -suckers on the lifeblood of the dying nation. The whole era is a theme -for the allegory of artist or poet. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-246a"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-246a.jpg" ALT="PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, OTTAWA" BORDER="2" WIDTH="422" HEIGHT="321"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 422px"> -PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, OTTAWA -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<BR> - -<A NAME="img-246b"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-246b.jpg" ALT="QUEBEC, CHÂTEAU FRONTENAC AND THE CITADEL" BORDER="2" WIDTH="420" HEIGHT="326"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 420px"> -QUEBEC, CHÂTEAU FRONTENAC AND THE CITADEL -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<BR> - -<P> -Montcalm had arrived in May of 1756. By midsummer he was leading three -thousand French artillerymen across Lake Ontario from Fort Frontenac -(Kingston), to attack the English post on the south side, Oswego. -Inside the fort walls were seven hundred raw English provincials, ill -of scurvy from lack of food. The result need scarcely be told. Seven -hundred ill men behind wooden walls had no chance against three -thousand soldiers in health with heavy artillery. To take the English -by surprise, Montcalm had crossed the lake on August 4 by night. Two -days later all the transport ships had landed the troops and the cannon -had actually been mounted before the English knew of the enemy's -presence. On the east side of the river was Fort Ontario, a barricade -of logs built in the shape of a star, housing an outguard of three -hundred and seventy men. On discovering the French, the sentry spiked -their cannon, threw their powder in the river, and retired at midnight -inside Oswego's walls. Working like beavers, Montcalm's men dragged -twenty cannon to a hill commanding the fort, known as "Fort Rascal" -because the outfort there was useless to the English. Before -Montcalm's cannonade Oswego's walls, plastered with clay and rubble, -fell like the staves of a dry barrel. The English sharpshooters then -hid behind pork barrels placed in three tiers filled with sand; but -Colonel Mercer, their officer, was literally cut in two by a cannon -shot, and the women, cooped up inside the barracks, begged the officers -to avoid Indian massacre by surrender. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P248"></A>248}</SPAN> -A white flag was waved. -Including women, something under a thousand English surrendered -themselves prisoners to Montcalm. The Indians fell at once to mad -plunder. Spite of the terms of honorable surrender, the English were -stripped of everything, and only Montcalm's promise of $10,000 worth of -presents to the savages prevented butchery. The victors decamped to -Montreal, well pleased with the campaign of 1756. It need not be told -that there were constant raids and counter raids along the frontier -during the entire year. -</P> - -<P> -Loudon, the English commander, did not arrive in New York till well on -in midsummer of 1756, and he found far different material from the -trained bushfighters in the hands of Montcalm. The English soldiers -were raw provincial recruits, dressed, at best, in buckskin, but for -the most part in the rough homespun which they had worn when they had -left plow and carpenter's bench and fishing boat. While Montcalm was -capturing Oswego, Loudon was licking his rough recruits into shape, -"making men out of mud" for the campaign of 1757. Indeed, it was said -of Loudon, and the saying stuck to him as characteristic of his -campaign, that he resembled the wooden horse figure of a tavern -sign,—always on horseback but never rode forward. Instead of striking -at Lake Champlain or on the Ohio, where the French were aggressors, -Loudon planned to repeat the brilliant capture of Louisburg. July of -1857 found him at Halifax planting vegetable gardens to prevent -scurvy,—"the cabbage campaign" it was derisively called,—and waiting -for Gorham's rangers to reconnoiter Louisburg. Gorham's scouts brought -back word that the French admiral had come in with twenty-four -men-of-war and seven thousand men. To overpower such strength meant a -prolonged siege. It was already August. Loudon sailed back to New -York without firing a gun, while the English fleet, trying to -reconnoiter Louisburg, suffered terrible shipwreck. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-249"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-249.jpg" ALT="THE EARL OF LOUDON" BORDER="2" WIDTH="245" HEIGHT="344"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 245px"> -THE EARL OF LOUDON -</H4> - -<P> -Montcalm was not the enemy to let the chance of Loudon's absence from -the scene of action pass unimproved. While Loudon is pottering at -Halifax, Montcalm marshals his troops to the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P249"></A>249}</SPAN> -number of eight -thousand, including one thousand Indians at Carillon or Ticonderoga, -where Lake George empties into Lake Champlain. Portaging two hundred -and fifty flatboats with as many birch canoes up the river, the French -invade the mountain wilderness of Lake George. Towards the end of -July, Lévis leads part of the troops by land up the west shore towards -the English post of Fort William Henry. Montcalm advances on the lake -with the flatboats and canoes, and the rafts with the heavy artillery. -Each night Lévis' troops kindle their signal fires on the mountain -slope, and each night Montcalm from the lake signals back with torches. -It needs artist's brush to paint the picture: the forested mountains -green and lonely and silent in the shimmering sunlight of the summer -sky; the lake gold as molten metal in the fire of the setting sun; the -soldiers in their gay uniforms of white and blue, hoisting tent cloths -on oar sweeps for sails as a breeze dimples the waters; the French -voyageurs clad in beaded buckskin chanting some ditty of Old-World fame -to the rhythmic dip of the Indian paddles; the Indians naked, painted -for war, with a glitter in their eyes of a sinister intent which they -have no mind to tell Montcalm; and then, at the south of Lake George, -nestling between the hills and the water, the little palisaded -fort,—Fort William Henry,—with gates fast shut and two thousand -bushfighters behind the walls, weak from an epidemic of smallpox, and, -as usual, so short of provisions that siege means starvation. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P250"></A>250}</SPAN> -Twenty miles southeastward is another English fort,—Fort -Edward,—where General Webb with sixteen hundred men is keeping the -road barred against advance to Albany. Soon as scouts bring word to -Fort William Henry of the advancing French, Lieutenant Monro sends -frantic appeal to Webb for more men; but Webb has already sent all the -men he can spare. If he leaves Fort Edward, the French by a flank -movement through the woods can march on Albany, so Monro unplugs his -seventeen cannon, locks his gates, and bides his fate. -</P> - -<P> -Montcalm follows the same tactics as at Oswego,—brings heavy artillery -against slab walls. For the first week of August, eight hundred of his -men are digging trenches by night to avoid giving target for the fiery -bombs whizzing through the dark from Monro's cannon. By day they lie -hidden in the woods with a cordon of sharpshooters encircling the fort, -Montcalm encamped on the west to prevent help from Sir William Johnson -up the Mohawk, Lévis on the southeast to cut off aid from Webb. Monro -sends yet one last appeal for help: two thousand men against eight -thousand,—the odds are eloquent of his need! Montcalm's scouts let -the messenger pass through the lines as if unseen, but they make a -point of catching the return messenger and holding Webb's answer that -he cannot come, till their cannon have torn great wounds in the fort -walls. Then Bougainville blindfold carries Webb's answer to Monro and -demands the surrender of the fort. Monro still has a little -ammunition, still hopes against hope that Johnson or Webb or Loudon -will come to the rescue, and he keeps his big guns singing over the -heads of the French in their trenches till all the cannon have burst -but seven, and there are not ten rounds of shells left. Then Colonel -Young, with a foot shot off, rides out on horseback waving a white -flag. Three hundred English have been killed, as many again are -wounded or ill of smallpox, and to the remaining garrison of sixteen -hundred Montcalm promises safe conduct to General Webb at Fort Edward. -Then the English march out. That night—August 9—the vanquished -English camp with Montcalm's forces. The Indians, meanwhile, ramping -through the fort for plunder, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P251"></A>251}</SPAN> -have maddened themselves with -traders' rum! Before daybreak they have butchered all the wounded -lying in the hospital and cut to pieces the men ill of smallpox,—a -crime that brought its own punishment in contagion. Next morning, when -the French guard tried to conduct the disarmed English along the trail -to Fort Edward, the Indians snatched at the clothing, the haversacks, -the tent kit of the marchers. With their swords the French beat back -the drunken horde. In answer, the war hatchets were waved over the -heads of the cowering women. The march became a panic; the panic, a -massacre; and for twenty-four hours such bedlam raged as might have put -fiends to shame. The frenzied Indians would listen to no argument but -blows; and when the English prisoners appealed to the French for -protection, the French dared not offend their savage allies by fighting -to protect the English victims. "Take to the woods," they warned the -men, and the women were quickly huddled back to shelter of the fort. -Of the men, sixty were butchered on the spot and some seven hundred -captured to be held for ransom. The remnant of the English soldiers, -along with the women, were held till the Indian frenzy had spent -itself, then sent to Fort Edward. August 16 a torch was put to the -combustibles of the fort ruins, and as the French boats glided out on -Lake George for the St. Lawrence, explosion after explosion, flame -leaping above flame, proclaimed that of Fort William Henry there would -remain naught but ashes and charred ruins and the skeletons of the -dead. So closed the campaign of 1857 [Transcriber's note: 1757?]. For -three years hand running England had suffered defeat. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -The spring of 1758 witnessed a change. The change was the rise to -power of a man who mastered circumstances instead of allowing them to -master him. Such men are the milestones of human progress, whether -heroes, or quiet toilers unknown to the world. The man was Pitt, the -English statesman. Instead of a weak ministry fighting the -machinations of France, it was now Pitt versus Pompadour, the English -patriot against the light woman who ruled the councils of France. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P252"></A>252}</SPAN> -From fighting weakly on the defensive, England sprang into the -position of aggressor all along the line. The French were to be -attacked at all points simultaneously, at Louisburg on the east, at -Ticonderoga or Carillon on Lake Champlain, at Duquesne on the Ohio, at -Frontenac on Lake Ontario, and finally at Quebec itself. London is -recalled as commander in chief. Abercrombie succeeds to the position, -with the brilliant young soldier, Lord Howe, as right-hand man; but -Pitt takes good care that there shall be good chiefs and good -right-hand men at <I>all</I> points. The one mistake is Abercrombie,—"Mrs. -Nabby Crombie" the soldiers called him. He was an indifferent, -negative sort of man; and indifferent, negative sorts of people, by -their dishwater goodness, can sometimes do more harm in critical -positions than the branded criminal. Red tape had forced him on Pitt, -but Pitt trusted to the excellence of the subordinate officers, -especially Lord Howe. -</P> - -<P> -Louisburg first! -</P> - -<P> -No more dillydallying and delay "to plant cabbages!" The thing is to -reach Louisburg before the French have entered the harbor. Men-of-war -are stationed to intercept the French vessels coming from the -Mediterranean, and before winter has passed Admiral Boscawen has sailed -for America with one hundred and fifty vessels, including forty -men-of-war, frigates, and transports carrying twelve thousand men. -General Amherst is to command the land forces, and with Amherst is -Brigadier James Wolfe, age thirty-one, a tall, slim, fragile man, whose -delicate frame is tenanted by a lion spirit; or, to change the -comparison, by a motive power too strong for the weak body that held -it. By May the fleet is in Halifax. By June Amherst has joined -Boscawen, and the ships beat out for Louisburg through heavy fog, with -a sea that boils over the reefs in angry surf. -</P> - -<P> -Louisburg was in worse condition than during the siege of 1745. The -broken walls have been repaired, but the filling is false,—sand grit. -Its population is some four thousand, of whom three thousand eight -hundred are the garrison. On the ships lying in the harbor are three -thousand marines, a defensive force, in all, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P253"></A>253}</SPAN> -of six thousand -eight hundred. On walls and in bastions are some four hundred and -fifty heavy guns, cannon, and mortars. Imagine a triangle with the -base to the west, the two sides running out to sea on the east. The -fort is at the apex. The wall of the base line is protected by a -marsh. On the northeast side is the harbor protected by reefs and -three batteries. Along the south side, Drucourt, the French commander, -has stationed two thousand men at three different points where landing -is possible, to construct batteries behind barricades of logs. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-253"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-253.jpg" ALT="BOSCAWEN" BORDER="2" WIDTH="254" HEIGHT="276"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 254px"> -BOSCAWEN -</H4> - -<P> -Fog had concealed the approach of the English, but such a ground swell -was raging over the reefs as threatened any ship with instant -destruction. For a week Amherst and Wolfe and Lawrence row up and down -through the roiling mist and raging surf and singing winds to take -stock of the situation. With those batteries at the landing places -there is only one thing to do,—cannonade them, hold their attention in -a life-and-death fight while the English soldiers scramble through the -surf for the shore. From sunrise to sundown of the 8th furious -cannonading set the green seas churning and tore up the French -barricades as by hurricane. At sunset the firing ceased, and three -detachments of troops launched out in whaleboats at three in the -morning, two of the detachments to make a feint of landing, while Wolfe -with the other division was to run through the surf for the shore at -Freshwater Cove. The French were not deceived. They let Wolfe -approach within range, when the log barricade flashed to flame with a -thousand sharpshooters. Wolfe had foreseen the snare and had waved his - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P254"></A>254}</SPAN> -troops off when he noticed that two boat loads were rowing ashore -through a tremendous surf under shelter of a rocky point. Quickly he -signaled the other boats to follow. In a trice the boats had smashed -to kindling on the reefs, but the men were wading ashore, muskets held -high over head, powder pouches in teeth, and rushed with bayonets -leveled against the French, who had dashed from cover to prevent the -landing. This unexpected landing had cut the French off from -Louisburg. Retreating in panic, they abandoned their batteries and -fifty dead. The English had lost one hundred and nine in the surf. It -is said that Wolfe scrambled from the water like a drowned rat and led -the rush with no other weapon in hand but his cane. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-255"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-255.jpg" ALT="THE SIEGE OF LOUISBURG (From a contemporary print)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="392" HEIGHT="271"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 392px"> -THE SIEGE OF LOUISBURG (From a contemporary print) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -To land the guns through the jostling sea was the next task. It was -done, as in 1745, by a pontoon bridge of small boats, but the work took -till the 29th of June. Wolfe, meanwhile, has marched with twelve -hundred men round to the rear of the marsh and comes so suddenly on the -Grand and Lighthouse Batteries, which defend the harbor, that the -French abandon them to retreat within the walls. This gives the -English such control of the harbor entrance that Drucourt, the French -commander, sinks six of his ships across the channel to bar out -Boscawen's fleet, the masts of the sunken, vessels sticking above the -water. Amherst's men are working like demons, building a road for the -cannon across the marsh and trenching up to the back wall; but they -work only at night and are undiscovered by the French till the 9th of -July. Then the French rush out with a whoop to drive them off, but the -English already have their guns mounted, and Drucourt's men are glad to -dash for shelter behind the cracking walls. It now became a game of -cannon play pure and simple. Boscawen from harbor front hurls his -whistling bombs overhead, to crash through roofs inside the walls. -Wolfe from the Lighthouse Battery throws shells and flaming -combustibles straight into the midst of the remaining French fleet. At -last, on July 21st, masts, sails, tar ropes, take fire in a terrible -conflagration, and three of the fleet burn to the water line with -terrific explosions of their powder magazines; then the flames hiss out -above -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P255"></A>255}</SPAN> -the rocking hulls. Only two ships are left to the French, -and the deep bomb-proof casemates inside the fort between outer and -inner walls, where the families and the wounded have been sheltered, -are now in flame. Amherst loads his shells with combustibles and pours -one continuous rain of fiery death on the doomed fort. The houses, -which are of logs, flame like kindling wood, and now the timber work of -the stone bastions is burning from bombs hurtling through the roofs. -The walls crash down in masses. The scared surgeons, all bloody from -amputating shattered limbs, no longer stand in safety above their -operating tables. It is said that Madame Drucourt, the Governor's -wife, actually stayed on the walls to encourage the soldiers, with her -own hands fired some of the great guns, and, when the overworked -surgeons flagged from terror and lack of sleep, it was Madame Drucourt -who attended to the wounded. Drucourt is for holding out to the death, -until one dark night the English row into the harbor and capture his -two last ships. Then Drucourt asks for terms, July 26; but the terms -are stern,—utter surrender,—and Drucourt would have fought till every -man fell from the walls, had not one of the civil officers rushed after -the commander's messenger carrying -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P256"></A>256}</SPAN> -the refusal, and shouted -across the ditches to the English: "We accept! We surrender! We -accept your terms!" -</P> - -<P> -Counting soldiers, marines, and townspeople, in all five thousand -French pass over to Amherst, to be carried prisoners on Boscawen's -fleet to England. Wolfe was for proceeding at once to Quebec, but -Amherst considered the season too late and determined to complete the -work where he was. One detachment goes to receive the surrender of -Isle St. John, henceforth known as Prince Edward Island. Another -division proceeds up St. John River, New Brunswick, burning all -settlements that refuse unconditional surrender. Wolfe's grenadiers -are sent to reduce Gaspé and Miramichi and northern New Brunswick. And -now, lest blundering statecraft for a second time return the captured -fort to France, Amherst and Boscawen order the complete disarmament and -destruction of Louisburg. What cannon cannot be removed are tumbled -into the marsh or upset into the sea. The stones from the walls are -carried away to Halifax. By 1760, of Louisburg, the glory of New -France, the pride of America, there remains not a vestige but grassed -slopes overgrown by nettles, ditches with rank growth of weeds, stone -piles where the wild vines grow, and an inner yard where the cows of -the fisher folk pasture. -</P> - -<P> -Not a poor beginning for the campaign of 1758, though bad enough news -has come from Major General Abercrombie, which was the real explanation -of Amherst's refusal to push on to Quebec. -</P> - -<P> -Abercrombie, with fifteen thousand men, the pick of the regulars and -provincials, had launched out on Lake George on the 5th of July with -over one thousand boats, to descend the lake northward to the French -fort of Carillon or Ticonderoga. Again, it would require artist's -brush to paint the scene. Rogers' Rangers, dressed in buckskin, led -the way in birch canoes. Lord Howe was there, dressed like a -bushfighter; and with bagpipes setting the echoes ringing amid the -lonely mountains, were the Highland regiments in their tartan plaids. -Flags floated from the prow of every boat. Each battalion had its own -regimental -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P257"></A>257}</SPAN> -band. Scarcely a breath dimpled the waters of the -lake, and the sun shone without a cloud. Little wonder those who -passed through the fiery Aceldama that was to come, afterwards looked -back on this scene as the fairest in their lives. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-257"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-257.jpg" ALT="AMHERST" BORDER="2" WIDTH="260" HEIGHT="357"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 260px"> -AMHERST -</H4> - -<P> -Montcalm had only arrived at Ticonderoga on June 30th. There was no -doubting the news. His bushrovers brought in word that the English -were advancing in such multitudes their boats literally covered the -lake. It looked as if the fate of Fort William Henry were to be -reversed. Montcalm never dreamed of Abercrombie attacking without -artillery. To stay cooped up in the fort would invite destruction. -Therefore Montcalm ordered his men out to construct a circular -breastwork from the River of the Chutes on the southeast, which empties -Lake George, round towards Lake Champlain on the northwest. Huge trees -were felled, pile on pile, top-most branches spiked and pointed -outwards. Behind these Montcalm intrenched his four thousand men, -lying in lines three deep, with grenadiers in reserve behind to step up -as the foremost lines fell. At a cannon signal from the fort the men -were to rise to their places, but not to fire till the English were -entangled in the brushwood. It was blisteringly hot weather. It is -said that the troops took off their heavy three-cornered hats and lay -in their shirt sleeves, hand on musket, speaking no word, but waiting. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P258"></A>258}</SPAN> -On came the English in martial array, pausing in the Narrows at -five o'clock for the troops' evening meal, moving on before daylight of -July 6 to the landing place. The Rangers had brought in word that -Lévis was coming posthaste to Montcalm's aid. Abercrombie thought to -defeat Montcalm before reënforcements could come; and now he committed -his cardinal error. He advanced across the portage without his heavy -artillery. Halfway over, the voice of the French scouts rang out, "Who -goes there?" "French," answer the English soldiers; but the French -were not tricked. The ambushed scouts fired. Lord Howe, the very -spirit of the English army, dropped dead, shot through the breast, -though the English avenged his loss by cutting the French scouts to -pieces. On the night of the 7th the English army bivouacked in sight -of the French barricade. Promptly at twelve o'clock next day a cannon -shot from Ticonderoga brought every Frenchman behind the tree line to -his place at a leap. Abercrombie had ordered his men to rush the -barricade. There was fearful silence till the English were within -twenty paces of the trees. There they broke from quick march to a run -with a wild halloo! Death unerring blazed from the French -barricade,—not bullets only, but broken glass and ragged metal that -tore hideous wounds in the ranks of the English. Caught in the -brushwood, unable even to see their foes, the maddened troops wavered -and fell back. Again Abercrombie roared the order to charge. Six -times they hurled themselves against the impassable wall, and six times -the sharpshooters behind the lines met the advance with a rain of fire. -The Highland troops to the right went almost mad. Lord John Murray, -their commander, had fallen, and not a tenth of their number remained -unwounded; but the broadswords wrought small havoc against the spiked -branches of the log barricade. Obstinate as he was stupid, Abercrombie -kept his men at the bloody but futile attempt till the sun had set -behind the mountains, etching the sad scene with the long painted -shadows. Already almost two thousand English had fallen,—seven -hundred killed, the rest wounded. The French behind the barricade, -where Montcalm marched up and down in his shirt -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P259"></A>259}</SPAN> -sleeves, grimed -with smoke, encouraging the men, had lost less than four hundred. In a -spirit of hilarious bravado a young Frenchman sprang to the top of the -barricade and waved a coat on the end of his bayonet. Mistaking it for -a flag of surrender, the English ceased firing and dashed up with -muskets held on the horizontal above heads. They were actually scaling -the wall when a French officer, realizing the blunder, roared: "Shoot! -shoot! you fools! Don't you see those men will seize you?" -</P> - -<A NAME="img-259t"></A> -<A HREF="images/img-259.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-259t.jpg" ALT="THE COUNTRY ROUND TICONDEROGA" BORDER="2" WIDTH="260" HEIGHT="405"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 260px"> -THE COUNTRY ROUND TICONDEROGA -</H4> - -<P> -Cleaning guns and eating snatches of food, Montcalm's men slept that -night in their places behind the logs. Montcalm had passed from man to -man, personally thanking the troops for their valor. When daylight -came over the hills with wisps of fog like cloud banners from the -mountain tops, and the sunlight pouring gold mist through the valley, -the French rose and rubbed their eyes. They could scarcely believe it! -Surely Abercrombie would come back with his heavy guns. Like the mists -of the morning the English had vanished. Far down the lake they were -retreating in such panic terror they had left their baggage. Places -were found on the portage by French scouts where the English had fled -in such haste, marchers had lost their boots in the mud and not stopped -to -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P260"></A>260}</SPAN> -find them. Such was the battle of Carillon, or -Ticonderoga,—good reason for Amherst refusing to go on to Quebec. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -The year closed with two more victories for the English. Brigadier -John Forbes and Washington succeeded in cutting their way up to Fort -Duquesne by a new road. They found the fort abandoned, and, taking -possession in November, renamed it Pittsburg after the great English -statesman. The other victory was at Frontenac, or Kingston. As the -French had concentrated at Lake Champlain, leaving Frontenac unguarded, -Bradstreet gained permission from Abercrombie to lead three thousand -men across Lake Ontario against La Salle's old fur post. Crossing from -the ruins of old Oswego, Bradstreet encamped beneath the palisades of -Frontenac on the evening of August 25. By morning he had his cannon in -range for the walls. Inside the fort Commandant de Noyan had less than -one hundred men. At seven in the evening of August 27 he surrendered. -Bradstreet permitted the prisoners to go down to Montreal on parole, to -be exchanged for English prisoners held in Quebec. Furs to the value -of $800,000, twenty cannon, and nine vessels were captured. Bradstreet -divided the loot among his men, taking for himself not so much as a -penny's worth. The fort was destroyed. So were the vessels. The guns -and provisions were carried across the lake and deposited at Fort -Stanwix, east of old Oswego. The loss of Duquesne on the Ohio and Fort -Frontenac on Lake Ontario cut French dominion in America in two. -Henceforth there was no highway from New France to Louisiana. In -September, Abercrombie was recalled. Amherst became chief commander. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Wolfe had gone home to England ill. It was while sojourning at the -fashion resort, Bath, that he fell desperately in love with a Miss -Lowther, to whom he became engaged. Then came the summons from Pitt to -meet the cabinet ministers in the war office of London. Wolfe was -asked to take command of the campaign in 1759 against Quebec. It had -been his ambition in Louisburg to proceed at once against Quebec. Here -was his opportunity. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P261"></A>261}</SPAN> -It need not be told, he took it. Amherst -now, on the field south of Lake Champlain, received 10 pounds a day as -commander in chief. For the greater task of reducing Quebec, Wolfe was -to receive 2 pounds a day. Under him were to serve Monckton, -Townshend, and Murray. Admiral Saunders was to command the fleet. -Wolfe advised sending a few ships beforehand to guard the entrance to -the St. Lawrence, and Durell was dispatched for this purpose long -before the main armaments set out. By April 30 the combined fleet and -army were at Halifax, Wolfe with a force of some 8500 men. Wolfe, now -only in his thirty-third year, had been the subject of such jealousy -that he was actually compelled to sail from Louisburg in June without -one penny of ready money in his army chest. Underling officers, whose -duty it was to advance him money on credit, had raised difficulties. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-261"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-261.jpg" ALT="GENERAL JAMES WOLFE" BORDER="2" WIDTH="259" HEIGHT="399"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 259px"> -GENERAL JAMES WOLFE -</H4> - -<P> -Cheers and cheers yet again rent the air as the fleet at last set out -for the St. Lawrence, the soldiers on deck shouting themselves hoarse -as Louisburg faded over the watery horizon, the officers at table the -first night out at sea drinking toast after toast to <I>British colors on -every French fort in America</I>. -</P> - -<P> -At Quebec was fast and furious preparation for the coming siege. -Bougainville had been sent to France from Lake Champlain in 1758 with -report of the victory at Ticonderoga. In vain -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P262"></A>262}</SPAN> -he appealed for -more money, more men for the coming conflict! The French government -sent him back to Quebec with a bundle of advice and platitudes and -titles and badges and promotions and soft words, but of the sinew which -makes war, men and money, France had naught to spare. The rumor of the -English invasion was confirmed by Bougainville. Every man capable of -bearing arms was called to Quebec except the small forces at the -outposts, and Bourlamaque at Champlain was instructed if attacked by -Amherst to blow up Fort Carillon, then Crown Point, and retire. Grain -was gathered into the state warehouses, and so stripped of able-bodied -men were the rural districts that the crops of 1759 were planted by the -women and children. Fire ships and rafts were constructed, the channel -of St. Charles River closed by sinking vessels, and a bridge built -higher up to lead from Quebec City across the river eastward to -Beauport and Montmorency. Along the high cliffs of the St. Lawrence -from Montmorency Falls to Quebec were constructed earthworks and -intrenchments to command the approach up the river. What frigates had -come in with Bougainville were sent higher up the St. Lawrence to be -out of danger; but the crews, numbering 1400, were posted on the -ramparts of Upper Town. Counting mere boys, Quebec had a defensive -force variously given as from 9000 to 14,000; but deducting raw levies, -who scarcely know the rules of the drill room, it is doubtful if -Montcalm could boast of more than 5000 able-bodied fighters. Still he -felt secure in the impregnable strength of Quebec's natural position. -July 29, when the enemy lay encamped beneath his trenches, he could -write, "Unless they [the English] have wings, they cannot cross a river -and effect a landing and scale a precipice." One cruel feature there -was of Quebec's preparations. To keep the habitants on both sides the -river loyal, Vaudreuil, the governor, issued a proclamation telling the -people that the English intended to massacre the inhabitants, men, -women, and children. Meanwhile, morning, noon, and night, the chapel -bells are ringing … ringing … lilting … and calling the -faithful to prayers for the destruction of the heretic invader! Nuns -lie prostrate day and night in prayer for the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P263"></A>263}</SPAN> -country's -deliverance from the English. Holy processions march through the -streets, nuns and priests and little children in white, and rough -soldiery in the uniforms with the blue facings, to pray Heaven's aid -for victory. And while the poor people starve for bread, poultry is -daily fattened on precious wheat that it may make tenderest meat for -Intendant Bigot's table, where the painted women and drunken gamblers -and gay officers nightly feast! -</P> - -<A NAME="img-263"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-263.jpg" ALT="BOUGAINVILLE" BORDER="2" WIDTH="260" HEIGHT="353"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 260px"> -BOUGAINVILLE -</H4> - -<P> -Signal fires light up the hills with ominous warning as the English -fleet glides slowly abreast the current of the St. Lawrence, now -pausing to sound where the yellow riffle of the current shows shallows, -now following the course staked out by flags, here depending on the -Frenchman, whom they have compelled to act as pilot! Nightly from hill -to hill the signal fires leap to the sky, till one flames from Cape -Tourmente, and Quebec learns that the English are surely very near. -Among the Englishmen who are out in the advance boats sounding is a -young man, James Cook, destined to become a great navigator. -</P> - -<P> -June 25, sail after sail, frigate after frigate bristling with cannon, -literally swarming with soldiers and marines, glide round the end of -Orleans Island through driving rain and a squall, and to clatter of -anchor chains and rattle of falling sails, come to rest. "Pray Heaven -they be wrecked as Sir Hovenden Walker's fleet was wrecked long ago," -sigh the nuns of Quebec. If they had -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P264"></A>264}</SPAN> -prayed half as hard that -their corrupt rulers, their Bigots and their kings and their painted -women whose nod could set Europe on fire with war,—if the holy -sisterhood had prayed for this gang of vampires whose vices had brought -doom to the land, to be swallowed in some abyss, their prayers might -have been more effective with Heaven. -</P> - -<P> -Next day a band of rangers lands from Wolfe's ships and finds the -Island of Orleans deserted. On the church door the curé has pinned a -note, asking the English not to molest his church; and expressing -sardonic regret that the invaders have not come soon enough to enjoy -the fresh vegetables of his garden. -</P> - -<P> -Wolfe for the first time gazes on the prize of his highest -ambition,—Quebec. He is at Orleans, facing the city. To his right is -the cataract of Montmorency. From the falls past Beauport to St. -Charles River, the St. Lawrence banks are high cliffs. Above the -cliffs are Montcalm's intrenched fighters. Then the north shore of the -St. Lawrence suddenly sheers up beyond St. Charles River into a lofty, -steep precipice. The precipice is Quebec City: Upper Town and the -convents and the ramparts and Castle St. Louis nestling on an upper -ledge of the rock below Cape Diamond; Lower Town crowding between the -foot of the precipice and tide water. Look again how the St. Lawrence -turns in a sharp angle at the precipice. Three sides of the city are -water,—St. Charles River nearest Wolfe, then the St. Lawrence across -the steep face of the rock, then the St. Lawrence again along a still -steeper precipice to the far side. Only the rear of the city is -vulnerable; but it is walled and inaccessible. -</P> - -<P> -Quebec was a prize for any commander's ambition; but how to win it? -</P> - -<P> -The night of June 28 is calm, warm, pitch-dark, the kind of summer -night when the velvet heat touches you as with a hand. The English -soldiers of the crowded transports have gone ashore, when suddenly out -of the darkness glide fire ships as from an under world, with flaming -mast poles, and hulls in shadow, roaring with fire, throwing out -combustibles, drifting straight down on the tide towards the English -fleet. But the French have managed -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P265"></A>265}</SPAN> -badly. They have set the -ships on fire too soon. The air is torn to tatters by terrific -explosions that light up the outlines of the city spires and churn the -river to billows. Then the English sailors are out in small boats, -avoiding the suck of the undertow. Throwing out grappling hooks, they -tow the flaming fire rafts away from their fleet. It is the first play -of the game, and the French have lost. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-265t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-265.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-265t.jpg" ALT="THE SITE OF QUEBEC AND THE GROUND OCCUPIED DURING THE SIEGE OF 1759" BORDER="2" WIDTH="397" HEIGHT="224"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 397px"> -THE SITE OF QUEBEC AND THE GROUND OCCUPIED DURING THE SIEGE OF 1759 -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -Monckton goes ashore south on Point Lévis side next day. Townshend has -landed his troops east of the Montmorency on the north shore. It is -the second play of the game, and Wolfe has violated every rule of war, -for he has separated his forces in three divisions close to a powerful -enemy. He is counting on Montcalm's policy, however, and Montcalm's -play is to lie inactive, sleeping in his boots, refusing to be lured to -battle till winter drives the English off. It is usual in all accounts -of the great struggle to find that certain facts have been suppressed. -Let us frankly confess that when the English rangers went foraging they -brought back French scalps, and when the French Indians went scouting -they returned with English scalps. However, manners were improving. -Strict orders are given: this is not a war on women; neither women nor -children are to be touched. Wolfe posts proclamations on the parish -churches, calling on the habitants to stand neutral. In answer, they -tear the proclamations down. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P266"></A>266}</SPAN> -By July 12 Wolfe's batteries on the -south side of the river are preparing to shell the city. A band of -five hundred students and habitants rows across from Quebec by night to -dislodge the English gunners, but mistaking their own shots for the -shots of the enemy, fall on each other in the dark and retreat in wild -confusion. Then the English cannon begin to do business. In a single -day half the houses of Lower Town are battered to bits, and high-tossed -bombs have plunged through roofs of Upper Town, burning the cathedral -and setting a multitude of lesser buildings on fire. In the confusion -of cannonade and counter-cannonade and a city on fire, shrouding the -ruins in a pall of smoke, some English ships slip up the river beyond -Quebec, but there the precipice of the river bank is still steeper, and -Bougainville is on guard with two thousand men. For thirty miles -around the English rangers have laid the country waste. Still Montcalm -refuses to come out and fight. -</P> - -<P> -The enforced inaction exasperates Wolfe, whose health is failing him, -and who sees the season passing, no nearer the object of his ambition -than when he came. As he had stormed the batteries of Louisburg, so -now he decides to storm the heights of Montmorency. To any one who has -stood on the knob of rock above the gorge where the cataract plunges to -the St. Lawrence, or has scrambled down the bank slippery with spray, -and watched the black underpool whirl out to the river, Wolfe's venture -must seem madness; for French troops lined the intrenchments above the -cliff, and below a redoubt or battery had been built. Below the -cataract, when the tide ebbed, was a place which might be forded. From -sunrise to sunset all the last days of July, Wolfe's cannon boomed from -Lévis across the city, from the fleet in mid channel, from the land -camp on the east side of Montmorency. Montcalm rightly guessed, this -presaged a night assault. To hide his design, Wolfe kept his -transports shifting up and down the St. Lawrence, as if to land at -Beauport halfway to the city. All the same, two armed transports, as -if by chance, managed to get themselves stranded just opposite the -redoubt below the cliff, where their cannon would protect a landing. -Montcalm saw the move and strengthened the troops behind the earthworks -on the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P267"></A>267}</SPAN> -top of the cliff. Toward sunset the tide ebbed, and at -that time cannon were firing from all points with such fury that the -St. Lawrence lay hidden in smoke. As the air cleared, two thousand men -were seen wading and fording below the falls. There was a rush of the -tall grenadiers for the redoubt. The French retreated firing, and the -cliff above poured down an avalanche of shots. At that moment Wolfe -suffered a cruel and unforeseen check. A frightful thunderstorm burst -on the river, lashing earth and air to darkness. It was impossible to -see five paces ahead or to aim a shot. The cliff roared down with -miniature rivulets and the slippery clay bank gave to every step of the -climbers slithering down waist-deep in mud and weeds. Powder was -soaked. As the rain ceased, Indians were seen sliding down the cliff -to scalp the wounded. Wolfe ordered a retreat. The drums rolled the -recall and the English escaped pellmell, the French hooting with -derision at the top of the banks, the English yelling back strong oaths -for the enemy to come out of its rat hole and fight like men. At the -ford the men, soaked like water rats, and a sorry rabble, got into some -sort of rank and burned the two stranded vessels as they passed back to -the east side. In less than an hour four hundred and forty-three men -had fallen, the most of them killed, many both dead and wounded, into -the hands of the Indian scalpers. -</P> - -<P> -One can guess Wolfe's fearful despair that night. A month had passed. -He had accomplished worse than nothing. In another month the fleet -must leave the St. Lawrence to avoid autumn storms. Fragile at all -times, Wolfe fell ill, ill of fever and of chagrin, and those officers -over whose head he had been promoted did not spare their criticisms, -their malice. It is so easy to win battles of life and war in theory. -</P> - -<P> -As for Quebec, it was felt the siege was over, the contest won. Still -bad news had come from the west. Niagara had fallen before the -English, and the forts on Lake Champlain were abandoned to Amherst. -Nothing now barred the English advance down the Richelieu to Montreal. -Montcalm dispatches Lévis to Montreal with eight hundred men. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P268"></A>268}</SPAN> -Why did Amherst not come to Wolfe's aid? His enemies say because -the commanding general was so sure the siege of Quebec would fail that -he did not want any share of the blame. That may be unjust. Amherst -was of the slow, cautious kind, who marched doggedly to victory. He -may not have wished to risk a second Ticonderoga. Wolfe's position was -now desperate. His only alternatives were success or ruin. "You can't -cure me," he told his surgeon, "but mend me up so I can go on for a few -days." What he did in those few days left his name immortal. Robert -Stobo, who had been captured from Washington's battalions on the Ohio, -and who knew every foot of Quebec from five years of captivity, had -escaped, joined Wolfe, and drawn plans of all surroundings. From his -ship above Quebec Wolfe could see there was one path just behind the -city where men might ascend to the Plains of Abraham outside the rear -wall, but the path was guarded, and Bougainville's troops patrolled -westward as far as Cape Rouge. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-268"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-268.jpg" ALT="LOUIS JOSEPH, MARQUIS DE MONTCALM" BORDER="2" WIDTH="259" HEIGHT="356"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 259px"> -LOUIS JOSEPH, MARQUIS DE MONTCALM -</H4> - -<P> -It was now September. From their trenches above the river the French -could see the English evacuating camp at Montmorency. They were -jubilant. Surely the English were giving up the siege. Night after -night English transports loaded with soldiers ascended the St. Lawrence -above Quebec. What did it mean? Was it a feint to draw Montcalm's men -away from the east side? -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P269"></A>269}</SPAN> -The French general was sleeplessly -anxious. He had not passed a night in bed since the end of June. The -fall rains were beginning, and another month of work in the trenches -meant half the army invalided. -</P> - -<P> -The most of the English fleet was working up and down with the tide -between the western limits of Quebec and Cape Rouge, nine miles away. -Bougainville's force was increased to three thousand men, and he was -ordered to keep especial watch westward. The steepness of the -precipice was guard enough near the town. Wednesday, the 12th of -September, the English troops were ordered to hold themselves in -readiness. They passed the day cleaning their arms, and were ordered -not to speak after nightfall or permit a sound to be heard from the -ranks. Admiral Saunders with the main fleet was to feign attack on the -east side of the city. Admiral Holmes with Wolfe's army, now numbering -not four thousand men, was to glide down with the tide from Cape Rouge -above Quebec. Because the main fleet lay on the east side Montcalm -felt sure the attack would come from that quarter. Deserters had -brought word to Wolfe that some flatboats with provisions were coming -down the river to Quebec that night. -</P> - -<P> -Here, then, the position! Saunders on the east side, opposite -Beauport, feigning attack; Montcalm watching him from the Beauport -cliffs; Wolfe nine miles up the river west of the city; Bougainville -watching him, watching too for those provisions, for Quebec was down to -empty larder. -</P> - -<P> -It is said that as Wolfe rested in his ship, the <I>Sutherland</I>, off Cape -Rouge, he felt strange premonition of approaching death, and repeated -the words of Gray's "Elegy,"—"The paths of glory lead but to the -grave,"—but this has been denied. Certainly he had such strange -consciousness of impending death that, taking a miniature of his -fiancée from his breast, he asked a fellow-officer to return it to her. -About midnight the tide began to ebb, and two lanterns were hung as a -sign from the masthead of the <I>Sutherland</I>. Instantly all the ships -glided silent as the great river down with the tide. The night was -moonless. Near the little bridle path now known as Wolfe's Cove the -ships draw -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P270"></A>270}</SPAN> -ashore. Sharp as iron on stone a sentry's voice rings -out, "Who goes?" -</P> - -<P> -"The French," answers an officer, who speaks perfect French. -</P> - -<P> -"What regiment?" -</P> - -<P> -"The Queen's," replies the officer, who chances to know that -Bougainville has a regiment of that name. Thinking they were the -provision transports, this sentry was satisfied. Not so another. He -ran down to the water's edge, and peering through the darkness called, -"Why can't you speak louder?" -</P> - -<P> -"Hush you! We 'll be overheard," answers the English officer in French. -</P> - -<P> -Thus the English boats glided towards the little bridle path that led -up to the rear of the city. Wolfe's Cove is not a path steep as a -stair up the face of a rock, as the most of the schoolbooks teach; it -is a little weed-grown, stony gully, easy to climb, but slant and -narrow, where I have walked many a night to drink from the spring near -the foot of the cliff. -</P> - -<P> -Twenty-four volunteers lead the way up the stony path, silent and agile -as cats. At the top are the tents of the sentries, who rush from their -couches to be overpowered by the English. Before daybreak the whole -army has ascended to the plateau behind the city, known as the Plains -of Abraham. No use entering here into the dispute whether Wolfe took -his place where the goal now stands, or farther back from the city -wall. Roughly speaking, the main line of Wolfe's forces, three deep, -with himself, Monckton, and Murray in command, faced the rear of Quebec -about three quarters of a mile from what was then the wall. To his -left was the wooded road now known as St. Louis. He posts Townshend -facing this, at right angles to his front line. Another battalion lay -in the woods to the rear. There were, besides, a reserve regiment, and -a battalion to guard the landing. -</P> - -<P> -What was Wolfe's position? Behind him lay Bougainville with three -thousand French soldiers, fresh and in perfect condition. In front lay -Quebec with three thousand more. To his right was the river; to his -left, across the St. Charles, Montcalm's main army of five thousand -men. "When your enemies blunder, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P271"></A>271}</SPAN> -don't interrupt them," Napoleon -is reported to have advised. If some one had not blundered badly now, -it might have been a second Ticonderoga with Wolfe; but some one did -blunder most tragically. -</P> - -<P> -Montcalm had come from the trenches above Beauport, where he had been -guarding against Saunders' landing, and he had ordered hot tea and beer -served to the troops, when he happened to look across the St. Charles -River towards Quebec. It had been cloudy, but the sun had just burst -out; and there, standing in the morning light, were the English in -battle array, red coat and tartan kilt, grenadier and Highlander, in -the distance a confused mass of color, which was not the white uniform -of the French. -</P> - -<P> -"This is a serious business," said Montcalm hurriedly to his aide. -Then, spurs to his big black horse, he was galloping furiously along -the Beauport road, over the resounding bridge across the St. Charles, -up the steep cobblestone streets that lead from Lower to Upper Town, -and out by the St. Louis road to the Plains of Abraham. In Quebec all -was confusion. <I>Who</I> had given the order for the troops to move out -against the English without waiting for Bougainville to come from Cape -Rouge? But there they were, huddling, disorderly columns that crowded -on each other, filing out of the St. Louis and St. John Gates, with a -long string of battalions following Montcalm up from the St. Charles. -And Ramezay, who was commandant of the city, refused to send out part -of his troops; and Vaudreuil, who was at Beauport, delayed to come; and -though Montcalm waited till ten o'clock, Bougainville did not come up -from Cape Rouge with his three thousand men. Easy to criticise and say -Montcalm should have waited till Bougainville and Vaudreuil came. He -could <I>not</I> wait, for Wolfe's position cut his forces in two, and the -army was without supplies. With his four thousand five hundred men he -accepted fate's challenge. -</P> - -<P> -Bagpipes shrilling, English flags waving to the wind, the French -soldiers shouting riotously, the two armies moved towards each other. -Then the English halted, silent, motionless -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P272"></A>272}</SPAN> -statues. The men -were refreshed, for during the four hours' wait from daylight, Wolfe -had permitted them to rest on the grassed plain. The French came -bounding forward, firing as they ran, and bending down to reload. The -English waited till the French were but forty yards away. "They were -not to throw away their fire," Wolfe had ordered. Now forty yards, if -you measure it off in your mind's eye, is short space between hostile -armies. It is not as wide as the average garden front in a suburban -city. Then suddenly the thin red line of the English spoke in a crash -of fire. The shots were so simultaneous that they sounded like one -terrific crash of ear-splitting thunder. The French had no time to -halt before a second volley rent the air. Then a clattering fire -rocketed from the British like echoes from a precipice. With wild -halloo the British were charging, … charging, … charging, the -Highlanders leading with their broadswords flashing overhead and their -mountain blood on fire, Wolfe to the fore of the grenadiers till a shot -broke his wrist! Wrapping his handkerchief about the wound as he ran, -the victorious young general was dashing forward when a second shot hit -him and a third pierced his breast. He staggered a step, reeled, fell -to the ground. Three soldiers and an officer ran to his aid and -carried him in their arms to the rear. He would have no surgeon. It -was useless, he said. "But the day is ours, and see that you keep it," -he muttered, sinking back unconscious. A moment later he was roused by -wild, hilarious, jubilant, heart-shattering shouts. -</P> - -<P> -"Gad! they run! See how they run!" said an English voice. -</P> - -<P> -"<I>Who</I>—run?" demanded Wolfe, roused as if from the sleep of death. -</P> - -<P> -"The enemy, sir. They give way … everywhere." -</P> - -<P> -"Go, one of you," commanded the dying general; "tell Colonel Burton to -march Webb's regiment down Charles River to cut off retreat by the -bridge. Now God be praised!" he added, sinking back; "I die in peace!" -And the spirit of Wolfe had departed, leaving as a heritage a New -Empire of the North, and an immortal fame. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-272"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-272.jpg" ALT="DEATH OF WOLFE (From the painting by Benjamin West)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="530" HEIGHT="423"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 530px"> -DEATH OF WOLFE (From the painting by Benjamin West) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P273"></A>273}</SPAN> - -<P> -Fate had gone hard against the gallant Montcalm. The first volley from -the English line had mowed his soldiers down like ripe wheat. At the -second volley the ranks broke and the ground was thick strewn with the -dead. When the English charged, the French fled in wildest panic -downhill for the St. Charles. Wounded and faint, Montcalm on his black -charger was swept swiftly along St. Louis road in the blind stampede of -retreat. Near the walls a ball passed through his groins. Two -soldiers caught him from falling, and steadied him on either side of -his horse through St. Louis gate, where women, waiting in mad anxiety, -saw the blood dripping over his horse. -</P> - -<P> -"My God! My God! Our marquis is slain!" they screamed. -</P> - -<P> -"It is nothing,—nothing,—good friends; don't trouble about me," -answered the wounded general as he passed for the last time under the -arched gateway of St. Louis road. -</P> - -<P> -"How long have I to live?" he asked the surgeon into whose house he had -been carried. -</P> - -<P> -"Few hours, my lord." -</P> - -<P> -"So much the better," answered Montcalm. "I shall not live to see -Quebec surrendered." -</P> - -<P> -Before daylight, he was dead. Wrapped in his soldier's cloak, laid in -a rough box, the body was carried that night to the Ursuline Convent, -where a bursting bomb had scooped a great hole in the floor. Sad-eyed -nuns and priests crowded the chapel. By torchlight, amid tears and -sobs, the body was laid to rest. -</P> - -<P> -Both generals had died as they had lived,—gallantly. To-day both are -regarded as heroes and commemorated by monuments; but how did their -governments treat them? Of course there were wild huzzas in London and -solemn memorial services over Wolfe; but when his aged mother -petitioned the government that her dead son's salary might be computed -at 10 pounds a day,—the salary of a commander in chief,—instead of 2 -pounds a day, she was refused in as curtly uncivil a note as was ever -penned. Montcalm had died in debt, and when his family petitioned the -French government to pay these debts, the King thought it should be -done, but he did not take the trouble to see that his -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P274"></A>274}</SPAN> -good -intention was carried out. It was easy and cheaper for orators to talk -of heroes giving their lives for their country. There are no better -examples in history of the truth that glory and honor and true service -must be their own reward, independent of any compensation, any -suffering, any sacrifice. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Though the panic retreat continued for hours and Quebec was not -surrendered for some days, the battle was practically decided in ten -minutes. The campaign of the next year was gallant but fruitless. In -April, before the fleet has come back to the English, De Lévis throws -himself with the remnants of the French army against the rear wall of -Quebec; and as Montcalm had come out to fight Wolfe, so Murray marches -out to fight De Lévis. Both sides claimed the battle of Ste. Foye as -victory, but another such victory would have exterminated the English. -Lévis outside the walls, Murray glad to be inside the walls, each side -waited for the spring fleet. If France had come to Canada's aid, even -yet the country might have been won, for sickness had reduced Murray's -army to less than three thousand able men; but the flag that flaunted -from the ship that sailed into the harbor of Quebec on the 9th of May -was British. That decided Canada's fate. De Lévis retreated swiftly -for Montreal, but by September the slow-moving General Amherst has -closed in on Montreal from the west, and up the St. Lawrence from the -east proceeds General Murray. De Lévis and Vaudreuil had less than two -thousand fighting men at Montreal. September 8th they capitulated, and -three years later, by the Treaty of Paris, Canada passed under the -dominion of England. Officers, many of the nobility, Bigot and his -crew, sailed for France, where the Intendant's ring were put on trial -and punished for their corruption and misrule. Bigot suffered -banishment and the confiscation of property. The other members of his -clique received like sentences. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Spite of the hopes of her devoted founders,—like Champlain and -Maisonneuve,—spite of the blood of her martyrs and the prayers of her -missionaries, spite of all the pathfinding of her -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P275"></A>275}</SPAN> -explorers, -spite of the dauntless warfare of her soldier knights,—like Frontenac -and Iberville and Montcalm,—New France had fallen. -</P> - -<P> -Why? -</P> - -<P> -For two reasons: because of England's sea power; because of the -unblushing, shameless, gilded corruption of the French court, which -cared less for the fate of Canada than the leer of a painted fool -behind her fan. But be this remembered,—and here was the hand of -overruling Destiny or Providence,—the fall of New France, like the -fall of the seed to the ready soil, was the rebirth of a new nation. -Henceforth it is not New France, the appendage of an Old World nation. -It is Canada,—a New Dominion. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -To-day wander round Quebec. Tablets and monuments consecrate many of -the old hero days. Though the British government rebuilt a line of -walls in the early eighteen hundreds, you will find it hard to trace -even a vestige of the old French walls. Mounds tell you where there -were bastions. A magnificent boulevard tops the most of the old -ramparts. An imposing hotel stands where Castle St. Louis once frowned -over the St. Lawrence. Of the palace where the Intendant held his -revels there are not even ruins. If you drive out past Beauport, you -will find at the end of a nine-mile forest path the crumbling brick -walls of Château Bigot, the Hermitage, half buried, in the days when I -visited it, with rose vines and orchard trees gone wild. That is all -you will find of the court clique whose folly brought Canada's doom; -but as you drive back from Beauport there towers the city from the -rocky heights above the St. Lawrence,—chapel spire and cross and domed -cathedral roofs aglint in the sunlight like a city of gold. The -church, baptized by the blood of its martyrs, is there in pristine -power; and the fruitful meadows bear witness to the prosperity of the -habitant on whom the burden fell in the days of the ancient régime. -Who shall say that habitant and church do not deserve the place of -power they hold in the government of the Dominion? -</P> - -<BR><BR><BR> - -<A NAME="chap13"></A> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P276"></A>276}</SPAN> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -CHAPTER XIII -</H3> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -FROM 1763 TO 1812 -</H3> - -<P CLASS="intro"> -English law and Quebec—French rights guarded—Pontiac's war—Siege of -Detroit—Fight at Bloody Run—Michilimackinac falls—How Bouquet wins -victory—Return of captives—The peddlers—Methods of -Nor'westers—Traders invade the Up Country—Disaffection in -Canada—Canada invaded—Quebec invested—Montgomery's fight—"Rats in a -trap"—Relief at last—Tricks of ringsters—Coming of Loyalists—Life -in the backwoods -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Quebec has fallen. As jackals gather to feast on the carcass of the -dead lion, so rallies a rabble of adventurers on the trail of the -victorious army. Sutlers, traders, teamsters, riffraff,—soldiers of -fortune,—stampede to Montreal and Quebec as to a new gold field. When -Major Robert Rogers, the English forest ranger, proceeds up the lakes -to take over the western fur posts,—Presqu' Isle, Detroit, -Michilimackinac,—he is followed by hosts of adventurers looking for -swift way to fortune by either the fur trade or by picking the bones of -the dead lion. Major Rogers, beating up Lake Ontario and Lake Erie -with two hundred bushwhackers, pausing in camp near modern Sandusky, -meets the renowned Ottawa warrior, Pontiac, who had fought with the -French against Braddock and now wants to know in voice of thunder what -all this talk about the French being conquered means; how <I>dare</I> the -French, because <I>they</I> have proved paltroons, deed away the Indian -lands of Canada? How dare Rogers, the white chief of the English -rangers, come here with his pale-faced warriors to Pontiac's land? How -Rogers answered the veteran red-skinned warrior is not told. All that -is known is—the French gave up their western furs with bad grace, and -the English commandants forgot to appease the wound to the Indians' -pride by the customary gifts over solemn powwow. At Detroit and -Michilimackinac the French quietly withdraw from the palisades and -build their white-washed cottages outside the limits of the fort—2500 -French habitants there are at Detroit. -</P> - -<P> -If the four or five hundred English adventurers who swarmed to Canada -on the heels of the English army thought to batten on the sixty -thousand defeated French inhabitants, far otherwise thought and decreed -the English generals, Sir Jeffrey -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P277"></A>277}</SPAN> -Amherst, and Murray, who -succeeded him. "You will observe that the French are British subjects -as much as we are, and treat them accordingly," ruled Amherst; and -General Murray, who practically became the first governor of Canada on -Amherst's withdrawal, at once set himself to establish justice. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-277"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-277.jpg" ALT="MAJOR ROBERT ROGERS" BORDER="2" WIDTH="258" HEIGHT="383"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 258px"> -MAJOR ROBERT ROGERS -</H4> - -<P> -No more forced labor! No more carrion birds of the official classes, -like Bigot, fattening on the poor habitants! British government in -Canada for the next few years is known as the period of military rule. -At Quebec, at Three Rivers, at Montreal, the commanding officers -established martial law with biweekly courts; and in the parishes the -local French officers, or seigneurs, are authorized to hear civil -cases. By the terms of surrender the people have been guaranteed their -religious liberty; and the Treaty of Paris, which cedes all Canada to -England in 1763, repeats this guarantee, though it leaves a thorn of -trouble in the flesh of England by reserving to France for the benefit -of the Grand Banks fishermen the Islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, as -well as shore rights of fishing on the west coast of Newfoundland. -Also, the proprietary rights of Jesuits, Sulpicians, Franciscans, are -to remain in abeyance for the pleasure of the English crown. The -rights of the sisterhoods are at once confirmed. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P278"></A>278}</SPAN> -One of General Murray's first acts as governor is to convey -gentle hint to the Abbé Le Loutre, now released from prison and come -back to Canada, that his absence will be appreciated by the government. -Within a few years there are five hundred English residents in Montreal -and Quebec; and now trouble begins for the government,—that wrangle -between English and French, between Protestant and Catholic, which is -to go on for a hundred years and retard Canada's progress by a century. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-278t"></A> -<A HREF="images/img-278.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-278t.jpg" ALT="NORTH AMERICA AT THE CLOSE OF THE FRENCH WARS, 1763" BORDER="2" WIDTH="221" HEIGHT="238"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 221px"> -NORTH AMERICA AT THE CLOSE OF THE FRENCH WARS, 1763 -</H4> - -<P> -Being British-born subjects, the few hundred demand that the Governor -call an assembly,—an elective assembly; but by the laws of England, -Roman Catholics must abjure their religion before they can take office, -and by the Treaty of Paris the Catholics of Canada have been guaranteed -the freedom of their religion. To grant an elective assembly now would -mean that the representatives of the five hundred English traders would -rule over 70,000 French. When accusing the French Catholics of Quebec -of remaining a solidarity so that they may wield the balance of power, -it is well to remember how and when the quarrel began. Murray sides -with the French and stands like a rock for their right. He will have -no elective assembly under present conditions; and he puts summary stop -to the business English magistrates and English bailiffs have hatched -against the rights of the habitant,—of seizing lands for debt at a -time when money is scarce, summoning the debtor simultaneously to two -different courts, then charging such outrageous fees that the debtor's -land is sold for the fees, to be bought in by the rascal ring who have -arranged the plot. Ordinances are still proclaimed in primitive -fashion by the crier going through the streets shouting the laws to -beat of drum; but as the crier -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P279"></A>279}</SPAN> -shouts in English, the habitants -know no more of the laws than if he shouted in Greek. -</P> - -<P> -As Murray opposes the clamor of the English minority, the English -petition the home government for Murray's recall. In the light of the -fact that there were no schools at all in Canada except the Catholic -seminaries, and that of the five hundred English residents only two -hundred had permanent homes in Montreal and Quebec, it is rather -instructive to read as one of the grievances of the English minority -"<I>that the only teachers in Canada were Catholics</I>." -</P> - -<P> -The governor-generalship is offered to Chatham, the great statesman, at -5000 pounds a year. Chatham refusing the position, there comes in 1768 -as governor, at 1200 pounds a year, Sir Guy Carleton, fellow-soldier -and friend of Wolfe in the great war, who follows in Murray's -footsteps, stands like a rock for the rights of the French, orders -debtors released from jail, fees reduced, and a stoppage of forced land -sales. Bitter is the disappointment to the land jobbers, who had -looked for a partisan in Carleton; doubly bitter, for Carleton goes one -better than Murray. For years the French government had issued paper -money in Quebec. After the conquest seventeen millions of these -worthless government promissory notes were outstanding in the hands of -the habitants. Knowing that the paper money is to be redeemed by the -English government, English jobbers are now busy buying up the paper -among the poor French at fifteen cents on the dollar. Carleton sends -the town crier from parish to parish, warning the habitants to hold -their money and register the amounts with the magistrates till the -whole matter can be arranged between England and France. -</P> - -<P> -The first newspaper is established now in Quebec, <I>The Quebec Gazette</I>, -printed in both English and French. Also the first trouble now arises -from having ceded France the two tiny islands south of Newfoundland, -St. Pierre and Miquelon. By English navigation laws, all trade must be -in English ships. Good! The smugglers slip into St. Pierre with a -cargo. By night a ship with a white sail slips out of St. Pierre with -that -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P280"></A>280}</SPAN> -cargo. At Gaspé the sail of that ship is red; at Saguenay -it is yellow; at Quebec it is perhaps brown. Ostensibly the ship is a -fishing smack, but it leaves other cargo than fish at the habitant -hamlets of the St. Lawrence; and the smuggling from St. Pierre that -began in Carleton's time is continued to-day in the very same way. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-280"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-280.jpg" ALT="GENERAL MURRAY, FIRST GOVERNOR OF QUEBEC" BORDER="2" WIDTH="261" HEIGHT="407"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 261px"> -GENERAL MURRAY, FIRST GOVERNOR OF QUEBEC -</H4> - -<P> -And Guy Carleton, though he is an Englishman and owes his appointment -to the complaints of the English minority against Murray, remains -absolutely impartial. Good reason for the wisdom of his policy. There -are rumblings from the New England colonies that forewarn the coming -earthquake. For years friction has been growing between the mother -country and the colonies. The story of the Revolution does not belong -to the story of Canada. For years far-sighted statesmen had predicted -that the minute New England ceased to fear New France, ceased to need -England's protection, that minute the growing friction would flame in -open war. Carleton foresaw that to pander to the English minority -would sacrifice the loyalty of the French. Thus he reported to the -home government, and the Quebec Act of 1774 came to the relief of the -French. By it Canada's boundaries were extended across the region of -the Ohio to the Mississippi. French laws were restored -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P281"></A>281}</SPAN> -in all -civil actions. English law was to rule in criminal cases, which meant -trial by jury. The French are relieved from oaths of office and -enabled to serve on the jury. Also, the Catholic clergy is entitled to -collect its usual tithe of one twenty-sixth from the Catholics. An -elective assembly is refused for reasons that are plain, but a -legislative council is granted, to be appointed by the crown. For the -expense of government a slight tax is levied on liquor; but as the St. -Pierre smuggling is now flourishing, the tax docs not begin to meet the -cost of government, and the difference is paid from the imperial -treasury. However badly the imperial government blundered with the New -England colonies, her treatment of Quebec was an object lesson in -colonizing to the world. Had she treated her New England colonies half -as justly as she treated Quebec, British America might to-day extend to -Mexico. Had she treated Quebec half as unjustly as she treated her own -offspring of New England, the United States might to-day extend to the -Arctic Circle. The man who saved Canada to England, in the first place -by wisdom, in the second place by war, was Sir Guy Carleton. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -While the English and French, Protestant and Catholic, wrangle for -power in Quebec there rages on the frontier one of the most devastating -Indian wars known to American history. Not for nothing had Pontiac -drawn himself to his full height and defied Major Rogers down on Lake -Erie. From tribe to tribe the lithe coureurs ran, naked but for the -breechcloth, painted as for war, carrying in one hand the tomahawk -dipped in blood, in the other the wampum belt of purple, typifying war. -The French had deeded away the Indian lands to the English! The news -ran like wildfire, ran by moccasin telegram from Montreal up Ottawa -River to Michilimackinac, from Niagara westward to Detroit, and -southward to Presqu' Isle and all that chain of forts leading -southwestward to the Mississippi. Was it a "Conspiracy of Pontiac," as -it has been called? Hardly. It was more one of those general -movements of unrest, of discontent, of misunderstanding, that but -awaits the appearance of -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P282"></A>282}</SPAN> -a brave leader to become a torrent of -destruction. Pontiac, the Ottawa chief, was such a leader, and to his -standard rallied Indians from Virginia, from the Mississippi, from Lake -Superior. Of the universal unrest among the Indians the English were -not ignorant, but they failed to realize its significance; failed, too, -to realize that the French fur traders, cast out of the western forts -and now roaming the wilds, fanned the flame, gave presents of gunpowder -and firearms to the savages, and egged the hostiles on against the new -possessors of Canada, in order to divert the fur trade to French -traders still in Louisiana. Down at Miami, southwest of Lake Erie, -Ensign Holmes hears in March of 1763 that the war belt has been carried -to the Illinois. Up at Detroit, in May, Pontiac is camped on the east -side of the river with eight hundred hunters. Daily the French -farmers, who supply the fort with provisions, carry word to Major -Gladwin that the Indians are acting strangely, holding long and secret -powwow, borrowing files to saw off the barrels of their muskets short. -A French woman, who has visited the Indians across the river for a -supply of maple sugar, comes to Gladwin on May 5 with the same story. -From eight hundred, the Indians increase to two thousand. Old -Catherine, a toothless squaw, comes shaking as with the palsy to the -fort, and with mumbling words warns Gladwin to "Beware, beware!" So -does a young girl whose fine eyes have caught the fancy of Gladwin -himself. Breaking out with bitter weeping, she covers her head with -her shawl and bids her white lover have a care how he meets Pontiac in -council. Gladwin himself was a seasoned campaigner, who had escaped -the hurricane of death with Braddock and had also served under Amherst -at Montreal. In his fort are one hundred and twenty soldiers and forty -traders. At the wharf lie the two armed schooners, <I>Beaver</I> and -<I>Gladwin</I>. When Pontiac comes with his sixty warriors Gladwin is ready -for him. In the council house the warriors seat themselves, weapons -concealed under blankets; but when Pontiac raises the wampum belt that -was to be the signal for the massacre to begin, Major Gladwin, never -moving his light blue eyes from -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P283"></A>283}</SPAN> -the snaky gleam of the Indian, -waves his hand, and at the motion there is a roll of drums, a grounding -of the sentry's arms, a trampling of soldiers outside, a rush as of -white men marching. Pontiac is dumfounded and departs without giving -the signal. Back in his cabin of rushes across the river he rages like -a maniac and buries a tomahawk in the skull of the old squaw Catherine. -Monday, May 9, at ten o'clock he comes again, followed by a rabble of -hunters. The gates are shut in his face. He shouts for admittance. -The sentry opens the wicket and in traders' vernacular bids him go -about his business. There is a wild war yell. The siege of Detroit -begins. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-283t"></A> -<A HREF="images/img-283.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-283t.jpg" ALT="SETTLEMENTS ON THE DETROIT RIVER" BORDER="2" WIDTH="261" HEIGHT="428"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 261px"> -SETTLEMENTS ON THE DETROIT RIVER -</H4> - -<P> -The story of that siege would fill volumes. For fifteen months it -lasted, the French remaining neutral, selling provisions to both sides, -Gladwin defiant inside his palisades, the Indians persistent as enraged -hornets. Two English officers who have been out hunting are waylaid, -murdered, skinned, the skin sewed into powder pouches, the bloody -carcasses sent drifting down on the flood of waters past the fort -walls. Desperately in need of provisions from the French, Gladwin -consents to temporary truce while Captain Campbell and others go out to -parley with the Indians. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P284"></A>284}</SPAN> -Gladwin obtains cart loads of -provisions during the parley, but Pontiac violates the honor of war by -holding the messengers captive. Burning arrows are shot at the fort -walls. Gladwin's men sally out by night, hack down the orchards that -conceal the enemy, burn all outbuildings, and come back without losing -a man. Nightly, too, lapping the canoe noiselessly across water with -the palm of the hand, one of the French farmers comes with fresh -provisions. Gladwin has sent a secret messenger, with letter in his -powder pouch, through the lines of the besiegers to Niagara for aid. -May 30, moving slowly, all sails out, the English flag flying from the -prow, comes a convoy of sailboats up the river. Cheer on cheer rent -the air. The soldiers at watch in the galleries inside the palisades -tossed their caps overhead, but as the ships came nearer the whites -were paralyzed with horror. Silence froze the cheer on the parted -lips. Indian warriors manned the boats. The convoy of ninety-six men -had been cut to pieces, only a few soldiers escaping back to Niagara, a -few coming on, compelled by the Indians to act as rowers. As the boats -passed the fort, whoops of derision, wild war chants, eldritch screams, -rose from the Indians. One desperate white captive rose like a flash -from his place at the rowlocks, caught his Indian captor by the scuff -of the neck and threw him into the river; but the redskin grappled the -other in a grip of death. Turning over and over, locked in each -other's arms, the hate of the inferno in their faces, soldier and -Indian swept down to watery death in the river tide. Taking advantage -of the confusion, and under protection of the fort guns, one of the -other captives sprang into the river and succeeded in swimming safely -to the fort. Terrible was the news he brought. All the other forts -south of Niagara, with the exception of Fort Pitt,—Miami, St. Joseph, -Presqu' Isle,—lay in ashes. From some not a man had escaped to tell -the story. -</P> - -<P> -That night it was pitch-dark,—soft, velvet, warm summer darkness. -From the fort the soldiers could see the sixty captives from the convoy -burning outside at the torture stakes. Then as gray morning came -mangled corpses floated past on the river tide. June 18 another vessel -glides up the river with help, but -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P285"></A>285}</SPAN> -the garrison is afraid of a -second disaster, for eight hundred warriors have lain in ambush along -the river. Gladwin orders a cannon fired. The boat fires back answer, -but the wind falls and she is compelled to anchor for the night below -the fort. Sixty soldiers armed to the teeth are on board; but the -captain is determined to out-trick the Indians, and he permits only -twelve of his men at a time on deck. Darkness has barely fallen on the -river before the waters are alive with canoes, and naked warriors -clamber to the decks like scrambling monkeys, so sure they have -outnumbered their prey that they forget all caution. At the signal of -a hammer knock on deck,—rap—rap—rap,—three times short and sharp, -up swarm the soldiers from the hatchway. Fourteen Indians dropped on -the deck in as many seconds. Others were thrown on bayonet points into -the river. It is said that after the fight of a few seconds on the -ship the decks looked like a butcher's shambles. Finally the schooner -anchored at Detroit, to the immense relief of the beleaguered garrison. -So elated were the English, one soldier dashed from a sally port and -scalped a dying Indian in full view of both sides. Swift came Indian -vengeance. Captain Campbell, the truce messenger, was hacked to -pieces. By July 28, Dalzell has come from Niagara with nearly two -hundred men, including Rogers, the famous Indian fighter. Both Dalzell -and Rogers are mad for a rush from the fort to deal one crushing blow -to the Indians. Here the one mistake of the siege was made. Gladwin -was against all risk, for the Indians were now dropping off to the -hunting field, but Dalzell and Rogers were for punishing them before -they left. In the midst of a dense night fog the English sallied from -the fort at two o'clock on the 31st of July for Pontiac's main camp, -about two miles up the river, boats rowing upstream abreast the -marchers. It was hot and sultry. The two hundred and fifty -bushrangers marched in shirt sleeves, two abreast. A narrow footbridge -led across a brook, since known as Bloody Run, to cliffs behind which -the Indians were intrenched. Along the trail were the whitewashed -cottages of the French farmers, who stared from their windows in their -nightcaps, amazed beyond speech at the rashness of the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P286"></A>286}</SPAN> -English. -On a smaller scale it was a repetition of Braddock's defeat on the -Ohio. Indians lay in ambush behind every house, every shrub, in the -long grass. They only waited till Dalzell's men had crossed the bridge -and were charging the hill at a run. Then the war whoop shrilled both -to fore and to rear. The Indians doubled up on their trapped foe from -both sides. Rogers' Rangers dashed for hiding in a house. The drum -beat retreat. Under cover of Rogers' shots from one side, shots from -the boats on the other, Dalzell's men escaped at a panic run back over -the trail with a loss of some sixty dead. In September came more ships -with more men, again to be ambushed at the narrows, and again to reach -Detroit, as the old record says, "bloody as a butcher's shop." So the -siege dragged on for more than a year at Detroit. Winter witnessed a -slight truce to fighting, for starvation drove the Indians to the -hunting field; but May saw Pontiac again encamped under the walls of -Detroit till word came from the French on the lower Mississippi in -October, definitely and for all, they would not join the Indians. Then -Pontiac knew his cause was lost. -</P> - -<P> -Up at Michilimackinac similar scenes were enacted. Major Etherington -and Captain Leslie had some thirty-five soldiers. There were also -hosts of traders outside the walls, among whom was Alexander Henry of -Montreal. Word had come of Pontiac at Detroit, but Etherington did not -realize that the uprising was general. June 4 was the King's birthday. -Shops had been closed. Flags blew above the fort. Gates were wide -open. Squaws with heads under shawls sat hunched around the house -steps, with that concealed beneath their shawls which the English did -not guess. All the men except Henry, who was writing letters, and some -Frenchmen, who understood the danger signs, had gone outside the gates -to watch a fast and furious game of lacrosse. Again and again the ball -came bounding towards the fort gates, only to be whisked to the other -end of the field by a deft toss, followed by the swift runners. No one -was louder in applause than Etherington. The officers were completely -off guard. Suddenly the crowds swayed, gave way, opened; … -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P287"></A>287}</SPAN> -and down the field towards the fort gates surged the players. A -dexterous pitch! The ball was inside the fort. After it dashed the -Indians. In a flash weapons were grasped from the shawls of the -squaws. Musket and knife did the rest. When Henry heard the war whoop -and looked from a window he saw Indian warriors bending to drink the -blood of hearts that were yet warm. For two days Henry lived in the -rubbish heap of the attic in the house of Langlade, a pioneer of -Wisconsin. Of the whites at Michilimackinac only twenty escaped death, -and they were carried prisoners to the Lower Country for ransom. -</P> - -<P> -From Virginia to Lake Superior such was the Indian war known as -Pontiac's Campaign. Fort Pitt held out like Detroit. Niagara was too -strong for assault, but in September twenty-four soldiers, who had been -protecting <I>portage</I> past the falls, were waylaid and driven over the -precipice at the place called Devil's Hole. More soldiers sent to the -rescue met like fate, horses and wagons being stampeded over the rocks, -seventy men in all being hurled to death in the wild canyon. -</P> - -<P> -Amherst, who was military commander at this time, was driven nearly out -of his senses. A foe like the French, who would stand and do battle, -he could fight; but this phantom foe, that vanished like mist through -the woods, baffled the English soldier. In less than six months two -thousand whites had been slain; and Amherst could not even find his -foe, let alone strike him. "<I>Can we not inoculate them with smallpox, -or set bloodhounds to track them</I>?" he writes distractedly. -</P> - -<P> -By the summer of 1764 the English had taken the war path. Bradstreet -was to go up the lakes with twelve hundred men, Bouquet, with like -forces, to follow the old Pennsylvania road to the Ohio, both generals -to unite somewhere south of Lake Erie. Of Bradstreet the least said -the better. He had done well in the great war when he captured Fort -Frontenac almost without a blow; but now he strangely played the fool. -He seemed to think that peace, peace at any price, was the object, -whereas peace that is not a victory is worthless with the Indian. -Deputies met him on the 12th of August near Presqu' Isle, Lake Erie. - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P288"></A>288}</SPAN> -They carried no wampum belts and were really spies. Without -demanding reparation, without a word as to restoring harried captives, -without hostages for good conduct, Bradstreet entered into a fool's -peace with his foes, proceeded up to Detroit, and was back at Niagara -by winter; though he must have realized the worthlessness of the -campaign when his messengers sent to the Illinois were ambushed. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-289"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-289.jpg" ALT="BOUQUET" BORDER="2" WIDTH="257" HEIGHT="336"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 257px"> -BOUQUET -</H4> - -<P> -When Bouquet heard of the sham peace he was furious and repudiated -Bradstreet's treaty in toto. Bouquet was a veteran of the great war, -and knew bushfighting from seven years' experience on Pennsylvania -frontiers. Slowly, with his fifteen hundred rangers and five hundred -Highlanders, express riders keeping the trail open from fort to fort, -scouts to fore, Bouquet moved along the old army trail used by Forbes -to reach Fort Pitt. Friendly Indians had been warned to keep green -branches as signals in the muzzles of their guns. All others were to -be shot without mercy. Indians vanished before his march like mist -before the sun. August 5 found Bouquet south of Fort Pitt at a place -known as Bushy Run. The scouts had gone ahead to prepare nooning for -the army at the Run. In seven hours the men had marched seventeen -miles spite of sweltering heat; but at one, just as the thirsty columns -were nearing the rest place, the crack—crack—crack of rifle shots to -the fore set every man's blood jumping. From quick march they broke to -a run, priming guns, ball in mouth as they ran. A moment later the old -trick of Braddock's ambush was being repeated, but this time the -Indians were dealing with a seasoned man. Bouquet swung his fighters -in a circle round the stampeding horses and provision wagons. The heat -was terrific, the men almost mad with thirst, the horses neighing and -plunging and breaking away to the woods; and the army stood, a -red-coated, tartan-plaid target for invisible foes! By this time the -men were fighting as Indians fight—breaking ranks, jumping from tree -to tree. It is n't easy to keep men standing as targets when they -can't get at the foe; but Bouquet, riding from place to place, kept his -men in hand till darkness screened them. Sixty had fallen. A circular -barricade -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P289"></A>289}</SPAN> -was built of flour bags. Inside this the wounded were -laid, and the army camped without water. The agonies of that night -need not be told. Here the neighing of horses would bring down a -clatter of bullets aimed in the dark; and the groans of the wounded, -trampled by the stampeding cavalcade, would mingle with the screams of -terror from the horses. The night continued hot almost as day in the -sultry forest, and the thirst with both man and beast became anguish. -Another such day and another such night, and Bouquet could foresee his -fate would be worse than Braddock's. Passing from man to man, he gave -the army their instructions for the next day. They would form in three -platoons, with the center battalion advanced to the fore, as if to lead -attack. Suddenly the center was to feign defeat and turn as if in -panic flight. It was to be guessed that the Indians would pursue -headlong. Instantly the flank battalions were to sweep through the -woods in wide circle and close in on the rear of the savages. Then the -fleeing center was to turn. The savages would be surrounded. Daybreak -came with a cracking of shots from ambush. Officers and men carried -out instructions exactly as Bouquet had planned. At ten o'clock the -center column broke ranks, wavered, turned, … fled in wild panic! -With the whooping of a wolf pack in full cry, the savages burst from -ambush in pursuit. The sides deployed. A moment later the center had -turned to fight the pursuer, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P290"></A>290}</SPAN> -and the Highlanders broke from the -woods, yelling their slogan, with broadswords cutting a terrible -hand-to-hand swath. Sixty Indians were slashed to death in as many -seconds. Though the British lost one hundred and fifteen, killed and -wounded, the Indians were in full flight, blind terror at their heels. -The way was now open to Port Pitt, but Bouquet did not dally inside the -palisades. On down the Ohio he pursued the panic-stricken savages, -pausing neither for deputies nor reënforcements. At Muskingum Creek -the Indians sent back the old men to sue, sue abjectedly, for peace at -any cost. -</P> - -<P> -Bouquet met them with the stern front that never fails to win respect. -They need not palm off their lie that the fault lay with the foolish -young warriors. If the old chiefs would not control the young braves, -then the whole tribe, the whole Indian race, must pay the penalty. In -terror the deputies hung their heads. He would not even discuss the -terms of peace, Bouquet declared, till the Indians restored every -captive,—man, woman, and child, even the child of Indian parentage -born in captivity. The captives must be given suitable clothing, -horses, and presents. Twelve days only would he permit them to gather -the captives. If man, woman, or child were lacking on the twelfth day, -he would pursue them and punish them to the uttermost ends of earth. -</P> - -<P> -The Indians were dumfounded. These were not soft words. Not thus had -the French spoken, with the giving of manifold presents. But powder -was exhausted. No more was coming from the French traders of the -Mississippi. Winter was approaching, and the Indians must hunt or -starve. Again the coureurs are sent spurring the woods from tribe to -tribe with wampum belts, but this time the belts are the white bands of -peace. While Bouquet waits he sends back over the trail for hospital -nurses to receive the captives, and the army is set knocking up rude -barracks of log and thatch in the wilderness. Then the captives begin -to come. It is a scene for the brush of artist, for all frontiersmen -who have lost friends have rallied to Bouquet's camp, hoping against -hope and afraid to hope. There is the mother, whose infant child has -been snatched from her arms in -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P291"></A>291}</SPAN> -some frontier attack, now scanning -the lines as they come in, mad with hope and fear. There is the -husband, whose wife has been torn away to some savage's tepee, -searching, searching, searching among the sad, wild-eyed, ill-clad -rabble for one with some resemblance to the wife he loved. There is -the father seeking lost daughters and afraid of what he may find; and -there are the captives themselves, some of the women demented from the -abuse they have received. England may have spent her millions to -protect her colonies, but she never spent in anguish what these rude -frontiersmen suffered at Bouquet's camp. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-291"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-291.jpg" ALT="RETURN OF THE ENGLISH CAPTIVES (From a contemporary print)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="256" HEIGHT="426"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 256px"> -RETURN OF THE ENGLISH CAPTIVES (From a contemporary print) -</H4> - -<P> -So ended what is known as the Pontiac War. Up at Detroit in 1765 -Pontiac, in council with the whites, explains that he has listened to -bad advice, but now his heart is right. "Father, you have stopped the -rum barrel while we talked," he says grimly; "as our business is -finished, we request that you open the barrel, that we may drink and be -merry." -</P> - -<P> -Not a very heroic curtain fall to a dramatic life. But pause a bit: -the Pontiac War was the last united stand of a doomed race against the -advance of the conquering alien; and the Indian is defeated, and he -knows it, and he acknowledges it, and he -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P292"></A>292}</SPAN> -drowns his despair in a -vice, and so he passes down the Long Trail of time with his face to the -west, doomed, hopeless, pushed westward and ever west. -</P> - -<P> -Pontiac goes down the Mississippi to his friends, the French fur -traders of St. Louis. One morning in 1767, after a drinking bout, he -is found across the river, lying in camp, with his skull split to the -neck. By the sword he had lived, by the sword he perished. Was the -murder the result of a drunken quarrel, or did some frenzied -frontiersman with deathless woes bribe the hand of the assassin? The -truth of the matter is unknown, and Pontiac's death remains a theme for -fiction. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -What with struggles for power and Indian wars, one might think that the -few hundred English colonists of Quebec and Montreal had all they could -do. Not so: their quarrels with the French Catholics and fights with -the Indians are merely incidental to the main aim of their lives, to -the one object that has brought them stampeding to Canada as to a new -gold field, namely, quick way to wealth; and the only quick way to -wealth was by the fur trade. In the wilderness of the Up Country -wander some two or three thousand cast-off wood rovers of the old -French fur trade. As the prodigals come down the Ottawa, down the -Detroit, down the St. Lawrence, the English and Scotch merchants of -Montreal and Quebec meet them. Mighty names those merchants have in -history now,—McGillivrays and MacKenzies and McGills and Henrys and -MacLeods and MacGregors and Ogilvies and MacTavishes and Camerons,—but -at this period of the game the most of them were what we to-day would -call petty merchants or peddlers. In their storehouses—small, -one-story, frame affairs—were packed goods for trade. With these -goods they quickly outfitted the French bushrover—$3000 worth to a -canoe—and packed the fellow back to the wilderness to trade on shares -before any rival firm could hire him. Within five years of Wolfe's -victory in 1759 all the French bushrovers of the Up Country had been -reëngaged by merchants of Montreal and Quebec. -</P> - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P293"></A>293}</SPAN> - -<A NAME="img-293"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-293.jpg" ALT="MONTREAL (From a contemporary print)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="388" HEIGHT="326"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 388px"> -MONTREAL (From a contemporary print) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -Then imperceptible changes came,—the changes that work so silently -they are like destiny. Because it is unsafe to let the rascal -bushrovers and voyageurs go off by themselves with $3000 worth to the -canoe load, the merchants began to accompany them westward. -"Bourgeois," the voyageurs call their outfitters. Then, because -success in fur trade must be kept secret, the merchants cease to have -their men come down to Montreal. They meet them with the goods -halfway, at La Vérendrye's old stamping ground on Lake Superior, first -at the place called Grand Portage, then, when the United States -boundary is changed in 1783, at Kaministiquia, or modern Fort William, -named after William McGillivray. Pontiac's War puts a stop to the new -trade, but by 1766 the merchants are west again. Henry goes up the -Saskatchewan to the Forks, and comes back with such wealth of furs he -retires a rich magnate of Montreal. The Frobisher brothers strike for -new hunting ground. So do Peter Pond and Bostonnais Pangman, and the -MacKenzies, Alexander -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P294"></A>294}</SPAN> -and Roderick. Instead of following up the -Saskatchewan, they strike from Lake Winnipeg northward for Churchill -River and Athabasca, and they bring out furs that transform those -peddlers into merchant princes. A little later the chief buyer of the -Montreal furs is one John Jacob Astor of New York. Then another -change. Rivalry hurts fur trade. Especially do different prices -demoralize the Indians. The Montreal merchants pool their capital and -become known as the Northwest Fur Company. They now hire their -voyageurs outright on a salary. No man is paid less than what would be -$500 in modern money, with board; and any man may rise to be clerk, -trader, wintering partner, with shares worth 800 pounds ($4000), that -bring dividends of two and three hundred per cent. The petty merchants -whom Murray and Carleton despised became in twenty years the opulent -aristocracy of Montreal, holding the most of the public offices, -dominating the government, filling the judgeships, and entertaining -with a lavish hospitality that put vice-regal splendor in the shade. -The Beaver Club is the great rendezvous of the Montreal partners. -"Fortitude in Distress" is the motto and lords of the ascendant is -their practice. No man, neither governor nor judge, may ignore these -Nor'westers, and it may be added they are a law unto themselves. One -example will suffice. A French merchant of Montreal took it into his -head to have a share of this wealth-giving trade. He was advised to -pool his interests with the Nor'westers, and he foolishly ignored the -advice. In camp at Grand Portage on Lake Superior he is told all the -country hereabout belongs to the Nor'westers, and <I>he</I> must decamp. -</P> - -<P> -"Show me proofs this country is yours," he answers. "Show me the title -deed and I shall decamp." -</P> - -<P> -Next night a band of Nor'westers, voyageurs well plied with rum, came -down the strand to the intruder's tents. They cut his tents to -ribbons, scatter his goods to the four winds, and beat his voyageurs -into insensibility. -</P> - -<P> -"Voila! there are our proofs," they say. -</P> - -<P> -The French merchant hastens down to Montreal to bring lawsuit, but the -judges, you must remember, are shareholders in the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P295"></A>295}</SPAN> -Northwest -Company, and many of the Legislative Council are Nor'westers. What -with real delays and sham delays and put-offs and legal fees, justice -is a bit tardy. While the case is pending the French merchant tries -again. This time he is not molested at Fort William. They let him -proceed on his way up the old trail to Lake of the Woods, the trail -found by La Vérendrye; and halfway through the wilderness, where the -cataract offers only one path for portage, the Frenchman finds -Nor'-westers building a barricade; he tears it down. They build -another; he tears that down. They build a third; fast as he tears -down, they build up. He must either go back baffled by these suave, -smiling, lawless rivals, or fight on the spot to the death; but there -is neither glory nor wealth being killed in the wilderness, where not -so much as the sands of the shore will tell the true story of the -crime. So the French merchant compromises, sells out to the -Nor'westers at cost plus carriage, and retires to the St. Lawrence -cursing British justice. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -It may be guessed that the sudden eruption of "the peddlers," these -bush banditti, these Scotch soldiers of fortune with French bullies for -fighters, roused the ancient and honorable Hudson's Bay Company from -its half-century slumber of peace. Anthony Hendry, who had gone up the -Saskatchewan far as the Blackfoot country of the foothills, they had -dismissed as a liar in the fifties because he had reported that he had -seen <I>Indians on horseback</I>, whereas the sleepy factors of the bay -ports knew very well they never saw any kind of Indians except Indians -in canoes; but now in the sixties it is noted by the company that not -so many furs are coming down from the Up Country. It is voted "the -French Canadian peddlers of Montreal" be notified of the company's -exclusive monopoly to the trade of these regions. One Findley is sent -to Quebec to look after the Hudson's Bay Company's rights; but while -the English company <I>talks</I> about its rights, the Nor'westers go in the -field and <I>take</I> them. -</P> - -<P> -The English company rubs its eyes and sits up and scratches its heavy -head, and passes an order that Mr. Moses Norton, chief -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P296"></A>296}</SPAN> -factor of -Churchill, send Mr. Samuel Hearne to explore the Up Country. Hearne -has heard of Far-Away-Metal River, far enough away in all conscience -from the Canadian peddlers; and thither in December, 1770, he finds his -way, after two futile attempts to set out. Matonabbee, great chief of -the Chippewyans, is his guide,—Matonabbee, who brings furs from the -Athabasca, and is now accompanied by a regiment of wives to act as -beasts of burden in the sledge traces, camp servants, and cooks. -Hearne sets out in midwinter in order to reach the Coppermine River in -summer, by which he can descend to the Arctic in canoes. Storm or -cold, bog or rock, Matonabbee keeps fast pace, so fast he reaches the -great caribou traverse before provisions have dwindled and in time for -the spring hunt. Here all the Indian hunters of the north gather twice -a year to hunt the vast herds of caribou going to the seashore for -summer, back to the Up Country for the winter, herds in countless -thousands upon thousands, such multitudes the clicking of the horns -sounds like wind in a leafless forest, the tramp of the hoofs like -galloping cavalry. Store of meat is laid up for Hearne's voyage by -Matonabbee's Indians; and a band of warriors joins the expedition to go -down Coppermine River. If Hearne had known Indian customs as well as -he knew the fur trade, he would have known that it boded no good when -Matonabbee ordered the women to wait for his return in the Athabasca -country of the west. Absence of women on the march meant only one of -two things, a war raid or hunt, and which it was soon enough Hearne -learned. They had come at last, on July 12, 1771, on Coppermine River, -a mean little stream flowing over rocky bed in the Barren Lands of the -Little Sticks (Trees), when Hearne noticed, just above a cataract, the -domed tepee tops of an Eskimo camp. It was night, but as bright as day -in the long light of the North. Instantly, before Hearne could stop -them, his Indians had stripped as for war, and fell upon the sleeping -Eskimo in ruthless massacre. Men were brained as they dashed from the -domed tents, women speared as they slept, children dispatched with less -thought than the white man would give to the killing of a fly. In vain -Hearne, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P297"></A>297}</SPAN> -with tears in his eyes, begged the Indians to stop. They -laughed him to scorn, and doubtless wondered where he thought they -yearly got the ten thousand beaver pelts brought to Churchill. A few -days later, July 17, 1771, Hearne stood on the shores of the Arctic, -heaving to the tide and afloat with ice; but the horrors of the -massacre had robbed him of an explorer's exultation, though he was -first of pathfinders to reach the Arctic overland. Matonabbee led -Hearne back to Churchill in June of 1772 by a wide westward circle -through the Athabasca Bear Lake Country, which the Hudson's Bay people -thus discovered only a few years before the Nor'westers came. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-297"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-297.jpg" ALT="SAMUEL HEARNE" BORDER="2" WIDTH="254" HEIGHT="343"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 254px"> -SAMUEL HEARNE -</H4> - -<P> -No longer dare the Hudson's Bay Company ignore the Up Country. Hearne -is sent to the Saskatchewan to build Fort Cumberland, and Matthew -Cocking is dispatched to the country of the Blackfeet, modern Alberta, -to beat up trade, where his French voyageur, Louis Primeau, deserts him -bag and baggage, to carry the Hudson's Bay furs off to the Nor'westers. -No longer does the English company slumber on the shores of its frozen -sea. Yearly are voyageurs sent inland,—"patroons of the woods," given -bounty to stay in the wilds, luring any trade from the Nor'westers. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -The Quebec Act, guaranteeing the rights of the French Canadians, had -barely been put in force before the Congress of the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P298"></A>298}</SPAN> -revolting -English colonies sent up proclamations to be posted on the church doors -of the parishes, calling on the French to throw off the British yoke, -to join the American colonies, "to seize the opportunity to be free." -Unfortunately for this alluring invitation, Congress had but a few -weeks previously put on record its unsparing condemnation of the Quebec -Act. Inspired by those New Englanders who, for a century, had suffered -from French raids, Congress had expressed its verdict on the privileges -granted to Quebec in these words: "<I>Nor can we supress our astonishment -that a British Parliament should establish a religion that has drenched -your island</I> [England] <I>in blood</I>." This declaration was the cardinal -blunder of Congress as far as Canada was concerned. Of the merits of -the quarrel the simple French habitant knew nothing. He did what his -curé told him to do; and the Catholic Church would not risk casting in -its lot with a Congress that declared its religion had drenched England -in blood. English inhabitants of Montreal and Quebec, who had flocked -to Canada from the New England colonies, were far readier to listen to -the invitation of Congress than were the French. -</P> - -<P> -Governor Carleton had fewer than 800 troops, and naturally the French -did not rally as volunteers in the impending war between England and -her English colonies. Should the Congress troops invade Canada? The -question was hanging fire when Ethan Allen, with his two hundred Green -Mountain boys of Vermont, marched across to Lake Champlain in May of -1775, hobnobbed with the guards of Ticonderoga, who drank not wisely -but too well, then rowed by night across the narrows and knocked at the -wicket beside the main gate. The sleepy guards, not yet sober from the -night's carouse, admitted the Vermonters as friends. In rushed the -whole two hundred. In a trice the Canadian garrison of forty-four were -all captured and Allen was thundering on the chamber door of La Place, -the commandant. It was five in the morning. La Place sprang up in his -nightshirt and demanded in whose name he was ordered to surrender. -Ethan Allen answered in words that have gone -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P299"></A>299}</SPAN> -down to history, -"<I>In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress</I>." -Later fell Crown Point. So began the war with Canada in the great -Revolution. -</P> - -<P> -And now, from May to September, Arnold's Green Mountain boys sweep from -Lake Champlain down the Richelieu to the St. Lawrence, as Iberville's -bold bushrovers long ago swept through these woods. However, the -American rovers take no permanent occupation of the different forts on -the falls of the Richelieu River, preferring rather to overrun the -parishes, dispatching secret spies and waiting for the habitants to -rally. And they came once too often, once too far, these bold banditti -of the wilderness, clad in buckskin, musket over shoulder, coonskin -cap! Montreal is so full of spies, so full of friendlies, so full of -Bostonnais in sympathy with the revolutionists, that Allen feels safe -in paddling across the St. Lawrence one September morning to the -Montreal side with only one hundred and fifty men. Montreal has grown -in these ten years to a city of some twelve thousand, but the gates are -fast shut against the American scouts; and while Allen waits in some -barns of the suburbs, presto! out sallies Major Garden with twice as -many men armed to the teeth, who assault the barns at a rush. Five -Americans drop at the first crack of the rifles. The Canadians are -preparing to set fire to the barns. Allen's men will be picked off as -they rush from the smoke. Wisely, he saves his Green Mountain boys by -surrender. Thirty-five capitulate. The rest have escaped through the -woods. Carleton refuses to acknowledge the captives as prisoners of -war. He claps irons on their hands and irons on their feet and places -them on a vessel bound for England to be treated as rebels to the -crown. It is said those of Allen's men who deserted were French -Canadians in disguise—which may explain why Carleton made such severe -example of his captives and at once purged Montreal of the disaffected -by compelling all who would not take arms to leave. -</P> - -<P> -Carleton's position was chancy enough in all conscience. The habitants -were wavering. They refused point-blank to serve as volunteers. They -supplied the invaders with provisions. Spies were everywhere. -Practically no help could come from -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P300"></A>300}</SPAN> -England till spring, and -scouts brought word that two American armies were now marching in force -on Canada,—one by way of the Richelieu, twelve hundred strong, led by -Richard Montgomery of New York, directed against Montreal; the other by -way of the Kennebec, with fifteen hundred men under Benedict Arnold, to -attack Quebec. Carleton is at Montreal. He rushes his troops, six -hundred and ninety out of eight hundred men, up the Richelieu to hold -the forts at Chambly and St. John's against Montgomery's advance. -</P> - -<P> -Half September and all October Montgomery camps on the plains before -Fort St. John's, his rough soldiers clad for the most part in their -shirt sleeves, trousers, and coon cap, with badges of "Liberty or -Death" worked in the cap bands, or sprigs of green put in their hats, -in lieu of soldier's uniform. Inside the fort, Major Preston, the -English commander, has almost seven hundred men, with ample powder. It -is plain to Montgomery that he can win the fort in only one of two -ways,—shut off provisions and starve the garrison out, or get -possession of heavy artillery to batter down the walls. It is said -that fortune favors the dauntless. So it was with Montgomery, for he -was enabled to besiege the fort in both ways. Carleton had rushed a -Colonel McLean to the relief of St. John's with a force of French -volunteers, but the French deserted en masse. McLean was left without -any soldiers. This cut off St. John's from supply of provisions. At -Chambly Fort was a Major Stopford with eighty men and a supply of heavy -artillery. Montgomery sent a detachment to capture Chambly for the -sake of its artillery. Stopford surrendered to the Americans without a -blow, and the heavy cannon were forthwith trundled along the river to -Montgomery at St. John's. Preston sends frantic appeal to Carleton for -help. He has reduced his garrison to half rations, to quarter rations, -to very nearly no rations at all! Carleton sends back secret express. -He can send no help. He has no more men. Montgomery tactfully lets -the message pass in. After siege of forty-five days, Preston -surrenders with all the honors of war, his six hundred and eighty-eight -men marching -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P301"></A>301}</SPAN> -out, arms reversed, and going aboard Montgomery's -ships to proceed as prisoners up Lake Champlain. -</P> - -<P> -The way is now open to Montreal. Benedict Arnold, meanwhile, with the -army directed against Quebec, has crossed from the Kennebec to the -Chaudière, paddled across St. Lawrence River, and on the very day that -Montgomery's troops take possession of Montreal, November 13, Arnold's -army has camped on the Plains of Abraham behind Quebec walls, whence he -scatters his foragers, ravaging the countryside far west as Three -Rivers for provisions. The trials of his canoe voyage from Maine to -the St. Lawrence at swift pace have been terrific. More than half his -men have fallen away either from illness or open desertion. Arnold has -fewer than seven hundred men as he waits for Montgomery at Quebec. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-301"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-301.jpg" ALT="GENERAL RICHARD MONTGOMERY" BORDER="2" WIDTH="249" HEIGHT="327"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 249px"> -GENERAL RICHARD MONTGOMERY -</H4> - -<P> -What of Guy Carleton, the English governor, now? Canada's case seemed -hopeless. The flower of her army had been taken prisoners, and no help -could come before May. Desperate circumstances either make or break a -man, prove or undo him. As reverses closed in on Carleton, like the -wrestlers of old he but took tighter grip of his resolutions. -</P> - -<P> -On November 11, two days before Preston's men surrendered, Carleton, -with two or three military officers disguised as peasants, boarded one -of three armed vessels to go down from Montreal to Quebec. All the -cannon at Montreal had been dismounted and spiked. What powder could -not be carried -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P302"></A>302}</SPAN> -away was buried or thrown into the river. Amid -funereal silence, shaking hands sadly with the Montreal friends who had -gathered at the wharf to say farewell, the English Governor left -Montreal. That night the wind failed, and the three vessels lay to -with limp sails. At Sorel, at Three Rivers, at every hamlet on both -sides of the St. Lawrence, lay American scouts to capture the English -Governor. All next day the vessels lay wind-bound. Desperate for the -fate of Quebec, Carleton embarked on a river barge propelled by sweeps. -Passing Sorel at night Carleton and his disguised officers could see -the camp fires of the American army. Here oars were laid aside and the -raft steadied down the tide by the rowers paddling with the palms of -their hands. Three Rivers was found in possession of the Americans, -and a story is told of Carleton, foredone from lack of sleep, dozing in -an eating house or tavern with his head sunk forward upon his hands, -when two or three American scouts broke into the room. Not a sign did -the English party in peasant disguise give of alarm or uneasiness, -which might have betrayed the Governor. "Come, come," said one of the -English officers in French, slapping Sir Guy Carleton carelessly on the -back, "we must be going"; and the Governor escaped unsuspected. -November 19, to the inexpressible relief of Quebec Carleton reached the -capital city. -</P> - -<P> -Quebec now had a population of some five thousand. All able-bodied men -who would not fight were expelled from the city. What with the small -garrison, some marines who happened to be in port, and the citizens -themselves, eighteen hundred defenders were mustered. On the walls -were a hundred and fifty heavy cannon, and all the streets leading from -Lower to Upper Town had been barricaded with cannon mounted above. At -each of the city gates were posted battalions. Sentries never left the -walls, and the whole army literally slept in its boots. It will be -remembered that the natural position of Quebec was worth an army in -itself. On all sides there was access only by steepest climb. In -front, where the modern visitor ascends from the wharf to Upper Town by -Mountain Street -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P303"></A>303}</SPAN> -steep as a stair, barricades had been built. To -the right, where flows St. Charles River past Lower Town, platforms -mounted with cannon guarded approach. To the rear was the wall behind -which camped Arnold; to the left sheer precipice, above which the -defenders had suspended swinging lanterns that lighted up every -movement on the path below along the St. Lawrence. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-303t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-303.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-303t.jpg" ALT="MAP OF QUEBEC DURING SIEGE OF CONGRESS TROOPS" BORDER="2" WIDTH="393" HEIGHT="461"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 393px"> -MAP OF QUEBEC DURING SIEGE OF CONGRESS TROOPS -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -Early in December comes Montgomery himself to Quebec, on the very ships -which Carleton had abandoned. Carleton refuses even the letter -demanding surrender. Montgomery is -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P304"></A>304}</SPAN> -warned that forthwith any -messenger sent to the walls will come at peril of being shot as rebel. -Henceforth what communication Montgomery has with the inhabitants must -be by throwing proclamations inside or bribing old habitant women as -carriers,—for the habitants continue to pass in and out of the city -with provisions; and a deserter presently brings word that Montgomery -has declared he will "<I>eat his Christmas dinner in Quebec or in Hell</I>!" -Whereupon Carleton retorts, "He may choose his own place, but he shan't -eat it in Quebec." -</P> - -<P> -Montgomery was now in the same position as Wolfe at the great siege. -His troops daily grew more ragged; many were without shoes, and -smallpox was raging in camp. He could not tempt his foe to come out -and fight; therefore he must assault the foe in its own stronghold. It -will be remembered, Wolfe had feigned attack to the fore, and made the -real attack to the rear. Montgomery reversed the process. He feigned -attack to the rear gates of St. John and St. Louis, and made the real -attack to the fore from the St. Charles and the St. Lawrence. While a -few soldiers were to create noisy hubbub at St. John and St. Louis -gates from the back of the city, Arnold was to march through Lower Town -from the Charles River side, Montgomery along the narrow cliff below -the Citadel, through Lower Town, to that steep Mountain Street which -tourists to-day ascend directly from the wharves of the St. Lawrence. -On the squares of Upper Town the two armies were to unite and fight -Carleton. The plan of attack practically encompassed the city from -every side. Spies had brought rumors to Carleton that the signal for -assault for the American troops was to be the first dark stormy night. -Christmas passed quietly enough without Montgomery carrying out his -threat, and on the night before New Year's all was quiet. Congress -soldiers had dispersed among the taverns outside the walls, and -Carleton felt so secure he had gone comfortably to bed. For a month, -shells from the American guns had been whizzing over Upper Town, with -such small damage that citizens had continued to go about as usual. On -the walls was a constant popping from the sharpshooters of both sides, -and occasionally -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P305"></A>305}</SPAN> -an English sentry, parading the walls at -imminent risk of being a target, would toss down a cheery "Good morrow, -gentlemen," to a Congress trooper below. Then, quick as a flash, both -men would lift and fire; but the results were small credit to the aim -of either shooter, for the sentry would duck off the wall untouched, -just as the American dashed for hiding behind barricade or house of -Lower Town. Some of the Americans wanted to know what were the -lanterns and lookouts which the English had constructed above the -precipice of Cape Diamond. Some wag of a habitant answered these were -the sign of a wooden horse with hay in front of it, and that the -English general, Carleton, had said he would not surrender the town -till the horse had caught up to the hay. Skulking riflemen of the -Congress troops had taken refuge in the mansion of Bigot's former -magnificence, the Intendant's Palace, and Carleton had ordered the -cannoneers on his walls to knock the house down. So fell the house of -Bigot's infamy. -</P> - -<P> -Towards 2 A.M. of December 31 the wind began to blow a hurricane. The -bright moonlight became obscured by flying clouds, and earth and air -were wrapped in a driving storm of sleet. Instantly the Congress -troops rallied to their headquarters behind the city. Montgomery at -quick march swept down the steep cliff of the river to the shore road, -and in the teeth of a raging wind led his men round under the heights -of Cape Diamond to the harbor front. Heads lowered against the wind, -coonskin caps pulled low over eyes, ash-colored flannel shirts buttoned -tight to necks, gun casings and sacks wrapped loosely round loaded -muskets to keep out the damp, the marchers tramped silently through the -storm. Overhead was the obscured glare where the lanterns hung out in -a blare of snow above Cape Diamond. Here rockets were sent up as a -signal to Arnold on St. Charles River. Then Montgomery's men were -among the houses of Lower Town, noting well that every window had been -barricaded and darkened from cellar to attic. Somewhere along the -narrow path in front of the town Montgomery knew that barricades had -been built with cannon behind, but he trusted to the storm concealing -his approach till his men could capture them at a rush. At Près -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P306"></A>306}</SPAN> -de Ville, just where the traveler approaching harbor front may to-day -see a tablet erected in memory of the invasion, was a barricade. -Montgomery halted his men. Scouts returned with word that all was -quiet and in darkness—the English evidently asleep; and uncovering -muskets, the Congress fighters dashed forward at a run. But it was the -silence that precedes the thunderclap. The English had known that the -storm was to signal attack, and guessing that the rockets foretokened -the assailants' approach, they had put out all lights behind the -barricade. Until Montgomery's men were within a few feet of the log, -there was utter quiet; then a voice shrieked out, "Fire!—fire!" -Instantly a flash of flame met the runners like a wall. Groans and -screams split through the muffling storm. Montgomery and a dozen -others fell dead. The rest had broken away in retreat,—a rabble -without a commander,—carrying the wounded. Behind the barricade was -almost as great confusion among the English, for Quebec's defenders -were made up of boys of fifteen and old men of seventy, and the first -crash of battle had been followed by a panic, when half the guards -would have thrown down their arms if one John Coffin, an expelled -royalist from Boston, had not shouted out that he would throw the first -man who attempted to desert into the river. -</P> - -<P> -Meantime, how had it gone with Arnold? -</P> - -<A NAME="img-307"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-307.jpg" ALT="SIR GUY CARLETON" BORDER="2" WIDTH="244" HEIGHT="328"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 244px"> -SIR GUY CARLETON -</H4> - -<P> -An English officer was passing near St. Louis Gate when, sometime after -two o'clock, he noticed rockets go up from the river beyond Cape -Diamond. He at once sounded the alarm. Bugles called to arms, drums -rolled, and every bell in the city was set ringing. In less than ten -minutes every man of Quebec's eighteen hundred was in place. American -soldiers marching through St. Roch, Lower Town, have described how the -tolling of the bells rolling through the storm smote cold on their -hearts, for they knew their designs had been discovered, and they could -not turn back, for a juncture must be effected with Montgomery. A -moment later the sham assaults were peppering the rear gates of Quebec, -but Guy Carleton was too crafty a campaigner to be tricked by any sham. -He rightly guessed that the real attack -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P307"></A>307}</SPAN> -would be made on one of -the two weaker spots leading up from Lower Town. "Now is the time to -show what stuff you are made of," he called to the soldiers, as he -ordered more detachments to the place whence came crash of heaviest -firing. This was at Sault-au-Matelot Street, a narrow, steep -thoroughfare, barely twenty feet from side to side. Up this little -tunnel of a street Arnold had rushed his men, surmounting one barricade -where they exchanged their own wet muskets for the dry guns of the -English deserters, dashing into houses to get possession of windows as -vantage points, over, some accounts say, yet another obstruction, till -his whole army was cooped up in a canyon of a street directly below the -hill front on which had been erected a platform with heavy guns. It -was a gallant rush, but it was futile, for now Carleton outgeneraled -Arnold. Guessing from the distance of the shots that the attack to the -rear was sheer sham, the English general rushed his fighters downhill -by another gate to catch Arnold on the rear. Quebec houses are built -close and cramped. While these troops were stealing in behind Arnold -to close on him like a trap, it was easy trick for another English -battalion to scramble over house roofs, over back walls, and up the -very stairs of houses where Arnold's troops were guarding the windows. -Then Arnold was carried past his men badly wounded. "We are sold," -muttered the Congress troops, "caught like rats in a trap." Still they -pressed toward in hand to hand scuffle, with shots at such close range -the Boston soldiers were -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P308"></A>308}</SPAN> -shouting, "Quebec men, do not fire on -your true friends!" with absurd pitching of each other by the scruff of -the neck from the windows. Daylight only served to make plainer the -desperate plight of the entrapped raiders. At ten o'clock five hundred -Congress soldiers surrendered. It must not for one moment be forgotten -that each side was fighting gallantly for what it believed to be right, -and each bore the other the respect due a good fighter and upright foe. -In fact, with the exception of two or three episodes mutually -regretted, it may be said there were fewer bitter thoughts that New -Year's morning than have arisen since from this war. The captured -Americans had barely been sent to quarters in convents and hospitals -before a Quebec merchant sent them a gift of several hogsheads of -porter. When the bodies of Montgomery and his fellow-comrades in death -were found under the snowdrifts, they were reverently removed, and -interred with the honors of war just inside St. Louis Gate. -</P> - -<P> -Though the invaders were defeated, Quebec continued to be invested till -spring, the thud of exploding bombs doing little harm except in the -case of one family, during spring, when a shell fell through the roof -to a dining-room table, killing a son where he sat at dinner. As the -ice cleared from the river in spring, both sides were on the watch for -first aid. Would Congress send up more soldiers on transports; or -would English frigates be rushed to the aid of Quebec? The Americans -were now having trouble collecting food from the habitants, for the -French doubted the invaders' success, and Congress paper money would be -worthless to the holders. One beautiful clear May moonlight night a -vessel was espied between nine and ten at night coming up the river -full sail before the wind. Was she friend or foe? Carleton and his -officers gazed anxiously from the citadel. Guns were fired as signal. -No answer came from the ship. Again she was hailed, and again; yet she -failed to hang out English colors. Carleton then signaled he would -sink her, and set the rampart cannon sweeping her bows. In a second -she was ablaze, a fire ship sent by the enemy loaded with shells and -grenades and bombs that shot off like a fusillade of rockets. At the -same time a boat was seen rowing from the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P309"></A>309}</SPAN> -far side of her with -terrific speed. Carleton's precaution had prevented the destruction of -the harbor fleet. Three days later, at six in the morning, the firing -of great guns announced the coming of an English frigate. At once -every man, woman, and child of Quebec poured down to the harbor front, -half-dressed, mad with joy. By midday, Guy Carleton had led eight -hundred soldiers out to the Plains of Abraham to give battle against -the Americans; but General Thomas of the Congress army did not wait. -Such swift flight was taken that artillery, stores, tents, uneaten -dinners cooked and on the table, were abandoned to Carleton's men. -General Thomas himself died of smallpox at Sorel. At Montreal all was -confusion. The city had been but marking time, pending the swing of -victory at Quebec. In the spring of 1776 Congress had sent three -commissioners to Montreal to win Canada for the new republic. One was -the famous Benjamin Franklin, another a prominent Catholic; but the -French Canadian clergy refused to forget the attack of Congress on the -Quebec Act, and remained loyal to England. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-309"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-309.jpg" ALT="BENEDICT ARNOLD" BORDER="2" WIDTH="259" HEIGHT="288"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 259px"> -BENEDICT ARNOLD -</H4> - -<P> -For almost a year, in desultory fashion, the campaign against Canada -dragged on, Carleton reoccupying and fortifying Montreal, Three Rivers, -St. John's, and Chamby, then pushing up Champlain Lake in October of -1776, with three large vessels and ninety small ones. Between Valcour -Island and the mainland he caught Benedict Arnold with the Congress -boats on October 11, and succeeded in battering them to pieces before - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P310"></A>310}</SPAN> -Arnold could extricate them. As the boats sank, the American -crews escaped ashore; but the English went no farther south than Crown -Point this year. If Carleton had failed at Quebec, there can be no -doubt Canada would have been permanently lost to England; for the -following year France openly espoused the cause of Congress, and -proclamations were secretly smuggled all through Canada to be posted on -church doors, calling on Canadians to remain loyal to France. -Curiously enough, it was Washington, the leader of the Americans, who -checkmated this move. With a wisdom almost prophetic, he foresaw that -if France helped the United States, and then demanded Canada as her -reward, the old border warfare would be renewed with tenfold more -terror. No longer would it be bushrover pitted against frontiersmen. -It would be France against Congress, and Washington refused to give the -aid of Congress to the scheme of France embroiling America in European -wars. The story of how Clark, the American, won the Mississippi forts -for Congress is not part of Canada's history, nor are the terrible -border raids of Butler and Brant, the Mohawk, who sided with the -English, and left the Wyoming valley south of the Iroquois Confederacy -a blackened wilderness, and the homes of a thousand settlers smoking -ruins. It is this last raid which gave the poet Campbell his theme in -"Gertrude of Wyoming." By the Treaty of Versailles, in 1783, England -acknowledged the independence of the United States, and Canada's area -was shorn of her fairest territory by one fell swath. Instead of the -Ohio being the southern boundary, the middle line of the Great Lakes -divided Canada from her southern neighbor. The River Ste. Croix was to -separate Maine from New Brunswick. The sole explanation of this loss -to Canada was that the American commissioners knew their business and -the value of the ceded territory, and the English commissioners did -not. It is one of the many conspicuous examples of what loyalty has -cost Canada. England is to give up the western posts to the United -States, from Miami to Detroit and Michilimackinac and Grand Portage. -In return the United States federal government is to recommend to the -States -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P311"></A>311}</SPAN> -Governments that all property confiscated from Royalists -during the war be restored. -</P> - -<BR> - -<A NAME="img-311"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-311.jpg" ALT="GENERAL HALDIMAND" BORDER="2" WIDTH="257" HEIGHT="329"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 257px"> -GENERAL HALDIMAND -</H4> - -<P> -General Haldimand, a Swiss who has served in the Seven Years' War, -succeeds Carleton as governor in 1778. The times are troublous. There -is still a party in favor of Congress. The great unrest, which ends in -the French Revolution, disturbs habitants' life. Then that provision -of the Quebec Act, by which legislative councilors were to be nominated -by the crown, works badly. Councilors, judges, crown attorneys, even -bailiffs are appointed by the colonial office of London, and find it -more to their interests to stay currying favor in London than to attend -to their duties in Canada. The country is cursed by the evil of absent -officeholders, who draw salaries and appoint incompetent deputies to do -the work. As for the social unrest that fills the air, Haldimand claps -the malcontents in jail till the storm blows over; but the tricks of -speculators, who have flocked to Canada, give trouble of another sort. -Naturally the ring of English speculators, rather than the impoverished -French, became ascendant in foreign trade, and during the American war -the ring got such complete control of the wheat supply that bread -jumped to famine price. Just as he had dealt with the malcontents -soldier fashion, so Haldimand now had a law passed forbidding tricks -with the price of wheat. Like Carleton, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P312"></A>312}</SPAN> -Haldimand too came down -hard on the land-jobbers, who tried to jockey poor French peasants out -of their farms for bailiff's fees. It may be guessed that Haldimand -was not a popular governor with the English clique. Nevertheless, he -kept sumptuous bachelor quarters at his mansion near Montmorency Falls, -was a prime favorite with the poor and with the soldiers, and sometimes -deigned to take lessons in pickle making and home keeping from the -grand dames of Quebec. In 1786 Carleton comes back as Lord Dorchester. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Congress had promised to protect the property of those Royalists who -had fought on the losing side in the American Revolution, but for -reasons beyond the control of Congress, that promise could not be -carried out. It was not Congress but the local governments of each -individual state that controlled property rights. In vain Congress -recommended the States Governments to restore the property confiscated -from the Royalists. The States Governments were in a condition of -chaos, packed by jobbers and land-grabbers and the riffraff that always -infest the beginnings of a nation. Instead of protecting the -Royalists, the States Governments passed laws confiscating more -property and depriving those who had fought for England of even holding -office. It was easy for the tricksters who had got possession of the -loyalists' lands to create a social ostracism that endangered the very -lives of the beaten Royalists, and there set towards Canada the great -emigration of the United Empire Loyalists. To Nova Scotia, to New -Brunswick, to Prince Edward Island, to Ontario, they came from Virginia -and Pennsylvania and New York and Massachusetts and Vermont, in -thousands upon thousands. The story of their sufferings and far -wanderings has never been told and probably never will, for there is -little official record of it; but it can be likened only to the -expulsion of the Acadians multiplied a hundredfold. To the Maritime -Provinces alone came more than thirty thousand people. To the eastern -townships of Quebec, to the regions of Kingston and Niagara and Toronto -in Ontario came some twenty thousand more. It needs no -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P313"></A>313}</SPAN> -trick of -fancy to call up the scene, and one marvels that neither poet nor -novelist has yet made use of it. Here were fine old Royalist officers -of New York reduced from opulence to penury, from wealth to such -absolute destitution they had neither clothing nor food, nor money to -pay ship's passage away, now crowded with their families, and such -wrecks of household goods as had escaped raid and fire, on some cheap -government transport or fishing schooner bound from New York Harbor to -Halifax or Fundy Bay. Of the thirteen thousand people bound for -Halifax there can scarcely be a family that has not lost brothers or -sons in the war. Family plate, old laces, heirlooms, even the father's -sword in some cases, have long ago been pawned for food. If one finds, -as one does find all through Nova Scotia, fine old mahogany and walnut -furniture brought across by the Loyalists, it is only because walnut -and mahogany were not valued at the time of the Revolution as they are -to-day. And instead of welcome at Halifax, the refugees met with -absolute consternation! What is a town of five thousand people to do -with so many hungry visitants? They are quartered about in churches, -in barracks, in halls knocked up, till they can be sent to farms. And -these are not common immigrants coming fresh from toil in the fields of -Europe; they are gently nurtured men and women, representing the -aristocracy and wealth and conservatism of New York. This explains why -one finds among the prominent families of Nova Scotia the same names as -among the most prominent families of Massachusetts and New York. To -the officers and heads of families the English government granted from -two thousand to five thousand acres each, and to sons and daughters of -Loyalists two hundred acres each, besides 3,000,000 pounds in cash, as -necessity for it arose. -</P> - -<P> -On the north side of Fundy Bay hardships were even greater, for the -Loyalists landed from their ships on the homeless shores of the -wildwood wilderness. Rude log cabins of thatch roof and plaster walls -were knocked up, and there began round the log cabin that tiny clearing -which was to expand into the farm. The coming of the Loyalists really -peopled both New Brunswick -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P314"></A>314}</SPAN> -and Prince Edward Island: the former -becoming a separate province in 1784, named after the ruling house of -England; the latter named after the Duke of Kent, who was in command of -the garrison at Charlottetown. -</P> - -<P> -More strenuous still was the migration of the United Empire Loyalists -from the south. Rich old planters of Virginia and Maryland, who had -had their colored servants by the score, now came with their families -in rude tented wagons, fine chippendales jumbled with heavy mahogany -furnishings, up the old Cumberland army road to the Ohio, and across -from the Ohio to the southern townships of Quebec, to the backwoods of -Niagara and Kingston and Toronto and modern Hamilton, and west as far -as what is now known as London. I have heard descendants of these old -southern Loyalists tell how hopelessly helpless were these planters' -families, used to hundreds of negro servants and now bereft of help in -a backwoods wilderness. It took but a year or so to wear out the fine -laces and pompous ruffles of their aristocratic clothing, and men and -women alike were reduced to the backwoods costume of coon cap, homespun -garments, and Indian moccasins. Often one could witness such anomalies -in their log cabins as gilt mirrors and spindly glass cabinets ranged -in the same apartment as stove and cooking utensils. If the health of -the father failed or the war had left him crippled, there was nothing -for it but for the mother to take the helm; and many a Canadian can -trace lineage back to a United Empire Loyalist woman who planted the -first crop by hand with a hoe and reaped the first crop by hand with a -sickle. Sometimes the jovial habits of the planter life came with the -Loyalists to Canada, and winter witnessed a furbishing up of old -flounces and laces to celebrate all-night dance in log houses where -partitions were carpets and tapestries hung up as walls. Sometimes, -too,—at least I have heard descendants of the eastern township people -tell the story,—the jovial habits kept the father tippling and card -playing at the village inn while the lonely mother kept watch and ward -in the cabin of the snow-padded forests. Of necessity the Loyalists -banded together to -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P315"></A>315}</SPAN> -help one another. There were "sugarings off" -in the maple woods every spring for the year's supply of homemade -sugar,—glorious nights and days in the spring forests with the sap -trickling from the trees to the scooped-out troughs; with the grown-ups -working over the huge kettle where the molasses was being boiled to -sugar; with the young of heart, big and little, gathering round the -huge bonfires at night in the woods for the sport of a taffy pull, with -molasses dripping on sticks and huge wooden spoons taken from the pot. -There were threshings when the neighbors gathered together to help one -another beat out their grain from the straw with a flail. There were -"harvest homes" and "quilting bees" and "loggings" and "barn raisings." -Clothes were homemade. Sugar was homemade. Soap was homemade. And -for years and years the only tea known was made from steeping dry -leaves gathered in the woods; the only coffee made from burnt peas -ground up. Such were the United Empire Loyalists, whose lives some -unheralded poet will yet sing,—not an unfit stock for a nation's -empire builders. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -At the same time that the Loyalists came to Canada, came Joseph -Brant,—Thayendanegea, the Mohawk,—with the remnant of his tribe, who -had fought for the English. To them the government granted some -700,000 acres in Ontario. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-315"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-315.jpg" ALT="JOSEPH BRANT" BORDER="2" WIDTH="258" HEIGHT="327"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 258px"> -JOSEPH BRANT -</H4> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P316"></A>316}</SPAN> -It is not surprising that the United Empire Loyalists objected to -living under the French laws of the Quebec Act. They had fought for -England against Congress, but they wanted representative government, -and the Constitutional Act was passed in 1791 dividing the country into -Upper and Lower Canada, each to have its own parliament consisting of a -governor, a legislative council appointed by the crown, and an assembly -elected by the people. There was to be no religious test. Naturally -old French laws would prevail in Quebec, English laws in Ontario or -Upper Canada. By this act, too, land known as the Clergy Reserves was -set apart for the Protestant Church. The first parliament in Quebec -met in the bishop's palace in December of 1792; the first parliament of -Ontario in Newark or Niagara in September of the same year, the most of -the newly elected members coming by canoe and dugout, and, as the -Indian summer of that autumn proved hot, holding many of the sessions -in shirt sleeves out under the trees, Lieutenant Governor Simcoe -reporting that the electors seem to have favored "men of the lower -order, who kept but one table and ate with their servants." The -earliest sessions of the Ontario House were marked by acts to remove -the capital from the boundary across to Toronto, and to legalize -marriages by Protestant clergymen other than of the English church. It -is amusing to read how Governor Simcoe regarded the marriage bill as an -opening of the flood gates to -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P317"></A>317}</SPAN> -republicanism; but for all their -shirt sleeves, the legislators enjoyed themselves and danced till -morning in Navy Hall, the Governor's residence, "Mad Tom Talbot," the -Governor's aid-de-camp, losing his heart to the fine eyes of Brant's -Indian niece, daughter of Sir William Johnson of the old Lake George -battle. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-316"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-316.jpg" ALT="LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR SIMCOE" BORDER="2" WIDTH="258" HEIGHT="327"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 258px"> -LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR SIMCOE -</H4> - -<P> -Down at Quebec things were managed with more pomp, and no social event -was complete without the presence of the Duke of Kent, military -commandant, now living in Haldimand's old house at Montmorency. Nova -Scotia had held parliaments since 1758, when Halifax elected her first -members. -</P> - -<P> -Besides the United Empire Loyalists, other settlers were coming to -Canada. The Earl of Selkirk, a patriotic young Scotch nobleman, had -arranged for the removal of evicted Highlanders to Prince Edward Island -in 1803 and to Baldoon on Lake St. Clair. Then "Mad Tom Talbot," -Governor Simcoe's aid, descendant of the Talbots of Castle Malahide and -boon comrade of the young soldier who became the Duke of Wellington, -becomes so enamored of wilderness life that he gives up his career in -Europe, gains grant of lands between London and Port Dover, and lays -foundations of settlements in western Ontario, spite of the fact he -remains a bachelor. The man who had danced at royalty's balls and -drunk deep of pleasure at the beck of princes now lived in a log house -of three rooms, laughed at difficulties, "baked his own bread, milked -his own cows, made his own butter, washed his own clothes, ironed his -own linen," and taught colonists who bought his lands "how to do -without the rotten refuse of Manchester warehouses,"—the term he -applied to the broadcloth of the newcomer. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Under the French régime, Canada had consisted of a string of fur posts -isolated in a wilderness. It will be noticed that it now consisted of -five distinct provinces of nation builders. -</P> - -<BR><BR><BR> - -<A NAME="chap14"></A> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P318"></A>318}</SPAN> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -CHAPTER XIV -</H3> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -FROM 1812 TO 1820 -</H3> - -<P CLASS="intro"> -Hearne surrenders—Cook on the west coast—Vancouver on -Pacific—Discovery of Mackenzie River—Across to the Pacific—A smash -in bad rapids—Down Fraser River—Cause of war—The Chesapeake -outrage—War declared—Hull surrenders at Detroit—The fight round -Niagara—Soldiers exchange jokes across gorge—The traverse at -Queenston—The surrender at Queenston—1813 A dark year—Raid on -Ogdensburg—Attack on Toronto—Toronto burned—Vincent's soldiers at -Burlington Bay—Ill hap of all the generals—Laura Secord's -heroism—Campaign in the west—Moraviantown Disaster—Chrysler's -farm—De Salaberry's buglers—The charge at Chippewa—Final action at -Lundy's Lane—Great heroism on both sides—Assault at Fort Erie—End of -futile war -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -While Canada waged war for her national existence against her border -neighbors to the south, as in the days of the bushrovers' raids of old, -afar in the west, in the burnt-wood, iron-rock region of Lake Superior, -on the lonely wind-swept prairies, at the foothills where each night's -sunset etched the long shadows of the mountain peaks in somber replica -across the plains, in the forested solitude of the tumultuous Rockies -was the ragged vanguard of empire blazing a path through the -wilderness, voyageur and burnt-wood runner, trapper, and explorer, -pushing across the hinterlands of earth's ends from prairie to -mountains, and mountains to sea. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -It was but as a side clap of the great American Revolution that the -last French cannon were pointed against the English forts on Hudson -Bay. When France sided with the American colonies a fleet of French -frigates was dispatched under the great Admiral La Pérouse against the -fur posts of the English Company. One sleepy August afternoon in 1782, -when Samuel Hearne, governor of Fort Churchill, was sorting furs in the -courtyard, gates wide open, cannon unloaded, guards dispersed, the fort -was electrified by the sudden apparition of three men-of-war, sails -full blown, sides bristling with cannon, plowing over the waves -straight for the harbor gate. French colors fluttered from the -masthead. Sails rattled down. Anchors were cast, and in a few minutes -small boats were out sounding the channel for position to attack the -fort. Hearne had barely forty men, and the most of them were -decrepits, unfit for the hunting field. As sunset merged into the long -white light of northern midnight, four hundred French mariners landed -on the sands outside Churchill. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P319"></A>319}</SPAN> -Hearne had no alternative. He -surrendered without a blow. The fort was looted of furs, the Indians -driven out, and a futile attempt made to blow up the massive walls. -Hearne and the other officers were carried off captives. Matonabbee, -the famous Indian guide, came back from the hunt to find the wooden -structures of Churchill in flame. He had thought the English were -invulnerable, and his pagan pride could not brook the shame of such -ignominious defeat. Withdrawing outside the shattered walls, -Matonabbee blew his brains out. A few days later Port Nelson, to the -south, had suffered like fate. The English officers were released by -La Pérouse on reaching Europe. As for the fur company servants, they -waited only till the French sails had disappeared over the sea. Then -they came from hiding and rebuilt the burnt forts. Such was the last -act in the great drama of contest between France and England for -supremacy in the north. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -For two hundred years explorers had been trying to find a northern -passage between Europe and Asia by way of America, from east to west. -Now that Canada has fallen into English hands; now, too, that the -Russian sea-otter hunters are coasting down the west side of America -towards that region which Drake discovered long ago in California, -England suddenly awakens to a passion for discovery of that mythical -Northwest Passage. Instead of seeking from east to west she sought -from west to east, and sent her navigator round the world to search for -opening along the west coast of America. To carry out the exploration -there was selected as commander that young officer, James Cook, who -helped to sound the St. Lawrence for Wolfe, and had since been cruising -the South Seas. On his ships, the <I>Resolution</I> and the <I>Discovery</I>, -was a young man whose name was to become a household word in America, -Vancouver, a midshipman. -</P> - -<P> -March of 1778 the <I>Resolution</I> and <I>Discovery</I> come rolling over the -long swell of the sheeny Pacific towards Drake's land of New Albion, -California. Suddenly, one morning, the dim sky line resolved into the -clear-cut edges of high land, but by night such a roaring hurricane had -burst on the ships as drove them -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P320"></A>320}</SPAN> -far out from land, too far to -see the opening of Juan de Fuca, leading in from Vancouver Island, -though Cook called the cape there "Flattery," because he had hoped for -an opening and been deluded. Clearer weather found Cook abreast a -coast of sheer mountains with snowy summits jagging through the clouds -in tent peaks. A narrow entrance opened into a two-horned cove. Small -boats towed the ships in amid a flotilla of Indian dugouts whose -occupants chanted weird welcome to the echo of the surrounding hills. -Women and children were in the canoes. That signified peace. The -ships were moored to trees, and the white men went ashore in that -harbor to become famous as the rendezvous of Pacific fur traders, -Nootka Sound, on the sea side of Vancouver Island. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-320"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-320.jpg" ALT="CAPTAIN COOK" BORDER="2" WIDTH="270" HEIGHT="343"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 270px"> -CAPTAIN COOK -</H4> - -<P> -Presently the waters were literally swarming with Indian canoes, and in -a few days Cook's crews had received thousands of dollars' worth of -sea-otter skins for such worthless baubles as tin mirrors and brass -rings and bits of red calico. This was the beginning of the fur trade -in sea otter with Americans and English. Some of the naked savages -were observed wearing metal ornaments of European make. Cook did not -think of the Russian fur traders to the north, but easily persuaded -himself these objects had come from the English fur traders of Hudson -Bay, and so inferred there <I>must</I> be a Northeast Passage. By April, -Cook's ships were once more afloat, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P321"></A>321}</SPAN> -gliding among the sylvan -channels of countless wooded islands up past Sitka harbor, where the -Russians later built their fort, round westward beneath the towering -opal dome of Mount St. Elias, which Bering had named, to the waters -bordering Alaska; but, as the world knows, though the ships penetrated -up the channels of many roily waters, they found no open passage. Cook -comes down to the Sandwich Islands, New Year of 1779. There the vices -of his white crew arouse the enmity of the pagan savages. In a riot -over the theft of a rowboat, Cook and a few men are surrounded by an -enraged mob. By some mistake the white sailors rowing out from shore -fire on the mob surrounding Cook. Instantly a dagger rips under Cook's -shoulder blade. In another second Cook and his men are literally -hacked to pieces. All night the conch shells of the savages blow their -war challenge through the darkness and the signal fires dance on the -mountains. By dint of persuasion and threats the white men compel the -natives to restore the mangled remains of the commander. Sunday, -February 21, amid a silence as of death over the waters, the body of -the dead explorer is committed to the deep. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-320a"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-320a.jpg" ALT="FORT CHURCHILL, AS IT WAS IN 1777" BORDER="2" WIDTH="422" HEIGHT="341"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 422px"> -FORT CHURCHILL, AS IT WAS IN 1777 -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<BR> - -<A NAME="img-320b"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-320b.jpg" ALT="TOTEM POLES, BRITISH COLUMBIA" BORDER="2" WIDTH="430" HEIGHT="326"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 430px"> -TOTEM POLES, BRITISH COLUMBIA -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<BR> - -<P> -The chance discovery of the sea-otter trade by Cook's crew at Nootka -brings hosts of English and American adventurers to the Pacific Coast -of Canada. There is Meares, the English officer from China, who builds -a rabbit hutch of a barracks at Nootka and almost involves England and -Spain in war because the Spaniards, having discovered this region -before Cook, knock the log barracks into kindling wood and forcibly -seize an English trading ship. There is Robert Gray, the Boston -trader, who pushes the prow of his little ship, <I>Columbia</I>, up a -spacious harbor south of Juan de Fuca in May of 1792 and discovers -Columbia River, so giving the United States flag prior claim here. -There is George Vancouver, the English commander, sent out by his -government in 1791-1793 to receive Nootka formally back from the -Spaniards of California and to explore every inlet from Vancouver -Island to Alaska. As luck would have it, Vancouver, the Englishman, -and Gray, the American, are both hovering off -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P322"></A>322}</SPAN> -the mouth of the -Columbia in April of 1792, but a gale drives the ships offshore, though -turgid water plainly indicates the mouth of a great river somewhere -near. Vancouver goes on up north. Gray, the American, comes back, and -so Vancouver misses discovering the one great river that remains -unmapped in America. Up Puget Sound, named after his lieutenant, up -Fuca Straits, round Vancouver Island, past all those inlets like seas -on the mainland of British Columbia, coasts Vancouver, rounding south -again to Nootka in August. In Nootka lie the Spanish frigates from -California, bristling with cannon, the red and yellow flag blowing to -the wind above the palisaded fort. In solemn parade, with Maquinna, -the Nootka chief, clad in a state of nature, as guest of the festive -board, Don Quadra, the Spanish officer, dines and wines Vancouver; but -when it comes to business, that is another matter! Vancouver -understands that Spain is to surrender <I>all</I> sovereignty north of San -Francisco. Don Quadra, with pompous bow, maintains that the -international agreement was to surrender rights only north of Juan de -Fuca, leaving the rest of the northwest coast free to all nations for -trade. Incidentally, it may be mentioned, Don Quadra was right, but -the two commanders agree to send home to their respective governments -for -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P323"></A>323}</SPAN> -instructions. Meanwhile Robert Gray, the American, comes -rolling into port with news he has discovered Columbia River. -Vancouver is skeptical and chagrined. Having failed to discover the -river, he goes down coast to explore it. It may be added, he sends his -men higher up the river than Gray has gone, and has England's flag of -possession as solemnly planted as though Robert Gray had never entered -Columbia's waters. The next two years Vancouver spends exploring every -nook and inlet from Columbia River to Lynn Canal. Once and for all and -forever he disproves the myth of a Northeast Passage. His work was -negative, but it established English rights where America's claims -ceased and Russia's began, namely between Columbia River and Sitka, or -in what is now known as British Columbia. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-322"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-322.jpg" ALT="CAPTAIN GEORGE VANCOUVER" BORDER="2" WIDTH="267" HEIGHT="396"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 267px"> -CAPTAIN GEORGE VANCOUVER -</H4> - -<BR> - -<A NAME="img-323"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-323.jpg" ALT="NOOTKA SOUND (From an engraving in Vancouver's journal)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="386" HEIGHT="305"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 386px"> -NOOTKA SOUND (From an engraving in Vancouver's journal) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -As the beaver had lured French bushrovers from the St. Lawrence to the -Rockies, so the sea otter led the way to the exploration of the Pacific -Coast. Artist's brush and novelist's pen have drawn all the romance -and the glamour and the adventure of the beaver hunter's life, but the -sea-otter hunter's life is -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P324"></A>324}</SPAN> -almost an untold tale. Pacific Coast -Indians were employed by the white traders for this wildest of hunting. -The sea otter is like neither otter nor beaver, though possessing -habits akin to both. In size, when full-grown, it is about the length -of a man. Its pelt has the ebony shimmer of seal tipped with silver. -Cradled on the waves, sleeping on their backs in the sea, playful as -kittens, the sea otters only come ashore when driven by fierce gales; -but they must come above to breathe, for the wave wash of storm would -smother them. Their favorite sleeping grounds used to be the kelp beds -of the Alaskan Islands. Storm or calm, to the kelp beds rode the -Indian hunters in their boats of oiled skin light as paper. If heavy -surf ran, concealing sight and sound, the hunters stood along shore -shouting through the surf and waiting for the wave wash to carry in the -dead body; if the sea were calm, the hunters circled in bands of twenty -or thirty, spearing the sea otter as it came up to breathe; but the -best hunting was when hurricane gales churned sea and air to spray. -Then the sea otter came to the kelp beds in herds, and through the -storm over the wave-dashed reefs, like very spirits of the storm -incarnate, rushed the hunters, spear in hand. It is not surprising -that the sea-otter hunters perished by tens of thousands every year, or -that the sea otter dwindled from a yield of 100,000 a year to a paltry -200 of the present day. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Meanwhile Nor'west traders from Montreal and Quebec, English traders -from Hudson Bay, have gone up the Saskatchewan far as the Athabasca and -the Rockies. What lies beyond? Whither runs this great river from -Athabasca Lake? Whence comes the great river from the mountains? Will -the river that flows north or the river that comes from the west, -either of them lead to the Pacific Coast, where Cook's crews found -wealth of sea otter? The lure of the Unknown is the lure of the siren. -First you possess it, then it possesses you! Cooped up in his fort on -Lake Athabasca, Alexander MacKenzie, the Nor'wester, begins wondering -about those rivers, but you can't ask business men to bank on the -Unknown, to write blank checks for profits on what -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P325"></A>325}</SPAN> -you may not -find. And the Nor'westers were all stern business men. For every -penny's outlay they exacted from their wintering partners and clerks -not ten but a hundredfold. And Alexander MacKenzie received no -encouragement from his company to explore these unknown rivers. The -project got possession of his mind. Sometimes he would pace the little -log barracks of Fort Chippewyan from sunset to day dawn, trying to work -out a way to explore those rivers; or, sitting before the huge hearth -place, he would dream and dream till, as he wrote his cousin Roderick, -"I did not know what I was doing or where I was." Finally he induced -his cousin to take charge of the fort for a summer. Then, assuming all -risk and outlay, he set out on his own responsibility June 3, 1789, to -follow the Great River down to the Arctic Ocean. "English Chief," who -often went down to Hudson Bay for the rival company, went as -MacKenzie's guide, and there were also in the canoes two or three white -men, some Indians as paddlers, and squaws to cook and make moccasins. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-325"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-325.jpg" ALT="FORT CHIPPEWYAN, ATHABASCA LAKE (From a recent photograph)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="388" HEIGHT="307"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 388px"> -FORT CHIPPEWYAN, ATHABASCA LAKE (From a recent photograph) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P326"></A>326}</SPAN> -The canoes passed Peace River pouring down from the mountains; -then six dangerous rapids, where many a Nor'west voyageur had perished, -one of MacKenzie's canoes going smash over the falls with a squaw, who -swam ashore; then rampart shores came, broader and higher than the St. -Lawrence or the Hudson, the boats skimming ahead with blankets hoisted -for sails through foggy days and nights of driving rain. Cramped and -rain-soaked, bailing water from the canoes with huge sponges, the -Indians began to whine that the way was "hard, white man, hard." Then -the river lost itself in a huge lagoon, Slave Lake, named after -defeated Indians who had taken refuge here; and the question was, which -way to go through the fog across the marshy lake! Poking through -rushes high as a man, MacKenzie found a current, and, hoisting a sail -on his fishing pole, raced out to the river again on a hissing tide. -Here lived the Dog Rib Indians, and they frightened MacKenzie's men -cold with grewsome tales of horrors ahead, of terrible waterfalls, of a -land of famine and hostile tribes. The effect was instant. MacKenzie -could not obtain a guide till "English Chief" hoisted a Slave Lake -Indian into the canoe on a paddle handle. Though MacKenzie himself -nightly slept with the vermin-infested guide to prevent desertion, the -fellow escaped one night during the confusion of a thunder-storm. -Again a chance hunter was forcibly put into the canoe as guide; and the -explorer pushed on for another month. North of Bear Lake, Indian -warriors were seen flourishing weapons along shore, and MacKenzie's men -began to remark that the land was barren of game. If they became -winter bound, they would perish. MacKenzie promised his men if he did -not find the sea within seven days, he would turn back. Suddenly the -men lost track of day, for they had come to the region of long light. -The river had widened to swamp lands. Between the 13th and 14th of -July the men asleep on the sand were awakened by a flood of water -lapping in on their baggage. What did it mean? For a minute they did -not realize. Then they knew. It was the tide. They had found the -sea. Hilarious as boys, they jumped from bed to man their canoes and -chase whales. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P327"></A>327}</SPAN> -September 12, all sails up before a driving wind, the canoes -raced across Athabasca Lake to the fort landing, Roderick, his nephew, -shouting a welcome. MacKenzie had laid one of the two ghosts that -haunted his peace. Now he must lay the other. Where did Peace River -come from? His achievement on MacKenzie River had been greeted by the -other Nor'west partners with a snub. Nevertheless MacKenzie asked for -leave of absence that he might go to London and study the taking of -astronomic observations in order to explore that other river flowing -from the mountains; and in London, though poor and obscure, he heard -all about Cook's voyages and Meare's brush with the Spaniards at -Nootka, and plans for Captain Vancouver to make a final exploration of -the Pacific Coast. Hurrying back to the Nor'wester's fort on Peace -River, he was beset by the blue devils of despondency. What if Peace -River did <I>not</I> lead to the Pacific Ocean at all? What if he were -behind some other discoverer? What if the venture proved a fool's trip -leading to a blind nowhere? He was only a junior partner and could ill -afford either money or time for failure. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-327"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-327.jpg" ALT="ALEXANDER MACKENZIE" BORDER="2" WIDTH="257" HEIGHT="328"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 257px"> -ALEXANDER MACKENZIE -</H4> - -<P> -Nevertheless, when the furs have been dispatched for Montreal, -MacKenzie launches out on May 9 of 1793 with a thirty-foot birch canoe, -six voyageurs, and Alexander Mackay as lieutenant, for the hinterland -beyond the Rockies. This time the going was <I>against</I> stream,—hard -paddling, but safer than with a -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P328"></A>328}</SPAN> -swift current in a river with -dangerous rapids. Ten days later the river has become a canyon of -tumbling cascades, the mountains sheer wall on each side, with snowy -peaks jagging up through the clouds. To portage baggage up such cliffs -was impossible. Yet it was equally impossible to go on up the canyon, -and MacKenzie's men became so terrified they refused to land. Jumping -to foothold on the wall, a towrope in one hand, an ax in the other, -MacKenzie cut steps in the cliff, then signaled above the roar of the -rapids for the men to follow. They stripped themselves to swim if they -missed footing, and obeyed, trembling in every limb. The towrope was -warped round trees and the loaded canoe tracked up the cascade. At the -end of that portage the men flatly refused to go on. MacKenzie ignored -the mutiny and ordered the best of provisions spread for a feast. -While the crew rested, he climbed the face of a rocky cliff to -reconnoiter. As far as eye could see were cataracts walled by mighty -precipices. The canoe could not be tracked up such waters. Mackay, -who had gone prospecting a portage, reported that it would be nine -miles over the mountain. MacKenzie did not tell his men what was ahead -of them, but he led the way up the steep mountain, cutting trees to -form an outer railing, and up this trail the canoe was hauled, towline -round trees, the men swearing and sweating and blowing like whales. -Three miles was the record that day, the voyageurs throwing themselves -down to sleep at five in the afternoon, wrapped in their blanket coats -lying close to the glacier edges. Three days it took to cross this -mountain, and the end of the third day found them at the foot of -another mountain. Here the river forked. MacKenzie followed the south -branch, or what is now known as the Parsnip. Often at night the men -would be startled by rocketing echoes like musketry firing, and they -would spring to their feet to keep guard with backs to trees till -morning; but presently they learned the cause of the pistol-shot -reports. They were now on the Uplands among the eternal snows. The -sharp splittings, the far boomings, the dull breaking thuds were frost -cornices of overhanging snow crashing down in avalanches that swept the -mountain slopes clear of forests. -</P> - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P329"></A>329}</SPAN> - -<A NAME="img-329"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-329.jpg" ALT="CAUSE OF A PORTAGE" BORDER="2" WIDTH="389" HEIGHT="309"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 389px"> -CAUSE OF A PORTAGE -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -A short portage from the Parsnip over a low ridge to a lake, and the -canoe is launched on a stream flowing on the far side of the Divide, -Bad River, a branch of the Fraser, though MacKenzie mistakes it for an -upper tributary of the great river discovered by Gray, the Columbia. -Then, before they realize it, comes the danger of going <I>with</I> the -current on a river with rapids. The stream sweeps to a torrent, mad -and unbridled. The canoe is as a chip in a maelstrom, the precipices -racing past in a blur, the Indians hanging frantically to the gunnels, -bawling aloud in fear, the terrified voyageurs reaching, … -grasping, … snatching at trees overhanging from the banks. The -next instant a rock has banged through bottom, tearing away the stern. -The canoe reels in a swirl. Bang goes a rock through the bow. The -birch bark flattens like a shingle. Another swirl, and, to the -amazement of all, instead of the death that had seemed impending, -smashed canoe, baggage, and voyageurs are dumped on the shallows of a -sandy reach. One can guess the gasp of relief that went up. Nobody -uttered a word for some -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P330"></A>330}</SPAN> -time. One voyageur, who had grasped at a -branch and been hoisted bodily from the canoe, now came limping to the -disconsolate group, and had stumbled with lighted pipe in teeth across -the powder that had been spread out to dry, when a terrific yell of -warning brought him to his senses, and relieved the tension. MacKenzie -spread out a treat for the men and sent them to gather bark for a fresh -canoe. Other adventures on Bad River need not be given. This one was -typical. The record was but two miles a day; and now there was no -turning back. The difficulties behind were as great as any that could -be before. June 15 Bad River led them westward into the Fraser, but -somewhere in the canyon between modern Quesnel and Alexandria the way -became impassable. Besides, the river was leading too far south. -MacKenzie struck up Blackwater River to the west. <I>Caching</I> canoe and -provisions on July 4, he marched overland. The Pacific was reached on -July 22, 1793, near Bella Coola. By September, after perils too -numerous to be told, MacKenzie was back at his fur post on Peace River. -As his discoveries on this trip blazed the way to new hunting ground -for his company, they brought both honor and wealth to MacKenzie. He -was knighted by the English King for his explorations, and he retired -to an estate in Scotland, where he died about 1820. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Meanwhile, Napoleon has sold Louisiana to the United States. The -American explorers, Lewis and Clark, have crossed from the Missouri to -the Columbia; and now John Jacob Astor, the great fur merchant of New -York, in 1811 sends his fur traders overland to build a fort at the -mouth of Columbia River. The Northwest Company in frantic haste -dispatches explorers to follow up MacKenzie's work and take possession -of the Pacific fur trade before Astor's men can reach the field. It -becomes a race for the Pacific. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-331"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-331.jpg" ALT="SIMON FRASER" BORDER="2" WIDTH="254" HEIGHT="342"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 254px"> -SIMON FRASER -</H4> - -<P> -Simon Fraser is sent in 1806 to build posts west of the Rockies in New -Caledonia, and to follow that unknown river which MacKenzie mistook for -the Columbia, on down to the sea. Two years he passed building the -posts, that exist to this -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P331"></A>331}</SPAN> -day as Fraser planned them: Fort -MacLeod at the head of Parsnip River, on a little lake set like an -emerald among the mountains; Fort St. James on Stuart Lake, a reach of -sheeny green waters like the Trossachs, dotted with islands and -ensconced in mountains; Fraser Fort on another lake southward; Fort St. -George on the main Fraser River. Then, in May of 1808, with four -canoes Fraser descends the river named after him, accompanied by Stuart -and Quesnel and nineteen voyageurs. This was the river where the -rapids had turned MacKenzie back, canyon after canyon tumultuous with -the black whirlpools and roaring like a tempest. Before essaying the -worst runs of the cascades Fraser ordered a canoe lightened at the prow -and manned by the five best voyageurs. It shot down the current like a -stone from a catapult. "She flew from one danger to another," relates -Fraser, who was watching the canoe from the bank, "till the current -drove her on a rock. The men disembarked, and we had to plunge our -daggers into the bank to keep from sliding into the river as we went -down to their aid, our lives hanging on a thread." Like MacKenzie, -Fraser was compelled to abandon canoes. Each with a pack of eighty -pounds, the voyageurs set out on foot down that steep gorge where the -traveler to-day can see the trail along the side of the precipice like -basket work between Lilloet and Thompson River. In Fraser's day was no -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P332"></A>332}</SPAN> -trail, only here and there bridges of trembling twig ladders -across chasms; and over these swinging footholds the marchers had to -carry their packs, the river rolling below, deep and ominous and -treacherous. At Spuzzum the river turned from the south straight west. -Fraser knew it was not the Columbia. His men named it after himself. -Forty days was Fraser going from St. George to tide water. Early in -August he was back at his fur posts of New Caledonia. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-332"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-332.jpg" ALT="ASTORIA IN 1813" BORDER="2" WIDTH="389" HEIGHT="271"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 389px"> -ASTORIA IN 1813 -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -Yet another explorer did the Nor'westers send to take possession of the -region beyond the mountains. David Thompson had been surveying the -bounds between the United States and what is now Manitoba, when he was -ordered to explore the Rockies in the region of the modern Banff. Up -on Canoe River, Thompson and his men build canoes to descend the -Columbia. Following the Big Bend, they go down the rolling milky tide -past Upper and Lower Arrow Lakes, a region of mountains sheer on each -side as walls, with wisps of mist marking the cloud line. Then a -circular sweep westward through what is now Washington, pausing at -Snake River to erect formal claim of possession for England, then a -riffle on the current, a -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P333"></A>333}</SPAN> -smell of the sea, and at 1 P.M. on July -15, 1811, Thompson glides within view of a little raw new fort, -Astoria. In the race to the Pacific the Americans have gained the -ground at the mouth of the Columbia just two months before Thompson -came. In Astor's fort Thompson finds old friends of the Northwest -Company hired over by Astor. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-333t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-333.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-333t.jpg" ALT="MAP OF THE WEST COAST, SHOWING THE OGDEN AND ROSS EXPLORATIONS" BORDER="2" WIDTH="435" HEIGHT="588"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 435px"> -MAP OF THE WEST COAST, SHOWING THE OGDEN AND ROSS EXPLORATIONS -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<BR> - -<P> -After war has broken out in open flame it is easy to ascribe the cause -to this, that, or the other act, which put the match to the -combustibles; but the real reason usually lies far behind the one act -of explosion, in an accumulation of ill feeling that provided the -combustibles. -</P> - -<P> -So it was in the fratricidal war of 1812 between Canada and the United -States. The war was criminal folly, as useless as it was unnecessary. -What caused it? What accumulated the ill feeling lying ready like -combustibles for the match? Let us see. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -The United Empire Loyalists have, by 1812, increased to some 100,000 of -Canada's population, cherishing bitter memories of ruin and -confiscation and persecution because Congress failed to carry out the -pledge guaranteeing protection to the losing side in the Revolution. -Then, because Congress failed to carry out <I>her</I> guarantee, England -delayed turning over the western fur posts to the United States for -almost ten years; and whether true or false, the suspicion became an -open charge that the hostility of the Indians to American frontiersmen -was fomented by the British fur trader. -</P> - -<P> -Here, then, was cause for rankling anger on both sides, and the -bitterness was unwittingly increased by England's policy. It was hard -for the mother country to realize that the raw new nation of the United -States, child of her very flesh and blood, kindred in thought and -speech, was a power to be reckoned with, on even ground, looking on the -level, eye to eye; and not just a bumptious, underling nation, like a -boy at the hobbledehoy age, to be hectored and chaffed and bullied and -badgered and licked into shape, as a sort of protectorate appended to -English interests. -</P> - -<P> -I once asked an Englishman why the English press was so virulently -hostile to one of the most brilliant of her rising men. -</P> - -<P> -"Oh," he answered, "you must be English to understand that. We never -think it hurts a boy to be well ragged when he 's at school." -</P> - -<P> -Something of that spirit was in England's attitude to the new nation of -the United States. England was hard pressed in life-and-death struggle -with Napoleon. To recruit both army and navy, conscription was rigidly -and ruthlessly enforced. Yet more! England claimed the right to -impress British-born subjects in foreign ports, to seize deserters in -either foreign ports or on foreign ships, and, most obnoxious of all, -to search neutral vessels on the ocean highway for deserters from the -British flag. It was an era of great brutality in military discipline. -Desertions were frequent. Also thousands of immigrants were flocking -to the new nation of the United States and taking out naturalization -papers. England ignored these naturalization papers when taken out by -deserters. -</P> - -<P> -Let us see how the thing worked out. A passenger vessel is coming up -New York harbor. An English frigate with cannon pointed swings across -the course, signals the American vessel on American waters to slow up, -sends a young lieutenant with some marines across to the American -vessel, searches her from stem to stern, or compels the American -captain to read the roster of the crew, forcibly seizes half a dozen of -the American crew as British deserters, and departs, leaving the -Americans gasping with wonder whether they are a free nation or a tail -to the kite of English designs. It need not be explained that the -offense was often aggravated by the swaggering insolence of the young -officers. They considered the fury of the unprepared American crew a -prime joke. In vain the government at Washington complained to the -government at Westminster. England pigeonholed the complaint and went -serenely on her way, searching American vessels from Canada to Brazil. -</P> - -<P> -Or an English vessel has come to Hampton Roads to wood and water. An -English officer thinks he recognizes among the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P335"></A>335}</SPAN> -American crews men -who have deserted from English vessels. Three men defy arrest and show -their naturalization papers. High words follow, broken heads and -broken canes, and the English crew are glad to escape the mob by rowing -out to their own vessel. -</P> - -<P> -Is it surprising that the ill feeling on both sides accumulated till -there lacked only the match to cause an explosion? The explosion came -in 1807. H. M. S. <I>Leopard</I>, cruising off Norfolk in June, encounters -the United States ship <I>Chesapeake</I>. At 3 P.M. the English ship edges -down on the American, loaded to the water line with lumber, and signals -a messenger will be sent across. The young English lieutenant going -aboard the <I>Chesapeake</I> shows written orders from Admiral Berkeley of -Halifax, commanding a search of the <I>Chesapeake</I> for six deserters. He -is very courteous and pleasant about the disagreeable business: the -orders are explicit; he must obey his admiral. The American commander -is equally courteous. He regrets that he must refuse to obey an -English admiral's orders, but his own government has given <I>most</I> -explicit orders that American vessels must <I>not</I> be searched. The -young Englishman returns with serious face. The ships were within -pistol shot of each other, the men on the English decks all at their -guns, the Americans off guard, lounging on the lumber piles. Quick as -flash a cannon shot rips across the <I>Chesapeake's</I> bows, followed by a -broadside, and another, and yet another, that riddle the American decks -to kindling wood before the astonished officers can collect their -senses. Six seamen are dead and twenty-three wounded when the -<I>Chesapeake</I> strikes her colors to surrender; but the <I>Leopard</I> does -not want a captive. She sends her lieutenant back, who musters the -four hundred American seamen, picks out four men as British deserters, -learns that another deserter has been killed and a sixth has jumped -overboard rather than be retaken, takes his prisoners back to the -<I>Leopard</I>, which proceeds to Halifax, where they are tried by -court-martial and shot. -</P> - -<P> -It isn't exactly surprising that the episode literally set the United -States on fire with rage, and that the American President -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P336"></A>336}</SPAN> -at once -ordered all American ports closed to British war vessels. The quarrel -dragged on between the two governments for five years. England saw at -once that she had gone too far and violated international law. She -repudiated Admiral Berkeley's order, offered to apologize and pension -the heirs of the victims; but <I>as she would not repudiate either the -right of impressment or the right of search</I>, the American government -refused to receive the apology. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-336"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-336.jpg" ALT="GENERAL SIR JAMES HENRY CRAIG, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, 1807-1811" BORDER="2" WIDTH="276" HEIGHT="395"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 276px"> -GENERAL SIR JAMES HENRY CRAIG, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, 1807-1811 -</H4> - -<P> -Other causes fanned the flame of war. The United States was now almost -the only nation neutral in Napoleon's wars. To cripple English -commerce, Napoleon forbids neutral nations trading at English ports. -By way of retaliation England forbids neutral nations trading with -French ports; and the United States strikes back by closing American -ports to both nations. It means blue ruin to American trade, but the -United States cannot permit herself to be ground between the upper and -nether millstones of two hostile European powers. Then, sharp as a -gamester playing his trump card, Napoleon revokes his embargo in 1810, -which leaves England the offender against the United States. Then -Governor Craig of Canada commits an error that must have delighted the -heart of Napoleon, who always profited by his enemy's blunders. Well -meaning, but -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P337"></A>337}</SPAN> -fatally ill and easily alarmed, Craig sends one John -Henry from Montreal in 1809 as spy to the United States for the double -purpose of sounding public opinion on the subject of war, and of -putting any Federalists in favor of withdrawing from the Union in touch -with British authorities. Craig goes home to England to die. Henry -fails to collect reward for his ignoble services, turns traitor, and -sells the entire correspondence to the war party in the United States -for $10,000. That spy business adds fuel to fire. Then there are -other quarrels. A deserter from the American army is found teaching -school near Cornwall in Canada. He is driven out of the little -backwoods schoolhouse, pricked across the field with bayonets, out of -the children's view, and shot on Canadian soil by American soldiers, an -outrage almost the same in spirit as the British crew's outrage on the -<I>Chesapeake</I>. Also, in spite of apologies, the war ships clash again. -The English sloop <I>Little Belt</I> is cruising off Cape Henry in May of -1811, looking for a French privateer, when a sail appears over the sea. -The <I>Little Belt</I> pursues till she sights the commodore's blue flag of -the United States frigate <I>President</I>, then she turns about; but by -this time the <I>President</I> has turned the tables on the little sloop, -and is pursuing to find out what the former's conduct meant. Darkness -settles over the two ships beating about the wind. -</P> - -<P> -"What sloop is that?" shouts an officer through a speaking trumpet from -the American's decks. -</P> - -<P> -"What ship is <I>that</I>?" bawls back a voice through the darkness from the -little Englander. -</P> - -<P> -Then, before any one can tell who fired first (in fact, each accuses -the other of firing first), the cannon are pouring hot shot into each -other's hulls till thirty men have fallen on the decks of the <I>Little -Belt</I>. Apologies follow, of course, and explanations; but that does -not remedy the ill. In fact, when nations and people want to quarrel, -they can always find a cause. War is declared in June of 1812 by -Congress. It is war against England; but that means war against -Canada, though there are not forty-five hundred soldiers from Halifax -to Lake Huron. As for -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P338"></A>338}</SPAN> -the American forces, they muster an army -of some one hundred and fifty thousand; but their generals complain -they are "an untrained mob"; and events justified the complaints. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -There is nothing for Canada to do but stand up to the war of England's -making and fight for hearth and home. Canada on the defensive, there -is nothing for the States to do but invade; and the American generals -don't relish the task with their "untrained mob." -</P> - -<A NAME="img-338"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-338.jpg" ALT="WILLIAM HULL" BORDER="2" WIDTH="225" HEIGHT="312"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 225px"> -WILLIAM HULL -</H4> - -<P> -Upper Canada or Ontario has not four hundred soldiers from Kingston to -Detroit River; but Major General Isaac Brock calls for volunteers. The -clang of arms, of drill, of target practice, resounds in every hamlet -through Canada. At Kingston, at Toronto, at Fort George (Niagara), at -Erie where Niagara River comes from the lake, at Amherstburg, southeast -of Detroit, are stationed garrisons to repel invasion, with hastily -erected cannon and mortar commanding approach from the American side. -And invasion comes soon enough. The declaration of war became known in -Canada about the 20th of June. By July 3 General Hull of Michigan is -at Detroit with two thousand five hundred men preparing to sweep -western Ontario. July 3 an English schooner captures Hull's provision -boat coming up Detroit River, but Hull crosses with his army on July 12 -to Sandwich, opposite Detroit, and issues proclamation calling on the -people to throw off the yoke of English rule. How such an invitation -fell on United Empire Loyalist ears may be guessed. Meanwhile comes -word that the Northwest -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P339"></A>339}</SPAN> -Company's voyageurs, with four hundred -Indians, have captured Michilimackinac without a blow. The fall of -Michilimackinac, the failure of the Canadians to rally to his flag, the -loss of his provision boat, dampen Hull's ardor so that on August 8 he -moves back with his troops to Detroit. Eight days later comes Brock -from Niagara with five hundred Loyalists and one thousand Indians under -the great chief Tecumseh to join Procter's garrison of six hundred at -Amherstburg. The Canadians have come by open boat up Lake Erie from -Niagara through furious rains; but they are fighting for their homes, -and with eager enthusiasm follow Brock on up Detroit River to Sandwich, -opposite the American fort. Indians come by night and lie in ambush -south of Detroit to protect the Canadians while they cross the river. -Then the cannon on the Canadian side begin a humming of bombs overhead. -While the bombs play over the stream at Sandwich, Brock rushes thirteen -hundred men across the river south of Detroit, and before midday of -August 16 is marching his men through the woods to assault the fort, -when he is met by an officer carrying out the white flag of surrender. -While Brock was crossing the river, something had happened inside the -fort at Detroit. It was one of those curious cases of blind panic when -only the iron grip of a strong man can hold demoralized forces in hand. -The American officers had sat down to breakfast in the mess room at day -dawn, when a bomb plunged through the roof killing four on the spot and -spattering the walls with the blood of the mangled bodies. Disgraceful -stories are told of Hull's conduct. Ashy with fright and trembling, he -dashed from the room, and, before the other officers knew what he was -about, had offered to surrender his army, twenty-five hundred arms, -thirty-three cannon, an armed brig, and the whole state of Michigan. -The case is probably more an example of nervous hysterics than treason, -though the other American officers broke their swords with rage and -chagrin, declaring they had been sold for a price. It was but the -first of the many times the lesson was taught in this war, that however -well intentioned a volunteer's courage may be, it takes a seasoned man -to make war. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P340"></A>340}</SPAN> -Ten minutes later, a boy had climbed the flagstaff -and hung out the English flag over Detroit. Of the captured American -army Brock permitted the volunteer privates to go home on parole. The -regulars, including Hull, were carried back prisoners on the boats to -Niagara, to be forwarded to Montreal. At Montreal, Hull was given back -to the Americans in exchange for thirty British prisoners. He was -sentenced by court-martial to be shot for treason and cowardice, but -the sentence was commuted. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-340t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-340.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-340t.jpg" ALT="MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE MILITARY OPERATIONS ON THE DETROIT RIVER" BORDER="2" WIDTH="385" HEIGHT="380"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 385px"> -MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE MILITARY OPERATIONS ON THE DETROIT RIVER -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<BR> - -<P> -At Niagara River, where the main troops of Ontario were centered, -Brock's victory was greeted with simply a madness of joy. From the -first it had been plain that the principal fighting in Ontario would -take place at Niagara, and along the river Brock had concentrated some -sixteen hundred volunteer troops, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P341"></A>341}</SPAN> -raw farm hands most of them, -with a goodly proportion of descendants from the United Empire -Loyalists, who had furbished out their fathers' swords. But the army -was in rags and tatters; many men had no shoes; before Brock captured -the guns at Detroit there had not been muskets to go round the men, and -there were not cannon enough to mount the batteries cast up along -Niagara River facing the American defenses. As the boats came down -Lake Erie and disembarked the American prisoners on August 24, at Fort -Erie on the Canadian side, opposite Black Rock and Buffalo, wild yells -of jubilation rent the air. By nightfall every camp on the Canadian -side for the whole forty miles of Niagara River's course echoed to -shout and counter shout, and a wild refrain which some poet of the -haversack had composed on the spot: -</P> - -<P CLASS="poem"> -We 'll subdue the mighty Democrats and pull their dwellings down,<BR> -And have the States inhabited with subjects of the Crown.<BR> -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Take a survey of the Niagara region. South is Lake Erie, north is Lake -Ontario, between them Niagara River flowing almost straight north -through a steep dark gorge hewn out of the solid rock by the living -waters of all the Upper Lakes, crushed and cramped, carving a turbulent -way through this narrow canyon. Midway in the river's course the blue -waters begin to race. The race becomes a dizzy madness of blurred, -whirling, raging waters. Then there is the leap, the plunge, the -shattering anger of inland seas hurling their strength over the sheer -precipice in resistless force. Then the foaming whirlpool below, and -the shadowy gorge, and the undercurrent eddying away in the -swift-flowing waters of the river coming out on Lake Ontario. On one -side are the Canadian forts, on the other the American, slab-walled all -of them, with scarcely a stone foundation except in bastions used as -powder magazines. Fort Erie on the Canadian side faces Buffalo and -Black Rock on the American side. Where the old French voyageurs used -to portage past the Falls, about halfway on the Canadian side south of -the precipice, is the village of Chippewa. Here Brock has stationed -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P342"></A>342}</SPAN> -a garrison with cannon. Then halfway between the Falls and Lake -Ontario are high cliffs known as Queenston Heights, in plain view of -the American town of Lewiston on the other side. Cannon line the river -cliffs on both sides here. All about Lewiston the fields are literally -white with the tents of General Van Rensselaer's army, now grown from -twenty-five hundred to almost eight thousand. On the Canadian side -cannon had been mounted on the cliffs known as Queenston Heights. -Possibly because the two hundred men would make poor showing in tents, -Brock has his soldiers here take quarters in the farmhouses. For the -rest it is such a rural scene as one may witness any -midsummer,—rolling yellow wheat fields surrounded by the zigzag rail -fences, with square farmhouses of stone and the fields invariably -backed by the uncleared bush land. Six miles farther down the river, -where the waters join Lake Ontario, is the English post, Fort George, -near the old capital, Newark, and just opposite the American fort of -Niagara. With the exception of the Grand Island region on the river, -it may be said that both armies are in full view of each other. -Sometimes, when to the tramp—tramp—tramp of the sentry's -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P343"></A>343}</SPAN> -tread -a loud "All's well" echoes across the river from Lewiston to the -Canadian side, some wag at Queenston will take up the cry through the -dark and bawl back, "All's well here too"; and all night long the two -sentries bawl back and forward to each other through the dark. -Sometimes, too, though strictest orders are issued against such ruffian -warfare by both Van Rensselaer and Brock, the sentries chance shots at -each other through the dark. Drums beat reveillé at four in the -morning, and the rub-a-dub-dub of Queenston Heights is echoed by -rat-tat-too of Lewiston, though river mist hides the armies from each -other in the morning. Iron baskets filled with oiled bark are used as -telegraph signals, and one may guess how, when the light flared up of a -night on the Canadian heights, scouts carried word to the officers on -the American side. One may guess, too, the effect on Van Rensselaer's -big untrained army, when, with the sun aglint on scarlet uniform, they -saw their fellow-countrymen of Detroit marched prisoners between -British lines along the heights of Queenston opposite Lewiston. Rage, -depression, shame, knew no bounds; and the army was unable to vent -anger in heroic attack, for England had repealed her embargo laws, and -when Brock came back from Detroit he found that an armistice had been -arranged, and both sides had been ordered to suspend hostilities till -instructions came from the governments. The truce, it may be added, -was only an excuse to enable both sides to complete preparations for -the war. In a few weeks ball and bomb were again singing their shrill -songs in mid-air. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-342t"></A> -<A HREF="images/img-342.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-342t.jpg" ALT="MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE MILITARY OPERATIONS ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER" BORDER="2" WIDTH="261" HEIGHT="447"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 261px"> -MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE MILITARY OPERATIONS ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER -</H4> - -<P> -Brock's victory demoralized the rabble under the American Van -Rensselaer. Desertions increased daily, and discipline was so -notoriously bad Van Rensselaer and his staff dared not punish desertion -for fear of the army—as one of them put it—"falling to pieces." Van -Rensselaer saw that he must strike, and strike at once, and strike -successfully, or he would not have any army left at all. Two thousand -Pennsylvanians had joined him; and on October 9, at one in the morning, -Lieutenant Elliott led one hundred men with muffled paddles from the -American side to two Canadian ships lying anchored off Fort Erie. One -was the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P344"></A>344}</SPAN> -brig captured from Hull at Detroit, the other a sloop -belonging to the Northwest Fur Company, loaded with peltries. Before -the British were well awake, Elliott had boarded decks, captured the -fur ship with forty prisoners, and was turning her guns on the other -ship when Port Erie suddenly awakened with a belch of cannon shot. The -Americans cut the cables and drifted on the captured ship downstream. -The fur ship was worked safely over to the American side, where it was -welcomed with wild cheers. The brig was set on fire and abandoned. -</P> - -<P> -Van Rensselaer decided to take advantage of the elated spirit among the -troops and invade Canada at once. -</P> - -<P> -Over on the Canadian side, Brock, at Fort George, wanted to offer an -exchange of Detroit prisoners for the voyageurs on the captured fur -ship, and Evans was ordered to paddle across to Lewiston with the -offer, white handkerchief fluttering as a flag of truce. Evans could -not mistake the signs as he landed on the American shore. Sentries -dashed down to stop his advance at bayonet point. He was denied speech -with Van Rensselaer and refused admittance to the American camp; and -the reason was plain. A score of boats, capable of holding thirty men -each, lay moored at the Lewiston shore. Along the rain-soaked road -behind the shore floundered and marched troops, fresh troops joining -Van Rensselaer's camp. It was dark before Evans returned to Queenston -Heights and close on midnight when he reached Major General Brock at -Fort George. Brock thought Evans over anxious, and both went to bed, -or at least threw themselves down on a mattress to sleep. At two -o'clock they were awakened by a sound which could not be mistaken,—the -thunderous booming of a furious cannonade from Queenston Heights. -Brock realized that the two hundred Canadians on the cliff must be -repelling an invasion, but he was suspicious that the attack from -Lewiston was a feint to draw off attention from Fort Niagara opposite -Fort George, and he did not at once order troops to the aid of -Queenston Heights. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-345"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-345.jpg" ALT="GENERAL BROCK" BORDER="2" WIDTH="255" HEIGHT="361"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 255px"> -GENERAL BROCK -</H4> - -<P> -Evans' predictions of invasion were only too true. After one attempt -to cross the gorge, which was balked by storm, Van -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P345"></A>345}</SPAN> -Rensselaer -finally got his troops down to the water's edge about midnight of -October 12-13. The night was dark, moonless, rainy,—a wind which -mingled with the roar of the river drowning all sound of marching -troops. Three hundred men embarked on the first passage of the boats -across the swift river, the poor old pilot literally groaning aloud in -terror. Three of the boats were carried beyond the landing on the -Canadian side, and had to come back through the dark to get their -bearings; but the rest, led by Van Rensselaer, had safely landed on the -Canadian side, when the batteries of Queenston Heights flashed to life -in sheets of fire, lighting up the dark tide of the river gorge and -sinking half a dozen boat loads of men now coming on a second traverse. -Instantly Lewiston's cannon pealed furious answer to the Canadian fire, -and in the sheet-lightning flame of the flaring batteries thousands -could be seen on the American shore watching the conflict. As the -Americans landed they hugged the rock cliff for shelter, but the -mortality on the crossing boats was terrible; and each passage carried -back quota of wounded. Van Rensselaer was shot in the thigh almost as -he landed, but still he held his men in hand. A second shot pierced -the same side. A third struck his knee. Six wounds he received in as -many seconds; and he was carried back in the boats to the Lewiston -side. Then began a mad scramble through the darkness -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P346"></A>346}</SPAN> -up a -fisherman's path steep as trail of mountain goat, sheer against the -face of the cliff. When day dawned misty and gray over the black tide -of the rolling river, the Canadian batterymen of Queenston Heights were -astounded to see American sharp-shooters mustered on the cliff behind -and above them. A quick rush, and the Canadian batterymen were driven -from their ground, the Canadian cannon silenced, and while wild -shoutings of triumph rose from the spectators at Lewiston, the American -boats continued to pour soldiers across the river. -</P> - -<P> -It was at this stage Brock came riding from Fort George so spattered -with mud from head to heel he was not recognized by the soldiers. One -glance was enough. The Canadians had lost the day. Sending messengers -to bid General Sheaffe hurry the troops from Fort George, and other -runners to bring up the troops from Chippewa behind the Americans on -Queenston Heights, Brock charged up the hill amid shriek of bombs and -clatter of sharpshooters. He had dismounted and was scrambling over a -stone wall. "Follow me, boys!" he shouted to the British grenadiers; -then at the foot of the hill, waving his sword: "Now take a breath; you -will need it! Come on! come on!" and he led the rush of two hundred -men in scarlet coats to dislodge the Americans. A shot pierced his -wrist. "Push on, York volunteers," he shouted. His portly figure in -scarlet uniform was easy mark for the sharpshooters hidden in the brush -of Queenston Heights. One stepped deliberately out and took aim. -Though a dozen Canadian muskets flashed answer, Brock fell, shot -through the breast, dying with the words on his lips, "My fall must not -be noticed to stop the victory." Major Macdonnell led in the charge up -the hill, but the next moment his horse plunged frantically, and he -reeled from the saddle fatally wounded. For a second time the British -were repulsed, and the Americans had won the Heights, if not the day. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-347"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-347.jpg" ALT="BROCK MONUMENT, QUEENSTON HEIGHTS" BORDER="2" WIDTH="259" HEIGHT="365"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 259px"> -BROCK MONUMENT, QUEENSTON HEIGHTS -</H4> - -<P> -The invaders were resting on their arms, snatching a breakfast of -biscuit and cheese about midday, when General Sheaffe arrived from Fort -George with troops breathless from running. A heart-shattering huzza -from the village warned the Americans -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P347"></A>347}</SPAN> -that help had come, and -they were to arms in a second; but Sheaffe had swept round the Heights, -Indians on one side of the hill, soldiers on the other, and came on the -surprised Americans as from the rear. There was a wild whoop, a dash -up the hill, a pause to fire, when the air was splinted by nine hundred -instantaneous shots. Then through the smoke the British rushed the -Heights at bayonet point. For three hours the contest raged in full -sight of Lewiston, a hand-to-hand butchery between Sheaffe's fresh -fighters and the Americans, who had been on their feet since midnight. -Indian tomahawk played its part, but it is a question if the scalping -knife did as deadly work as the grenadier's long bayonets. Cooped up -between the enemy and the precipice, the American sharpshooters waited -for the help that never came. In vain Van Rensselaer's officers prayed -and swore and pleaded with the volunteer troops on the Lewiston side. -The men flatly refused to cross; for boat loads of mangled bodies were -brought back at each passage. Discipline fell to pieces. It was the -old story of volunteers, brave enough at a spurt, going to pieces in -panic under hard and continued strain. Driven from Queenston Heights, -the invaders fought their way down the cliff path by inches to the -water side, and there … there were no boats! Pulling off his white -necktie, an officer held it up on the point of his sword as signal of -surrender. It was one of the most -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P348"></A>348}</SPAN> -gallant fights on both sides -in Canadian history, though officers over on the Lewiston shore were -crying like boys at the sight of nine hundred Americans surrendering. -</P> - -<P> -Truce was then arranged for the burial of the dead. The bodies of -Brock and Macdonnell were laid on a gun wagon and conveyed between -lines of sorrowing soldiers, with arms reversed, to the burial place -outside Fort George. As the regimental music rang out the last march -of the two dead officers, minute guns were fired in sympathy all along -the American shore. "He would have done as much for us," said the -American officers of the gallant Brock. -</P> - -<P> -Van Rensselaer at once resigns. "Proclamation" Smyth, whose addresses -resemble Fourth of July backwoods orations, succeeds as commander of -the American army; but "Proclamation" Smyth makes such a mess of a raid -on Fort Erie, retreating with a haste suggestive of Hull at Detroit, -that he is mobbed when he returns to the United States shore. But what -the United States lose by land, they retrieve by sea. England's best -ships are engaged in the great European war. From June to December, -United States vessels sweep the sea; but this is more a story of the -English navy than of Canada. The year of 1812 closes with the cruisers -of Lake Ontario chasing each other through many a wild snowstorm. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -As the year 1812 proved one of jubilant victory for Canada, so 1813 was -to be one of black despair. With the exception of four brilliant -victories wrested in the very teeth of defeat, the year passes down to -history as one of the darkest in the annals of the country. The -population of the United States at this time was something over seven -millions, and it was not to be thought for one moment that a nation of -this strength would remain beaten off the field by the little province -of Ontario (Upper Canada), whose population numbered barely ninety -thousand. General Harrison hurries north from the Wabash with from six -to eight thousand men to retrieve the defeat of Detroit. At Presqu' -Isle, on Lake Erie, hammer and mallet and -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P349"></A>349}</SPAN> -forging iron are heard -all winter preparing the fleet for Commodore Perry that is to command -Lake Erie and the Upper Lakes for the Americans. At Sackett's Harbor -similar preparations are under way on a fleet for Chauncey to sweep the -English from Lake Ontario; and all along both sides of the St. -Lawrence, as winter hedged the waters with ice, lurk scouts,—the -Americans, for the most part, uniformed in blue, the Canadians in -Lincoln green with gold braid,—watching chance for raid and counter -raid during the winter nights. The story of these thrilling raids will -probably pass into the shadowy realm of legend handed down from father -to son, for few of them have been embodied in the official reports. -</P> - -<P> -From being hard pressed on the defensive, Canada has suddenly sprung -into the position of jubilant victor, and if Brock had lived, she would -probably have followed up her victories by aggressive invasion of the -enemy's territory; but all effort was literally paralyzed by the -timidity and vacillation of the governor general, Sir George Prevost. -Prevost's one idea seems to have been that as soon as the obnoxious -embargo laws were revoked by England, the war would stop. When the -embargo was revoked and the armistice of midsummer simply terminated in -a resumption of war, this idea seems to have been succeeded by the -single aim to hold off conclusions with the United States till England -could beat Napoleon and come to the rescue. All winter long scouts and -bold spirits among the volunteers craved the chance to raid the -anchored fleets of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, but Prevost not only -forbade the invasion of the enemy's territory, but before the year was -out actually advocated the abandonment of Ontario. If his advice had -been followed, it is no idle supposition to infer that the fate of -Ontario would have been the same as the destiny of the Ohio and -Michigan. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -One night in February the sentry at the village of Brockville, named -after the dead hero, was surprised by two hundred American raiders -dashing up from the frozen river bed. Before bugles could sound to -arms, jails had been opened, stores looted, houses -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P350"></A>350}</SPAN> -plundered, and -the raiders were off and well away with fifty-two prisoners and a dozen -sleigh loads of provisions. Gathering some five hundred men together -from the Kingston region, M'Donnell and Jenkins of the Glengarrys -prepared to be revenged. Cannon were hauled out on the river from the -little village of Prescott to cross the ice to Ogdensburg. The river -here is almost two miles wide, and as it was the 23d of February, the -ice had become rotten from the sun glare of the coming spring. As the -cannon were drawn to mid-river, though it was seven in the morning, the -ice began to heave and crack with dire warning. To hesitate was death; -to go back as dangerous as to go forward. With a whoop the men broke -from quick march to a run, unsheathing musket and fixing bayonet blades -as they dashed ahead to be met with a withering cross fire as they came -within range of the American batteries. In places, the suck of the -water told where the ice had given behind. Then bullets were peppering -the river bed in a rain of fire, Jenkins and M'Donnell to the fore, -waving their swords. Then bombs began to ricochet over the ice. If -the range of the Ogdensburg cannon had been longer, the whole Canadian -force might have been sunk in mid-river; but the men were already -dashing up the American shore whooping like fiends incarnate. First a -grapeshot caught Jenkins' left arm, and it hung in bloody splinters. -Then a second shot took off his right arm. Still he dashed forward, -cheering his men, till he dropped in his tracks, faint from loss of -blood. No answer came back to the summons to surrender, and, taking -possession of an outer battery, the Canadians turned its cannon full on -the village. Under cover of the battery fire, and their own cannon now -in position, the whole force of Canadians immediately rushed the town -at bayonet point. Now the bayonet in a solid phalanx of five hundred -men is not a pleasant weapon to stand up against. As the drill -sergeants order, you not only stick the bayonet <I>into</I> your enemy, but -you turn it round "to let the air in" so he will die; and before the -furious onslaught of bayonets, the defenders of Ogdensburg broke, and -fled for the woods. Within an hour the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P351"></A>351}</SPAN> -Canadians had burnt the -barracks, set fire to two schooners iced up, and come off with loot of -a dozen cannon, stores of all sorts, and with prisoners to the number -of seventy-four. -</P> - -<BR> - -<A NAME="img-351t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-351.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-351t.jpg" ALT="YORK (TORONTO) HARBOR" BORDER="2" WIDTH="387" HEIGHT="254"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 387px"> -YORK (TORONTO) HARBOR -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -The ice had left Lake Ontario early this year, and by mid-April -Commander Chauncey slipped out of Sackett's Harbor with sixteen -vessels, having on board seventeen hundred troops, besides the crews. -It will be remembered that the capital of Ontario had been moved from -Niagara (Newark) to York (Toronto) on the north side of Lake Ontario, -then a thriving village of one thousand souls on the inner shore of -Humber Bay. On the sand reef known as the Island, in front of the -harbor, had been constructed a battery with cannon. The main village -lay east of the present city hall. Westward less than a mile was -Government House, on the site of the present residence. Between -Government House and the village was not a house of any sort, only a -wood road flanking the lake, and badly cut up by ravines. Just west of -Government House, and close to the water, was a blockhouse or tower -used as powder magazine, mounted with cannon to command the landing -from the lake. Some accounts speak of yet another little outer battery -or earthwork farther -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P352"></A>352}</SPAN> -westward. North of the Government House -road, or what is now King Street, were dense woods. General Sheaffe, -who had succeeded Brock at Queenston Heights, chanced to be in Toronto -in April with some six hundred men. Just where the snug quarters of -the Toronto Hunt Club now stand you may look out through the green -foliage of the woods fringing the high cliffs of Lake Ontario, and -there lies before your view the pure sky-blue surface of an inland sea -washing in waves like a tide to the watery edge of the far sky line. -Early in the morning of April 27 a forest ranger, dressed in the -customary Lincoln green, was patrolling the forested edge of -Scarborough Heights above the lake. The trees had not yet leafed out, -but were in that vernal state when the branches between earth and sky -take on the appearance of an aerial network just budding to light and -color; and in the ravines still lay patches of the winter snow. The -morning was hazy, warm, odoriferous of coming summer, with not a breath -of wind stirring the water. As the sun came up over the lake long -lines of fire shot through the water haze. Suddenly the scout paused -on his parade. Something was advancing shoreward through the mist, -advancing in a circling line like the ranks of wild birds flying north, -with a lap—lap—lap of water drip and a rap—rap—rap of rowlocks from -a multitude of sweeps. The next instant the forest rang to a musket -shot, for the scout had discovered Commodore Chauncey's fleet of -sixteen vessels being towed forward by rowers through a dead calm. The -musket shot was heard by another scout nearer the fort. The signal was -repeated by another shot, and another for the whole twelve miles, till -General Sheaffe, sitting smoking a cigar in Government House, sprang to -his feet and rushed out, followed by his officers, to scan the harbor -of Humber Bay from the tops of the fort bastions. Sure enough! there -was the fleet, led by Chauncey's frigate with twenty-four cannon poking -from its sides, a string of rowboats in tow behind to land the army, -coming straight across the harbor over water calm as silk. It has been -told how the fleet made the mistake of passing beyond the landing, but -the chances are the mistake was intentional -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P353"></A>353}</SPAN> -for the purpose of -avoiding the cannon of the fort bastions. At all events the report may -be believed that the most of Toronto people forgot to go back to -breakfast that morning. A moment later officers were on top of the -bastion towers, directing battery-men to take range for their cannon. -A battalion variously given as from fifty to one hundred, along with -some Indians, was at once dispatched westward to ambush the Americans -landing. Another division was posted at the battery beyond Government -House. Sheaffe saw plainly from the number of men on deck that he was -outnumbered four to one, and the flag on the commodore's boat probably -told him that General Dearborn, the commander in chief, was himself on -board to direct the land forces. Sheaffe has been bitterly blamed for -two things,—for not invading Niagara after the victory on Queenston -Heights, and for his conduct at Toronto. He now withdrew the main -forces to a ravine east of the fort, plainly preparatory for retreat. -Not thus would Brock have acted. -</P> - -<P> -Meanwhile time has worn on to nine o'clock. The American ships have -anchored. The Canadian cannon are sending the bombs skipping across -the water. The rowboats are transferring the army from the schooners, -and the ambushed sharpshooters are picking the bluecoats off as they -step from ships to boats. -</P> - -<P> -"By the powers!" yells Forsyth, an American officer, "I can't stand -seeing this any longer. Come on, boys! jump into our boats!" and he -bids the bugles blow till the echoes are dancing over Humber waters. -Dearborn and Chauncey stay on board. Pike leads the landing, and -Chauncey's cannon set such grape and canister flying through the woods -as clear out those ambushed shooters, the Indians flying like scared -partridges, and the advance is made along Government House road at -quick march. Just west of the Government House battery the marchers -halt to send forward demand for surrender. Firing on both sides -ceases. The smoke clears from the churned-up waters of the bay, and -Commander Pike has seated himself on an old cannon, when, before answer -can come back to the demand, a frightful accident occurs that upsets -all plans. Waiting for the signal -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P354"></A>354}</SPAN> -to begin firing again, a -batteryman in the near bastion was holding the lighted fuse in his -right hand, ready for the cannon, when something distracted his -attention, and he wheeled with the lighted match behind him. It -touched a box of explosives. If any proof were needed that the tragedy -was <I>not</I> designed, it is to be found in the fact that English officers -were still on the roof of the blockhouse, and the apartment below -crowded with Canadians. A roar shook the earth. A cloud of black -flame shot into mid-air, and the next minute the ground for half a mile -about was strewn with the remains, mangled to a pulp, of more than -three hundred men, ninety of whom were Canadians, two hundred and sixty -Americans, including Brigadier Pike fatally wounded by a rock striking -his head. In the horror of the next few moments, defense was -forgotten. Wheelbarrows, trucks, gun wagons, were hurried forward to -carry wounded and dead to the hospital. Leaving his officers to -arrange the terms of surrender, at 2 P.M. Sheaffe retreated at quick -march for Kingston, pausing only to set fire to a half-built ship and -some naval stores. Lying on a stretcher on Chauncey's ship, Pike is -roused from unconsciousness by loud huzzas. -</P> - -<P> -"What is it?" he asks. -</P> - -<P> -"They are running up the stars and stripes, sir." -</P> - -<P> -A smile passed over Pike's face. When the surgeon looked again, the -commander was dead. For twenty-four hours the haggle went on as to -terms of capitulation. Within that time, two or three things occurred -to inflame the invading troops. They learned that Sheaffe had slipped -away; as the American general's report put it, "They got the shell, but -the kernel of the nut got away." They learned that stores had been -destroyed after the surrender had been granted. Without more -restraint, and in defiance of orders, the American troops gave -themselves up to plunder all that night. In their rummaging through -the Parliament buildings they found hanging above the Speaker's chair -what Canadian records declare was a <I>wig</I>, what American reports say -was a <I>human scalp</I> sent in by some ranger from the west. From what I -have read in the private papers of fur traders -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P355"></A>355}</SPAN> -in that period -regarding international scalping, I am inclined to think that wig may -have been an American scalp. Certainly, the fur traders of -Michilimackinac wrapped no excuses round their savagery when the canoes -all over the coasts of Lake Superior, in lieu of flags, had American -scalps flaunting from their prows. At all events, word went out that -an American scalp had been found above the Speaker's chair. It was -night. The troops were drunk with success and perhaps with the plunder -of the wine shops. All that night and all the next day and night the -skies were alight with the flames of Toronto's public buildings on -fire. Also, the army chest with ten thousand dollars in gold, which -Sheaffe had forgotten, was dug up on pain of the whole town being fired -unless the money were delivered. Private houses were untouched. -Looted provisions which the fleet cannot carry away, Chauncey orders -distributed among the poor. Then, leaving some four hundred prisoners -on parole not to serve again during the war, Chauncey sails away for -Niagara. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -It is a month later. Down at Fort George on the Canadian side General -Vincent knows well what has happened at Toronto and is on the lookout -for the enemy's fleet. On the American side of the Niagara River, from -Lake Ontario to Lake Erie, are seven thousand troops eager to wipe out -the stain of last year's defeat. On the Canadian side, from Fort -George to Chippewa and Erie, are twenty-three hundred men, mostly -volunteers from surrounding farms, and powder is scarce and provisions -are scarce, for Chauncey's fleet has cut off help from St. Lawrence and -Kingston way. All the last two weeks of May, heavy hot fog lay on the -lake and on the river between the hostile lines, but there was no -mistaking what Chauncey's fleet was about. Red-hot shot showers on -Fort George in a perfect rain. Standing on the other side of the river -are thousands of spectators, among them one grand old swashbuckler -fellow in a cocked hat, whose fighting days are past, taking snuff -after the fashion of a former generation and wearing an air of grand -patronage to the American troops because <I>he</I> has seen service in -Europe. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P356"></A>356}</SPAN> -"No, sir," says the grand old fighting cock pompously to his -auditors, "can't be done! Have seen it tried on the Continent, and you -can't do it! Lay a wager you can't do it! Can't possibly set fire to -a fort by red-hot shot!" -</P> - -<P> -Then at night time, when the lurid glare of flame lights up the foggy -darkness, the old gentleman is put to his trumps. "See!" they say; -"Fort George <I>is</I> on fire"; and over at Fort George the bucket brigade -works hard as the cannoneers. But the fog is too good a chance to be -missed by Chauncey; rowing out with muffled oars all the nights of May -24 and 25, he has his men sounding … sounding … sounding in -silence the channel, right within pistol shot of Fort George. The -night of the 26th troops and marines are bidden breakfast at two in the -morning, and be ready for action with a single blanket and rations for -one day. That is all they are told. They embark at four. The waters -are dead calm, the morning of the 27th gray as wool with fog. Sweeps -out Chauncey's fleet, circles up to Fort George with one hundred scows -in tow, carrying fifty soldiers each. Vincent takes his courage in his -teeth and gathers his one thousand men inside the walls. Then the -cannon of the frigates split fog and air and earth, and, under cover of -the fire, the scows gain the land by 9 A.M. First, Vincent's -sharpshooters sally from the fort and fire; then they fire from the -walls; then they overturn guns, retreat from the walls, throw what -powder they cannot carry into the water, and retreat, fighting, behind -stone walls and ditches. The contest of one thousand against six -thousand is hopeless. Vincent sends coureurs riding like the wind to -Chippewa and Queenston and Erie, ordering the Canadians to retire to -the Back Country. By four o'clock in the afternoon Americans are in -possession of the Canadian side from Fort George to Erie. Vincent -retreats at quick march along the lake shore towards what is now -Hamilton. June 1 General Dearborn sends his officers, Chandler and -Winder, in hot pursuit with thirty-five hundred men. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Vincent's soldiers have less than ninety rounds of powder to a man. He -has only one thousand men, for the garrisons of -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P357"></A>357}</SPAN> -Chippewa and -Queenston Heights and Erie have fallen back in a circle to the region -of St. David's. June 5, Vincent's Canadians are in camp at Burlington -Bay. Only seven miles away, at Stony Creek, lies the American army, -out sentries posted at a church, artillery on a height commanding a -field, officers and men asleep in the long grass. Humanly speaking, -nothing could prevent a decisive battle the next day. The two American -officers, Chandler and Winder, sit late into the night, candles alight -over camp stools, mapping out what they think should be the campaign. -It is a hot night,—muggy, with June showers lighted up by an -occasional flash of sheet lightning. Then all candles out, and pitch -darkness, and silence as of a desert! The American army is asleep,—in -the dead sleep of men exhausted from long, hard, swift marching. The -artillerymen on the hillocks, the sentries, the outposts at the -church,—they, too, are sound asleep! -</P> - -<A NAME="img-357"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-357.jpg" ALT="FITZGIBBONS" BORDER="2" WIDTH="239" HEIGHT="250"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 239px"> -FITZGIBBONS -</H4> - -<P> -But the Canadians, too, know that, humanly speaking, nothing can -prevent a decisive battle on the morrow. The stories run—I do not -vouch for their truth, though facts seem to point to some such -explanation—that Harvey, a Canadian officer, had come back to the -American army that night disguised as a Quaker peddling potatoes, and -noted the unguarded condition of the exhausted troops; also that -Fitzgibbons, the famous scout, came through the American lines dressed -as a rustic selling butter. Whether these stories are true or not, or -whether, indeed, the Canadians knew anything about the American camp, -they plucked resolution from desperation. If they waited for the -morrow's battle, they would be beaten. Harvey proposed to Vincent that -seven -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P358"></A>358}</SPAN> -hundred picked men go back through the dark and raid the -American camp. Vincent left the entire matter to Harvey. Setting out -at 11.30 along what is now Main Street, Hamilton, the Canadians marched -in perfect silence. Harvey had given orders that not a shot should be -fired, not a word spoken, the bayonet alone to be used. By two in the -morning of June 6 the marchers came to the church where the sentries -were posted. Two were stabbed to death before they awakened. The -third was compelled to give the password, then bayoneted in turn. The -Canadian raiders might have come to the very midst of the American army -if it had not been for the jubilant hilarity of some young officers, -who, capturing a cannon, uttered a wild huzza. On the instant, bugles -sounded alarm; drums beat a crazy tattoo, and every man leaped from his -place in the grass, hand on pistol. The next second the blackness of -the night was ablaze with musketry; the soldiers were firing blindly; -officers were shouting orders that nobody heard; troops were dashing -here, there, everywhere, lost in the darkness, the heavy artillery -horses breaking tether ropes and stampeding over the field. Major -Plenderleath with a company of young Canadians suddenly found himself -in the midst of the American camp. One of the young raiders stabbed -seven Americans to death; a brother bayoneted four, and before daylight -betrayed the smallness of their forces the raiders came safely off with -three guns and one hundred prisoners, including the two American -officers, Winder and Chandler. The loss to the British was one hundred -and fifteen killed and wounded; but there would be no battle the next -day. The battle of Stony Creek sent the Americans retreating back down -the lake front to Fort George, harried by the English fleet under Sir -James Yeo from Kingston. A hundred episodes might be related of the -Stony Creek raid. For years it was to be the theme of camp-fire yarns. -For instance, in the flare of musketry fire a Canadian found himself -gazing straight along the blade of an American's bayonet. "Sir, the -password," demanded the American sentry. Luckily the scout, instead of -wearing an English red coat, had on a blue jacket resembling -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P359"></A>359}</SPAN> -that -of the American marines, and he instantly took his cue. "Rascal," he -thundered back, "what do you mean, off your line? Go back to your -post!" The sentry's bayonet dropped; there was momentary darkness, and -the Canadian literally bolted. Then ludicrous ill luck befell all the -generals. Vincent had accompanied the raiders on horseback. When the -bugles sounded "retire," he gave his horse the bit, and in the pitch -darkness the brute carried him pellmell along the wrong road, over -fences and hayfields, some fifteen miles into the Back Country. Next -day, when Vincent was missing, under flag of truce messengers went to -the retreating American army to find if he were among the dead. At -four in the afternoon his horse came limping into the Canadian camp. -Chandler, the American officer, on awakening had sprung on horseback -and spurred over the field shouting commands. In the darkness his -horse fell and threw him. When Chandler came to himself he was -prisoner among the Canadians. Winder's ill luck was equally bad. By -the flare of the firing he saw what he thought was a group of -artillerymen deserting a gun. Dashing up, he laid about him with his -pistol, shouting, "Come on! come on!" Another flare of fire, and he -found himself surrounded by a circle of Canadian bayonets. "Drop your -pistol, sir, or you are a dead man," ordered a young Canadian, and -Winder surrendered. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -It will be recalled that the garrisons of Queenston below the Falls, -and Chippewa above, and Erie at the head of the river, had retreated -from the invading Americans to the Back Country now traversed by -Welland Canal. From different posts beyond what was known as the Black -Swamp, these bands of the dispersed Canadian army swooped down on the -American outposts, harrying the whole American line from Lake Ontario -to Lake Erie. Of all the raiders none was more daring than Lieutenant -Fitzgibbons, posted beyond the Beaver Dams, at a stone house near De -Ceu's Falls. Space forbids more than one episode of his raids. Once, -while riding along Lundy's Lane alone, he was recognized by the wife of -a Canadian captain, who dashed from -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P360"></A>360}</SPAN> -the cottage, warning him to -retreat, as a hundred and fifty Americans had just passed that way. -Standing in front of the roadside inn was the cavalry horse of an -American. Fitzgibbons could n't resist the temptation for a bout with -the foe, and dismounting, was entering the door when a soldier in blue -dashed at him with leveled musket. Naturally not keen to create alarm, -Fitzgibbons knocked the weapon from the man's hand, and without a sound -had thrown him on the ground, when another American rifleman dashed -from behind. Strong as a lion, Fitzgibbons threw the first man -violently against the second, and was holding both at bay beneath his -leveled rifle when one of the downed men snatched the Irishman's sword -from the scabbard. He was in the very act of thrusting the sword point -into Fitzgibbons, when the innkeeper's wife, with a dexterous kick, -sent the weapon whirling out of his hand. Fitzgibbons disarmed the -men, tied them, threw them across his horse, and himself mounting, -galloped to the woods with a laugh, though one hundred and fifty -Americans were within a quarter of a mile. -</P> - -<P> -The American commanders at Niagara determined to clean out this nest of -raiders from the Back Country, and Lieutenant Boerstler was ordered to -march from Fort George with some six hundred men. Leaving Fort George -secretly at night, Boerstler came to Queenston at eleven on the night -of June 23. Here all Canadian soldiers free on parole were seized, to -prevent word of the attack reaching the Back Country. The troops were -not even permitted to light camp fire or candles. The great secrecy of -the American marchers at once roused suspicion among the Canadians -between Queenston and the village of St. David's that the expedition -was directed against Fitzgibbons' scouts. At his home, between -Queenston and St. David's, dwelt a United Empire Loyalist, James -Secord, recovering from dangerous wounds received in the battle of -Queenston Heights. He was too weak himself to go by night and forewarn -Fitzgibbons, but his wife, Laura Ingersoll, a woman of some thirty -years, was also of the old United Empire Loyalist stock. She -immediately set out alone for the Back Country to warn Fitzgibbons. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P361"></A>361}</SPAN> -Many and contradictory stories are told of her march. Whether -she tramped two nights and two days, or only one night and one day, -whether her march led her twenty or only twelve miles, matters little. -She succeeded in passing the first sentry on the excuse she was going -out to milk a cow, and she eluded a second by telling him she wished to -visit a wounded brother, which was true. Then she struck away from the -beaten path through what was known as the Black Swamp. It had rained -heavily. The cedar woods were soggy with moisture, the swamp swollen, -and the streams running a mill race. Through the summer heat, through -the windfall, over the quaking forest bog, tramped Laura Secord. It -may be supposed that the most of wild animals had been frightened from -the woods by the heavy cannonading for almost a year; but the hoot of -screech owl, the eldritch scream of wild cat, the far howl of the wolf -pack hanging on the trail of the armies for carrion, were not sounds -quieting to the nerves of a frightened woman flitting through the -forest by moonlight. It was clear moonlight when she came within range -of Beaver Dam and De Ceu's house. She had just emerged in an open -field when she was assailed with unearthly yells, and a thousand -ambushed Indians rose from the grass. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-361"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-361.jpg" ALT="LAURA SECORD" BORDER="2" WIDTH="257" HEIGHT="321"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 257px"> -LAURA SECORD -</H4> - -<P> -"Woman! A woman! What does a white woman here?" demanded the chief, -seizing her arm. She answered that she was a friend and it was matter -of life and death for her to see -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P362"></A>362}</SPAN> -Fitzgibbons at once. So Laura -Secord delivered her warning and saved the Canadian army. The episode -has gone down to history one of the national legends, like the story of -Madeline Verchères on the St. Lawrence. Fitzgibbons posts his forty -men in place, and Ducharme, commander of the Indians, scatters his one -thousand redskins in ambush along the trail. Also, word is sent for -two other detachments to come with all speed. -</P> - -<P> -June 24, at seven in the morning, Boerstler is moving along a narrow -forest trail through the beech woods of Beaver Dams. The men are -advancing single file, mounted infantrymen first with muskets slouched -across saddle pommels, then the heavy wagons, then cavalry to rear. -The timber is heavy, the trail winding. Here the long line deploys out -from the trail to avoid jumping windfall; there halt is made to cut a -way for the wagons; then the long line moves sleepily forward, yellow -sunlight shafted through the green foliage across the riders' blue -uniforms. Suddenly a shot rings out, and another, and another! The -forest is full of unseen foes, before, behind, on all sides, the -cavalry forces breaking rank and dashing forward among the wagons. -Boerstler sees it will be as unsafe to retreat as to go on. Sending -messengers back to Fort George for aid, he pushes forward into an open -wheat field. Fifty-six men have fallen, and the bullets are still -raining from an invisible foe. Looking back he sees mounted men in -green coats passing and repassing across his trail, filing and -refiling. It is a trick of Fitzgibbons to give an impression he has -ten times forty men, but the Americans do not know. There is no -retreat, and Indians are to the fore. In the midst of confusion -Fitzgibbons comes forward with a white handkerchief on his sword point -and begs Boerstler to prevent bloodshed by instant surrender. -Boerstler demands to see the number of his enemies. Fitzgibbons says -he will repeat the request to his commanding officer. Luck is with -Fitzgibbons, for just as he goes back a small party of reënforcements -arrives, and one of its captains acts the part of commanding officer, -telling Boerstler's messenger haughtily that the demand to see the -enemy is an insult, and answer must be given in five minutes -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P363"></A>363}</SPAN> -or -the Canadians will not be responsible for the Indians. The fight has -lasted three hours. Boerstler surrenders with his entire force. Such -was the battle of Beaver Dams. -</P> - -<P> -Ever since Brock had captured Detroit in 1812, General Procter, with -twenty-five hundred Canadians, had been holding the western part of -Ontario; and the defeat of the English at Fort George had placed him in -a desperate position. His men had been without pay for months; their -clothes were in tatters, and now, with the Americans in possession of -Niagara region, there was danger of Procter's food supply being cut -off. Procter himself had not been idle these six months. In fact, he -had been too active for the good of his supplies. Space forbids a -detailed account of the raids directed by him and carried out with the -aid of Tecumseh, the great Shawnee chief. January of 1813 saw a -detachment of Procter's men up Raisin River, west of Detroit, where -they defeated General Winchester and captured nearly five hundred -prisoners, to be set free on parole. Harrison, the American general, -is on his way to Lake Erie to rescue Detroit. Procter hastens in May -to meet him with one thousand Canadians and fifteen hundred Indians. -The clash takes place at a barricade known as Fort Meigs on Maumee -River, south of Lake Erie, when again, by the aid of Tecumseh, Procter -captures four hundred and fifty prisoners. It was on this occasion -that the Indians broke from control and tomahawked forty defenseless -American prisoners. August sees Procter raiding Sandusky; but the -Americans refuse to come out and battle, and the axes of the Canadians -are too dull to cut down the ironwood pickets, and when at night -Procter's bugles sound retreat, he has lost nearly one hundred men. At -last, in September, the fleets being built for the Canadians at -Amherstburg and for the Americans at Presqu' Isle are completed. -Whichever side commands Lake Erie will control supplies; and though -Captain Barclay, the Canadian, is short of men, Procter cannot afford -to delay the contest for supremacy any longer. He orders Barclay to -sail out and seek Commodore Perry, the American, for decisive battle. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P364"></A>364}</SPAN> -On Barclay's boats are only such old land guns as had been -captured from Detroit. His crews consist of lake sailors and a few -soldiers, in all some three hundred and eighty-four men on six vessels. -September 10, at midday, at Put-in-Bay, Barclay finds Perry's fleet of -seven vessels with six hundred and fifty men. For two hours the -furious cannonading could be heard all the way up to Amherstburg. -Space forbids details of the fight so celebrated in the annals of the -American navy. After broadsides that tore hulls clean of masts and -decks, setting sails in flame and the waters seething in mountainous -waves, the two fleets got within pistol shot of each other, and Perry's -superior numbers won. One third of Barclay's officers were killed and -one third of his men. The Canadian fleet on Lake Erie was literally -exterminated before three in the afternoon. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-364"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-364.jpg" ALT="TWO VIEWS OF THE BATTLE ON LAKE ERIE (From prints published in 1815)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="318" HEIGHT="391"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 318px"> -TWO VIEWS OF THE BATTLE ON LAKE ERIE (From prints published in 1815) -</H4> - -<P> -Procter's position was now doubly desperate. He was cut off from -supplies. At a council with the Indians, though Tecumseh, the chief, -was for fighting to the bitter death, it was decided to retreat up the -Thames to Vincent's army near modern -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P365"></A>365}</SPAN> -Hamilton. All the world -knows the bitter end of that retreat. Procter seems to have been so -sure that General Harrison would not follow, that the Canadian forces -did not even pause to destroy bridges behind them; and behind came -Harrison, hot foot, with four thousand fighters from the Kentucky -backwoods. October first the Canadians had retreated far as Chatham, -provisions and baggage coming in boats or sent ahead on wagons. -Procter's first intimation of the foe's nearness was a breathless -messenger with word the Americans just a few miles behind had captured -the provision boats. Sending on his family and the women with a convoy -of two hundred and fifty soldiers, Procter faced about on the morning -of October the 5th, to give battle. On the left was the river Thames, -on the right a cedar swamp, to rear on the east the Indian mission of -Moraviantown. The troops formed in line across a forest road. Procter -seems to have lost both his heart and his head, for he permitted his -fatigued troops to go into the fight without breakfast. Not a -barricade, not a hurdle, not a log was placed to break the advance of -Harrison's cavalry. The American riders came on like a whirlwind. -Crack went the line of Procter's men in a musketry volley! The horses -plunged, checked up, reared, and were spurred forward. Another volley -from the Canadians! But it was too late. Harrison's fifteen hundred -riders had galloped clean through the Canadian lines, slashing swords -as they dashed past. Now they wheeled and came on the Canadians' rear. -Indians and Canadians scattered to the woods before such fury, like -harried rabbits, poor Tecumseh in the very act of tomahawking an -American colonel when a pistol shot brought him down. The brave Indian -chief was scalped by the white backwoodsmen and skinned and the body -thrown into the woods a prey to wolves. Flushed with victory and -without Harrison's permission, the Kentucky men dashed in and set fire -to Moraviantown, the Indian mission. As for Procter, he had mounted -the fleetest horse to be found, and was riding in mad flight for -Burlington Heights. It is almost a pity he had not fallen in some of -his former heroic raids, for he now became a sorry figure in history, -reprimanded -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P366"></A>366}</SPAN> -and suspended from the ranks of the army. The only -explanation of Procter's conduct at Moraviantown is that he was anxious -for the safety of his wife and daughters, perhaps needlessly fearing -that the rough backwoodsmen would retaliate on them for the treachery -of the Indians tomahawking American prisoners of war. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-366"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-366.jpg" ALT="TECUMSEH" BORDER="2" WIDTH="255" HEIGHT="342"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 255px"> -TECUMSEH -</H4> - -<P> -And it had fared almost as badly with the Canadian fleet on Lake -Ontario. The boats under Sir James Yeo, the young English commander, -were good only for close-range fighting, the boats under Commodore -Chauncey best for long-range firing. All July and August the fleets -maneuvered to catch each other off guard. Between times each raided -the coast of the other for provisions, Chauncey paying a second visit -to Toronto, Yeo swooping down on Sodus Bay. All September the game of -hide and seek went on between the two Ontario squadrons. Sunday night, -the 8th of September, in a gale, two of Chauncey's ships sank, with all -hands but sixteen. Two nights later in a squally wind, by the light of -the moon, two more of his slow sailers, unable to keep up with the rest -of the fleet, were snapped up by the English off Niagara with one -hundred captives. Again, on September 27, at eight in the evening, six -miles off Toronto harbor, Chauncey came up with the English, and the -two fleets poured broadsides into each other. Then Yeo's crippled -brigs limped into Toronto harbor, while Chauncey sailed gayly off to -block all connection with Montreal and help to convoy troops -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P367"></A>367}</SPAN> -from -Niagara down the St. Lawrence for the master stroke of the year. The -way was now clear for the twofold aim of the American staff,—to starve -out Ontario and concentrate all strength in a signal attack on Montreal. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -The autumn campaign was without doubt marked by the most comical and -heroic episodes of the war. Wilkinson was to go down the St. Lawrence -from Lake Ontario with eight thousand men to join General Hampton -coming by the way of Lake Champlain with another five thousand men in -united attack against Montreal. November 5 Wilkinson's troops -descended in three hundred flat-boats through the Thousand Islands, now -bleak and leafless and somber in the gray autumn light. It seemed -hardly possible that the few Canadian troops cooped up in Kingston -would dare to pursue such a strong American force, but history is made -up of impossibles. Feeling perfectly secure, Wilkinson's troops -scattered on the river. By November 10, at nine in the morning, half -the Americans had run down the rapids of the Long Sault, and were in -the region of Cornwall, pressing forward to unite with Hampton, where -Chateauguay River came into Lake St. Louis, just above Montreal. The -other half of Wilkinson's army was above the Long Sault, near -Chrysler's Farm. From the outset the rear guard of the advancing -invaders had been harried by Canadian sharpshooters. November 11, -about midday, it was learned that a Canadian battalion of eight hundred -was pressing eagerly on the rear. Chance shots became a rattling -fusillade. Quick as flash the Americans land and wheel face about to -fight, posted behind a stone wall and along a dried gully with -sheltering cliffs at Chrysler's Farm. By 2.30 the foes are shooting at -almost hand-to-hand range. Then, through the powder smoke, the -Canadians break from a march to a run, and charge with all the -dauntless fury of men fighting for hearth and home. Before the line of -flashing bayonets the invaders break and run. Two hundred have fallen -on each side in an action of less than two hours. Then the boats go on -down to the other half of the army at Cornwall, and here is worse -news,—news that sends -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P368"></A>368}</SPAN> -Wilkinson's army back to the American side -of the St. Lawrence without attempting attack on Montreal. General -Hampton on his way from Lake Champlain has been totally discomfited. -</P> - -<P> -Finding the way to the St. Lawrence barred by the old raiders' trail of -Richelieu River, Hampton had struck across westward from Lake Champlain -to join Wilkinson on the St. Lawrence, west of Montreal, somewhere near -the road of Chateauguay River. With five thousand infantry and one -hundred and eighty cavalry he has advanced to a ford beyond the fork of -Chateauguay. Uncertain where the blow would be struck, Canada's -governor had necessarily scattered his meager forces. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-368"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-368.jpg" ALT="DE SALABERRY" BORDER="2" WIDTH="254" HEIGHT="335"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 254px"> -DE SALABERRY -</H4> - -<P> -To oppose advance by the Chateauguay he has sent a young Canadian -officer, De Salaberry, with one hundred and fifty French Canadian -sharp-shooters and one hundred Indians. De Salaberry does not court -defeat by neglecting precautions because he is weak. Windfall is -hurriedly thrown up as barricade along the trail. Where the path -narrows between the river and the bleak forest, De Salaberry has tree -trunks laid spike end towards the foe. At the last moment comes -McDonnell of Brockville with six hundred men, but De Salaberry's three -hundred occupy the front line facing the ford. McDonnell is farther -along the river. By the night of October 25 the American army is close -on the dauntless little band hidden in the forest. On the morning of -the 26th three thousand Americans -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P369"></A>369}</SPAN> -cross the south bank of the -river, with the design of crossing north again farther down and -swinging round on De Salaberry's rear. At the first shot of the -bluecoats poor De Salaberry's forlorn little band broke in panic fright -and fled, but De Salaberry on the river bank had grabbed his bugle boy -by the scruff of the neck with a grip of iron, and in terms more -forcible than polite bade him "sound—sound—sound <I>the advance</I>," till -the forest was filled with flying echoes of bugle calls. McDonnell -behind hears the challenge, and mistaking the cheering call for note of -victory, bids his buglers blow, blow advance, blow and cheer like -devils! The Americans pour shot into the forest. The bugle calls -multiply till the woods seem filled with an advancing army and the -yells split the sky. Also McDonnell has ordered his men to fire -kneeling, so that few of the American shots take effect. The advancing -host became demoralized. At 2.30 they sounded retreat, and it may -truly be said that the battle of Chateauguay was won by De Salaberry's -bugle boy, held to the sticking point, not because he was brave, but -because he could not run away. It is said that Hampton simply would -not believe the truth when told of the numbers by whom he had been -defeated. It is also said that immediately after the victory De -Salaberry fell ill from a bad attack of nerves, brought on by lack of -sleep. However that may be, the Canadian governor, Prevost, did not -suffer from an attack of conscience, for in his report to the English -government he ascribed the victory to his own management and presence -on the field. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -The year of 1813 closes darkly for both sides. Before withdrawing from -Niagara region the invaders ravage the country and set fire to the -village of Newark, driving four hundred women and children roofless to -December snows. Sir Gordon Drummond, who has just come to command in -Ontario, retaliates swiftly and without mercy. He crosses the Niagara -by night; the fort is carried at bayonet point, three hundred men -captured and three thousand arms taken. Next, Lewiston is burned, then -Black Rock, and on the last day of the year, Buffalo. Down -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P370"></A>370}</SPAN> -on -the Atlantic Coast both fleets win victories, but the English work the -greater hurt, for they blockade the entire coast south of New York. On -the English squadron are European mercenaries who have been given the -name of Canadian battalions, because their work is to harry the -American coast in order to draw off the American army from Canada. -European mercenaries have been the same the world over,—riffraff -blackguards, guilty of infamous outrages the moment they are out from -under the officers' eye. These were the troops misnamed "Canadians," -whose infamous conduct left a heritage of hate long after the war; but -this is a story of the navy rather than of Canada. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -The contest has now lasted for almost two years, and both sides are as -far from decisive victory as when war was declared in June of 1812. -Long since the embargo laws of France and England against neutral -nations have been rescinded, and the American coast has suffered more -from the blockade of this war than it ever did from the wars between -France and England. The year 1814 opens with Napoleon defeated and -England pouring aid across the Atlantic into Canada. Wilkinson's big -army hovers inactive round Lake Champlain, and Prevost is afraid to -weaken Montreal by forwarding aid to Drummond at Niagara. The British -fleet blockades Sackett's Harbor, and the American fleet blockades -Kingston. The Canadians raid Oswego on Lake Ontario for provisions. -The Americans raid Port Dover on Lake Erie, leaving the country a -blackened waste and Tom Talbot's Castle Malahide of logs a smoking -ruin, with the determined aim of cutting off all supplies in Ontario. -Drummond sends his troops scouring the country inland from Niagara for -provisions. Military law is established for the seizure of cattle and -grain, but for the latter as high a price is paid as $2.50 a bushel, -and many a pioneer farmer back from York (Toronto) and Burlington -(Hamilton) dates the foundation of his fortune from the famine prices -paid for bread during the War of 1812. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-371"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-371.jpg" ALT="SIR GORDON DRUMMOND" BORDER="2" WIDTH="220" HEIGHT="315"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 220px"> -SIR GORDON DRUMMOND -</H4> - -<P> -Of course the United States did not purpose leaving the frontier of -Niagara because Drummond had burnt the forts. By -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P371"></A>371}</SPAN> -May, Major -General Brown had taken command of the United States troops at Buffalo. -The next two months pass, drilling and training, and bringing forward -provisions. July 3, at day dawn, during fog thick as wool on the lake, -five thousand American troops cross to the Canadian side. Fort Erie's -English garrison capitulates on the spot, and the English retreat down -Niagara River towards Chippewa by the Falls. At Chippewa, at -Queenston, at Fort George, in all to guard the Canadian frontier are -only some twenty-eight hundred men. Three fourths of these are kept -doing garrison duty, leaving only seven hundred men free afield. Just -beside Chippewa, a creek some twenty feet wide comes into Niagara -River. The Canadians have destroyed the bridge as they retreat, but -the Americans pursue, and at midnight of the 4th the two armies are -facing each other across the brook, ominous dreadful silence through -the darkness but for the sentry's arms or the lumbering advance of -artillery wagons dragged cautiously near the Canadians. The bridge is -repaired under peppering shot from the British. By four on the -afternoon of the 5th, the Americans have crossed the stream. Their -artillery is in place, and another battalion has forded higher up and -swept round to take the Canadians on the flank. The Canadians must -either flee in such blind panic as Procter displayed at Moraviantown, -or turn and fight. Indians in ambush, reënforcements from Fort George -and Queenston formed in three solid columns, the English wheel to face -the foe. First there is the rattling clatter of musketry fire from -shooters behind in the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P372"></A>372}</SPAN> -grass. Then the solid columns break from -a march to a run, and charge with their bayonets. The artillery fire -of the Americans meets the runners in a terrible death blast; but as -the front lines drop, the men behind step in their places till the -armies are not one hundred yards apart. Then another blast from the -heavy guns of the Americans literally tears the Canadian columns to -tatters. As the smoke lifts there are no columns left, only scattered -groups of men retreating across a field strewn thick with the mangled -dead. Out of twelve hundred men, the Canadians have lost five hundred. -The charge of the forlorn twelve hundred at Chippewa against the -artillery of four thousand Americans has been likened to the charge of -the Light Brigade in the Russian War. Though the Canadians were -defeated, their heroic defense had for a few days at least checked the -advance of the invaders. And now the position of the beleaguered -became desperate. At Fort George, at Queenston, and at Burlington -Heights, the men were put on half rations. -</P> - -<P> -Why did the Americans not advance at once against Queenston and Fort -George? For three weeks they awaited Chauncey's fleet to attack from -the water side, so the army could rush the fort from the land side; but -Chauncey was ill and could not come, and the interval gave the -hard-pressed Canadians their chance. Drummond comes from Kingston with -four hundred fresh men; also he calls on the people to leave their -farms and rally as volunteers to the last desperate fight. This -increased his troops by another thousand, though many of the volunteers -were mere boys, who scarcely knew how to hold a gun. Then, from a -dozen signs, Drummond's practiced eye foresaw that a forward movement -was being planned by the enemy without Chauncey's coöperation. All the -American baggage was being ordered to rear. False attacks to draw off -observation are made on Fort George outposts. American scouts are seen -reconnoitering the Back Country. Drummond rightly guessed that the -attack was being planned in one of two directions,—by rounding through -the Back Country, either to fall in great numbers on Fort George, or to -cut between the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P373"></A>373}</SPAN> -Canadian army of Hamilton region and of Niagara -region, taking both battalions in the rear. From Fort George to -Queenston Canadian troops are posted by Drummond, and where the road -called Lundy's Lane runs from the Falls at right angles to the Back -Country more battalions are ordered on guard against the advance of the -invaders. Fitzgibbons, the famous scout, climbing to a tree on top of -a high hill, sees the Americans, five thousand of them, gray coats, -blue coats, white trousers, moving up from Chippewa towards Lundy's -Lane. Quickly sixteen hundred Canadian troops under General Riall take -possession of a hill fronting Lundy's Lane and the Falls. On the hill -is a little brown church and an old-fashioned graveyard. In the midst -of the graves the Canadian cannon are posted. Round the cemetery runs -a stone wall screened by shrubbery, and on both sides of Lundy's Lane -are endless orchards of cherry and peach and apples, the fruit just -beginning to redden in the summer sun. Whether the enemy aim at Fort -George or Hamilton, the Canadian position on Lundy's Lane must be -passed and captured. As soon as Drummond had Fitzgibbons' report, he -sent messengers galloping for Hercules Scott, who had been ordered to -retreat to the lake, to come back to Lundy's Lane with his twelve -hundred men. It may be imagined that the Americans guessed what -message the horseman, in the slather of foam was bearing back to -Hercules Scott; for they at once attacked the Canadians in Lundy's Lane -with fury, to capture the guns on the hill before Hercules Scott's -reënforcements could come. -</P> - -<P> -It was now six o'clock in the evening of July 25, a sweltering hot -night, and the troops on both sides were parched for water, though the -roar of whole inland oceans of water could be heard pouring over the -Falls of Niagara. As the Canadians had charged against the American -guns at Chippewa, so now the Americans charged uphill against the guns -of the Canadians, hurling their full strength against the enemy's -center. Creeping under shelter of the cemetery stone walls, the -bluecoats would fire a volley of musketry, jump over the fence, dash -through the smoke, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P374"></A>374}</SPAN> -bayonet in hand, to capture the Canadian guns. -Time, time again, the rush was dauntlessly made, and time, time again -met by the withering blast. Before nine o'clock the attacking lines -had lost more than five hundred men, and as many Canadians had fallen -on the hill. The dead and mangled lay literally in heaps. As darkness -deepened, lit only by the wan light of a fitful moon and the awesome -flare of volley after volley, the fearful screams of the dying could be -heard above the roar of the Falls and the whistle of cannon ball. -Riall, the commander of the Canadians, had been wounded and captured. -Of his sixteen hundred Canadians, Drummond had now left only one -thousand, and he was himself bleeding from a deep wound in the neck. -Half the American officers had been carried from the field injured, and -still the command was repeated to rush the hill before Scott's -reënforcements came, and each time the advancing line was driven back -shattered and thinned, Canadians dashing in pursuit, cheering and -whooping, till both armies were so inextricably mixed it was impossible -to hear or heed commands. It was in one of these mêlées that Riall, -the Canadian, found himself among the American lines and was captured -to the wild and jubilant shouting of the boys in blue and gray. Pause -fell at nine o'clock. The Americans were mustering for the final -terrible rush. The moon had gone behind a cloud, and the darkness was -inky. Then a shout from the Canadian side split the very welkin. -Hercules Scott had arrived with his twelve hundred men on a run, -breathless and tired from a march and countermarch of twenty miles. -The Americans took up the yell; for fresh reserves had joined them, -too, and Lundy's Lane became a bedlam of ear-shattering sounds,—heavy -artillery wagons forcing up the hill at a gallop over dead and dying, -bombs from the Canadian guns exploding in the darkness, horses taking -fright and bolting from their riders, carrying American guns clear -across the lines among the Canadians. A wild yell of triumph told that -the Americans had captured the hill. For the next two hours it was a -hand-to-hand fight in pitchy darkness. Drummond, the Englishman, could -be heard right in the midst of the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P375"></A>375}</SPAN> -American lines, shouting, -"Stick to them, men! stick to them! Don't give up! Don't turn! Stick -to them! You 'll have it!" And American officers were found amidst -Canadian battalions, shouting stentorian command: "Level low! Fire at -their flashes! Watch the flash, and fire at their flashes!" -</P> - -<A NAME="img-375"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-375.jpg" ALT="MONUMENT AT LUNDY'S LANE" BORDER="2" WIDTH="260" HEIGHT="362"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 260px"> -MONUMENT AT LUNDY'S LANE -</H4> - -<P> -The Americans have captured the Canadian guns, but in the darkness they -cannot carry them off. Each side thinks the other beaten, and neither -will retreat. In the confusion it is impossible to rally the -battalions, and men are attacking their own side by mistake. Both -sides claim victory, and each is afraid to await what daylight may -reveal; for it is no exaggeration to say that at the battle of Lundy's -Lane the blood of one third of each side dyed the field. The Canadians -as defenders of their own homes, fighting in the last ditch, dare not -retire. The Americans, having more to risk in numbers, withdraw their -troops at two in the morning. Of her twenty-eight hundred men Canada -had lost nine hundred; and the American loss is as great. Too -exhausted to retire, Drummond's men flung themselves on the ground and -slept lying among the dead, heedless alike of the drenching rain that -follows artillery fire, of the roaring cataract, of the groans from the -wounded. Men awakened in the gray dawn to find themselves -unrecognizable from blood and powder smoke, to find, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P376"></A>376}</SPAN> -in some -cases, that the comrade whose coat they had shared as pillow lay cold -in death by morning. While Drummond's men bury the dead in heaps and -carry the wounded to Toronto, the invaders have retreated with their -wounded to Fort Erie. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -It now became the dauntless Drummond's aim to expel the enemy from Fort -Erie. Five days after the battle of Lundy's Lane he had moved his camp -halfway between Chippewa and Fort Erie; but in addition to its garrison -of two thousand, Fort Erie is guarded by three armed schooners lying at -anchor on the lake front. Captain Dobbs of Drummond's forces makes the -first move. At the head of seventy-five men, he deploys far to the -rear of the fort through the woods, carrying five flatboats over the -forest trail eight miles, and on the night of the 12th of August slips -out through the water mist towards the American schooners. -</P> - -<P> -"Who goes?" challenges the ships' watchman. -</P> - -<P> -"Provision boats from Buffalo," calls back the Canadian oarsman; and -the rowboats pass round within the shadow of the schooner. A moment -later the American ships are boarded. A trampling on deck calls the -sailors aloft; but Dobbs has mastered two vessels before the fort wakes -to life with a rush to the rescue. -</P> - -<P> -Delay means almost inevitable loss to Drummond; for Prevost will send -no more reënforcements, and the Americans are daily strengthening Fort -Erie. Bastions of stone have been built. Outer batteries command -approach to the walls, and along the narrow margin between the fort and -the lake earthworks have been thrown up, mounted with cannon elbowing -to the water's edge. Taking advantage of the elation over Dobbs' raid -on the schooners, Drummond plans a night assault on the 15th of August. -Rain had been falling in splashes all day. The fort trenches were -swimming like rivers, and it may be mentioned that Drummond's camp was -swimming too, boding ill for his men's health. One of the foreign -regiments was to lead -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P377"></A>377}</SPAN> -the assault round by the lake side, while -Drummond and his nephew rushed the bastions. It will be remembered -these foreign regiments of Napoleonic wars were composed of the -offscourings of Europe. The fighters were to depend "on bayonet alone, -giving no quarter." Splashing along the rain-soaked road in silence -and darkness, scaling ladders over shoulders, bayonets in hand, the -foreign troops came to the earthwork elbowing out into the lake. This -was passed by the men wading out in the lake to their chins; but the -noise was overheard by the fort sentry, and a perfect blaze of musketry -shattered the darkness and drove the mercenaries back pellmell, -bellowing with terror. A few of the English and Canadian troops -pressed forward, only to find that they could not reach within ladder -distance of the walls at all, for spiked trees had been placed above -the trenches in a perfect crisscross hurdle of sharpened ends. In old -letters of the period one reads how the trenches were literally heaped -with a jumbled mass of the dead. The other attacking columns fared -almost as badly. One of the bastions had been entered by the cannon -embrasures, Drummond, Junior, shouting to "give no quarter—give no -quarter," when, from the cross firing in the courtyards, the powder -magazine below this bastion was set on fire, and exploded with a -terrific crash, killing the assailants almost to a man. In -all,—killed, wounded, missing,—the assault cost Drummond's army nine -hundred men. September proved a rainy month. Drummond's camp became -almost a marsh, and the health of the troops compelled a move to higher -ground. It was then the Americans sallied out in assault. Neither -side could claim victory, but the skirmish cost each army more than -five hundred men. Sir James Yeo now comes sailing up Lake Ontario with -some of the sixteen thousand troops sent from England. The weather -became unfavorable to movement on either side,—rain and sleet -continuously. Drummond foresaw that the season would compel the -abandonment of Fort Erie, and on November 5, a scout came in with word -that the invaders had crossed to the American side and Fort Erie had -been blown up. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P378"></A>378}</SPAN> -While Drummond is fighting for the very life of Canada along the -Niagara frontier, the war continues in desultory fashion elsewhere. -Kentucky riflemen raid western Ontario from Detroit to Port Dover. Up -on the lakes is a story of the war that reads like a page from border -raiders. American fur traders destroy Sault Ste. Marie. Canadian fur -traders retaliate by swooping on Mississippi fur posts. Out on the -Pacific Coast an English gunboat has captured John Jacob Astor's fur -post on the Columbia; and now in the fall of 1814 the Northwest Fur -Company of Montreal are conveying from Astor's fort the furs, worth -millions of dollars, in canoes across the Upper Lakes to Ottawa River. -Two armed American schooners, hiding on the north shore of Lake Huron, -lie in wait for the gay raiders of the Northwest Company; but at the -Sault the Nor'west voyageurs get wind of the danger. They, in turn, -hide their canoes in some of the blue coves of the north shore. Then, -stealing out at night, in canoes with muffled paddles, the Nor'westers -come on one schooner while the watch is asleep. They board her, -bayonet the crew, "pinion some of the wounded to the decks," and with -the captured vessel sidle up to the other vessel, and, before she is -aware of the new masters on board, have captured her too. Then, scalps -flaunting at the prows of their canoes, the Nor'west fur traders gayly -go their way. Down at Lake Champlain occurs the great fiasco of the -war,—the blot on Canada's escutcheon. Prevost with ten thousand -reënforcements has been ordered by the English Governor to proceed from -Montreal against the Americans by both water and land. While an -English fleet attacks the Americans, Prevost is to lead the troops -against Plattsburg. But the Canadian fleet meets terrible disaster. -The commander is killed by a rebounding cannon ball just as the action -begins; and twelve of the gunboats manned by the hired foreigners -desert <I>en masse</I>. The rest of the fleet is literally destroyed. -Instead of seconding attack by a battle on land, Prevost sits behind -his trenches waiting for the little fleet to win the battle for him; -and when the fleet is defeated, Prevost's courage sinks with the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P379"></A>379}</SPAN> -sinking ships. He gathers up his troops and retreats in a scare of -haste,—such a fright of unseemly, unsoldierly haste that nearly one -thousand of his soldiers desert in sheer disgust. Down at Nova Scotia -are raid and counter-raid too. The British and American fleets wage -fierce war that is not part of Canada's story; but in the contest the -public buildings of Washington are burned in retaliation for the -burning of Newark; and down at New Orleans the English suffer a -crushing defeat. -</P> - -<P> -Meanwhile the peace commissioners have been at work; and the war that -ought never to have taken place, that settled not one jot of the -dispute which caused it, was closed by the Treaty of Ghent, Christmas -Eve of 1814. All captured forts, all plunder, all prisoners, are to be -restored. Michilimackinac and Fort Niagara and Astoria on the Columbia -go back to the United States; but of "impressment" and "right of -search" and "embargo of neutrals" not a word. The waste of life and -happiness accomplished not a feather's weight unless it were the lesson -of the criminal folly of a war between nations akin in aim and speech -and blood. -</P> - -<BR><BR><BR> - -<A NAME="chap15"></A> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P380"></A>380}</SPAN> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -CHAPTER XV -</H3> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -FROM 1812 TO 1846 -</H3> - -<P CLASS="intro"> -Selkirk's colony—Troubles on passage—Winter on the bay—First winter on -Red River—First conflict—Nor'westers rally to defense—The storm -gathers—The Nor'westers victorious—Selkirk to the rescue—Banditti -warfare in Athabasca—In Athabasca—Robertson escapes—Frobisher's -death—The Pacific empire—Secede from Oregon -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -When Sir Alexander MacKenzie, the discoverer, went home to retire on an -estate in Scotland, he found the young nobleman and philanthropist, Lord -Selkirk, keenly interested in accounts of vast, new, unpeopled lands, -which lay beyond the Great Lakes. A change in the system of farming, -which dispossessed small farmers to turn the tenantries into sheep runs, -had caused terrible poverty in Scotland at this period. Here in Scotland -were people starving for want of land. There in America were lands idle -for lack of people. Selkirk had already sent out some colonists to the -Lake St. Clair region of Ontario and to Prince Edward Island, but what he -heard from MacKenzie turned his attention to the new empire of the -prairie. Then in Montreal, where he had been dined and wined by the -Northwest Company's "Beaver Club," he had heard still more of this vast -new land, of its wealth of furs, of its untimbered fields, where man had -but to put in the plowshare to sow his crop. The one great obstruction -to settlement there would be the claims of the Hudson's Bay Company to -exclusive monopoly of the country; but as Selkirk listened to the -descriptions of the Red River Valley given by Colin Robertson, who had -been dismissed by the Nor'westers, he thought he saw a way of overcoming -all difficulties which the fur traders could put in the way of settlement. -</P> - -<P> -Owing to competition Hudson's Bay stock had fallen from two hundred and -fifty to fifty pounds sterling a share. On returning to Scotland Lord -Selkirk had begun buying up Hudson's Bay stock in the market, along with -Sir Alexander MacKenzie; but when MacKenzie learned that Selkirk's object -was colonization first, profits second, he broke in violent anger from -the partnership in speculation, and besought William MacGillivray to go -on -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P381"></A>381}</SPAN> -the open market and buy against Selkirk to defeat the plans for -settlement. What with shares owned by his wife's family of -Colville-Wedderburns, and those he had himself purchased, Selkirk now -owned a controlling interest in the Hudson's Bay Company. -</P> - -<P> -Early in 1811 the Company deeds to Lord Selkirk the country of Red River -Valley, exceeding in area the British Isles and extending, through the -ignorance of its donors, far south into American territory. Colin -Robertson, the former Nor'wester, who first interested Selkirk in Red -River, has meanwhile been gathering together a party of colonists. Miles -MacDonell, retired from the Glengarry Regiment, has been appointed by -Selkirk governor of the new colony. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-381"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-381.jpg" ALT="SELKIRK" BORDER="2" WIDTH="207" HEIGHT="271"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 207px"> -SELKIRK -</H4> - -<P> -What of the Nor'westers while these projects went forward? Writes -MacGillivray from London, where he has been stirring up enmity to -Selkirk's project, "<I>Selkirk must be driven to abandon his project at any -cost, for his colony would prove utterly destructive of our fur trade</I>." -How he purposed doing this will be seen. Writes Selkirk to the governor -of his colony, Miles MacDonell: "<I>The Northwest Company must be compelled -to quit my lands. If they refuse, they must be treated as poachers</I>." -Selkirk believed that the Hudson's Bay Company charter to the Great -Northwest was legal and valid. He believed that the vast territory -granted to him was legally his own as much as his parks in Scotland. He -believed that he possessed the same right to expel intruders on this -territory as to drive poachers from his own Scotch parks. It was the -spirit of feudalism. As for the Nor'westers, let us look at their -rights. They disputed that the charter of the Hudson's Bay Company -applied beyond the bounds -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P382"></A>382}</SPAN> -of Hudson Bay. Even if it did so apply, -they pointed out that by the terms of the charter it applied only to -lands not possessed by any other Christian power; and who would dispute -that French fur traders and Nor'westers, as their successors, had -ascended the streams of the interior long before the Hudson's Bay men? -It was the spirit of democracy. It needed no prophet to foresee when -these two sets of claims came together there would be a violent clash. -</P> - -<P> -It is evening in the little harbor of Stornoway, off the Hebrides, north -of Scotland, July 25, 1811. Waning midsummer has begun to shorten the -long days; and lying at anchor in the twilight a few yards offshore are -the three Hudson's Bay Company boats, outward bound. For a week the -quiet little fishing hamlet has been in a turmoil, for Governor Miles -MacDonell and Colin Robertson have ordered the Selkirk settlers here—129 -of them, 70 farmers, 59 clerks—to join the Hudson's Bay boats as they -swing out westward on their far cruise to the north, and the atmosphere -has literally been on fire with vexations created by spies of the -Northwest Company. In the first place, as the settlers wait for the -ships coming up from London, trouble makers pass from group to group -scattering a miserable little sheet called "The Highlander," warning "the -deluded people" against going to "a polar land of Indian hostiles." -Besides, dark hints are uttered that the settlers are not wanted for -colonists at all, but for armed battalions to fight the Nor'westers for -the Hudson's Bay Company, in proof whereof the prophets of evil point -ominously to the cannon and munitions of war on board the three old fur -boats. Then there is too much whisky afloat in Stornoway that week. -Settlers are taken ashore and farewelled and farewelled and farewelled -till unable to find their way down to the rowboats, and then they are -easily frightened into abandoning the risky venture altogether. On the -settlers who have come as clerks to the Company Governor MacDonell can -keep a strong hand, for they have been paid their wages in advance and -are seized if they attempt to desert. Then the excise officer here is a -friend of the Nor'westers, and he creates -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P383"></A>383}</SPAN> -endless trouble rowing -round and round the boats, bawling … bawling out … to know "if -all who are embarking are going of their own free will," till the ship's -hands, looking over decks, become so exasperated they heave a cannon ball -over rails, which goes splash through the bottom of the harbor officer's -rowboat and sends him cursing ashore to dispatch a challenge for a duel -to Governor MacDonell. MacDonell sees plainly that if he is to have any -colonists left, he must sail at once. Anchors up and sails out at eleven -that night, the ships glide from shore so unexpectedly that one -faint-heart, desperately resolved on flight, has to jump overboard and -swim ashore, while two other settlers, who have been lingering over -farewells, must be rowed across harbor by Colin Robertson to catch the -departing ships. Then Robertson is back on the wharf trumpeting a last -cheer through his funneled hands. The Highlanders on decks lean over the -vessel railings waving their bonnets. The Glasgow and Dublin lads -indentured as clerks give a last huzza, and the Selkirk settlers are off -for their Promised Land. -</P> - -<P> -As long ago Cartier's first colonists to the St. Lawrence had their -mettle tested by tempestuous weather and pioneer hardships, so now the -first colonists to the Great Northwest must meet the challenge that fate -throws down to all who leave the beaten path. Though the season was -late, the weather was extraordinarily stormy. Sixty-one days the passage -lasted, the tubby old fur ships lying water-logged, rolling to the angry -sea. MacDonell was furious that colonists had been risked on such -unseaworthy craft, but those old fur-ship captains, with fifty years ice -battling to their credit, probably knew their business better than -MacDonell. The fur ships had not been built for speed and comfort, but -for cargoes and safety, and when storms came they simply lowered sails, -turned tails to the wind, and rolled till the gale had passed, to the -prolonged woe of the Highland landsmen, who for the first time suffered -seasick pangs. Then, when Governor MacDonell attempted drills to pass -the time, he made the discovery that seditious talk had gone the rounds -of the deck. "The Hudson's Bay had no right to this -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P384"></A>384}</SPAN> -country." -"The Nor'westers owned that country." "The Hudson's Bay could n't compel -any man to drill and fight." Selkirk could not give clear deed to their -"lands," and much more to the same effect, all of which proved that some -Nor'wester agent in disguise had been busy on board. -</P> - -<P> -September 24, amid falling snow and biting frost, the ships anchored at -Five Fathom Hole off York Factory, Port Nelson. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-384t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-384.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-384t.jpg" ALT="NELSON AND HAYES RIVERS (From Robson)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="387" HEIGHT="366"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 387px"> -NELSON AND HAYES RIVERS (From Robson) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -The Selkirk settlers had been sixty-one days on board, and they were -still a year away from their Promised Land. Champlain's colonists of -Acadia and Quebec had come to anchorage on a land set like a jewel amid -silver waters and green hills, but the Selkirk settlers have as yet seen -only rocks barren of verdure as a billiard ball, vales amidst the domed -hills of Hudson Straits, dank with muskeg, and silent as the very realms -of death itself, but for the flacker of wild fowl, the roaring of the -floundering -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P385"></A>385}</SPAN> -walrus herds, or the lonely tinkling of mountain -streams running from the ice fields to the mossy valleys bordering the -northern sea. It needed a robust hope, or the blind faith of an almost -religious zeal, to penetrate the future and see beyond these sterile -shores the Promised Land, where homes were to be built, and plenty to -abound. If pioneer struggles leave a something in the blood of the race -that makes for national strength and permanency, the difference between -the home finding of the West and the home finding of the East is worth -noting. -</P> - -<P> -There were, of course, no preparations for the colonists at York Fort, -for the factor could not know they were coming, or anything of Selkirk's -plans, till the annual ships arrived. On the chance of finding better -hunting farther from the fort, MacDonell withdrew his people from Hayes -River, north across the marsh to a sheltered bank of the River Nelson. -Winter had set in early. A whooping blizzard met the pilgrims as they -marched along an Indian trail through the brushwood. There is a legend -of Miles MacDonell, the governor, becoming benighted between York Fort -and Nelson River, and losing his way in the storm. According to the -story, he beat about the brushwood for twenty-four hours before he -regained his bearings. Rude huts of rough timber and thatch roof with -logs extemporized for berths and benches were knocked up for wintering -quarters on Nelson River, and the next nine months were passed hunting -deer for store of provisions, and building flatboats to ascend the -interior. All winter a mutinous spirit was at work among the young -clerks, which MacDonell, no doubt, ascribed to the machinations of -Nor'westers; but the chief factor quickly quelled mutiny by cutting off -supplies, and all hands were ready to proceed when the fur brigades set -out for the interior on the 21st of June, 1812. -</P> - -<P> -Up Hayes River, up the whole length of Winnipeg Lake, then in August the -flatboats are ascending the muddy current of Red River, through what is -now Manitoba, and for the first time the people see their Promised Land. -High banks fringed with maple and oak line the river at what is now -Selkirk. Then the cliffs lower, and through the woods are broken gleams -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P386"></A>386}</SPAN> -of the rolling prairie intersected by ravines, stretching far as -eye can see, where sky and earth meet. From the lateness of the season -one can guess that the river was low at the bowlder reach known as St. -Andrew's Rapids, and that while the boats were tracked upstream the -people would disembark and walk along the Indian trails of the west bank. -There was no Fort Garry near the rapids, as a few years later. -Buffalo-skin tepees alone broke the endless sweep of russet prairie and -sky, clear swimming blue as the purest lake. Then the people are back -aboard, laboring hard at the oar now, for they know they are nearing the -end of their long pilgrimage. The river banks rise higher. Then they -drop gradually to the flats now known as Point Douglas. Another bend in -the sinuous red current, looping and curving and circling fantastically -through the prairie, and the Selkirk settlers are in full view of the old -Cree graveyard,—bodies swathed in skins on scaffolding,—down at the -junction of the Assiniboine. Hard by they see the towered bastions of -the Northwest Company's post, Fort Gibraltar. Somewhere between what are -known to-day as Broadway Bridge and Point Douglas, the Selkirk settlers -land on the west side. Chief Peguis and his Cree warriors ride -wonderingly among the white-faced newcomers, marveling at men who have -crossed the Great Waters "to dig gardens and work land." The barracks -knocked up hastily is known after Selkirk's family name as Fort Douglas; -but the store of deer meat has been exhausted, and the colonists are on -the verge of a second winter. They at once join the Plain Rangers, or -Bois Brulés (Burnt Wood Runners), half-breed descendants of French and -Nor'west fur traders, who have become retainers of the Montreal Company. -With them the Selkirk settlers proceed south to Pembina and the Boundary -to hunt buffalo. No instructions had yet come to Red River of the -Northwest Company's hostility to the colony, and the lonely Scotch clerks -of Fort Gibraltar were glad to welcome men who spoke their own Highland -tongue. Volumes might be written of this, the colonists' first year in -their Promised Land: how the rude Plain Rangers conveyed them to the -buffalo hunt in their -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P387"></A>387}</SPAN> -creaking Red River carts,—carts made -entirely of wood, hub, tire, axle, and all, or else on loaned ponies; how -when storm came the white settlers were welcomed to the huts and skin -tents of the French half-breeds, given food and buffalo blankets; how -many a young Highlander came to grief in the wild stampede of his first -buffalo hunt; how when the hunters returned to Fort Gibraltar (Winnipeg), -on Red River, with store enough of pemmican for all the fur posts of the -Nor'westers, many a wild happy winter night was passed dancing mad Indian -jigs to the piping of the Highland piper and the crazy scraping of some -Frenchman's fiddle; how when morning came, in a gray dawn of smoking -frost mist, a long line of the colonists could be seen winding along the -ice of Red River home to Fort Douglas, Piper Green or Hector McLean -leading the way, still prancing and blowing a proud national air; how -when spring opened, ten-acre plots were assigned to each settler, close -to the fort at what were known as the Colony Buildings, and one -hundred-acre farms farther down the river. All this and more are part of -the story of the coming of the first colonists to the Great Northwest. -The very autumn that the first settlers had reached Red River in 1812 -more colonists had arrived on the boats at -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P388"></A>388}</SPAN> -Hudson Bay. These did -not reach Red River till October of 1812 and the spring of 1813. By -1813, and on till 1817, more colonists yearly came. The story of each -year, with its plot and counterplot, I have told elsewhere. Spite of -Nor'westers' threats, spite of the fact there would be no market for the -colonists when they had succeeded in transforming wilderness prairie into -farms, Selkirk's mad dream of empire seemed to be succeeding. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-387"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-387.jpg" ALT="FORT GARRY, RED RIVER SETTLEMENT" BORDER="2" WIDTH="383" HEIGHT="251"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 383px"> -FORT GARRY, RED RIVER SETTLEMENT -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<BR> - -<P> -The cardinal mistake in the contest between Hudson's Bay Company and -Nor'westers, between feudalism and democracy, was now committed by the -governor of the colony, Miles MacDonell. The year 1813 had proved poor -for the buffalo hunters. Large numbers of colonists were coming, and -provisions were likely to be scarce. Also, note it well, while the War -of 1812 did not cut off supplies through Hudson Bay to the English -Company, it did threaten access to the West by the Great Lakes, and cut -off all supplies by way of Detroit and Lake Huron for the Nor'westers. -Was MacDonell scoring a point against the Nor'westers, when they were at -a disadvantage? Who can answer? Selkirk had ordered him to expel the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P389"></A>389}</SPAN> -Nor'westers from his lands, and if the violent contest had not -begun in this way, it was bound to come in another. What MacDonell did -was issue a proclamation in January of 1814, forbidding taking provisions -from Selkirk's territory of Assiniboia. It practically meant that the -Plain Rangers must not hunt buffalo in the limits of modern Manitoba, and -must not sell supplies to the Nor'westers. It also meant that all the -upper posts of the Nor'westers—the fur posts of Athabasca and British -Columbia, which depended on pemmican for food—would be without adequate -provisions. The Plain Rangers were enraged beyond words, and doubly -outraged when some Hudson's Bay men began seizing buffalo meat at Pembina -River, which was beyond the limits of Selkirk's territory. Writes Peter -Fidler, one of the Hudson's Bay factors, "<I>If MacDonell only perseveres, -he will starve the Nor westers out</I>." -</P> - -<A NAME="img-388"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-388.jpg" ALT="FORT DOUGLAS" BORDER="2" WIDTH="386" HEIGHT="272"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 386px"> -FORT DOUGLAS -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -One can guess the anger in the annual meeting of the Nor'westers at Fort -William in July of 1814. Like generals on field of war they laid out -their campaign. Duncan Cameron, a United Empire Loyalist officer of the -1812 War, is to don his red regimentals and proceed to Red River, where -his knowledge of the Gaelic tongue may be trusted to win over Selkirk -settlers. "<I>Nothing but the complete downfall of the colony will satisfy -some</I>," wrote one of the fiery Nor'westers to a brother officer. Such -was the mood of the Nor'westers when they came back from their annual -meeting on Lake Superior to Red River, and MacDonell fanned this mood to -dangerous fury by threatening to burn the Nor'westers' forts to the -ground unless they moved from Selkirk's territory. For the present -Duncan Cameron contents himself with striking up a warm friendship with -the Highlanders of the settlement and offering to transport two hundred -of them free of cost to Eastern Canada. MacDonell seizes still more -provisions from northwest forts. Cameron, the Nor'wester, comes back -from the annual meeting of 1815 still more bellicose. He carries the -warrant to arrest Governor Miles MacDonell for the seizure of those -provisions. MacDonell, safe behind the palisades of Fort Douglas, laughs -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P390"></A>390}</SPAN> -the warrant to scorn; but it is another matter when the Plain -Rangers ride across the prairie from Fort Gibraltar armed, and pour such -hot shot into Fort Douglas that the colonists, frenzied with fear, huddle -to the fort for shelter. To insure the safety of his colonists, -MacDonell surrenders to the Nor'westers and is sent to Eastern Canada for -a trial which never takes place. No sooner has Governor MacDonell been -expelled than Cuthbert Grant, warden of the Plain Rangers, rides over to -the colony and warns the colonists to flee for their lives, from Indians -enraged at "these land workers spoiling the hunting fields." What the -Indians thought of this defense of their rights is not stated. They were -silent and unacting witnesses of the unedifying spectacle of white men -ready to fly at each other's throats. It was too late for the colonists -to reach Hudson Bay in time for the annual ships of 1815, so the -houseless people dispersed amid the forests of Lake Winnipeg, where they -could be certain of at least fish for food. -</P> - -<P> -Word of the two hundred settlers having been moved from Red River by the -Nor'westers, of MacDonell's forcible expulsion, and of the dispersion of -the rest of the colony had, of course, been sent to Selkirk and his -agents in both Montreal and London. Swift retaliation is prepared. -Colin Robertson, who speaks French like a Canadian and knows all the -Nor'west voyageurs of the St. Lawrence, is sent to gather up two hundred -French boatmen under the very noses of the Nor'westers at Montreal. With -these Robertson is to invade the far-famed Athabasca, whence come the -best furs, the very heart of the Nor'westers' stamping ground. Robert -Semple is appointed governor of the colony on Red River, with -instructions to resist the aggressions of the Nor'westers even to the -point of "<I>a shock that may be felt from Montreal to Athabasca</I>." -Selkirk himself comes to Canada to interview the Governor General about -military forces to protect his colony. -</P> - -<P> -Robertson, with his two hundred voyageurs for Athabasca, follows the old -Ottawa trail of the French explorers, from the St. Lawrence to the Great -Lakes, and from the Great Lakes to -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P391"></A>391}</SPAN> -Red River by way of Winnipeg -Lake. Whom does he find on the shores of the lake but Selkirk's -dispersed colonists! Ordering John Clarke, an old campaigner of Astor's -company on the Columbia, to lead the two hundred French voyageurs on up -to Athabasca, Colin Robertson rallies the colonists together and leads -them back to Red River for the winter of 1815-1816. Feeling sure that he -had destroyed Selkirk's scheme root and branch, Cameron has remained at -Fort Gibraltar with only a few men, when back to the field comes -Robertson, stormy, capable, robust, red-blooded, fearless, breathing -vengeance on Selkirk's foes. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-391t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-391.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-391t.jpg" ALT="SKETCH OF THE CITY OF WINNIPEG, SHOWING THE SITES OF THE EARLY FORTS" BORDER="2" WIDTH="386" HEIGHT="290"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 386px"> -SKETCH OF THE CITY OF WINNIPEG, SHOWING THE SITES OF THE EARLY FORTS -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -By the spring of 1816 the tables have been turned with a vengeance. -Cameron, the Nor'wester, has been seized and sent to Hudson Bay to be -expelled from the country. Fort Gibraltar has been pulled down and the -timbers used to strengthen Fort Douglas, whose pointed cannon command all -passage up and down Red River. It was hardly to be supposed that the -haughty Nor'westers would submit to expulsion without a blow. From -Athabasca, from New Caledonia, from Qu'Appelle … they rally their -doughtiest fighters under Cuthbert Grant, the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P392"></A>392}</SPAN> -half-breed Plain -Ranger. From Montreal and Fort William come spurring the leading -partners, with one hundred and seventy French-Canadian bullies, and a -brass cannon concealed under oilcloth in a long boat. The object of the -Plain Rangers is to meet the up-coming partners with supplies for the -year; but is that any reason for the riders who are striking eastward -from Assiniboine to Red River, decking themselves out in war paint and -stripping like savages before battle? The object of the partners is to -meet the Plain Rangers on Red River; but is that any reason for bringing -a cannon concealed under oilcloth all the way from Lake Superior? Or do -men fighting a life-and-death struggle for the thing the world calls -success ever acknowledge plain motives within themselves at all? Is it -not rather the blind brute instinct of self-protection, forfend what may? -</P> - -<A NAME="img-392t"></A> -<A HREF="images/img-392.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-392t.jpg" ALT="RED RIVER SETTLEMENT, 1816-1820" BORDER="2" WIDTH="296" HEIGHT="392"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 296px"> -RED RIVER SETTLEMENT, 1816-1820 -</H4> - -<P> -"Listen, white men! Beware! Beware!" the Cree chief Peguis warns -Governor Semple. What means the spectacle of white brothers, who preach -peace, preparing for war over a few beaver pelts? Chief Peguis cannot -understand, except this is the way of white men. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P393"></A>393}</SPAN> -And now, unluckily for Governor Semple, he quarrels with his -adviser, Colin Robertson. Robertson, from his early training in -Northwest ranks, reads the signs, and is for striking a blow before the -enemy can strike him. Semple is still talking peace. Robertson leaves -Red River in disgust, and departs for Hudson Bay to take ship for -England. The Plain Rangers, it may be explained, have uttered the wild -threat that if they "can catch Robertson," they will avenge the -destruction of Fort Gibraltar "by skinning him alive and feeding him to -the dogs." Also it is well known, Nor'westers of Qu'Appelle have -muttered angry prophecies about "the ground being drenched with the blood -of the colonists." -</P> - -<P> -Still Semple talks peace, which is a good thing in its place; but this is -n't the place. -</P> - -<P> -"My Governor! My Governor!" pleads an old hunter of the Hudson's Bay -with Semple; "are you not afraid? The half-breeds are gathering to kill -you!" -</P> - -<P> -Semple laughs. Pshaw! <I>He</I> has law on <I>his</I> side. Law! What is law? -The old hunter of the lawless wilds does n't know that word. That word -does n't come as far west as the <I>Pays d'en Haut</I>. -</P> - -<P> -It is sunset of June 18, 1816. Old chief Peguis comes again to the -Hudson's Bay fort on Red River. -</P> - -<P> -"Governor of the gard'ners!" he solemnly warns; "governor of the land -workers and gard'ners, listen!…" Not much does he add, after the -fashion of his race. Only this, "<I>Let me bring my warriors to protect -you</I>!" -</P> - -<P> -Semple laughs at such fears. -</P> - -<P> -It is sunset of June 19. A soft west wind has set the prairie grass -rippling like a green sea between the fort and the sun hanging low at the -western sky line. A boy on the lookout above one of the bastion towers -of Fort Douglas suddenly shouts, "The half-breeds are coming!" -</P> - -<P> -Semple ascends the tower and looks through a field glass. There is a -line of sixty or seventy horsemen, all armed, not coming to the fort, but -moving diagonally across from the Assiniboine to the Red towards the -colony. And then, north -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P394"></A>394}</SPAN> -towards the colony, is wildest -clamor,—people in ox carts, people on horseback, people on foot, -stampeding for the shelter of the fort. And up to this moment absolutely -nothing has occurred to create this terror. -</P> - -<P> -"Let twenty men follow me," orders Semple; and he marches out, followed -by twenty-seven armed men. -</P> - -<P> -As they wade through the waist-high hay fields they meet the fleeing -colonists. -</P> - -<P> -"Keep your back to the river!" shouts one colonist, convoying his family. -"They are painted, Governor! Don't let them surround you." -</P> - -<P> -Semple sends back to the fort for a cannon to be trundled out. -</P> - -<P> -Young Lieutenant Holte's gun goes off by mistake. Semple turns on him -with fury and bids him have a care: there is to be no firing. -</P> - -<P> -The half-breeds have turned from their trail and are coming forward at a -gallop. -</P> - -<P> -"There 's Grant, the Plain Ranger, Governor! Let me shoot him," pleads -one Hudson's Bay man. -</P> - -<P> -"God have mercy on our souls!" mutters one of the colonists, counting the -foe; "but we are all dead men." -</P> - -<P> -All the world knows the rest. At a knoll where grew some trees, a spot -now known in Winnipeg on North Main Street as Seven Oaks, Grant, the -Ranger, sent a half-breed, Boucher, forward to parley. -</P> - -<P> -"What do you want?" demands Semple. -</P> - -<P> -"We want our fort!" -</P> - -<P> -"Go to your fort, then!" -</P> - -<P> -"Rascal! You have destroyed our fort!" -</P> - -<P> -"Dare you to speak so to me? Arrest him!" -</P> - -<P> -Boucher slips from his saddle. The Plain Rangers think he has been shot. -Instantaneously from both sides crashes musketry fire. Semple falls with -a broken thigh. Before Grant can control his murderous crew or obtain -aid for the wounded governor, a scamp of a half-breed has slashed the -fallen man to death. Two or three Hudson's Bay men escape through the -long grass -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P395"></A>395}</SPAN> -and swim across Red River. Two or three more save -themselves by instant surrender. For the rest of the twenty-seven, they -lie where they have fallen. They are stripped, mutilated, cut to pieces. -Only one Nor'wester is killed, only one wounded. -</P> - -<P> -Later, in order to save the lives of the settlers, Fort Douglas is -surrendered. For a second time the colonists are dispersed. Before -going down Red River in flatboats two of the Hudson's Bay people go out -with Chief Peguis by night and bury the dead; but they have no time to -dig deep graves, and a few days later the wolves have ripped up the -bodies. -</P> - -<P> -Near Lake Winnipeg the fleeing colonists meet the Northwest partners with -their one hundred and seventy men. No need to announce what the -spectacle of the terrified colonists means. A wild whoop rends the air. -"Thank Providence it was all over before we came," writes one devout -Nor'wester; "for we intended to storm the fort." Both crews pause. The -Nor'westers interrogate the settlers. Semple's private papers are -seized. Also, two Hudson's Bay men who took part in the Seven Oaks fight -are arrested, to be carried on down to Northwest headquarters on Lake -Superior. Then the settlers go on to Lake Winnipeg. -</P> - -<P> -At the various camping places on the way down to Fort William, those two -Hudson's Bay prisoners overhear strange threats. It is night on the Lake -of the Woods. Voices of Northwest partners sound through the dark. They -are talking of Selkirk coming to the rescue of his people with an armed -force. Says the wild voice of a Nor'wester whose brother had been killed -by a Hudson's Bay man some years before, "There are fine quiet places -along Winnipeg River if he comes this way." … Then scraps of -conversation.… Then, "The half-breeds could capture him when he is -asleep." … Then words too low to be heard.… Then, "They could -have the Indians shoot him." … Then in voice of authority -restraining the wild folly of a bloodthirst for vengeance, "Things have -gone too far, but we can throw the blame on the Indians." -</P> - -<P> -The wild words of a man gone mad for revenge must not be taken as the -policy of a great commercial company. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P396"></A>396}</SPAN> -Meantime, where was Selkirk? He had arrived in Montreal. Secret -coureur, whose adventures I have told elsewhere, had carried him word of -the dangers impending over his colony. He at once appealed to the -Governor General for a military force to protect the settlers, but it -must be recalled how Upper and Lower Canada were to be governed under the -Act of 1791. There were to be the governor, the legislative council -appointed by the crown, and the representative assembly. The legislative -council was entirely dominated by the Northwest Company. Of the -different Quebec courts, there was scarcely a judge who was not -interested directly or indirectly in the Northwest Company. Lord Selkirk -could obtain no aid which would conflict with that company's policy. -Then Selkirk petitioned the Governor that, in view of the threats against -himself, he might be granted the commission of a justice of the peace and -permission to take a personal bodyguard at his own cost to the west. -These requests the Governor granted. -</P> - -<P> -Thereupon, Selkirk gathers up some two hundred of the De Meuron and De -Watteville regiments, mercenaries disbanded after the War of 1812, and -sets out for the west. Not aware that Robertson has left Red River, he -sends him word to keep the colonists together and to expect help by way -of the states from the Sault in order to avoid touching at the -Nor'westers' post at Fort William. The coureur with this message is -waylaid by the Nor'westers, but Selkirk himself, preceded by his former -governor, Miles MacDonell, has gone only as far as the Sault when word -comes back of the Seven Oaks massacre. What to do now? He can obtain no -justice in Eastern Canada. Two justices of the peace at the Sault refuse -to be involved in the quarrel by accompanying him. Selkirk goes on -without them, accompanied by the two hundred hired soldiers; but instead -of proceeding to Red River by Minnesota, as he had first planned, he -strikes straight for Fort William, the headquarters of the Nor'westers. -</P> - -<P> -He arrives at the fort August 12, only a few days after the Northwest -partners had come down from the scene of the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P397"></A>397}</SPAN> -massacre at Red River. -Cannon are planted opposite Fort William. Things have "gone too far." -The Nor'westers capitulate without a stroke. Then as justice of the -peace, my Lord Selkirk arrests all the partners but one and sends them -east to stand trial for the massacre of Seven Oaks. The one partner not -sent east was a fuddled old drunkard long since retired from active work. -This man now executes a deed of sale to my Lord Selkirk for Fort William -and its furs. The man was so intoxicated that he could not write, so the -afore-time governor, Miles MacDonell, writes out the bargain, which one -could wish so great a philanthropist as Selkirk had not touched with -tongs. Before midwinter of 1817 has passed, the De Meuron soldiers have -crossed Minnesota and gone down Red River to Fort Douglas. One stormy -night they scale the wall and bundle the Northwest usurpers out, bag and -baggage. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-397"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-397.jpg" ALT="MONUMENT TO COMMEMORATE THE MASSACRE OF SEVEN OAKS" BORDER="2" WIDTH="262" HEIGHT="481"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 262px"> -MONUMENT TO COMMEMORATE THE MASSACRE OF SEVEN OAKS -</H4> - -<P> -July of 1817 comes Selkirk himself to the Promised Land. There is no -record that I have been able to find of his thoughts on first nearing the -ground for which so much blood had been shed, and for which he himself -was yet to suffer much; but -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P398"></A>398}</SPAN> -one can venture to say that his most -daring hope did not grasp the empire that was to grow from the seed he -had planted. He meets the Indians in treaty for their lands. He greets -his colonists in the open one sunny August day, speaking personally to -each and deeding over to them land free of all charge. "This land I give -for your church," he said, standing on the ground which the cathedral now -occupies. "That plot shall be for your school," pointing across the -gully; "and in memory of your native land, let the parish be called -Kildonan." -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Of the trials and counter trials between the two companies, there is not -space to tell here. Selkirk was forced to pay heavy damages for his -course at Fort William, but the courts of Eastern Canada record not a -single conviction against the Nor'westers for the massacre of Seven Oaks. -Selkirk retired shattered in health to Europe, where he died in 1820. -The same year passed away Alexander MacKenzie, his old-time rival. -</P> - -<P> -The truth is, each company had gone too far and was on the verge of ruin. -From Athabasca came the furs that prevented bankruptcy, and whichever -company could drive the other from Athabasca could practically force its -rival to ruin or union. When Colin Robertson had rallied the dispersed -colonists from Lake Winnipeg, he had left John Clarke to conduct the two -hundred Canadian voyageurs to Athabasca for the Hudson's Bay Company. -Clarke had been a Nor'wester before he joined Astor, and was a born -fighter, idolized by the Indians. So confident was he of success now -that he galloped his canoes up the Saskatchewan without pause to gather -provisions. Once on the ground on Athabasca Lake, he divided his party -into two or three bands and sent them foraging to the Nor'westers' forts -and hunting grounds up Peace River, down Slave Lake, at Athabasca itself. -Weakened by division and without food to keep together, his men fell easy -prey to the wily Nor'westers. Of those on Slave Lake eighteen died from -starvation. Those on Peace River were captured and literally whipped out -of the country, signing oaths never to return. Those at -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P399"></A>399}</SPAN> -Athabasca -being leading officers were held prisoners. Meanwhile the Hudson's Bay -Company is defeated at Seven Oaks and victorious at Fort William. The -Nor'westers at Athabasca were keen to keep the frightened Indians of the -north ignorant that Selkirk had triumphed at Fort William, but the news -traveled over the two thousand miles of prairie in that strange hunter -fashion known as "moccasin telegram," and the story is told how the -captured Hudson's Bay officers let the secret out for the benefit of the -Indians now afraid to carry their hunt to a Hudson's Bay man. -</P> - -<P> -Revels and all-night carousals marked the winter with the triumphant -Nor'westers of Athabasca Lake. Often, when wild drinking songs were -ringing in the Nor'westers' dining hall, the Hudson's Bay men would be -brought in to furnish a butt for their merciless victors. One night, -when the hall was full of Indians, one of the Northwest bullies began to -brawl out a song in celebration of the Seven Oaks affair. -</P> - -<P CLASS="poem"> -"The H.B.C. came up a hill, and <I>up</I> a hill they came,<BR> -The H.B.C. came up the hill, but <I>down</I> they went again."<BR> -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Tired of their rude horseplay, one of the Hudson's Bay officers spoke up: -"Y' hae niver asked me for a song. I hae a varse o' me ain compaesin." -</P> - -<P> -Then to the utter amaze of the drunken listeners and astonishment of the -Indians, the game old officer trolled off this stave: -</P> - -<P CLASS="poem"> -"But Selkirk brave went <I>up</I> a hill, and to Fort William came!<BR> -When in he popped and out from thence could not be driven again."<BR> -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -The thunderstruck Nor'wester leaped to his feet with a yell: "A hundred -guineas for the name of the men who brought that news here." -</P> - -<P> -"A hundred guineas for twa lines of me ain compaesin! Extravagant, sir," -returns the canny Scot. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -From accounts held by the Hudson's Bay Company's Montreal lawyers it is -seen that Clarke's expedition cost the Company 20,000 pounds. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P400"></A>400}</SPAN> -Before the massacre of Seven Oaks Colin Robertson had gone down to -Hudson Bay in high dudgeon with Semple, intending to take ship for -England; but that fall the ice drive prevented one ship from leaving the -bay, and Robertson was stranded at Moose Factory for the winter, whither -coureurs brought him word of the Seven Oaks tragedy and Selkirk's victory -at Fort William. Taking an Indian for guide, Robertson set out on -snowshoes for Montreal, following the old Ottawa trail traversed by -Radisson and Iberville long ago. Montreal he found in a state of turmoil -almost verging on riot over the imprisonment of the Northwest partners, -whom Selkirk had sent east. Nightly the goals [Transcriber's note: -gaols?] were illuminated as for festivals. Nightly sound of wandering -musicians came from the cell windows, where loyal friends were serenading -the imprisoned partners. They were released, of course, and acquitted -from the charge of responsibility for the massacre of Seven Oaks. -</P> - -<P> -Presently Robertson finds himself behind the bars for his part in -destroying Fort Gibraltar and arresting Duncan Cameron. He too is -acquitted, and he tells us frankly that a private arrangement had been -made beforehand with the presiding judge. Probably if the Nor'westers -had been as frank, the same influence would explain their acquittal. -</P> - -<P> -Robertson found himself free just about the time Lord Selkirk came back -from Red River by way of the Mississippi in order to avoid those careful -plans for his welfare on the part of the Nor'westers at "the quiet places -along Winnipeg River." The Governor of Canada had notified members of -both companies unofficially that the English government advised the -rivals to find some basis of union, which practically meant that if the -investigations under way were pushed to extremes, both sides might find -themselves in awkward plight; but the fight had gone beyond the period of -pure commercialism. It was now a matter of deadly personal hate between -man and man, which, I am sorry to say, has been carried down by the -descendants of the old fighters almost to the present day. Each side -hoped to drive the other to bankruptcy; and the last throes of the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P401"></A>401}</SPAN> -deadly struggle were to be in Athabasca, the richest fur field. While -Selkirk is fighting his cause in the courts, he gives Robertson carte -blanche to gather two hundred more French voyageurs and proceed to the -Athabasca. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-401"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-401.jpg" ALT="TRACKING ON ATHABASCA RIVER" BORDER="2" WIDTH="388" HEIGHT="298"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 388px"> -TRACKING ON ATHABASCA RIVER -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -Midsummer of 1819 finds the stalwart Robertson crossing Lake Winnipeg to -ascend the Saskatchewan. At the mouth of the Saskatchewan a miserable -remnant of terrified men from the last Athabasca expedition is added to -Robertson's party; and John Clarke, breathing death and destruction -against the Nor'westers, goes along as lieutenant to Robertson. -Everywhere are signs of the lawless conditions of the fur trade. Not an -Indian dare speak to a Hudson's Bay man on pain of horsewhipping. -Instead of canoes gliding up and down the Saskatchewan like birds of -passage, reign a silence and solitude as of the dead. Though Robertson -bids his voyageurs sing and fire off muskets as signals for trade, not a -soul comes down to the river banks till the fleet of advancing traders is -well away from the Saskatchewan and halfway across the height of land -towards the Athabasca. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P402"></A>402}</SPAN> -The amazement of the Nor'westers at Fort Chippewyan in Athabasca -when Robertson pulled ashore at the conglomeration of huts known as Fort -Wedderburn, may be guessed. Two or three of the partners ran down to the -shore and called out that they would like to parley; but John Clarke, -filled with memory of former outrages and rocking the canoe in his fury -so that it almost upset, met the overtures with a volley of stentorian -abuse that sent the Nor'westers scampering and set Robertson laughing -till the tears ran down his cheeks. -</P> - -<P> -The change of spirit on the part of the Nor'westers was easily explained. -The most of their men were absent on the hunting field. In a few weeks -Robertson had his huts in order and had dispatched his trappers down to -Slave Lake and westward up Peace River. Then, in October, came more -Nor'west partners from Montreal. The Nor'westers were stronger now and -not so peacefully inclined. Nightly the French bullies, well plied with -whisky, would come across to the Hudson's Bay fort, bawling out challenge -to fight; but Robertson held his men in hand and kept his powder dry. -</P> - -<P> -Early on the morning of October the 11th, Robertson's valet roused him -from bed with word that a man had been accidentally shot. Slipping a -pistol in his pocket and all unsuspicious of trickery, Robertson dashed -out. It happened that the most of his men were at a slight distance from -his fort. Before they could rally to his rescue he was knocked down, -disarmed, surrounded by the Nor'westers, thrown into a boat, and carried -back to their fort a captive. In vain he stormed almost apoplectic with -rage, and tried to send back Indian messengers to his men. The -Nor'westers laughed at him good-naturedly and relegated him to quarters -in one room of a log hut, where sole furnishings were a berth bed and a -fireplace without a floor. Robertson's only possessions in captivity -were the clothes on his back, a jackknife, a small pencil, and a -notebook; but he probably consoled himself that his men were now on -guard, and, outnumbering the Nor'westers two to one, could hold the -ground for the Hudson's Bay that winter. As -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P403"></A>403}</SPAN> -time passed the -captive Robertson began to wrack his brains how to communicate with his -men. It was a drinking age; and the fur traders had the reputation of -capacity to drink any other class of men off their legs. Robertson -feigned an unholy thirst. Rapping for his guard, he requested that -messengers might be sent across to the Hudson's Bay fort for a keg of -liquor. It can be guessed how readily the Nor'westers complied; but -Robertson took good care, when the guard was absent and the door locked, -to pour out most of the whisky on the earth floor. Then taking slips of -paper from his notebook, he cut them in strips the width of a spool. On -these he wrote cipher and mysterious instructions, which only his men -could understand, giving full information of the Nor'westers' movements, -bidding his people hold their own, and ordering them to send messages -down to the new Hudson's Bay governor at Red River,—William -Williams,—to place his De Meuron soldiers in ambush along the Grand -Rapids of the Saskatchewan to catch the Northwest partners on their way -to Montreal the next spring. These slips of paper he rolled up tight as -a spool and hammered into the bunghole of the barrel. Then he plastered -clay over all to hide the paper, and bade the guard carry this keg of -whisky back to the H.B.C. fort; it was musty, Robertson complained; let -the men rinse out the keg and put in a fresh supply! -</P> - -<P> -All that winter Robertson, the Hudson's Bay man, captive in the -Nor'westers' fort, sent weekly commands to his men by means of the whisky -kegs; but in the spring his trick was discovered, and the angry -Nor'westers decided he was too clever a man to be kept on the field. -They would ship him out of the country when their furs were sent east. -</P> - -<P> -On the way east he succeeded in escaping at Cumberland House. Waiting -only a few hours, he launched out in his canoe and followed on the trail -of the Northwest partners, on down to see what would happen at Grand -Rapids, where the Saskatchewan flows into Lake Winnipeg. A jubilant -shout from a canoe turning a bend in the river presently announced the -news: "All the Northwest partners captured!" When Robertson -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P404"></A>404}</SPAN> -came -to Grand Rapids he found Governor Williams and the De Meurons in -possession. Cannon pointed across the river below the rapids. The -Northwest partners were prisoners in a hut. The voyageurs were allowed -to go on down to Montreal with the furs. This last act in the great -struggle ended tragically enough. What was to be done with the captured -partners? They could not be sent to Eastern Canada. Pending -investigations for the union of the companies, Governor Williams sent -them to York Factory, Hudson Bay, whence some took ship to England, -others set out overland on snowshoes for Canada; but in the scuffle at -Grand Rapids, Frobisher, one of the oldest partners, with a reputation of -great cruelty in his treatment of Hudson's Bay men, had been violently -clubbed on the head with a gun. From that moment he became a raving -maniac, and the Hudson's Bay people did not know what to do with such a -captive. He must not be permitted to go home to England. His condition -was too terrible evidence against them; so they kept him prisoner in the -outhouses of York Factory, with two faithful Nor'wester half-breeds as -personal attendants. -</P> - -<P> -One dark cold night towards the first of October Frobisher succeeded in -escaping through the broken bars of his cell window. A leap took him -over the pickets. By chance an old canoe lay on Hayes River. With this -he began to ascend stream for the interior, paddling wildly, laughing -wildly, raving and singing. The two half-breeds knew that a voyage to -the interior at this season without snowshoes, food, or heavy clothing, -meant certain death; but they followed their master faithfully as black -slaves. Wherever night found them they turned the canoe upside down and -slept under it. Fish lines supplied food, and the deserted hut of some -hunter occasionally gave them shelter for the night. Winter set in -early. The ice edging of the river cut the birch canoe. Abandoning it, -they went forward on foot. From York Fort, Hudson Bay, the nearest -Northwest post was seven hundred miles. By the end of October they had -not gone half the distance. Then came one of those changes so frequent -in northern climes,—a sunburst of warm -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P405"></A>405}</SPAN> -weather following the first -early winter, turning all the frozen fields to swimming marshes, and the -travelers had no canoe. By this time Frobisher was too weak to walk. As -his body failed his mind rallied, and he begged the two half-breeds to go -on without him, as delay meant the death of all three; but the faithful -fellows carried him by turns on their backs. They themselves were now so -emaciated they were making but a few miles a day. Their moccasins had -been worn to tatters, and all three looked more like skeletons than -living men. Then, the third week of November, Frobisher could go no -farther, and the servants' strength failed. Building a fire in a -sheltered place for their master, the two faithful fellows left Frobisher -somewhere west of Lake Winnipeg. Two days later they crept into a -Northwest post too weak to speak, and handed the Northwesters a note -scrawled by Frobisher, asking them to send a rescue party. Frobisher was -found lying across the ashes of the fire. Life was extinct. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-405t"></A> -<CENTER> -<A HREF="images/img-405.jpg"> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-405t.jpg" ALT="PLANS OF YORK AND PRINCE OF WALES FORTS" BORDER="2" WIDTH="398" HEIGHT="282"> -</A> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 398px"> -PLANS OF YORK AND PRINCE OF WALES FORTS -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<BR> - -<P> -In 1820 the union of the companies put an end to the ruinous and criminal -struggle. George Simpson, afterwards knighted, -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P406"></A>406}</SPAN> -who has been sent -to look over matters in Athabasca, is appointed governor, and Nicholas -Garry, one of the London directors, comes out to appoint the officers of -the united companies to their new districts. The scene is one for artist -brush,—the last meeting of the partners at Fort William, Hudson's Bay -men and Nor'westers, such deadly enemies they would not speak, sitting in -the great dining hall, glowering at each other across tables: George -Simpson at one end of the tables, pompously dressed in ruffles and satin -coat and silk breeches, vainly endeavoring to keep up suave conversation; -Nicholas Garry at the other end of the table, also very pompous and -smooth, but with a look on his face as if he were sitting above a powder -mine, the Highland pipers dressed in tartans, standing at each end of the -hall, filling the room with the drone and the skurl of the bagpipes. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-406"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-406.jpg" ALT="SIR GEORGE SIMPSON, GOVERNOR OF HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY, 1820" BORDER="2" WIDTH="261" HEIGHT="318"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 261px"> -SIR GEORGE SIMPSON, GOVERNOR OF HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY, 1820 -</H4> - -<P> -By the union of the companies both sides avoided proving their rights in -the law courts. Most important of all, the Hudson's Bay Company escaped -proving its charter valid; for the charter applied only to Hudson Bay and -adjacent lands "not occupied by other Christian powers"; but on the union -taking place, the British government granted to the new Hudson's Bay -Company license of exclusive monopoly to <I>all</I> the Indian territory, -meaning (1) Hudson Bay Country, (2) the interior, (3) New Caledonia as -well as Oregon. In fact, the union left the fur traders ten times more -strongly intrenched than before. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P407"></A>407}</SPAN> -By the new arrangement Dr. John -McLoughlin was appointed chief factor of the western territories known as -Oregon and New Caledonia. When the War of 1812 closed, treaty provided -that Oregon should be open to the joint occupancy of English and American -traders till the matter of the western boundary could be finally settled. -Oregon roughly included all territory between the Columbia and the -Spanish fort at San Francisco, namely, Washington, Oregon, Northern -California, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, parts of Montana and Wyoming. It was -cheaper to send provisions round by sea to the fur posts of New -Caledonia, in modern British Columbia, than across the continent by way -of the Saskatchewan; so McLoughlin's district also included all the -territory far as the Russian possessions in Alaska. -</P> - -<P> -This part of the Hudson's Bay Company's history belongs to the United -States rather than Canada, but it is interesting to remember that just as -the French fur traders explored the Mississippi far south as the Gulf of -Mexico, so English fur traders first explored the western states far -south as New Spain. This western field was perhaps the most picturesque -of all the Hudson's Bay Company's possessions. -</P> - -<P> -Fort Vancouver, ninety miles inland from the sea on the Columbia, was the -capital of this transmontane kingdom, and yearly till 1846 the fur -brigades set out from Fort Vancouver two or three hundred strong by pack -horse and canoe. Well-known officers became regular leaders of the -different brigades. There was Ross, who led the Rocky Mountain Brigade -inland across the Divide to the buffalo ranges of Montana. There was -Ogden, son of the Chief Justice in Montreal, who led the Southern Brigade -up Snake River to Salt Lake and the Nevada desert and Humboldt River and -Mt. Shasta, all of which regions except Salt Lake he was first to -discover. There was Tom McKay, son of the McKay who had crossed to the -Pacific with MacKenzie, who, dressed as a Spanish cavalier, led the -pack-horse brigades down the coast past the Rogue River Indians and the -Klamath Lakes to San Francisco, where Dr. Glen Rae had opened a fort for -the Hudson's Bay Company. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P408"></A>408}</SPAN> -Then there was the New Caledonia -Brigade, two hundred strong, which set out from Fort Vancouver up the -Columbia in canoes to the scream of the bagpipes through the rocky -canyons of the river. Close to the boundary, shift was made from canoe -to pack horse, and, leaving the Columbia, the brigade struck up the -Okanogan Valley to Kamloops, bound for the bridle trail up Fraser River. -This brigade, in later days, was under Douglas, who became the knighted -governor of British Columbia. Tricked out in gay ribbons, the long file -of pack ponies, two hundred with riders, two hundred more with packs, -moved slowly along the forest trail with a drone as of bees humming in -midsummer. So well did ponies know the way that riders often fell -asleep, to be suddenly jarred awake by the horses jamming against a tree, -or running under a low branch to brush riders off, or hurdle-jumping over -windfall. Each of these brigades has its own story, and each story would -fill a book. For instance, Glen Rae at San Francisco has a difficult -mission. The company has a plan to take over the debts of Mexico to -British capitalists and exchange them for California. Glen Rae is sent -to watch matters, but he commits the blunder of furnishing arms to the -losing side of a revolution. The debt for the arms remains unpaid. Glen -Rae suicides, and the company withdraws from California. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-408"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-408.jpg" ALT="JOHN MCLOUGHLIN" BORDER="2" WIDTH="256" HEIGHT="401"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 256px"> -JOHN MCLOUGHLIN -</H4> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P409"></A>409}</SPAN> -Presently come American settlers and missionaries over the -mountains. The American government delays settling that treaty of joint -occupancy, for the more American settlers that come, the stronger will be -the American claim to the territory. McLoughlin helps the settlers who -would have starved without his aid, and McLoughlin receives such sharp -censure from his company for this that he resigns. When the American -settlers set up a provisional government, the foolish cry is raised, "54, -40 or fight," which means the Americans claim all the way up to Alaska, -and for this there is no warrant either through their own occupation or -discovery. The boundary is compromised by the Treaty of Oregon in 1846 -at the 49th parallel. -</P> - -<P> -When settlers come, fur-bearing animals leave. Long ago the Hudson's Bay -Company had foreseen the end and moved the capital of its Pacific Empire -up to Victoria. A string of fur posts extends up Fraser River to New -Caledonia. -</P> - -<BR><BR><BR> - -<A NAME="chap16"></A> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P410"></A>410}</SPAN> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -CHAPTER XVI -</H3> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -FROM 1820 TO 1867 -</H3> - -<P CLASS="intro"> -How the Family Compact worked—The old order changeth—"Loyalty -cry"—Gourley driven mad—Richmond's tragic death—Patriots of the -plow—Defeat of patriots—Duncombe's escape—Execution of -patriots—Bloodshed in Quebec—Chenier's tragic death—Durham gives -Canada a Magna Charta—Confederation—What of the future -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -It will be recalled that on the coming of the United Empire Loyalists -to Canada, the form of government was changed by the Constitutional Act -of 1791, dividing the country into Upper and Lower Canada, the -government of each province to consist of a governor, the legislative -council, and the assembly. Unfortunately, self-government for the -colonies was not yet a recognized principle of English rule. While the -assemblies of the two provinces were elected by the people, the power -of the assemblies was practically a blank, for the governor and council -were the real rulers, and they were appointed by the Crown, which meant -Downing Street, which meant in turn that the two Canadas were regarded -as the happy hunting ground for incompetent office seekers of the great -English parties. From the governor general to the most insignificant -postal clerk, all were appointed from Downing Street. Influence, not -merit, counted, which perhaps explains why one can count on the fingers -of one hand the number of governors and lieutenants from 1791 to 1841 -who were worthy of their trust and did not disgrace their position by -blunders that were simply notorious. Prevost's disgraceful retreat -from Lake Champlain in the War of 1812 is a typical example of the -mischief a political jobber can work when placed in position of trust; -but the life-and-death struggle of the war prevented the people turning -their attention to questions of misgovernment, and it is hardly an -exaggeration to say that the Act of 1791 reduced Canadian affairs to -the chaos of a second Ireland and retarded the progress of the country -for a century. -</P> - -<P> -It has become customary for English writers to slur over the disorders -of 1837 as the results of the ignorant rabble following -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P411"></A>411}</SPAN> -the bad -advice of the hot-heads, MacKenzie and Papineau; but it is worth -remembering that everything the rabble fought for, and hanged for, has -since been incorporated in Canada's constitution as the very woof and -warp of responsible government. -</P> - -<P> -Let us see how the system worked out in detail. -</P> - -<P> -After the War of 1812 Prevost dies before court-martial can pronounce -on his misconduct at Plattsburg, and Sir Gorden Drummond, the hero of -Fort Erie's siege, is sworn in. -</P> - -<P> -Canada is governed from Downing Street, and it is my Lord Bathurst's -brilliant idea that forever after the war there shall be a belt of -twenty miles left waste forest and prairie between Canada and the -United States, presumably to prevent democracy rolling across the -northern boundary. Fortunately the rough horse sense of the -frontiersman is wiser than the wisdom of the British statesman, and -settlement continues along the boundary in spite of Bathurst's -brilliant idea. -</P> - -<P> -Those who fought in the War of 1812 are to be rewarded by grants of -land,—rewarded, of course, by the Crown, which means the Governor; but -the Governor must listen to the advice of his councilors, who are -appointed for life; and to the heroes of 1812 the councilors grant -fifty acres apiece, while to themselves the said councilors vote grants -of land running from twenty thousand to eighty thousand acres apiece. -</P> - -<P> -After the war it is agreed that neither Canada nor the United States -shall keep war vessels on the lakes, except such cruisers as shall be -necessary to maintain order among the fisheries; but the credit for -this wise arrangement does not belong to the councils at Toronto or -Quebec, for the suggestions came from Washington. -</P> - -<P> -As the legislative councilors are appointed for life, they control -enormous patronage, recommending all appointments to government -positions and meeting any applicants for office, who are outside the -"<I>family</I>" ring, with the curt refusal that has become famous for its -insolence, "<I>no one but a gentleman</I>." -</P> - -<P> -Judges are appointed by favor. So are local magistrates. So are -collectors at the different ports of entry. Smaller cities like -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P412"></A>412}</SPAN> - -Kingston are year after year refused incorporation, because -incorporation would confer self-government, and that would oust members -of the "<I>family compact</I>" who held positions in these places. -</P> - -<P> -Officeholders are responsible to the Crown only, not to the people. -Therefore when Receiver General Caldwell of Quebec does away with -96,000 pounds, or two years' revenue of Lower Canada, he accounts for -the defalcation to his friends with the explanation of unlucky -investments, and goes scot free. -</P> - -<P> -Quebec is a French province, but appointments are made in England; so -that out of 71,000 pounds paid to its civil servants 58,000 pounds go -to the English officeholders, 13,000 pounds to French; out of 36,000 -pounds paid to judges only 8,000 pounds go to the French. -</P> - -<P> -And in Upper Canada, Ontario, it was even worse. In Quebec there was -always the division of French against English, and Catholic against -Protestant; but in Upper Canada "<I>the family compact</I>" of councilors -against commoners was a solid and unbroken ring. When the assembly -raises objections to some items of expense sent down by the council, -writes Lieutenant Governor Simcoe in high dudgeon, "I will send the -rascals," meaning the commoners, "packing about their business," and he -prorogues the House. -</P> - -<P> -Not all the governors and their lieutenants are as foolishly blind to -the faults of the system as Simcoe of Ontario. Sir John Sherbrooke of -Quebec, who succeeds Drummond in Lower Canada, knows very well he is -surrounded by a pack of thieves; but they are his councilors, appointed -for life, and there he is, bound to abide by their advice. -Nevertheless, he kicks over traces vigorously now and then, like the -old war horse that he is. The commissary general comes to him with -word that 600 pounds is missing from the military chest, and he needs a -warrant for search. -</P> - -<P> -"Search, indeed!" roars Sir John. "There's not the slightest need! -Whenever there is a robbery in <I>your</I> department, it is among -yourselves! Go and find it!" -</P> - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P413"></A>413}</SPAN> - -<A NAME="img-413"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-413.jpg" ALT="SIR JOHN SHERBROOKE, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, 1816-1818" BORDER="2" WIDTH="260" HEIGHT="379"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 260px"> -SIR JOHN SHERBROOKE, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, 1816-1818 -</H4> - -<P> -Curious it is how good men reared in the old school, where the masses -exist for the benefit of the classes and the governed are to be allowed -to exist only by favor of those who govern—curious how good men fail -to read the sign of the times. Colonel Tom Talbot's settlement in West -Ontario has, by 1832, increased to 50,000 people, and the mad -harum-scarum of court days is becoming an old man. Talbot has been a -legislative councilor for life, but it is not on record that he ever -attended the council in Toronto. Still he views with high disfavor -this universal discontent with "being governed." The secret meetings -held to agitate for responsible government, Tom Talbot regards as "a -pestilence" leading on to the worst disease from which humanity can -suffer, namely, democracy. The old bear stirs uneasily in his lair, as -reports come in of louder and louder demands that the colony shall be -<I>permitted to govern itself</I>. What would become of kings and colonels -and land grants by special favor, if colonies governed themselves? -Colonel Tom Talbot doffs his homespun and his coon cap, and he dons the -satin ruffles of twenty-five years ago, and he mounts his steed and he -rides pompously forth to the market place of St. Thomas Town on St. -George's Day of 1832. Bands play; flags wave; the country people from -twenty miles round come riding to town. Banners -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P414"></A>414}</SPAN> -inscribed with -"Loyalty to the Constitution" are carried at the head of parades. The -venerable old colonel is greeted with burst after burst of shouting as -he comes prancing on horseback up the hill. The band plays "the -British Grenadiers." The Highland bagpipes skurl a welcome. Then the -old man mounts the rostrum and delivers a speech that ought to be -famous as an exposition of good old Tory doctrine: -</P> - -<P CLASS="quote"> -Some black sheep have slipped into my flock, and very black they are, -and what is worse, they have got the rot, a distemper not known in this -settlement till some I shall call for short "rebels" began their work -of darkness under cover of organizing Blanked Cold Water Drinking -Societies, where they meet at night to communicate their poisonous -schemes and circulate the infection and delude the unwary! Then they -assumed a more daring aspect under mask of a grievance petition, which, -when it was placed before me, I would not take the trouble to read, -being aware it was trash founded on falsehood, fabricated to create -discontent. -</P> - -<P> -At the end of a half hour's tirade, of which these lines are a sample, -the good old Tory raised his hands, and in the words of the Church's -benediction blessed his people and prayed Heaven to keep their minds -untainted by sedition. -</P> - -<P> -Looking back less than a century, it is almost impossible to believe -that the colonel's speech—it cannot be called reasoning—was applauded -to the echo and regarded as a masterly justification of people "being -governed" rather than governing themselves. -</P> - -<P> -Perhaps, after all, it was not so much the Constitution of Canada that -caused the conflict as the clash between the old-time feudalism and the -spirit of modern, aggressive democracy. The United States <I>fought</I> -this question out in 1776. Canada <I>wrestled</I>, it cannot be called a -<I>fight</I>, the same question out in 1837. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -It is necessary to give one or two cases of individual persecution to -understand how the disorders flamed to open rebellion. -</P> - -<P> -One Matthews, an officer of the 1812 War, living on a pension, had -incurred the distrust of the governing ring by expressing sympathy with -the agitators. Now to be an agitator was bad enough in the eyes of -"<I>the family compact</I>," but for one of their -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P415"></A>415}</SPAN> -own social circle to -sympathize with the outsiders was, to the snobocracy clique of the -little city of ten thousand at Toronto, almost an unpardonable sin. -Such sins were punished by social ostracism, by the grand dames of -Toronto not inviting the officer's wife to social functions, by the -families of the upper clique literally freezing the sinner's children -out of the foremost circles of social life. Many a Canadian family is -proud to trace lineage back to some old lady of this tempestuous -period, whose only claim to recognition is that she waged petty -persecution against the heroes of Canadian progress. Now the annals of -the times do not record that this special sinner's wife and children so -suffered. At all events Matthews' spirits were not cast down by social -snobbery. He continued to sympathize with the agitators. The "<I>family -compact</I>" bided their time, and their time came a few months later, -when a company of American actors came to Toronto. A band concert had -been given. When the British national air struck up, all hats were -off. Then some one called for "Yankee Doodle," and in compliment to -the visitors, when the American air struck up, Matthews shouted out for -"hats off." For this sin the legislative council ordered the -lieutenant governor to cut off Matthews' pension, and, to the -everlasting shame of Sir Peregrine Maitland, the advice was taken, -though Matthews had twenty-seven years of service to his credit. -Matthews appealed to England, and his pension was restored, so that in -this case "<I>the family compact</I>" for political reasons was pretending -to be more British than Great Britain. It was not to be the last -occasion on which "the loyalty cry" was to be used as a political dodge. -</P> - -<P> -The persecution of Robert Gourlay was yet more outrageous. -</P> - -<P> -He had come to Canada soon after the War of 1812, and in the course of -collecting statistics for a book on the colony was quick to realize how -Canada's progress was being literally gagged by the policy of the -ruling clique. Gourlay attacked the local magistrates in the press. -He pointed out that the land grants were notorious. He advocated -bombarding the evils from two sides at once, by appealing to the home -government and by -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P416"></A>416}</SPAN> -holding local conventions of protest. The pass -to which things had come may be realized by the attitude of the -council. It held that the colony must hold no communications with the -imperial government except through the Governor General; in other -words, individual appeals not passing through the hands of the -legislative council were to be regarded as illegal. It is sad to have -to acknowledge that such a palpably dishonest measure was ever -countenanced by people in their right minds. But "<I>the family -compact</I>" went a step farther. It passed an order forbidding meetings -to discuss public grievances. This part of Canada's story reads more -like Russia than America, and shows to what length men will go when -special privileges rather than equal rights prevail in a country. -Gourlay met these infamous measures by penning some witty doggerel, -headed "Gagged, gagged, by Jingo!" The editor in whose paper Gourlay's -writings had appeared, was arrested, and the offending sheet was -compelled to suspend. Gourlay himself is arrested for sedition and -libel at least four times, but each time the jury acquits him. At any -cost the governing clique must get rid of this scribbling fellow, whose -pen voices the rising discontent. An alien act, passed before the War -of 1812, compelling the deportation of seditious persons, is revived. -Under the terms of the act Gourlay is arrested, tried, and sentenced to -be exiled, but Gourlay declares he is not an alien. He is a British -subject, and he refuses to leave the country. He is thrown in jail at -Niagara, and for a year and a half left in a moldy, close cell. One -dislikes to write that this outrage on British justice was perpetrated -under Chief Justice Powell, whose failure to obtain decisions from the -jury in the Red River trials brought down such harsh criticism on the -bench. At the end of twenty months Gourlay is again hauled before the -jury and sentenced to deportation on pain of death if he refuses. He -was calmly asked if he had anything to say, if there were any reason -why sentence should not be pronounced. -</P> - -<P> -"Anything … to … say? Any reason … why … -sentence … should not be pronounced?" From 1818 to 1820 -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P417"></A>417}</SPAN> -Gourlay had been having things "to say," had been giving good and -sufficient reasons why sentence should not be pronounced! The question -is repeated: "Robert Gourlay stand up! Have you anything to say?" The -court waits, Chief Justice Powell, bewigged and wearing his grandest -manner, all unconscious that the scene is to go down to history with -blot of ignominy against <I>his</I> name, not Gourlay's. -</P> - -<P> -Gourlay's face twitches, and he breaks into shrieks of maniacal -laughter. The petty persecutions of a provincial tyranny have driven a -man, who is true patriot, out of his mind. As Gourlay drops out of -Canada's story here, it may be added that the English government later -pronounced the whole trial an outrage, and Gourlay was invited back to -Canada. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -If at this stage a man had come to Canada as governor, big enough and -just enough to realize that colonies had some rights, there might have -been remedy; for the imperial government, eager to right the wrong, was -misled by the legislative councilors, and all at sea as to the source -of the trouble. While men were being actually driven out of Canada by -the governing ring on the charge of disloyalty, the colonial minister -of England was sending secret dispatches to the Governor General, -instructing him plainly that if independence was what Canada wanted, -then the mother country, rather than risk a second war with the United -States, or press conclusions with the Canadas themselves, would -willingly cede independence. It is as well to be emphatic and clear on -this point. <I>It was not the tyranny of England that caused the -troubles of 1837</I>. It was the dishonesty of the ruling rings at Quebec -and Toronto, and this dishonesty was possible because of the -Constitutional Act of 1791. -</P> - -<P> -Unfortunately, just when imperial statesmen of the modern school were -needed, governors of the old school were appointed to Canada. After -Sir John Sherbrooke came the Duke of Richmond to Quebec, and his -son-in-law, Sir Peregrine Maitland, as lieutenant governor to Ontario. -Men of more courtly manners never graced the vice-regal chairs of -Quebec and Toronto. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P418"></A>418}</SPAN> -Richmond, who was some fifty years of age, -had won notoriety in his early days by a duel with a prince of the -blood royal, honor on both sides being satisfied by Richmond shooting -away a curl from the royal brow; but presto, an Irish barrister takes -up the quarrel by challenging Richmond to a second duel for having -dared to fight a prince; and here Richmond satisfies claims of honor by -a well-directed ball aimed to wound, not kill. Long years after, when -the duke became viceroy of Ireland, the Irishman appeared at one of -Richmond's state balls. -</P> - -<P> -"Hah," laughed the barrister, "the last time we met, your Grace gave -<I>me</I> a ball." -</P> - -<P> -"Best give you a brace of 'em now," retorted the witty Richmond; and he -sent his quondam foe invitation to two more balls. -</P> - -<P> -Richmond it was who gave the famous ball before the defeat of Napoleon -at Waterloo. The story of his daughter's love match with Sir Peregrine -Maitland is of a piece with the rest of the romance in Richmond's life. -Richmond and Maitland had been friends in the army, but when the duke -began to observe that his daughter, Lady Sarah, and the younger man -were falling in love, he thought to discourage the union with a poor -man by omitting Maitland's name from invitation lists. When Lady Sarah -came downstairs to a ball she surmised that Maitland had not been -invited, and, withdrawing from the assembled guests, drove to her -lover's apartments. She married Maitland without her father's consent, -but a reconciliation had been patched up. Father and son-in-law now -came to Canada as governor and lieutenant governor. -</P> - -<P> -The military and social life of both unfitted them to appreciate the -conditions in Canada. Socially both were the lions of the hour. As a -man and gentleman Richmond was simply adored, and Quebec's love of all -the pomp of monarchy was glutted to the full. No more distinguished -governor ever played host in the old Château St. Louis; but as rulers, -as pacifiers, as guides of the ship of state, Richmond and Maitland -were dismal failures. To them Canada's demand for responsible -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P419"></A>419}</SPAN> -government seemed the rallying cry of an impending republic. "We must -overcome democracy or it will overcome us," pronounced Richmond. He -failed to see that resistance to the demand for self-government would -bring about the same results in Canada as resistance had brought about -in the United States, and he could not guess—for the thing was new in -the world's history—that the grant of self-government would but bind -the colony the closer to the mother land. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-419"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-419.jpg" ALT="THE FOURTH DUKE OF RICHMOND, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, 1818-1819" BORDER="2" WIDTH="260" HEIGHT="364"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 260px"> -THE FOURTH DUKE OF RICHMOND, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, 1818-1819 -</H4> - -<P> -It is sad to write of two such high-minded, well-intentioned rulers, -that the worst acts of misgovernment in Canada took place in their -régime. -</P> - -<P> -Richmond's death was as unusual as his life. Two accounts are given of -the cause. One states that he permitted a pet dog to touch a cut in -his face. The other account has it that he was bitten by a tame fox at -a fair in Sorel, and the date of Richmond's death, late in August of -1819, exactly two months from the time he was bitten at Sorel,—which -is the length of time that hydrophobia takes to develop in a grown -person,—would seem to substantiate the latter story. He was traveling -on horseback from Perth to Richmond, on the Ottawa, and had complained -of feeling poorly. A small stream had to be crossed. The sight of the -stream brought the strange water delirium to Richmond, when he begged -his attendants to take him quickly to Montreal. It need scarcely be -explained here that hydrophobia -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P420"></A>420}</SPAN> -is not caused by lack of water, -but by contagious transmission. The feeling passed, as the first -terrors of the disease are usually spasmodic, and the Governor was -proceeding through the woods with his attendants, when he suddenly -broke away deliriously, leading them a wild race to a farm shed. There -he died during the night, crying out as the lucid intervals broke the -delirium of his agonies: "For shame! for shame Lenox! Richmond, be a -man! Can you not bear it?" -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Public affairs are meanwhile passing from bad to worse. William Lyon -MacKenzie has become leader of the agitators in his newspaper, <I>The -Advocate</I>, of Toronto. A band of young vandals, sons of the ruling -clique, wreck his newspaper office and throw the type into Toronto Bay, -but MacKenzie recovers $3000 damages and goes on agitating. Four times -he is publicly expelled from the House, and four times he is returned -by the electors. What are they asking, these agitators, branded as -rebels, expelled from the assembly, in some cases cast in prison by the -councilors, in others threatened with death? -</P> - -<P CLASS="noindent" STYLE="margin-left: 6em"> -Control of public revenues.<BR> -Reform in the land system.<BR> -Municipal rights for towns and cities.<BR> -The exclusion of judges from Parliament.<BR> -That the council be directly responsible to the people -rather than the Crown.<BR> -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Since 1818 the reformers have been agitating to have wrongs righted, -and for nineteen years the clique has prevented official inquiry, -gagged the press, bludgeoned conventions out of existence, and thrown -leaders of opposition in prison. -</P> - -<P> -MacKenzie now makes the mistake of publishing in his papers a letter -from the English radical Hume, advocating the freedom of Canada "from -the baneful domination of the mother country." At once, with a jingo -whoop, the loyalty cry is emitted by "<I>the family compact</I>." Is not -this what they have been telling the Governor from the first,—these -reformers are republicans in -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P421"></A>421}</SPAN> -disguise? By trickery and -manipulation they swing the next election so that MacKenzie is -defeated. From that moment MacKenzie's tone changed. It may be that, -losing all hope of reform, he became a republican. If this were -treason, then the English ministers, who were advocating the same -remedy, were guilty of the same treason. With MacKenzie, secretly and -openly, are a host of sympathizers,—Dr. Rolph, Tom Talbot's old -friend, come up from the London district to practice medicine in -Toronto, and Van Egmond, who has helped to settle the Huron Tract of -the Canada Company, founded by John Galt, the novelist, and some four -thousand others whose names MacKenzie has on a list in his carpet bag. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-421"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-421.jpg" ALT="WILLIAM LYON MACKENZIE" BORDER="2" WIDTH="257" HEIGHT="349"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 257px"> -WILLIAM LYON MACKENZIE -</H4> - -<P> -All the autumn of 1837 Fitzgibbons, now commander of the troops in -Toronto, hears vague rumors of farmers secretly drilling, of workmen -extemporizing swords out of scythes, of old soldiers furbishing up -their arms of the 1812 War. What does it mean? Sir Francis Bond Head, -the new governor of Ontario, refuses to believe his own ears. Neither -does <I>the family compact</I> realize that there is any danger to their -long tenure of power. They affect to sneer at these poor patriots of -the plow, little dreaming that the rights which these poor patriots of -the scythe swords are burning to defend, will, by and by, be the pride -of England's colonial system. The story of plot and counter plot -cannot be told in detail here; it is too -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P422"></A>422}</SPAN> -long. But on the night -of Monday, December 4, Toronto wakes up to a wild ringing of college -bells. The rebel patriots have collected at Montgomery's Tavern -outside Toronto, and are advancing on the city. -</P> - -<P> -Poor MacKenzie's plans have gone all awry. Four thousand patriots had -pledged themselves to assemble at the tavern on December 7, but Dr. -Rolph, or some other friend in the city, sends word that the date has -been discovered. The only hope of seizing the city is for them to come -sooner; and MacKenzie arrives at the tavern on December 3, with only a -few hundred followers, who have neither food nor firearms; and I doubt -much if they had even definite plans; of such there are no records. -Before Van Egmond comes from Seaforth, doubt and dissension and -distrust of success depress the insurgents; and it does n't help their -spirits any to have four Toronto scouts break through their lines in -the dark and back again with word of their weakness, though they plant -a fatal bullet neatly in the back of one poor loyalist. If they had -advanced promptly on the 4th, as planned, they might have given Sir -Francis Bond Head and Fitzgibbons a stiff tussle for possession of the -city, for Toronto's defenders at this time numbered scarcely three -hundred; but during the days MacKenzie's followers delayed north of -Yonge Street, Allan McNab came up from Hamilton with more troops. By -Wednesday, the 6th, there were twelve hundred loyalist troops in -Toronto; and noon of the 7th, out marches the loyalist army by way of -Yonge Street, bands playing, flags flying, horses prancing under -Fitzgibbons and McNab. It was a warm, sunny day. From the windows of -Yonge Street women waved handkerchiefs and cheered. At street corners -the rabble shouted itself hoarse, just as it would have cheered -MacKenzie had he come down Yonge Street victorious. -</P> - -<P> -MacKenzie's sentries had warned the insurgents of the loyalists' -coming. MacKenzie was for immediate advance. Van Egmond thought it -stark madness for five hundred poorly armed men to meet twelve hundred -troopers in pitched battle; but it was too late now for stark madness -to retreat. The loyalist -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P423"></A>423}</SPAN> -bands could be heard from Rosedale; the -loyalists' bayonets could be seen glittering in the sun. MacKenzie -posted his men a short distance south of the tavern in some woods; one -hundred and fifty on one side of the road west of Yonge Street, one -hundred on the other side. The rest of the insurgents, being without -arms, did not leave the rendezvous. In the confusion and haste the -tragic mistake was made of leaving MacKenzie's carpet bag with the list -of patriots at the tavern. This gave the loyalists a complete roster -of the agitators' names. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-423"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-423.jpg" ALT="ALLAN McNAB" BORDER="2" WIDTH="257" HEIGHT="363"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 257px"> -ALLAN McNAB -</H4> - -<P> -Fifteen minutes later it was all over with MacKenzie. The big guns of -the Toronto troops shelled the woods, killing one patriot rebel and -wounding eleven, four fatally. In answer, only a clattering spatter of -shots came from the rebel side. The patriots were in headlong flight -with the mounted men of Toronto in pursuit. -</P> - -<P> -It was over with MacKenzie, but, as the sequence of events will show, -it was not all over with the cause. A book of soldiers' yarns might be -told of hairbreadth escapes, the aftermath of the rebellion. Knowing -his side was doomed to defeat, Dr. Rolph tried to escape from Toronto. -He was stopped by a loyalist sentry, but explained he was leaving the -city to visit a patient. Farther on he had been arrested by a loyalist -picket, when luckily a young doctor who had attended Rolph's medical -lectures, all unconscious of MacKenzie's plot, vouched for his -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P424"></A>424}</SPAN> -loyalty. Riding like a madman all that night, Rolph reached Niagara -and escaped to the American frontier. A reward of 1000 pounds had been -offered for MacKenzie dead or alive. He had waited only till his -followers fled, when he mounted his big bay horse and galloped for the -woods, pursued by Fitzgibbons' men. The big bay carried him safely to -the country, where he wandered openly for four days. It speaks volumes -for the stanch fidelity of the country people to the cause which -MacKenzie represented, that during these wanderings he was unbetrayed, -spite of the 1000 pounds reward. Finally he too succeeded in crossing -Niagara. Van Egmond was captured north of Yonge Street, but died from -disease contracted in his prison cell before he could be tried. Lount, -another of the leaders, had succeeded in reaching Long Point, Lake -Erie. With a fellow patriot, a French voyageur, and a boy, he started -to cross Lake Erie in an open boat. It was wintry, stormy weather. -For two days and two nights the boat tossed, a plaything of the waves, -the drenching spray freezing as it fell, till the craft was almost -ice-logged. For food they had brought only a small piece of meat, and -this had frozen so hard that their numbed hands could not break it. -Weakening at each oar stroke, they at last saw the south shore of Lake -Erie rise on the sky line; but before the close-muffled refugees had -dared to hope for safety on the American side, a strong south wind had -sprung up that drove the boat back across the lake towards Grand River. -To remain exposed longer meant certain death. They landed, were -mistaken for smugglers, and thrown into jail, where Lount was at once -recognized. -</P> - -<P> -In West Ontario one Dr. Duncombe had acted as MacKenzie's lieutenant. -Allan McNab had come west with six hundred men to suppress the -rebellion. Realizing the hopelessness of further resistance, Duncombe -had tried to save his men by ordering them to disperse to their homes. -He himself, with his white horse, took to the woods, where he lay in -hiding all day—and it was a Canadian December—and foraged at night -for berries and roots. Judge Ermatinger gives the graphic story of -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P425"></A>425}</SPAN> -Duncombe's escape. Starvation drove him to the house of a -friend. The friend was out, and when the wife asked who he was, -Duncombe laid his revolver on the table and made answer, "I am -Duncombe; and I must have food." Here he lay disguised so completely -with nightcap, nightdress, and all, as the visiting grandmother of the -family, that loyalists who saw his white horse and came in to search -the house, looked squarely at the recumbent figure beneath the -bedclothes and did not recognize him. Duncombe at last reached his -sister's home near London. -</P> - -<P> -"Don't you know me?" he asked, standing in the open door, waiting for -her recognition. In the few weeks of exposure and pursuit his hair had -turned snow-white. -</P> - -<P> -His friends suggested that he cross to the American frontier dressed as -a woman, and the disguise was so perfect, curls of his sister's hair -bobbing from beneath his bonnet, that two loyalist soldiers gallantly -escorted the lady's sleigh across unsafe places in the ice. Duncombe -waited till he was well on the American side, and his escorts on the -way back to Sarnia. Then he emitted a yell over the back of the -cutter, "Go tell your officers you have just helped Dr. Duncombe -across!" -</P> - -<P> -Having lost the fight for a cause which events have since justified, it -is not surprising that the patriots on the American frontier now lost -their heads. They formed organizations from Detroit to Vermont for the -invasion of Canada and the establishment of a republic. These bands -were known as "Hunter's Lodges." Rolph and Duncombe repudiated -connection with them, but MacKenzie was head and heart for armed -invasion from Buffalo. Space forbids the story of these raids. They -would fill a book with such thrilling tales as make up the border wars -of Scotland. -</P> - -<P> -The tumultuous year of 1837 closed with the burning of the <I>Caroline</I>. -MacKenzie had taken up quarters on Navy Island in Niagara River. The -<I>Caroline</I>, an American ship, was being employed to convey guns and -provisions to the insurgents' camp. On the Canadian side of the river -camped Allan McNab with -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P426"></A>426}</SPAN> -twenty-five hundred loyalist troops. -Looking across the river with field glasses, McNab sees the boat -landing field guns on Navy Island for MacKenzie. -</P> - -<P> -"I say," exclaims the future Sir Allan, "this won't do! Can't you cut -that vessel out, Drew?" addressing a young officer. -</P> - -<P> -"Nothing easier," answers Drew. -</P> - -<P> -"Do it, then," orders McNab. -</P> - -<P> -In spite of the fact "nothing was easier," Drew's men came near -disaster on their midnight escapade. The river below Navy Island was -three miles wide, and only a mile and a half from the rapids above the -Falls, with a current like a mill race. Secretly seven boats, with -four men in each, set out at half past eleven, a few friends on the -river bank wishing Drew Godspeed. Out from shore Drew draws his boats -together, and tells the men the perilous task they have to do: if any -one wishes to go back let him do so now. Not a man speaks. Halfway -across, firing from the island drives two of the boats back. The rest -get under shadow from the bright moonlight and go on. The roar of the -Falls now became deafening, and some of the rowers called out they were -being drawn down the center of the river astern. Drew fastens his eyes -on a light against the American shore to judge of their progress. For -a moment, though the men were rowing with all their might, the light -ashore and the boats in mid-river seemed to remain absolutely still. -Finally the boats gained an oar's length. Then a mighty pull, and all -forge ahead. A strip of land hides approach to the <I>Caroline</I>. The -Canadian boatmen lie in hiding till the moon goes down, then glide in -on the <I>Caroline</I>, when Drew mounts the decks. Three unarmed men are -found on the shore side. Drew orders them to land. One fires -point-blank; Drew slashes him down with a single saber cut. The rest -of the crew are roused from sleep and sent ashore. The <I>Caroline</I> is -set on fire in four places. She is moored to the shore ice; axes chop -her free. She is adrift; Drew the last to jump from her flaming decks -to his place in the small boats. The flames are seen from the Canadian -side, and huge bonfires light up the Canadian shore; by their gleam -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P427"></A>427}</SPAN> -Drew steers back for McNab's army, and is welcomed with cheers -that split the welkin. Slowly the flaming vessel drifted down the -channel to the Falls. Suddenly the lights went out; the <I>Caroline</I> had -either sunk on a reef or gone over the Falls. One man had been killed -on the decks. As the vessel was American, and had been raided in -American ports, the episode raised an international dispute that might -in another mood have caused war. -</P> - -<P> -Lount and Matthews pay for the rebellion on the gallows, upon which the -imperial government expressed regret that the Toronto Executive "found -such severity necessary." Later, when "the Hunters' Lodges" raid -Prescott, and Van Shoultz, the Polish leader, with nine others, is -executed at Kingston, a great revulsion of feeling takes place against -<I>the family compact</I>. The execution of the patriots did more for their -cause than all their efforts of twenty years. The Canadian people had -supported the agitators up to the point of armed rebellion. That gave -British blood pause, for the Britisher reveres the law next to God; but -when the governing ring began to glut its vengeance under cloak of -loyalty that was another matter. After the execution of Lount and -Matthews <I>the family compact</I> could scarcely count a friend outside its -own circle in Upper Canada. It is worth remembering that the young -lawyer who defended Van Shoultz in the trial at Kingston was a John A. -Macdonald, who later took foremost part in framing a new constitution -for Canada. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Affairs had gone faster in Quebec. There the rebellion almost became -war. Papineau was leader of the agitators,—Papineau, fiery, -impetuous, eloquent, followed by the bold boys in the bonnets blue, -marching the streets of Montreal singing revolutionary songs and -planting liberty trees. In Lower Canada, too, things have come to the -pass where the agitators advocate armed resistance. From the first, in -Quebec, the struggle has waged round two questions,—the exclusion of -the French from the council, and the right of the colony to spend its -own revenues; but boil down the ninety-two resolutions of 1834, and the -demands -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P428"></A>428}</SPAN> -of the agitators in Lower Canada are the same as in Upper -Canada, for complete self-government. A dozen clashes of authority -lead up to the final outbreak. For instance, the House elects -Papineau, the agitator, speaker. The Governor General refuses to -recognize him, and Parliament is dissolved. -</P> - -<P> -Failing to obtain redress by constitutional methods, the agitators now -advocate the right of a colony to abolish government unsuited to it. -The constitutional party takes alarm and organizes volunteers. -Papineau's party, early in 1837, begin violently advocating that all -French magistrates resign their commissions from the English -government. On Richelieu River and up in Two Mountains, north of -Montreal, are the strongholds of the agitators, where men have been -drilling, and the boys in the bonnets blue rioting through the villages -to the great scandal of parish priests. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-428"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-428.jpg" ALT="LOUIS J. PAPINEAU" BORDER="2" WIDTH="222" HEIGHT="291"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 222px"> -LOUIS J. PAPINEAU -</H4> - -<P> -There are riots in Montreal early in November of 1837, and "the Sons of -Liberty" are chased through the town. Then in the third week of -November a troop of Montreal cavalry is sent to St. John's to arrest -three agitators, who have been threatening a magistrate for refusing to -resign his commission. The agitators are arrested and handcuffed, and -at three in the morning the troops are moving along across country -towards Longueuil with the prisoners in a wagon, when suddenly three -hundred armed men rise on either side of the road to the fore. Shots -are exchanged. In the confusion the prisoners jump from the wagon. -This is not resistance to authority. It is open rebellion. Papineau -intrusts the management of affairs in St. Eustache, north of Montreal, -to Girod, a Swiss, and to -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P429"></A>429}</SPAN> -Dr. Chenier, a local patriot. Papineau -himself and Dr. Nelson and O'Callaghan are down on the Richelieu at St. -Denis. -</P> - -<P> -Take the Richelieu region first. Colonel Gore is to strike up the -river southward to St. Denis. Colonel Wetherell is to cross country -from Montreal and strike down the river north to St. Charles, thus -hemming in the insurgents between Gore on the north and himself on the -south. There are eight hundred rebels at St. Denis, one hundred and -fifty armed, and twelve hundred at St. Charles. Papineau and -O'Callaghan for safety's sake slip across the line to Swanton in -Vermont. One could wish that, having led their faithful followers up -to the sticking point of stark madness, the agitators had remained -shoulder to shoulder with the brave fellows on the field. -</P> - -<P> -Colonel Gore came from Montreal by boat to the mouth of the Richelieu. -At seven-thirty on the night of November 22 two hundred and fifty -troopers landed to march up the Richelieu road to St. Denis. Rain -turning to sleet was falling in a deluge. The roads were swimming -knee-deep in slush. Bridges had been cut, and in the darkness the -loyalists had to diverge to fording places, which lengthened out the -march twenty-four miles. At St. Denis was Dr. Nelson with the -agitators in a three-story stone house, windows bristling with muskets. -By dawn Papineau and O'Callaghan had fled, and at nine o'clock came -Colonel Gore's loyalist troopers, exhausted from the march, soaked to -the skin, their water-sagged clothes freezing in the cold wind. The -loyalists went into the fight unfed, and with a whoop; but it is not -surprising that the peppering of bullets from the windows drove the -troopers back, and Gore's bugles sounded retreat. Unaware of Gore's -defeat, one Lieutenant Weir has been sent across country with -dispatches. He is captured and bound, and, in a futile attempt to -escape, shot and stabbed to death. -</P> - -<P> -Wetherell comes down the river from Chambly with three hundred men. He -finds St. Charles village protected by outworks of felled trees, and -the houses are literally loopholed with muskets; but Wetherell has -brought cannon along, and the cannon begin to sing on November 25. -Then Wetherell's -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P430"></A>430}</SPAN> -men charge through the village with leveled -bayonets. The poor habitants scatter like frightened sheep; they -surrender; one hundred perish. It is estimated that on both sides -three hundred are wounded, though some English writers give the list of -wounded as low as forty. Messengers galloped with news of the -patriots' defeat at St. Charles to Dr. Nelson at St. Denis. The -habitants fled to their homes. Nelson was left without a follower. He -escaped to the woods, and for two weeks wandered in the forests of the -boundary, exposed to cold and hunger, not daring to kindle a fire that -would betray him, afraid to let himself sleep for fear of freezing to -death. He was captured near the Vermont line and carried prisoner to -Montreal. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-430"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-430.jpg" ALT="SIR JOHN COLBORNE, GOVERNOR OF CANADA, 1838-1841" BORDER="2" WIDTH="258" HEIGHT="403"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 258px"> -SIR JOHN COLBORNE, GOVERNOR OF CANADA, 1838-1841 -</H4> - -<P> -And still worse fared the fortunes of war with the patriots north of -Montreal. Their defense and defeat were almost pitiable in childish -ignorance of what war might mean. Boys' marbles had been gathered -together for bullets. Scythes were carried as swords, and old -flintlocks that had not seen service for twenty years were taken down -from the chimney places. With their bonnets blue hanging down their -backs, rusty firearms over their shoulders, and the village fiddler -leading the march, one thousand "Sons of Liberty" had paraded the -streets of St. Eustache, singing, rollicking, speechifying, unconscious -as -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P431"></A>431}</SPAN> -children playing war that they were dancing to ruin above a -volcano. Chenier, the beloved country doctor, is their leader. Girod, -the Swiss, has come up to show them how to drill. They take possession -of a newly built convent. Then on Sunday, the 3d of December, comes -word of the defeat down on the Richelieu. The moderate men plead with -Chenier to stop now before it is too late; but Chenier will not listen. -He knows the cause is right, and with the credulity or faith of a -simple child hopes some mad miracle will win the day. Still he is much -moved; tears stream down his face. Then on December 14 the church -bells ring a crazy alarm. The troops are coming, two thousand of them -from Montreal under Sir John Colborne, the governor. The insurgent -army melts like frost before the sun. Less than one hundred men stand -by poor Chenier. At eleven-thirty the troops sweep in at both ends of -the village at once, Girod, the Swiss commander, suicides in panic -flight. Cooped up in the church steeple with the flames mounting -closer round them and the troopers whooping jubilantly outside, Chenier -and his eighty followers call out: "We are done! We are sold! Let us -jump!" Chenier jumps from the steeple, is hit by the flying bullets, -and perishes as he falls. His men cower back in the flaming steeple -till it falls with a crash into the burning ruins. Amid the ash heap -are afterwards found the corpses of seventy-two patriots. The troopers -take one hundred prisoners in the region, then set fire to all houses -where loyalist flags are not waved from the windows. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Matters have now come to such an outrageous pass that the British -government can no longer ignore the fact that the colony has been -goaded to desperation by the misgovernment of the ruling clique. Lord -Durham is appointed special commissioner with extraordinary powers to -proceed to Canada and investigate the whole subject of colonial -government. One may guess that the ruling clique were prepared to take -possession of the new commissioner and prime him with facts favorable -to their side; but Durham was not a man to be monopolized by any -faction. -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P432"></A>432}</SPAN> -When he arrived, in May of 1838, he quickly gave proof -that he would follow his own counsels and choose his own councilors. -His first official declaration was practically an act of amnesty to the -rebels, eight only of the leading prisoners, among them Dr. Nelson, -being punished by banishment to Bermuda, the rest being simply expelled -from Canada. -</P> - -<P> -This act was tantamount to a declaration that the rebels possessed some -rights and had suffered real grievances, and the governing rings in -both Toronto and Quebec took furious offense. Complaints against -Durham poured into the English colonial office,—complaints, oddly -enough, that he had violated the spirit of the English Constitution by -sentencing subjects of the Crown without trial. Though every one knew -that in Canada's turbulent condition trial by jury was impossible, -Durham's political foes in England took up the cry. In addition to -political complaints were grudges against Durham for personal slight; -and it must be confessed the haughty earl had ridden roughshod over all -the petty prejudices and little dignities of the colonial magnates. -The upshot was, Durham resigned in high dudgeon and sailed for England -in November of 1838. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-432"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgleft" SRC="images/img-432.jpg" ALT="LORD DURHAM, SPECIAL COMMISSIONER TO CANADA, 1838" BORDER="2" WIDTH="259" HEIGHT="324"> -<H4 CLASS="h4left" STYLE="width: 259px"> -LORD DURHAM, SPECIAL COMMISSIONER TO CANADA, 1838 -</H4> - -<P> -On his way home he dictated to his secretary, Charles Buller, the -famous report which is to Canada what the Magna Charta is to England or -the Declaration of Independence to the United States. Without going -into detail, it may be said that it -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P433"></A>433}</SPAN> -recommended complete -self-government for the colonies. As disorders had again broken out in -Canada, the English government hastened to embody the main -recommendations of Durham's report in the Union Act of 1840, which came -into force a year later. By it Upper and Lower Canada were united on a -basis of equal representation each, though Quebec's population was six -hundred thousand to Ontario's five hundred thousand. The colonies were -to have the entire management of their revenues and civil lists. The -government was to consist of an Upper Chamber appointed by the Crown -for life, a representative assembly, and the governor with a cabinet of -advisers responsible to the assembly. -</P> - -<P> -In all, more than seven hundred arrests had been made in Quebec -Province. Of these all were released but some one hundred and thirty, -and the state trials resulted in sentence of banishment against fifty, -death to twelve. In modern days it is almost impossible to realize the -degree of fanatical hatred generated by this half century of -misgovernment. Declared one of the governing clique's official -newspapers in Montreal: "Peace must be maintained, even if we make the -country a solitude. French Canadians must be swept from the face of -the earth.… The empire must be respected, even at the cost of the -entire French Canadian people." With such sentiments openly uttered, -one may surely say that the Constitutional Act of 1791 turned back the -pendulum of Canada's progress fifty years, and it certainly took fifty -more years to eradicate the bitterness generated by the era of -misgovernment. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -With the Upper and Lower Canadas united in a federation of two -provinces, it was a foregone conclusion that all parts of British North -America must sooner or later come into the fold. It would be hard to -say from whom the idea of confederation of all the provinces first -sprang. Purely as a theory the idea may be traced back as early as -1791. The truth is, Destiny, Providence, or whatever we like to call -that great stream of concurrent events which carries men and nations -out to the ocean -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P434"></A>434}</SPAN> -highway of a larger life, forced British North -America into the Confederation of 1867. -</P> - -<P> -In the first place, while the Union worked well in theory, it was -exceedingly difficult in practice. Ontario and Quebec had equal -representation. One was Protestant, the other Catholic; one French, -the other English. Deadlocks, or, to use the slang of the street, even -tugs of war, were inevitable and continual. All Ontario had to do to -thwart Quebec, or Quebec had to do to thwart Ontario, was to stand -together and keep the votes solid. Coalition ministries proved a -failure. -</P> - -<P> -In the second place, Ontario was practically dependent on the customs -duties collected at Quebec ports of entry for a provincial revenue. -The goods might be billed for Ontario; Quebec collected the tax. -</P> - -<P> -Ontario was also dependent on Quebec for access to the sea. Which -province was to pay for the system of canals being developed, and the -deepening of the St. Lawrence? -</P> - -<P> -Then the Oregon Treaty of 1846 had actually brought a cloud of war on -the horizon. In case of war, there was the question of defense. -</P> - -<P> -Then railways had become a very live question. Quebec wanted -connection with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. How was the cost of a -railroad to be apportioned? Red River was agitating for freedom from -fur-trade monopoly. How were railways to be built to Red River? -</P> - -<P> -Ontario's population in twenty years jumped past the million mark. Was -it fair that her million people should have only the same number of -representatives as Quebec with her half million? Reformers of Ontario, -voiced by George Brown of <I>The Globe</I>, called for "Rep. by -Pop.,"—representation by population. -</P> - -<P> -Civil war was raging in the United States, threatening to tear the -Union to tatters. Why? Because the balance of power had been left -with the states governments, and not enough authority centralized in -the federal government. The lesson was not lost on struggling Canada. -</P> - -<P> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P435"></A>435}</SPAN> -England's declaration of free trade brought the colonies face to -face with the need of some united action to raise revenue by tariff. -</P> - -<P> -Then the Hudson's Bay Company's license of monopoly over the fur trade -of the west was nearing expiration. Should the license be renewed for -another twenty years, or should Canada take over Red River as a new -province, which was the wish of the people both east and west? And if -Canada did buy out the Hudson's Bay Company's vested rights, who was to -pay down the cost? -</P> - -<A NAME="img-435"></A> -<IMG CLASS="imgright" SRC="images/img-435.jpg" ALT="JOHN A. MACDONALD" BORDER="2" WIDTH="258" HEIGHT="391"> -<H4 CLASS="h4right" STYLE="width: 258px"> -JOHN A. MACDONALD -</H4> - -<P> -Lastly, was John A. Macdonald, the young lawyer who had pleaded the -defense of the patriot trials at Kingston in 1838, now a leading -politician of the United Canadas, weary of the hopeless deadlocks -between Ontario and Quebec. With almost a sixth sense of divination in -reading the signs of the times in the trend of events, John A. -Macdonald saw that Canada's one hope of becoming a national power lay -in union,—confederation. The same thing was seen by other leaders of -the day, by all that grand old guard known as the Fathers of -Confederation, sent from the different provinces to the conference at -Quebec in October of 1864. There the outline of what is known as the -British North America Act was drafted,—in the main but an -amplification of Durham's scheme, made broad enough to receive all - -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P436"></A>436}</SPAN> -the provinces whenever they might decide to come into -Confederation. The delegates then go back to be indorsed by their -provinces. By some provinces the scheme is rejected. Newfoundland is -not yet part of Canada, but by 1867 Confederation is an accomplished -fact. By 1871 the new Dominion has bought out the rights of the -Hudson's Bay Company in the West and Manitoba joins the Eastern -Provinces. By 1885 a railway links British Columbia with Nova Scotia. -By 1905 the great hunting field of the Saskatchewan prairies has been -divided into two new provinces, Saskatchewan and Alberta, each larger -than France. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P> -Such is barest outline of Canada's past. What of the future for this -Empire of the North? That future is now in the making. It lies in the -hands of the men and women who are living to-day. In the past Canada's -makers dreamed greatly, and they dared greatly, and they took no heed -of impossibles, and they spent without stint of blood and happiness for -high aim. When Canada lost ground in the progress of the nations, as -in the corrupt days of Bigot's rule during the French régime, or the -equally corrupt days of <I>the family compact</I> after the Conquest, it was -because the altar fires of her ideals were allowed to burn low. -</P> - -<P> -It has been said that the past is but a rear light marking the back -trail of the ship's passage. Say rather it is the search light on the -ship's prow, pointing the way over the waters. -</P> - -<A NAME="img-436"></A> -<CENTER> -<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-436.jpg" ALT="FATHERS OF CONFEDERATION, 1867. (From the painting by Robert Hariss)" BORDER="2" WIDTH="644" HEIGHT="416"> -<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 644px"> -FATHERS OF CONFEDERATION, 1867. (From the painting by Robert Hariss) -</H4> -</CENTER> - -<P> -To-day Canada is in the very vanguard of the nations. Her wheat fields -fill the granaries of the world; and to her ample borders come the -peoples of earth's ends, bringing tribute not of incense and -frankincense as of old, but of manhood and strength, of push and lift, -of fire and hope and enthusiasm and the daring that conquers all the -difficulties of life; bringing too, all the outworn vices of an Old -World, all the vicious instincts of the powers that prey in the Under -World. Canada's prosperity is literally overflowing from a cornucopia -of super-abundant plenty. Will her constitution, wrested from -political and civil strife; will her moral stamina, bred from the -heroism of an heroic past, stand the strain, the tremendous strain of -the -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P437"></A>437}</SPAN> -new conditions? Will she assimilate the strange new -peoples—strange in thought and life and morals—coming to her borders? -Will she eradicate their vices like the strong body of a healthy -constitution throwing off disease; or will she be poisoned by the -toxins of vicious traits inherited from centuries of vicious living? -Will she remake the men, regenerate the aliens, coming to her hearth -fire; or will they drag her down to their degeneracy? Above all, will -she stand the strain, the tremendous strain, of prosperity, and the -corruption that is attendant on prosperity? <I>Quien sabe</I>? Let him -answer who can; and the question is best answered by watching the -criminal calendar. (Is the percentage of convictions as certain and -relentless as under the old régime? What manner of crimes is growing -up in the land?) And the question may be answered, too, by watching -whether the press and platform and pulpit stand as everlastingly and -relentlessly for sharp demarkation between right and wrong, for the -sharp demarkation between truth, plain truth, and intentional -mendacity, as under the régime of the old hard days. When political -life grows corrupt, is it now cleansed, or condoned? Let each Canadian -answer for himself. If the altar fires of Canada's ideals again burn -low, again she will lag in the progress of the world's great builders. -</P> - -<BR><BR><BR> - -<A NAME="chap17"></A> -<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P439"></A>439}</SPAN> - -<H3 ALIGN="center"> -INDEX -</H3> - - -<P CLASS="intro"> -NOTE. In all names of persons, names have been spelled as signed by -the person; in names of places, as written in early state documents. -In all other cases the rulings of the Canadian Geographic Board have -been followed, with the exception of <I>Montagnais</I>, which is given -<I>Montaignais</I>, <I>Tadousac</I> as <I>Tadoussac</I>, <I>Saut</I> as <I>Sault</I>, -<I>Louisbourg</I> as <I>Louisburg</I>, <I>Denys</I> as <I>Denis</I>. -</P> - -<BR> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Abenaki Indians, <A HREF="#P171">171</A>, <A HREF="#P192">192</A>, <A HREF="#P193">193</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Abercrombie, <A HREF="#P252">252</A>, <A HREF="#P256">256</A>, <A HREF="#P258">258</A>, <A HREF="#P259">259</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Acadia, <A HREF="#P40">40</A>, <A HREF="#P41">41</A>, <A HREF="#P61">61</A>, <A HREF="#P64">64</A>, <A HREF="#P65">65</A>, <A HREF="#P69">69</A>, <A HREF="#P70">70</A>, <A HREF="#P192">192</A>, <A HREF="#P196">196</A>, <A HREF="#P197">197</A>, <A HREF="#P204">204</A>, <A HREF="#P214">214</A>, <A HREF="#P216">216</A>, <A HREF="#P220">220</A>, <A HREF="#P231">231</A>, <A HREF="#P233">233</A>, <A HREF="#P235">235</A>, <A HREF="#P236">236</A>, <A HREF="#P241">241</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Agona, <A HREF="#P19">19</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Alaska, <A HREF="#P321">321</A>, <A HREF="#P324">324</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Albanel, Father, <A HREF="#P143">143</A>, <A HREF="#P144">144</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Albany, <A HREF="#P97">97</A>, <A HREF="#P153">153</A>, <A HREF="#P159">159</A>, <A HREF="#P160">160</A>, <A HREF="#P162">162</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Alberta, <A HREF="#P297">297</A>, <A HREF="#P436">436</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Alexander, <A HREF="#P208">208</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Alexander, Sir William, <A HREF="#P61">61</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Algonquin Indians, <A HREF="#P52">52</A>, <A HREF="#P103">103</A>, <A HREF="#P104">104</A>, <A HREF="#P105">105</A>, <A HREF="#P106">106</A>, <A HREF="#P108">108</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Allen, Ethan, <A HREF="#P298">298</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Allumette Island, <A HREF="#P51">51</A>, <A HREF="#P52">52</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Alymer, <A HREF="#P50">50</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Amherst, <A HREF="#P236">236</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Amherst, Sir Jeffrey, <A HREF="#P252">252</A>, <A HREF="#P253">253</A>, <A HREF="#P256">256</A>, <A HREF="#P261">261</A>, <A HREF="#P268">268</A>, <A HREF="#P274">274</A>, <A HREF="#P277">277</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -André, Mademoiselle, <A HREF="#P122">122</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Annapolis, <A HREF="#P200">200</A>, <A HREF="#P201">201</A>, <A HREF="#P215">215</A>, <A HREF="#P231">231</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Annapolis Basin, <A HREF="#P35">35</A>, <A HREF="#P37">37</A>, <A HREF="#P44">44</A>, <A HREF="#P61">61</A>, <A HREF="#P65">65</A>, <A HREF="#P67">67</A>, <A HREF="#P69">69</A>, <A HREF="#P177">177</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Anticosti Island, <A HREF="#P12">12</A>, <A HREF="#P134">134</A>, <A HREF="#P177">177</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Appleton, Colonel, <A HREF="#P197">197</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Argall, Samuel, <A HREF="#P43">43</A>, <A HREF="#P44">44</A>, <A HREF="#P61">61</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Arnold, Benedict, <A HREF="#P300">300-309</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Astor, John Jacob, <A HREF="#P294">294</A>, <A HREF="#P330">330</A>, <A HREF="#P333">333</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Astoria, <A HREF="#P333">333</A>, <A HREF="#P379">379</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Athabasca, <A HREF="#P324">324</A>, <A HREF="#P327">327</A>, <A HREF="#P390">390</A>, <A HREF="#P391">391</A>, <A HREF="#P398">398</A>, <A HREF="#P399">399</A>, <A HREF="#P401">401</A>, <A HREF="#P402">402</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Aubert, <A HREF="#P7">7</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Aubry, <A HREF="#P34">34</A>, <A HREF="#P35">35</A>, <A HREF="#P36">36</A>, <A HREF="#P44">44</A>, <A HREF="#P236">236</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Aulneau, <A HREF="#P208">208</A>, <A HREF="#P209">209</A> -</P> - -<BR><BR> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Bad River, <A HREF="#P329">329</A>, <A HREF="#P330">330</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Balboa, <A HREF="#P6">6</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Barclay, Captain, <A HREF="#P363">363</A>, <A HREF="#P364">364</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Barré, Charlotte, <A HREF="#P78">78</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Basin of Mines, <A HREF="#P195">195</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Basques, <A HREF="#P44">44</A>, <A HREF="#P45">45</A>, <A HREF="#P46">46</A>, <A HREF="#P58">58</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Basset, <A HREF="#P195">195</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Bathurst, Lord, <A HREF="#P411">411</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Bay of Islands, <A HREF="#P10">10</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Bayly, Governor, <A HREF="#P144">144</A>, <A HREF="#P187">187</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Beaubassin, <A HREF="#P195">195</A>, <A HREF="#P236">236</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Beauharnois, Governor, <A HREF="#P206">206</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Beaujeu, <A HREF="#P141">141</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Beauport, <A HREF="#P269">269</A>, <A HREF="#P275">275</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Beaupré, <A HREF="#P19">19</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Beauséjour, <A HREF="#P231">231</A>, <A HREF="#P236">236</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Beaver Dams, <A HREF="#P362">362</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Bella Coola, <A HREF="#P330">330</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Belle Isle, <A HREF="#P10">10</A>, <A HREF="#P19">19</A>, <A HREF="#P20">20</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Belle Isle Straits, <A HREF="#P10">10</A>, <A HREF="#P12">12</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Bering, Vitus, <A HREF="#P212">212</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Berkeley, Admiral, <A HREF="#P335">335</A>, <A HREF="#P336">336</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Biard, Father, <A HREF="#P41">41</A>, <A HREF="#P42">42</A>, <A HREF="#P44">44</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Biencourt, <A HREF="#P34">34</A>, <A HREF="#P40">40</A>, <A HREF="#P42">42</A>, <A HREF="#P61">61</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Bigot, Intendant, <A HREF="#P241">241-247</A>, <A HREF="#P274">274</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Black Rock, <A HREF="#P369">369</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Blackwater River, <A HREF="#P330">330</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Blanc Sablon, <A HREF="#P10">10</A>, <A HREF="#P11">11</A>, <A HREF="#P12">12</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Bloody Brook, <A HREF="#P202">202</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Boerstler, Lieutenant, <A HREF="#P360">360</A>, <A HREF="#P362">362</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Bona Vista, <A HREF="#P5">5</A>, <A HREF="#P8">8</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Bonaventure, <A HREF="#P195">195</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Boscawen, <A HREF="#P226">226</A>, <A HREF="#P234">234</A>, <A HREF="#P252">252</A>, <A HREF="#P256">256</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Boston, <A HREF="#P66">66</A>, <A HREF="#P194">194</A>, <A HREF="#P195">195</A>, <A HREF="#P203">203</A>, <A HREF="#P216">216</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Boucher, <A HREF="#P394">394</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Bougainville, <A HREF="#P243">243</A>, <A HREF="#P261">261</A>, <A HREF="#P270">270</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Bouquet, <A HREF="#P287">287</A>, <A HREF="#P288">288</A>, <A HREF="#P289">289</A>, <A HREF="#P290">290</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Bourgeoys, Marguerite, <A HREF="#P117">117</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Bourlamaque, <A HREF="#P243">243</A>, <A HREF="#P262">262</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Braddock, General, <A HREF="#P226">226-230</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Bradstreet, General, <A HREF="#P260">260</A>, <A HREF="#P287">287</A>, <A HREF="#P288">288</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Brant, Joseph, <A HREF="#P310">310</A>, <A HREF="#P315">315</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Bras d'Or Lakes, <A HREF="#P7">7</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Brébeuf, Jean de, <A HREF="#P71">71</A>, <A HREF="#P80">80</A>, <A HREF="#P82">82-90</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Bridgar, <A HREF="#P149">149</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -British Columbia, <A HREF="#P323">323</A>, <A HREF="#P436">436</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Brock, Isaac, <A HREF="#P338">338-348</A>, <A HREF="#P363">363</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Brockville, <A HREF="#P349">349</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Brown, George, <A HREF="#P371">371</A>, <A HREF="#P434">434</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Brulé, Etienne, <A HREF="#P48">48</A>, <A HREF="#P50">50</A>, <A HREF="#P52">52-57</A>, <A HREF="#P83">83</A>, <A HREF="#P127">127</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Buffalo, <A HREF="#P369">369</A>, <A HREF="#P371">371</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Buller, Charles, <A HREF="#P432">432</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Burlington Heights, <A HREF="#P365">365</A>, <A HREF="#P372">372</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Burton, Colonel, <A HREF="#P272">272</A> -</P> - -<BR><BR> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Cabot, John, <A HREF="#P3">3-7</A>, <A HREF="#P26">26</A>, <A HREF="#P61">61</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Cabot, Sebastian, <A HREF="#P5">5</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Cadillac, La Motte, <A HREF="#P119">119</A>, <A HREF="#P124">124</A>, <A HREF="#P163">163</A>, <A HREF="#P165">165</A>, <A HREF="#P205">205</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Caldwell, General, <A HREF="#P412">412</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -California, <A HREF="#P319">319</A>, <A HREF="#P408">408</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Cameron, Duncan, <A HREF="#P389">389</A>, <A HREF="#P391">391</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Campbell, Captain, <A HREF="#P285">285</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Cape Breton, <A HREF="#P5">5</A>, <A HREF="#P6">6</A>, <A HREF="#P7">7</A>, <A HREF="#P38">38</A>, <A HREF="#P43">43</A>, <A HREF="#P61">61</A>, <A HREF="#P62">62</A>, <A HREF="#P65">65</A>, <A HREF="#P124">124</A>, <A HREF="#P204">204</A>, <A HREF="#P214">214</A>, <A HREF="#P215">215</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Cape Cod, <A HREF="#P30">30</A>, <A HREF="#P37">37</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Cape Diamond, <A HREF="#P13">13</A>, <A HREF="#P19">19</A>, <A HREF="#P45">45</A>, <A HREF="#P80">80</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Cape Rouge, <A HREF="#P19">19</A>, <A HREF="#P22">22</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Cape Sable, <A HREF="#P61">61</A>, <A HREF="#P65">65</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Garden, Major, <A HREF="#P299">299</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Carillon, <A HREF="#P50">50</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Carleton, <A HREF="#P62">62</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Carleton, Sir Guy, <A HREF="#P279">279</A>, <A HREF="#P280">280</A>, <A HREF="#P281">281</A>, <A HREF="#P298">298-312</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Carterett, George, <A HREF="#P114">114</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Cartier, Jacques, <A HREF="#P7">7-22</A>, <A HREF="#P33">33</A>, <A HREF="#P40">40</A>, <A HREF="#P45">45</A>, <A HREF="#P77">77</A>, <A HREF="#P79">79</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Casson, Dollier de, <A HREF="#P121">121</A>, <A HREF="#P126">126</A>, <A HREF="#P128">128</A>, <A HREF="#P130">130</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Castle Island, <A HREF="#P10">10</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Catalina, <A HREF="#P8">8</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Chaleur, Bay of, <A HREF="#P11">11</A>, <A HREF="#P188">188</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Chambly, Fort, <A HREF="#P125">125</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Champlain, Lake, <A HREF="#P47">47</A>, <A HREF="#P203">203</A>, <A HREF="#P237">237</A>, <A HREF="#P242">242</A>, <A HREF="#P298">298</A>, <A HREF="#P299">299</A>, <A HREF="#P378">378</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Champlain, Madame, <A HREF="#P57">57</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Champlain, Samuel, <A HREF="#P32">32</A>, <A HREF="#P33">33</A>, <A HREF="#P35">35</A>, <A HREF="#P37">37</A>, <A HREF="#P38">38</A>, <A HREF="#P39">39</A>, <A HREF="#P40">40</A>, <A HREF="#P44">44</A>, <A HREF="#P45">45</A>, <A HREF="#P46">46</A>, <A HREF="#P48">48-60</A>, <A HREF="#P77">77</A>, <A HREF="#P80">80</A>, <A HREF="#P82">82</A>, <A HREF="#P83">83</A>, <A HREF="#P115">115</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Chandler, <A HREF="#P356">356</A>, <A HREF="#P357">357</A>, <A HREF="#P359">359</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Charity Island, <A HREF="#P92">92</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Charles II, <A HREF="#P114">114</A>, <A HREF="#P115">115</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Charlottetown, <A HREF="#P314">314</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Charlton Island, <A HREF="#P156">156</A>, <A HREF="#P160">160</A>, <A HREF="#P161">161</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Charnisay, Sieur d'Aulnay de, <A HREF="#P65">65-69</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Chasteaufort, Marc Antoine de, <A HREF="#P115">115</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Château Bay, <A HREF="#P10">10</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Chateauguay River, <A HREF="#P368">368</A>, <A HREF="#P369">369</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Chatham, <A HREF="#P279">279</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Chats Rapids, <A HREF="#P51">51</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Chaudière Falls, <A HREF="#P50">50</A>, <A HREF="#P104">104</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Chauncey, <A HREF="#P349">349</A>, <A HREF="#P351">351-356</A>, <A HREF="#P366">366</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Chenier, Dr., <A HREF="#P429">429</A>, <A HREF="#P431">431</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Chicago Portage, <A HREF="#P133">133</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Chignecto, <A HREF="#P231">231</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Chippewa, <A HREF="#P371">371</A>, <A HREF="#P372">372</A>, <A HREF="#P373">373</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Chippewyan, Fort, <A HREF="#P325">325</A>, <A HREF="#P402">402</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Chomedey, Paul de, <A HREF="#P75">75</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Christian Islands, <A HREF="#P92">92</A>, <A HREF="#P99">99</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Chrysler's Farm, <A HREF="#P367">367</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Church, Ben, <A HREF="#P195">195</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Churchill, Fort, <A HREF="#P297">297</A>, <A HREF="#P318">318</A>, <A HREF="#P319">319</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Clark, Lieutenant, <A HREF="#P175">175</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Clark, William, <A HREF="#P310">310</A>, <A HREF="#P330">330</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Clarke, John, <A HREF="#P391">391</A>, <A HREF="#P398">398</A>, <A HREF="#P401">401</A>, <A HREF="#P402">402</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Cobequid, <A HREF="#P236">236</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Cocking, Matthew, <A HREF="#P297">297</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Coffin, John, <A HREF="#P306">306</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Colborne, Sir John, <A HREF="#P431">431</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Columbia River, <A HREF="#P321">321-323</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Columbus, <A HREF="#P3">3</A>, <A HREF="#P6">6</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Contrecoeur, <A HREF="#P230">230</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Cook, James, <A HREF="#P263">263</A>, <A HREF="#P319">319-321</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Coppermine River, <A HREF="#P296">296</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Cornwallis, Edward, <A HREF="#P221">221</A>, <A HREF="#P232">232</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Cortereal, Caspar, <A HREF="#P6">6</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Courcelle, Governor, <A HREF="#P125">125</A>, <A HREF="#P126">126</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Craig, Governor, <A HREF="#P336">336</A>, <A HREF="#P337">337</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Cree Indians, <A HREF="#P103">103</A>, <A HREF="#P110">110</A>, <A HREF="#P112">112</A>, <A HREF="#P208">208</A>, <A HREF="#P210">210</A>, <A HREF="#P386">386</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Crèvecoeur, Fort, <A HREF="#P138">138</A>, <A HREF="#P139">139</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Cumberland, <A HREF="#P236">236</A> -</P> - -<BR><BR> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Dablon, <A HREF="#P132">132</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -D'Ailleboust, Louis, <A HREF="#P78">78</A>, <A HREF="#P79">79</A>, <A HREF="#P115">115</A>, <A HREF="#P119">119</A>, <A HREF="#P120">120</A>, <A HREF="#P172">172</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Dalzell, <A HREF="#P285">285</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Daniel, Father, <A HREF="#P27">27</A>, <A HREF="#P84">84</A>, <A HREF="#P87">87</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -D'Anville, Duke, <A HREF="#P220">220</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -D'Argenson, <A HREF="#P110">110</A>, <A HREF="#P115">115</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Dauversière, Jérôme le Royer de la, <A HREF="#P74">74</A>, <A HREF="#P117">117</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -D'Avaugour, <A HREF="#P111">111</A>, <A HREF="#P115">115</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Davis, <A HREF="#P30">30</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Davost, Father, <A HREF="#P84">84</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Dearborn, General, <A HREF="#P353">353</A>, <A HREF="#P356">356</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Deerfield, <A HREF="#P193">193</A>, <A HREF="#P195">195</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -De Mezy, <A HREF="#P115">115</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -De Monts, Sieur, <A HREF="#P33">33-37</A>, <A HREF="#P40">40</A>, <A HREF="#P44">44</A>, <A HREF="#P45">45</A>, <A HREF="#P48">48</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Denis, <A HREF="#P7">7</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Denonville, Marquis de, <A HREF="#P163">163</A>, <A HREF="#P164">164</A>, <A HREF="#P167">167</A>, <A HREF="#P168">168</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -De Salaberry, <A HREF="#P368">368</A>, <A HREF="#P369">369</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Detroit, <A HREF="#P93">93</A>, <A HREF="#P205">205</A>, <A HREF="#P276">276</A>, <A HREF="#P286">286</A>, <A HREF="#P291">291</A>, <A HREF="#P310">310</A>, <A HREF="#P338">338</A>, <A HREF="#P339">339</A>, <A HREF="#P340">340</A>, <A HREF="#P363">363</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -De Troyes, Chevalier, <A HREF="#P157">157</A>, <A HREF="#P158">158</A>, <A HREF="#P159">159</A>, <A HREF="#P160">160</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Dieskau, Baron, <A HREF="#P226">226</A>, <A HREF="#P237">237</A>, <A HREF="#P240">240</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Digge's Island, <A HREF="#P154">154</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Dinwiddie, Governor, <A HREF="#P224">224</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Dobbs, Captain, <A HREF="#P376">376</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Dochet Island, <A HREF="#P35">35</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Dog Rib Indians, <A HREF="#P326">326</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Dollard, Adam, <A HREF="#P107">107</A>, <A HREF="#P108">108</A>, <A HREF="#P109">109</A>, <A HREF="#P110">110</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Don Quadra, <A HREF="#P322">322</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Donnacona, <A HREF="#P13">13</A>, <A HREF="#P18">18</A>, <A HREF="#P19">19</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Douglas, Fort, <A HREF="#P386">386</A>, <A HREF="#P387">387</A>, <A HREF="#P390">390</A>, <A HREF="#P391">391</A>, <A HREF="#P393">393</A>, <A HREF="#P395">395-397</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Douglas, Governor, <A HREF="#P408">408</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Drake, Sir Francis, <A HREF="#P26">26</A>, <A HREF="#P27">27</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Drew, <A HREF="#P426">426</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Drucourt, <A HREF="#P253">253</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Drummond, Sir Gordon, <A HREF="#P369">369</A>, <A HREF="#P370">370</A>, <A HREF="#P372">372</A>, <A HREF="#P374">374</A>, <A HREF="#P376">376</A>, <A HREF="#P377">377</A>, <A HREF="#P378">378</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Du Chêne, Lake, <A HREF="#P50">50</A>, <A HREF="#P105">105</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Duchambon, <A HREF="#P219">219</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Ducharme, <A HREF="#P362">362</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Duluth, <A HREF="#P112">112</A>, <A HREF="#P146">146</A>, <A HREF="#P163">163</A>, <A HREF="#P165">165</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Duluth, Daniel G., <A HREF="#P118">118</A>, <A HREF="#P124">124</A>, <A HREF="#P205">205</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Duncombe, Dr., <A HREF="#P424">424</A>, <A HREF="#P425">425</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Dupuis, Major, <A HREF="#P98">98</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Duquesne, Fort, <A HREF="#P224">224</A>, <A HREF="#P226">226</A>, <A HREF="#P227">227</A>, <A HREF="#P228">228</A>, <A HREF="#P252">252</A>, <A HREF="#P260">260</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Duquesne, Marquis, <A HREF="#P224">224</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Durell, <A HREF="#P261">261</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Durham, Lord, <A HREF="#P431">431</A>, <A HREF="#P432">432</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Duval, <A HREF="#P46">46</A> -</P> - -<BR><BR> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Egg Islands, <A HREF="#P203">203</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Elizabeth, Queen, <A HREF="#P26">26</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Elliott, Lieutenant, <A HREF="#P343">343</A>, <A HREF="#P344">344</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Eric, Earl, <A HREF="#P1">1</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Erie, Fort, <A HREF="#P344">344</A>, <A HREF="#P376">376</A>, <A HREF="#P377">377</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Erie, Lake, <A HREF="#P129">129</A>, <A HREF="#P130">130</A>, <A HREF="#P131">131</A>, <A HREF="#P137">137</A>, <A HREF="#P341">341</A>, <A HREF="#P349">349</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Ermatinger, Judge, <A HREF="#P424">424</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Etherington, Major, <A HREF="#P286">286</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Evans, <A HREF="#P344">344</A> -</P> - -<BR><BR> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Fidler, Peter, <A HREF="#P389">389</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Findley, <A HREF="#P295">295</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Fitzgibbons, <A HREF="#P357">357</A>, <A HREF="#P359">359</A>, <A HREF="#P360">360</A>, <A HREF="#P362">362</A>, <A HREF="#P373">373</A>, <A HREF="#P421">421</A>, <A HREF="#P422">422</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Fleury, <A HREF="#P42">42</A>, <A HREF="#P43">43</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Fontaine, Marguerite, <A HREF="#P170">170</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Fontaine, Sieur Pierre, <A HREF="#P170">170</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Forbes, John, <A HREF="#P260">260</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Forsyth, <A HREF="#P353">353</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Franklin, Benjamin, <A HREF="#P309">309</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Fraser, Simon, <A HREF="#P330">330</A>, <A HREF="#P331">331</A>, <A HREF="#P332">332</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Fraser River, <A HREF="#P330">330</A>, <A HREF="#P331">331</A>, <A HREF="#P332">332</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -French Bay, <A HREF="#P35">35</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -French River, <A HREF="#P53">53</A>, <A HREF="#P54">54</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Frenchman's Bay, <A HREF="#P42">42</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Freneuse, Madame, <A HREF="#P195">195</A>, <A HREF="#P196">196</A>, <A HREF="#P202">202</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Frobisher, Martin, <A HREF="#P25">25</A>, <A HREF="#P30">30</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Frontenac, Count, <A HREF="#P132">132</A>, <A HREF="#P134">134</A>, <A HREF="#P135">135</A>, <A HREF="#P136">136</A>, <A HREF="#P140">140</A>, <A HREF="#P150">150</A>, <A HREF="#P167">167</A>, <A HREF="#P171">171</A>, <A HREF="#P176">176-188</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Frontenac, Fort, <A HREF="#P135">135</A>, <A HREF="#P136">136</A>, <A HREF="#P137">137</A>, <A HREF="#P141">141</A>, <A HREF="#P163">163</A>, <A HREF="#P178">178</A>, <A HREF="#P179">179</A>, <A HREF="#P180">180</A>, <A HREF="#P181">181</A>, <A HREF="#P183">183</A>, <A HREF="#P252">252</A>, <A HREF="#P260">260</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Fundy, Bay of, <A HREF="#P35">35</A>, <A HREF="#P42">42</A>, <A HREF="#P62">62</A>, <A HREF="#P63">63</A>, <A HREF="#P66">66</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Funk Island, <A HREF="#P9">9</A> -</P> - -<BR><BR> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Gâlet, <A HREF="#P170">170</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Galinée, <A HREF="#P129">129</A>, <A HREF="#P130">130</A>, <A HREF="#P131">131</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Garry, Nicholas, <A HREF="#P406">406</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Gaspé, <A HREF="#P11">11</A>, <A HREF="#P12">12</A>, <A HREF="#P32">32</A>, <A HREF="#P124">124</A>, <A HREF="#P177">177</A>, <A HREF="#P256">256</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Gatineau, <A HREF="#P50">50</A>, <A HREF="#P104">104</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -George, Fort, <A HREF="#P342">342</A>, <A HREF="#P344">344</A>, <A HREF="#P348">348</A>, <A HREF="#P355">355</A>, <A HREF="#P356">356</A>, <A HREF="#P360">360</A>, <A HREF="#P372">372</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -George, Lake, <A HREF="#P240">240</A>, <A HREF="#P242">242</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Georgian Bay, <A HREF="#P54">54</A>, <A HREF="#P83">83</A>, <A HREF="#P84">84</A>, <A HREF="#P92">92</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Gibraltar, Fort, <A HREF="#P386">386</A>, <A HREF="#P387">387</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, <A HREF="#P25">25-29</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Gilbert du Thet, <A HREF="#P42">42</A>, <A HREF="#P43">43</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Gillam, Ben, <A HREF="#P148">148</A>, <A HREF="#P149">149</A>, <A HREF="#P150">150</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Gillam, Captain, <A HREF="#P144">144</A>, <A HREF="#P145">145</A>, <A HREF="#P149">149</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Gillam, Zechariah, <A HREF="#P113">113</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Gillam's Island, <A HREF="#P148">148</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Girod, <A HREF="#P428">428</A>, <A HREF="#P431">431</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Gladwin, <A HREF="#P284">284</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Glen Rae, Dr., <A HREF="#P407">407</A>, <A HREF="#P408">408</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Glenn, <A HREF="#P174">174</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Goat Island, <A HREF="#P44">44</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Gore, Colonel, <A HREF="#P429">429</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Gorham, <A HREF="#P248">248</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Gourlay, Robert, <A HREF="#P415">415</A>, <A HREF="#P416">416</A>, <A HREF="#P417">417</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Grand Pré, <A HREF="#P231">231</A>, <A HREF="#P236">236</A>, <A HREF="#P241">241</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Grant, Cuthbert, <A HREF="#P390">390</A>, <A HREF="#P391">391</A>, <A HREF="#P394">394</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Gray, Robert, <A HREF="#P321">321-323</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Great Lakes, <A HREF="#P53">53</A>, <A HREF="#P71">71</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Green, Henry, <A HREF="#P31">31</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Green, Piper, <A HREF="#P387">387</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Green Bay, <A HREF="#P93">93</A>, <A HREF="#P103">103</A>, <A HREF="#P105">105</A>, <A HREF="#P132">132</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Greenland, <A HREF="#P1">1</A>, <A HREF="#P2">2</A>, <A HREF="#P5">5</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Griguet, <A HREF="#P9">9</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Grimmington, <A HREF="#P154">154</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Groseillers, Chouart, <A HREF="#P150">150</A>, <A HREF="#P151">151</A>, <A HREF="#P152">152</A>, <A HREF="#P153">153</A>, <A HREF="#P156">156</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Groseillers, Medard Chouart de, <A HREF="#P85">85</A>, <A HREF="#P98">98-115</A>, <A HREF="#P118">118</A>, <A HREF="#P144">144-153</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Gudrid, <A HREF="#P1">1</A>, <A HREF="#P2">2</A>, <A HREF="#P3">3</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Gulf of Mexico, <A HREF="#P140">140</A>, <A HREF="#P141">141</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Gulf Stream, <A HREF="#P6">6</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Gull Island, <A HREF="#P9">9</A> -</P> - -<BR><BR> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Ha-Ha Bay, <A HREF="#P9">9</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Haldimand, General, <A HREF="#P311">311</A>, <A HREF="#P312">312</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Halifax, <A HREF="#P231">231</A>, <A HREF="#P232">232</A>, <A HREF="#P233">233</A>, <A HREF="#P248">248</A>, <A HREF="#P317">317</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Hamilton, <A HREF="#P129">129</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Hampton, General, <A HREF="#P367">367</A>, <A HREF="#P368">368</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Harrison, General, <A HREF="#P363">363</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Harvey, <A HREF="#P357">357</A>, <A HREF="#P358">358</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Haverhill, <A HREF="#P198">198</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Hayes River, <A HREF="#P148">148</A>, <A HREF="#P385">385</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Head, Sir Francis, <A HREF="#P421">421</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Hearne, Samuel, <A HREF="#P296">296</A>, <A HREF="#P297">297</A>, <A HREF="#P318">318</A>, <A HREF="#P319">319</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Hebert, Louis, <A HREF="#P44">44</A>, <A HREF="#P57">57</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Hebert, Madame, <A HREF="#P79">79</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Hendry, Anthony, <A HREF="#P243">243</A>, <A HREF="#P295">295</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Hennepin, Louis, <A HREF="#P137">137</A>, <A HREF="#P138">138</A>, <A HREF="#P139">139</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Henry, Alexander, <A HREF="#P286">286</A>, <A HREF="#P287">287</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Henry, John, <A HREF="#P337">337</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Henry VII, <A HREF="#P3">3</A>, <A HREF="#P4">4</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Hertel, François, <A HREF="#P174">174</A>, <A HREF="#P175">175</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Hill, Jack, <A HREF="#P202">202</A>, <A HREF="#P203">203</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Hochelaga, <A HREF="#P12">12</A>, <A HREF="#P14">14</A>, <A HREF="#P15">15</A>, <A HREF="#P16">16</A>, <A HREF="#P18">18</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Holmes, Admiral, <A HREF="#P269">269</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Horton, <A HREF="#P236">236</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Hudson, Henry, <A HREF="#P30">30</A>, <A HREF="#P31">31</A>, <A HREF="#P32">32</A>, <A HREF="#P49">49</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Hudson Bay, <A HREF="#P30">30</A>, <A HREF="#P32">32</A>, <A HREF="#P103">103</A>, <A HREF="#P110">110</A>, <A HREF="#P113">113</A>, <A HREF="#P115">115</A>, <A HREF="#P134">134</A>, <A HREF="#P143">143</A>, <A HREF="#P144">144</A>, <A HREF="#P146">146</A>, <A HREF="#P148">148</A>, <A HREF="#P161">161</A>, <A HREF="#P162">162</A>, <A HREF="#P164">164</A>, <A HREF="#P191">191</A>, <A HREF="#P204">204</A>, <A HREF="#P318">318</A>, <A HREF="#P406">406</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Hudson River, <A HREF="#P30">30</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Hudson Straits, <A HREF="#P30">30</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Hull, <A HREF="#P338">338-340</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Hume, <A HREF="#P420">420</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Hume, Captain, <A HREF="#P154">154</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Huron, Lake, <A HREF="#P54">54</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Huron Indians, <A HREF="#P46">46</A>, <A HREF="#P48">48</A>, <A HREF="#P52">52-57</A>, <A HREF="#P82">82-93</A>, <A HREF="#P98">98</A>, <A HREF="#P108">108-110</A>, <A HREF="#P126">126</A> -</P> - -<BR><BR> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Iberville, <A HREF="#P157">157-163</A>, <A HREF="#P165">165</A>, <A HREF="#P172">172</A>, <A HREF="#P174">174</A>, <A HREF="#P183">183</A>, <A HREF="#P184">184</A>, <A HREF="#P185">185</A>, <A HREF="#P186">186</A>, <A HREF="#P188">188</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Iberville, Châteauguay, <A HREF="#P183">183</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Iceland, <A HREF="#P3">3</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Ihonateria, <A HREF="#P84">84</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Illinois Indians, <A HREF="#P133">133</A>, <A HREF="#P138">138</A>, <A HREF="#P163">163</A>, <A HREF="#P189">189</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Illinois River, <A HREF="#P133">133</A>, <A HREF="#P139">139</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Iroquois Indians, <A HREF="#P46">46-48</A>, <A HREF="#P52">52-57</A>, <A HREF="#P78">78</A>, <A HREF="#P79">79</A>, <A HREF="#P86">86</A>, <A HREF="#P87">87-102</A>, <A HREF="#P103">103</A>, <A HREF="#P105">105</A>, <A HREF="#P106">106</A>, <A HREF="#P108">108</A>, <A HREF="#P110">110</A>, <A HREF="#P125">125</A>, <A HREF="#P128">128-130</A>, <A HREF="#P135">135</A>, <A HREF="#P162">162-171</A>, <A HREF="#P183">183</A>, <A HREF="#P204">204</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Island of Orleans, <A HREF="#P13">13</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Isle of Demons, <A HREF="#P10">10</A>, <A HREF="#P20">20</A>, <A HREF="#P21">21</A> -</P> - -<BR><BR> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Jacqueline, Frances Marie, <A HREF="#P67">67</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Jalobert, Captain, <A HREF="#P12">12</A>, <A HREF="#P19">19</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -James Bay, <A HREF="#P30">30</A>, <A HREF="#P31">31</A>, <A HREF="#P113">113</A>, <A HREF="#P144">144</A>, <A HREF="#P158">158</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Jogues, Father, <A HREF="#P85">85</A>, <A HREF="#P94">94</A>, <A HREF="#P97">97</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Johnson, William, <A HREF="#P237">237</A>, <A HREF="#P240">240</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Jolliet, Louis, <A HREF="#P118">118</A>, <A HREF="#P130">130</A>, <A HREF="#P132">132-134</A>, <A HREF="#P139">139</A>, <A HREF="#P146">146</A>, <A HREF="#P152">152</A>, <A HREF="#P177">177</A>, <A HREF="#P205">205</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Jolliet, Madame, <A HREF="#P183">183</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Joseph, Louis, <A HREF="#P243">243</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Juett, <A HREF="#P30">30</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Jumonville, <A HREF="#P225">225</A> -</P> - -<BR><BR> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Kaministiquia, <A HREF="#P139">139</A>, <A HREF="#P143">143</A>, <A HREF="#P205">205</A>, <A HREF="#P207">207</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Kidd, Captain, <A HREF="#P150">150</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -King's Cove, <A HREF="#P5">5</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Kingston, <A HREF="#P135">135</A>, <A HREF="#P260">260</A>, <A HREF="#P354">354</A>, <A HREF="#P370">370</A>, <A HREF="#P427">427</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Kirke, David, <A HREF="#P58">58</A>, <A HREF="#P60">60</A>, <A HREF="#P63">63</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Kirke, Gervaise, <A HREF="#P58">58</A>, <A HREF="#P63">63</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Kirke, Louis, <A HREF="#P58">58</A>, <A HREF="#P63">63</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Kirke, Mary, <A HREF="#P114">114</A>, <A HREF="#P115">115</A>, <A HREF="#P145">145</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Kirke, Thomas, <A HREF="#P58">58</A>, <A HREF="#P63">63</A> -</P> - -<BR><BR> - -<P CLASS="index"> -La Barre, <A HREF="#P140">140</A>, <A HREF="#P150">150</A>, <A HREF="#P163">163</A>, <A HREF="#P168">168</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -La Bonté, <A HREF="#P170">170</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Labrador, <A HREF="#P1">1</A>, <A HREF="#P6">6</A>, <A HREF="#P7">7</A>, <A HREF="#P10">10</A>, <A HREF="#P30">30</A>, <A HREF="#P46">46</A>, <A HREF="#P121">121</A>, <A HREF="#P143">143</A>, <A HREF="#P147">147</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Lachine Rapids, <A HREF="#P17">17</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -La Fléche, Father, <A HREF="#P41">41</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -La Fôrest, <A HREF="#P146">146</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Lake of the Woods, <A HREF="#P112">112</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Lalemant, <A HREF="#P88">88</A>, <A HREF="#P89">89</A>, <A HREF="#P90">90</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -La Martinière, <A HREF="#P153">153</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -La Monnerie, Lieutenant de, <A HREF="#P171">171</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Lamont, <A HREF="#P19">19</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -La Motte, Admiral, <A HREF="#P226">226</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -La Naudière, M. de, <A HREF="#P171">171</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Langdale, <A HREF="#P287">287</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -La Peltrie, Madame de, <A HREF="#P72">72</A>, <A HREF="#P73">73</A>, <A HREF="#P74">74</A>, <A HREF="#P77">77</A>, <A HREF="#P78">78</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -La Pérouse, Admiral, <A HREF="#P318">318</A>, <A HREF="#P319">319</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -La Place, <A HREF="#P298">298</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -La Reine, Fort de, <A HREF="#P211">211</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -La Roche, Marquis de, <A HREF="#P23">23-25</A>, <A HREF="#P40">40</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -La Salle, Robert Cavalier de, <A HREF="#P19">19</A>, <A HREF="#P118">118</A>, <A HREF="#P128">128-142</A>, <A HREF="#P146">146</A>, <A HREF="#P205">205</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -La Saussaye, <A HREF="#P42">42</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -La Tour, Charles de, <A HREF="#P61">61-69</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -La Tour, Claude de, <A HREF="#P63">63</A>, <A HREF="#P64">64</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -La Tour, Madame Charles de, <A HREF="#P67">67-69</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Laurentian Hills, <A HREF="#P50">50</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Lauson, <A HREF="#P75">75</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Lauzon, Jean de, <A HREF="#P98">98</A>, <A HREF="#P115">115</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Lauzon-Charny, Charles de, <A HREF="#P115">115</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Laval, Bishop, <A HREF="#P122">122</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -La Vérendrye, Jean, <A HREF="#P207">207-209</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -La Vérendrye, Jemmeraie, <A HREF="#P206">206-208</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -La Vérendrye, Pierre Gauthier, <A HREF="#P206">206-212</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Lawrence, Colonel, <A HREF="#P231">231</A>, <A HREF="#P233">233</A>, <A HREF="#P234">234</A>, <A HREF="#P235">235</A>, <A HREF="#P253">253</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Le Bers, <A HREF="#P172">172</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Le Breton, Captain, <A HREF="#P12">12</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Le Caron, Joseph, <A HREF="#P52">52</A>, <A HREF="#P53">53</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Le Chesnaye, <A HREF="#P146">146</A>, <A HREF="#P150">150</A>, <A HREF="#P157">157</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Leif, <A HREF="#P1">1</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Le Jeune, Pierre, <A HREF="#P79">79</A>, <A HREF="#P80">80</A>, <A HREF="#P81">81</A>, <A HREF="#P82">82</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Le Loutre, Louis Joseph, <A HREF="#P213">213-216</A>, <A HREF="#P220">220</A>, <A HREF="#P231">231</A>, <A HREF="#P232">232</A>, <A HREF="#P241">241</A>, <A HREF="#P278">278</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Le Moyne, Charles, <A HREF="#P108">108</A>, <A HREF="#P118">118</A>, <A HREF="#P126">126</A>, <A HREF="#P146">146</A>, <A HREF="#P157">157</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Le Moyne, Father, <A HREF="#P98">98</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Le Moyne, Maricourt, <A HREF="#P157">157-161</A>, <A HREF="#P172">172</A>, <A HREF="#P173">173</A>, <A HREF="#P179">179</A>, <A HREF="#P182">182</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Le Moyne, Ste. Helène, <A HREF="#P157">157-159</A>, <A HREF="#P172">172</A>, <A HREF="#P173">173</A>, <A HREF="#P179">179</A>, <A HREF="#P182">182</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Le Moyne, Sérigny, <A HREF="#P183">183</A>, <A HREF="#P184">184</A>, <A HREF="#P187">187</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Lery, Baron de, <A HREF="#P7">7</A>, <A HREF="#P24">24</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Lescarbot, Marc, <A HREF="#P37">37-40</A>, <A HREF="#P63">63</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Leslie, Captain, <A HREF="#P286">286</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Lévis, Chevalier de, <A HREF="#P243">243</A>, <A HREF="#P245">245</A>, <A HREF="#P246">246</A>, <A HREF="#P249">249</A>, <A HREF="#P250">250</A>, <A HREF="#P267">267</A>, <A HREF="#P274">274</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Lewis, <A HREF="#P330">330</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Lewiston, <A HREF="#P342">342-348</A>, <A HREF="#P369">369</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Long Sault Rapids, <A HREF="#P108">108</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Long Saut, <A HREF="#P50">50</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Lorette mission, <A HREF="#P93">93</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Loudon, Earl, <A HREF="#P243">243</A>, <A HREF="#P248">248</A>, <A HREF="#P252">252</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Louisburg, <A HREF="#P215">215</A>, <A HREF="#P216">216</A>, <A HREF="#P218">218</A>, <A HREF="#P220">220</A>, <A HREF="#P234">234</A>, <A HREF="#P241">241</A>, <A HREF="#P248">248</A>, <A HREF="#P252">252</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Louisiana, <A HREF="#P140">140</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Lount, <A HREF="#P424">424</A>, <A HREF="#P427">427</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Lundy's Lane, <A HREF="#P373">373-375</A> -</P> - -<BR><BR> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Macdonald, John A., <A HREF="#P427">427</A>, <A HREF="#P435">435</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -MacDonell, Miles, <A HREF="#P381">381</A>, <A HREF="#P385">385</A>, <A HREF="#P388">388-390</A>, <A HREF="#P396">396</A>, <A HREF="#P397">397</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -McDonnell, <A HREF="#P368">368</A>, <A HREF="#P369">369</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -M'Donnell, <A HREF="#P350">350</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Macdonnell, Major, <A HREF="#P346">346</A>, <A HREF="#P348">348</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Macdillivray, William, <A HREF="#P380">380</A>, <A HREF="#P381">381</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Mackay, Alexander, <A HREF="#P327">327</A>, <A HREF="#P328">328</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -McKay, Tom, <A HREF="#P407">407</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -MacKenzie, Alexander, <A HREF="#P324">324-331</A>, <A HREF="#P380">380</A>, <A HREF="#P398">398</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Mackenzie, Roderick, <A HREF="#P325">325</A>, <A HREF="#P327">327</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -MacKenzie, William Lyon, <A HREF="#P420">420-426</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -MacKenzie River, <A HREF="#P327">327</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Mackinac, Straits of, <A HREF="#P105">105</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -McLean, Hector, <A HREF="#P300">300</A>, <A HREF="#P387">387</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -McLoughlin, Dr. John, <A HREF="#P407">407</A>, <A HREF="#P409">409</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -McNab, Allan, <A HREF="#P422">422</A>, <A HREF="#P424">424-426</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Magellan, <A HREF="#P6">6</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Maine, <A HREF="#P42">42</A>, <A HREF="#P192">192</A>, <A HREF="#P204">204</A>, <A HREF="#P310">310</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Maisonneuve, Sieur de, <A HREF="#P75">75-79</A>, <A HREF="#P108">108</A>, <A HREF="#P118">118</A>, <A HREF="#P119">119</A>, <A HREF="#P120">120</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Maitland, Sir Peregrine, <A HREF="#P415">415</A>, <A HREF="#P417">417</A>, <A HREF="#P418">418</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Mance, Jeanne, <A HREF="#P76">76</A>, <A HREF="#P78">78</A>, <A HREF="#P117">117</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Mandanes, <A HREF="#P211">211</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Manitoba, <A HREF="#P436">436</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Manitoulin Island, <A HREF="#P84">84</A>, <A HREF="#P93">93</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Maquinna, <A HREF="#P322">322</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -March, Colonel, <A HREF="#P196">196</A>, <A HREF="#P197">197</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Marco Polo, <A HREF="#P3">3</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Marie of the Incarnation, <A HREF="#P72">72-74</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Marquette, Father, <A HREF="#P118">118</A>, <A HREF="#P132">132</A>, <A HREF="#P133">133</A>, <A HREF="#P134">134</A>, <A HREF="#P205">205</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Martin, Abraham, <A HREF="#P44">44</A>, <A HREF="#P57">57</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Mascarene, Paul, <A HREF="#P201">201</A>, <A HREF="#P202">202</A>, <A HREF="#P215">215</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Mascoutin Indians, <A HREF="#P132">132</A>, <A HREF="#P138">138</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Massacre Island, <A HREF="#P209">209</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Massé, Father, <A HREF="#P42">42</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Matonabbee, <A HREF="#P296">296</A>, <A HREF="#P297">297</A>, <A HREF="#P319">319</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Mattawa, <A HREF="#P52">52</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Matthews, <A HREF="#P414">414</A>, <A HREF="#P415">415</A>, <A HREF="#P427">427</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Meares, <A HREF="#P321">321</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Meigs, Fort, <A HREF="#P363">363</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Membertou, Henry, <A HREF="#P38">38</A>, <A HREF="#P39">39</A>, <A HREF="#P41">41</A>, <A HREF="#P42">42</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Meneval, <A HREF="#P177">177</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Mercer, Colonel, <A HREF="#P247">247</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Miami, Fort, <A HREF="#P284">284</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Michigan, <A HREF="#P339">339</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Michigan, Lake, <A HREF="#P103">103</A>, <A HREF="#P133">133</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Michilimackinac, <A HREF="#P137">137</A>, <A HREF="#P276">276</A>, <A HREF="#P286">286</A>, <A HREF="#P310">310</A>, <A HREF="#P339">339</A>, <A HREF="#P379">379</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Micmac Indians, <A HREF="#P220">220</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Midland, <A HREF="#P54">54</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Mingan, <A HREF="#P12">12</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Minnesota, <A HREF="#P205">205</A>, <A HREF="#P208">208</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Miquelon, <A HREF="#P204">204</A>, <A HREF="#P277">277</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Miramichi Indians, <A HREF="#P10">10</A>, <A HREF="#P11">11</A>, <A HREF="#P256">256</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Mississippi River, <A HREF="#P106">106</A>, <A HREF="#P128">128</A>, <A HREF="#P133">133</A>, <A HREF="#P139">139</A>, <A HREF="#P141">141</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Missouri River, <A HREF="#P133">133</A>, <A HREF="#P139">139</A>, <A HREF="#P211">211</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Mohawk River, <A HREF="#P127">127</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Monckton, <A HREF="#P231">231</A>, <A HREF="#P234">234-235</A>, <A HREF="#P261">261</A>, <A HREF="#P265">265</A>, <A HREF="#P270">270</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Monro, Lieutenant, <A HREF="#P250">250</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Montaignais Indians, <A HREF="#P6">6</A>, <A HREF="#P10">10</A>, <A HREF="#P46">46</A>, <A HREF="#P81">81</A>, <A HREF="#P82">82</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Montana, <A HREF="#P212">212</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Montcalm, Marquis de, <A HREF="#P44">44</A>, <A HREF="#P243">243-250</A>, <A HREF="#P257">257</A>, <A HREF="#P265">265-269</A>, <A HREF="#P271">271</A>, <A HREF="#P273">273</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Montgomery, Richard, <A HREF="#P300">300-308</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Montmagny, Charles de, <A HREF="#P71">71</A>, <A HREF="#P72">72</A>, <A HREF="#P74">74</A>, <A HREF="#P76">76-78</A>, <A HREF="#P115">115</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Montmorency, <A HREF="#P13">13</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Montreal, <A HREF="#P16">16</A>, <A HREF="#P48">48-51</A>, <A HREF="#P72">72-78</A>, <A HREF="#P94">94</A>, <A HREF="#P107">107</A>, <A HREF="#P108">108</A>, <A HREF="#P117">117</A>, <A HREF="#P120">120</A>, <A HREF="#P165">165</A>, <A HREF="#P191">191</A>, <A HREF="#P267">267</A>, <A HREF="#P274">274-302</A>, <A HREF="#P340">340</A>, <A HREF="#P367">367</A>, <A HREF="#P400">400</A>, <A HREF="#P427">427</A>, <A HREF="#P428">428</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Moon, Captain, <A HREF="#P162">162</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Moose Factory, <A HREF="#P153">153</A>, <A HREF="#P157">157</A>, <A HREF="#P158">158</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Moraviantown, <A HREF="#P365">365</A>, <A HREF="#P366">366</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Mount Desert, <A HREF="#P42">42</A>, <A HREF="#P44">44</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Mount Royal, <A HREF="#P49">49</A>, <A HREF="#P78">78</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Murray, Lord John, <A HREF="#P234">234</A>, <A HREF="#P235">235</A>, <A HREF="#P258">258</A>, <A HREF="#P261">261</A>, <A HREF="#P270">270</A>, <A HREF="#P274">274</A>, <A HREF="#P277">277-280</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Muskoka, <A HREF="#P84">84</A> -</P> - -<BR><BR> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Nelson, Dr., <A HREF="#P429">429</A>, <A HREF="#P430">430</A>, <A HREF="#P432">432</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Nelson, Port, <A HREF="#P152">152</A>, <A HREF="#P153">153</A>, <A HREF="#P183">183</A>, <A HREF="#P185">185</A>, <A HREF="#P384">384</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Nelson River, <A HREF="#P148">148</A>, <A HREF="#P385">385</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Nepigon, <A HREF="#P206">206</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -New Brunswick, <A HREF="#P10">10</A>, <A HREF="#P62">62-65</A>, <A HREF="#P204">204</A>, <A HREF="#P220">220</A>, <A HREF="#P312">312</A>, <A HREF="#P313">313</A>, <A HREF="#P434">434</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -New Caledonia, <A HREF="#P406">406</A>, <A HREF="#P407">407</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -New Hampshire, <A HREF="#P172">172</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -New York, <A HREF="#P97">97</A>, <A HREF="#P165">165</A>, <A HREF="#P221">221</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Newfoundland, <A HREF="#P5">5-7</A>, <A HREF="#P9">9</A>, <A HREF="#P10">10</A>, <A HREF="#P12">12</A>, <A HREF="#P19">19</A>, <A HREF="#P23">23</A>, <A HREF="#P30">30</A>, <A HREF="#P183">183</A>, <A HREF="#P184">184</A>, <A HREF="#P204">204</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Niagara, <A HREF="#P129">129</A>, <A HREF="#P267">267</A>, <A HREF="#P316">316</A>, <A HREF="#P340">340</A>, <A HREF="#P351">351</A>, <A HREF="#P369">369</A>, <A HREF="#P370">370</A>, <A HREF="#P379">379</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Nicholson, Francis, <A HREF="#P198">198-203</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Nicolet, Jean, <A HREF="#P71">71</A>, <A HREF="#P103">103</A>, <A HREF="#P127">127</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Nipissing Indians, <A HREF="#P51">51</A>, <A HREF="#P53">53</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Nipissing Lake, <A HREF="#P51">51</A>, <A HREF="#P53">53</A>, <A HREF="#P103">103</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Noel, <A HREF="#P19">19</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Nootka, <A HREF="#P320">320-322</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Norsemen, <A HREF="#P2">2</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Nova Scotia, <A HREF="#P1">1</A>, <A HREF="#P34">34</A>, <A HREF="#P35">35</A>, <A HREF="#P61">61</A>, <A HREF="#P220">220</A>, <A HREF="#P312">312</A>, <A HREF="#P317">317</A>, <A HREF="#P379">379</A>, <A HREF="#P434">434</A>, <A HREF="#P436">436</A> -</P> - -<BR><BR> - -<P CLASS="index"> -O'Callaghan, <A HREF="#P429">429</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Ochagach, Chief, <A HREF="#P206">206</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Ochiltree, Lord, <A HREF="#P62">62</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Ogden, <A HREF="#P407">407</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Ogdensburg, <A HREF="#P350">350</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Ohio River, <A HREF="#P128">128</A>, <A HREF="#P130">130</A>, <A HREF="#P133">133</A>, <A HREF="#P224">224</A>, <A HREF="#P226">226</A>, <A HREF="#P241">241</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Olier, Jean Jacques, <A HREF="#P75">75</A>, <A HREF="#P76">76</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Onondaga, Lake,98 -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Onondagas, <A HREF="#P55">55</A>, <A HREF="#P98">98</A>, <A HREF="#P99">99</A>, <A HREF="#P100">100</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Ontario, <A HREF="#P84">84</A>, <A HREF="#P127">127</A>, <A HREF="#P312">312</A>, <A HREF="#P315">315</A>, <A HREF="#P316">316</A>, <A HREF="#P338">338</A>, <A HREF="#P349">349</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Ontario, Lake, <A HREF="#P54">54</A>, <A HREF="#P57">57</A>, <A HREF="#P127">127</A>, <A HREF="#P129">129</A>, <A HREF="#P134">134</A>, <A HREF="#P349">349</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Oregon, <A HREF="#P406">406</A>, <A HREF="#P407">407</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Orleans Island, <A HREF="#P13">13</A>, <A HREF="#P76">76</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Oswego, <A HREF="#P247">247</A>, <A HREF="#P250">250</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Ottawa, <A HREF="#P46">46</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Ottawa Indians, <A HREF="#P51">51</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Ottawa River, <A HREF="#P17">17</A>, <A HREF="#P49">49</A>, <A HREF="#P51">51</A>, <A HREF="#P52">52</A>, <A HREF="#P57">57</A>, <A HREF="#P86">86</A> -</P> - -<BR><BR> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Papineau, <A HREF="#P427">427-429</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Parliament Hill, <A HREF="#P50">50</A>, <A HREF="#P104">104</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Parry Sound, <A HREF="#P54">54</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Parsnip River, <A HREF="#P328">328</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Passamaquoddy, <A HREF="#P195">195</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Pays d'en Haut, <A HREF="#P182">182</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Peace River, <A HREF="#P326">326</A>, <A HREF="#P327">327</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Péan, Madame, <A HREF="#P245">245</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Peguis, Chief, <A HREF="#P392">392</A>, <A HREF="#P393">393</A>, <A HREF="#P395">395</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Penetang, <A HREF="#P54">54</A>, <A HREF="#P83">83</A>, <A HREF="#P85">85</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Pepperrell, William, <A HREF="#P216">216</A>, <A HREF="#P219">219</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Pepys, Samuel, <A HREF="#P153">153</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Peré, Jan, <A HREF="#P130">130</A>, <A HREF="#P132">132</A>, <A HREF="#P152">152-159</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Perrot, Nicholas, <A HREF="#P132">132</A>, <A HREF="#P163">163</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Perry, <A HREF="#P349">349</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Phips, Sir William, <A HREF="#P176">176-178</A>, <A HREF="#P182">182</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Pierre, <A HREF="#P80">80</A>, <A HREF="#P81">81</A>, <A HREF="#P82">82</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Pierre, Fort, <A HREF="#P208">208</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Pike, <A HREF="#P353">353</A>, <A HREF="#P354">354</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Pitt, Fort, <A HREF="#P290">290</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Pittsburg, <A HREF="#P224">224</A>, <A HREF="#P228">228</A>, <A HREF="#P260">260</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Place d'Armes, <A HREF="#P79">79</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Place Royale, <A HREF="#P48">48</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Placentia, <A HREF="#P183">183</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Plenderleath, Major, <A HREF="#P358">358</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Poncet, Père, <A HREF="#P94">94</A>, <A HREF="#P97">97</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Pontgravé, <A HREF="#P32">32-38</A>, <A HREF="#P42">42</A>, <A HREF="#P45">45</A>, <A HREF="#P71">71</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Pontiac, <A HREF="#P276">276</A>, <A HREF="#P281">281</A>, <A HREF="#P286">286</A>, <A HREF="#P291">291</A>, <A HREF="#P292">292</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Port Dover, <A HREF="#P131">131</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Port Royal, <A HREF="#P35">35-44</A>, <A HREF="#P57">57</A>, <A HREF="#P61">61</A>, <A HREF="#P64">64-70</A>, <A HREF="#P114">114</A>, <A HREF="#P191">191</A>, <A HREF="#P194">194</A>, <A HREF="#P202">202</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Port Royal Basin, <A HREF="#P198">198</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Port Stanley, <A HREF="#P130">130</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Portland, Me., <A HREF="#P171">171</A>, <A HREF="#P175">175</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Portneuf, <A HREF="#P175">175</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Poutrincourt, Baron de, <A HREF="#P34">34-42</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Powell, <A HREF="#P416">416</A>, <A HREF="#P417">417</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Presqu' Isle, <A HREF="#P276">276</A>, <A HREF="#P284">284</A>, <A HREF="#P348">348</A>, <A HREF="#P363">363</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Preston, Major, <A HREF="#P300">300</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Prevost, Sir George, <A HREF="#P349">349</A>, <A HREF="#P370">370</A>, <A HREF="#P376">376</A>, <A HREF="#P378">378</A>, <A HREF="#P410">410</A>, <A HREF="#P411">411</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Primeau, Louis, <A HREF="#P297">297</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Prince Edward Island, <A HREF="#P214">214</A>, <A HREF="#P215">215</A>, <A HREF="#P232">232</A>, <A HREF="#P256">256</A>, <A HREF="#P312">312</A>, <A HREF="#P314">314</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Procter, <A HREF="#P363">363</A>, <A HREF="#P365">365</A>, <A HREF="#P366">366</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Puget Sound, <A HREF="#P322">322</A> -</P> - -<BR><BR> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Quebec, <A HREF="#P13">13</A>, <A HREF="#P17">17</A>, <A HREF="#P44">44</A>, <A HREF="#P45">45</A>, <A HREF="#P52">52</A>, <A HREF="#P57">57</A>, <A HREF="#P59">59</A>, <A HREF="#P60">60</A>, <A HREF="#P63">63</A>, <A HREF="#P71">71-82</A>, <A HREF="#P94">94</A>, <A HREF="#P107">107</A>, <A HREF="#P117">117</A>, <A HREF="#P156">156</A>, <A HREF="#P168">168</A>, <A HREF="#P171">171</A>, <A HREF="#P178">178-188</A>, <A HREF="#P202">202</A>, <A HREF="#P232">232</A>, <A HREF="#P252">252</A>, <A HREF="#P260">260-275</A>, <A HREF="#P276">276-309</A>, <A HREF="#P316">316</A>, <A HREF="#P317">317</A>, <A HREF="#P412">412</A>, <A HREF="#P432">432</A>, <A HREF="#P434">434</A>, <A HREF="#P435">435</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Queenston Heights, <A HREF="#P342">342-347</A>, <A HREF="#P352">352</A>, <A HREF="#P360">360</A>, <A HREF="#P372">372</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Quesnel, <A HREF="#P331">331</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Quinte, Bay of, <A HREF="#P127">127</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Quirpon, <A HREF="#P9">9</A> -</P> - -<BR><BR> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Radisson, Pierre Esprit, <A HREF="#P95">95</A>, <A HREF="#P96">96</A>, <A HREF="#P98">98-115</A>, <A HREF="#P118">118</A>, <A HREF="#P144">144-154</A>, <A HREF="#P205">205</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Ragueneau, Father, <A HREF="#P91">91-93</A>, <A HREF="#P99">99</A>, <A HREF="#P100">100</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Raleigh, Sir Walter, <A HREF="#P25">25</A>, <A HREF="#P26">26</A>, <A HREF="#P30">30</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Ramezay, <A HREF="#P271">271</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Rasle, Père, <A HREF="#P213">213</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Rat, <A HREF="#P164">164</A>, <A HREF="#P165">165</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Razilli, Isaac, <A HREF="#P65">65</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Red River, <A HREF="#P381">381</A>, <A HREF="#P388">388-392</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Riall, <A HREF="#P374">374</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Richelieu, Cardinal, <A HREF="#P57">57</A>, <A HREF="#P58">58</A>, <A HREF="#P65">65</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Richelieu River, <A HREF="#P46">46</A>, <A HREF="#P48">48</A>, <A HREF="#P125">125</A>, <A HREF="#P429">429</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Richmond, Duke of, <A HREF="#P417">417</A>, <A HREF="#P418">418</A>, <A HREF="#P419">419</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Richmond Gulf, <A HREF="#P30">30</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Rideau River, <A HREF="#P50">50</A>, <A HREF="#P104">104</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Robertson, Colin, <A HREF="#P380">380-383</A>, <A HREF="#P390">390</A>, <A HREF="#P391">391</A>, <A HREF="#P393">393</A>, <A HREF="#P396">396</A>, <A HREF="#P400">400-403</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Roberval, Marguerite, <A HREF="#P20">20</A>, <A HREF="#P21">21</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Roberval, Sieur de, <A HREF="#P18">18-23</A>, <A HREF="#P40">40</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Rogers, Robert, <A HREF="#P242">242</A>, <A HREF="#P276">276</A>, <A HREF="#P281">281</A>, <A HREF="#P285">285</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Rolph, Dr., <A HREF="#P421">421-425</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Ross, <A HREF="#P407">407</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Rouville, Hertel de, <A HREF="#P193">193</A>, <A HREF="#P194">194</A>, <A HREF="#P198">198</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Rupert, <A HREF="#P32">32</A>, <A HREF="#P153">153</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Rupert River, <A HREF="#P113">113</A>, <A HREF="#P115">115</A>, <A HREF="#P161">161</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Rupert's Fort, <A HREF="#P158">158</A>, <A HREF="#P161">161</A> -</P> - -<BR><BR> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Sable Island, <A HREF="#P7">7</A>, <A HREF="#P23">23</A>, <A HREF="#P65">65</A>, <A HREF="#P114">114</A>, <A HREF="#P220">220</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Sackett's Harbor, <A HREF="#P370">370</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Saguenay, <A HREF="#P12">12</A>, <A HREF="#P22">22</A>, <A HREF="#P32">32</A>, <A HREF="#P73">73</A>, <A HREF="#P113">113</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -St. Anne de Beaupré, <A HREF="#P120">120</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -St. Anthony, Falls of, <A HREF="#P139">139</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -St. Charles, Fort, <A HREF="#P208">208</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -St. Charles River, <A HREF="#P13">13</A>, <A HREF="#P14">14</A>, <A HREF="#P15">15</A>, <A HREF="#P17">17</A>, <A HREF="#P429">429</A>, <A HREF="#P430">430</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -St. Denys, <A HREF="#P65">65</A>, <A HREF="#P71">71</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -St. Eustache, <A HREF="#P430">430</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -St. Francis, Lake, <A HREF="#P129">129</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -St. Helen's Island, <A HREF="#P49">49</A>, <A HREF="#P77">77</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -St. Ignace, <A HREF="#P85">85</A>, <A HREF="#P88">88</A>, <A HREF="#P89">89</A>, <A HREF="#P91">91</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -St. Jean Ba'tiste, <A HREF="#P85">85</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -St. John, Fort, <A HREF="#P65">65</A>, <A HREF="#P67">67</A>, <A HREF="#P70">70</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -St. John River, <A HREF="#P35">35</A>, <A HREF="#P62">62</A>, <A HREF="#P63">63</A>, <A HREF="#P64">64</A>, <A HREF="#P65">65</A>, <A HREF="#P67">67</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -St. John's, <A HREF="#P19">19</A>, <A HREF="#P26">26</A>, <A HREF="#P28">28</A>, <A HREF="#P300">300</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -St. Joseph, <A HREF="#P85">85</A>, <A HREF="#P87">87</A>, <A HREF="#P88">88</A>, <A HREF="#P284">284</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -St. Joseph Island, <A HREF="#P92">92</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -St. Lawrence River, <A HREF="#P12">12</A>, <A HREF="#P13">13</A>, <A HREF="#P15">15</A>, <A HREF="#P17">17</A>, <A HREF="#P19">19</A>, <A HREF="#P46">46</A>, <A HREF="#P71">71</A>, <A HREF="#P73">73</A>, <A HREF="#P126">126</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -St. Louis, <A HREF="#P61">61</A>, <A HREF="#P85">85</A>, <A HREF="#P88">88</A>, <A HREF="#P89">89</A>, <A HREF="#P91">91</A>, <A HREF="#P292">292</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -St. Louis, Lake, <A HREF="#P129">129</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -St. Lusson, <A HREF="#P132">132</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -St. Malo, <A HREF="#P43">43</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -St. Mary's Bay, <A HREF="#P34">34</A>, <A HREF="#P36">36</A>, <A HREF="#P236">236</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -St. Peter, Lake, <A HREF="#P15">15</A>, <A HREF="#P71">71</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -St. Pierre, <A HREF="#P204">204</A>, <A HREF="#P224">224</A>, <A HREF="#P277">277</A>, <A HREF="#P279">279</A>, <A HREF="#P280">280</A>, <A HREF="#P281">281</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -St. Thomas Town, <A HREF="#P413">413</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -St. Vallière, Bishop, <A HREF="#P122">122</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Ste. Anne's, <A HREF="#P49">49</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Ste. Croix River, <A HREF="#P35">35</A>, <A HREF="#P37">37</A>, <A HREF="#P44">44</A>, <A HREF="#P310">310</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Ste. Marie Mission, <A HREF="#P85">85-92</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Saint-Castin, Baron de, <A HREF="#P175">175</A>, <A HREF="#P195">195</A>, <A HREF="#P197">197</A>, <A HREF="#P200">200</A>, <A HREF="#P201">201</A>, <A HREF="#P202">202</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Salmon Falls, <A HREF="#P174">174</A>, <A HREF="#P175">175</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -San Francisco, <A HREF="#P407">407</A>, <A HREF="#P408">408</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Sandusky, <A HREF="#P276">276</A>, <A HREF="#P313">313</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Sandwich Islands, <A HREF="#P321">321</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Sargeant, Governor, <A HREF="#P155">155</A>, <A HREF="#P156">156</A>, <A HREF="#P159">159</A>, <A HREF="#P160">160</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Saskatchewan, <A HREF="#P212">212</A>, <A HREF="#P243">243</A>, <A HREF="#P297">297</A>, <A HREF="#P401">401</A>, <A HREF="#P403">403</A>, <A HREF="#P436">436</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Sault Ste. Marie, <A HREF="#P106">106</A>, <A HREF="#P132">132</A>, <A HREF="#P378">378</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Saunders, <A HREF="#P261">261</A>, <A HREF="#P269">269</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Schenectady, <A HREF="#P173">173</A>, <A HREF="#P174">174</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Schuyler, Captain, <A HREF="#P176">176</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Scott, Hercules, <A HREF="#P373">373</A>, <A HREF="#P374">374</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Secord, James, <A HREF="#P360">360</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Secord, Laura, <A HREF="#P360">360-362</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Sedgwick, Major, <A HREF="#P70">70</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Selkirk, <A HREF="#P385">385</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Selkirk, Lord, <A HREF="#P317">317</A>, <A HREF="#P380">380</A>, <A HREF="#P381">381</A>, <A HREF="#P384">384</A>, <A HREF="#P388">388</A>, <A HREF="#P390">390</A>, <A HREF="#P396">396</A>, <A HREF="#P397">397</A>, <A HREF="#P398">398</A>, <A HREF="#P400">400</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Semple, Robert, <A HREF="#P390">390</A>, <A HREF="#P392">392</A>, <A HREF="#P393">393</A>, <A HREF="#P394">394</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Seven Oaks, <A HREF="#P394">394</A>, <A HREF="#P399">399</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Sheaffe, General, <A HREF="#P346">346</A>, <A HREF="#P347">347</A>, <A HREF="#P354">354</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Sherbrooke, Sir John, <A HREF="#P412">412</A>, <A HREF="#P417">417</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Simcoe, Lake, <A HREF="#P54">54</A>, <A HREF="#P84">84</A>, <A HREF="#P85">85</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Simcoe, Lieutenant Governor, <A HREF="#P316">316</A>, <A HREF="#P412">412</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Simpson, Sir George, <A HREF="#P406">406</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Sioux Indians, <A HREF="#P103">103</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Skraelings, <A HREF="#P1">1</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Smithsend, <A HREF="#P154">154</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Smyth, <A HREF="#P348">348</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Sorcerer Indians, <A HREF="#P51">51</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Sorel, Dame, <A HREF="#P146">146</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Sorel, Fort, <A HREF="#P125">125</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Stadacona, <A HREF="#P13">13</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Staring Hairs, <A HREF="#P53">53</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Stobo, Robert, <A HREF="#P268">268</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Stony Creek, <A HREF="#P357">357</A>, <A HREF="#P358">358</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Stopford, Major, <A HREF="#P300">300</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Stuart, <A HREF="#P331">331</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Subercase, <A HREF="#P197">197-200</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Superior, Lake, <A HREF="#P85">85</A>, <A HREF="#P112">112</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Susquehanna Indians, <A HREF="#P54">54</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Swanton, Vt., <A HREF="#P429">429</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Sylvie, <A HREF="#P157">157</A> -</P> - -<BR><BR> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Tadoussac, <A HREF="#P32">32</A>, <A HREF="#P34">34</A>, <A HREF="#P44">44</A>, <A HREF="#P58">58</A>, <A HREF="#P63">63</A>, <A HREF="#P73">73</A>, <A HREF="#P74">74</A>, <A HREF="#P94">94</A>, <A HREF="#P134">134</A>, <A HREF="#P177">177</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Talbot, Tom, <A HREF="#P413">413</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Talon, Jean, <A HREF="#P123">123-125</A>, <A HREF="#P128">128</A>, <A HREF="#P132">132</A>, <A HREF="#P136">136</A>, <A HREF="#P143">143</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Tecumseh, <A HREF="#P339">339</A>, <A HREF="#P363">363</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Tessouat, Chief, <A HREF="#P51">51</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Texas, <A HREF="#P141">141</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Thomas, General, <A HREF="#P309">309</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Thompson, David, <A HREF="#P332">332</A>, <A HREF="#P333">333</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Thornstein, <A HREF="#P1">1</A>, <A HREF="#P2">2</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Thorwald, <A HREF="#P1">1</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Three Rivers, <A HREF="#P71">71</A>, <A HREF="#P82">82</A>, <A HREF="#P83">83</A>, <A HREF="#P94">94</A>, <A HREF="#P95">95</A>, <A HREF="#P98">98</A>, <A HREF="#P107">107</A>, <A HREF="#P113">113</A>, <A HREF="#P124">124</A>, <A HREF="#P206">206</A>, <A HREF="#P277">277</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Ticonderoga, Fort, <A HREF="#P242">242</A>, <A HREF="#P249">249</A>, <A HREF="#P252">252</A>, <A HREF="#P256">256</A>, <A HREF="#P260">260</A>, <A HREF="#P298">298</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Tobacco Indians, <A HREF="#P85">85</A>, <A HREF="#P93">93</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Tonty, Henry, <A HREF="#P137">137-141</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Toronto, <A HREF="#P351">351</A>, <A HREF="#P353">353</A>, <A HREF="#P355">355</A>, <A HREF="#P415">415</A>, <A HREF="#P420">420</A>, <A HREF="#P422">422</A>, <A HREF="#P423">423</A>, <A HREF="#P432">432</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Townshend, <A HREF="#P261">261</A>, <A HREF="#P265">265</A>, <A HREF="#P270">270</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Tracy, Marquis de, <A HREF="#P125">125</A>, <A HREF="#P126">126</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Trent River, <A HREF="#P54">54</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Trinity River, <A HREF="#P141">141</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Truro, <A HREF="#P236">236</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Twin Cities, <A HREF="#P139">139</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Twin Mountains Lake, <A HREF="#P49">49</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Ungava Bay, <A HREF="#P30">30</A> -</P> - -<BR><BR> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Van Egmond, <A HREF="#P421">421</A>, <A HREF="#P422">422</A>, <A HREF="#P424">424</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Van Rensselaer, <A HREF="#P342">342-348</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Van Shoultz, <A HREF="#P427">427</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Vancouver, George, <A HREF="#P319">319</A>, <A HREF="#P321">321-323</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Vancouver Island, <A HREF="#P320">320-322</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Vaudreuil, Governor de, <A HREF="#P193">193</A>, <A HREF="#P197">197</A>, <A HREF="#P243">243</A>, <A HREF="#P262">262</A>, <A HREF="#P274">274</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Vaughan, <A HREF="#P216">216</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Verchéres, Jared of, <A HREF="#P198">198</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Verchères, M. de, <A HREF="#P169">169</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Verchères, Madame de, <A HREF="#P169">169</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Vergor, <A HREF="#P231">231</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Vermont, <A HREF="#P429">429</A>, <A HREF="#P430">430</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Verrazano, <A HREF="#P7">7</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Vetch, Colonel, <A HREF="#P198">198</A>, <A HREF="#P201">201</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Victoria, <A HREF="#P409">409</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Vignau, Nicholas, <A HREF="#P49">49-51</A>, <A HREF="#P127">127</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Vikings, <A HREF="#P1">1</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Ville Marie, <A HREF="#P78">78</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Vimont, Father, <A HREF="#P73">73</A>, <A HREF="#P77">77</A>, <A HREF="#P78">78</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Vincent, General, <A HREF="#P355">355</A>, <A HREF="#P356">356</A>, <A HREF="#P358">358</A>, <A HREF="#P359">359</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Vinland, <A HREF="#P1">1</A>, <A HREF="#P2">2</A>, <A HREF="#P3">3</A> -</P> - -<BR><BR> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Walker, Sir Hovender, <A HREF="#P202">202</A>, <A HREF="#P203">203</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Warren, <A HREF="#P219">219</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Washington, George, <A HREF="#P224">224</A>, <A HREF="#P229">229</A>, <A HREF="#P260">260</A>, <A HREF="#P310">310</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Webb, General, <A HREF="#P250">250</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Weir, Lieutenant, <A HREF="#P429">429</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Wetherell, Colonel, <A HREF="#P429">429</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Wilkinson, <A HREF="#P367">367</A>, <A HREF="#P368">368</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -William, Fort, <A HREF="#P112">112</A>, <A HREF="#P397">397</A>, <A HREF="#P398">398</A>, <A HREF="#P399">399</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -William of Orange, <A HREF="#P165">165</A>, <A HREF="#P166">166</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Williams, William, <A HREF="#P403">403</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Winchester, General, <A HREF="#P363">363</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Winder, <A HREF="#P356">356</A>, <A HREF="#P357">357</A>, <A HREF="#P358">358</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Winnipeg, <A HREF="#P210">210</A>, <A HREF="#P387">387</A>, <A HREF="#P394">394</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Winnipeg Lake, <A HREF="#P208">208</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Winthrop, <A HREF="#P176">176</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Wisconsin, <A HREF="#P106">106</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Wisconsin River, <A HREF="#P132">132</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Wolfe, James, <A HREF="#P44">44</A>, <A HREF="#P252">252-257</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Wye River, <A HREF="#P85">85</A>, <A HREF="#P88">88</A>, <A HREF="#P89">89</A>, <A HREF="#P92">92</A> -</P> - -<BR><BR> - -<P CLASS="index"> -Yeo, Sir James, <A HREF="#P358">358</A>, <A HREF="#P366">366</A>, <A HREF="#P377">377</A> -</P> - -<P CLASS="index"> -York Fort, <A HREF="#P384">384</A>, <A HREF="#P385">385</A> </P> - -<BR><BR><BR><BR> - -<hr class="full" noshade> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANADA: THE EMPIRE OF THE NORTH***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 20110-h.txt or 20110-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/0/1/1/20110">http://www.gutenberg.org/2/0/1/1/20110</a></p> -<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed.</p> - 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - - - - -Title: Canada: the Empire of the North - Being the Romantic Story of the New Dominion's Growth from Colony to Kingdom - - -Author: Agnes C. Laut - - - -Release Date: December 14, 2006 [eBook #20110] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANADA: THE EMPIRE OF THE NORTH*** - - -E-text prepared by Al Haines - - - -Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this - file which includes the original illustrations. - See 20110-h.htm or 20110-h.zip: - (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/0/1/1/20110/20110-h/20110-h.htm) - or - (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/0/1/1/20110/20110-h.zip) - - -Transcriber's note: - - Page numbers in this book are indicated by numbers enclosed - in curly braces, e.g. {99}. They have been located where page - breaks occurred in the original book. For its Index, a page - number has been placed only at the start of that section. - - - - - -CANADA - -THE EMPIRE OF THE NORTH - -Being the Romantic Story of the - New Dominion's Growth from - Colony to Kingdom - -by - -AGNES C. LAUT - -Author of "The Conquest of the Great North-West" "Lords of the North," -Etc. - - - - - - - - -[Frontispiece: Map of Western Canada] - - - -Boston and London -Ginn and Company, Publishers -1909 -Copyright, 1909, by Agnes C. Laut -Entered at Stationers' Hall -All Rights Reserved - - - - -PREFACE - -To re-create the shadowy figures of the heroic past, to clothe the dead -once more in flesh and blood, to set the puppets of the play in life's -great dramas again upon the stage of action,--frankly, this may not be -formal history, but it is what makes the past most real to the present -day. Pictures of men and women, of moving throngs and heroic episodes, -stick faster in the mind than lists of governors and arguments on -treaties. Such pictures may not be history, but they breathe life into -the skeletons of the past. - -Canada's past is more dramatic than any romance ever penned. The story -of that past has been told many times and in many volumes, with far -digressions on Louisiana and New England and the kingcraft of Europe. -The trouble is, the story has not been told in one volume. Too much -has been attempted. To include the story of New England wars and -Louisiana's pioneer days, the story of Canada itself has been either -cramped or crowded. To the eastern writer, Canada's history has been -the record of French and English conflict. To him there has been -practically no Canada west of the Great Lakes; and in order to tell the -intrigue of European tricksters, very often the writer has been -compelled to exclude the story of the Canadian people,--meaning by -people the breadwinners, the toilers, rather than the governing -classes. Similarly, to the western writer, Canada meant the Hudson's -Bay Company. As for the Pacific coast, it has been almost ignored in -any story of Canada. - -Needless to say, a complete history of a country as vast as Canada, -whose past in every section fairly teems with action, could not be -crowded into one volume. To give even the story {iv} of Canada's most -prominent episodes and actors is a matter of rigidly excluding the -extraneous. - -All that has been attempted here is such a story--_story, not -history_--of the romance and adventure in Canada's nation building as -will give the casual reader knowledge of the country's past, and how -that past led along a trail of great heroism to the destiny of a -Northern Empire. This volume is in no sense formal history. There -will be found in it no such lists of governors with dates appended, of -treaties with articles running to the fours and eights and tens, of -battles grouped with dates, as have made Canadian history a nightmare -to children. - -It is only such a story as boys and girls may read, or the hurried -business man on the train, who wants to know "what was doing" in the -past; and it is mainly a story of men and women and things doing. - -I have not given at the end of each chapter the list of authorities -customary in formal history. At the same time it is hardly necessary -to say I have dug most rigorously down to original sources for facts; -and of secondary authorities, from _Pierre Boucher, his Book_, to -modern reprints of _Champlain and L'Escarbot_, there are not any I have -not consulted more or less. Especially am I indebted to the -_Documentary History of New York_, sixteen volumes, bearing on early -border wars; to _Documents Relatifs a la Nouvelle France, Quebec_; to -the _Canadian Archives_ since 1886; to the special historical issues of -each of the eastern provinces; and to the monumental works of Dr. -Kingsford. Nearly all the places described are from frequent visits or -from living on the spot. - - - - -{v} - -INTRODUCTION - -"The Twentieth century belongs to Canada." - -The prediction of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Premier of the Dominion, seems -likely to have bigger fulfillment than Canadians themselves realize. -What does it mean? - -Canada stands at the same place in the world's history as England stood -in the Golden Age of Queen Elizabeth--on the threshold of her future as -a great nation. Her population is the same, about seven million. Her -mental attitude is similar, that of a great awakening, a consciousness -of new strength, an exuberance of energy biting on the bit to run the -race; mellowed memory of hard-won battles against tremendous odds in -the past; for the future, a golden vision opening on vistas too far to -follow. They dreamed pretty big in the days of Queen Elizabeth, but -they did n't dream big enough for what was to come; and they are -dreaming pretty big up in Canada to-day, but it is hard to forecast the -future when a nation the size of all Europe is setting out on the -career of her world history. - -To put it differently: Canada's position is very much the same to-day -as the United States' a century ago. Her population is about seven -million. The population of the United States was seven million in -1810. One was a strip of isolated settlements north and south along -the Atlantic seaboard; the other, a string of provinces east and west -along the waterways that ramify from the St. Lawrence. Both possessed -and were flanked by vast unexploited territory the size of Russia; the -United States by a Louisiana, Canada by the Great Northwest. What the -Civil War did for the United States, Confederation did for the Canadian -provinces--welded them into a nation. The parallel need not be carried -farther. If the same development {vi} follows Confederation in Canada -as followed the Civil War in the United States, the twentieth century -will witness the birth and growth of a world power. - -To no one has the future opening before Canada come as a greater -surprise than to Canadians themselves. A few years ago such a claim as -the Premier's would have been regarded as the effusions of the -after-dinner speaker. While Canadian politicians were hoping for the -honor of being accorded colonial place in the English Parliament, they -suddenly awakened to find themselves a nation. They suddenly realized -that history, and big history, too, was in the making. Instead of -Canada being dependent on the Empire, the Empire's most far-seeing -statesmen were looking to Canada for the strength of the British -Empire. No longer is there a desire among Canadians for place in the -Parliament at Westminster. With a new empire of their own to develop, -equal in size to the whole of Europe, Canadian public men realize they -have enough to do without taking a hand in European affairs. - -As the different Canadian provinces came into Confederation they were -like beads on a string a thousand miles apart. First were the Maritime -Provinces, with western bounds touching the eastern bounds of Quebec, -but in reality with the settlements of New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, -and Prince Edward Island separated from the settlements of Quebec by a -thousand miles of untracked forest. Only the Ottawa River separated -Quebec from Ontario, but one province was French, the other English, -aliens to each other in religion, language, and customs. A thousand -miles of rock-bound, winter-bound wastes lay between Ontario and the -scattered settlement of Red River in Manitoba. Not an interest was in -common between the little province of the middle west and her sisters -to the east. Then prairie land came for a thousand miles, and -mountains for six hundred miles, before reaching the Pacific province -of British Columbia, more completely cut off from other parts of Canada -than from Mexico or Panama. In fact, it would have been easier for -British Columbia to trade with Mexico and Panama than with the rest of -Canada. - -{vii} To bind these far-separated patches of settlement, oases in a -desert of wilds, into a nation was the object of the union known as -Confederation. But a nation can live only as it trades what it draws -from the soil. Naturally, the isolated provinces looked for trade to -the United States, just across an invisible boundary. It seemed absurd -that the Canadian provinces should try to trade with each other, a -thousand miles apart, rather than with the United States, a stone's -throw from the door of each province. But the United States erected a -tariff wall that Canada could not climb. The struggling Dominion was -thrown solely on herself, and set about the giant task of linking the -provinces together, building railroads from Atlantic to Pacific, canals -from tide water to the Great Lakes. In actual cash this cost Canada -four hundred million dollars, not counting land grants and private -subscriptions for stock, which would bring up the cost of binding the -provinces together to a billion. This was a staggering burden for a -country with smaller population than Greater New York--a burden as big -as Japan and Russia assumed for their war; but, like war, the -expenditure was a fight for national existence. Without the railroads -and canals, the provinces could not have been bound together into a -nation. - -These were Canada's pioneer days, when she was spending more than she -was earning, when she bound herself down to grinding poverty and big -risks and hard tasks. It was a long pull, and a hard pull; but it was -a pull altogether. That was Canada's seed time; this is her harvest. -That was her night work, when she toiled, while other nations slept; -now is the awakening, when the world sees what she was doing. Railroad -man, farmer, miner, manufacturer, all had the same struggle, the big -outlay of labor and money at first, the big risk and no profit, the -long period of waiting. - -Canada was laying her foundations of yesterday for the superstructure -of prosperity to-day and to-morrow--the New Empire. - -When one surveys the country as a whole, the facts are so big they are -bewildering. - -{viii} In the first place, the area of the Dominion is within a few -thousand miles of as large as all Europe. To be more specific, you -could spread the surface of Italy and Spain and Turkey and Greece and -Austria over eastern Canada, and you would still have an area uncovered -in the east alone bigger than the German Empire. England spread flat -on the surface of Eastern Canada would just serve to cover the Maritime -Provinces nicely, leaving uncovered Quebec, which is a third bigger -than Germany; Ontario, which is bigger than France; and Labrador -(Ungava), which is about the size of Austria. - -In the west you could spread the British Isles out flat, and you would -not cover Manitoba--with her new boundaries extending to Hudson Bay. -It would take a country the size of France to cover the province of -Saskatchewan, a country larger than Germany to cover Alberta, two -countries the size of Germany to cover British Columbia and the Yukon, -and there would still be left uncovered the northern half of the -West--an area the size of European Russia. - -No Old World monarch from William the Conqueror to Napoleon could boast -of such a realm. People are fond of tracing ancestry back to feudal -barons of the Middle Ages. What feudal baron of the Middle Ages, or -Lord of the Outer Marches, was heir to such heritage as Canada may -claim? Think of it! Combine all the feudatory domains of the Rhine -and the Danube, you have not so vast an estate as a single western -province. Or gather up all the estates of England's midland counties -and eastern shires and borderlands, you have not enough land to fill -one of Canada's inland seas,--Lake Superior. - -If there were a population in eastern Canada equal to France,--and -Quebec alone would support a population equal to France,--and in -Manitoba equal to the British Isles, and in Saskatchewan equal to -France, and in Alberta equal to Germany, and in British Columbia equal -to Germany,--ignoring Yukon, Mackenzie River, Keewatin, and Labrador, -taking only those parts of Canada where climate has been tested and -lands surveyed,--Canada would support two hundred million people. - -{ix} The figures are staggering, but they are not half so improbable as -the actual facts of what has taken place in the United States. -America's population was acquired against hard odds. There were no -railroads when the movement to America began. The only ocean goers -were sailboats of slow progress and great discomfort. In Europe was -profound ignorance regarding America; to-day all is changed. Canada -begins where the United States left off. The whole world is gridironed -with railroads. Fast Atlantic liners offer greater comfort to the -emigrant than he has known at home. Ignorance of America has given -place to almost romantic glamour. Just when the free lands of the -United States are exhausted and the government is putting up bars to -keep out the immigrant, Canada is in a position to open her doors wide. -Less than a fortieth of the entire West is inhabited. Of the Great -Clay Belt of North Ontario only a patch on the southern edge is -populated. The same may be said of the Great Forest Belt of Quebec. -These facts are the magnet that will attract the immigrant to Canada. -The United States wants no more immigrants. - -And the movement to Canada has begun. To her shores are thronging the -hosts of the Old World's dispossessed, in multitudes greater than any -army that ever marched to conquest under Napoleon. When the history of -America comes to be written in a hundred years, it will not be the -record of a slaughter field with contending nations battling for the -mastery, or generals wading to glory knee-deep in blood. It will be an -account of the most wonderful race movement, the most wonderful -experiment in democracy the world has known. - -The people thronging to Canada for homes, who are to be her nation -builders, are people crowded out of their home lands, who had n't room -for the shoulder swing manhood and womanhood need to carve out -honorable careers. Look at them in the streets of London, or Glasgow, -or Dublin, or Berlin, these _emigres_, as the French called their -royalists, whom revolution drove from home, and I think the word -_emigre_ is a truer description of the newcomer to Canada than the word -"emigrant." They are {x} poor, they are desperately poor, so poor that -a month's illness or a shut-down of the factory may push them from -poverty to the abyss. They are thrifty, but can neither earn nor save -enough to feel absolutely sure that the hollow-eyed specter of Want may -not seize them by the throat. They are willing to work, so eager to -work that at the docks and the factory gates they trample and jostle -one another for the chance to work. They are the underpinnings, the -underprops of an old system, these _emigres_, by which the masses were -expected to toil for the benefit of the classes. - -"It's all the average man or woman is good for," says the Old Order, -"just a day's wage representing bodily needs." - -"Wait," says the New Order. "Give him room! Give him an opportunity! -Give him a full stomach to pump blood to his muscles and life to his -brain! Wait and see! If he fails _then_, let him drop to the bottom -of the social pit without stop of poorhouse or help!" - -A penniless immigrant boy arrives in New York. First he peddles -peanuts, then he trades in a half-huckster way whatever comes to hand -and earns profits. Presently he becomes a fur trader and invests his -savings in real estate. Before that man dies, he has a monthly income -equal to the yearly income of European kings. That man's name was John -Jacob Astor. - -Or a young Scotch boy comes out on a sailing vessel to Canada. For a -score of years he is an obscure clerk at a distant trading post in -Labrador. He comes out of the wilds to take a higher position as land -commissioner. Presently he is backing railroad ventures of tremendous -cost and tremendous risk. Within thirty years from the time he came -out of the wilds penniless, that man possesses a fortune equal to the -national income of European kingdoms. The man's name is Lord -Strathcona. - -Or a hard-working coal miner emigrates to Canada. The man has brains -as well as hands. Other coal miners emigrate at the same time, but -this man is as keen as a razor in foresight and care. From coal miner -he becomes coal manager, from manager {xi} operator, from operator -owner, and dies worth a fortune that the barons of the Middle Ages -would have drenched their countries in blood to win. The man's name is -James Dunsmuir. - -Or it is a boy clerking in a departmental store. He emigrates. When -he goes back to England it is to marry a lady in waiting to the Queen. -He is now known as Lord Mount-Stephen. - -What was the secret of the success? Ability in the first place, but in -the second, opportunity; opportunity and room for shoulder swing to -show what a man can do when keen ability and tireless energy have -untrammeled freedom to do their best. - -Examples of the _emigres'_ success could be multiplied. It is more -than a mere material success; it is eternal proof that, given a fair -chance and a square deal and shoulder swing, the boy born penniless can -run the race and outstrip the boy born to power. - -"Have you, then, no _menial_ classes in Canada?" asked a member of the -Old Order. - -"No, I'm thankful to say," said I. - -"Then _who_ does the work?" - -"The workers." - -"But what's the difference?" - -"Just this: your menial of the Old Country is the child of a menial, -whose father before him was a menial, whose ancestors were in servile -positions to other people back as far as you like to go,--to the time -when men were serfs wearing an iron collar with the brand of the lord -who owned them. With us no stigma is attached to work. _Your_ menial -expects to be a menial all his life. With our worker, just as sure as -the sun rises and sets, if he continues to work and is no fool, he will -rise to earn a competency, to improve himself, to own his own labor, to -own his own home, to hire the labor of other men who are beginners as -he once was himself." - -"Then you have no social classes?" - -"Lots. The _ups_, who have succeeded; and the _half-way ups_, who are -succeeding; and the _beginners_, who are going to succeed; and the -_downs_, who never try. And as success doesn't necessarily mean money, -but doing the best at whatever one tries, {xii} you can see that the -_ups_ and the _halfway ups_, and the _beginners_ and the _downs_ have -each their own classes of special workers." - -"That," she answered, "is not democracy; it is revolution." She was -thinking of those Old World hard-and-fast divisions of society into -royalty, aristocracy, commons, peasantry. - -"It is not revolution," I explained. "It is rebirth! When you send -your _emigre_ out to us, he is a made-over man." - -But it is not given to all _emigre's_ to become great capitalists or -great leaders. Some who have the opportunity have not the ability, and -the majority would not, for all the rewards that greatness offers, -choose careers that entail long years of nerve-wracking, unflagging -labor. But on a minor scale the same process of making over takes -place. One case will illustrate. - -Some years before immigration to Canada had become general, two or -three hundred Icelanders were landed in Winnipeg destitute. From some -reason, which I have forgotten,--probably the quarantine of an -immigrant,--the Icelanders could not be housed in the government -immigration hall. They were absolutely without money, household goods, -property of any sort except clothing, and that was scant, the men -having but one suit of the poorest clothes, the women thin homespun -dresses so worn one could see many of them had no underwear. The -people represented the very dregs of poverty. Withdrawing to the -vacant lots in the west end of Winnipeg,--at that time a mere -town,--the newcomers slept for the first nights, herded in the rooms of -an Icelander opulent enough to have rented a house. Those who could -not gain admittance to this house slept under the high board sidewalks, -then a feature of the new town. I remember as a child watching them -sit on the high sidewalk till it was dark, then roll under. -Fortunately it was summer, but it was useless for people in this -condition to go bare to the prairie farm. To make land yield, you must -have house and barns and stock and implements, and I doubt if these -people had as much as a jackknife. I remember how two or three of the -older women used to sit crying each night in despair till they -disappeared in the crowded house, fourteen or {xiii} twenty of them to -a room. Within a week, the men were all at work sawing wood from door -to door at a dollar and a half a cord the women out by the day washing -at a dollar a day. Within a month they had earned enough to buy lumber -and tar paper. Tar-papered shanties went up like mushrooms on the -vacant lots. Before winter each family had bought a cow and chickens. -I shall not betray confidence by telling where the cow and chickens -slept. Those immigrants were not desirable neighbors. Other people -moved hastily away from the region. Such a condition would not be -tolerated now, when there are spacious immigration halls and sanitary -inspectors to see that cows and people do not house under the same -roof. What with work and peddling milk, by spring the people were able -to move out on the free prairie farms. To-day those Icelanders own -farms clear of debt, own stock that would be considered the possession -of a capitalist in Iceland, and have money in the savings banks. Their -sons and daughters have had university educations and have entered -every avenue of life, farming, trading, practicing medicine, actually -teaching English in English schools. Some are members of Parliament. -It was a hard beginning, but it was a rebirth to a new life. They are -now among the nation builders of the West. - -But it would be a mistake to conclude that Canada's nation builders -consisted entirely of poor people. The race movement has not been a -leaderless mob. Princes, nobles, adventurers, soldiers of fortune, -were the pathfinders who blazed the trail to Canada. Glory, pure and -simple, was the aim that lured the first comers across the trackless -seas. Adventurous young aristocrats, members of the Old Order, led the -first nation builders to America, and, all unconscious of destiny, laid -the foundations of the New Order. The story of their adventures and -work is the history of Canada. - -It is a new experience in the world's history, this race movement that -has built up the United States and is now building up Canada. Other -great race movements have been a tearing down of high places, the -upward scramble of one class on the {xiv} backs of the deposed class. -Instead of leveling down, Canada's nation building is leveling up. - -This, then, is the empire--the size of all the nations in Europe, -bigger than Napoleon's wildest dreams of conquest--to which Canada has -awakened.[1] - - - [1]COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF AREAS OF CANADA AND EUROPE - - Canada . . 3,750,000 square miles Europe . . 3,797,410 square miles - - Maritime Provinces Square Miles Square Miles - Nova Scotia . . . . . 20,600 England . . . . . 50,867 - Prince Edward Island 2,000 Germany . . . . . 208,830 - New Brunswick . . . . 28,200 France . . . . . 204,000 - ------ Italy . . . . . . 110,000 - 50,800 Spain . . . . . . 197,000 - Quebec . . . . . . . . 347,350 Austria and Hungary 241,000 - Ontario . . . . . . . . 222,000 Russia in Europe 2,000,000 - Manitoba - Saskatchewan 204,000 - Alberta . . . . . . . . 350,000 - British Columbia . . . 383,000 - Unorganized Territory of - Keewatin . . . . . . 756,000 - Yukon . . . . . . . . 200,000 - MacKenzie River and - Ungava . . . . . . 1,000,000 - - - COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF POPULATION IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES - - United States Canada - In 1800 . . . 5,000,000 In 1881 . . . 4,300,000 - " 1810 . . . 7,000,000 " 1891 . . . 5,000,000 - " 1820 . . . 9,600,000 " 1901 . . . 5,500,000 - " 1830 . . . 12,800,000 " 1906 . . . 6,500,000 - - -It will be noticed that for twenty years Canada's population becomes -almost stagnant. The reason for this will be found as the story of -Canada is related. If she keeps up the increase at the pace she has -now set, or at the rate the United States' population went ahead during -the same period of industrial development, the results can be forecast -from the following table: - - United States in 1840 . . . . . . 17,000,000 - " " " 1850 . . . . . . 23,000,000 - " " " 1860 . . . . . . 31,000,000 - " " " 1870 . . . . . . 38,000,000 - " " " 1880 . . . . . . 50,000,000 - " " " 1890 . . . . . . 63,000,000 - " " " 1900 . . . . . . 85,000,000 - - -{xv} A few years ago, when talking to a leading editor of Canada, I -chanced to say that I did not think Canadians had at that time awakened -to their future. The editor answered that he was afraid I had -contracted the American disease of "bounce" through living in the -United States; to which I retorted that if Canadians could catch the -same disease and accomplish as much by it in the twentieth century as -Americans had in the nineteenth, it would be a good thing for the -country. It is wonderful to have witnessed the complete face-about of -Canadian public opinion in the short space of six years, this editor -shouting as loud as any of his exuberant brethren. Still, as the -outlook in Canadian affairs may be regarded as flamboyant, it is worth -while quoting the comment of the most critical and conservative -newspaper in the world,--the London _Times_. The _Times_ says: -"Without doubt the expansion of Canada is the greatest political event -in the British Empire to-day. The empire is face to face with -development which makes it impossible for indefinite maintenance of the -present constitutional arrangements." - - -Regarding the Iceland immigrants, to whom reference is made, I recently -met in London a famed traveler, who was in Iceland when the people were -setting out for Canada, Mrs. Alec. Tweedie. She explains in her book -how these people were absolutely poverty-stricken when they left -Iceland. In fact, the sufferings endured the first year in Winnipeg -were mild compared to their privations in Iceland before they sailed. - - -The explanations of Canada's hard times from Confederation to 1898--say -from 1871, when all the provinces had really gone into Confederation, -to 1897, when the Yukon boom poured gold into the country--can be -figured out. Of a population of 3,000,000, four fifths need not be -counted as taxpayers, as they include women, children, clerks, farmers' -help, domestic help,--classes who pay no taxes but the indirect duty on -clothes they wear and food they eat. This practically means that the -billion-dollar burden of making the ideal of Confederation into a -reality by building railroads and canals was borne by 600,000 people, -which means again a large quota per man to the public treasury. People -forget that you can't take more out of the public treasury than you put -into it, that it is n't like an artesian well, self-supplied, and the -truth is, at this period Canadians were paying more into the public -treasury than they could afford,--more than the investment was bringing -them in. - - - - -{xvii} - -CONTENTS - - -CHAPTER PAGE - - I. FROM 1000 TO 1600 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - - II. FROM 1600 TO 1607 . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 - - III. FROM 1607 TO 1635 . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 - - IV. FROM 1635 TO 1666 . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 - - V. FROM 1635 TO 1650 . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 - - VI. FROM 1650 TO 1672 . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 - - VII. FROM 1672 TO 1688 . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 - - VIII. FROM 1679 TO 1713 . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 - - IX. FROM 1686 TO 1698 . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 - - X. FROM 1698 TO 1713 . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 - - XI. FROM 1713 TO 1755 . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 - - XII. FROM 1756 TO 1763 . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 - - XIII. FROM 1763 TO 1812 . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 - - XIV. FROM 1812 TO 1820 . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 - - XV. FROM 1812 TO 1846 . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 - - XVI. FROM 1820 TO 1867 . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 - - INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 - - - - -{xix} - -ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS - - PAGE - -MAP OF WESTERN CANADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _Frontispiece_ - -VIKING SHIP RECENTLY DISCOVERED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - After a photograph of the Viking Ship at Sandefjord, Norway. - -MAP SHOWING DIVISION OF THE NEW WORLD BETWEEN SPAIN AND - PORTUGAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - -A TYPICAL "HOLE IN THE WALL" AT "KITTY VIDDY," NEAR - ST. JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - From a photograph. - -SEBASTIAN CABOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - After the portrait attributed to Holbein. - -JACQUES CARTIER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - After the portrait at St. Malo, France, with signature. - -WHERE THE FISHER HAMLETS NOW NESTLE, NEWFOUNDLAND . . . . . . 9 - From a photograph. - -ANCIENT HOCHELAGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 - After a cut in the third volume of Ramusio's _Raccolta_, - Venice, 1565. - -THE "DAUPHIN MAP" OF CANADA, _CIRCA_ 1543, SHOWING CARTIER'S - DISCOVERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 - -QUEEN ELIZABETH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 - After the ermine portrait in Hatfield House, with signature. - -THE BOYHOOD OF GILBERT AND RALEIGH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 - From the painting by Sir John Millais. - -SIR HUMPHREY GILBERT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 - After the print in Holland's _Herwologia-Anglica_, 1620. - -SIR WALTER RALEIGH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 - After the portrait in the possession of the Duchess of Dorset. - -AT EASTERN ENTRANCE TO HUDSON STRAITS . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 - From a photograph by Dominion Geological Survey. - -HUDSON COAT OF ARMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 - From Lenox Collection, New York City. - -THE FANTASTIC ROCKS OF GASPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 - From a photograph. - -{xx} - -SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 - After the Moncornet portrait, with signature. - -PORT ROYAL OR ANNAPOLIS BASIN, 1609 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 - From Lescarbot's map. - -BUILDINGS ON STE. CROIX ISLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 - From _Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_, Paris, 1613. - -PORT ROYAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 - From the same. - -TADOUSSAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 - From the same. - -DEFEAT OF THE IROQUOIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 - From the same. - -THE ONONDAGA FORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 - From the same. - -VIEW OF QUEBEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 - From the same. - -QUEBEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 - From the same. - -SIR WILLIAM ALEXANDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 - After an engraved portrait by Marshall. - -MAP SHOWING LA TOUR'S POSSESSIONS IN ACADIA . . . . . . . . . 64 - -CARDINAL RICHELIEU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 - After the portrait by Philippe de Champaigne - -MAP OF ANNAPOLIS BASIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 - -MADAME DE LA PELTRIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 - After a picture in the Ursuline Convent, Quebec. - -PIERRE LE JEUNE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 - From an engraving in Winsor's America, after an old print. - -GEORGIAN BAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 - From a photograph by A. G. Alexander. - -BREBEUF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 - From a bust in silver at Quebec. - -REMNANTS OF WALLS OF FORT ST. MARY ON CHRISTIAN ISLAND - IN 1891 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 - After a photograph reproduced in _Ontario Historical - Society Papers and Records_. - -MAP OF THE GREAT LAKES, SHOWING THE TERRITORY OF THE - JESUIT HURON MISSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 - Bellin's map, 1744. - -A CANADIAN ON SNOWSHOES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 - From La Potherie's _Histoire de l'Amerique Septentrionale_, - Paris, 1753. - -{xxi} - -SAUSON'S MAP, 1656 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 - -TITLE-PAGE--JESUIT RELATION OF 1662-1663 . . . . . . . . . 111 - -THE JESUIT MAP OF LAKE SUPERIOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 - From the Relation, of 1670-1671. - -CHARLES II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 - After the miniature portrait by Cooper, with signature. - -PLAN OF MONTREAL IN 1672 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 - From _Quebec Historical Society Papers and Records_. - -LA SALLE'S HOUSE NEAR MONTREAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 - From a photograph. - -KITCHEN, CHATEAU DE RAMEZAY, MONTREAL . . . . . . . . . . . 120 - From a photograph. - -LAVAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 - After the portrait in Laval University, Quebec. - -A MAP IN THE RELATION OF 1662-1663 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 - -GALINEE'S MAP OF THE GREAT LAKES, 1669 . . . . . . . . . . 129 - -ROBERT DE LA SALLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 - After an engraved portrait said to be preserved - in the _Bibliotheque de Rouen_, with signature. - -OLD PLAN OF FORT FRONTENAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 - From _Memoirs sur le Canada_, Quebec, 1873. - -THE BUILDING OF THE _GRIFFON_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 - From Father Hennepin's _Nouvelle Decouverte_, Amsterdam, 1704. - -PRINCE RUPERT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 - After the painting by Sir P. Lely. - -MAP OF HUDSON BAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 - -CONTEMPORARY FRENCH MAP OF HUDSON BAY AND VICINITY . . . . 155 - From La Potherie's _Histoire de l'Amerique Septentrionale_. - -LE MOYNE D'IBERVILLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 - After a portrait in Margry's _Decouvertes Etablissemens_. - -FORT FRONTENAC AND THE ADJACENT COUNTRY . . . . . . . . . . 164 - From _The London Magazine_, 1758. - -WILLIAM OF ORANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 - After the portrait by Sir Godfrey Kneller, with signature. - -QUEBEC, 1689 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 - From La Potherie's _Histoire de l'Amerique Septentrionale_. - -FRENCH SOLDIER OF THE PERIOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 - After a cut in Massachusetts Archives, Documents - collected in France, 111, 3. - -SIR WILLIAM PHIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 - After an accepted likeness reproduced - in Winsor's _America_. - -{xxii} - -COUNT FRONTENAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 - From the statue by Hebert at Quebec. - -CASTLE ST. LOUIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 - After a cut in Hawkins' _Pictures of Quebec_, Quebec, 1834. - -ATTACK ON QUEBEC, 1690 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 - From La Hontan's _Memoires_, 1709. - -CASTLE ST. LOUIS, QUEBEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 - From Sulte's _Canadiens Francais_, viii. - -PLAN OF QUEBEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 - From Franquelin, 1683. - -LANDING OF IBERVILLE'S MEN AT PORT NELSON . . . . . . . . . 186 - From La Potherie's _Histoire de l'Amerique Septentrionale_. - -CAPTURE OF FORT NELSON BY THE FRENCH . . . . . . . . . . . 187 - From the same. - -CONTEMPORARY MAP, 1689 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 - From La Hontan. - -HERTEL DE ROUVILLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 - After a portrait in Daniel's _Nos Gloires Nationales_. - -CONTEMPORARY PLAN OF PORT ROYAL BASIN . . . . . . . . . . . 199 - From Bellin's map, 1744. - -PAUL MASCARENE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 - After a portrait in Savary's edition - of Calnek's _Annapolis_. - -LA VERENDRYE'S FORTS AND THE RIVER OF THE WEST . . . . . . 207 - After Jeffery's map, 1762. - -MAP PUBLISHED IN PARIS IN 1752 SHOWING THE SUPPOSED - SEA OF THE WEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 - From the Memoire presented to the Academy - of Sciences at Paris by Buache, August, 1752. - -MAP SHOWING THE SUPPOSED SEA OF THE WEST, WITH APPROACHES - TO THE MISSISSIPPI AND GREAT LAKES, PARIS, 1755 . . . . . 211 - From the same. - -WILLIAM PEPPERRELL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 - After the portrait by Smibert. - -RUINS OF THE FORTIFICATIONS AT LOUISBURG . . . . . . . . . . 219 - From a recent photograph. - -CONTEMPORARY PLAN OF THE ATTACK ON LOUISBURG . . . . . . . . 221 - After a plan reproduced in Winsor's _America_. - -FORT HALIFAX, 1755 (Restoration) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 - -CONTEMPORARY VIEW OF OSWEGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 - From Smith's _History of the Province of New York_. - -GOVERNOR DINWIDDIE OF VIRGINIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 - After a portrait by Ramsay. - -{xxiii} - -TITLE-PAGE OF WASHINGTON'S JOURNAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 - -A SKETCH OF THE FIELD OF BATTLE AT BRADDOCK'S DEFEAT . . . . 229 - From a contemporary manuscript in the Library - of Harvard University. - -PLAN OF FORT BEAUSEJOUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 - From Mante's _History of the Late War in North America_. - -GENERAL MONCKTON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 - After a mezzotint in the Library of the - American Antiquarian Society. - -GENERAL JOHN WINSLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 - After the portrait in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth, Massachusetts. - -MAP OF ACADIA AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS, 1755 . . . . . . . . 237 - -SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 - After the portrait by Adams. - -MAP OF THE REGION OF LAKE GEORGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 - From _Documentary History of New York_. - -RUINS OF CHATEAU BIGOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 - From a photograph by Captain Wurtelle. - -PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, OTTAWA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 - From a photograph. - -QUEBEC, CHATEAU FRONTENAC AND THE CITADEL . . . . . . . . . 246 - From a photograph. - -THE EARL OF LOUDON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 - After the portrait by Ramsay. - -BOSCAWEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 - After the portrait by Reynolds. - -THE SIEGE OF LOUISBURG, 1758 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 - From a picture in the Lenox Collection, - New York Public Library. - -AMHERST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 - After the portrait by Reynolds. - -THE COUNTRY ROUND TICONDEROGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 - From _Documentary History of New York_. - -GENERAL JAMES WOLFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 - After the engraved portrait by Houstin. - -BOUGAINVILLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 - After a cut in Bounechose's _Montcalm_. - -THE SITE OF QUEBEC AND THE GROUND OCCUPIED - DURING THE SIEGE OF 1759 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 - After a plan in _The Universal Magazine_, - London, December, 1859. - -LOUIS JOSEPH, MARQUIS DE MONTCALM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 - After the portrait in the possession of his descendants. - -DEATH OF WOLFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 - From the painting by West. - -{xxiv} - -MAJOR ROBERT ROGERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 - After a mezzotint by an unknown engraver. - Published in London, October 1, 1776 - -NORTH AMERICA AT THE CLOSE OF THE FRENCH WARS, 1763 . . . . 278 - -GENERAL MURRAY, FIRST GOVERNOR OF QUEBEC . . . . . . . . . 280 - After the portrait by Ramsay. - -SETTLEMENTS ON THE DETROIT RIVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 - From Parkman's _Conspiracy of Pontiac_. - -BOUQUET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 - After the portrait by West. - -RETURN OF THE ENGLISH CAPTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 - After the painting by West. - -MONTREAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 - After a print in the New York Public Library. - -SAMUEL HEARNE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 - After an engraving published in 1796. - -GENERAL RICHARD MONTGOMERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 - After the painting by Chappel. - -MAP OF QUEBEC DURING THE SIEGE OF CONGRESS TROOPS . . . . . 303 - -SIR GUY CARLETON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 - After an engraving in _The Political Magazine_, June, 1782. - -BENEDICT ARNOLD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 - After the portrait by Tate. - -GENERAL HALDIMAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 - After the portrait by Reynolds. - -JOSEPH BRANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 - After the portrait by Ames. - -LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR SIMCOE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 - After an engraving in Scadding's _Toronto of Old_. - -CAPTAIN COOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 - After the portrait by Dauce. - -FORT CHURCHILL AS IT WAS IN 1777 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 - After a print in the _European Magazine_, June, 1797. - -TOTEM POLES, BRITISH COLUMBIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 - From a photograph. - -CAPTAIN GEORGE VANCOUVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 - After the portrait by Abbott. - -NOOTKA SOUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 - From an engraving in Vancouver's _Journal_. - -FORT CHIPPEWYAN, ATHABASCA LAKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 - From a recent photograph. - -{xxv} - -ALEXANDER MACKENZIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 - After the portrait by Lawrence. - -CAUSE OF A PORTAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 - From a photograph. - -SIMON FRASER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 - From a likeness in Morice's _The History - of the Northern Interior of British Columbia_. - -ASTORIA IN 1813 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 - From a cut in Franchere's _Narrative of a Voyage_. - -MAP OF WEST COAST, SHOWING THE OGDEN AND ROSS - EXPLORATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 - From Laut's _Conquest of the Great North West_. - -GENERAL SIR JAMES HENRY CRAIG, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, - 1807-1811 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 - After an engraving at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. - -WILLIAM HULL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 - After the portrait by Stuart, with autograph. - -MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE MILITARY OPERATIONS - ON THE DETROIT RIVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 - -MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE MILITARY OPERATIONS ON - THE NIAGARA FRONTIER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 - -GENERAL BROCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 - After a portrait in the possession of - J. A. Macdonell Esq., Alexandria, Ontario. - -BROCK MONUMENT, QUEENSTON HEIGHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 - From a photograph. - -YORK (TORONTO) HARBOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 - From Bouchette's _British Dominions in North America_. - -FITZGIBBONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 - After a photograph reproduced in _Proceedings - and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada_, 1900. - -LAURA SECORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 - From _Ontario Historical Society Papers and Records_. - -TWO VIEWS OF THE BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE . . . . . . . . . . . 364 - From prints published in 1815 - -TECUMSEH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 - After the drawing by Pierre Le Drie. - -DE SALABERRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 - After a portrait in Fannings Taylor's _Portraits of - British Americans_. - -SIR GORDON DRUMMOND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 - After an engraving at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. - -MONUMENT AT LUNDY'S LANE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 - From a photograph. - -{xxvi} - -SELKIRK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 - From Ontario Archives Collection. - -NELSON AND HAYES RIVERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 - From a map in Robson's _Hudson Bay_. - -FORT GARRY, RED RIVER SETTLEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 - From Ross' _Red River Settlement_. - -FORT DOUGLAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 - After an old engraving. - -SKETCH OF THE CITY OF WINNIPEG, SHOWING THE SITES - OF THE EARLY FORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 - From Manitoba Historical Society - -RED RIVER SETTLEMENT, 1816-1820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 - After a map in Amos' _Report of the Trials Relative - to the Destruction of the Earl of Selkirk's Settlement_. - -MONUMENT TO COMMEMORATE THE MASSACRE OF SEVEN OAKS . . . . . 397 - After a sketch. - -TRACKING ON ATHABASCA RIVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 - From a photograph. - -PLANS OF YORK AND PRINCE OF WALES FORTS . . . . . . . . . . 405 - From a plate in Robson's _Hudson Bay_. - -SIR GEORGE SIMPSON, GOVERNOR OF HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY, 1820 406 - -JOHN MCLOUGHLIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 - After a likeness in Laut's _Conquest - of the Great Northwest_. - -SIR JOHN SHERBROOKE, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, 1816-1818 413 - After an engraving at Queen's University, - Kingston, Ontario. - -THE FOURTH DUKE OF RICHMOND, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, - 1818-1819 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 - After an engraving at Queen's University, - Kingston, Ontario. - -WILLIAM LYON MACKENZIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 - After a likeness in Lindsey's _Life and Times of Mackenzie_. - -ALLAN McNAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 - After the portrait in the Speaker's Chambers, Ottawa. - -LOUIS J. PAPINEAU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 - After a likeness in Fannings Taylor's _British Americans_. - -SIR JOHN COLBORNE, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, 1838-1841 . . 430 - After an engraving at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. - -LORD DURHAM, SPECIAL COMMISSIONER TO CANADA, 1838 . . . . . 432 - After an engraving at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. - -JOHN A. MACDONALD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 - From a photograph. - -FATHERS OF CONFEDERATION, 1867 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 - From the painting by Hariss. - - - - -CANADA - -THE EMPIRE OF THE NORTH - - -CHAPTER I - -FROM 1000 TO 1600 - -Early voyages to America--Voyages of the Cabots--The French fisher -folk--Cartier's first voyage--Cartier's second voyage--Cartier's third -voyage--Marguerite Roberval - - -Who first found Canada? As many legends surround the beginnings of -empire in the North as cling to the story of early Rome. - -When Leif, son of Earl Eric, the Red, came down from Greenland with his -Viking crew, which of his bearded seamen in Arctic furs leaned over the -dragon prow for sight of the lone new land, fresh as if washed by the -dews of earth's first morning? Was it Thorwald, Leif's brother, or the -mother of Snorri, first white child born in America, who caught first -glimpse through the flying spray of Labrador's domed hills,--"Helluland, -place of slaty rocks"; and of Nova Scotia's wooded meadows,--"Markland"; -and Rhode Island's broken vine-clad shore,--"Vinland"? The question -cannot be answered. All is as misty concerning that Viking voyage as the -legends of old Norse gods. - -Leif, the Lucky, son of Earl Eric, the outlaw, coasts back to Greenland -with his bold sea-rovers. This was in the year 1000. - -For ten years they came riding southward in their rude-planked ships of -the dragon prow, those Norse adventurers; and Thorwald, Leif's brother, -is first of the pathfinders in America to lose his life in battle with -the "Skraelings" or Indians. Thornstein, another brother, sails south in -1005 with Gudrid, his wife; but a roaring nor'easter tears the piping {2} -sails to tatters, and Thornstein dies as his frail craft scuds before the -blast. Back comes Gudrid the very next year, with a new husband and a -new ship and two hundred colonists to found a kingdom in the "Land of the -Vine." At one place they come to rocky islands, where birds flock in -such myriads it is impossible to land without trampling nests. Were -these the rocky islands famous for birds in the St. Lawrence? On another -coast are fields of maize and forests entangled with grapevines. Was -this part of modern New England? On Vinland--wherever it was--Gudrid, -the Norse woman, disembarks her colonists. All goes well for three -years. Fish and fowl are in plenty. Cattle roam knee-deep in pasturage. -Indians trade furs for scarlet cloth and the Norsemen dole out their -barter in strips narrow as a little finger; but all beasts that roam the -wilds are free game to Indian hunters. The cattle begin to disappear, -the Indians to lurk armed along the paths to the water springs. The -woods are full of danger. Any bush may conceal painted foe. Men as well -as cattle lie dead with telltale arrow sticking from a wound. The -Norsemen begin to hate these shadowy, lonely, mournful forests. They -long for wild winds and trackless seas and open world. Fur-clad, what do -they care for the cold? Greenland with its rolling drifts is safer -hunting than this forest world. What glory, doomed prisoners between the -woods and the sea within the shadow of the great forests and a great -fear? The smell of wildwood things, of flower banks, of fern mold, came -dank and unwholesome to these men. Their {3} nostrils were for the whiff -of the sea; and every sunset tipped the waves with fire where they longed -to sail. And the shadow of the fear fell on Gudrid. Ordering the -vessels loaded with timber good for masts and with wealth of furs, she -gathered up her people and led them from the "Land of the Vine" back to -Greenland. - -[Illustration: VIKING SHIP RECENTLY DISCOVERED.] - -Where was Vinland? Was it Canada? The answer is unknown. It was south -of Labrador. It is thought to have been Rhode Island; but certainly, -passing north and south, the Norse were the first white men to see Canada. - - -Did some legend, dim as a forgotten dream, come down to Columbus in 1492 -of the Norsemen's western land? All sailors of Europe yearly fished in -Iceland. Had one of Columbus's crew heard sailor yarns of the new land? -If so, Columbus must have thought the new land part of Asia; for ever -since Marco Polo had come from China, Europe had dreamed of a way to Asia -by the sea. What with Portugal and Spain dividing the New World, all the -nations of Europe suddenly awakened to a passion for discovery. - -[Illustration: DIVISION OF THE NEW WORLD BETWEEN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.] - -There were still lands to the north, which Portugal and Spain had not -found,--lands where pearls and gold might abound. At Bristol in England -dwelt with his sons John Cabot, the Genoese master mariner, well -acquainted with Eastern-trade. Henry VII commissions him on a voyage of -discovery--an empty honor, the King to have one fifth of all profit, -Cabot to bear all expense. The _Matthew_ ships from Bristol with a crew -of eighteen in May of 1497. North and west sails the tumbling craft two -thousand miles. Colder grows the air, stiffer the breeze in the bellying -sails, till the _Matthew's_ crew are shivering on decks amid fleets of -icebergs that drift from Greenland in May and June. This is no realm of -spices and gold. Land looms through the mist the last week in June, {4} -rocky, surf-beaten, lonely as earth's ends, with never a sound but the -scream of the gulls and the moan of the restless water-fret along endless -white reefs. Not a living soul did the English sailors see. Weak in -numbers, disappointed in the rocky land, they did not wait to hunt for -natives. An English flag was hastily unfurled and possession taken of -this Empire of the North for England. The woods of America for the first -time rang to the chopper. Wood and water were taken on, and the -_Matthew_ had anchored in Bristol by the first week of August. Neither -gold nor a way to China had Cabot found; but he had accomplished three -things: he had found that the New World was not a part of Asia, as Spain -thought; he had found the continent itself; and he had given England the -right to claim new dominion. - -[Illustration: A TYPICAL "HOLE IN THE WALL" AT "KITTY VIDDY," NEAR ST. -JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND] - -England went mad over Cabot. He was granted the title of admiral and -allowed to dress in silks as a nobleman. King Henry gave him 10 pounds, -equal to $500 of modern money, and a pension of 20 pounds, equal to $1000 -to-day. It is sometimes said that modern writers attribute an air of -romance to these old pathfinders, {5} which they would have scorned; but -"Zuan Cabot," as the people called him, wore the halo of glory with glee. -To his barber he presented an island kingdom; to a poor monk he gave a -bishopric. His son, Sebastian, sailed out the next year with a fleet of -six ships and three hundred men, coasting north as far as Greenland, -south as far as Carolina, so rendering doubly secure England's title to -the North, and bringing back news of the great cod banks that were to -lure French and Spanish and English fishermen to Newfoundland for -hundreds of years. - -[Illustration: SEBASTIAN CABOT] - -Where was Cabot's landfall? - -I chanced to be in Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland, shortly after the 400th -anniversary of Cabot's voyage. King's Cove, landlocked as a hole in a -wall, mountains meeting sky line, presented on one flat rock in letters -the size of a house claim that it was _here_ John Cabot sent his sailors -ashore to plant the flag on cairn of bowlders; but when I came back from -Newfoundland by way of Cape Breton, I found the same claim there. For -generations the tradition has been handed down from father to son among -Newfoundland fisher folk that as Cabot's vessel, pitching and rolling to -the tidal bore, came scudding into King's Cove, rock girt as an inland -lake, the sailors shouted "Bona Vista--Beautiful View"; but Cape Breton -has her legend, too. It was Cabot's report of the cod banks that brought -the Breton fishermen out, whose name Cape Breton bears. - -{6} As Christopher Columbus spurred England to action, so Cabot now -spurred Portugal and Spain and France. - -Gaspar Cortereal comes in 1500 from Portugal on Cabot's tracks to that -land of "slaty rocks" which the Norse saw long ago. The Gulf Stream -beats the iron coast with a boom of thunder, and the tide swirl meets the -ice drift; and it isn't a land to make a treasure hunter happy till there -wander down to the shore Montaignais Indians, strapping fellows, a head -taller than the tallest Portuguese. Cortereal lands, lures fifty savages -on board, carries them home as slaves for Portugal's galley ships, and -names the country--"land of laborers"--Labrador. He sailed again, the -next year; but never returned to Portugal. The seas swallowed his -vessel; or the tide beat it to pieces against Labrador's rocks; of those -Indians slaked their vengeance by cutting the throats of master and crew. - -And Spain was not idle. In 1513 Balboa leads his Spanish treasure -seekers across the Isthmus of Panama, discovers the Pacific, and realizes -what Cabot has already proved--that the New World is not a part of Asia. -Thereupon, in swelling words, he takes possession of "earth, air, and -water from the Pole Arctic to the Pole Antarctic" for Spain. A few years -later Magellan finds his way to Asia round South America; but this path -by sea is too long. - -From France, Normans and Bretons are following Cabot's tracks to -Newfoundland, to Labrador, to Cape Breton, "quhar men goeth a-fishing" in -little cockleshell boats no bigger than three-masted schooner, with -black-painted dories dragging in tow or roped on the rolling decks. -Absurd it is, but with no blare of trumpets or royal commissions, with no -guide but the wander spirit that lured the old Vikings over the rolling -seas, these grizzled peasants flock from France, cross the Atlantic, and -scatter over what were then chartless waters from the Gulf of St. -Lawrence to the Grand Banks. - -Just as they may be seen to-day bounding over the waves in their little -black dories, hauling in . . . hauling in the endless line, or jigging -for squid, or lying at ease at the noonday hour {7} singing some old land -ballad while the kettle of cod and pork boils above a chip fire kindled -on the stones used as ballast in their boats--so came the French fisher -folk three years after Cabot had discovered the Grand Banks. Denys of -Honfleur has led his fishing fleet all over the Gulf of St. Lawrence by -1506. So has Aubert of Dieppe. By 1517, fifty French vessels yearly -fish off the coast of New-Found-Land. By 1518 one Baron de Lery has -formed the project of colonizing this new domain; but the baron's ship -unluckily came from the Grand Banks to port on that circular bank of sand -known as Sable Island--from twenty to thirty miles as the tide shifts the -sand, with grass waist high and a swampy lake in the middle. The Baron -de Lery unloads his stock on Sable island and roves the sea for a better -port. - -The King of France, meanwhile, resents the Pope dividing the New World -between Spain and Portugal. "I should like to see the clause in Father -Adam's will that gives the whole earth to you," he sent word to his -brother kings. Verrazano, sea rover of Florence, is commissioned to -explore the New World seas; but Verrazano goes no farther north in 1524 -than Newfoundland, and when he comes on a second voyage he is lost--some -say hanged as a pirate by the Spaniards for intruding on their seas. - -In spite of the loss of the King's sea rover, the fisher folk of France -continue coming in their crazy little schooners, continue fishing in the -fogs of the Grand Banks from their rocking black-planked dories, continue -scudding for shelter from storm . . . here, there, everywhere; into the -south shore of Newfoundland; into the long arms of the sea at Cape -Breton, dyed at sundawn and sunset by such floods of golden light, these -arms of the sea become known as Bras d'Or Lakes--Lakes of Gold; into the -rock-girt lagoons of Gaspe; into the holes in the wall of Labrador . . .; -till there presently springs up a secret trade in furs between the -fishing fleet and the Indians. The King of France is not to be balked by -one failure. "What," he asked, "are my royal brothers to have _all_ -America?" Among the Bank fishermen were many sailors of St. Malo. -Jacques Cartier, master pilot, {8} now forty years of age, must have -learned strange yarns of the New World from harbor folk. Indeed, he may -have served as sailor on the Banks. Him the King chose, with one hundred -and twenty men and two vessels, in 1534, to go on a voyage of discovery -to the great sea where men fished. Cartier was to find if the sea led to -China and to take possession of the countries for France. Captain, -masters, men, march to the cathedral and swear fidelity to the King. The -vessels sail on April 20, with the fishing fleet. - -[Illustration: Jacques Cartier] - -Piping winds carry them forward at a clipper pace. The sails scatter and -disappear over the watery sky line. In twenty days Cartier is off that -bold headland with the hole in the wall called Bona Vista. Ice is -running as it always runs there in spring. What with wind and ice, -Cartier deems it prudent to look for shelter. Sheering south among the -scarps at Catalina, where the whales blow and the seals float in -thousands {9} on the ice pans, Cartier anchors to take on wood and water. -For ten days he watches the white whirl driving south. Then the water -clears and his sails swing to the wind, and he is off to the north, along -that steel-gray shore of rampart rock, between the white-slab islands and -the reefy coast. Birds are in such flocks off Funk Island that the men -go ashore to hunt, as the fisher folk anchor for bird shooting to-day. - -Higher rises the rocky sky line; barer the shore wall, with never a break -to the eye till you turn some jagged peak and come on one of those snug -coves where the white fisher hamlets now nestle. Reefs white as lace -fret line the coast. Lonely as death, bare as a block of marble, Gull -Island is passed where another crew in later years perish as castaways. -Gray finback whales flounder in schools. The lazy humpbacks lounge round -and round the ships, eyeing the keels curiously. A polar bear is seen on -an ice pan. Then the ships come to those lonely harbors north of -Newfoundland--Griguet and Quirpon and Ha-Ha-Bay, rock girt, treeless, -always windy, desolate, with an eternal moaning of the tide over the -fretful reefs. - -[Illustration: WHERE THE FISHER HAMLETS NOW NESTLE, NEWFOUNDLAND] - -{10} To the north, off a little seaward, is Belle Isle. Here, storm or -calm, the ocean tide beats with fury unceasing and weird reechoing of -baffled waters like the scream of lost souls. It was sunset when I was -on a coastal ship once that anchored off Belle Isle, and I realized how -natural it must have been for Cartier's superstitious sailors to mistake -the moan of the sea for wild cries of distress, and the smoke of the -spray for fires of the inferno. To French sailors Belle Isle became Isle -of Demons. In the half light of fog or night, as the wave wash rises and -falls, you can almost see white arms clutching the rock. - -As usual, bad weather caught the ships in Belle Isle Straits. Till the -9th of June brown fog held Cartier. When it lifted the tide had borne -his ships across the straits to Labrador at Castle Island, Chateau Bay. -Labrador was a ruder region than Newfoundland. Far as eye could scan -were only domed rocks like petrified billows, dank valleys moss-grown and -scrubby, hillsides bare as slate; "This land should not be called earth," -remarked Cartier. "It is flint! Faith, I think this is the region God -gave Cain!" If this were Cain's realm, his descendants were "men of -might"; for when the Montaignais, tall and straight as mast poles, came -down to the straits, Cartier's little scrub sailors thought them giants. -Promptly Cartier planted the cross and took possession of Labrador for -France. As the boats coasted westward the shore rock turned to -sand,--huge banks and drifts and hillocks of white sand,--so that the -place where the ships struck across for the south shore became known as -Blanc Sablon (White Sand). Squalls drove Cartier up the Bay of Islands -on the west shore of Newfoundland, and he was amazed to find this arm of -the sea cut the big island almost in two. Wooded mountains flanked each -shore. A great river, amber with forest mold, came rolling down a deep -gorge. But it was not Newfoundland Cartier had come to explore; it was -the great inland sea to the west, and to the west he sailed. - -July found him off another kind of coast--New Brunswick--forested and -rolling with fertile meadows. Down a broad shallow stream--the -Miramichi--paddled Indians waving furs {11} for trade; but wind -threatened a stranding in the shallows. Cartier turned to follow the -coast north. Denser grew the forests, broader the girths of the great -oaks, heavier the vines, hotter the midsummer weather. This was no land -of Cain. It was a new realm for France. While Cartier lay at anchor -north of the Miramichi, Indian canoes swarmed round the boats at such -close quarters the whites had to discharge a musket to keep the three -hundred savages from scrambling on decks. Two seamen then landed to -leave presents of knives and coats. The Indians shrieked delight, and, -following back to the ships, threw fur garments to the decks till -literally naked. On the 18th of July the heat was so intense that -Cartier named the waters Bay of Chaleur. Here were more Indians. At -first the women dashed to hiding in the woods, while the painted warriors -paddled out; but when Cartier threw more presents into the canoes, women -and children swarmed out singing a welcome. The Bay of Chaleur promised -no passage west, so Cartier again spread his sails to the wind and -coasted northward. The forests thinned. Towards Gaspe the shore became -rocky and fantastic. The inland sea led westward, but the season was far -advanced. It was decided to return and report to the King. Landing at -Gaspe on July 24, Cartier erected a cross thirty feet high with the words -emblazoned on a tablet, _Vive le Roi de France_. Standing about him were -the painted natives of the wilderness, one old chief dressed in black -bearskin gesticulating protest against the cross till Cartier explained -by signs that the whites would come again. Two savages were invited on -board. By accident or design, as they stepped on deck, their skiff was -upset and set adrift. The astonished natives found themselves in the -white men's power, but food and gay clothing allayed fear. They -willingly consented to accompany Cartier to France. Somewhere north of -Gaspe the smoke of the French fishing fleet was seen ascending from the -sea, as the fishermen rocked in their dories cooking the midday meal. - -August 9 prayers are held for safe return at Blanc Sablon,--port of the -white, white sand,--and by September 5 Cartier is {12} home in St. Malo, -a rabble of grizzled sailor folk chattering a welcome from the wharf -front. - -He had not found passage to China, but he had found a kingdom; and the -two Indians told marvelous tales of the Great River to the West, where -they lived, of mines, of vast unclaimed lands. - - -Cartier had been home only a month when the Admiral of France ordered him -to prepare for another voyage. He himself was to command the _Grand -Hermine_, Captain Jalobert the _Little Hermine_, and Captain Le Breton -the _Emerillon_. Young gentlemen adventurers were to accompany the -explorers. The ships were provisioned for two years; and on May 16, -1535, all hands gathered to the cathedral, where sins were confessed, the -archbishop's blessing received, and Cartier given a Godspeed to the music -of full choirs chanting invocation. Three days later anchors were -hoisted. Cannon boomed. Sails swung out; and the vessels sheered away -from the roadstead while cheers rent the air. - -Head winds held the ship back. Furious tempests scattered the fleet. It -was July 17 before Cartier sighted the gull islands of Newfoundland and -swung up north with the tide through the brown fogs of Belle Isle Straits -to the shining gravel of Blanc Sablon. Here he waited for the other -vessels, which came on the 26th. - -The two Indians taken from Gaspe now began to recognize the headlands of -their native country, telling Cartier the first kingdom along the Great -River was Saguenay, the second Canada, the third Hochelaga. Near Mingan, -Cartier anchored to claim the land for France; and he named the great -waters St. Lawrence because it was on that saint's day he had gone -ashore. The north side of Anticosti was passed, and the first of -September saw the three little ships drawn up within the shadow of that -somber gorge cut through sheer rock where the Saguenay rolls sullenly out -to the St. Lawrence. The mountains presented naked rock wall. Beyond, -rolling back . . . rolling back to an impenetrable wilderness . . . were -the primeval {13} forests. Through the canyon flowed the river, dark and -ominous and hushed. The men rowed out in small boats to fish but were -afraid to land. - -As the ships advanced up the St. Lawrence the seamen could scarcely -believe they were on a river. The current rolled seaward in a silver -flood. In canoes paddling shyly out from the north shore Cartier's two -Indians suddenly recognized old friends, and whoops of delight set the -echoes ringing. - -Keeping close to the north coast, russet in the September sun, Cartier -slipped up that long reach of shallows abreast a low-shored wooded island -so laden with grapevines he called it Isle Bacchus. It was the Island of -Orleans. - -Then the ships rounded westward, and there burst to view against the high -rocks of the north shore the white-plumed shimmering cataract of -Montmorency leaping from precipice to river bed with roar of thunder. - -Cartier had anchored near the west end of Orleans Island when there came -paddling out with twelve canoes, Donnacona, great chief of Stadacona, -whose friendship was won on the instant by the tales Cartier's Indians -told of France and all the marvels of the white man's world. - -Cartier embarked with several young officers to go back with the chief; -and the three vessels were cautiously piloted up little St. Charles -River, which joins the St. Lawrence below the modern city of Quebec. -Women dashed to their knees in water to welcome ashore these gayly -dressed newcomers with the gold-braided coats and clanking swords. -Crossing the low swamp, now Lower Town, Quebec, the adventurers followed -a path through the forest up a steep declivity of sliding stones to the -clear high table-land above, and on up the rolling slopes to the airy -heights of Cape Diamond overlooking the St. Lawrence like the turret of -some castle above the sea. Did a French soldier, removing his helmet to -wipe away the sweat of his arduous climb, cry out "Que bec" (What a -peak!) as he viewed the magnificent panorama of river and valley and -mountain rolling from his feet; or did their Indian guide point to the -water of the river narrowing like {14} a strait below the peak, and -mutter in native tongue, "Quebec" (The strait)? Legend gives both -explanations of the name. To the east Cartier could see far down the -silver flood of the St. Lawrence halfway to Saguenay; to the south, far -as the dim mountains of modern New Hampshire. What would the King of -France have thought if he could have realized that his adventurers had -found a province three times the size of England, one third larger than -France, one third larger than Germany? And they had as yet reached only -one small edge of Canada, namely Quebec. - -Heat haze of Indian summer trembled over the purple hills. Below, the -river quivered like quicksilver. In the air was the nutty odor of dried -grasses, the clear tang of coming frosts crystal to the taste as water; -and if one listened, almost listened to the silence, one could hear above -the lapping of the tide the far echo of the cataract. To Cartier the -scene might have been the airy fabric of some dream world; but out of -dreams of earth's high heroes are empires made. - - -But the Indians had told of that other kingdom, Hochelaga. Hither -Cartier had determined to go, when three Indians dressed as devils--faces -black as coals, heads in masks, brows adorned with elk horns--came -gyrating and howling out of the woods on the mountain side, making wild -signals to the white men encamped on the St. Charles. Cartier's -interpreters told him this was warning from the Indian god not to ascend -the river. The god said Hochelaga was a realm of snow, where all white -men would perish. It was a trick to keep the white men's trade for -themselves. - -Cartier laughed. - -"Tell them their god is an old fool," he said. "Christ is to be our -guide." - -The Indians wanted to know if Cartier had spoken to his God about it. - -"No," answered Cartier. Then, not to be floored, he added, "but my -priest has." - -{15} With three cheers, fifty young gentlemen sheered out on September 19 -from the St. Charles on the _Emerillon_ to accompany Cartier to Hochelaga. - -[Illustration: ANCIENT HOCHELAGA. (From Ramusio)] - -Beyond Quebec the St. Lawrence widened like a lake. September frosts had -painted the maples in flame. Song birds, the glory of the St. Lawrence -valley, were no longer to be heard, but the waters literally swarmed with -duck and the forests were alive with partridge. Where to-day nestle -church spires and whitewashed hamlets were the birch wigwams and night -camp fires of Indian hunters. Wherever Cartier went ashore, Indians -rushed knee-deep to carry him from the river; and one old chief at -Richelieu signified his pleasure by presenting the whites with two Indian -children. Zigzagging leisurely, now along the north shore, now along the -south, pausing to hunt, pausing to explore, pausing to powwow with the -Indians, the adventurers came, on September 28, to the reedy shallows and -breeding grounds of wild fowl at Lake St. Peter. Here they were so close -ashore the _Emerillon_ caught her keel in the weeds, and the explorers -left her aground under guard and went forward in rowboats. - -{16} "Was this the way to Hochelaga?" the rowers asked Indians paddling -past. - -"Yes, three more sleeps," the Indians answered by the sign of putting the -face with closed eyes three times against their hand; "three more nights -would bring Cartier to Hochelaga"; and on the night of the 2d of October -the rowboats, stopped by the rapids, pulled ashore at Hochelaga amid a -concourse of a thousand amazed savages. - -It was too late to follow the trail through the darkening forest to the -Indian village. Cartier placed the soldiers in their burnished armor on -guard and spent the night watching the council fires gleam from the -mountain. And did some soldier standing sentry, watching the dark shadow -of the hill creep longer as the sun went down, cry out, "Mont Royal," so -that the place came to be known as Montreal? - -At peep of dawn, while the mist is still smoking up from the river, -Cartier marshals twenty seamen with officers in military line, and, to -the call of trumpet, marches along the forest trail behind Indian guides -for the tribal fort. Following the river, knee-deep in grass, the French -ascend the hill now known as Notre Dame Street, disappear in the hollow -where flows a stream,--modern Craig Street,--then climb steeply through -the forests to the plain now known as the great thoroughfare of -Sherbrooke Street. Halfway up they come on open fields of maize or -Indian corn. Here messengers welcome them forward, women singing, -tom-tom beating, urchins stealing fearful glances through the woods. The -trail ends at a fort with triple palisades of high trees, walls separated -by ditches and roofed for defense, with one carefully guarded narrow -gate. Inside are fifty large wigwams, the oblong bark houses of the -Huron-Iroquois, each fifty feet long, with the public square in the -center, or what we would call the courtyard. - -It needs no trick of fancy to call up the scene--the winding of the -trumpet through the forest silence, the amazement of the Indian drummers, -the arrested frenzy of the dancers, the sunrise turning burnished armor -to fire, the clanking of swords, {17} the wheeling of the soldiers as -they fall in place, helmets doffed, round the council fire! Women swarm -from the long houses. Children come running with mats for seats. -Bedridden, blind, maimed are carried on litters, if only they may touch -the garments of these wonderful beings. One old chief with skin like -crinkled leather and body gnarled with woes of a hundred years throws his -most precious possession, a headdress, at Cartier's feet. - -Poor Cartier is perplexed. He can but read aloud from the Gospel of St. -John and pray Christ heal these supplicants. Then he showers presents on -the Indians, gleeful as children--knives and hatchets and beads and tin -mirrors and little images and a crucifix, which he teaches them to kiss. -Again the silver trumpet peals through the aisled woods. Again the -swords clank, and the adventurers take their way up the mountain--a Mont -Royal, says Cartier. - -The mountain is higher than the one at Quebec. Vaster the view--vaster -the purple mountains, the painted forests, the valleys bounded by a sky -line that recedes before the explorer as the rainbow runs from the grasp -of a child. This is not Cathay; it is a New France. Before going back -to Quebec the adventurers follow a trail up the St. Lawrence far enough -to see that Lachine Rapids bar progress by boat; far enough, too, to see -that the Gaspe Indians had spoken truth when they told of another grand -river--the Ottawa--coming in from the north. - - -By the 11th of October Cartier is at Quebec. His men have built a -palisaded fort on the banks of the St. Charles. The boats are beached. -Indians scatter to their far hunting grounds. Winter sets in. Canadian -cold is new to these Frenchmen. They huddle indoors instead of keeping -vigorous with exercise. Ice hangs from the dismantled masts. Drifts -heap almost to top of palisades. Fear of the future falls on the crew. -Will they ever see France again? Then scurvy breaks out. The fort is -prostrate. Cartier is afraid to ask aid of the wandering Indians lest -they learn his weakness. To keep up show of strength he has his men fire -off muskets, batter the fort walls, march and drill and {18} tramp and -stamp, though twenty-five lie dead and only four are able to keep on -their feet. The corpses are hidden in snowdrifts or crammed through ice -holes in the river with shot weighted to their feet. - -In desperation Cartier calls on all the saints in the Christian calendar. -He erects a huge crucifix and orders all, well and ill, out in -procession. Weak and hopeless, they move across the snows chanting -psalms. That night one of the young noblemen died. Toward spring an -Indian was seen apparently recovering from the same disease. Cartier -asked him what had worked the cure and learned of the simple remedy of -brewed spruce juice. - -By the time the Indians came from the winter hunt Cartier's men were in -full health. Up at Hochelaga a chief had seized Cartier's gold-handled -dagger and pointed up the Ottawa whence came ore like the gold handle. -Failing to carry any minerals home, Cartier felt he must have witnesses -to his report. The boats are rigged to sail, Chief Donnacona and eleven -others are lured on board, surrounded, forcibly seized, and treacherously -carried off to France. May 6, 1536, the boats leave Quebec, stopping -only for water at St. Pierre, where the Breton fishermen have huts. July -16 they anchor at St. Malo. - - -Did France realize that Cartier had found a new kingdom? Not in the -least; but the home land gave heed to that story of minerals, and had the -kidnapped Indians baptized. Donnacona and all his fellow-captives but -the little girl of Richelieu die, and Sieur de Roberval is appointed lord -paramount of Canada to equip Cartier with five vessels and scour the -jails of France for colonists. Though the colonists are convicts, the -convicts are not criminals. Some have been convicted for their religion, -some for their politics. What with politics and war, it is May, 1541, -before the ships sail, and then Roberval has to wait another year for his -artillery, while Cartier goes ahead to build the forts. - -From the first, things go wrong. Head winds prolong the passage for -three months. The stock on board is reduced to a diet of cider, and half -the cattle die. Then the Indians of Quebec {19} ask awkward questions -about Donnacona. Cartier flounders midway between truth and lie. -Donnacona had died, he said; as for the others, they have become as white -men. Agona succeeds Donnacona as chief. Agona is so pleased at the news -that he gives Cartier a suit of buckskin garnished with wampum, but the -rest of the Indians draw off in such resentment that Cartier deems it -wise to build his fort at a distance, and sails nine miles up to Cape -Rouge, where he constructs Bourg Royal. Noel, his nephew, and Jalobert, -his brother-in-law, take two ships back to France. While Cartier roams -exploring, Beaupre commands Bourg Royal. - -In his roamings, ever with his eyes to earth for minerals, he finds -stones specked with mica, and false diamonds, whence the height above -Quebec is called Cape Diamond. It is enough. The crews spend the year -loading the ships with cargo of worthless stones, and set sail in May, -high of hope for wealth great as Spaniard carried from Peru. June 8 the -ships slip in to St. John's, Newfoundland, for water. Seventeen fishing -vessels rock to the tide inside the landlocked lagoon, and who comes -gliding up the Narrows of the harbor neck but Viceroy Roberval, mad with -envy when he hears of the diamond cargoes! He breaks the head of a -Portuguese or two among the fishing fleet and forthwith orders Cartier -back to Quebec. - -Cartier shifts anchor from too close range of Roberval's guns and says -nothing. At dead of night he slips anchor altogether and steals away on -the tide, with only one little noiseless sail up on each ship through the -dark Narrows. Once outside, he spreads his wings to the wind and is off -for France. The diamonds prove worthless, but Cartier receives a title -and retires to a seigneurial mansion at St. Malo. - -The episode did not improve Roberval's temper. The new Viceroy was a -soldier and a martinet, and his authority had been defied. With his two -hundred colonists, taken from the prisons of France, commanded by young -French officers,--a Lament and a La Salle among others,--he proceeded up -the coast of Newfoundland to enter the St. Lawrence by Belle Isle. {20} -Among his people were women, and Roberval himself was accompanied by a -niece, Marguerite, who had the reputation of being a bold horsewoman and -prime favorite with the grandees who frequented her uncle's castle. -Perhaps Roberval had brought her to New France to break up her attachment -for a soldier. Or the Viceroy may have been entirely ignorant of the -romance, but, anchored off Belle Isle,--Isle of Demons,--the angry -governor made an astounding discovery. The girl had a lover on board, a -common soldier, and the two openly defied his interdict. Coming after -Cartier's defection, the incident was oil to fire with Roberval. Sailors -were ordered to lower the rowboat. One would fain believe that the -tyrannical Viceroy offered the high-spirited girl at least the choice of -giving up her lover. She was thrust into the rowboat with a faithful old -Norman nurse. Four guns and a small supply of provisions were tossed to -the boat. The sailors were then commanded to row ashore and abandon her -on Isle of Demons. The soldier lover leaped over decks and swam through -the surf to share her fate. - -Isle of Demons, with its wailing tides and surf-beaten reefs, is a -desolate enough spot in modern days when superstitions do not add to its -terrors. The wind pipes down from The Labrador in fairest weather with -weird voices as of wailing ghosts, and in winter the shores of Belle Isle -never cease to echo to the hollow booming of the pounding surf. - -Out of driftwood the castaways constructed a hut. Fish were in plenty, -wild fowl offered easy mark, and in springtime the ice floes brought down -the seal herds. There was no lack of food, but rescue seemed forever -impossible; for no fishing craft would approach the demon-haunted isle. -A year passed, two years,--a child was born. The soldier lover died of -heartbreak and despondency. The child wasted away. The old nurse, too, -was buried. Marguerite was left alone to fend for herself and hope -against hope that some of the passing sails would heed her signals. No -wonder at the end of the third year she began to hear shrieking laughter -in the lonely cries of tide and wind, and to imagine that she saw -fiendish arms snatching through the spume of storm drift. - -{21} Towards the fall of 1545, one calm day when spray for the once did -not hide the island, some fishermen in the straits noticed the smoke of a -huge bonfire ascending from Isle Demons. Was it a trick of the fiends to -lure men to wreck, or some sailors like themselves signaling distress? - -The boat drew fearfully near and nearer. A creature in the strange -attire of skins from wild beasts ran down the rocks, signaling -frantically. It was a woman. Terrified and trembling, the sailors -plucked up courage to land. Then for the first time Marguerite -Roberval's spirit gave way. She could not speak; she seemed almost -bereft of reason. It was only after the fishermen had nourished her back -to semblance of womanhood that they drew from her the story. On -returning to France, Marguerite Roberval entered a convent. It was there -an old court friend of her chateau days sought her out and heard the tale -from her own lips. - -[Illustration: THE "DAUPHIN MAP" OF CANADA, _CIRCA_ 1543, SHOWING -CARTIER'S DISCOVERIES] - -{22} A colony begun under such ill omen was not likely to prosper. -Roberval had proceeded to Cape Rouge, where he landed in July, and before -winter had a respectable fort constructed. Fifty of his colonists died -of scurvy. As many as six were hanged in a single day for -insubordination, and the whipping post became the emblem of an authority -that trembled in the balance. Roberval, in troth, was not thinking of -the colony. He was thinking of those minerals which the Indians said -were at the head waters of the Saguenay. Leaving thirty women at the -fort, he ascended the Saguenay with seventy men in spring and explored as -far as Lake St. John, where the village of Roberval commemorates his -feat; but he found no minerals and lost eight men running rapids. When -Cartier came out in 1543, Roberval took the remaining colonists home, a -profoundly embittered man. Legend has it that he either perished on a -second voyage in 1549, or was assassinated in Paris. - -So falls the curtain on the first attempt to colonize Canada. - - - - -{23} - -CHAPTER II - -FROM 1600 TO 1607 - -English voyages to North America--Sir Humphrey Gilbert--Henry -Hudson--Champlain's first voyage--Founding of Ste. Croix--The colonists -in Acadia - - -The second attempt to plant a French colony in the New World was more -disastrous than the first. - -Though my Lord Roberval fails, the French fishing vessels continue to -bound over the billows of the Atlantic to the New World. By 1578 there -are a hundred and fifty French fishing vessels off Newfoundland alone. -The fishing folk engage in barter. Cartier's heirs ask for a monopoly of -the fur trade in Canada, but the grant is so furiously opposed by the -merchants of the coast towns that it is revoked until the Marquis de la -Roche, who had been a page at the French court, again obtains monopoly, -with many high-sounding titles as Governor, and the added obligation that -he must colonize the new land. What with wars and court intrigue, it is -1598 before the Governor of Canada is ready to sail. Of his two hundred -people taken from jails, all but sixty have obtained their freedom by -paying a ransom. With these sixty La Roche follows the fishing fleet out -to the Grand Banks, then rounds southwestward for milder clime, where he -may winter his people. - -Straight across the ship's course lies the famous sand bank, the -graveyard of the Atlantic,--what the old navigators called "the dreadful -isle,"--Sable Island. The sea lies placid as glass between the crescent -horns of the long, low reefs,--thirty miles from horn to horn, with never -a tree to break the swale of the grass waist-high. - -The marquis lands his sixty colonists to fish for supplies, while he goes -on with the crew to find place for settlement. - -Barely has the topsail dipped over the watery sky before breakers begin -to thunder on the sand reefs. Air and earth lash to fury. Sails are -torn from the ship of the marquis. His {24} masts go overboard, and the -vessel is driven, helpless as a chip in a maelstrom, clear back to the -ports of France. Here double misfortune awaits La Roche. His old -patrons of the court are no longer powerful. He is thrown in prison by a -rival baron. - -In vain the colonists strain tired eyes for a sail at sea. Days become -weeks, weeks months, summer autumn; and no boat came back. As winter -gales assailed the sea, sending the sand drifting like spray, the -convicts built themselves huts out of driftwood, and scooped beds for -themselves in the earth like rabbit burrows. Of food there was plenty. -The people had their fishing lines; and the stock, left by the Baron de -Lery long ago, had multiplied and now overran the island. Wild fowl, -too, teemed on the inland lake; and foxes, which must have drifted ashore -on the ice float of spring, ran wild through the sedge. - -Like Robinson Crusoe cast on a desert isle, the desperate people fought -their fate. Traps were set for the foxes, snares for the birds, and -scouts kept tramping from end to end of the island for sight of a sail. -Racked with despair and anxiety, these outcasts of civilization soon fell -to bitter quarreling. Traps were found rifled. Dead men lay beside the -looted traps; and, doubtless, not a few men lost their lives in spring -when the ice floes drifted down with the seal herds, and the men gave mad -chase from ice pan to ice pan for seal pelts to make clothing. Spring -wore to summer. The graves on the sand banks increased. For a second -winter the dreary snowfall wrapped the island in a mantle white as death -sheet. Then came the same weary monotony,--the frenzied seal hunt over -the blood-stained floes; the long summer days with the drone of the tide -on the sand banks; the men mad with hope at sight of a sail peak over the -far wave tops, only to be plunged in despair as the fisher boat passed -too far for signal; the fading of the grasses to russet in the sad autumn -light; then snowfall again--and despair. - -Five years passed before La Roche could aid his people; and the pilot who -went to their rescue won himself immortal contempt by robbing the -castaways of their furs. Word of the {25} rescue came to the ears of the -court. Royalty commanded the refugees brought before the throne. Only -twelve had survived, and these marched before the royal presence clothed -in the skins of seals, hair unkempt, beards to mid-waist, "like river -gods of yore," says the old record. The King was so touched that he -commanded fifty crowns given to each man and the stolen furs restored. -La Roche died of chagrin. - - -While France is trying to colonize Canada, England has not forgotten that -John Cabot first coasted these northern shores and erected the English -flag. - -[Illustration: QUEEN ELIZABETH] - -About the time that Marguerite Roberval was left alone on Isle Demons, -two boys--half-brothers--were playing on the sands of the English -Channel, sailing toy boats and listening to sailor yarns of loot on the -Spanish Main. One was Humphrey Gilbert; the other, Walter Raleigh. -These two were destined to lead England's first colonies to America. - -Martin Frobisher had already poked the prows of English ships into the -icy straits of Greenland waters, seeking way to {26} China. He had come -out with a fleet of fifteen sails and one hundred mariners in 1578 to -found colonies, but was led away by the lure of "fool's gold." Loading -his vessels with worthless rocks which he believed contained gold enough -"to suffice all the gold gluttons of the world," he sailed back to -England without leaving the trace of a colony. Francis Drake, the very -same year, had for the first time plowed an English furrow around the -seas of the world, chasing Spanish treasure boats up the west coast of -South America and loading his own vessel with loot to the water line. -Afraid to go back the way he had come, round South America, where all the -Spanish frigates lay in wait to catch him, Drake pushed on up the west -coast as far as California, and landing, took possession of what he -called "New Albion" for Queen Elizabeth. But still no colony had been -planted for England. - -[Illustration: THE BOYHOOD OF GILBERT AND RALEIGH. (From the painting by -Sir John Millais)] - -Gilbert and Raleigh, the two half-brothers, were both zealous for glory. -Both stood high in court favor. Both had fought for Queen Elizabeth in -the wars. Gilbert had fame as seaman and geographer. He asks for the -privilege of founding England's first colony. The Queen will incur no -expense. Gilbert and Raleigh and their friends will fit out the vessels. -Elizabeth deeds to Gilbert all that old domain discovered by John Cabot, -reserving only one fifth of the minerals he may find; and she sends him a -present of a golden anchor as a Godspeed. June 11, 1583, Sir Humphrey -sets sail with a fleet of three splendid merchantmen, fitted out as -men-of-war, and two heavily armed little frigates. The crews number -three hundred and sixty men, but they are for the most part impressed -seamen and riotous. The fleet is only well away when the biggest of the -merchantmen signals that plague has broken out, and flees back to -England. Later, as fog hides the boats from one another, the pirate crew -on board the little frigate _Swallow_ run down an English fisherman on -the Grand Banks, board her, and at bayonet point loot the schooner from -stem to stern. When the ships lower sail to come in on the tide through -the long Narrows, to the rock-girt harbor of St. John's, Newfoundland, -{27} the hundreds of fishing vessels lying at anchor there object to the -pirate _Swallow_; but Sir Humphrey reads his commission from the Queen, -and the fishing fleet roars a welcome that sets the rocks ringing. -Sunday, August 4, the next day after entering, Biscayans and French and -Portuguese and English send their new Governor tribute in -provisions,--fish from the English, marmalade and wines and spices from -the foreigners. The admiral gives a feast to the master mariners each -week he is in port, and entertains--as the old record says--"right -bountifully." Wandering round the rocky harbor, up the high cliff to the -left where remnants of an old fortress may be seen to-day, along the -circular hills to the right where the fishing stages cover the water -front, Gilbert's men find "fool's gold," rock with specks of iron and -mica. Daniel, the refiner of metals, declares it is a rich specimen of -silver. The find goes to Sir Humphrey's head. He sees himself a second -Francis Drake, ships crammed with gold. When the captains of the other -vessels in his fleet would see the treasure, he answers: "Content -yourselves! It is enough! I have seen it but I would have no speech -made of it in harbor; for the Portuguese and {28} Biscayans and French -might learn of it. We shall soon return hither again." - -[Illustration: SIR HUMPHREY GILBERT] - -Many of the men are in ill health. Gilbert decides to send the invalids -home in the _Swallow_; but he transfers the bold pirate crew of that -frigate to the big ship _Delight_, which carries provisions for the -colony. While planning to make St. John's the headquarters of his new -kingdom, Sir Humphrey wishes to explore those regions where Cartier had -gone and whence the fishing schooners bring such wealth in furs. - -August 20 the remainder of his fleet rounds out of St. John's south west -for the Gulf of St. Lawrence,--the _Delight_ with the provisions, the -_Golden Hinde_ with the majority of the people, the little frigate -_Squirrel_ weighted down by artillery stores but under command of Gilbert -himself, because the smaller ship can run close ashore to explore. To -keep up the spirits of the men, there is much merrymaking. Becalmed off -Cape Breton, Sir Humphrey visits the big ship _Delight_, where the -trumpets and the drums and the pipes and the cornets reel off wild sailor -jigs. "There was," says the old record, "little watching for danger." -Wednesday, August 26, the sounding line forewarned the reefs of Sable -Island. Breakers were sighted. The _Delight_ signaled that her captain -wanted to shift southwest to deeper water, but Gilbert wanted to enter -the St. Lawrence and signaled back to go on northwest. That night a -storm raged. The provision ship ran full tilt into the sand banks of -Sable Island, and was battered into chips before the other ships could -come to rescue. All supplies were lost and all the pirate crew perished -but sixteen, who jumped into the pinnace dragging astern, and, with only -one oar, half punted, half drifted for seven days till the wave wash -carried them to the shores of Newfoundland. There they were picked up by -a fishing vessel. - -With provisions gone, Sir Humphrey Gilbert's colony was doomed. He must -turn back. Saturday, August 31, they reversed the course. When halfway -across the Atlantic the admiral rowed from the little _Squirrel_ across -to the _Golden Hinde_ to have a lame foot treated by the surgeon. "Cheer -{29} up," he urged the men. "Next year her Majesty will loan me 1000 -pounds, and we shall come again." - -[Illustration: SIR WALTER RALEIGH] - -As storm was gathering, the men begged him to remain on the larger ship, -but Gilbert refused to leave the sailors of the _Squirrel_. The frigate -was as safe for him as for them, he said. Some one called his attention -to the fact that the frigate was overweighted with cannon. Gilbert -laughed all danger to scorn. Soon afterwards the waves began to break -short and high--a dangerous sea for a small, overweighted ship. It had -been arranged that both ships should swing lanterns fore and aft to keep -each other in sight at night. On the night of September 9 a -phosphorescent light was seen to gleam above the mainmast of the -_Squirrel_,--certain sign to the superstitious sailors of dire disaster; -but when the _Hinde_ slackened speed, and the great waves threw the -vessels almost together, there was Sir Humphrey sitting aloft, book in -hand, shouting out, "We are as near Heaven by sea as by land." The -_Hinde_ fell to the rear. The _Squirrel_ led away, her stern lanterns -lighting a trail across the shiny dark of the tempestuous billows. -Suddenly, at midnight, the guiding {30} light was lost. The _Squirrel's_ -stern lanterns were seen to descend the pitching trough of a mountain -wave, and when the wall of water fell, no light came up. Down into the -abyss the little craft had plunged, never to rise again, carrying -explorer, treasure hunters, colonists, to a watery grave. - -It may be added that the disaster took place halfway across the ocean, -and not off Newfoundland, as the ballad relates. - - -But for all this misfortune, England did not desist. The very next year -Raleigh, who had played on the sands with Humphrey Gilbert, sends out his -colonists to the Roanoke, and lays the foundations for the beginning of -empire in the Southern States. English sailors explore Cape Cod. Ten -years after Frobisher had brought home his cargo of worthless stones from -Labrador, Davis, the master mariner, is out exploring the waters west of -Greenland; and Henry Hudson, the English pilot who had discovered Hudson -River, New York, for the Dutch, is retained by the English in 1610 to -explore those waters west of Greenland where both Frobisher and Davis -reported open passage. - -It is midsummer of 1610 when Hudson enters Hudson Straits. The ice jam -of Ungava Bay, Labrador, has almost torn his ships' timbers apart and has -set fear shivering like an aspen leaf among the crew. Old Juett, the -mate, rages openly at Hudson for venturing such a frail ship on such a -sea; but when the ship anchors at the west end of Hudson Straits, five -hundred miles from the Atlantic, there opens to view another sea,--a sea -large as the Mediterranean, that, like the Mediterranean, may lead to -another world. It is as dangerous to go back as forward; and forward -Hudson sails, southwestward for that sea Drake had cruised off -California, the old mate's mutiny rumbling beneath decks like a volcano. -South, southwestward, seven hundred miles sails Hudson, past the high -rocks and airy cataracts of Richmond Gulf, past silence like the realms -of death, on down where Hudson Bay rounds into James Bay and the shallows -plainly show this is no way to a western sea, but a blind inlet, -bowlder-strewn and muddy as swamps. - -{31} - -[Illustration: AT EASTERN ENTRANCE TO HUDSON STRAITS] - -When the ship runs aground and all hands must out to waist in ice water -to pull her ashore as the tide comes in, Juett's rage bursts all bounds. -As they toil, snow begins to fall. They are winter bound and storm bound -in an unknown land. Half the crew are in open mutiny; the other half -build winter quarters and range the woods of James Bay for game. Of game -there is plenty, but the rebels refuse to hunt. A worthless lad named -Green, whom Hudson had picked off the streets of London, turns traitor -and talebearer, fomenting open quarrels till the commander threatens he -will hang to the yardarm the first man guilty of disobedience. So passes -the sullen winter. Provisions are short when the ship weighs anchor for -England in June of 1611. With tears in his eyes, Hudson hands out the -last rations. Ice blocks the way. Delay means starvation. If the crew -were only half as large, Henry Green whispers to the mutineers, there -would be food enough for passage home. The ice floes clear, the sails -swing rattling to the breeze, but as Hudson steps on deck, the mutineers -leap upon him like wolves. He is bound and thrown into the rowboat. -With him are thrust his son and {32} eight others of the crew. The rope -is cut, the rowboat jerks back adrift, and Hudson's vessel, manned by -mutineers, drives before the wind. A few miles out, the mutineers lower -sails to rummage for food. The little boat with the castaways is seen -coming in pursuit. Guilt-haunted, the crew out with all sails and flee -as from avenging ghosts. So passes Henry Hudson from the ken of all men, -though Indian legend on the shores of Hudson Bay to this day maintains -that the castaways landed north of Rupert and lived among the savages. - -[Illustration: HUDSON COAT OF ARMS] - -Not less disastrous were English efforts than French to colonize the New -World. Up to 1610 Canada's story is, in the main, a record of blind -heroism, dogged courage, death that refused to acknowledge defeat. - - -Four hundred French vessels now yearly come to reap the harvest of the -sea; in and out among the fantastic rocks of Gaspe, pierced and pillared -and scooped into caves by the wave wash, where fisher boats reap other -kind of harvest, richer than the silver harvest of the sea,--harvest of -beaver, and otter, and marten; up the dim amber waters of the Saguenay, -within the shadow of the somber gorge, trafficking baubles of bead and -red print for furs, precious furs. Pontgrave, merchant prince, comes out -with fifty men in 1600, and leaves sixteen at Tadoussac, ostensibly as -colonists, really as wood lopers to scatter through the forests and learn -the haunts of the Indians. Pontgrave comes back for men and furs in -1601, and comes again in 1603 with two vessels, accompanied by a soldier -of fortune from the French court, who acts as geographer,--Samuel -Champlain, now in his thirty-sixth year, with service in war to his -credit and a journey across Spanish America. - -{33} The two vessels are barely as large as coastal schooners; but -shallow draft enables them to essay the Upper St. Lawrence far as Mount -Royal, where Cartier had voyaged. Of the palisaded Indian fort not a -vestige remains. War or plague has driven the tribe westward, but it is -plain to the court geographer that, in spite of former failures, this -land of rivers like lakes, and valleys large as European kingdoms, is fit -for French colonists. - -[Illustration: THE FANTASTIC ROCKS OF GASPE] - -When Champlain returns to France the King readily grants to Sieur de -Monts a region roughly defined as anywhere between Pennsylvania and -Labrador, designated Acadia. This region Sieur de Monts is to colonize -in return for a monopoly of the fur trade. When other traders complain, -De Monts quiets them by letting them all buy shares in the venture. With -him are associated as motley a throng of treasure seekers as ever -stampeded for gold. There is Samuel Champlain, the court geographer; -there is Pontgrave, the merchant prince, on a separate {34} vessel with -stores for the colonists. Pontgrave is to attend especially to the fur -trading. There are the Baron de Poutrincourt and his young son, -Biencourt, and other noblemen looking for broader domains in the New -World; and there are the usual riffraff of convicts taken from dungeons. -Priests go to look after the souls of the Catholics, Huguenot ministers -to care for the Protestants, and so valiantly do these dispute with -tongues and fists that the sailors threaten to bury them in the same -grave to see if they can lie at peace in death. - -[Illustration: SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN] - -Before the boats sight Acadia, it is early summer of 1604. Pontgrave -leaves stores with De Monts and sails on up to Tadoussac. De Monts -enters the little bay of St. Mary's, off the northwest corner of Nova -Scotia, and sends his people ashore to explore. - -Signs of minerals they seek, rushing pellmell through the woods, gleeful -as boys out of school. The forest is pathless and dense with June -undergrowth, shutting out the sun and all sign of direction. The company -scatters. Priest Aubry, more used to the cobble pavement of Paris than -to the tangle of ferns, grows fatigued and drinks at a fresh-water rill. -Going in the direction of his comrades' voices, he suddenly realizes that -he has left his sword at the spring. The priest hurries back for the -sword, loses his companions' voices, and when he would return, finds that -he is hopelessly lost. The last shafts of {35} sunlight disappear. The -chill of night settles on the darkening woods. The priest shouts till he -is hoarse and fires off his pistol; but the woods muffle all sound but -the scream of the wild cat or the uncanny hoot of the screech owl. Aubry -wanders desperately on and on in the dark, his cassock torn to tatters by -the brushwood, his way blocked by the undisturbed windfall of countless -ages, . . . on and on, . . . till gray dawn steals through the forest and -midday wears to a second night. - -Back at the boat were wild alarm and wilder suspicions. Could the -Huguenots, with whom Aubry had battled so violently, have murdered him? -De Monts scouted the notion as unworthy, but the suspicion clung in spite -of fiercest denials. All night cannon were fired from the vessel and -bonfires kept blazing on shore; but two or three days passed, and the -priest did not come. - -De Monts then sails on up the Bay of Fundy, which he calls French Bay, -and by the merest chance sheers through an opening eight hundred feet -wide to the right and finds himself in the beautiful lakelike Basin of -Annapolis, broad chough to harbor all the French navy, with a shore line -of wooded meadows like home-land parks. Poutrincourt is so delighted, he -at once asks for an estate here and names the domain Port Royal. - -On up Fundy Bay sails De Monts, Samuel Champlain ever leaning over decks, -making those maps and drawings which have come down from that early -voyage. The tides carry to a broad river on the north side. It is St. -John's Day. They call the river St. John, and wander ashore, looking -vainly for more minerals. Westward is another river, known to-day as the -Ste. Croix, the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick. Dochet Island -at its mouth seems to offer what to a soldier is an ideal site. A fort -here could command either Fundy Bay or the upland country, which Indians -say leads back to the St. Lawrence. Thinking more of fort than farms, De -Monts plants his colony on Ste. Croix River, on an island composed mainly -of sand and rock. - -While workmen labor to erect a fort on the north side, the pilot is sent -back to Nova Scotia to prospect for minerals. As {36} the vessel coasts -near St. Mary's Bay, a black object is seen moving weakly along the -shore. Sailors and pilot gaze in amazement. A hat on the end of a pole -is waved weakly from the beach. The men can scarcely believe their -senses. It must be the priest, though sixteen days have passed since he -disappeared. For two weeks Aubry had wandered, living on berries and -roots, before he found his way back to the sea. - -[Illustration: PORT ROYAL OR ANNAPOLIS BASIN, 1609 (From Lescarbot's -map)] - - -Here, then, at last, is founded the first colony in Canada, a little -palisaded fort of seventy-nine men straining longing eyes at the sails of -the vessel gliding out to sea; for Pontgrave has taken one vessel up the -St. Lawrence to trade, and Poutrincourt has gone back to France with the -other for supplies. A worse beginning could hardly have been made. The -island was little better than a sand heap. No hills shut out the cold -winds that swept down the river bed from the north, and the tide carried -in ice jam from the south. As the snow began to fall, padding the -stately forests with a silence as of death, whitening the gaunt spruce -trees somber as funereal mourners, the colonists felt the icy loneliness -of winter in a forest chill their hearts. {37} Cooped up on the island -by the ice, they did little hunting. Idleness gives time for repinings. -Scurvy came, and before spring half the colonists had peopled the little -cemetery outside the palisades. De Monts has had enough of Ste. Croix. -When Pontgrave comes out with forty more men in June, De Monts prepares -to move. Champlain had the preceding autumn sailed south seeking a -better site; and now with De Monts he sails south again far as Cape Cod, -looking for a place to plant the capital of New France. It is amusing to -speculate that Canada might have included as far south as Boston, if they -had found a harbor to their liking; but they saw nothing to compare with -Annapolis Basin, narrow of entrance, landlocked, placid as a lake, with -shores wooded like a park; and back they cruised to Ste. Croix in August, -to move the colony across to Nova Scotia, to Annapolis Basin of Acadia. -While Champlain and Pontgrave volunteer to winter in the wilderness, De -Monts goes home to look after his monopoly in France. - -What had De Monts to show for his two years' labor? His company had -spent what would be $20,000 in modern money, and all returns from fur -trade had been swallowed up prolonging the colony. While Champlain -hunted moose in the woods round Port Royal and Pontgrave bartered furs -during the winter of 1605-1606, De Monts and Poutrincourt and the gay -lawyer Marc Lescarbot fight for the life of the monopoly in Paris and -point out to the clamorous merchants that the building of a French empire -in the New World is of more importance than paltry profits. De Monts -remains in France to stem the tide rising against him, while Poutrincourt -and Lescarbot sail on the _Jonas_ with more colonists and supplies for -Port Royal. - -Noon, July 27, 1606, the ship slips into the Basin of Annapolis. To -Lescarbot, the poet lawyer, the scene is a fairyland--the silver flood of -the harbor motionless as glass, the wooded meadows dank with bloom, the -air odorous of woodland smells, the blue hills rimming round the sky, and -against the woods of the north shore the chapel spire and thatch roofs -and slab walls of the little fort, the one oasis of life in a wilderness. -{38} As the sails rattled down and the anchor dropped, not a soul -appeared from the fort. The gates were bolted fast. The _Jonas_ runs up -the French ensign. Then a canoe shoots out from the brushwood, paddled -by the old chief Membertou. He signals back to the watchers behind the -gates. Musketry shots ring out welcome. The ship's cannon answer, -setting the waters churning. Trumpets blare. The gates fly wide and out -marches the garrison--two lone Frenchmen. The rest, despairing of a ship -that summer, have cruised along to Cape Breton to obtain supplies from -French fishermen, whence, presently, come Pontgrave and Champlain, -overjoyed to find the ship from France. Poutrincourt has a hogshead of -wine rolled to the courtyard and all hands fitly celebrate. - -[Illustration: BUILDINGS ON STE. CROIX ISLAND, 1613 (From Champlain's -diagram)] - -When Pontgrave carries the furs to France, Marc Lescarbot, the lawyer -poet, proves the life of the fort for this, the third winter of the -colonists in Acadia. Poutrincourt and his son {39} attend to trade. -Champlain, as usual, commands; and dull care is chased away by a thousand -pranks of the Paris advocate. First, he sets the whole fort a-gardening, -and Baron Poutrincourt forgets his _noblesse_ long enough to wield the -hoe. Then Champlain must dam up the brook for a trout pond. The weather -is almost mild as summer until January. The woods ring to many a merry -picnic, fishing excursion, or moose hunt; and when snow comes, the gay -Lescarbot along with Champlain institutes a New World order of -nobility--the Order of Good Times. Each day one of the number must cater -to the messroom table of the fort. This means keen hunting, keen rivalry -for one to outdo another in the giving of sumptuous feasts. And all is -done with the pomp and ceremony of a court banquet. When the chapel bell -rings out noon hour and workers file to the long table, there stands the -Master of the Revels, napkin on shoulder, chain of honor round his neck, -truncheon in his hand. The gavel strikes, and there enter the -Brotherhood, each bearing a steaming dish in his hand,--moose hump, -beaver tail, bears' paws, wild fowl smelling luscious as food smells only -to out-of-doors men. Old Chief Membertou dines with the whites. -Crouching round the wall behind the benches are the squaws and the -children, to whom are flung many a tasty bit. - -At night time, round the hearth fire, when the roaring logs set the -shadows dancing on the rough-timbered floor, the truncheon and chain of -command are pompously transferred to the new Grand Master. It is all -child's play, but it keeps the blood of grown men coursing hopefully. - -Or else Lescarbot perpetrates a newspaper,--a handwritten sheet giving -the doings of the day,--perhaps in doggerel verse of his own composing. -At other times trumpets and drums and pipes keep time to a dance. As all -the warring clergymen, both Huguenot and Catholic, have died of scurvy, -Lescarbot acts as priest on Sundays, and winds up the day with cheerful -excursions up the river, or supper spread on the green. The lawyer's -good spirits proved contagious. The French songs that rang through the -woods of Acadia, keeping time to the chopper's {40} labors, were the best -antidote to scurvy; but the wildwood happiness was too good to last. -While L'Escarbot was writing his history of the new colonies a bolt fell -from the blue. Instead of De Monts' vessel there came in spring a -fishing smack with word that the grant of Acadia had been rescinded. No -more money would be advanced. Poutrincourt and his son, Biencourt, -resolved to come back without the support of a company; but for the -present all took sad leave of the little settlement--Poutrincourt, -Champlain, L'Escarbot--and sailed with the Cape Breton fishing fleet for -France, where they landed in October, 1607. - -Cartier, Roberval, La Roche, De Monts--all had failed to establish France -in Canada; and as for England, Sir Humphrey's colonists lay bleaching -skeletons at the bottom of the sea. - - - - -{41} - -CHAPTER III - -FROM 1607 TO 1635 - -Argall of Virginia attacks the French--Champlain on the St. -Lawrence--Champlain and the Iroquois--Champlain explores the -Ottawa--Champlain with the Indians--Discovery of the Great Lakes--War -with the Iroquois--Conflicting interests in New France--The English -take Quebec - - -Though the monopoly had been rescinded, Poutrincourt set himself to -interesting merchants in the fur trade of Acadia, and the French king -confirmed to him the grant of Port Royal. Yet it was 1610 before Baron -Poutrincourt had gathered supplies to reestablish the colony, and an -ominous cloud rose on the horizon, threatening his supremacy in the New -World. Nearly all the merchants supporting him were either Huguenots -or moderate Catholics. The Jesuits were all powerful at court, and -were pressing for a part in his scheme. The Jesuit, Father Biard, was -waiting at Bordeaux to join the ship. Poutrincourt evaded issues with -such powerful opponents. He took on board Father La Fleche, a -moderate, and gave the Jesuit the slip by sailing from Dieppe in -February. - -To this quarrel there are two sides, as to all quarrels. The colony -must now be supported by the fur trade; and fur traders, world over, -easily add to their profits by deeds which will not bear the censure of -missionaries. On the other hand, to Poutrincourt, the Jesuits meant -divided authority; and the most lawless scoundrel that ever perpetrated -crimes in the fur trade could win over the favor of the priests by a -hypocritical semblance of contrition at the confessional. Contrition -never yet undid a crime; and civil courts can take no cognizance of -repentance. - -When the ships sailed in to Port Royal the little fort was found -precisely as it had been left. Not even the furniture had been -disturbed, and old Membertou, the Indian chief, welcomed the white men -back with taciturn joy. Pere La Fleche assembles the savages, tells -them the story of the Christian faith, then to the beat of drum and -chant of "Te Deum" receives, one {42} afternoon, twenty naked converts -into the folds of the church. Membertou is baptized Henry, after the -King, and all his frowsy squaws renamed after ladies of the most -dissolute court in Christendom. - -Young Biencourt is to convey the ship back to France. He finds that -the Queen Dowager has taken the Jesuits under her especial protection. -Money enough to buy out the interests of the Huguenot merchants for the -Jesuits has been advanced. Fathers Biard and Masse embark on _The -Grace of God_ with young Biencourt in January, 1611, for Port Royal. -Almost at once the divided authority results in trouble. Coasting the -Bay of Fundy, Biencourt discovers that Pontgrave's son has roused the -hostility of the Indians by some shameless act. Young Biencourt is for -hanging the miscreant to the yardarm, but the sinner gains the ear of -the saints by woeful tale of penitence, and Father Biard sides with -young Pontgrave. Instead of the gayety that reigned at Port Royal in -L'Escarbot's day, now is sullen mistrust. - -The Jesuits threaten young Biencourt with excommunication. Biencourt -retaliates by threatening _them_ with expulsion. For three months no -religious services are held. The boat of 1612 brings out another -Jesuit, Gilbert du Thet; and the _Jonas_, which comes in 1613 with -fifty more men,--La Saussaye, commander, Fleury, captain,--has been -entirely outfitted by friends of the Jesuits. By this time Baron de -Poutrincourt, in France, was involved in debt beyond hope; but his -right to Port Royal was unshaken, and the Jesuits decided to steer -south to seek a new site for their colony. - -[Illustration: PORT ROYAL (From Champlain's diagram)] - -Zigzagging along the coast of Maine, Captain Fleury cast anchor off -Mount Desert at Frenchman's Bay. A cross was erected, mass celebrated, -and four white tents pitched to house the people; but the clash between -civil and religious authority broke out again. The sailors would not -obey the priests. Fleury feared mutiny. Saussaye, the commander, lost -his head, and disorder was ripening to disaster when there appeared -over the sea the peak of a sail,--a sail topped by a little red ensign, -the {43} flag of the English, who claimed all this coast. And the sail -was succeeded by decks with sixty mariners, and hulls through whose -ports bristled fourteen cannon. The newcomer was Samuel Argall of -Virginia, whom the Indians had told of the French, now bearing down -full sail, cannon leveled, to expel these aliens from the domain of -England's King. Drums were beating, trumpets blowing, fifes -shrieking--there was no mistaking the purpose of the English ship. -Saussaye, the French commander, dashed for hiding in the woods. -Captain Fleury screamed for some one, every one, any one, "to -fire--fire"; but the French sailors had imitated their commander and -fled to the woods, while the poor Jesuit, Gilbert du Thet, fell -weltering in blood from an English cannonade that swept the French -decks bare and set all sails in flame. In the twinkling of an eye, -Argall had captured men and craft. Fifteen of the French prisoners he -set adrift in open boat, on the chance of their joining the French -fishing fleet off Cape Breton. They were ultimately carried to St. -Malo. {44} The rest of the prisoners, including Father Biard, he took -back to Virginia, where the commission held from the French King -assured them honorable treatment in time of peace; but Argall was -promptly sent north again with his prisoners, and three frigates to lay -waste every vestige of French settlement from Maine to St. John. Mount -Desert, the ruins of Ste. Croix, the fortress beloved by Poutrincourt -at Port Royal, the ripening wheat of Annapolis Basin--all fed the -flames of Argall's zeal; and young Biencourt's wood runners, watching -from the forests the destruction of all their hopes, the ruin of all -their plans, ardently begged their young commander to parley with -Argall that they might obtain the Jesuit Biard and hang him to the -highest tree. To _his_ coming they attributed all the woes. It was as -easy for them to believe that the Jesuit had piloted the English -destroyer to Port Royal, as it had been ten years before for the -Catholics to accuse the Huguenots of murdering the lost priest Aubry; -and there was probably as much truth in one charge as the other. - -So fell Port Royal; but out round the ruins of Port Royal, where the -little river runs down to the sea past Goat Island, young Biencourt and -his followers took to the woods--the first of that race of bush lopers, -half savages, half noblemen, to render France such glorious service in -the New World. - - -When De Monts lost the monopoly of furs in Acadia, Champlain, the court -geographer, had gone home from Port Royal to France. De Monts now -succeeds in obtaining a fresh monopoly for one year on the St. -Lawrence, and sends out two ships in 1608 under his old friends, -Pontgrave, who is to attend to the bartering, Champlain, who is to -explore. With them come some of the colonists from Port Royal, among -others Louis Hebert, the chemist, first colonist to become farmer at -Quebec, and Abraham Martin, whose name was given to the famous plains -where Wolfe and Montcalm later fought. - -Pontgrave arrived at the rendezvous of Tadoussac early in June. Here -he found Basque fishermen engaged in the peltry {45} traffic with -Indians from Labrador. When Pontgrave read his commission interdicting -all ships but those of De Monts from trade, the Basques poured a -fusillade of musketry across his decks, killed one man, wounded two, -then boarded his vessel and trundled his cannon ashore. So much for -royal commissions and monopoly! - -[Illustration: TADOUSSAC (From Champlain's map)] - -At this stage came Champlain on the second boat. Two vessels were -overstrong for the Basques. They quickly came to terms and decamped. -Champlain steered his tiny craft on up the silver flood of the St. -Lawrence to that Cape Diamond where Cartier's men had gathered -worthless stones. Between the high cliff and the river front, not far -from the market place of Quebec City to-day, workmen began clearing the -woods for the site of the French habitation. The little fort was -palisaded, of course, with a moat outside and cannon commanding the -river. The walls were loopholed for musketry; and inside ran a gallery -to serve as lookout and defense. Houses, barracks, garden, and -fresh-water supply completed the fort. One day, as Champlain {46} -worked in his garden, a colonist begged to speak with him. Champlain -stepped into the woods. The man then blurted out how a conspiracy was -on foot, instigated by the Basques, to assassinate Champlain, seize the -fort, and stab any man who dared to resist. One of Pontgrave's small -boats lay at anchor. Champlain sent for the pilot, told him the story -of the plot, gave him two bottles of wine, and bade him invite the -ringleaders on board that night to drink. The ruse worked. The -ringleaders were handcuffed, the other colonists awakened in the fort -and told that the plot had been crushed. The body of Duval, the chief -plotter, in pay of the Basques, swung as warning from a gibbet; and his -head was exposed on a pike to the birds of the air. Though Pontgrave -left a garrison of twenty-eight when he sailed for France, less than a -dozen men had survived the plague of scurvy when the ships came back to -Champlain in 1609. - -Champlain's part had been to explore. Now that his fort was built, he -planned to do this by allying himself with the Indians, who came down -to trade at Quebec. These were the Hurons and Montaignais, the former -from the Ottawa, the latter from Labrador. Both waged ceaseless war on -the Iroquois south of the St. Lawrence. After bartering their furs for -weapons from the traders, the allied tribes would set out on the -warpath against the Iroquois. In June, Champlain and eleven white men -accompanied the roving warriors. - -The way led from the St. Lawrence south, up the River Richelieu. -Champlain's boat was a ponderous craft; and when the shiver of the -sparkling rapids came with a roar through the dank forest, the heavy -boat had to be sent back to Quebec. Adopting the light birch canoe of -the Indian, Champlain went on, accompanied by only two white men. Of -Indians, there were twenty-four canoes with sixty warriors. For the -first part of the voyage night was made hideous by the grotesque war -dances of the braves lashing themselves to fury by scalp raids in -pantomime, or by the medicine men holding solemn converse with the -demons of earth; the tent poles of the medicine lodge rocked as if by -wind, while eldritch howls predicted victory. {47} Then the long line -of silent canoes had spread out on that upland lake named after -Champlain, the heavily forested Adirondacks breaking the sky line on -one side, the Green Mountains rolling away on the other. Caution now -marked all advance. The Indians paddled only at night, withdrawing to -the wooded shore through the morning mist to hide in the undergrowth -for the day. This was the land of the Iroquois. - -[Illustration: DEFEAT OF THE IROQUOIS (From Champlain's drawing)] - -On July 29, as the invaders were stealing silently along the west shore -near Crown Point at night about ten o'clock, there were seen by the -starlight, coming over the water with that peculiar galloping motion of -paddlers dipping together, the Iroquois war canoes. Each side -recognized the other, and the woods rang with shouts; but gathering -clouds and the mist rising from the river screened the foes from mutual -attack, though the night echoed to shout and countershout and challenge -and abuse. Through the half light Champlain could see that the -Iroquois were working like beavers erecting a barricade of logs. The -assailants kept to their canoes under cover of bull-hide shields till -daylight, when Champlain buckled on his armor--breastplate, helmet, -thigh pieces--and landing, advanced. There were not less than two -hundred Iroquois. Outnumbering the Hurons three times over, they -uttered a jubilant whoop and {48} came on at a rush. Champlain and his -two white men took aim. The foremost chiefs dropped in their tracks. -Terrified by "the sticks that thundered and spat fire," the Iroquois -fell back in amaze, halted, then fled. The victory was complete; but -it left as a legacy to New France the undying enmity of the Iroquois. - - -When Champlain came out from France in 1610, he would have repeated the -raid; but a fight with invading Iroquois at the mouth of the Richelieu -delayed him, and the expiration of De Monts' monopoly took him back to -France. - -In 1611 trade was free to all comers. Fur traders flocked to the St. -Lawrence like birds of passage. The only way to secure furs for De -Monts was to go higher up the river beyond Quebec; and ascending to -Montreal, Champlain built a factory called Place Royale, with a wall of -bricks to resist the ice jam. This was the third French fort Champlain -helped to found in Canada. - -Presently, on his tracks to Montreal, came a flock of free traders. -When the Hurons come shooting down the foamy rapids--here, a pole-shove -to avoid splitting canoes on a rock in mid-rush; there, a dexterous -whirl from the trough of a back wash--the fur traders fire off their -guns in welcome. The Hurons are suspicious. What means it, these -white men, coming in such numbers, firing off their "sticks that -thunder"? At midnight they come stealthily to Champlain's lodge to -complain. Peltries and canoes, the Indians transfer themselves above -the rapids, and later conduct Champlain down those same white -whirlpools to the uneasy amaze of the explorer. - -It is clear to Champlain he must obtain royal patronage to stem the -boldness of these free traders. In France he obtains the favor of the -Bourbons; and he obtains it more generously because the world of Paris -has gone agog about a fabulous tale that sets the court by the ears. -From the first Champlain has encouraged young Frenchmen to winter with -the Indian hunters and learn the languages. Brule is with them now. -Nicholas Vignau has just come back from the Ottawa with a fairy story -of a marvelous voyage he has made with the Indians through {49} the -forests to the Sea of the North--the sea where Henry Hudson, the -Englishman, had perished. As the romance gains the ear of the public, -the young man waxes eloquent in detail, and tells of the number of -Englishmen living there. Champlain is ordered to follow this -exploration up. - -May, 1613, he is back at Montreal, opposite that island named St. -Helen, after the frail girl who became his wife, preparing to ascend -the Ottawa with four white men--among them Vignau. What Vignau's -sensations were, one may guess. The vain youth had not meant his love -of notoriety to carry him so far; and he must have known that every -foot of the way led him nearer detection; but the liar is always a -gambler with chance. Mishap, bad weather, Indian war--might drive -Champlain back. Vignau assumed bold face. - -The path followed was that river trail up the Ottawa which was to -become the highway of empire's westward march for two and a half -centuries. Mount Royal is left to the rear as the voyageurs traverse -the Indian trail through the forests along the rapids to that launching -place named after the patron saint of French voyageur--Ste. Anne's. -The river widens into the silver expanse of Two Mountains Lake, rimmed -to the sky line by the vernal hills, with a silence and solitude over -all, as when sunlight first fell on face of man. Here the eagle utters -a lonely scream from the top of some blasted pine; there a covey of -ducks, catching sight of the coming canoes, dive to bottom, only to -reappear a gunshot away. Where the voyageurs land for their nooning, -or camp at nightfall, or pause to gum the splits in their birch canoes, -the forest in the full flush of spring verdure is a fairy woods. -Against the elms and the maples leafing out in airy tracery that -reveals the branches bronze among the budding green, stand the silver -birches, and the somber hemlocks, and the resinous pines. Upbursting -from the mold below is another miniature forest--a forest of ferns -putting out the hairy fronds that in another month will be above the -height of a man. Overhead, like a flame of fire, flashes the scarlet -tanager with his querulous call; or the oriole flits from branch to -branch, {50} fluting his springtime notes; or the yellow warbler -balances on topmost spray to sing his crisp love song on the long -journey north to nest on Hudson Bay. And over all and in all, -intangible as light, intoxicating as wine, is the tang of the clear, -unsullied, crystal air, setting the blood coursing with new life. -Little wonder that Brule, and Vignau, and other young men whom -Champlain sent to the woods to learn wood lore, became so enamored of -the life that they never returned to civilization. - -Presently the sibilant rush of waters forewarns rapids. Indians and -voyageurs debark, invert canoes on their shoulders, packs on back with -straps across foreheads, and amble away over the portages at that -voyageurs' dog-trot which is half walk, half run. So the rapids of -Carillon and Long Sault are ascended. Night time is passed on some -sandy shore on a bed under the stars, or under the canoes turned upside -down. Tents are erected only for the commander, Champlain; and at day -dawn, while the tips of the trees are touched with light and the -morning mist is smoking up from the river shot with gold, canoes are -again on the water and paddle blades tossing the waves behind. - -The Laurentian Hills now roll from the river in purpling folds like -fields of heather. The Gatineau is passed, winding in on the right -through dense forests. On the left, flowing through the rolling sand -hills, and joining the main river just where the waters fall over a -precipice in a cataract of spray, is the Rideau River with its famous -falls resembling the white folds of a wind-blown curtain. Then the -voyageurs have swept round that wooded cliff known as Parliament Hill, -jutting out in the river, and there breaks on view a wall of water -hurtling down in shimmering floods at the Chaudiere Falls. The high -cliff to the left and countercurrent from the falls swirl the canoes -over on the right side to the sandy flats where the lumber piles to-day -defile the river. Here boats are once more hauled up for portage--a -long portage, nine miles, all the way to the modern town of Aylmer, -where the river becomes wide as a lake, Lake Du Chene of the oak -forests. Here camp for the night was made, and leaks in the canoes -mended with resin, round fires gleaming red as an angry eye across the -{51} darkening waters, while the prowling wild cats and lynx, which -later gave such good hunting in these forests that the adjoining rapids -became known as the Chats, sent their unearthly screams shivering -through the darkness. - -Somewhere near Allumette Isle, Champlain came to an Indian settlement -of the Ottawa tribe. He camped to ask for guides to go on. Old Chief -Tessouat holds solemn powwow, passing the peace pipe round from hand to -hand in silence, before the warriors rise to answer Champlain. Then -with the pompous gravity of Abraham dickering with the desert tribes, -they warn Champlain it is unsafe to go farther. Beyond the Ottawa is -the Nipissing, where dwell the Sorcerer Indians--a treacherous people. -Beyond the Nipissing is the great Fresh Water Sea of the Hurons. They -will grant Champlain canoes, but warn him against the trip. Later the -interpreter comes with word they have changed their minds. Champlain -must _not_ go on. It is too dangerous. Attack would involve war. - -"What," demanded Champlain, rushing into the midst of the council tent, -"not go? Why, my young man, here"--pointing to Vignau--"has gone to -that country and found no danger." - -What Vignau thought at that stage is not told. The Indians turned on -him in fury. - -"Nicholas, did _you_ say _you_ had visited the Nipissings?" - -Vignau hems and haws, and stammers, "Yes." - -"Liar," roars the chief. "You slept here every night, and if you went -to the Nipissings, you went in a dream." Then to Champlain, "Let him -be tortured." - -Champlain took the fellow to his own tent. Vignau reiterated his -story. Champlain took him back to the council. The Indians jeered his -answers and tore the story he told to tatters, showing Champlain how -utterly wrong Vignau's descriptions were. - -That night, on promise of forgiveness, Vignau fell on his knees and -confessed the imposture to Champlain. When the fur canoes came down -the Ottawa to trade at Montreal, Champlain accompanied them to the St. -Lawrence, and sailed for France. His exploration had been an -ignominious failure. - -{52} Champlain was ever Knight of the Cross as well as explorer. He -longed with the zeal of a missionary to reclaim the Indians from -savagery, and at last raised funds in France to pay the expense of -bringing four or five Recollets--a branch of the Franciscan Friars--to -Quebec in May of 1615. With the peaked hood thrown back, the gray garb -roped in at the waist, the bare feet protected only by heavy sandals, -the Recollets landed at Quebec, and with cannon booming, white men all -on bended knee, held service before the amazed savages. - -Of the Recollets, it was agreed that Joseph le Caron should go west to -the Hurons of the Sweet Water Sea. Accompanied by a dozen Frenchmen, -the friar ascended the Ottawa in July, passed that Allumette Island -where Vignau's lie had been confessed, and proceeded westward to the -land of the Hurons. Nine days later Champlain followed with two -canoes, ten Indians, and Etienne Brule, his interpreter. In order to -hold the ever-lasting loyalty of the Hurons and Algonquins in Canada, -Champlain had pledged them that the French would join their twenty-five -hundred warriors in a great invasion of the Iroquois to the south. It -was to be a war not of aggression but of defense; for the Five Nations -of the Iroquois in New York state had harried the Canadian tribes like -wolves raiding a sheep pen. No Frenchman cultivating his farm patch on -the St. Lawrence was safe from ambuscade; no hunter afield secure from -a chance war party. - -Any tourist crossing Canada to-day can trace Champlain's voyage. Where -the rolling tide of the Ottawa forks at Mattawa, there comes in on the -west side, through dense forests and cedar swamps, a river -amber-colored with the wood-mold of centuries. This is the Mattawa. -Up the Mattawa Champlain pushed his canoes westward, up the shining -flood of the river yellow as gold where the waters shallow above the -pebble bottom. Then the gravel grated keels. The shallows became -weed-grown swamps that entangled the paddles and hid voyageur from -voyageur in reeds the height of a man; and presently a portage over -rocks slippery as ice leads to a stream flowing westward, opening {53} -on a low-lying, clay-colored lake--the country of the Nipissings, with -whom Champlain pauses to feast and hear tales of witchcraft and demon -lore, that gave them the name of Sorcerers. - -In a few sleeps--they tell him--he will reach the Sweet Water Sea. The -news is welcome; for the voyageurs are down to short rations, and -launch eagerly westward on the stream draining Nipissing Lake--French -River. This is a tricky little stream in whose sands lie buried the -bodies of countless French voyageurs. It is more dangerous going -_with_ rapids than _against_ them; for the hastening current is -sometimes an undertow, which sweeps the canoes into the rapids before -the roar of the waterfall has given warning. And the country is barren -of game. - -As they cross the portages, Champlain's men are glad to snatch at the -raspberry and cranberry bushes for food; and their night-time meal is -dependent on chance fishing. Indian hunters are met,--three hundred of -them,--the Staring Hairs, so named from the upright posture of their -headdress tipped by an eagle quill; and again Champlain is told he is -very near the Inland Sea. - -It comes as discoveries nearly always come--his finding of the Great -Lakes; for though Joseph Le Caron, the missionary, had passed this way -ten days ago, the zealous priest never paused to explore and map the -region. You are paddling down the brown, forest-shadowed waters--long -lanes of water like canals through walls of trees silent as sentinels. -Suddenly a change almost imperceptible comes. Instead of the earthy -smell of the forest mold in your nostrils is the clear tang of -sun-bathed, water-washed rocks; and the sky begins to swim, to lose -itself at the horizon. There is no sudden bursting of a sea on your -view. The river begins to coil in and out among islands. The amber -waters have become sheeted silver. You wind from island to island, -islands of pink granite, islands with no tree but one lone blasted -pine, islands that are in themselves forests. There is no end to these -islands. They are not in hundreds; they are in thousands. Then you -see the spray breaking over the reefs, and there is its sky line. You -are not on a river at all. You are on an inland sea. You have been on -the lake for hours. One {54} can guess how Champlain's men scrambled -from island to island, and fished for the rock bass above the deep -pools, and ran along the water line of wave-dashed reefs, wondering -vaguely if the wind wash were the ocean tide of the Western Sea. - -But Champlain's Huron guides had not come to find a Western Sea. With -the quick choppy stroke of the Indian paddler they were conveying him -down that eastern shore of Lake Huron now known as Georgian Bay, from -French River to Parry Sound and Midland and Penetang. Where these -little towns to-day stand on the hillsides was a howling wilderness of -forest, with never a footprint but the zigzagging trail of the Indians -back from Georgian Bay to what is now Lake Simcoe. - -Between these two shores lay the stamping grounds of the great Huron -tribe. How numerous were they? Records differ. Certainly at no time -more numerous than thirty thousand souls all told, including children. -Though they yearly came to Montreal for trade and war, the Hurons were -sedentary, living in the long houses of bark inclosed by triple -palisades, such as Cartier had seen at Hochelaga almost a century -before. - -Champlain followed his supple guides along the wind-fallen forest trail -to the Huron villages. Here he found the missionary. One can guess -how the souls of these two heroes burned as the deep solemn chant of -the _Te Deum_ for the first time rolled through the forests of Lake -Huron. - - -But now Champlain must to business; and his business is war. Brule and -twelve Indians are sent like the carriers of the fiery cross in the -Highlands of Scotland to rally tribes of the Susquehanna to join the -Hurons against the Iroquois. A wild war dance is held with mystic -rites in the lodges of the Hurons; and the braves set out with -Champlain from Lake Simcoe for Lake Ontario by way of Trent River. As -they near what is now New York state, buckskin is flung aside, the -naked bodies painted and greased, and the trail shunned for the -pathless woods off the beaten track where the Indians glide like beasts -of prey through the frost-tinted forest. - -{55} - -[Illustration: THE ONONDAGA FORT (From Champlain's diagram)] - -October 9 they suddenly come on some Onondagas fishing, and they begin -torturing their captives by cutting off a girl's finger, when Champlain -commands them to desist. Presently the forest opens to a farm clearing -where the Iroquois are harvesting their corn. Spite of all Champlain -could do, the wild Hurons uttered their war cry and rushed the field, -but the Iroquois turned on the rabble and drove them back to the woods. -Champlain was furious. They should have waited for Brule to come with -their allies; and the foolish attack had only served to forewarn the -enemy. He frankly told the Hurons if they were going to fight under -_his_ command, they must fight as white men fight; and he set them to -building a platform from which marksmen could shoot over the walls of -the Iroquois town. But the admonitions {56} fell on frenzied ears. No -sooner was the command to advance given than the Hurons broke from -cover like maniacs, easy marks for the javelin throwers inside the -walls, and hurled themselves against the Iroquois palisades in blind -fury, making more din with yelling than woe with shots. Boiling water -poured from the galleries inside drove the braves back from the walls, -and the poisoned barb of the Iroquois arrows pursued their flight. A -score fell wounded, among them Champlain with an arrow in his knee-cap. -The flight became panic fast and furious, with the wounded carried on -wicker stretchers whose every jolt added agony to pain. - -[Illustration: VIEW OF QUEBEC (From Champlain's plan)] - -As for Brule, he arrived with the allies only to find that the Hurons -had fled, and here was he, alone in a hostile land, with Iroquois -warriors rampant as molested wasps. In the swift retreat off the trail -Brule lost his way. He was without food {57} or powder, and had to -choose between starvation or surrender to the Iroquois. Throwing down -his weapons, he gave himself up to what he knew would be certain -torture. Had he winced or whined as they tore the nails from his -fingers and the hair from his head, the Iroquois would probably have -brained him on the spot for a poltroon; but the young man, bound to a -stake, pointed to a gathering storm as sign of Heaven's displeasure. -The high spirit pleased the Iroquois. They unbound him and took him -with them in their wanderings for three years. - -The Hurons had promised to convey Champlain back down the St. Lawrence -to Quebec, but the defeat had caused loss of prestige. The man "with -the stick that thundered" was no more invulnerable to wounds than they. -They forgot their promises and invented excuses for not proceeding to -Quebec. Champlain wintered with the hunters somewhere north of Lake -Ontario, and came down the Ottawa with the fur canoes the next summer. -He was received at Quebec as one risen from the dead. - - -While Champlain had been exploring, New France had not prospered as a -colony. Royal patron after royal patron sold the monopoly to fresh -hands, and each new master appointed Champlain viceroy. The fur trade -merchants could pay forty per cent dividends, but could do nothing to -advance settlement. Less than one hundred people made up the -population of New France; and these were torn asunder by jealousies. -Huguenot and Catholic were opposed; and when three Jesuits came to -Quebec, Jesuits and Recollets distrusted each other. - -Madam Champlain joined her husband at Quebec, in 1620, to stay for four -years, and that same year Champlain built himself a new habitation--the -famous Castle of St. Louis on the cliff above the first dwelling. -Louis Hebert, the apothecary of Port Royal, is now a farmer close to -the Castle of Quebec; and the wife of Abraham Martin has given birth to -the first white child born in New France. - -Now came a revolutionary change. Cardinal Richelieu was virtual ruler -of France. He quickly realized that the monopolists {58} were sucking -the lifeblood of the colony in furs and were giving nothing in return -to the country. In 1627, under the great cardinal's patronage, the -Company of One Hundred Associates was formed. In this company any of -the seaport traders could buy shares. Indeed, they were promised -patent of nobility if they did buy shares. Exclusive monopoly of furs -was given to the company from Florida to Labrador. In return the -Associates were to send two ships yearly to Canada. Before 1643 they -were to bring out four thousand colonists, support them for three -years, and give them land. In each settlement were to be supported -three priests; and, to prevent discord, Huguenots were to be banished -from New France. - -To Champlain it must have seemed as if the ambition of his life were to -be realized. Just when the sky seemed clearest the bolt fell. - - -Early in April, 1628, the Associates had dispatched colonists and -stores for Quebec; but war had broken out between France and England. -Gervais Kirke, an English Huguenot of Dieppe, France, who had been put -under the ban by Cardinal Richelieu, had rallied the merchants of -London to fit out privateers to wage war on New France. The vessels -were commanded by the three sons, Thomas, Louis, and David; and to the -Kirkes rallied many Huguenots banished from France. - -Quebec was hourly looking for the annual ships, when one morning in -July two men rushed breathless through the woods and up the steep rock -to Castle St. Louis with word that an English fleet of six frigates lay -in hiding at Tadoussac, ready to pounce on the French! Later came -other messengers--Indians, fishermen, traders--confirming the terrible -news. Then a Basque fisherman arrives with a demand, from Kirke for -the keys to the fort. Though there is no food inside the walls, less -than fifty pounds of ammunition in the storehouse, and not enough men -to man the guns, Champlain hopes against hope, and sends the Basque -fisherman back with suave regrets that he cannot comply with Monsieur -Kirke's polite request. Quebec's one chance lay in the hope that the -French vessels might {59} slip past the English frigates by night. -Days wore on to weeks, weeks to months, and a thousand rumors filled -the air; but no ships came. The people of Quebec were now reduced to -diet of nuts and corn. Then came Indian runners with word that the -French ships had been waylaid, boarded, scuttled, and sunk. Loaded to -the water line with booty, the English privateers had gone home. - -[Illustration: QUEBEC (From Champlain's map)] - -For that winter Quebec lived on such food as the Indians brought in -from the woods. By the summer of 1629 men, women, and children were -grubbing for roots, fishing for food, ranging the rocks for berries. -There are times when the only thing to do is--do nothing; and it is -probably the hardest task a brave man ever has. When the English fleet -came back in July Champlain had a ragamuffin, half-starved retinue of -precisely sixteen men. Yet he haggled for such terms that the English -promised to convey the prisoners to France. On July 20, for the first -time in history, the red flag of England blew to the winds above the -heights of Quebec. - - -But New France was only a pawn to the gamesters of French and English -diplomacy. Peace was proclaimed; and for the {60} sake of receiving -$200,000 as dowry due his French wife, Charles of England restored to -France the half continent which the Kirkes had captured, David Kirke -receiving the paltry honor of a title as compensation for the loss. -Champlain was back in Quebec by 1633; but his course had run. Between -Christmas eve and Christmas morning, in 1635, the brave Soldier of the -Cross, the first knight of the Canadian wildwoods, passed from the -sphere of earthly life--a life without a stain, whether among the -intriguing courtiers of Paris or in the midst of naked license in the -Indian camp. - - - - -{61} - -CHAPTER IV - -FROM 1635 TO 1666 - -Frays between La Tour and Charnisay--Madame La Tour defends the -fort--Charnisay's treachery - - -When Port Royal fell before Argall, it will be remembered, young -Biencourt took to the woods with his French bush lopers and Indian -followers of Nova Scotia. The farms and fort of Annapolis Basin -granted to his father by special patents lay in ruins. Familiar with -the woods as the English buccaneer, who had destroyed the fort, was -with his ship's cabin, Biencourt withdrew to the southwest corner of -Nova Scotia, where he built a rude stronghold of logs and slabs near -the modern Cape Sable. Here he could keep in touch with the French -fishermen off Cape Breton, and also traffic with the Indians of the -mainland. - -With Biencourt was a young man of his own age, boon comrade, kindred -spirit, who had come to Port Royal a boy of fourteen, in 1606, in the -gay days of Marc L'Escarbot--Charles de La Tour. Sea rovers, bush -lopers, these two could bid defiance to English raiders. Whether -Biencourt died in 1623 or went home to France is unknown; but he deeded -over to his friend, Charles de La Tour, all possessions in Acadia. - -And now England again comes on the scene. By virtue of Cabot's -discovery and Argall's conquest, the King of England, in 1621, grants -to Sir William Alexander, the Earl of Stirling, all of Acadia, renamed -Nova Scotia--New Scotland. By way of encouraging emigration, the order -of Nova Scotia Baronets is created, a title being granted to those who -subscribe to the colonization company. - -Sir William Alexander's colonists shun the French bush lopers under -Charles de La Tour down at Fort St. Louis on Cape Sable. The seventy -Scotch colonists go on up the Annapolis Basin and build their fort four -miles from old Port Royal. How did they pass the pioneer years--these -Scotch retainers of the {62} Nova Scotia Baronets? Report among the -French fishing fleet says thirty died of scurvy; but of definite -information not a vestige remains. The annals of these colonists are -as completely lost to history as the annals of the lost Roanoke colony -in Virginia. - -Under the same English patent Lord Ochiltree lands English colonists in -Cape Breton, the grand summer rendezvous of the French fishermen; but -two can play at Argall's game of raids. French seamen swoop down on -Ochiltree's colony, capture fifty, destroy the settlement, and run up -the white flag of France in place of the red standard of England. - -[Illustration: SIR WILLIAM ALEXANDER] - -Charles de La Tour with his Huguenots hides safely ensconced behind his -slab palisades with the swarthy faces of half a hundred Indian -retainers lighted up by the huge logs at blaze on the hearth. Charles -de La Tour takes counsel with himself. English at Port Royal, English -at Cape Breton, English on the mainland at Boston, English ships -passing and repassing his lone lodge in the wilderness, he will be -safer, will Charles de La Tour, with wider distance between himself and -the foe; and he will take more peltries where there are fewer traders. -Still keeping his fort in Nova Scotia, La Tour goes across Fundy Bay -and builds him a second, stronger fort on St. John River, New -Brunswick, near where Carleton town stands to-day. - -Then two things happened that upset all plans. - -{63} The Hundred Associates are given _all_ Canada--Quebec and Acadia. -Founded by Cardinal Richelieu, the Hundred Associates are violently -Catholic, violently anti-Protestant. Charles de La Tour need expect no -favors, if indeed the grant that he holds from Biencourt be not -assailed. Double reason for moving the most of his possessions across -Fundy Bay to St. John River. - -Then the Englishmen, under the Kirke brothers, capture Quebec. As luck -or ill luck will have it, among the French captured from the French -ships of the Hundred Associates down at Tadoussac, is Claude de La -Tour, the father of Charles. Claude de La Tour was a Protestant. This -and his courtly manner and his noble birth commended him to the English -court. What had France done for Claude de La Tour? Placed him under -the ban on account of his religion. - -Claude de La Tour promptly became a British subject, received the title -Baronet of Nova Scotia with enormous grants of land on St. John River, -New Brunswick, married an English lady in waiting to the Queen, and -sailed with three men-of-war for Nova Scotia to win over his son -Charles. No writer like Marc Lescarbot was present to describe the -meeting between father and son; but one can guess the stormy -scene,--the war between love of country and love of father, the guns of -the father's vessels pointing at the son's fort, the guns of the son's -fort pointing at the father's vessels. The father's arguments were -strong. What had France done for the La Tours? By siding with England -they would receive safe asylum in case of persecution and enormous -grants of land on St. John River. But the son's arguments were -stronger. The father must know from his English bride--maid in waiting -to the English Queen--that England had no intentions of keeping her -newly captured possessions in Canada, but had already decided to trade -them back to France for a dowry to the English Queen. If Canada were -given back to France, what were English grants in New Brunswick worth? -"If those who sent you think me capable of betraying my country even at -the prayer of my father, they are mightily mistaken," thundered the -young man, ordering his gunners to their places. {64} "I don't -purchase honors by crime! I don't undervalue the offer of England's -King; but the King of France is just as able to reward me! The King of -France has confided the defense of Acadia to me; and I'll defend it to -my last breath." - -Stung by his son's rebuke, the elder La Tour retired to his ship, wrote -one more unavailing appeal, then landed his mariners to rush the fort. -But the rough bush lopers inside the palisades were expert marksmen. -Their raking cross fire kept the English at a distance, and the father -could neither drive nor coax his men to the sticking point of courage -to scale palisades in such an unnatural war. Claude de La Tour was now -in an unenviable plight. He dare not go back to France a traitor. He -could not go back to England, having failed to win the day. The son -built him a dwelling outside the fort; and there this famous courtier -of two great nations, with his noble wife, retired to pass the end of -his days in a wildwood wilderness far enough from the gaudy tinsel of -courts. The fate of both husband and wife is unknown. - -[Illustration: MAP SHOWING LA TOUR'S POSSESSIONS IN ACADIA] - - -Charles de La Tour's predictions were soon verified. The Treaty of -St.-Germain-en-Laye, in 1632, gave back all Canada to France; and the -young man's loyalty was rewarded by the French King confirming the -father's English patent to the lands of St. John River, New Brunswick. -Perhaps he expected more. He certainly wanted to be governor of -Acadia, and may have looked for fresh title to Port Royal, which -Biencourt had deeded {65} to him. His ambition was embittered. -Cardinal Richelieu of the Hundred Associates had his own favorites to -look after. Acadia is divided into three provinces. Over all as -governor is Isaac Razilli, chief of the Hundred Associates. La Tour -holds St. John. One St. Denys is given Cape Breton; and Port Royal, -the best province of all, falls to Sieur d'Aulnay de Charnisay, friend -and relative of Richelieu; and when Razilli dies in 1635, Charnisay, -with his strong influence at court, easily secures the dead man's -patents with all land grants attached. Charnisay becomes governor of -Acadia. - -For a second time La Tour is thwarted. Things are turning out as his -father had foretold. Who began the border warfare matters little. -Whether Charnisay as lord of all Acadia first ordered La Tour to -surrender St. John, or La Tour, holding his grant from Biencourt to -Port Royal, ordered Charnisay to give up Annapolis Basin, war had -begun,--such border warfare as has its parallel only in the raids of -rival barons in the Middle Ages. Did La Tour's vessels laden with furs -slip out from St. John River across Fundy Bay bound for France? There -lay at Cape Sable and Sable Island Charnisay's freebooters, Charnisay's -wreckers, ready to board the ship or lure her a wreck on Sable Island -reefs by false lights. It is unsafe to accept as facts the charges and -countercharges made by these two enemies; but from independent sources -it seems fairly certain that Charnisay, unknown to Cardinal Richelieu, -was a bit of a freebooter and wrecker; for his men made a regular -business of waylaying English ships from Boston, Dutch ships from New -York, as they passed Sable Island; and Charnisay's name became -cordially hated by the Protestant colonies of New England. La Tour, -being Huguenot, could count on firm friends in Boston. - -Countless legends cling to Fundy Bay of the forays between these two. -In 1640 La Tour and his wife, cruising past Annapolis Basin in their -fur ships, rashly entered and attacked Port Royal. Their ship was run -aground by Charnisay's vessels and captured; but the friars persuaded -the victor to set La Tour and his wife free, pending an appeal to -France. France, of {66} course, decided in favor of Charnisay, who was -of royal blood, a relative of Richelieu's, in high favor with the -court. La Tour's patent was revoked and he was ordered to surrender -his fort on the St. John. - -[Illustration: CARDINAL RICHELIEU] - -In answer, La Tour loaded his cannon, locked the fort gates, and bade -defiance to Charnisay. Charnisay sails across Fundy Bay in June, 1643, -with a fleet of four vessels and five hundred men to bombard the fort. -La Tour was without provisions, though his store ship from France lay -in hiding outside, blocked from entering by Charnisay's fleet. Days -passed. Resistance was hopeless. On one side lay the impenetrable -forest; on the other, Charnisay's fleet. On the night of June 12th, La -Tour and his wife slipped from a little sally port in the dark, ran -along the shore, and, evading spies, succeeded in rowing out to the -store ship. Ebb tide carried them far from the four men-of-war -anchored fast in front of the abandoned fort. Then sails out, the -store ship fled for Boston, where La Tour and his wife appealed for aid. - -The Puritans of Boston had qualms of conscience about interfering in -this French quarrel; but they did not forget that Charnisay's wreckers -had stripped their merchant ships come to grief on the reefs of Sable -Island. La Tour gave the Boston merchants a mortgage on all his -belongings at St. John, and in return obtained four vessels, fifty -mariners, ninety-two soldiers, {67} thirty-eight cannon. With this -fleet he swooped down on Fundy Bay in July. Charnisay's vessels lay -before Fort St. John, where the stubborn little garrison still held -out, when La Tour came down on him like an enraged eagle. Charnisay's -fur ships were boarded, scuttled, and sunk, while the commander himself -fled in terror for Port Royal. All sails pressed, La Tour pursued -right into Annapolis Basin, wounding seven of the enemy, killing three, -taking one prisoner. Charnisay's one remaining vessel grounded in the -river. A fight took place near the site of the mill which Poutrincourt -had built long ago, but Charnisay succeeded in gaining the shelter of -Port Royal, where his cannon soon compelled La Tour to fly from -Annapolis Basin. Charnisay found it safer to pass that winter in -France, and La Tour gathered in all the peltry traffic of the bay. - -Early in 1644 Charnisay returned and sent a friar to secure the -neutrality of the New Englanders. All summer negotiations dragged on -between Boston and Port Royal, La Tour meanwhile scouring land and sea -unchecked, packing his fort with peltries. Finally, Charnisay promised -to desist from all fur trade along the coast if the New England -colonies would remain neutral; and the colonies promised not to aid La -Tour. La Tour was now outlawed by the French government, and Charnisay -had actually induced New England to promise not to convey either La -Tour or his wife to or from Bay of Fundy in English boats. - -La Tour chanced to be absent from his fort in 1645. Like a bird of -prey Charnisay swooped on St. John River; but he had not reckoned on -Madame La Tour--Frances Marie Jacqueline. With the courage and agility -of a trained soldier, she commanded her little garrison of fifty and -returned the raider's cannonade with a fury that sent Charnisay limping -back to Port Royal with splintered decks, twenty mangled corpses -jumbled aft, and a dozen men wounded to the death lying in the hold. - -With all the power of France at his back Charnisay had been defeated by -a woman,--the Huguenot wife of an outlaw! He must reduce La Tour or -stand discredited before the world. {68} Furious beyond words, he -hastened to France to prepare an overwhelming armament. - -But Madame La Tour was not idle. She, too, hastened across the -Atlantic to solicit aid in London. One can imagine how Charnisay -gnashed his teeth. Here, at last, was his chance. The Boston vessels -were not to convey the La Tours back to Acadia. Like a hawk Charnisay -cruised the sea for the outcoming ship with its fair passenger; but -Madame La Tour had made a cast-iron agreement with the master of the -sailing vessel to bring her direct to Boston. Instead of this, the -vessel cruised the St. Lawrence, trading with the Indians, and so -delayed the aid coming to La Tour; but when Charnisay's searchers came -on board off Sable Island, Madame La Tour was hidden among the freight -in the hold. For the delay she sued the sailing master in Boston and -obtained a judgment of 2000 pounds; and when he failed to pay, had his -cargo seized and sold, and with the proceeds equipped three vessels to -aid her outlawed husband. So the whole of 1646 passed, each side -girding itself for the final fray. - -April, 1647, spies brought word to Charnisay that La Tour was absent -from his fort. Waiting not a moment, Charnisay hurried ships, -soldiers, cannon across the bay. Inside La Tour's fort was no -confusion. Madame La Tour had ordered every man to his place. Day and -night for three days the siege lasted, Charnisay's men closing in on -the palisades so near they could bandy words with the fighters on the -galleries inside the walls. Among La Tour's fighters were Swiss -mercenaries--men who fight for the highest pay. Did Charnisay in the -language of the day "grease the fist" of the Swiss sentry, or was it a -case of a boorish fellow refusing to fight under a woman's command? -Legend gives both explanations; but on Easter Sunday morning -Charnisay's men gained entrance by scaling the walls where the Swiss -sentry stood. Madame La Tour rushed her men to an inner fort loopholed -with guns. Afraid of a final defeat that would disgrace him before all -the world, Charnisay called up generous terms if she would surrender. -To save the {69} lives of the men Madame La Tour agreed to honorable -surrender, and the doors were opened. In rushed Charnisay! To his -amazement the woman had only a handful of men. Disgusted with himself -and boiling over with revenge for all these years of enmity, Charnisay -forgot his promise and hanged every soul of the garrison but the -traitor who acted as executioner, compelling Madame La Tour to watch -the execution with a halter round her neck amid the jeers of the -soldiery. Legend says that the experience drove her insane and caused -her death within three weeks. Charnisay was now lord of all Acadia, -with 10,000 pounds worth of Madame La Tour's jewelry transferred to -Port Royal and all La Tour's furs safe in the warehouses of Annapolis -Basin; but he did not long enjoy his triumph. He had the reputation of -treating his Indian servants with great brutality. On the 24th of May, -1650, an Indian was rowing him up the narrows near Port Royal. -Charnisay could not swim. Without apparent cause the boat upset. The -Indian swam ashore. The commander perished. Legend again avers that -the Indian upset the boat to be revenged on Charnisay for some -brutality. - -[Illustration: MAP OF ANNAPOLIS BASIN] - -La Tour had been wandering from Newfoundland to Boston and Quebec -seeking aid, but a lost cause has few friends, and if La Tour turned -pirate on Boston boats, he probably thought he was justified in paying -off the score of Boston's bargain with Charnisay. Later he turned -trader with the Indians from Hudson Bay, and found friends in Quebec. -Word of his wrongs reached the French court. When Charnisay perished, -La Tour was at last appointed lieutenant governor of Acadia. Widow -{70} Charnisay, left with eight children, all minors, made what -reparation she could to La Tour by giving back the fort on the St. -John, and La Tour, to wipe out the bitter enmity, married the widow of -his enemy in February of 1653. - -But this was not the seal of peace on his troubled life. Cromwell was -now ascendant in England, and Major Sedgwick of Boston, in 1654, with a -powerful fleet, captured Port Royal and St. John. Weary of fighting -what seemed to be destiny, La Tour became a British subject, and with -two other Englishmen was granted the whole of Acadia. Ten years later -his English partners bought out his rights, and La Tour died in the -land of his many trials about 1666. A year later the Treaty of Breda -restored Acadia to France. - - - - -{71} - -CHAPTER V - -FROM 1635 TO 1650 - -Mystics come to Canada--A city built of dreams--First night at -Montreal--Maisonneuve fights raiders--Le Jeune joins the -hunters--Brebeuf goes to Lake Huron--Life at the Huron mission--The -scourge of the Iroquois--The fight at St. Louis--Rageneau's converts -resist--Flight of the Hurons - - -While Charles de La Tour and Charnisay scoured the Bay of Fundy in -border warfare like buccaneers of the Spanish Main, what was Quebec -doing? - -The Hundred Associates were to colonize the country; but fur trading -and farming never go together. One means the end of the other; and the -Hundred Associates shifted the obligation of settling the country by -granting vast estates called seigniories along the St. Lawrence and -leaving to these new lords of the soil the duty of bringing out -habitants. Later they deeded over for an annual rental of beaver skins -the entire fur monopoly to the Habitant Company, made up of the leading -people of New France. So ended all the fine promises of four thousand -colonists. - -Years ago Pontgrave had learned that the Indians of the Up-Country did -not care to come down the St. Lawrence farther than Lake St. Peter's, -where Iroquois foe lay in ambush; and the year before Champlain died a -double expedition had set out from Quebec in July: one to build a fort -north of Lake St. Peter's at the entrance to the river with three -mouths,--in other words, to found Three Rivers; the other, under Father -Brebeuf, the Jesuit, and Jean Nicolet, the wood runner, to establish a -mission in the country of the Hurons and to explore the Great Lakes. - -In fact, it must never be forgotten that Champlain's ambitions in -laying the foundations of a new nation aimed just as much to establish -a kingdom of heaven on earth as to win a new kingdom for France. -Always, in the minds of the fathers of New France, Church was to be -first; State, second. When Charles de Montmagny, Knight of Malta, -landed in Quebec one June morning in 1636, to succeed Champlain as -governor of New France, he noticed a crucifix planted by the path side -where {72} viceroy and officers clambered up the steep hill to Castle -St. Louis. Instantly Montmagny fell to his knees before the cross in -silent adoration, and his example was followed by all the gay train of -beplumed officers. The Jesuits regarded the episode as a splendid omen -for New France, and set their chapel organ rolling a _Te Deum_ of -praise, while Governor and retinue filed before the altars with bared -heads. - -It was in the same spirit that Montreal was founded. - - -The Jesuits' letters on the Canadian missions were now being read in -France. Religious orders were on fire with missionary ardor. The -Canadian missions became the fashion of the court. Ladies of noble -blood asked no greater privilege than to contribute their fortunes for -missions in Canada. Nuns lay prostrate before altars praying night and -day for the advancement of the heavenly kingdom on the St. Lawrence. -The Jesuits had begun their college in Quebec. The very year that -Champlain had first come to the St. Lawrence there had been born in -Normandy, of noble parentage, a little girl who became a passionate -devotee of Canadian missions. To divert her mind from the calling of a -nun, her father had thrown her into a whirl of gayety from which she -emerged married; but her husband died in a few years, and Madame de la -Peltrie, left a widow at twenty-two, turned again heart and soul to the -scheme of endowing a Canadian mission. Again her father tried to -divert her mind, threatening to cut off her fortune if she did not -marry. An engagement to a young noble, who was as keen a devotee as -herself, quieted her father and averted the loss of her fortune. On -the death of her father the formal union was dissolved, and Madame de -la Peltrie proceeded to the Ursuline Convent of Tours, where the -Jesuits had already chosen a mother superior for the new institution to -be founded at Quebec--Marie of the Incarnation, a woman of some fifty -years, a widow like Madame de la Peltrie, and, like Madame de la -Peltrie, a mystic dreamer of celestial visions and divine communings -and heroic sacrifices. How much of truth, how much of self-delusion, -{73} lay in these dreams of heavenly revelation is not for the outsider -to say. It is as impossible for the practical mind to pronounce -judgment on the mystic as for the mystic to pronounce sentence on the -scientist. Both have their truths, both have their errors; and by -their fruits are they known. - -[Illustration: MADAME DE LA PELTRIE (After a picture in the Ursuline -Convent, Quebec)] - -May 4th, 1639, Madame de la Peltrie and Marie of the Incarnation -embarked from Dieppe for Canada. In the ship were also another -Ursuline nun, three hospital sisters to found the Hotel Dieu at Quebec, -Father Vimont, superior of Quebec Jesuits, and two other priests. The -boat was like a chapel. Ship's bell tolled services. Morning prayer -and evensong were chanted from the decks, and the pilgrims firmly -believed that their vows allayed a storm. July 1st they were among the -rocking dories of the Newfoundland fishermen, and then on the 15th the -little sailboat washed and rolled to anchor inshore among the fur -traders under the heights of Tadoussac. - -At sight of the somber Saguenay, the silver-flooded St. Lawrence, the -frowning mountains, the far purple hills, the primeval forests through -which the wind rushed with the sound of the sea, the fishing craft -dancing on the tide like cockle boats, the grizzled fur traders bronzed -as the crinkled oak forests where they passed their lives, the tawny, -naked savages agape at these white-skinned women come from afar, the -hearts of the {74} housed-up nuns swelled with emotions strange and -sweet,--the emotions of a new life in a new world. And when they -scrambled over the rope coils aboard a fishing schooner to go on up to -Quebec, and heard the deep-voiced shoutings of the men, and witnessed -the toilers of the deep fighting wind and wave for the harvest of the -sea, did it dawn on the fair sisterhood that God must have workers -_out_ in the strife of the world, as well as workers _shut up_ from the -world inside convent walls? Who knows? . . . Who knows? At -Tadoussac, that morning, to both Madame de la Peltrie and Marie of the -Incarnation it must have seemed as if their visions had become real. -And then the cannon of Quebec began to thunder till the echoes rolled -from hill to hill and shook--as the mystics thought--the very -strongholds of hell. Tears streamed down their cheeks at such welcome. -The whole Quebec populace had rallied to the water front, and there -stood Governor Montmagny in velvet cloak with sword at belt waving hat -in welcome. Soldiers and priests cheered till the ramparts rang. As -the nuns put foot to earth once more they fell on their knees and -kissed the soil of Canada. August 1st was fete day in Quebec. The -chapel chimes rang . . . and rang again their gladness. The organ -rolled out its floods of soul-shattering music, and deep-throated chant -of priests invoked God's blessing on the coming of the women to the -mission. So began the Ursuline Convent of Quebec and the Hotel Dieu of -the hospital sisters; but Montreal was still a howling wilderness -untenanted by man save in midsummer, when the fur traders came to -Champlain's factory and the canoes of the Indians from the Up-Country -danced down the swirling rapids like sea birds on waves. - - -The letters from the Jesuit missions touched more hearts than those of -the mystic nuns. - -In Anjou dwelt a receiver of taxes--Jerome le Royer de la Dauversiere, -a stout, practical, God-fearing man with a family, about as far removed -in temperament from the founders of the Ursulines as a character could -well be. Yet he, too, had mystic {75} dreams and heard voices bidding -him found a mission in the tenantless wilderness of Montreal. To the -practical man the thing seems sheer moon-stark madness. If Dauversiere -had lived in modern days he would have been committed to an asylum. -Here was a man with a family, without a fortune, commanded by what he -thought was the voice of Heaven to found a hospital in a wilderness -where there were no people. Also in Paris dwelt a young priest, Jean -Jacques Olier, who heard the self-same voices uttering the self-same -command. These two men were unknown to each other; yet when they met -by chance in the picture gallery of an old castle, there fell from -their eyes, as it were, scales, and they beheld as in a vision each the -other's soul, and recognized in each fellow-helper and comrade of the -spirit. To all this the practical man cries out "Bosh"! Yet Montreal -is no bosh, but a stately city, and it sprang from the dreams--"fool -dreams," enemies would call them--of these two men, the Sulpician -priest and the Anjou tax collector. - -Hour after hour, arm in arm, they walked and talked, the man of prayers -and the man of taxes. People or no people at Montreal, money or no -money, they decided that the inner voice must be obeyed. A Montreal -Society was formed. Six friends joined. What would be equal to -$75,000 was collected. There were to be no profits on this capital. -It was all to be invested to the glory of the Kingdom of Heaven. -Unselfish if you like, foolish they may have been, but not hypocrites. - -First of all, they must become Seigneurs of Montreal; but the island of -Montreal had already been granted by the Hundred Associates to one -Lauson. To render the title doubly secure, Dauversiere and Olier -obtained deeds to the island from Lauson and from the Hundred -Associates. - -Forty-five colonists, part soldiers, part devotees, were then gained as -volunteers; but a veritable soldier of Heaven was desired as commander. -Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve, was noted for his heroism in -war and zeal in religion. When other officers returned from battle for -wild revels, Maisonneuve withdrew to play the flute or pass hours in -religious {76} contemplation. His name occurred to both Dauversiere -and Olier as fittest for command; but to make doubly sure, they took -lodgings near him, studied his disposition, and then casually told him -of their plans and asked his cooeperation. Maisonneuve was in the prime -of life, on the way to high service in the army. His zeal took fire at -thought of founding a Kingdom of God at Montreal; but his father -furiously opposed what must have seemed a mad scheme. Maisonneuve's -answer was the famous promise of Christ: "No man hath left house or -brethren or sister for my sake but he shall receive a hundredfold." - -Maisonneuve was warned there would be no earthly reward--no pay--for -his arduous task; but he answered, "I devote my life and future; and I -expect no recompense." - -Mademoiselle Jeanne Mance, thirty-four years old, who had given herself -to good works from childhood, though she had not yet joined the -cloister, now felt the call to labor in the wilderness. Later, in -1653, came Marguerite Bourgeoys to the little colony beneath the -mountain. She too, like Jeanne Mance, distrusted dreams and visions -and mystic communings, cherishing a religion of good works rather than -introspection of the soul. Dauversiere and Olier remained in France. -Fortunately for Montreal, practical Christians, fighting soldiers of -the cross, carried the heavenly standard to the wilderness. - -It was too late to ascend the St. Lawrence when the ship brought the -crusaders to Quebec in August, 1641; and difficulties harried them from -the outset. Was Montmagny, the Governor, jealous of Maisonneuve; or -did he simply realize the fearful dangers Maisonneuve's people would -run going beyond the protection of Quebec? At all events, he -disapproved this building of a second colony at Montreal, when the -first colony at Quebec could barely gain subsistence. He offered them -the Island of Orleans in exchange for the Island of Montreal, and -warned them of Iroquois raid. - -"I have not come to argue," answered Maisonneuve, "but to act. It is -my duty to found a colony at Montreal, and thither I go though every -tree be an Iroquois." - -{77} Maisonneuve passed the winter building boats to ascend the St. -Lawrence next spring; and Madame de la Peltrie, having established the -Ursulines at Quebec, now cast in her lot with the Montrealers for two -years. - -May 8, 1642, the little flotilla set out from Quebec--a pinnace with -the passengers, a barge with provisions, two long boats propelled by -oars and a sweep. Montmagny and Father Vimont accompanied the -crusaders; and as the boats came within sight of the wooded mountain on -May 17, hymns of praise rose from the pilgrims that must have mingled -strangely on Indian ears with the roar of the angry rapids. One can -easily call up the scene--the mountain, misty with the gathering -shadows of sunset, misty as a veiled bride with the color and bloom of -spring; the boats, moored for the night below St. Helen's Island, where -the sun, blazing behind the half-foliaged trees, paints a path of fire -on the river; the white bark wigwams along shore with the red gleam of -camp fire here and there through the forest; the wilderness world -bathed in a peace as of heaven, as the vesper hymn floats over the -evening air! It is a scene that will never again be enacted in the -history of the world--dreamers dreaming greatly, building a castle of -dreams, a fortress of holiness in the very center of wilderness -barbarity and cruelty unspeakable. The multitudinous voices of traffic -shriek where the crusaders' hymn rose that May night. A great city has -risen on the foundations which these dreamers laid. Let us not scoff -too loudly at their mystic visions and religious rhapsodies! Another -generation may scoff at our too-much-worldliness, with our dreamless -grind and visionless toil and harder creeds that reject everything -which cannot be computed in the terms of traffic's dollar! Well for us -if the fruit of our creeds remain to attest as much worth as the deeds -of these crusaders! - - -Early next morning the boats pulled in ashore where Cartier had landed -one hundred years before and Champlain had built his factory thirty -years ago. Maisonneuve was first to spring on land. He dropped to his -knees in prayer. The others as {78} they landed did likewise. Their -hymns floated out on the forest. Madame de la Peltrie, Jeanne Mance, -and the servant, Charlotte Barre, quickly decorated a wildwood altar -with evergreens. Then, with Montmagny the Governor, and Maisonneuve -the soldier, standing on either side, Madame de la Peltrie and Jeanne -Mance and Charlotte Barre, bowed in reverence, with soldiers and -sailors standing at rest unhooded, Father Vimont held the first -religious services at Mont Royal. "You are a grain of mustard seed," -he said, "and you shall grow till your branches overshadow the earth." - -Maisonneuve cut the first tree for the fort; and a hundred legends -might be told of the little colony's pioneer trials. Once a flood -threatened the existence of the fort. A cross was erected to stay the -waters and a vow made if Heaven would save the fort a cross should be -carried and placed on the summit of the mountain. The river abated, -and Maisonneuve climbed the steep mountain, staggering under the weight -of an enormous cross, and planted it at the highest point. Here, in -the presence of all, mass was held, and it became a regular pilgrimage -from the fort up the mountain to the cross. - -In 1743 came Louis d'Ailleboust and his wife, both zealously bound by -the same vows as devotees, bringing word of more funds for Ville Marie, -as Montreal was called. Montmagny's warning of Iroquois proved all too -true. Within a year, in June, 1743, six workmen were beset in the -fields, only one escaping. Because his mission was to convert the -Indians, Maisonneuve had been ever reluctant to meet the Iroquois in -open war, preferring to retreat within the fort when the dog Pilot and -her litter barked loud warning that Indians were hiding in the woods. -Any one who knows the Indian character will realize how clemency would -be mistaken for cowardice. Even Maisonneuve's soldiers began to doubt -him. - -"My lord, my lord," they urged, "are the enemy never to get a sight of -you? Are we never to face the foe?" - -Maisonneuve's answer was in March, 1644, when ambushed hostiles were -detected stealing on the fort. - -{79} "Follow me," he ordered thirty men, leaving D'Ailleboust in -command of the fort. - -Near the place now known as Place d'Armes the little band was greeted -by the eldritch scream of eighty painted Iroquois. Shots fell thick -and fast. The Iroquois dashed to rescue their wounded, and a young -chief, recognizing Maisonneuve as the leader of the white men, made a -rush for the honor of capturing the French commander alive. -Maisonneuve had put himself between his retreating men and the -advancing warriors. Firing, he would retreat a pace, then fire again, -keeping his face to the foe. His men succeeded in rushing up the -hillock, then made for the gates in a wild stampede. Maisonneuve was -backing away, a pistol in each hand. The Iroquois circled from tree to -tree, near and nearer, and like a wildwood creature of prey was -watching his chance to spring, when the Frenchman fired. The pistol -missed. Dodging, the Indian leaped. Maisonneuve discharged the other -pistol. The Iroquois fell dead, and while warriors rescued the body, -Maisonneuve gained the fort gates. This was only one of countless -frays when the dog Pilot with her puppies sounded the alarm of prowlers -in the woods. - - -What were the letters, what the adventures described by the Jesuits, -that aroused such zeal and inspired such heroism? It would require -many volumes to record the adventures of the Jesuits in Canada, and a -long list to include all their heroes martyred for the faith. Only a -few of the most prominent episodes in the Jesuits' adventures can be -given here. - -When Pierre le Jeune reached Quebec after the victory of the Kirke -brothers, he found only the charred remains of a mission on the old -site of Cartier's winter quarters down on the St. Charles. Of houses, -only the gray-stone cottage of Madame Hebert had been left standing. -Here Le Jeune was welcomed and housed till the little mission could be -rebuilt. At first it consisted of only mud-plastered log cabins, -thatch-roofed, divided into four rooms, with garret and cellar. One -room decorated with saints' images and pictures served as chapel; -another, as {80} kitchen; a third, as lodgings; the fourth, as -refectory. In this humble abode six Jesuit priests and two lay -brothers passed the winter after the war. The roof leaked like a -sieve. The snow piled high almost as the top of the door. Le Jeune's -first care was to obtain pupils. These consisted of an Indian boy and -a negro lad left by the English. Meals of porridge given free -attracted more Indian pupils; but Le Jeune's greatest difficulty was to -learn the Indian language. Hearing that a renegade Indian named -Pierre, who had served the French as interpreter, lodged with some -Algonquins camped below Cape Diamond, Le Jeune tramped up the river -bank, along what is now the Lower Road, where he found the Indians -wigwamming, and by the bribe of free food obtained Pierre. Pierre was -at best a tricky scoundrel, who considered it a joke to give Le Jeune -the wrong word for some religious precept, gorged himself on the -missionaries' food, stole their communion wine, and ran off at Lent to -escape fasting. - -[Illustration: PIERRE LE JEUNE] - -When Champlain returned to receive Quebec back from the English, more -priests joined the Jesuits' mission. Among them was the lion-hearted -giant, Brebeuf. - -If Champlain's bush lopers could join bands of wandering Indians for -the extension of French dominion, surely the Jesuits could dare as -perilous a life "for the greater glory of God,"--as their vows declared. - -{81} Le Jeune joined a band of wandering Montaignais, Pierre, the -rascal, tapping the keg of sacramental wine the first night out, and -turning the whole camp into a drunken bedlam, till his own brother -sobered him with a kettle of hot water flung full in the face. That -night the priest slept apart from the camp in the woods. By the time -the hunters reached the forest borderland between Quebec and New -Brunswick, their number had increased to forty-five. By Christmas time -game is usually dormant, still living on the stores of the fall and not -yet driven afield by spring hunger. In camp was no food. The hunters -halted the march, and came in Christmas Eve of 1633 with not so much as -a pound of flesh for nearly fifty people. From the first the Indian -medicine man had heaped ridicule on the white priest, and Pierre had -refused to interpret as much as a single prayer; but now the whole camp -was starving. Pierre happened to tell the other Indians that Christmas -was the day on which the white man's God had come to earth. In vain -the medicine man had pounded his tom-tom and shouted at the Indian gods -from the top of the wigwams and offered sacrifice of animals to be -slain. No game had come as the result of the medicine man's invocation. - -Le Jeune gathered the people about him and through Pierre, the -interpreter, bade them try the white man's God. In the largest of the -wigwams a little altar was fitted up. Then the Indians repeated this -prayer after Le Jeune: - -Jesus, Son of the Almighty . . . who died for us . . . who promised -that if we ask anything in Thy name, Thou wilt do it--I pray Thee with -all my heart, give food to these people . . . this people promises Thee -faithfully they will trust Thee entirely and obey Thee with all their -heart! My Lord, hear my prayer! I present Thee my life for this -people, most willing to die that they may live and know Thee. - - -"Take that back," grunted the chief. "We love you! We don't want you -to die." - -"I only want to show that I am your friend," answered the priest. - -Le Jeune then commanded them to go forth to the hunt, full of faith -that God would give them food. - -{82} But alas for the poor father's hopes and the childlike Indian vow! -True, they found abundance of food,--a beaver dam full of beaver, a -moose, a porcupine taken by the Indian medicine man. Father Le Jeune, -with radiant face, met the hunters returning laden with game. - -"We must thank your God for this," said the Indian chief, throwing down -his load. - -"Bah," says Pierre, "you 'd have found it anyway." - -"This is not the time to talk," sneered the medicine man. "Let the -hungry people eat." - -And by the time the Indians had gorged themselves with ample measure -for their long fast, they were torpid with sleep. The sad priest was -fain to wander out under the stars. There, in the snow-padded silences -of the white-limned forest, far from the joyous peal of Christmas -bells, he knelt alone and worshiped God. - -For five months he wandered with the Montaignais, and now in April the -hunters turned toward Quebec with their furs. At three in the morning -Le Jeune knocked on the door of the mission house at Quebec, and was -welcomed home by the priests. The pilgrimage had taught him what the -Jesuits have always held--the way to power with a people is through the -education of the children. "Give me a child for the first seven years -of its life," said a famous educator, "and I care not what you do with -him the rest of his years." Missions and schools must be established -among the tribes of Hurons and Iroquois. - - -Consequently, when Champlain sent his soldiers in 1634 to build a fort -at Three Rivers, they were accompanied by three Jesuits, chief of whom -was Jean de Brebeuf, lion-hearted, bound for the land of the Hurons. -The chapel bells of Quebec rang and rang again in honor of the new -Jesuit mission--morning, noon, and night they chimed in airy music, -calling men's thoughts to God, just as you may hear the chimes to-day; -and the ramparts below Quebec thundered and reechoed with salvos of -cannon when the missionaries set out for Three Rivers. - -{83} At Three Rivers waited the Indians of the Up-Country. The Jesuits -embarked with them for the land of the Hurons. The priests traveled -barefoot to avoid injuring the frail bark of the canoes. Barely had -farewell cheers faded on the river, when the canoes spread apart. With -pieces of buckskin hoisted on fishing rods for sail, and a flipping of -paddles as naked, bronzed arms set the pace, the voyage had begun. -Heroism is easy with chapel bells ringing; it is another matter, -barefoot and with sleeves rolled up. - -It was the same trail that Champlain had followed up the Ottawa. Only -Champlain was assured of good treatment, for he had promised to fight -in the Indian wars; but the Jesuits were dependent on the caprice of -their conductors. Any one, who, from experience in the wilds, has -learned how the term "tenderfoot" came to be applied, will realize the -hardships endured--and endured without self-pity--by these scholarly -men of immured life. The rocks of the portage cut their naked feet. -The Indians refused to carry their packs overland and flung bundles of -clothing and food into the water. In fair weather the voyageurs slept -on the sand under the overturned canoes; in rain a wigwam was raised, -and into the close confines of this tent crowded men, women, and -children, for the most part naked, and with less idea of decency than a -domestic dog. Each night, as the boats were beached, the priests -wandered off into the woods to hold their prayers in privacy. Soon the -canoes were so far apart the different boats did not camp together, and -the white men were scattered alone among the savages. Robberies -increased till, when Brebeuf reached Georgian Bay, thirty days from -leaving Three Rivers, he had little left but the bundles he had carried -for himself. - -Brebeuf had been to the Huron country before with Etienne Brule, -Champlain's pathfinder; but of the first mission no record exists. -Brebeuf found that Brule had been murdered near the modern Penetang; -and the Indians had scarcely brought the priest's canoe ashore, when -they bolted through the woods, leaving him to follow as best he could. - -{84} Take a map of modern Ontario. Draw a circle round Georgian Bay, -running from Muskoka through Lake Simcoe and up into Manitoulin Island. -Here, on the very stamping ground of the summer tourist, was the scene -of the Jesuits' Huron mission. - -[Illustration: GEORGIAN BAY] - -When Brebeuf's tall frame emerged from the woods, the whole village of -Ihonateria dashed out to welcome him, shouting, "He has come! He has -come again! Behold, the Black Robe has come again!" Young braves -willingly ran back through the forest for the baggage, which the -voyageurs had thrown aside; and at one o'clock in the morning, as the -messengers came through the moonlit forest, Brebeuf took up his abode -in the house of the leading chief. Later came Fathers Davost and -Daniel. By October the Indians had built the missionaries their -wigwam, a bark-covered house of logs, thirty-six feet long, divided -into three rooms, reception room, living quarters, church. In the -entrance hall assembled the Indians, squatting on the floor, gazing in -astonishment at the religious pictures on the wall, and, above all, at -the clock. - -{85} "What does he say?" they would ask, listening solemnly to the -ticking. - -"He says 'Hang on the kettle,'" Brebeuf would answer as the clock -struck twelve, and the whole conclave would be given a simple meal of -corn porridge; but at four the clock sang a different song. - -"It says 'Get up and go home,'" Brebeuf would explain, and the Indians -would file out, knowing well that the Black Robes were to engage in -prayer. - -No holiday in the wildwoods was the Jesuit mission. Chapel bell called -to service at four in the morning. Eight was the breakfast hour. The -morning was passed teaching, preaching, visiting. At two o'clock was -dinner, when a chapter of the Bible was read. After four the Indians -were dismissed, and the missionaries met to compare notes and plan the -next day's campaign. - -By 1645, five mission houses had been established, with Ste. Marie on -the Wye, east of Midland, as the central house. Near Lake Simcoe were -two missions,--St. Jean Ba'tiste and St. Joseph; near Penetang, St. -Louis, and St. Ignace. Westward of Ste. Marie on the Wye were half a -dozen irregular missions among the Tobacco Indians. Each of the five -regular missions boasted palisaded inclosures, a chapel of log slabs -with bell and spire, though the latter might be only a high wooden -cross. At Ste. Marie, the central station, were lodgings for sixty -people, a hospital, kitchen garden, with cattle, pigs, and poultry. At -various times soldiers had been sent up by the Quebec governors, till -some thirty or forty were housed at Ste. Marie. In all were eighteen -priests, four lay brothers, seven white servants, and twenty-three -volunteers, unpaid helpers--donnes, they were called, young men -ardently religious, learning woodlore and the Indian language among the -Jesuits, as well as exploring whenever it was possible for them to -accompany the Indians. Among the volunteers was one Chouart -Groseillers, who, if he did not accompany Father Jogues on a preaching -tour to the tribes of Lake Superior, had at least gone as far as the -Sault and learned of the vast unexplored world beyond Lake Superior. -{86} Food, as always, played a large part in winning the soul of the -redskin. On church fete days as many as three thousand people were fed -and lodged at Ste. Marie. That the priests suffered many trials among -the unreasonable savages need not be told. When it rained too heavily -they were accused of ruining the crops by praying for too much rain; -when there was drouth they were blamed for not arranging this matter -with their God; and when the scourge of smallpox raged through the -Huron villages, devastating the wigwams so that the timber wolves -wandered unmolested among the dead, it was easy for the humpback -sorcerer to ascribe the pestilence also to the influence of the Black -Robes. Once their houses were set on fire. Again and again their -lives were threatened. Often after tramping twenty miles through the -sleet-soaked, snow-drifted spring forests, arriving at an Indian -village foredone and exhausted, the Jesuit was met with no better -welcome than a wigwam flap closed against his entrance, or a rabble of -impish children hooting and jeering him as he sought shelter from house -to house. - -But an influence was at work on the borders of the St. Lawrence that -yearly rendered the Hurons more tractable. From raiding the -settlements of the St. Lawrence, the Iroquois were sweeping in a -scourge more deadly than smallpox up the Ottawa to the very forests of -Georgian Bay. The Hurons no longer dared to go down to Quebec in -swarming canoes. Only a few picked warriors--perhaps two hundred and -fifty--would venture so near the Iroquois fighting ground. - -One winter night, as the priests sat round their hearth fire watching -the mournful shadows cast by the blazing logs on the rude walls, -Brebeuf, the soldier, lion-hearted, the fearless, told in a low, dreamy -voice of a vision that had come,--the vision of a huge fiery cross -rising slowly out of the forest and moving across the face of the sky -towards the Huron country. It seemed to come from the land of the -Iroquois. Was the priest's vision a dream, or his own intuition deeper -than reason, assuming dire form, portending a universal fear? Who can -tell? I can but repeat the story as it is told in their annals. - -{87} "How large was the cross?" asked the other priests. Brebeuf gazes -long in the fire. - -"Large enough to crucify us all," he answers. - - -And, as he had dreamed, fell the blow. - -St. Joseph, of the Lake Simcoe region, was situated a day's travel from -the main fortified mission of Ste. Marie. Round it were some two -thousand Hurons to whom Father Daniel ministered. Father Daniel was -just closing the morning services on July the 4th, 1648. His tawny -people were on their knees repeating the responses of the service, when -from the forest, humming with insect and bird life, arose a sound that -was neither wind nor running water--confused, increasing, nearing! -Then a shriek broke within the fort palisades,--"The enemy! the -Iroquois!" and the courtyard was in an uproar indescribable. Painted -redskins, naked but for the breech clout, were dashing across the -cornfields to scale the palisades or force the hastily slammed gates. -Father Daniel rushed from church to wigwams rallying the Huron -warriors, while the women and children, the aged and the feeble, ran a -terrified rabble to the shelter of the chapel. Before the Hurons could -man the walls, Iroquois hatchets had hacked holes of entrance in the -palisades. The fort was rushed by a bloodthirsty horde making the air -hideous with fiendish screams. - -"Fly! Save yourselves!" shouted the priest. "I stay here! We shall -this day meet in Heaven!" - -In the volley and counter volley of ball and arrow, Father Daniel -reeled on his face, shot in the heart. In a trice his body was cut to -pieces, and the Iroquois were bathing their hands in his warm -lifeblood. A moment later the village was in roaring flames, and on -the burning pile were flung the fragments of the priest's body. The -victors set out on the homeward tramp with a line of more than six -hundred prisoners, the majority, women and children, to be brained if -their strength failed on the march, to be tortured in the Iroquois -towns if they survived the abuse on the way. - -{88} Next westward from the Lake Simcoe missions were St. Ignace with -four hundred people and St. Louis with seven hundred, near the modern -Penetang and within short distance of the Jesuits' strong headquarters -on the River Wye. At these two missions labored Brebeuf, the giant, -and a fragile priest named Lalemant. - -Encouraged by the total destruction of St. Joseph, the Iroquois that -very fall took the warpath with more than one thousand braves. -Ascending the Ottawa leisurely, they had passed the winter hunting and -cutting off any stray wanderers found in the forest. - -The Hurons knew the doom that was slowly approaching. Yet they -remained passive, stunned, terrified by the blow at St. Joseph. It was -spring of 1649 before the warriors reached Georgian Bay. March winds -had cleared the trail of snowdrifts, but the forests were still -leafless. St. Ignace mission lay between Lake Simcoe and St. Louis. -Approaching it one windy March night, the Iroquois had cut holes -through the palisades before dawn and burst inside the walls with the -yells and gyrations of some hideous hell dance. Here a warrior -simulated the howl of the wolf. There another approached in the -crouching leaps of a panther, all the while uttering the yelps and -screams of a beast of prey lashed to fury. The poor Hurons were easy -victims. Nearly all their braves happened to be absent hunting, and -the four hundred women and children, rushing from the long houses half -dazed with sleep, fell without realizing their fate, or found -themselves herded in the chapel like cattle at the shambles, Iroquois -guards at every window and door. - -Luckily three Hurons escaped over the palisades and rushed breathless -through the forest to forewarn Brebeuf and Lalemant cooped up in St. -Louis. The Iroquois came on behind like a wolf pack. - -"Escape! Escape! Run to the woods, Black Robes! There is yet time," -the Indian converts urged Brebeuf; but the lion-hearted stood -steadfast, though Lalemant, new to scenes of carnage, turned white and -trembled in spite of his resolution. - -{89} "Who would protect the women if the men fled like deer to the -woods?" demanded Brebeuf, and the tigerish yells of the on-rushing -horde answered the question. - -[Illustration: BREBEUF] - -Before day dawn had tipped the branches of the leafless trees with -shafted sunlight, the enemy were hacking furiously at the palisades. -Trapped and cornered, the most timid of animals will fight. With such -fury, reckless from desperation, cherishing no hope, the Hurons now -fought, but they were handicapped by lack of guns and balls. Thirty -Iroquois had been slain, a hundred wounded, and the assailants drew off -for breath. It was only the lull between two thunderclaps. A moment -later they were on St. Louis' walls and had hacked through a dozen -places. At these spots the fiercest fighting occurred, and those -Iroquois who had not already bathed their faces in the gore of victims -at St. Ignace were soon enough dyed in their own blood. Here, there, -everywhere, were Brebeuf and Lalemant, fighting, administering last -rites, exhorting the Hurons to perish valiantly. Then the rolling -clouds of flame and smoke told the Hurons that their village was on -fire. Some dashed back to die inside the burning wigwams. Others -fought desperately to escape through the broken walls. A few, in the -confusion and smoke, succeeded in reaching the woods, whence they ran -to warn Ste. Marie on the Wye. Brebeuf and Lalemant had been knocked -down, stripped, bound, and were now {90} half driven, half dragged, -with the other captives to be tortured at Ignace. Not a sign of fear -did either priest betray. - -One would fain pass over the next pages of the Jesuit records. It is -inconceivable how human nature, even savage nature, so often stoops -beneath the most repellent cruelties of the brute world. It is -inconceivable unless one acknowledge an influence fiendish; but let us -not judge the Indians too harshly. When the Iroquois warriors were -torturing the Hurons and their missionaries, the populace of civilized -European cities was outdoing the savages on victims whose sins were -political. - -While the Jesuits of Ste. Marie were praying all day and night before -the lighted altar for heavenly intervention to rescue Brebeuf and -Lalemant, the two captured priests stood bound to the torture stakes, -the gapingstock of a thousand fiends. When the Iroquois singed Brebeuf -from head to foot with burning birch bark, he threatened them in tones -of thunder with everlasting damnation for persecuting the servants of -God. The Iroquois shrieked with laughter. Such spirit in a man was to -their liking. Then, to stop his voice, they cut away his lips and -rammed a red-hot iron into his mouth. Not once did the giant priest -flinch or writhe at the torture stake. Then they brought out Lalemant, -that Brebeuf might suffer the agony of seeing a weaker spirit flinch. -Poor Lalemant fell at his superior's feet, sobbing out a verse of -Scripture. Then they wreathed Lalemant in oiled bark and set fire to -it. - -"We baptize you," they yelled, throwing hot water on the dying man. -Then they railed out blasphemies, obscenities unspeakable, against the -Jesuits' religion. Brebeuf had not winced, but his frame was relaxing. -He sank to his knees, a dying man. With the yells of devils jealous of -losing their prey, they ripped off his scalp while he was still alive, -tore his heart from his breast, and drank the warm lifeblood of the -priest. Brebeuf died at four in the afternoon. Strange to relate, -Lalemant, of the weaker body, survived the tortures till daybreak, -when, weary of the sport, the Indians desisted from their mad night -orgies and put an end to his sufferings by braining him. - -{91} Over at Ste. Marie, Ragueneau and the other priests momentarily -awaited the attack; but at Ste. Marie were forty French soldiers and -ample supply of muskets. The Iroquois was bravest as the wolf is -bravest--when attacking a lamb. Three hundred Hurons lay in ambush -along the forest trail. These ran from the Iroquois like sheep; but -when three hundred more sallied from the fort, led by the French, it -was the Iroquois' turn to run, and they fled back behind the palisades -of St. Louis. The Hurons followed, entered by the selfsame breaches -the Iroquois had made, and drove the invaders out. More Iroquois -rushed from Ignace to the rescue. A hundred Iroquois fell in the day's -fight, and when they finally recaptured St. Louis, only twenty Hurons -remained of the three hundred. The victory had been bought at too -great cost. Tying their prisoners to stakes at St. Ignace, they heaped -the courtyard with inflammable wood, set fire to all, and retreated, -taking only enough prisoners to carry their plunder. - -[Illustration: REMNANTS OF WALLS OF FORT ST. MARY ON CHRISTIAN ISLAND -IN 1891] - -Ste. Marie for the time was safe. The invaders had gone; but the blow -had crushed forever the prowess of the Huron nation. The remaining -towns had thought for nothing but flight. {92} Town after town was -forsaken and burned in the summer of 1649, the corn harvest left -standing in the fields, while the panic-stricken people put out in -their canoes to take refuge on the islands of Georgian Bay. Ste. Marie -on the Wye alone remained, and the reason for its existence was -vanishing like winter snow before summer sun, for its people fled . . . -fled . . . fled . . . daily fled to the pink granite islands of the -lake. The Hurons begged the Jesuits to accompany them, and there was -nothing else for Ragueneau to do. Ste. Marie was stripped, the stock -slain for food. Then the buildings were set on fire. June 14, just as -the sunset bathed water and sky in seas of gold, the priest led his -homeless people down to the lake as Moses of old led the children of -Israel. Oars and sweeps, Georgian Bay calm as glass, they rafted -slowly out to the Christian Islands,--Faith, Hope, and Charity,--which -tourists can still see from passing steamers, a long wooded line beyond -the white water-fret of the wind-swept reefs. The island known on the -map as Charity, or St. Joseph, was heavily wooded. Here the refugees -found their haven, and the French soldiers cleared the ground {93} for -a stone fort of walled masonry,--the islands offering little else than -stone and timber, though the fishing has not failed to this day. - -[Illustration: MAP OF THE GREAT LAKES Showing the territory of the -Jesuit Huron missions] - -By autumn the walled fort was complete, but some eight thousand -refugees had gathered to the island. Such numbers could not subsist on -Georgian Bay in summer. In winter their presence meant starvation, and -before the spring of 1650 half had perished. Of the survivors, many -had fed on the bodies of the dead. No help had come from Quebec for -almost three years. The clothing of the priests had long since worn to -shreds. Ragueneau and his helpers were now dressed in skins like the -Indians, and reduced to a diet of nuts and smoked fish. - -With warm weather came sickness. And also came bands of raiding -Iroquois striking terror to the Tobacco Indians. Among them, too, -perished Jesuit priests, martyrs to the faith. Did some of the Hurons -venture from the Christian Islands across to the mainland to hunt, they -were beset by scalping parties and came back to the fort with tales -that crazed Ragueneau's Indians with terror. The Hurons decided to -abandon Georgian Bay. Some scattered to Lake Superior, to Green Bay, -to Detroit. Others found refuge on Manitoulin Island. A remnant of a -few hundreds followed Ragueneau and the French down the Ottawa to take -shelter at Quebec. Their descendants may be found to this day at the -mission of Lorette. - -To-day, as tourists drive through Quebec, marveling at the massive -buildings and power and wealth of Catholic orders, do they pause to -consider that the foundation stones of that power were dyed in the -blood of these early martyrs? Or, as the pleasure seekers glide among -the islands of Georgian Bay, do they ever ponder that this fair world -of blue waters and pink granite islands once witnessed the most bloody -tragedy of brute force, triumphant over the blasted hopes of religious -zeal? - - - - -{94} - -CHAPTER VI - -FROM 1650 TO 1672 - -Radisson captured by Iroquois--Radisson escapes--At Onandaga--How the -French were saved--Word of the western land--Westward bound--Dollard's -Heroes--The fight at the Long Sault--To seek the north sea--Discovers -Hudson Bay--Origin of the great fur company - - -Having destroyed the Hurons, who were under French protection, it is -not surprising that the Iroquois now set themselves to destroy the -French. From Montreal to Tadoussac the St. Lawrence swarmed with war -canoes. No sooner had the river ice broken up and the birds begun -winging north than the Iroquois flocked down the current of the -Richelieu, across Lake St. Peter to Three Rivers, down the St. Lawrence -to Quebec, up the St. Lawrence to Montreal. And the snows of midwinter -afforded no truce to the raids, for the Iroquois cached their canoes in -the forest, and roamed the woods on snowshoes. Settlers fled terrified -from their farms to the towns; farmers dared not work in their fields -without a sentry standing guard; Montreal became a prison; Three Rivers -lay blockaded; and at Quebec the war canoes passed defiantly below the -cannon of Cape Diamond, paddles beating defiance against the gun'els, -or prows flaunting the scalps of victims within cannon fire of Castle -St. Louis. Rich and poor, priests and parishioners, governors and -habitants, all alike trembled before the lurking treachery. Father -Jogues had been captured on his way from the Huron mission; Pere Poncet -was likewise kidnapped at Quebec and carried to the tortures of the -Mohawk towns; and a nephew of the Governor of Quebec was a few years -later attacked while hunting near Lake Champlain. - -The outraged people of New France realized that fear was only -increasing the boldness of the Iroquois. A Mohawk-chief fell into -their hands. By way of warning, they bound him to a stake and burned -him to death. The Indian revenge fell swift and sure. In 1653 the -Governor of Three Rivers and twelve leading citizens were murdered a -short distance from the fort gates. {95} One night in May of 1652 a -tall, slim, swarthy lad about sixteen years of age was seen winding his -way home to Three Rivers from a day's shooting in the marshes. He had -set out at day dawn with some friends, but fear of the Iroquois had -driven his comrades back. Now at nightfall, within sight of Three -Rivers, when the sunset glittered from the chapel spire, he unslung his -bag of game and sat down to reload his musket. Then he noticed that -the pistols in his belt had been water-soaked from the day's wading, -and he reloaded them too. - -Any one who is used to life in the open knows how at sundown wild birds -foregather for a last conclave. Ducks were winging in myriads and -settling on the lake with noisy flacker. Unable to resist the -temptation of one last shot, the boy was gliding noiselessly forward -through the rushes, when suddenly he stopped as if rooted to the -ground, with hands thrown up and eyes bulging from his head. At his -feet lay the corpses of his morning comrades,--scalped, stripped, -hacked almost piecemeal! Then the instinct of the hunted thing, of -flight, of self-protection, eclipsed momentary terror, and the boy was -ducking into the rushes to hide when, with a crash of musketry from the -woods, the Iroquois were upon him. - -When he regained consciousness, he was pegged out on the sand amid a -flotilla of beached canoes, where Iroquois warriors were having an -evening meal. So began the captivity, the love of the wilds, the wide -wanderings of one of the most intrepid explorers in New France,--Pierre -Esprit Radisson. - -His youth and the fact that he would make a good warrior were in his -favor. When he was carried back to the Mohawk town and with other -prisoners compelled to run the gauntlet between two lines of -tormentors, Radisson ran so fast and dodged so dexterously that he was -not once hit. The feat was greeted with shrieks of delight by the -Iroquois; and the high-spirited boy was given in adoption to a captive -Huron woman. - -Things would have gone well had he not bungled an attempt to escape; -but one night, while in camp with three Iroquois hunters, an Algonquin -captive entered. While the Iroquois {96} slept with guns stacked -against the trees, the sleepless Algonquin captive rose noiselessly -where he lay by the fire, seized the Mohawk warriors' guns, threw one -tomahawk across to Radisson, and with the other brained two of the -sleepers. The French boy aimed a blow at the third sleeper, and the -two captives escaped. But they might have saved themselves the -trouble. They were pursued and overtaken on Lake St. Peter, within -sight of Three Rivers. This time Radisson had to endure all the -_diableries_ of Mohawk torture. For two days he was kept bound to the -torture stake. The nails were torn from his fingers, the flesh burnt -from the soles of his feet, a hundred other barbarous freaks of impish -Indian children wreaked on the French boy. Arrows with flaming points -were shot at his naked body. His mutilated finger ends were ground -between stones, or thrust into the smoking bowl of a pipe full of -coals, or bitten by fiendish youngsters being trained up the way a -Mohawk warrior should go. - -[Illustration: A CANADIAN IN SNOWSHOES (After La Potherie)] - -Radisson's youth, his courage, his very dare-devil rashness, together -with presents of wampum belts from his Indian parents, {97} saved his -life for a second time, and a year of wild wanderings with Mohawk -warriors finally brought him to Albany on the Hudson, where the Dutch -would have ransomed him as they had ransomed the two Jesuits, Jogues -and Poncet; but the boy disliked to break faith a second time with his -loyal Indian friends. Still, the glimpse of white man's life caused a -terrible upheaval of revulsion from the barbarities, the filth, the -vice, of the Mohawk camp. He could endure Indian life no longer. One -morning, in the fall of 1653, he stole out from the Mohawk lodges, -while the mist of day dawn still shadowed the forest, and broke at a -run down the trail of the Mohawk valley for Albany. All day he ran, -pursued by the phantom fright of his own imagination, fancying -everything that crunched beneath his moccasined tread some Mohawk -warrior, seeing in the branches that reeled as he passed the arms of -pursuers stretched out to stop him;--on . . . and on . . . and on, he -ran, pausing neither to eat nor rest; here dashing into the bed of a -stream and running along the pebbled bottom to throw pursuers off the -trail; there breaking through a thicket of brushwood away from the -trail, only to come back to it breathless farther on, when some alarm -of the wind in the trees or deer on the move had proved false. Only -muscles of iron strength, lithe as elastic, could have endured the -strain. Nightfall at last came, hiding him from pursuers; but still he -sped on at a run, following the trail by the light of the stars and the -rush of the river. By sunrise of the second day he was staggering; for -the rocks were slippery with frost and his moccasins worn to tatters. -It was four in the afternoon before he reached the first outlying cabin -of the Dutch settlers. For three days he lay hidden in Albany behind -sacks of wheat in a thin-boarded attic, through the cracks of which he -could see the Mohawks searching everywhere. The Jesuit Poncet gave him -passage money to take ship to Europe by way of New York. New York was -then a village of a few hundred houses, thatch-roofed, with stone fort, -stone church, stone barracks. Central Park was a rocky wilderness. -What is now Wall Street was the stamping ground of pigs and goats. -January of 1654 Radisson {98} reached Europe, no longer a boy, but a -man inured to danger and hardships and daring, though not yet eighteen. - - -When Radisson came back to Three Rivers in May he found changes had -taken place in New France. Among the men murdered with the Governor of -Three Rivers by the Mohawks the preceding year had been his sister's -husband, and the widow had married one Medard Chouart de Groseillers, -who had served in the Huron country as a lay helper with the martyred -Jesuits. Also a truce had been patched up between the Iroquois and the -French. The Iroquois were warring against the Eries and wanted arms -from the French. A still more treacherous motive underlay the -Iroquois' peace. They wanted a French settlement in their country as a -guarantee of non-intervention when they continued to raid the refugee -Hurons. Such duplicity was unsuspected by New France. The Jesuits -looked upon the peace as designed by Providence to enable them to -establish missions among the Iroquois. Father Le Moyne went from -village to village preaching the gospel and receiving belts of wampum -as tokens of peace--one belt containing as many as seven thousand -beads. When the Onondagas asked for a French colony, Lauzon, the -French Governor, readily consented if the Jesuits would pay the cost, -estimated at about $10,000; and in 1656 Major Dupuis had led fifty -Frenchmen and four Jesuits up the St. Lawrence in long boats through -the wilderness to a little hill on Lake Onondaga, where a palisaded -fort was built, and the lilies of France, embroidered on a white silk -flag by the Ursuline nuns, flung from the breeze above the Iroquois -land. The colony was hardly established before three hundred Mohawks -fell on the Hurons encamped under shelter of Quebec, butchered without -mercy, and departed with shouts of laughter that echoed below the guns -at Cape Diamond, scalps waving from the prow of each Iroquois canoe. -Quebec was thunderstruck, numb with fright. The French dared not -retaliate, or the Iroquois would fall on the colony at Onondaga. -Perhaps people who keep their vision too constantly fixed on heaven -lose {99} sight of the practical duties of earth; but when eighty -Onondagas came again in 1657, inviting a hundred Hurons to join the -Iroquois Confederacy, the Jesuits again suspected no treachery in the -invitation, but saw only a providential opportunity to spread one -hundred Huron converts among the Iroquois pagans. Father Ragueneau, -who had led the poor refugees down from the Christian Islands on -Georgian Bay, now with another priest offered to accompany the Hurons -to the Iroquois nation. An interpreter was needed. Young Radisson, -now twenty-one years of age, offered to go as a lay helper, and the -party of two hundred and twenty French, eighty Iroquois, one hundred -Hurons, departed from the gates of Montreal, July 26. - -[Illustration: SAUSON'S MAP, 1656] - - -Hardly were they beyond recall, before scouts brought word that twelve -hundred Iroquois had gone on the warpath against Canada, and three -Frenchmen of Montreal had been scalped. At last the Governor of Quebec -bestirred himself: he caused twelve Iroquois to be seized and held as -hostages for the safety of the French. - -The Onondagas had set out from Montreal carrying the Frenchmen's -baggage. Beyond the first portage they flung the packs on the ground, -hurried the Hurons into canoes so that no two Hurons were in one boat, -and paddled over the {100} water with loud laughter, leaving the French -in the lurch. Father Ragueneau and Radisson quickly read the ominous -signs. Telling the other French to gather up the baggage, they armed -themselves and paddled in swift pursuit. That night Ragueneau's party -and the Onondagas camped together. Nothing was said or done to evince -treachery. Friends and enemies, Onondagas and Hurons and white men, -paddled and camped together for another week; but when, on August 3, -four Huron warriors and two women forcibly seized a canoe and headed -back for Montreal, the Onondagas would delay no longer. That afternoon -as the Indians paddled inshore to camp on one of the Thousand Islands, -some Onondaga braves rushed into the woods as if to hunt. As the -canoes grated the pebbled shore a secret signal was given. The Huron -men with their eyes bent on the beach, intent on landing, never knew -that they had been struck. Onondaga hatchets, clubs, spears, were -plied from the water side, and from the hunters ambushed on shore -crashed musketry that mowed down those who would have fled to the woods. - -By night time only a few Huron women and the French had survived the -massacre. Such was the baptism of blood that inaugurated the French -colony at Onondaga. Luckily the fort built on the crest of the hill -above Lake Onondaga was large enough to house stock and provisions. -Outside the palisades there daily gathered more Iroquois warriors, who -no longer dissembled a hunger for Jesuits' preaching. Among the -warriors were Radisson's old friends of the Mohawks, and his foster -father confessed to him frankly that the Confederacy were only delaying -the massacre of the French till they could somehow obtain the freedom -of the twelve Iroquois hostages held at Quebec. - -Daily more warriors gathered; nightly the war drum pounded; week after -week the beleaguered and imprisoned French heard their stealthy enemy -closing nearer and nearer on them, and the painted foliage of autumn -frosts gave place to the leafless trees and the drifting snows of -midwinter. The French were hemmed in completely as if on a desert -isle, and no help could come from Quebec, where New France was -literally under Iroquois siege. - -{101} The question was, what to do? Messengers had been secretly sent -to Quebec, but the Mohawks had caught the scouts bringing back answers, -and there was no safe escape from the colony through ambushed woods in -midwinter. The Iroquois could afford to bide their time for victims -who could not escape. All winter the whites secretly built boats in -the lofts of the fort, but when the timbers were put together the boats -had to be brought downstairs, and a Huron convert spread a terrifying -report of a second deluge for which the white men were preparing a -second Noah's Ark. Mohawk warriors at once scented an attempt to -escape when the ice broke up in spring, and placed their braves in -ambush along the portages. Also they sent a deputation to see if that -story of the boats were true. Forewarned by Radisson, the whites built -a floor over the boats, heaped canoes above the floor, and invited the -Mohawk spies in. The Mohawks smiled grimly and were reassured. Canoes -would be ripped into shingles if they ran the ice jam of spring. The -Iroquois felt doubly certain of their victims; but Radisson, free to go -among the warriors as one of themselves, learned that they were -plotting to murder half the colony and hold the other half as hostages -for the safety of the twelve Indians in the dungeon at Quebec. The -whites could delay no longer. Something must be done, but what? -Radisson, knowing the Indian customs, proposed a way out. - -No normally built savage could refuse an invitation to a sumptuous -feast. According to Indian custom, no feaster dare leave uneaten food -on his plate. Waste to the Indian is crime. In the words of the -Scotch proverb, "Better burst than waste." And all Indians have -implicit faith in dreams. Radisson dreamed--so he told the -Indians--that the white men were to give them a marvelous banquet. No -sooner dreamed than done! The Iroquois probably thought it a chance to -obtain possession inside the fort; but the whites had taken good care -to set the banquet between inner and outer walls. - -Such a repast no savage had ever enjoyed in the memory of the race. -All the ambushed spies flocked in from the portages. {102} The painted -warriors washed off their grease, donned their best buckskin, and -rallied to the banquet as to battle. All the stock but one solitary -pig, a few chickens and dogs, had been slaughtered for the kettle. -Such an odor of luscious meat steamed up from the fort for days as -whetted the warriors' hunger to the appetite of ravenous wolves. -Finally, one night, the trumpets blew a blare that almost burst -eardrums. Fifes shrilled, and the rub-a-dub-dub of a dozen drums set -the air in a tremor. A great fire had been kindled between the inner -and outer walls that set shadows dancing in the forest. Then the gates -were thrown open, and in trooped the feasters. All the French acting -as waiters, the whites carried in the kettles--kettles of wild fowl, -kettles of oxen, kettles of dogs, kettles of porridge and potatoes and -corn and what not? That is it--what not? Were the kettles drugged? -Who knows? The feasters ate till their eyes were rolling lugubriously; -and still the kettles came round. The Indians ate till they were -torpid as swollen corpses, and still came the white men with more -kettles, while the mischievous French lad, Radisson, danced a mad jig, -shouting, yelling, "Eat! eat! Beat the drum! Awake! awake! Cheer up! -Eat! eat!" - -By midnight every soul of the feast had tumbled over sound asleep, and -at the rear gates were the French, stepping noiselessly, speaking in -whispers, launching their boats loaded with provisions and ammunition. -The soldiers were for going back and butchering every warrior, but the -Jesuits forbade such treachery. Then Radisson, light-spirited as if -the refugees had been setting out on a holiday, perpetrated yet a last -trick on the warriors. To the bell rope of the main gate he fastened a -pig, so when the Indians would pull the rope for admission, they would -hear the tramp of a sentry inside. Then he stuffed effigies of men on -guard round the windows of the fort. - -It was a pitchy, sleety night, the river roaring with the loose ice of -spring flood, the forests noisy with the boisterous March wind. Out on -the maelstrom of ice and flood launched the fifty-three colonists, -March 20, 1658. By April they were safe {103} inside the walls of -Quebec, and chance hunters brought word that what with sleep, and the -measured tramp, tramp of the pig, and the baying of the dogs, and the -clucking of the chickens inside the fort, the escape of the whites had -not been discovered for a week. The Indians thought the whites had -gone into retreat for especially long prayers. Then a warrior climbed -the inner palisades, and rage knew no bounds. The fort was looted and -burnt to the ground. - - -Peltry traffic was the life of New France. Without it the colony would -have perished, and now the rupture of peace with the Iroquois cut off -that traffic. To the Iroquois land south of the St. Lawrence the -French dared not go, and the land of the Hurons was a devastated -wilderness. The boats that came out to New France were compelled to -return without a single peltry, but there still remained the unknown -land of the Algonquin northwest and beyond the Great Lakes. Year after -year young French adventurers essayed the exploration of that land. In -1634 Jean Nicolet, one of Champlain's wood runners, had gone westward -as far as Green Bay and coasted the shores of Lake Michigan. Jesuits, -where they preached on Lake Superior, had been told of a vast land -beyond the Sweet Water Seas,--Great Lakes,--a land where wandered -tribes of warriors powerful as the Iroquois. - -Yearly, when the Algonquins came down the Ottawa to trade, Jesuits and -young French adventurers accompanied the canoes back up the Ottawa, -hoping to reach the Unknown Land, which rumor said was bounded only by -the Western Sea. However, the priests went no farther than Lake -Nipissing; but two nameless French wood runners came back from Green -Bay in August of 1656 with marvelous tales of wandering hunters to the -north called "Christines" (Crees), who passed the winter hunting -buffalo on a land bare of trees (the prairie) and the summer fishing on -the shores of the North Sea (Hudson's Bay). They told also of fierce -tribes south of the Christines (the Sioux), who traded with the Indians -of the Spanish settlements in Mexico. - -{104} All New France became fired by these reports. When Radisson -returned from Onondaga in April of 1659, he found his brother-in-law, -Chouart Groseillers, just back from Nipissing, where he had been -serving the Jesuits, with more tales of this marvelous undiscovered -land. The two kinsmen decided to go back with the Algonquins that very -year; for, confessed Radisson in his journal, "I longed to see myself -again in a boat." - -Thirty other Frenchmen and two Jesuits had assembled in Montreal to -join the Algonquins. More than sixty canoes set out from Montreal in -June, the one hundred and forty Algonquins well supplied with firearms -to defend themselves from marauding Iroquois. Numbers begot courage, -courage carelessness; and before the fleet had reached the Chaudiere -Falls, at the modern city of Ottawa, the canoes had spread far apart in -utter forgetfulness of danger. Not twenty were within calling distance -when an Indian prophet, or wandering medicine man, ran down to the -shore, throwing his blanket and hatchet aside as signal of peace, and -shouting out warning of Iroquois warriors ambushed farther up the river. - -Drunk with the new sense of power from the possession of French -firearms, perhaps drunk too with French brandy obtained at Montreal, -the Algonquins paused to take the strange captive on board, and -returned thanks for the friendly warning by calling their benefactor a -"coward and a dog and a hen." At the same time they took the -precaution of sleeping in mid-stream with their canoes abreast tied to -water-logged trees. A dull roar through the night mist foretold they -were nearing the great Chaudiere Falls; and at first streak of day dawn -there was a rush to land and cross the long portage before the mist -lifted and exposed them to the hostiles. - -To any one who knows the region of Canada's capital the scene can -easily be recalled: the long string of canoes gliding through the gray -morning like phantoms; Rideau Falls shimmering on the left like a snowy -curtain; the dense green of Gatineau Point as the birch craft swerved -across the river inshore to the right; the wooded heights, now known as -Parliament Hill, {105} jutting above the river mist, the new foliage of -the topmost trees just tipped with the first primrose shafts of -sunrise; then the vague stir and unrest in the air as the sun came up -till the gray fog became rose mist shot with gold, and rose like a -curtain to the upper airs, revealing the angry, tempest-tossed cataract -straight ahead, hurtling over the rocks of the Chaudiere in walls of -living waters. Where the lumber piles of Hull on the right to-day jut -out as if to span Ottawa River to Parliament Hill, the voyageurs would -land to portage across to Lake Du Chene. - -Just as they sheered inshore the morning air was split by a hideous din -of guns and war whoops. The Iroquois had been lying in ambush at the -portage. The Algonquins' bravado now became a panic. They abandoned -canoes and baggage, threw themselves behind a windfall of trees, and -poured a steady rain of bullets across the portage in order to permit -the other canoes to come ashore. When the fog lifted, baggage and -canoes lay scattered on the shore. Behind one barricade of logs lay -the French and Algonquins; behind another, the Iroquois; and woe betide -the warrior who showed his head or dared to cross the open. All day -the warriors kept up their cross fire. Thirteen Algonquins had -perished, and the French were only waiting a chance to abandon the -voyage. Luckily, that night was pitch-dark. The Algonquin leader blew -a long low call through his birch trumpet. All hands rallied and -rushed for the boats to cross the river. All the Frenchmen's baggage -had been lost. Of the white adventurers every soul turned back but -Groseillers and Radisson. - -The Algonquins now made up in caution what they had at first lacked. -They voyaged only by night and hid by day. No camp fires were kindled. -No muskets were fired even for game; and the paddlers were presently -reduced to food of _tripe de roche_--green moss scraped from rocks. -Birch canoes could not cross Lake Huron in storm; so the Indians kept -close to the south shore of Georgian Bay, winding among the pink -granite islands, past the ruined Jesuit missions across to the Straits -of Mackinac and on down Lake Michigan to Green Bay. - -{106} "But our mind was not to stay here," relates Radisson, "but to -know the remotest people." Sometime between April and July of 1659 the -two white men had followed the Indian hunters across what is now the -state of Wisconsin to "a mighty river like the St. Lawrence." They had -found the Mississippi, first of white men to view the waters since the -treasure-seeking Spaniards of the south crossed the river. They had -penetrated the Unknown. They had discovered the Great Northwest--a -world boundlessly vast; so vast no man forever after in the history of -the human race need be dispossessed of his share of the earth. -Something of the importance of the discovery seems to have impressed -Radisson; for he speaks of the folly of the European nations fighting -for sterile, rocky provinces when here is land enough for all--land -enough to banish poverty. - -The two Frenchmen's wanderings with the tribes of the prairie--whether -those tribes were Omahas or Iowas or Mandanes or Mascoutins or -Sioux--cannot be told here. It would fill volumes. I have told the -story fully elsewhere. By spring of 1660 Radisson and Groseillers are -back at Sault Ste. Marie, having gathered wealth of beaver peltries -beyond the dreams of avarice; but scouts have come to the Sault with -ominous news--news of one thousand Iroquois braves on the warpath to -destroy every settlement in New France. Hourly, daily, weekly, have -Quebec and Three Rivers and Montreal been awaiting the blow. - -The Algonquins refuse to go down to Quebec with Radisson and -Groseillers. "Fools," shouts Radisson in full assembly of their chiefs -squatting round a council fire, "are you going to allow the Iroquois to -destroy you as they destroyed the Hurons? How are you going to fight -the Iroquois unless you come down to Quebec for guns? Do you want to -see your wives and children slaves? For my part, I prefer to die like -a man rather than live a slave." - -The chiefs were shamed out of their cowardice. Five hundred young -warriors undertook to conduct the two white men down to Quebec. They -embarked at once, scouts to the fore reconnoitering all portages, and -guards on duty wherever the {107} boats landed. A few Iroquois braves -were seen near the Long Sault Rapids, but they took to their heels in -such evident fright that Radisson was puzzled to know what had become -of the one thousand braves on the warpath. Carrying the beaver pelts -along the portage so they could be used as shields in case of attack, -the Algonquins came to the foot of the Long Sault Rapids near Montreal, -and saw plainly what had happened to the invading warriors. A -barricade of logs the shape of a square fort stood on the shore. From -the pickets hung the scalps of dead Indians and on the sands lay the -charred remains of white men. Every tree for yards round was peppered -with bullet holes. Here was a charred stake where some victim had been -tortured; there the smashed remnants of half-burnt canoes; and at -another point empty powder barrels. A terrible battle had been waged -but a week before. Radisson could trace, inside the barricade of logs, -holes scooped in the sand where the besieged, desperate with thirst, -had drunk the muddy water. At intervals in the palisades openings had -been hacked, and these were blood stained, as if the scene of the -fiercest fighting. Bark had been burnt from the logs in places, where -the assailants had set fire to the fort. - -From Indian refugees at Montreal, Radisson learned details of the -fight. It was the battle most famous in early Canadian annals--the -Long Sault. All winter Quebec, Three Rivers, and Montreal had cowered -in terror of the coming Iroquois. In imagination the beleaguered -garrisons foresaw themselves martyrs of Mohawk ferocity. It was -learned that seven hundred of the Iroquois warriors were hovering round -the Richelieu opposite Three Rivers. The rest of the braves had passed -the winter man-hunting in the Huron country, and were in spring -descending the Ottawa to unite with the lower band. - -Week after week Quebec awaited the blow; but the blow never fell, for -at Montreal was a little band of seventeen heroes, led by a youth of -twenty-five,--Adam Dollard,--who longed to wipe out the stain of a -misspent boyhood by some glorious exploit in the service of the Holy -Cross. - -{108} When word came that the upper foragers were descending from the -country of the Hurons to unite with the lower Iroquois against -Montreal, Dollard proposed to go up the Ottawa with a picked party of -chosen fighters, waylay the Iroquois at the foot of the Long Sault -Rapids, and so prevent the attack on Montreal. Sixteen young men -volunteered to join him. Charles Le Moyne, now acting as interpreter -at Montreal, begged the young heroes to delay till reenforcements could -be obtained: seventeen Frenchmen against five hundred Mohawks meant -certain death; but delay meant risk, and Dollard coveted nothing more -than a death of glory. At the chapel of the Hotel Dieu the young -heroes made what they knew would certainly be their last confession, -bade eternal farewell to friends, and with crushed corn for provisions -set out in canoes for the upper Ottawa. May 1, they came to the foot -of the Long Sault. Here a barricade of logs had been erected in some -skirmish the year before, and here, too, was the usual camping place of -the Iroquois as their canoes came bounding down the swift waters of the -Ottawa. Dollard and his brave boys landed, slung their kettles for the -night meal, and sent scouts upstream to forewarn when the Iroquois -came. The night was passed in prayer. Next day arrived unexpected -reenforcements. Two bands of forty Hurons and four Algonquins, under a -brave Huron convert of the Christian Islands, had asked Maisonneuve's -permission to join Dollard and wreak their pent vengeance on the -Mohawks. Early one morning the scouts reported five Iroquois canoes -coming slowly downstream, and two hundred more warriors behind. There -was not even care to bring a supply of water inside the barricade or -remove kettles from the sticks. Posted in ambush, the young soldiers -fired as soon as the first canoes came within range. This put the rest -of the Iroquois on guard. The whites rushed for the shelter of their -barricade. The Indians dashed to erect a fort of their own. Inside -Dollard's palisades all was activity. Cracks were plastered up with -mud between logs, four marksmen with double stands of arms posted at -each loophole, and a big musketoon leveled straight for the {109} -Iroquois redoubt. The Iroquois rushed out yelling like fiends, and -jumping sideways as they advanced, to avoid becoming targets; but the -scattering fire of the musketoon caught them full abreast and a Seneca -chief fell dead. The Iroquois then broke up Dollard's canoes and tried -to set fire to the logs; but again the musketoon's scattering bullets -mowed a swath of death in the advancing ranks, and for a second time -the red warriors sought shelter behind the logs. Probably to obtain -truce till they could send word to the other warriors on the Richelieu, -the Iroquois then hung out a flag of parley; but the Huron chief knew -what peace with an Iroquois meant. He it was, on the Christian -Islands, who, when the Iroquois had proposed a similar parley for the -purpose of massacring the Hurons, invited their chiefs into the Huron -camp and brained them for their treachery. Dollard's band made answer -to the flag hoisted above the Iroquois pickets by rushing out, securing -the head of the Seneca chief, and elevating it on a pike above their -fort. - -But as the fight went on, the whites had to have water, and a few -rushed for the river to fill kettles. This rejoiced the hearts of the -Iroquois. They could guess if the whites were short of water, it only -required more warriors to surround the barricade completely and compel -surrender. Scouts had meanwhile gone for the Iroquois at Richelieu; -and on the fifth day of the siege a roar, gathering volume as it -approached, told Dollard that the seven hundred warriors were coming -through the forest. Among the newcomers were Huron renegades, who -approached within speaking distance of the fort and called out for the -Hurons to save themselves from death by surrender. Death was plainly -inevitable, and all the Hurons but the chief deserted. This reduced -Dollard's band, from sixty to twenty. The whites were now weak from -lack of food and sleep; but for three more days and nights the marksmen -and musketoon plied such deadly aim at the assailants that the Iroquois -actually held a council whether they should retire. The Iroquois -chiefs argued that it would disgrace the nation forever if one thousand -of their warriors were to retire before a handful of beardless white -boys. {110} Solemnly the bundle of war sticks was thrown on the -ground. Then each warrior willing to go on with the siege picked up a -stick. The chiefs chose first and the rest were shamed into doing -likewise. Inside the fort, Dollard's men were at the last extremities. -Blistered and blackened with powder smoke, the fevered men were half -delirious from lack of sleep and water. Some fell to their knees and -prayed. Others staggered with sleep where they stood. Others had not -strength to stand and sank, muttering prayers, to their knees. The -Iroquois were adopting new tactics. They could not reach the palisades -in the face of the withering fire from the musketoon, so they -constructed a movable palisade of trees, behind which marched the -entire band of warriors. In vain Dollard's marksmen aimed their -bullets at the front carriers. Where one fell another stepped in his -place. Desperate, Dollard resolved on a last expedient. Some accounts -say he took a barrel of powder; others, that he wrapped powder in a -huge bole of birch bark. Putting a light to this, he threw it with all -his might; but his strength had failed; the dangerous projectile fell -back inside the barricade, exploding; marksmen were driven from their -places. A moment later the Iroquois were inside the barricade -screeching like demons. They found only three Frenchmen alive; and so -great was the Mohawk rage to be foiled of victims that they fell on the -Huron renegades in their own ranks and put them to death on the spot. - -Such was the Battle of the Long Sault of which Radisson saw the scars -on his way down the Ottawa. It saved New France. If seventeen boys -could fight in this fashion, how--the Iroquois asked--would a fort full -of men fight? A few days later Radisson was conducted in triumph -through the streets of Quebec and personally welcomed by the new -governor, d'Argenson. - -It can well be imagined that Radisson's account of the vast new lands -discovered by him aroused enthusiasm at Quebec. Among the Crees, -Radisson and Groseillers had heard of that Sea of the North--Hudson -Bay--to which Champlain had {111} tried to go by way of the Ottawa. -The Indians had promised to conduct the two Frenchmen overland to the -North Sea; but Radisson deemed it wise not to reveal this fact lest -other voyageurs should forestall them. Somehow the secret leaked out. -Either Groseillers told it or his wife dropped some hint of it to her -father confessor; but the two explorers were amazed to receive official -orders to conduct the Jesuits to the North Sea by way of the Saguenay. -They refused point-blank to go as subordinates on any expedition. The -fur trade was at this time regulated by license. Any one who proceeded -to the woods without license was liable to imprisonment, the galleys -for life, death if the offense were repeated. Radisson and Groseillers -asked for a license to go north in 1661. D'Avaugour, a bluff soldier -who had become governor, would grant it only on condition of receiving -half the profits. Groseillers and Radisson set off by night without a -license. - -[Illustration: TITLE-PAGE--JESUIT RELATION OF 1662-1663] - -{112} This time the Indian canoes struck off into Lake Superior instead -of Lake Michigan, and coasted that billowy inland sea with its iron -shore and shadowy forests. On the northwest side of the lake, -somewhere between Duluth and Fort William, the explorers joined the -Crees, and proceeded northwestward with them, hunting along that Indian -trail to become famous as the fur traders' highway--from Lake Superior -to the Lake of the Woods. The first white man's fort built west of the -Great Lakes, the terrible famine that winter, and the visits of the -Sioux--are all a story in themselves. Spring found the explorers -following the Crees over the height of land from Lake Superior to -Hudson Bay. As soon as the ice loosened, dugouts were launched, and -the voyageurs began that hardest of all canoe trips in America, through -the forest hinterland of Ontario. Here the rivers were a stagnant -marsh, with outlet hidden by dankest forest growth where the light of -the sun never penetrated. There the waters swollen by spring thaw and -broken by the ice jam whirled the {113} boats into rapids before the -paddlers realized. There was wading to mid-waist in ice water. There -were nights when camp was made on water-soaked moss. There were days -when the windfall compelled the canoemen to take the canoes out of the -water and carry them half the time. "At last," writes Radisson, "we -came to the sea, where we found an old house all demolished and -battered with bullets. The Crees told us about Europeans being here; -and we went from isle to isle all that summer." At this time the -canoes must have been coasting the south shore of James Bay, headed -east; for Radisson presently explains that they came to a river, which -rose in a lake near the source of the Saguenay--namely Rupert River. -What was the old house battered with bullets? Was it Hudson's winter -fort of 1610-1611? The Indians of Rupert River to this day have -legends of Hudson having come back to his fort when cast away by the -mutineers. - -[Illustration: THE JESUIT MAP OF LAKE SUPERIOR (From the Relation of -1670-1671)] - -The furs that Radisson and Groseillers brought back from the north this -time were worth fabulous wealth. The cargo saved New France from -bankruptcy; but the explorers had defied both Church and Governor, and -all the greedy monopolists of Quebec fell on Radisson and Groseillers -with jealous fury. They were fined $20,000 to build a fort at Three -Rivers, though given permission to inscribe their coats of arms on the -gate. A $30,000 fine went to the public treasury of New France, and a -tax of $70,000 was imposed by the Farmers of the Revenue. Of the total -cargo there was left to Radisson and Groseillers only $20,000. - - -Disgusted, the two explorers personally appealed to the Court of -France; but there the monopolists were all-powerful, and justice was -denied. They tried to induce some of the fishing fleet off Cape Breton -to venture to the North Sea; but there the monopolists' malign -influence was again felt. They were accused of having broken the laws -of Quebec. Zechariah Gillam, a sea captain of Boston, who chanced to -be at Port Royal, offered them his vessel for a voyage to Hudson Bay; -but when the {114} doughty captain came to the ice-locked straits, his -courage failed and he refused to enter. Finally, at Port Royal, with -the last of their meager and dwindling capital, they hired two ships -for a voyage; but one was wrecked on Sable Island while fishing for -supplies, and instead of sailing for Hudson Bay in 1665, Radisson and -Groseillers were summoned to Boston in a lawsuit over the lost vessel. - -In Boston they met commissioners of the English government and were -invited to lay their plans before Charles II, King of England. At last -the tide of fortune seemed to be turning. Sailing with Sir George -Carterett, after pirate raid and shipwreck, they reached London to find -the plague raging, and were ordered to Windsor, where Charles received -them, recommended their venture to Prince Rupert, and provided 2 pounds -a week each for their living expenses. - -[Illustration: Charles II] - -From being penniless outcasts, Radisson and Groseillers suddenly -wakened to find themselves famous. Groseillers seems to have kept in -the background, but Radisson, the younger man, enjoyed the full blaze -of glory, was seen in the King's box at the theater, and was presently -paying furious court to Mistress Mary Kirke, daughter of Sir John -Kirke, whose ancestors had captured Quebec. What with war and the -plague, it was 1668 before the English Admiralty could loan the two -ships _Eaglet_ and _Nonsuch_ for a voyage to Hudson Bay. The expense -was to be defrayed by a band of {115} friends known as the "Gentlemen -Adventurers of England Trading to Hudson Bay," subscribing so much -stock in cash, provision, and goods for trade. Radisson's ship, the -_Eaglet_, was driven back, damaged by storm; but the other, under -Groseillers, went on to Hudson Bay, where the marks set up on the -overland voyage were found at Rupert River, and a small fort was built -for trade. During the delay Radisson was not idle in London. He wrote -the journals of his first four voyages. He married Mary Kirke--some -accounts say, eloped with her. With the help of King Charles and -Prince Rupert he organized what is now known as the Hudson's Bay Fur -Company; for when Groseillers' ship returned in the fall of 1669, its -success in trade had been so great that the Adventurers at once applied -for a royal charter of exclusive monopoly in trade to all the regions, -land and sea, rivers and territories, adjoining Hudson Bay. The -monopoly of the Hudson's Bay Company to the Great Northwest was granted -by King Charles in May, 1670. - -Here, then, was the situation. England was intrenched south of the St. -Lawrence. England was taking armed possession of all lands bordering -on Hudson Bay and such other lands as the Adventurers might find. -Wedged between was New France with a population of less than six -thousand. If France could have foreseen what her injustice to two poor -adventurers would cost the nation in blood and money, it would have -paid her to pension Radisson like a prince of the blood royal. - - -NOTE TO CHAPTER VI. The viceroys of New France were shifted so -frequently that little record remains of several but their names. The -official list of the governors under the French regime stands as -follows: - -Samuel de Champlain, died at Quebec, Christmas, 1635. - -Marc Antoine de Chasteaufort, _pro tem_. - -Charles Huault de Montmagny, 1636. - -Louis d'Ailleboust of the Montreal Crusaders, 1648. - -Jean de Lauzon, 1651. - -Charles de Lauzon-Charny (son), _pro tem_. - -Louis d'Ailleboust, 1657. - -Viscount d'Argenson, 1658, a young man who quarreled with Jesuits. - -Viscount d'Avagour, 1661, a bluff soldier, who also quarreled with -Jesuits. - -De Mezy, 1663, appointed by Jesuits' influence, but quarreled with them. - -{116} Marquis de Tracy, 1663, who was viceroy of all French possessions -in America, and really sent out to act as general. - -De Courcelle, 1665, who acts as governor under De Tracy and succeeds -him. - -Frontenac, 1672, was recalled through influence of Jesuits, whose -interference he would not tolerate in civil affairs. - -De La Barre, 1682, an impotent, dishonest old man, who came to mend his -fortunes. - -De Brisay de Denonville, 1685. - -Frontenac, 1689. - -De Calliere, 1699. - -Marquis de Vaudreuil, 1703. - -Charles le Moyne, Baron de Longeuil, 1725, son of Le Moyne, the famous -fighter and interpreter of Montreal; brother of Le Moyne d'Iberville, -the commander. - -Marquis de Beauharnois, 1726. - -Count de la Galissoniere, 1747. - -Marquis de la Jonquiere, 1749. - -Charles le Moyne, Baron de Longeuil, 1752, son of former Governor. - -Duquesne,1752. - -Marquis de Vaudreuil, 1755, descendant of first Vaudreuil. - - - - -{117} - -CHAPTER VII - -FROM 1672 TO 1688 - -The fur fairs of Montreal--Customs of people--Shiploads of brides--The -Iroquois and De Tracy--Who first found Ontario?--Through western -Ontario--Up the Great Lakes--Marquette and Jolliet--Frontenac and La -Salle--La Salle rouses enemies--La Salle descends the Mississippi--Death -of La Salle - - -While Radisson and other coureurs of the woods were ranging the wilds -from the St. Lawrence to the Mississippi and from the Great Lakes to -Hudson Bay, changes were almost revolutionizing the little colony of New -France. No longer was everything subservient to missions. When -Marguerite Bourgeoys and Jeanne Mance, of Ville-Marie Mission at -Montreal, went home to France to bring out more colonists in 1659, they -learned that the founder of their mission--Dauversiere, the tax -collector--had gone bankrupt. Montreal was penniless, though sixty more -men and thirty-two girls were accompanying the nuns out this very year. -The Sulpician priests had from the first been ardent friends of the -Montrealers. The priests of St. Sulpice now assumed charge of Montreal. -Though "God's Penny" was still collected at the fairs and market places -of Old France for the conversion of Indians at Mont Royal, the fur trade -was rapidly changing the character of the place. - -Afraid of the Iroquois raiders, the tribes of the Up-Country now flocked -to Montreal instead of Quebec, where the traders met them annually at the -great Fur Fairs. - -No more picturesque scene exists in Canada's past than these Fur Fairs. -Down the rapids of the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence bounded the canoes of -the Indian hunters, Hurons and Pottawatomies from Lake Michigan, Crees -and Ojibways from Lake Superior, Iroquois and Eries and Neutrals from -what is now the Province of Ontario, the northern Indians in long birch -canoes light as paper, the Indians of Ontario in dugouts of oak and -walnut. The Fur Fair usually took place between June and August; and the -Viceroy, magnificent in red cloak faced with velvet and ornamented with -gold braid, came up from Quebec {118} for the occasion and occupied a -chair of state under a marquee erected near the Indian tents. Wigwams -then went up like mushrooms, the Huron and Iroquois tents of sewed bark -hung in the shape of a square from four poles, the tepees of the Upper -Indians made of birch and buffalo hides, hung on poles crisscrossed at -the top to a peak, spreading in wide circle to the ground. Usually the -Fur Fair occupied a great common between St. Paul Street and the river. -Furs unpacked, there stalked among the tents great sachems glorious in -robes of painted buckskin garnished with wampum, Indian children stark -naked, young braves flaunting and boastful, wearing headdresses with -strings of eagle quills reaching to the ground, each quill signifying an -enemy taken. Then came "the peddlers,"--the fur merchants,--unpacking -their goods to tempt the Indians, men of the colonial noblesse famous in -history, the Forests and Le Chesnays and Le Bers. Here, too, gorgeous in -finery, bristling with firearms, were the bushrovers, the interpreters, -the French voyageurs, who had to come out of the wilds once every two -years to renew their licenses to trade. There was Charles Le Moyne, son -of an innkeeper of Dieppe, who had come to Montreal as interpreter and -won such wealth as trader that his family became members of the French -aristocracy. Two of his descendants became governors of Canada; and the -history of his sons is the history of Canada's most heroic age. There -was Louis Jolliet, who had studied for the Jesuit priesthood but turned -fur trader among the tribes of Lake Michigan. There was Daniel Greysolon -Duluth, a man of good birth, ample means, and with the finest house in -Montreal, who had turned bushrover, gathered round him a band of three or -four hundred lawless, dare-devil French hunters, and now roamed the woods -from Detroit halfway to Hudson Bay, swaying the Indians in favor of -France and ruling the wilds, sole lord of the wilderness. There were -Groseillers and Radisson and a shy young man of twenty-five who had -obtained a seigniory from the Sulpicians at Lachine--Robert Cavelier de -La Salle. Sometimes, too, Father Marquette came down with his Indians -from the missions on Lake Superior. Maisonneuve, {119} too, was there, -grieving, no doubt, to see this Kingdom of Heaven, which he had set up on -earth, becoming more and more a kingdom of this world. Later, when the -Hundred Associates lost their charter and Canada became a Royal Province -governed directly by the Crown, Maisonneuve was deprived of the -government of Montreal and retired to die in obscurity in Paris. Louis -d'Ailleboust, Governor of Montreal when Maisonneuve is absent, Governor -at Quebec when state necessities drag him from religious devotion, moves -also in the gay throng of the Fur Fair. In later days is a famous -character at the Fur Fairs--La Motte Cadillac of Detroit, bushrover and -gentleman like Duluth, but prone to break heads when he comes to town -where the wine is good. - -[Illustration: PLAN OF MONTREAL IN 1672] - -Trade was regulated by royal license. Only twenty-five canoes a year -were allowed to go to the woods with three men in each, and a license was -good for only two years. Fines, branding, the galleys for life, death, -were the penalties for those who traded without license; but that did not -prevent more than one thousand young Frenchmen running off to the woods -to live like Indians. In fact, there was no other way for the youth of -New {120} France to earn a living. Penniless young noblemen, criminals -escaping the law, the sons of the poorest, all were on the same footing -in the woods. He who could persuade a merchant to outfit him for trade -disappeared in the wilds; and if he came back at all, came back with -wealth of furs and bought off punishment, "wearing sword and lace and -swaggering as if he were a gentleman," the annals of the day complain; -and a long session in the confessional box relieved the prodigal's -conscience from the sins of a life in the woods. If my young gentleman -were rich enough, the past was forgotten, and he was now on the highroad -to distinguished service and perhaps a title. - -[Illustration: LA SALLE'S HOUSE NEAR MONTREAL] - -In the early days a beaver skin could be bought for a needle or a bell or -a tin mirror; and in spite of all the priests could do to prevent it, -brandy played a shameful part in the trade. In vain the priests preached -against it, and the bishop thundered anathemas. The evils of the brandy -traffic were apparent to all--the Fur Fairs became a bedlam of crime; but -when the Governor called in all the traders to confer on the subject, it -was plain that if the Indians did _not_ obtain liquor from the French, -they would go on down with their furs to the English of New York, and the -French Governor was afraid to forbid the evil. - -[Illustration: KITCHEN, CHATEAU DE RAMEZAY, MONTREAL] - -The Fur Fair over, the Governor departed for Quebec; the Indians, for -their own land; the bushrovers, for their far wanderings; and there -settled over Montreal for another year drowsy quiet but for the chapel -bells of St. Sulpice and Ville Marie and Bon Secours--the Chapel of Ste. -Anne's Good Help--built close on the verge of the river, that the -voyageurs coming and going might cross themselves as they passed her -spire; drowsy peace but for the chapel chimes ringing . . . ringing . . . -ringing . . . morning . . . noon . . . and night . . . lilting and -singing and calling all New France to prayers. As the last canoe glided -up the river, and sunset silence fell on Montreal, there knelt before the -dimly lighted altars of the chapels, shadow figures--Maisonneuve praying -for his mission; D'Ailleboust, asking Heaven's blessing on the new shrine -down at St. Anne de Beaupre near Quebec, which he had built for the -miraculous {121} healing of physical ills; Dollier de Casson, priest of -the wilds, manly and portly and strong, wilderness fighter for the Cross. -Then the organ swells, and the chant rolls out, and till the next Fur -Fair Montreal is again a mission. - - -When New France becomes a Crown Colony, the government consists solely -and only of the Sovereign Council, to whom the King transmits his will. -This council consists of the Governor, his administrative officer called -the "Intendant," the bishop, and several of the inhabitants of New France -nominated by the other members of the council. Of elections there are -absolutely none. Popular meetings are forbidden. New France is a -despotism, with the Sovereign Council representing the King. Domestic -disputes, religious quarrels, civil cases, crimes,--all come before the -Sovereign Council. Clients could plead their own cases without a fee, or -hire a notary. Cases are tried by the Sovereign Council. Laws are -passed by it. Fines are imposed and sentences pronounced; but as the -Sovereign Council met only once a week, the management of affairs fell -chiefly to the Intendant, whose palace became known as the Place of -Justice. Of systematic taxation there was none. One fourth of all -beaver went for public revenue. Part of Labrador was reserved as the -King's Domain for trading, and sometimes a duty of ten per cent was -charged on liquor brought into the colony. The stroke of the Sovereign -Council's pen could create a law, and the stroke of the King's pen annul -it. Laws are passed forbidding men, who are not nobles, assuming the -title of Esquire or Sieur on penalty of what would be a $500 fine. "Wood -is not to be piled on the streets." "Chimneys are to be built large -enough to admit a chimney sweep." "Only shingles of oak and walnut may -be used in towns where there is danger of fire." Swearing is punished by -fines, by the disgrace of being led through the streets at the end of a -rope and begging pardon on knees at the church steps, by branding if the -offense be repeated. Murderers are punished by being shot, or exposed in -an iron cage on the cliffs above the St. Lawrence till death {122} comes. -No detail is too small for the Sovereign Council's notice. In fact, a -case is on record where a Mademoiselle Andre is expelled from the colony -for flirting so outrageously with young officers that she demoralizes the -garrison. Mademoiselle avoids the punishment by bribing one of the -officers on the ship where she is placed, and escaping to land in man's -clothing. - -The people of New France were regulated in every detail of their lives by -the Church as well as the Sovereign Council. For trading brandy to the -Indians, Bishop Laval thunders excommunication at delinquents; and Bishop -St. Valliere, his successor, publicly rebukes the dames of New France for -wearing low-necked dresses, and curling their hair, and donning gay -ribbons in place of bonnets. "The vanity of dress among women becomes a -greater scandal than before," he complains. "They affect immodest -headdress, with heads uncovered or only concealed under a collection of -ribbons, laces, curls, and other vanities." - -[Illustration: LAVAL (After the portrait in Laval University, Quebec)] - -The laws came from the King and Sovereign Council. The enforcement of -them depended on the Intendant. As long as he was a man of integrity, -New France might live as happily as a family under a despotic but wise -father. It was when the Intendant became corrupt that the system fell to -pieces. {123} Of all the intendants of New France, one name stands -preeminent, that of Jean Talon, who came to Canada, aged forty, in 1665, -at the time the country became a Crown Province. One of eleven children -of Irish origin, Talon had been educated at the Jesuit College of Paris, -and had served as an intendant in France before coming to Canada. -Officially he was to stand between the King and the colony, to transmit -the commands of one and the wants of the other. He was to stand between -the Governor and the colony, to watch that the Governor did not overstep -his authority and that the colony obeyed the laws. He was to stand -between the Church and the colony, to see that the Church did not usurp -the prerogatives of the Governor and that the people were kept in the -path of right living without having their natural liberties curtailed. -He was, in a word, to accept the thankless task of taking all the cuffs -from the King and the kicks from the colony, all the blame of whatever -went amiss and no credit for what went well. - -When Talon came to Canada there were less than two thousand people in the -colony. He wrote frantically to His Royal Master for colonists. "We -cannot depeople France to people Canada," wrote the King; but from his -royal revenue he set aside money yearly to send men to Canada as -soldiers, women as wives. In 1671 one hundred and sixty-five girls were -sent out to be wedded to the French youth. A year later came one hundred -and fifty more. Licenses would not be given to the wood rovers for the -fur trade unless they married. Bachelors were fined unless they quickly -chose a wife from among the King's girls. Promotion was withheld from -the young ensigns and cadets in the army unless they found brides. -Yearly the ships brought girls whom the cures of France had carefully -selected in country parishes. Yearly Talon gave a bounty to the -middle-aged duenna who had safely chaperoned her charges across seas to -the convents of Quebec and Montreal, where the bashful suitors came to -make choice. "We want country girls, who can work," wrote the Intendant; -and girls who could work the King sent, instructing Talon to mate as many -as he {124} could to officers of the Carignan Regiment, so that the -soldiers would be likely to turn settlers. Results: by 1674 Canada had a -population of six thousand seven hundred; by 1684, of nearly twelve -thousand, not counting the one thousand bush lopers who roamed the woods -and married squaws. - -Between Acadia and Quebec lay wilderness. Jean Talon opened a road -connecting the two far-separated provinces. The Sovereign Council had -practically outlawed the bush lopers. Talon pronounced trade free, and -formed them into companies of bush fighters--defenders of the colony. -Instead of being wild-wood bandits, men like Duluth at Lake Superior and -La Motte Cadillac at Detroit became commanders, holding vast tribes loyal -to France. For years there had been legends of mines. Talon opened -mines at Gaspe and Three Rivers and Cape Breton. All clothing had -formerly been imported from France. Talon had the inhabitants -taught--and they badly needed it, for many of their children ran naked as -Indians--to weave their own clothes, make rugs, tan leather, grow straw -for hats,--all of which they do to this day, so that you may enter a -habitant house and not find a single article except saints' images, a -holy book, and perhaps a fiddle, which the habitant has not himself made. -"The Jesuits assume too much authority," wrote the King. Talon lessened -their power by inviting the Recollets to come back to Canada and by -encouraging the Sulpicians. Instead of outlawing young Frenchmen for -deserting to the English, Talon asked the King to grant titles of -nobility to those who were loyal, like the Godefrois and the Denis' and -the Le Moynes and young Chouart Groseillers, son of Radisson's -brother-in-law, so that there sprang up a Canadian noblesse which was as -graceful with the frying pan of a night camp fire in the woods as with -the steps of a stately dance in the governor's ballroom. Above all did -Talon encourage the bush-rovers in their far wanderings to explore new -lands for France. - - -New France had not forgotten the Iroquois treachery to the French colony -at Onondaga. Iroquois raid and ambuscade kept the hostility of these -sleepless foes fresh in French memory. {125} When Jean Talon came to -Canada as intendant, there had come as governor Courcelle, with the -Marquis de Tracy as major general of all the French forces in -America,--the West Indies as well as Canada. The Carignan Regiment of -soldiers seasoned in European campaigns had been sent to protect the -colonists from Indian raid; and it was determined to strike the Iroquois -Confederacy a blow that would forever put the fear of the French in their -hearts. - -Richelieu River was still the trail of the Mohawk warrior; and De Tracy -sent his soldiers to build forts on this stream at Sorel and -Chambly--named after officers of the regiment. January, 1666, Courcelle, -the Governor, set out on snowshoes to invade the Iroquois Country with -five hundred men, half Canadian bushrovers, half regular soldiers. By -some mistake the snow-covered trail to the Mohawks was missed, the wrong -road followed, and the French Governor found himself among the Dutch at -Schenectady. March rains had set in. Through the leafless forests in -driving sleet and rain retreated the French. Sixty had perished from -exposure and disease before Courcelle led his men back to the Richelieu. -The Mohawk warriors showed their contempt for this kind of white-man -warfare by raiding some French hunters on Lake Champlain and killing a -young nephew of De Tracy. - -Nevertheless, on second thought, twenty-four Indian deputies proceeded to -Quebec with the surviving captives to sue for peace. De Tracy was ready -for them. Solemnly the peace pipe had been puffed and solemnly the peace -powwow held. The Mohawk chief was received in pompous state at the -Governor's table. Heated with wine and mistaking French courtesy for -fear, the warrior grew boastful at the white chief's table. - -"This is the hand," he exclaimed, proudly stretching out his right arm, -"this is the hand that split the head of your young man, O Onontio!" - -"Then by the power of Heaven," thundered the Marquis de Tracy, springing -to his feet ablaze with indignation, "it is the hand that shall never -split another head!" - -{126} Forthwith the body of the great Mohawk chief dangled a scarecrow to -the fowls of the air; and the other terrified deputies tore breathlessly -back for the Iroquois land with such a story as one may guess. - -With thirteen hundred men and three hundred boats the Marquis de Tracy -and Courcelle set out from the St. Lawrence in October for the Iroquois -cantons. Charles Le Moyne, the Montreal bushrover, led six hundred -wild-wood followers in their buckskin coats and beaded moccasins, with -hair flying to the wind like Indians; and one hundred Huron braves were -also in line with the Canadians. The rest of the forces were of the -Carignan Regiment. Dollier de Casson, the Sulpician priest, powerful of -frame as De Tracy himself, marched as chaplain. - -[Illustration: A MAP IN THE RELATION OF 1662-1663 (This map includes -Lake Ontario and the Iroquois Country. It shows the relative positions -of the Five Nations and Fort d'Orange (Albany). It also gives plans of -the forts on the Richelieu and shows their location)] - - -Never had such an expedition been seen before on the St. Lawrence. Drums -beat reveille at peep of dawn. Fifes outshrilled the roar of rapids, and -stately figures in gold braid {127} and plumed hats glided over the -waters of the Richelieu among the painted forests of the frost-tinted -maples. Indians have a way of conveying news that modern trappers -designate as "the moccasin telegram." "Moccasin telegram" now carried -news of the coming army to the Iroquois villages, and the alarm ran like -wildfire from Mohawk to Onondaga and from Onondaga to Seneca. When the -French army struck up the Mohawk River, and to beat of drum charged in -full fury out of the rain-dripping forests across the stubble fields to -attack the first palisaded village, they found it desolate, deserted, -silent as the dead, though winter stores crammed the abandoned houses and -wildest confusion showed that the warriors had fled in panic. So it was -with the next village and the next. The Iroquois had stampeded in blind -flight, and the only show of opposition was a wild whoop here and there -from ambush. De Tracy took possession of the land for France, planted a -cross, and ordered the villages set on fire. For a time, at least, peace -was assured with the Iroquois. - - -Who first discovered the Province of Ontario? Before Champlain had -ascended the Ottawa, or the Jesuits established their missions south of -Lake Huron, young men sent out as wood rovers had canoed up the Ottawa -and gone westward to the land of the Sweet Water Seas. Was it Vignau, -the romancer, or Nicolet, the coureur de bois, or the boy Etienne Brule, -who first saw what has been called the Garden of Canada, the rolling -meadows and wooded hills that lie wedged in between the Upper and the -Lower of the Great Lakes? Tradition says it was Brule; but however that -may be, little was known of what is now Ontario except in the region of -the old Jesuit missions around Georgian Bay. It was not even known that -Michigan and Huron were _two_ lakes. The Sulpicians of Montreal had a -mission at the Bay of Quinte on Lake Ontario, and the south shore of the -lake, where it touched on Iroquois territory, was known to the Jesuits; -but from Quinte Bay to Detroit--a distance equal to that from New York to -Chicago, or London to Italy--was an unknown world. - -{128} But to return to the explorations which Jean Talon, the Intendant, -had set in motion-- - -When Dollier de Casson, the soldier who had become Sulpician priest, -returned from the campaign against the Iroquois, he had been sent as a -missionary to the Nipissing Country. There he heard among the Indians of -a shorter route to the Great River of the West--the Mississippi--than by -the Ottawa and Sault Ste. Marie. The Indians told him if he would ascend -the St. Lawrence to Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, he could portage overland -to the Beautiful River,--Ohio,--which would carry him down to the -Mississippi. - -The Sulpicians had been encouraged by Talon in order to eclipse and hold -in check the Jesuits. They were eager to send their missionaries to the -new realm of this Great River, and hurried Dollier de Casson down to -Quebec to obtain Intendant Talon's permission. - -There, curiously enough, Dollier de Casson met Cavalier de La Salle, the -shy young seigneur of La Chine, intent on almost the same aim,--to -explore the Great River. Where the Sulpicians had granted him his -seigniory above Montreal he had built a fort, which soon won the nickname -of La Chine,--China,--because its young master was continually -entertaining Iroquois Indians within the walls, to question them of the -Great River, which might lead to China. - -Governor Courcelle and Intendant Talon ordered the priest and young -seigneur to set out together on their explorations. The Sulpicians were -to bear all expenses, buying back La Salle's lands to enable him to -outfit canoes with the money. Father Galinee, who understood map making, -accompanied Dollier de Casson, and the expedition of seven birch canoes, -with three white men in each, and two dugouts with Seneca Indians, who -had been visiting La Salle, set out from Montreal on July 6, 1669. Not a -leader in the party was over thirty-five years of age. Dollier de -Casson, the big priest, was only thirty-three and La Salle barely -twenty-six. Corn meal was carried as food. For the rest, they were to -depend on chance shots. With {129} numerous portages, keeping to the -south shore of the St. Lawrence because that was best known to the Seneca -guides, the canoes passed up Lake St. Louis and Lake St. Francis and -glided through the sylvan fairyland of the Thousand Islands, coming out -in August on Lake Ontario, "which," says Galinee, "appeared to us like a -great sea." Striking south, they appealed to the Seneca Iroquois for -guides to the Ohio, but the Senecas were so intent on torturing some -prisoners recently captured, that they paid no heed to the appeal. A -month was wasted, and the white men proceeded with Indian slaves for -guides, still along the south shore of the lake. - -[Illustration: GALINEE'S MAP OF THE GREAT LAKES, 1669 (The next oldest -chart to that of Champlain)] - -At the mouth of Niagara River they could hear the far roar of the famous -falls, which Indian legend said "fell over rocks twice the height of the -highest pine tree." The turbulent torrent of the river could not be -breasted, so they did not see the falls, but rounded on up Lake Ontario -to the region now near the city of Hamilton. Here they had prepared to -portage overland to some stream that would bring them down to Lake Erie, -when, to their amazement, they learned from a passing Indian camp that -two Frenchmen were on their way down this very lake from searching copper -mines on Lake Superior. - -{130} The two Frenchmen were Louis Jolliet, yet in his early twenties, to -become famous as an explorer of the Mississippi, and one Monsieur Jean -Pere, soldier of fortune, who was to set France and England by the ears -on Hudson Bay. September 24, as La Salle and Dollier were dragging their -canoes through the autumn-colored sumacs of the swamp, there plunged from -among the russet undergrowth the two wanderers from the north,--Jolliet -and Pere, dumb with amazement to meet a score of men toiling through this -tenantless wilderness. The two parties fell on each other's necks with -delight and camped together. Jolliet told a story that set the -missionaries' zeal on fire and inflamed La Salle with mad eagerness to -pass on to the goal of his discoveries. Jolliet and Pere had not found -the copper mine for Talon on Lake Superior, but they had learned two -important secrets from the Indians. First, if Iroquois blocked the way -up the Ottawa, there was clear, easy water way down to Quebec by Lake -Huron and Lake Ste. Claire and Lake Erie. Jolliet's guide had brought -them down this way, first of white men to traverse the Great Lakes, only -leaving them as they reached Lake Erie and advising them to portage -across up Grand River to avoid Niagara Falls. Second, the Indians told -him the Ohio could be reached by way of Lake Erie. - -Sitting round the camp fires near what is now Port Stanley, La Salle -secretly resolved to go on down to Quebec with Jolliet and rearrange his -plans independent of the missionaries. The portaging through swamps had -affected La Salle's health, and he probably judged he could make quicker -time unaccompanied by missionaries. As for Galinee and Dollier, when -they knelt in prayer that night, they fervently besought Heaven to let -them carry the Gospel of truth to those benighted heathen west of Lake -Michigan, of whom Jolliet told. Dollier de Casson sent a letter by -Jolliet to Montreal, begging the Sulpicians to establish a mission near -what is now Toronto. Early next morning an altar was laid on the propped -paddles of the canoes and solemn service held. La Salle and his four -canoes went back to Montreal with Jolliet and Pere; Dollier and Galinee -coasted along the shores of Lake Erie westward. - -{131} It was October. The forests were leafless, the weather damp, the -lake too stormy for the frail canoes. As game was plentiful, the priests -decided to winter on a creek near Port Dover. Here log houses were -knocked up, and the servants dispersed moose hunting for winter supplies. -Then followed the most beautiful season of the year in the peninsula of -Ontario, Indian summer, dreamy warm days after the first cold, filling -the forest with a shimmer of golden light, the hills with heat haze, -while the air was odorous with smells of nuts and dried leaves and grapes -hanging thick from wild vines. "It was," writes Galinee, "simply an -Earthly Paradise, the most beautiful region that ever I have seen in my -life, with open woods and meadows and rivers and game in plenty." In -this Earthly Paradise the priests passed the winter, holding services -three times a week--"a winter that ought to be worth ten years of any -other kind of life" Dollier calculated, counting up masses and vespers -and matins. Sometimes when the snow lay deep and the weird voices of the -wind hallooed with bugle sound through the lonely forest, the priests -listening inside fancied that they heard "the hunting of -Arthur,"--unearthly huntsmen coursing the air after unearthly game. - -March 23 (Sunday), 1670, the company paraded down to Lake Erie from their -sheltered quarters, and, erecting a cross, took possession of this land -for France. Then they launched their boats to ascend the other Sweet -Water Seas. The preceding autumn the priests had lost some of their -baggage, and now, in camp near Point Pelee, a sweeping wave carried off -the packs in which were all the holy vessels and equipments for the -mission chapel. They decided to go back to Montreal by way of Sault Ste. -Marie, and ascended to Lake Ste. Claire. Game had been scarce for some -days, the weather tempestuous, and now the priests thought they had found -the cause. On one of the rocks of Lake Ste. Claire was a stone, to which -the Indians offered sacrifices for safe passage on the lakes. To the -priests the rude drawing of a face seemed graven images of -paganism,--signs of Satan, who had baffled their hunting and caused loss -{132} of their packs. "I consecrated one of my axes to break this god of -stone, and, having yoked our canoes abreast, we carried the largest -pieces to the middle of the river and cast them in. God immediately -rewarded us, for we killed a deer." Following the east shore of Lake -Huron, the priests came, on May 25, to Sault Ste. Marie, where the -Jesuits Dablon and Marquette had a mission. Three days late, they -embarked by way of the Ottawa for Montreal, where they arrived on June -18, 1670. - - -Meanwhile, what had become of Jolliet and Pere and La Salle? - -They have no sooner reached Quebec with their report than Talon orders -St. Lusson to go north and take possession at Sault Ste. Marie of all -these unknown lands for France. Jolliet accompanies St. Lusson. -Nicholas Perrot, a famous bushrover, goes along to summon the Indians, -and the ceremony takes place on June 14, 1671, in the presence of the -Jesuits at the Sault, by which the King of France is pronounced lord -paramount of all these regions. - -When Jolliet comes down again to Quebec, he finds Count Frontenac has -come as governor, and Jean Talon, the Intendant, is sailing for France. -Before leaving, Talon has recommended Jolliet as a fit man to explore the -Great River of the West. With him is commissioned Jacques Marquette, the -Jesuit, who has labored among the Indians west of Lake Superior. The two -men set out in birch canoes, with smoked meat for provisions, from -Michilimackinac mission, May 17, 1673, for Green Bay, Lake Michigan. -Ascending Fox River on June 17, they induce the Mascoutin Indians, who -had years ago conducted Radisson by this same route, to pilot them across -the portage to the headwaters of the Wisconsin River. - -Their way lies directly across that wooded lake region, which has in our -generation become the resort first of the lumberman, then of the -tourist,--a rolling, wooded region of rare sylvan beauty, park-like -forests interspersed with sky-colored lakes. Six weeks from the time -they had left the Sault, Wisconsin River carried their canoe out on the -swift eddies of a mighty river {133} flowing south,--the Mississippi. -For the first time the boat of a Canadian voyageur glided down its waters. - -Each night as the explorers landed to sleep under the stars, the tilted -canoe inverted with end on a log as roof in case of rain, Marquette fell -to knees and invoked the Virgin's aid on the expedition; and each morning -as Jolliet launched the boat out on the waters through the early mist, he -headed closely along shore on the watch for sign or footprint of Indian. - -The river gathered volume as it rolled southward, carving the clay cliffs -of its banks in a thousand fantastic forms. Where the bank was broken, -the prairies were seen in heaving seas of grass billowing to the wind -like water, herds of countless buffalo pasturing knee-deep. To Marquette -and Jolliet, burning with enthusiasm, it seemed as if they were finding a -new world for France half as large as all Europe. For two weeks not a -sail, not a canoe, not a soul did they see. Then the river carried them -into the country of the Illinois, past Illinois Indians who wore French -clothing, and pictured rocks where the Indians had painted their sign -language. There was no doubt now in the explorers' minds,--the -Mississippi did not lead to China but emptied in the Gulf of Mexico. A -furious torrent of boiling muddy water pouring in on the right forewarned -the Missouri; and in a few more days they passed on the left the clear -current of Beautiful River,--the Ohio. - -It was now midsummer. The heat was heavy and humid. Marquette's health -began to suffer, and the two explorers spread an awning of sailcloth -above the canoe as they glided with the current. Towards the Arkansas, -Indians appeared on the banks, brandishing weapons of Spanish make. -Though Jolliet, with a peace pipe from the Illinois Indians, succeeded in -reassuring the hostiles, it was unsafe to go farther south. They had -established the fact,--the Mississippi emptied into the Gulf of -Mexico,--and on July 17 turned back. It was harder going against stream, -which did not mend Marquette's health; so when the Illinois Indians -offered to show them a shorter way to Lake Michigan, they followed up -Illinois River and crossed the Chicago portage {134} to Lake Michigan. -Jolliet went on down to Quebec with his report. Marquette remained half -ill to establish missions in Michigan. Here, traveling with his Indians -in 1675, the priest died of the malady contracted in the Mississippi -heat, and was buried in a lonely grave of the wildwood wilderness where -he had wandered. Louis Jolliet married and settled down on his seigniory -of Anticosti Island. - - -Though he had as yet little to show for the La Chine estate, which he had -sacrificed, La Salle had not been idle, but was busy pushing French -dominion by another route to the Mississippi. - -Count Frontenac had come to New France as all the viceroys -came--penniless, to mend his fortunes; and as the salary of the Governor -did not exceed $3000 a year, the only way to wealth was by the fur trade; -but which way to look for fur trade! Hudson Bay, thanks to Radisson, was -in the hands of England. Taudoussac was farmed out to the King. The -merchants of Quebec and Three Rivers and Montreal absorbed all the furs -of the tribes from the Ottawa; and New England drained the Iroquois land. -There remained but one avenue of new trade, and that was west of the -Lakes, where Jolliet had been. - -Taking only La Salle into his confidence, Frontenac issued a royal -mandate commanding all the officers and people of New France to -contribute a quota of men for the establishment of a fort on Lake -Ontario. By June 28, 1673, the same year that Jolliet had been -dispatched for the Mississippi, there had gathered at La Chine, La -Salle's old seigniory near Montreal, four hundred armed men and one -hundred and twenty canoes, which Frontenac ordered painted gaudily in red -and blue. With these the Governor moved in stately array up the St. -Lawrence, setting the leafy avenues of the Thousand Islands ringing with -trumpet and bugle, and sweeping across Lake Ontario in martial lines to -the measured stroke of a hundred paddles. - -Long since, La Salle's scouts had scurried from canton to canton, -rallying the Iroquois to the council of great "Onontio." At break of -day, July 13, while the sunrise was just bursting up {135} over the lake, -Frontenac, with soldiers drawn up under arms, himself in velvet cloak -laced with gold braid, met the chiefs of the Iroquois Confederacy at the -place to be known for years as Fort Frontenac, now known as Kingston, a -quiet little city at the entrance of Lake Ontario on the north shore. - -[Illustration: ROBERT DE LA SALLE] - -Ostensibly the powwow was to maintain peace. In reality, it was to -attract the Iroquois, and all the tribes with whom they traded, away from -the English, down to Frontenac's new fort with their furs. It is a -question if all the military pomp deceived a living soul. Before the -Governor had set his sappers to work on the foundations of a fort, the -merchants of Montreal--the Le Bers and Le Moynes and Le Chesnayes and Le -Forests--were furious with jealousy. Undoubtedly Fort Frontenac would be -the most valuable fur post in America. - -{136} - -[Illustration: OLD PLAN OF FORT FRONTENAC] - -Determined to have the support of the Court, where his wife was in high -favor, Count Frontenac dispatched La Salle to France in 1674 with letters -of strongest recommendation, which, no doubt, Jean Talon, the former -Intendant, indorsed on the spot. La Salle's case was a strong one. He -was to offer to found a line of forts establishing French dominion from -Lake Ontario to the valley of the Mississippi, which Jolliet had just -explored. In return, he asked for patent of nobility and the grant of a -seigniory at Fort Frontenac; in other words, the monopoly of the furs -there, which would easily clear him $20,000 a year. It has never been -proved, but one may suspect that his profits were to be divided with -Count Frontenac. Both requests were at once granted; and La Salle came -back to a hornet's nest of enmity in Canada. Space forbids to tell of -the means taken to defeat him; for, by promising to support Recollet -friars at his fort instead of Jesuits, La Salle had added {137} to the -enmity of the merchants, the hatred of the Jesuits. Poison was put in -his food. Iroquois were stirred up to hostility against him. - -Meanwhile no enmity checks his ardor. He has replaced the wooden walls -of Fort Frontenac with stone, mounted ten cannon, manned the fort with -twenty soldiers, maintained more than forty workmen, cleared one hundred -acres for crops, and in 1677 is off again for France to ask permission to -build another fort above Niagara. This time, when La Salle comes out, he -is accompanied by a man famous in American annals, a soldier of fortune -from Italy, cousin of Duluth the bushrover, one Henry Tonty, a man with a -copper hand, his arm having been shattered in war, who presently comes to -have repute among the Indians as a great "medicine man," because blows -struck by that metal hand have a way of being effective. By 1678 the -fort is built above Niagara. By 1679 a vessel of forty-five tons and ten -cannon is launched on Lake Erie, the _Griffon_, the first vessel to plow -the waters of the Great Lakes. As she slides off her skids, August 17, -to go up to Michilimackinac for a cargo of furs, _Te Deum_ is chanted -from the new fort, and Louis Hennepin, the Dutch friar, standing on deck -in full vestments, asks Heaven's blessing on the ship's venture. - -Scant is the courtesy of the Michilimackinac traders as the _Griffon's_ -guns roar salute to the fort. Cold is the welcome of the Jesuits as La -Salle enters their chapel dressed in scarlet mantle trimmed with gold. -And to be frank, though La Salle was backed by the King, he had no right -to trade at Michilimackinac, for his monopoly explicitly states he shall -not interfere with the trade of the north, but barter only with the -tribes towards the Illinois. Never mind! he loads his ships to the water -line with furs to pay his increasing debts, and sends the ship on down to -Niagara with the cargo, while he and Tonty, with different parties, -proceed to the south end of Lake Michigan to cross the Chicago portage -leading to the Mississippi. Did the jealous traders bribe the pilot to -sink the ship to bottom? Who knows? Certain it is when Tonty and La -Salle went down the {138} Illinois early in the new year of 1680, news of -disasters came thick and fast. The _Griffon_ had sunk with all her -cargo. The ship from France with the year's supplies for La Salle at -Fort Frontenac had been wrecked at the mouth of the St. Lawrence; and -worse than these losses, which meant financial ruin, here among the -Illinois Indians were Mascoutin Indian spies bribed to stir up trouble -for La Salle. Small wonder that he named the fort built here Fort -Crevecoeur,--Fort Broken Heart. - -[Illustration: THE BUILDING OF THE _GRIFFON_ (After the engraving in -Father Hennepin's "Nouvelle Decouverte," Amsterdam, 1704)] - -If La Salle had been fur trader only, as his enemies averred, and not -patriot, one wonders why he did not sit still in his fort at Frontenac -and draw his profits of $20,000 a year, instead of risking loss and -poison and ruin and calumny and death by chasing the phantom of his great -desire to found a New France on the Mississippi. - -Never pausing to repine, he orders Hennepin, the friar, to take two -voyageurs and descend Illinois River as far as the Mississippi. Tonty he -leaves in charge of the Illinois fort. He {139} himself proceeds -overland the width of half a continent, to Fort Frontenac and Montreal. - -Friar Hennepin's adventures have been told in his own book of marvels, -half truth, half lies. Jolliet, it will be remembered, had explored the -Great River south of the Wisconsin. Hennepin struck up from the mouth of -the Illinois, to explore north, and he found enough adventure to satisfy -his marvel-loving soul. The Sioux captured him somewhere near the -Wisconsin. In the wanderings of his captivity he went as far north as -the Falls of St. Anthony, the site of Minnesota's Twin Cities, and he -finally fell in with a band of Duluth's bushrovers from Kaministiquia -(modern Fort William), Lake Superior. - - -The rest of the story of La Salle on the Mississippi is more the history -of the United States than of Canada, and must be given in few words. - -When La Salle returned from interviewing his creditors on the St. -Lawrence, he found the Illinois Indians dispersed by hostile Iroquois -whom his enemies had hounded on. Fort Crevecoeur had been destroyed and -plundered by mutineers among his own men. Only Tonty and two or three -others had remained faithful, and they had fled for their lives to Lake -Michigan. Not knowing where Tonty had taken refuge, La Salle pushed on -down the Illinois River, and for the first time beheld the Mississippi, -the goal of all his dreams; but anxiety for his lost men robbed the event -of all jubilation. Once more united with Tonty at Michilimackinac, La -Salle returned dauntlessly to the Illinois. Late in the fall of 1681 he -set out with eighteen Indians and twenty Frenchmen from Lake Michigan for -the Illinois. February of 1682 saw the canoes floating down the -winter-swollen current of the Illinois River for the Mississippi, which -was reached on the 6th. A week later the river had cleared of ice, and -the voyageurs were camped amid the dense forests at the mouth of the -Missouri. The weather became warmer. Trees were donning their bridal -attire of spring and the air was heavy with the odor of blossoms. -Instead of high cliffs, carved fantastic by {140} the waters, came -low-lying swamps, full of reeds, through which the canoes glided and lost -themselves. Camp after camp of strange Indian tribes they visited, till -finally they came to villages where the Indians were worshipers of the -sun and wore clothing of Spanish make. By these signs La Salle guessed -he was nearing the Gulf of Mexico. Fog lay longer on the river of -mornings now. Ground was lower. They were nearing the sea. April 6 the -river seemed to split into three channels. Different canoes followed -each channel. The muddy river water became salty. Then the blue sky -line opened to the fore through the leafy vista of the forest-grown -banks. Another paddle stroke, and the canoes shot out on the Gulf of -Mexico,--La Salle erect and silent and stern as was his wont. April 9, -1682, a cross is planted with claim to this domain for France. To fire -of musketry and chant of Te Deum a new empire is created for King Louis -of France. Louisiana is its name. - - -Take a map of North America. Look at it. What had the pathfinders of -New France accomplished? Draw a line from Cape Breton to James Bay, from -James Bay down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, from the Gulf of -Mexico across to Cape Breton. Inside the triangle lies the French empire -of the New World,--in area the size of half Europe. That had the -pathfinders accomplished for France. - -La Salle was too ill to proceed at once from the Mississippi to Quebec. -As long as Frontenac remained governor, La Salle could rely on his hungry -creditors and vicious enemies--now eager as wolves, to confiscate his -furs and seize his seigniory at Fort Frontenac--being restrained by the -strong hand of the Viceroy; but while La Salle lay ill at the Illinois -fort, Frontenac was succeeded by La Barre as viceroy; and the new -Governor was a weak, avaricious old man, ready to believe any evil tale -carried to his ears. He at once sided with La Salle's enemies, and wrote -the French King that the explorer's "_head was turned_"; that La Salle -"_accomplished nothing, but spent his life leading bandits through the -forests, pillaging Indians; {141} that all the story of discovering the -Mississippi was a fabrication_." When La Salle came from the wilderness -he found himself a ruined man. Fort Frontenac had been seized by his -enemies. Supplies for the Mississippi had been stopped, and officers -were on their way to seize the forts there. - -Leaving Tonty in charge of his interests, La Salle sailed for France -where he had a strong friend at court in Frontenac. As it happened, -Spain and France were playing at the game of checkmating each other; and -it pleased the French King to restore La Salle's forts and to give the -Canadian explorer four ships to colonize the Mississippi by way of the -Gulf of Mexico. This was to oust Spain from her ancient claim on the -gulf; but Beaujeu, the naval commander of the expedition, was not in -sympathy with La Salle. Beaujeu was a noble by birth; La Salle, only a -noble of the merchant classes. The two bickered and quarreled from the -first. By some blunder, when the ships reached the Gulf of Mexico, laden -with colonists, in December of 1684, they missed the mouth of the -Mississippi and anchored off Texas. The main ship sailed back to France. -Two others were wrecked, and La Salle in desperation, after several trips -seeking the Mississippi, resolved to go overland by way of the -Mississippi valley and the Illinois to obtain aid in Canada for his -colonists. All the world knows what happened. Near Trinity River in -Texas some of his men mutinied. Early in the morning of the 19th of -March, 1687, La Salle left camp with a friar and Indian to ascertain what -was delaying the plotters, who had not returned from the hunt. Suddenly -La Salle seemed overwhelmed by a great sadness. He spoke of death. A -moment later, catching sight of one of the delinquents, he had called -out. A shot rang from the underbush; another shot; and La Salle reeled -forward dead, with a bullet wound gaping in his forehead. The body of -the man who had won a new empire for France was stripped and left naked, -a prey to the foxes and carrion birds. So perished Robert Cavelier de La -Salle, aged forty-four. - -Nor need the fate of the mutineers be told here. The fate of mutineers -is the same the world over. Having slain their {142} commander, they -fell on one another and perished, either at one another's hands or among -the Indians. As for the colonists of men, women, and girls left in -Texas, the few who were not massacred by the Indians fell into the hands -of the Spaniards. La Salle's debts at the time of his death were what -would now be half a million dollars. His life had ended in what the -world calls ruin, but France entered into his heritage. - -With the passing of Robert de La Salle passes the heroic age of -Canada,--its age of youth's dream. Now was to come its manhood,--its -struggles, its wars, its nation building, working out a greater destiny -than any dream of youth. - - - - -{143} - -CHAPTER VIII - -FROM 1679 TO 1713 - -Radisson quarrels with company--Up Labrador coast--Radisson captures -his rivals--Radisson ordered back to England--Death of Radisson--Jan -Pere the spy--The raid on Moose Factory--Sargeant besieged - - -Before leaving for France, Jean Talon, the Intendant, had set another -exploration in motion. English trade was now in full sway on Hudson -Bay. In possession of the Mississippi, the Ohio, the Illinois, the -Great Lakes, France controlled all avenues of approach to the Great -Northwest except Hudson Bay. This she had lost through injustice to -Radisson; and already the troublesome question had come up,--What was -to be the boundary between the fur-trading domain of the French -northward from the St. Lawrence and the fur-trading domain of the -English southward from Hudson Bay. Fewer furs came down to Quebec from -Labrador, the King's Domain, from Kaministiquia (Fort William), the -stamping ground of Duluth, the forest ranger. The furs of these -regions were being drained by the English of Hudson Bay. - -Talon determined to put a stop to this, and had advised Frontenac -accordingly. August, 1671, Governor Frontenac dispatched the English -Jesuit--Father Albanel--with French guides and Indian voyageurs to set -up French arms on Hudson Bay and to bear letters to Radisson and -Groseillers. The journey was terrific. I have told the story -elsewhere. Autumn found the voyageurs beyond the forested shores of -the Saguenay and Lake St. John, ascending a current full of boiling -cascades towards Lake Mistassini. Then the frost-painted woods became -naked as antlers, with wintry winds setting the dead boughs crashing; -and the ice, thin as mica, forming at the edges of the streams, had -presently thickened too hard for the voyageurs to break with their -paddles. Albanel and his comrades wintered in the Montaignais' lodges, -which were banked so heavily with snow that scarcely a breath of pure -air could penetrate the {144} stench. By day the priest wandered from -lodge to lodge, preaching the gospel. At night he was to be found afar -in the snow-padded solitudes of the forest engaged in prayer. At last, -in the spring of 1672, thaw set the ice loose and the torrents rushing. -Downstream on June 10 launched Albanel, running many a wild-rushing -rapid, taking the leap with the torrential waters over the lesser -cataracts, and avoiding the larger falls by long detours over rocks -slippery as ice, through swamps to a man's armpits. The hinterland of -Hudson Bay, with its swamps and rough portages and dank forests of -unbroken windfall, was then and is to-day the hardest canoe trip in -North America; but towards the end of June the French canoes glided out -on the arm of the sea called James Bay, hoisted the French flag, and in -solemn council with the Indians presented gifts to induce them to come -down the Saguenay to Quebec. Fort Rupert, the Hudson's Bay Company's -post, consisted of two barrack-like log structures. When Albanel came -to the houses he found not a soul, only boxes of provisions and one -lonely dog. - -A few weeks previously the men of the English company had gone on up -the west coast of Hudson Bay, prospecting for the site of a new -settlement. Before Albanel had come at all, there was friction among -the English. Radisson and Groseillers were Catholics and French, and -they were supervisors of the entire trade. Bayly, the English -governor, was subject to them. So was Captain Gillam, with whom they -had quarreled long ago, when he refused to take his boat into Hudson -Straits on the voyage from Port Royal. Radisson and Groseillers were -for establishing more posts up the west coast of Hudson Bay, farther -from the competition of Duluth's forest rovers on Lake Superior. They -had examined the great River Nelson and urged Bayly, the English -governor, to build a fort there. Bayly sulked and blustered by turns. -In this mood they had come back to Prince Rupert to find the French -flag flying above their fort and the English Jesuit, Albanel, snugly -ensconced, with passports from Governor Frontenac and personal letters -for Radisson and Groseillers. - -{145} England and France were at peace. Bayly had to respect Albanel's -passports, but he wished this English envoy of French rivals far -enough; and when Captain Gillam came from England the old quarrel -flamed out in open hostility. Radisson and Groseillers were accused of -being in league with the French traders. A thousand rumors of what -next happened have gained currency. One writer says that the English -and French came to blows; another, that Radisson and Groseillers -deserted, going back overland with Albanel. In the Archives of -Hudson's Bay House I found a letter stating that the English captain -kidnapped the Jesuit Albanel and carried him a captive to England. It -may as well be frankly stated these rumors are all sheer fiction. -Albanel went back overland as he came. Radisson and Groseillers did -not go with him, though there may have been blows. Instead, they went -to England on Gillam's ship to present their case to the company. - -[Illustration: PRINCE RUPERT (After the painting by Sir P. Lely)] - -The Hudson's Bay Company was uneasy. Radisson and Groseillers were -aliens. True, Radisson had married Mary Kirke, the daughter of a -shareholder, and was bound to the English; but if Radisson and -Groseillers had forsworn one land, might they not forswear another, and -go back to the French, as Frontenac's letters no doubt urged? The -company offered Radisson a salary of 100 pounds a year to stay as clerk -in England. They did not want him out on the bay again; but {146} -France had offered Radisson a commission in the French navy. Without -more ado the two Frenchmen left London for Paris, and Paris for America. - - -The year 1676 finds Radisson back in Quebec engaged in the beaver trade -with all those friends of his youth whose names have become famous,--La -Salle of Fort Frontenac, and Charles Le Moyne the interpreter of -Montreal, and Jolliet of the Mississippi, and La Forest who befriended -La Salle, Le Chesnaye who opposed him, and Duluth whose forest rangers -roved from Lake Superior to Hudson Bay. It can be guessed what these -men talked about over the table of the Sovereign Council at Quebec, -whither they had been called to discuss the price of beaver and the use -of brandy. - -The fur traders were at that time in two distinct rings,--the ring of -La Salle and La Forest, supported by Frontenac; the Montreal ring, -headed by Le Chesnaye, who fought against the opening of the west -because Lake Ontario trade would divert his trade from the Ottawa. -Radisson's report of that west coast of Hudson Bay, in area large as -all New France, interested both factions of the fur trade intensely. -He was offered two ships for Hudson Bay by the men of both rings. -Because England and France were at peace, Frontenac dared not recognize -the expedition officially; but he winked at it,--as he winked at many -irregularities in the fur trade,--granted the Company of the North -license to trade on Hudson Bay, and gave Radisson's party passports "to -fish off Gaspe." In the venture Radisson, Groseillers, and the son -Chouart Groseillers, invested their all, possibly amounting to $2500 -each. The rest of the money for the expedition came from the Godfreys, -titled seigneurs of Three Rivers; Dame Sorel, widow of an officer in -the Carignan Regiment; Le Chesnaye, La Salle's lieutenant, and others. - -The boats were rickety little tubs unfit for rough northern seas, and -the crews sulky, underfed men, who threatened mutiny at every watering -place and only refrained from cutting Radisson's {147} throat because -he kept them busy. July 11, 1682, the explorers sheered away from the -fishing fleet of the St. Lawrence and began coasting up the lonely iron -shore of Labrador. Ice was met sweeping south in mountainous bergs. -Over Isle Demons in the Straits of Belle Isle hung storm wrack and -brown fog as in the days when Marguerite Roberval pined there. Then -the ships were cutting the tides of Labrador; here through fog; there -skimming a coast that was sheer masonry to the very sky; again, -scudding from storm to refuge of some hole in the wall. - -[Illustration: MAP OF HUDSON BAY] - -{148} Before September the ships rode triumphantly into -Five-Fathom-Hole off Nelson River, Hudson Bay. Here two great rivers, -wide as the St. Lawrence, rolled to the sea, separated by a long tongue -of sandy dunes. The north river was the Nelson; the south, the Hayes. -Approach to both was dangerous, shallow, sandy, and bowlder strewn; but -Radisson's vessels were light draught, and he ran them in on the tide -to Hayes River on the south, where his men took possession for France -and erected log huts as a fort. - -Groseillers remained at the fort to command the twenty-seven men. -Young Chouart ranged the swamps and woods for Indians, and Radisson had -paddled down the Hayes from meeting some Assiniboine hunters, when, to -his amazement, there rolled across the wooded swamps the most -astonishing report that could be heard in desolate solitudes. It was -the rolling reverberation, the dull echo of a far-away cannon firing -signal after signal. - -Like a flash Radisson guessed the game. After all, the Hudson's Bay -Company had taken his advice and were sending ships to trade on the -west coast. The most of men, supported by only twenty-seven mutineers, -would have scuttled ships and escaped overland, but the explorers of -New France, Champlain and Jolliet and La Salle, were not made of the -stuff that runs from trouble. - -Picking out three men, Radisson crossed the marsh northward to -reconnoiter on Nelson River. Through the brush he espied a white tent -on what is now known as Gillam's Island, a fortress half built, and a -ship at anchor. All night he and his spies watched, but none of the -builders came near enough to be seized, and next day at noon Radisson -put a bold face on and paddled within cannon shot of the island. - -Here was a pretty to-do, indeed! The Frenchman must have laughed till -he shook with glee! It was not the Hudson's Bay Company ship at all, -but a poacher, a pirate, an interloper, forbidden by the laws of the -English Company's monopoly; and who was the poacher but Ben Gillam, of -Boston, son of Captain Gillam of the Hudson's Bay Company, with whom, -no doubt, he was in collusion to defraud the English traders! Calling -for {149} Englishmen to come down to the shore as hostages for fair -treatment, Radisson went boldly aboard the young man's ship, saw -everything, counted the men, noted the fact that Gillam's crew were -mutinous, and half frightened the life out of the young Boston captain -by telling him of the magnificent fort the French had on the south -river, of the frigates and cannon and the powder magazines. As a -friend he advised young Gillam not to permit his men to approach the -French; otherwise they might be attacked by the Quebec soldiers. Then -the crafty Radisson paddled off, smiling to himself; but not so fast, -not so easy! As he drifted down Nelson River, what should he run into -full tilt but the Hudson's Bay Company ship itself, bristling with -cannon, manned by his old enemy, Captain Gillam! - -If the two English parties came together, Radisson was lost. He must -beat them singly before they met; and again putting on a bold face, he -marched out, met his former associates, and as a friend advised them -not to ascend the river farther. Fortunately for Radisson, both Gillam -and Bridgar, the Hudson's Bay governor, were drinking heavily and glad -to take his advice. The winter passed, with Radisson perpetrating such -tricks on his rivals as a player might with the dummy men on a -chessboard; but the chessboard, with the English rivals for pawns, was -suddenly upset by the unexpected. Young Gillam discovered that -Radisson had no fort at all,--only log cabins with a handful of -ragamuffin bushrovers; and Captain Gillam senior got word of young -Gillam's presence. Radisson had to act, act quickly, and on the nail. - -Leaving half a dozen men as hostages in young Gillam's fort, Radisson -invited the youth to visit the French fort for which the young Boston -fellow had expressed such skeptical scorn. To make a long story short, -young Gillam was no sooner out of his own fort than the French hostages -took peaceable possession of it, and Gillam was no sooner in Radisson's -fort than the French clapped him a prisoner in their guardroom. -Ignorant that the French had captured young Gillam's fort, the Hudson's -Bay Company men had marched upstream at dead of night to his {150} -rescue. The English knocked for admittance. The French guards threw -open the gates. In marched the English traders. The French clapped -the gates to. The English were now themselves prisoners. Such a -double victory would have been impossible to the French if the Hudson's -Bay Company men had not fuddled themselves with drink and allowed their -fine ship, the _Prince Rupert_, to be wrecked in the ice drive. - -In spring the ice jam wrecked Radisson's vessels, too, so he was -compelled to send the most of his prisoners in a sloop down Hudson Bay -to Prince Rupert, while he carried the rest with him on young Gillam's -ship down to Quebec with an enormous cargo of furs. - -By all the laws of navigation Ben Gillam was nothing more or less than -pirate. The monopoly of the Hudson's Bay Company forbade him trading -on Hudson Bay. The license of the Company of the North at Quebec also -excluded him. In later years, indeed, young Gillam turned pirate -outright, was captured in connection with Captain Kidd at Boston, and -is supposed to have been executed with the famous pirate. But when -Radisson left Nelson in charge of young Chouart and came down to Quebec -with young Gillam's ship as prize, a change had taken place at Quebec. -Governor Frontenac had been recalled. In his place was La Barre, whose -favor could be bought by any man who would pay the bribe, and who had -already ruined La Salle by permitting creditors to seize Fort -Frontenac. England and France were at peace. Therefore La Barre gave -Gillam's vessel back to him. The revenue collectors were permitted to -seize all the furs which La Chesnaye had not already shipped to France. -Though La Barre was reprimanded by the King for both acts, not a sou -did Radisson and Groseillers and Chouart ever receive for their -investment; and Radisson was ordered to report at once to the King in -France. - - -The next part of Radisson's career has always been the great blot upon -his memory, a blot that seemed incomprehensible except on the ground -that his English wife had induced him to {151} return to the Hudson's -Bay Company; but in the memorials left by Radisson himself, in Hudson's -Bay House, London, I found the true explanation of his conduct. - -France and England were, as yet, at peace; but it was a pact of -treacherous kind,--secret treaty by which the King of England drew pay -from the King of France. The King of France dared not offend England -by giving public approval to Radisson's capture of the Hudson's Bay -Company's territory; therefore he ordered Radisson to go back to -Hudson's Bay Company service and restore what he had captured. But the -King of France had no notion of relinquishing claim to the vast -territory of Hudson Bay; therefore he commanded Radisson to go -unofficially. Groseillers, the brother, seems to have dropped from all -engagements from this time, and to have returned to Three Rivers. A -copy of the French minister's instructions is to be found in the -Radisson records of the Hudson's Bay Company to-day. Not a sou of -compensation was Radisson to receive for the money that he and his -friends had invested in the venture of 1682-1683. Not a penny of -reparation was he to obtain for the furs at Nelson, which he was to -turn over to the Hudson's Bay Company. - -In France, preparation went forward as if for a second voyage to -Nelson; but Radisson secretly left Paris for London, where he was -welcomed by the courtiers of England in May, 1684, and given presents -by King Charles and the Duke of York, who were shareholders in the -Hudson's Bay Company. May 17 he sailed with the Hudson's Bay Company -vessels for Port Nelson, and there took over from young Chouart the -French forts with 20,000 pounds worth of furs for the English company. - -Young Chouart Groseillers and his five comrades were furious. They had -borne the brunt of attack from both English and Indian enemies during -Radisson's absence, and they were to receive not a penny for the furs -collected. And their fury knew no bounds when they were forcibly -carried back to England. The English had invited them on board one of -the vessels for last instructions. Quickly the anchor was slipped, -sails run {152} out, and the kidnapped Frenchmen carried from the bay. -In a second, young Chouart's hand was on his sword, and he would have -fought on the spot, but Radisson begged him to conceal his anger; -"for," urged Radisson, "some of these English ruffians would like -nothing better than to stab you in a scuffle." - -In London, Radisson was lionized, publicly thanked by the company, -presented to the court, and given a present of silver plate. As for -the young French captives, they were treated royally, voted salaries of -100 pounds a year, and all their expenses of lodgings paid; but when -they spoke of returning to France, unexpected obstructions were -created. Their money was held back; they were dogged by spies. -Finally they took the oath of allegiance to England, and accepted -engagements to go back as servants of the Hudson's Bay Company to -Nelson at salaries ranging from 100 pounds to 40 pounds, good pay as -money was estimated in those days, equal to at least five times as much -money of the present day. It was even urged on young Chouart that he -should take an English wife, as Radisson had; but the young Frenchmen -smiled quietly to themselves. Secret offers of a title had been -conveyed to Chouart by the French ambassador; and to his mother in -Three Rivers he wrote: - -I could not go to Paris; I was not at liberty; but I shall be at the -rendezvous or perish trying. I cannot say more in a letter. I would -have left this kingdom, but they hold back my pay, and orders have been -given to arrest me if I try to leave. Assure Mr. Duluth of my humble -services. I shall see him as soon as I can. Pray tell my good friend, -Jan Pere. - - -Pere, it will be remembered, was a bushranger of Duluth's band, who had -been with Jolliet on Lake Superior. - -As for Radisson, the English kept faith with him as long as the Stuarts -and his personal friends ruled the English court. He spent the summers -on Hudson Bay as superintendent of trade, the winters in England -supervising cargoes and sales. His home was on Seething Lane near the -great Tower, where one of his friends was commander. Near him dwelt -the merchant princes of London like the Kirkes and the Robinsons and -the Youngs. His next-door neighbor was the man of fashion, {153} -Samuel Pepys, in whose hands Radisson's Journals of his voyages finally -fell. His income at this time was 100 pounds in dividends, 100 pounds -in salary, equal to about five times that amount in modern money. - -Then came a change in Radisson's fortunes. The Stuarts were dethroned -and their friends dispersed. The shareholders of the fur company bore -names of men who knew naught of Radisson's services. War destroyed the -fur company's dividends. Radisson's income fell off to 50 pounds a -year. His family had increased; so had his debts; and he had long -since been compelled to move from fashionable quarters. A petition -filed in a lawsuit avers that he was in great mental anxiety lest his -children should come to want; but he won his lawsuits against the -company for arrears of salary. Peace brought about a resumption of -dividends, and the old pathfinder seems to have passed his last years -in comparative comfort. Some time between March and July, 1710, -Radisson set out on the Last Long Voyage of all men, dying near London. -His burial place is unknown. As far as Canada is concerned, Radisson -stands foremost as pathfinder of the Great Northwest. - - -But to return to "good friend, Jan Pere," whom the Frenchmen, forced -into English service, were to meet somewhere on Hudson Bay. It is like -a story from borderland forays. - -Seven large ships set sail from England for Hudson Bay in 1685, -carrying Radisson and young Chouart and the five unwilling Frenchmen. -The company's forts on the bay now numbered four: Nelson, highest up on -the west; Albany, southward on an island at the mouth of Albany River; -Moose, just where James Bay turns westward; and Rupert at the southeast -corner. But French ships under La Martiniere of the Sovereign Council -had also set sail from Quebec in 1685, commissioned by the indignant -fur traders to take Radisson dead or alive; for Quebec did not know the -secret orders of the French court, which had occasioned Radisson's last -defection. - -July saw the seven Hudson's Bay ships worming their way laboriously -through the ice floes of the straits. Small sails only {154} were -used. With grappling hooks thrown out on the ice pans and crews -toiling to their armpits in ice slush, the boats pulled themselves -forward, resting on the lee side of some ice floe during ebb tide, all -hands out to fight the roaring ice pans when the tide began to come in. -At length on the night of July 27, with crews exhausted and the timbers -badly rammed, the ships steered to rest in a harbor off Digge's Island, -sheltered from the ice drive. The nights of that northern sea are -light almost as day; but clouds had shrouded the sky and a white mist -was rising from the water when there glided like ghosts from gloom two -strange vessels. Before the exhausted crews of the English ships were -well awake, the waters were churned to foam by a roar of cannonading. -The strange ships had bumped keels with the little _Merchant -Perpetuana_ of the Hudson's Bay. Radisson, on whose head lay a price, -was first to realize that they were attacked by French raiders; and his -ship was out with sails and off like a bird, followed by the other -English vessels, all except the little _Perpetuana_, now in death -grapple between her foes. Captain Hume, Mates Smithsend and -Grimmington fought like demons to keep the French from boarding her; -but they were knocked down, fettered and clapped below hatches while -the victors plundered the cargo. Fourteen men were put to the sword. -August witnessed ship, cargo, and captives brought into Quebec amid -noisy acclaim and roar of cannon. The French had not captured Radisson -nor ransomed Chouart, but there was booty to the raiders. New France -had proved her right to trade on Hudson Bay spite of peace between -France and England, or secret commands to Radisson. Thrown in a -dungeon below Chateau St. Louis, Quebec, the English captives hear wild -rumors of another raid on the bay, overland in winter; and Smithsend, -by secret messenger, sends warning to England, and for his pains is -sold with his fellow-captives into slavery in Martinique, whence he -escapes to England before the summer of 1686. - -But what is Jan Pere of Duluth's bushrovers doing? All unconscious of -the raid on the ships, the governors of the four {155} English forts -awaited the coming of the annual supplies. At Albany was a sort of -harbor beacon as well as lookout, built high on scaffolding above a -hill. One morning, in August of 1685, the sentry on the lookout was -amazed to see three men, white men, in a canoe, steering swiftly down -the rain-swollen river from the Up-Country. Such a thing was -impossible. "White men from the interior! Whence did they come?" -Governor Sargeant came striding to the fort gate, ordering his cannon -manned. Behold nothing more dangerous than three French forest rangers -dressed in buckskins, but with manners a trifle too smooth for such -rough garb, as one doffs his cap to Governor Sargeant and introduces -himself as Jan Pere, a woodsman out hunting. - -[Illustration: CONTEMPORARY FRENCH MAP OF HUDSON BAY AND VICINITY] - -England and France were at peace; so Governor Sargeant invited the -three mysterious gentlemen inside to a breakfast of sparkling wines and -good game, hoping no doubt that the wines would unlock the gay fellows' -tongues to tell what game _they_ were playing. As the wine passed -freely, there were stories of {156} the hunt and the voyage and the -annual ships. When might the ships be coming? "Humph," mutters -Sargeant through his beard; and he does n't urge these knights of the -wild woods to tarry longer. Their canoe glides gayly down coast to the -salt marshes, where the shooting is good; but by chance that night, -_purely by chance_, the French leave their canoe so that the tide will -carry it away. Then they come back crestfallen to the English fort. - -Meanwhile a ship has arrived with the story of the raid on the -_Perpetuana_. Sargeant is so enraged that he sends two of the French -spies across to Charlton Island, where they can hunt or die; Monsieur -Jan Pere he casts into the cellar of Albany with irons on his wrists -and balls on his feet. When the ships sail for England, Pere is sent -back as prisoner without having had one word with Chouart Groseillers. -As for the two Frenchmen placed on Charlton Island, did Sargeant think -they were bush-rovers and would stay on an island? By October they -have laid up store of moose meat, built themselves a canoe, paddled -across to the mainland, and are speeding like wildfire overland to -Michilimackinac with word that Jan Pere is held prisoner at Albany. As -Jan Pere drops out of history here, it may be said that he was kept -prisoner in England as guarantee for the safety of the English crew -held prisoners at Quebec. When he escaped to France he was given money -and a minor title for his services. - -The news that Pere lay in a dungeon on Hudson Bay supplied the very -excuse that the Quebec fur traders needed for an overland raid in time -of peace. These were the wild rumors of which the captive English crew -sent warning to England; but the northern straits would not be open to -the company ships before June of 1686, and already a hundred wild -French bushrovers were rallying to ascend the Ottawa to raid the -English on Hudson Bay. - -And now a change comes in Canadian annals. For half a century its -story is a record of lawless raids, bloody foray, dare-devil courage -combined with the most fiendish cruelty and sublime heroism. Only a -few of these raids can be narrated here. {157} June 18, 1686, when the -long twilight of the northern night merged with dawn, there came out -from the thicket of underbrush round Moose Factory, Hudson Bay, one -hundred bush-rovers, led by Chevalier de Troyes of Niagara, accompanied -by Le Chesnaye of the fur trade, Quebec, and the Jesuit, Sylvie. Of -the raiders, sixty-six were Indians under Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville -and his brothers, Maricourt and Ste. Helene, aged about twenty-four, -sons of Charles Le Moyne, the Montreal interpreter. Moose Factory at -this time boasted fourteen cannon, log-slab palisades, commodious -warehouses, and four stone bastions,--one with three thousand pounds of -powder, another used as barracks for twelve soldiers, another housing -beaver pelts, and a fourth serving as kitchen. Iberville and his -brothers, scouting round on different sides of the fort, soon learned -that not a sentinel was on duty. The great gate opposite the river, -studded with brass nails, was securely bolted, but not a cannon {158} -had been loaded. The bushrangers then cast aside all clothing that -would hamper, and, pistol in hand, advanced silent and stealthy as -wild-cats. Not a twig crunched beneath the moccasin tread. The water -lay like glass, and the fort slept silent as death. Hastily each -raider had knelt for the blessing of the priest. Pistols had been -recharged. Iberville bade his wild Indians not to forget that the -Sovereign Council of Quebec offered ten crowns reward for every enemy -slain, twenty for every enemy captured. In fact, there could be no -turning back. Two thousand miles of juniper swamps and forests lay -between the bush-rovers and home. They must conquer or perish. De -Troyes led his white soldiers round to make a pretense of attack from -the water front. Iberville posted his sixty-six Indians along the -walls with muskets rammed through the loopholes. Then, with an -unearthly yell, the Le Moyne brothers were over the tops of the -pickets, swords in hand, before the English soldiers had awakened. The -English gunner reeled from his cannon at the main gate with head split -to the collar bone. The gates were thrown wide, trees rammed the doors -open, and Iberville had dashed halfway up the stairs of the main house -before the inmates, rushing out in their nightshirts, realized what had -happened. Two men only were killed, one on each side. The French were -masters of Moose Fort in less than five minutes, with sixteen captives -and rich supply of ammunition. - -[Illustration: LE MOYNE D'IBERVILLE] - -Eastward of Moose was Rupert Fort, where the company's ship anchored. -Hither the raiders plied their canoes by sea. Look at the map! Across -the bottom of James Bay projects a long tongue of swamp land. To save -time, Iberville portaged across this, and by July 1 was opposite Prince -Rupert's bastions. At the dock lay the English ship. That day -Iberville's men kept in hiding, but at night he had ambushed his men -along shore and paddled across to the ship. Just as Iberville stepped -on the deck a man on guard sprang at his throat. One blow of -Iberville's sword killed the Englishman on the spot. Stamping to call -the crew aloft, Iberville sabered the men as they scrambled up the -hatches, till the Governor himself threw {159} up hands in -unconditional surrender. The din had alarmed the fort, and hot shot -snapping fire from the loopholes kept the raiders off till the Le Moyne -brothers succeeded in scrambling to the roofs of the bastions, hacking -holes through the rough thatch and firing inside. This drove the -English gunners from their cannon. A moment later, and the raiders -were on the walls. It was a repetition of the fight at Moose Factory. -The English, taken by surprise, surrendered at once; and the French now -had thirty prisoners, a good ship, two forts, but no provisions. - -Northwestward three hundred miles lay Albany Fort. Iberville led off -in canoes with his bushrovers. De Troyes followed on the English boat -with French soldiers and English prisoners. To save time, as the bay -seemed shallow, Iberville struck out from the shore across seas. All -at once a north wind began whipping the waters, sweeping down a -maelstrom of churning ice. Worse still, fog fell thick as wool. Any -one who knows canoe travel knows the danger. Iberville avoided -swamping by ordering his men to camp for the night on the shifting ice -pans, canoes held above heads where the ice crush was wildest, the -voyageurs clinging hand to hand, making a life line if one chanced to -slither through the ice slush. When daylight came with worse fog, -Iberville kept his pistol firing to guide his followers, and so pushed -on. Four days the dangerous traverse lasted, but August 1 the -bushrovers were in camp below the cliffs of Albany. - -Indians had forewarned Governor Sargeant. The loopholes of his -palisades bristled with muskets and heavy guns that set the bullets -flying soon as De Troyes arrived and tried to land the cannon captured -from the other forts for assault on Albany. Drums beating, flags -flying, soldiers in line, a French messenger goes halfway forward and -demands of an English messenger come halfway out the surrender of Sieur -Jan Pere, languishing in the dungeons of Albany. The English Governor -sends curt word back that Pere has been sent home to France long ago, -and demands what in thunder the French mean by these raids in time of -peace. The French retire that night to consider. {160} Cannon they -have, but they have used up nearly all their ammunition. They have -thirty prisoners, but they have no provisions. The prisoners have told -them there are 50,000 pounds worth of furs stored at Albany. - -Inside the fort the English were in almost as bad way. The larder was -lean, powder was scarce, and the men were wildly mutinous, threatening -to desert _en masse_ for the French on the excuse they had not hired to -fight, and "_if any of us lost a leg, the company could not make it -good_." - -At the end of two days' desultory firing, the company Governor captured -down at Rupert came to Sargeant and told him frankly that the -bloodthirsty bushrovers were desperate; they had either to conquer or -starve, and if they were compelled to fight, there would be no quarter. -Men and women alike would be butchered in hand-to-hand fight. Still -Sargeant hung on, hoping for the annual frigate of the company. Then -powder failed utterly. Still Sargeant would not show the white flag; -so an underfactor flourished a white sheet from an upper window. -Chevalier De Troyes came forward and seated himself on one of the -cannon. Governor Sargeant went out and seated himself on the same -cannon with two bottles of wine. The English of Albany were allowed to -withdraw to Charlton Island to await the company ship. As for the -other prisoners, those who were not compelled to carry the plundered -furs back to Quebec, were turned adrift in the woods to find their way -overland north to Nelson. Iberville's bushrovers were back in Montreal -by October. - - - - -{161} - -CHAPTER IX - -FROM 1686 TO 1698 - -War with the Iroquois--The year of the massacre--Frontenac returns--The -heroine of Vercheres--Indian raid and counter-raid--Massacre and -Schenectady--The massacre at Fort Loyal--Boston roused to -action--Quebec besieged--Phips and Frontenac--Retreat of the -English--Iberville's gallant sea fight--Nelson surrenders - - -For ten years Hudson Bay becomes the theater of northern buccaneers and -bushraiders. A treaty of neutrality in 1686 provides that the bay -shall be held in common by the fur traders of England and France; but -the adventurers of England and the bushrovers of Quebec have no notion -of leaving things so uncertain. Spite of truce, both fit out raiders, -and the King of France, according to the shifting diplomacy of the day, -issues secret orders "to permit not a vestige of English possession on -the northern bay." - -Maricourt Le Moyne held the newly captured forts on the south shore of -James Bay till Iberville came back overland in 1687. The fort at -Rupert had been completely abandoned after the French victory of the -previous summer, and the Hudson's Bay Company sloop, the _Young_, had -just sailed into the port to reestablish the fur post. Iberville -surrounded the sloop by his bushrovers, captured it with all hands, and -dispatched four spies across to Charlton Island, where another sloop, -the _Churchill_, swung at anchor. Here Iberville's run of luck turned. -Three of his four spies were captured, fettered, and thrown into the -hold of the vessel for the winter. In the spring of 1688 one was -brought above decks to help the English sailors. Watching his chance, -the grizzled bushrover waited till six of the English crew were up the -ratlines. Quick as flash the Frenchman tiptoed across decks in his -noiseless moccasins, took one precautionary glance over his shoulder, -brained two Englishmen with an ax, liberated his comrades, and at -pistol point kept the other Englishmen up the masts till he and his -fellows had righted the ship and steered the vessel across to Rupert -River, where the provisions were just in time to save Iberville's party -from starvation. - -{162} This episode is typical of what went on at the Hudson's Bay forts -for ten years. Each year, when the English ships came out to Nelson on -the west coast, armed bands were sent south to wrest the forts on James -Bay from the French; and each spring, when Iberville's bushrovers came -gliding down the rivers in their canoes from Canada, there was a fight -to drive out the English. Then the Indians would scatter to their -hunting grounds. No more loot of furs for a year! The English would -sail away in their ships, the French glide away in their canoes; and -for a winter the uneasy quiet of calm between two thunderclaps would -rest over the waters of Hudson Bay. - -In the spring of 1688, about the time that the brave bush-rovers had -brought the English ship from Charlton Island across to Rupert River, -two English frigates under Captain Moon, with twenty-four soldiers over -and above the crews, had come south from Nelson to attack the French -fur traders at Albany. As ill luck would have it, the ice floes began -driving inshore. The English ships found themselves locked in the ice -before the besieged fort. Across the jam from Rupert River dashed -Iberville with his Indian bandits, portaging where the ice floes -covered the water, paddling where lanes of clear way parted the -floating drift. Iberville hid his men in the tamarack swamps till -eighty-two Englishmen had landed and all unsuspecting left their ships -unguarded. Iberville only waited till the furs in the fort had been -transferred to the holds of the vessels. The ice cleared. The -Frenchman rushed his bushrovers on board, seized the vessel with the -most valuable cargo, and sailed gayly out of Albany for Quebec. The -astounded English set fire to the other ship and retreated overland. - -But the dare-devil bushrovers were not yet clear of trouble. As the -ice drive jammed and held them in Hudson Straits, they were aghast to -see, sailing full tilt with the roaring tide of the straits, a fleet of -English frigates, the Hudson's Bay Company's annual ships; but -Iberville sniffed at danger as a war horse glories in gunpowder. He -laughed his merriest, and as the ice drive locked all the ships within -gunshot, ran up an {163} English flag above his French crew and had -actually signaled the captains of the English frigates to come aboard -and visit him, when the ice cleared. Hoisting sail, he showed swift -heels to the foe. Iberville's ambition now was to sweep _all_ the -English from Hudson Bay, in other words, to capture Nelson on the west -coast, whence came the finest furs; but other raids called him to -Canada. - - -It will be recalled that La Salle's enemies had secretly encouraged the -Iroquois to attack the tribes of the Illinois; and now the fur traders -of New York were encouraging the Iroquois to pillage the Indians of the -Mississippi valley, in order to divert peltries from the French on the -St. Lawrence to the English at New York. Savages of the north, rallied -by Perrot and Duluth and La Motte Cadillac, came down by the lakes to -Fort Frontenac to aid the French; but they found that La Barre, the new -governor, foolish old man, had been frightened into making peace with -the Iroquois warriors, abandoning the Illinois to Iroquois raid and -utterly forgetful that _a peace which is not a victory is not worth the -paper it is written on_. - -For the shame of this disgraceful peace La Barre was recalled to France -and the Marquis de Denonville, a brave soldier, sent out as governor. -Unfortunately Denonville did not understand conditions in the colony. -The Jesuit missionaries were commissioned to summon the Iroquois to a -conference at Fort Frontenac, but when the deputies arrived they were -seized, tortured, and fifty of them shipped to France by the King's -order to serve as slaves on the royal galleys. It was an act of -treachery heinous beyond measure and exposed the Jesuit missionaries -among the Five Nations to terrible vengeance; but the Iroquois code of -honor was higher than the white man's. "Go home," they warned the -Jesuit missionary. "We have now every right to treat thee as our foe; -but we shall not do so! Thy heart has had no share in the wrong done -to us. We shall not punish thee for the crimes of another, tho' thou -didst act as the unconscious tool. But leave us! When our young {164} -men chant the song of war they may take counsel only of their fury and -harm thee! Go to thine own people"; and furnishing him with guides, -they sent him to Quebec. - -Though Denonville marched with his soldiers through the Iroquois -cantons, he did little harm and less good; for the wily warriors had -simply withdrawn their families into the woods, and the Iroquois were -only biding their time for fearful vengeance. - -This lust of vengeance was now terribly whetted. Dongan, the English -governor of New York, had been ordered by King James of England to -observe the treaty of neutrality between England and France; but this -did not hinder him supplying the Iroquois with arms to raid the French -and secretly advising them "not to bury the war hatchet,--just to hide -it in the grass, and stand on their guard to begin the war anew." - -[Illustration: FORT FRONTENAC AND THE ADJACENT COUNTRY] - -Nor did the treaty of neutrality prevent the French from raiding Hudson -Bay and ordering shot in cold blood any French bushrover who dared to -guide the English traders to the country of the Upper Lakes. - -In addition to English influence egging on the Iroquois, the treachery -of the Huron chief, The Rat, lashed the vengeance {165} of the Five -Nations to a fury. He had come down to Fort Frontenac to aid the -French. He was told that the French had again arranged peace with the -Iroquois, and deputies were even now on their way from the Five Nations. - -"Peace!" The old Huron chief was dumbfounded. What were these fool -French doing, trusting to an Iroquois peace? "Ah," he grunted, "that -may be well"; and he withdrew without revealing a sign of his -intentions. Then he lay in ambush on the trail of the deputies, fell -on the Iroquois peace messengers with fury, slaughtered half the band, -then sent the others back with word that he had done this by order of -Denonville, the French governor. - -"There," grunted The Rat grimly, "I 've killed the peace for them! We -'ll see how Onontio gets out of this mess." - -Meanwhile war had been declared between England and France. The -Stuarts had been dethroned. France was supporting the exiled monarch, -and William of Orange had become king of England. Iberville and Duluth -and La Motte Cadillac, the famous fighters of Canada's wildwood, were -laying plans before the French Governor for the invasion and conquest -of New York; and New York was preparing to defend itself by pouring -ammunition and firearms free of cost into the hands of the Iroquois. -Then the Iroquois vengeance fell. - -Between the night and morning of August 4 and 5, in 1689, a terrific -thunderstorm had broken over Montreal. Amidst the crack of hail and -crash of falling trees, with the thunder reverberating from the -mountain like cannonading, whilst the frightened people stood gazing at -the play of lightning across their windows, fourteen hundred Iroquois -warriors landed behind Montreal, beached their canoes, and stole upon -the settlement. What next followed beggars description. Nothing else -like it occurs in the history of Canada. For years this summer was to -be known as "the Year of the Massacre." - -Before the storm subsided, the Iroquois had stationed themselves in -circles round every house outside the walls of Montreal. At the signal -of a whistle, the warriors fell on the settlement {166} like beasts of -prey. Neither doors nor windows were fastened in that age, and the -people, deep in sleep after the vigil of the storm, were dragged from -their beds before they were well awake. Men, women, and children fell -victims to such ingenuity of cruelty as only savage vengeance could -conceive. Children were dashed to pieces before their parents' eyes; -aged parents tomahawked before struggling sons and daughters; fathers -held powerless that they might witness the tortures wreaked on wives -and daughters. Homes which had heard some alarm and were on guard were -set on fire, and those who perished in the flames {167} died a merciful -death compared to those who fell in the hands of the victors. By -daybreak two hundred people had been wantonly butchered. A hundred and -fifty more had been taken captives. As if their vengeance could not be -glutted, the Iroquois crossed the river opposite Montreal, and, in full -sight of the fort, weakly garrisoned and paralyzed with fright, spent -the rest of the week, day and night, torturing the white captives. By -night victims could be seen tied to the torture stake amid the -wreathing flames, with the tormentors dancing round the camp fire in -maniacal ferocity. Denonville was simply powerless. He lost his head, -and seemed so panic-stricken that he forbade even volunteer bands from -rallying to the rescue. For two months the Iroquois overran Canada -unchecked. Indeed, it was years before the boldness engendered by this -foray became reduced to respect for French authority. Settlement after -settlement, the marauders raided. From Montreal to Three Rivers crops -went up in flame, and the terrified habitants came cowering with their -families to the shelter of the palisades. - -[Illustration: WILLIAM OF ORANGE] - -In the midst of this universal terror came the country's savior. -Frontenac had been recalled because he quarreled with the intendant and -he quarreled with the Jesuits and he quarreled with the fur traders; -but his bitterest enemies did not deny that he could put the fear of -the Lord and respect for the French into the Iroquois' heart. -Arbitrary he was as a czar, but just always! To be sure he mended his -fortunes by personal fur trade, but in doing so he cheated no man; and -he worked no injustice, and he wrought in all things for the lasting -good of the country. Homage he demanded as to a king, once going so -far as to drive the Sovereign Councilors from his presence with the -flat of a sword; but he firmly believed and he had publicly proved that -he was worthy of homage, and that the men who are forever shouting -"liberty--liberty and the people's rights," are frequently wolves in -sheep's clothing, eating out the vitals of a nation's prosperity. - -Here, then, was the haughty, hot-headed, aggressive Frontenac, sent -back in his old age to restore the prestige of New France, {168} where -both La Barre the grafter, and Denonville the courteous Christian -gentleman, had failed. - - -To this period of Iroquois raids belongs one of the most heroic -episodes in Canadian life. The only settlers who had not fled to the -protection of the palisaded forts were the grand old seigniors, the new -nobility of New France, whose mansions were like forts in themselves, -palisaded, with stone bastions and water supply and yards for stock and -mills inside the walls. Here the seigniors, wildwood knights of a -wilderness age, held little courts that were imitations of the -Governor's pomp at Quebec. Sometimes during war the seignior's wife -and daughters were reduced to plowing in the fields and laboring with -the women servants at the harvest; but ordinarily the life at the -seigniory was a life of petty grandeur, with such style as the -backwoods afforded. In the hall or great room of the manor house was -usually an enormous table used both as court of justice by the seignior -and festive board. On one side was a huge fireplace with its homemade -benches, on the other a clumsily carved chiffonier loaded with solid -silver. In the early days the seignior's bedstead might be in the same -room,--an enormous affair with panoplies of curtains and counterpanes -of fur rugs and feather mattresses, so high that it almost necessitated -a ladder. But in the matter of dress the rude life made up in style -what it lacked in the equipments of a grand mansion. - -The bishop's description of the women's dresses I have already given, -though at this period the women had added to the "sins" of bows and -furbelows and frills, which the bishop deplored, the yet more heinous -error of such enormous hoops that it required fine maneuvering on the -part of a grand dame to negotiate the door of the family coach; and -however pompous the seignior's air, it must have suffered temporary -eclipse in that coach from the hoops of his spouse and his spouse's -daughters. As for the seignior, when he was not dressed in buckskin, -leading bushrovers on raids, he appeared magnificent in all the -grandeur that a 20 pounds wig and Spanish laces and French ruffles -{169} and imported satins could lend his portly person; and if the -figure were not portly, one may venture to guess, from the pictures of -stout gentlemen in the quilted brocades of the period, that padding -made up what nature lacked. - - -Such a seigniory was Vercheres, some twenty miles from Montreal, on the -south side of the St. Lawrence. M. de Vercheres was an officer in one -of the regiments, and chanced to be absent from home during October of -1696, doing duty at Quebec. Madame de Vercheres was visiting in -Montreal. Strange as it may seem, the fort and the family had been -left in charge of the daughter, Madeline, at this time only fourteen -years of age. At eight o'clock on the morning of October 22 she had -gone four hundred paces outside the fort gates when she heard the -report of musket firing. The rest of the story may be told in her own -words: - -I at once saw that the Iroquois were firing at our settlers, who lived -near the fort. One of our servants call out: "Fly, Mademoiselle, fly! -The Iroquois are upon us!" - -Instantly I saw some forty-five Iroquois running towards me, already -within pistol shot. Determined to die rather than fall in their hands, -I ran for the fort, praying to the Blessed Virgin, "Holy Mother, save -me! Let me perish rather than fall in their hands!" Meanwhile my -pursuers paused to fire their guns. Bullets whistled past my ears. -Once within hearing of the fort, I shouted, "To arms! To arms!" - -There were but two soldiers in the fort, and they were so overcome by -fear that they ran to hide in the bastion. At the gates I found two -women wailing for the loss of their husbands. Then I saw several -stakes had fallen from the palisades where enemies could gain entrance; -so I seized the fallen planks and urged the women to give a hand -putting them back in their places. Then I ran to the bastion, where I -found two of the soldiers lighting a fuse. - -"What are you going to do?" I demanded. - -"Blow up the fort," answered one cowardly wretch. - -"Begone, you rascals," I commanded, putting on a soldier's helmet and -seizing a musket. Then to my little brothers: "Let us fight to the -death! Remember what father has always said,--that gentlemen are born -to shed their blood in the service of God and their King." - -My brothers and the two soldiers kept up a steady fire from the -loopholes. I ordered the cannon fired to call in our soldiers, who -were hunting; {170} but the grief-stricken women inside kept wailing so -loud that I had to warn them their shrieks would betray our weakness to -the enemy. While I was speaking I caught sight of a canoe on the -river. It was Sieur Pierre Fontaine, with his family, coming to visit -us. I asked the soldiers to go out and protect their landing, but they -refused. Then ordering Laviolette, our servant, to stand sentry at the -gate, I went out myself, wearing a soldier's helmet and carrying a -musket. I left orders if I were killed the gates were to be kept shut -and the fort defended. I hoped the Iroquois would think this a ruse on -my part to draw them within gunshot of our walls. That was just what -happened, and I got Pierre Fontaine and his family safely inside by -putting a bold face on. Our whole garrison consisted of my two little -brothers aged about twelve, one servant, two soldiers, one old habitant -aged eighty, and a few women servants. Strengthened by the Fontaines, -we began firing. When the sun went down the night set in with a -fearful storm of northeast wind and snow. I expected the Iroquois -under cover of the storm. Gathering our people together, I said: "God -has saved us during the day. Now we must be careful for the night. To -show you I am not afraid to take my part, I undertake to defend the -fort with the old man and a soldier, who has never fired a gun. You, -Pierre Fontaine and La Bonte and Galet (the two soldiers), go to the -bastion with the women and children. If I am taken, never surrender -though I am burnt and cut to pieces before your eyes! You have nothing -to fear if you will make some show of fight!" - -I posted two of my young brothers on one of the bastions, the old man -of eighty on the third, and myself took the fourth. Despite the -whistling of the wind we kept the cry "All's well," "All's well" -echoing and reechoing from corner to corner. One would have imagined -the fort was crowded with soldiers, and the Iroquois afterwards -confessed they had been completely deceived; that the vigilance of the -guard kept them from attempting to scale the walls. About midnight the -sentinel at the gate bastion called out, "Mademoiselle! I hear -something!" - -I saw it was our cattle. - -"Let me open the gates," urged the sentry. - -"God forbid," said I; "the savages are likely behind, driving the -animals in." - -Nevertheless I _did_ open the gates and let the cattle in, my brothers -standing on each side, ready to shoot if an Indian appeared. - -At last came daylight; and we were hopeful for aid from Montreal; but -Marguerite Fontaine, being timorous as all Parisian women are, begged -her husband to try and escape. The poor husband was almost distracted -as she insisted, and he told her he would set her out in the canoe with -her two sons, who could paddle it, but he would not abandon -Mademoiselle in Vercheres. I had been twenty-four hours without rest -or food, and had not {171} once gone from the bastion. On the eighth -day of the siege Lieutenant de La Monnerie reached the fort during the -night with forty men. - -One of our sentries had called out, "Who goes?" - -I was dozing with my head on a table and a musket across my arm. The -sentry said there were voices on the water. I called, "Who are you?" - -They answered, "French--come to your aid!" - -I went down to the bank, saying: "Sir, but you are welcome! I -surrender my arms to you!" - -"Mademoiselle," he answered, "they are in good hands." - -I forgot one incident. On the day of the attack I remembered about one -in the afternoon that our linen was outside the fort, but the soldiers -refused to go out for it. Armed with our guns, my brothers made two -trips outside the walls for our linen. The Iroquois must have thought -it a trick to lure them closer, for they did not approach. - - -It need scarcely be added that brave mothers make brave sons, and it is -not surprising that twenty-five years later, when Madeline Vercheres -had become the wife of M. de La Naudiere, her own life was saved from -Abenaki Indians by her little son, age twelve. - -But to return to Count Frontenac, marching up the steep streets of -Quebec to Chateau St. Louis that October evening of 1689, amid the -jubilant shouts of friends and enemies, Jesuit and Recollet, fur trader -and councilor,--the haughty Governor set himself to the task of not -only crushing the Iroquois but invading and conquering the land of the -English, whom he believed had furnished arms to the Iroquois. Now that -war had been openly declared between England and France, Frontenac was -determined on a campaign of aggression. He would keep the English so -busy defending their own borders that they would have no time to tamper -with the Indian allies of the French on the Mississippi. - - -This is one of the darkest pages of Canada's past. War is not a pretty -thing at any time, but war that lets loose the bloodhounds of Indian -ferocity leaves the blackest scar of all. - -There were to be three war parties: one from Quebec to attack the -English settlements around what is now Portland, {172} Maine; a second -from Three Rivers to lay waste the border lands of New Hampshire; a -third from Montreal to assault the English and Dutch of the Upper -Hudson. - -The Montrealers set out in midwinter of 1690, a few months after -Frontenac's arrival, led by the Le Moyne brothers, Ste. Helene and -Maricourt and Iberville, with one of the Le Bers, and D'Ailleboust, -nephew of the first D'Ailleboust at Montreal. The raiders consisted of -some two hundred and fifty men, one hundred Indian converts and one -hundred and fifty bushrovers, hardy, supple, inured to the wilderness -as to native air, whites and Indians dressed alike in blanket coat, -hood hanging down the back, buckskin trousers, beaded moccasins, -snowshoes of short length for forest travel, cased musket on shoulder, -knife, hatchet, pistols, bullet pouch hanging from the sashed belt, and -provisions in a blanket, knapsack fashion, carried on the shoulders. - -[Illustration: QUEBEC, 1689] - -The woods lay snow padded, silent, somber. Up the river bed of the -Richelieu, over the rolling drifts, glided the bushrovers. {173} -Somewhere on the headwaters of the Hudson the Indians demanded what -place they were to attack. Iberville answered, "Albany." "Humph," -grunted the Indians with a dry smile at the camp fire, "since _when_ -have the French become so brave?" A midwinter thaw now turned the -snowy levels to swimming lagoons, where snowshoes were useless, and the -men had to wade knee-deep day after day through swamps of ice water. -Then came one of those sudden changes,--hard frost with a blinding -snowstorm. Where the trail forked for Albany and Schenectady it was -decided to follow the latter, and about four o'clock in the afternoon, -on the 8th of February, the bush-rovers reached a hut where there -chanced to be several Mohawk squaws. Crowding round the chimney place -to dry their clothes now stiff with ice, the bushrangers learned from -the Indian women that Schenectady lay completely unguarded. There had -been some village festival that day among the Dutch settlers. The -gates at both ends of the town lay wide open, and as if in derision of -danger from the far distant French, a snow man had been mockingly -rolled up to the western gate as sentry, with a sham pipe stuck in his -mouth. The Indian rangers harangued their braves, urging them to wash -out all wrongs in the blood of the enemy, and the Le Moyne brothers -moved from man to man, giving orders for utter silence. At eleven that -night, shrouded by the snowfall, the bushrovers reached the palisades -of Schenectady. They had intended to defer the assault till dawn, but -the cold hastened action, and, uncasing their muskets, they filed -silently past the snow man in the middle of the open gate and encircled -the little village of fifty houses. When the lines met at the far -gate, completely investing the town, a wild yell rent the air! Doors -were hacked down. Indians with tomahawks stood guard outside the -windows, and the dastardly work began,--as gratuitous a butchery of -innocent people as ever the Iroquois perpetrated in their worst raids. -Two hours the massacre lasted, and when it was over the French had, to -their everlasting discredit, murdered in cold blood thirty-eight men -(among them the poor inoffensive dominie), ten women, {174} twelve -children; and the victors held ninety captives. To the credit of -Iberville he offered life to one Glenn and his family, who had aided in -ransoming many French from the Iroquois, and he permitted this man to -name so many friends that the bloodthirsty Indians wanted to know if -all Schenectady were related to this white man. One other house in the -town was spared,--that of a widow with five children, under whose roof -a wounded Frenchman lay. For the rest, Schenectady was reduced to -ashes, the victors harnessing the Dutch farmers' horses to carry off -the plunder. Of the captives, twenty-seven men and boys were carried -back to Quebec. The other captives, mainly women and children, were -given to the Indians. Forty livres for every human scalp were paid by -the Sovereign Council of Quebec to the raiders. - -[Illustration: FRENCH SOLDIER OF THE PERIOD] - -The record of the raiders led from Three Rivers by Francois Hertel was -almost the same. Setting out in January, he was followed by -twenty-five French and twenty-five Indians to the border lands between -Maine and New Hampshire. The end of March saw the bushrovers outside -the little village of Salmon Falls. Thirty inhabitants were tomahawked -on the spot, the houses burned, and one hundred prisoners carried off; -but news had gone like wildfire to neighboring settlements, and Hertel -was pursued by two hundred Englishmen. He placed his bushrovers on a -small bridge across Wooster River and here held the pursuers at bay -till darkness enabled him to escape. - -But the darkest deed of infamy was perpetrated by the third band of -raiders,--a deed that reveals the glories of war as they {175} exist, -stripped of pageantry. Portneuf had led the raiders from Quebec, and -he was joined by that famous leader of the Abenaki Indians, Baron de -Saint-Castin, from the border lands between Acadia and Maine. Later, -when Hertel struck through the woods with some of his followers, -Portneuf's men numbered five hundred. With these he attacked Fort -Loyal, or what is now Portland, Maine, in the month of June. The fort -boasted eight great guns and one hundred soldiers. Under cover of the -guns Lieutenant Clark and thirty men sallied out to reconnoiter the -attacking forces ambushed in woods round a pasturage. At a musket -crack the English were literally cut to pieces, four men only escaping -back to the fort. The French then demanded unconditional surrender. -The English asked six days to consider. In six days English vessels -would have come to the rescue. Secure, under a bluff of the ocean -cliff, from the cannon fire of the fort, the French began to trench an -approach to the palisades. Combustibles had been placed against the -walls, when the English again asked a parley, offering to surrender if -the French would swear by the living God to conduct them in safety to -the nearest English post. To these conditions the French agreed. -Whether they could not control their Indian allies or had not intended -to keep the terms matters little. The English had no sooner marched -from the fort than, with a wild whoop, the Indians fell on men, women, -and children. Some were killed by a single blow, others reserved for -the torture stake. Only four Englishmen survived the onslaught, to be -carried prisoners to Quebec. - -The French had been victorious on all three raids; but they were -victories over which posterity will never boast, which no writer dare -describe in all the detail of their horrors, and which leave a black -blot on the escutcheon of Canada. - - -It was hardly to be expected that the New England colonies would let -such raids pass unpunished. The destruction of Schenectady had been -bad enough. The massacre of Salmon Falls caused the New Englanders to -forget their jealousies for the once and to unite in a common cause. -All the colonies agreed {176} to contribute men, ships, and money to -invade New France by land and sea. The land forces were placed under -Winthrop and Schuyler; but as smallpox disorganized the expedition -before it reached Lake Champlain, the attack by land had little other -effect than to draw Frontenac from Quebec down to Montreal, where -Captain Schuyler, with Dutch bushmen, succeeded in ravaging the -settlements and killing at least twenty French. - -The expedition by sea was placed under Sir William Phips of -Massachusetts,--a man who was the very antipodes of Frontenac. One of -a poor family of twenty-six children, Phips had risen from being a -shepherd boy in Maine to the position of ship's carpenter in Boston. -Here, among the harbor folk, he got wind of a Spanish treasure ship -containing a million and a half dollars' worth of gold, which had been -sunk off the West Indies. Going to England, Phips succeeded in -interesting that same clique of courtiers who helped Radisson to -establish the Hudson's Bay Company,--Albemarle and Prince Rupert and -the King; and when, with the funds which they advanced, Phips succeeded -in raising the treasure vessel, he received, in addition to his share -of the booty, a title and the appointment as governor of Massachusetts. - -[Illustration: SIR WILLIAM PHIPS] - -Here, then, was the daring leader chosen to invade New France. Phips -sailed first for Port Royal, which had in late years become infested -with French pirates, preying on Boston commerce. Word had just come of -the fearful massacres of {177} colonists at Portland. Boston was -inflamed with a spirit of vengeance. The people had appointed days of -fasting and prayer to invoke Heaven's blessing on their war. When -Phips sailed into Annapolis Basin with his vessels and seven hundred -men in the month of May, he found the French commander, Meneval, ill of -the gout, with a garrison of about eighty soldiers, but all the cannon -chanced to be dismounted. The odds against the French did not permit -resistance. Meneval stipulated for an honorable surrender,--all -property to be respected and the garrison to be sent to some French -port; but no sooner were the English in possession than, like the -French at Portland, they broke the pledge. There was no massacre as in -Maine, but plunderers ran riot, seizing everything on which hands could -be laid, ransacking houses and desecrating the churches; and sixty of -the leading people, including Meneval and the priests, were carried off -as prisoners. Leaving one English flag flying, Phips sailed home. - -Indignation at Boston had been fanned to fury, for now all the details -of the butchery at Portland were known; and Phips found the colony -mustering a monster expedition to attack the very stronghold of French -power,--Quebec itself. England could afford no aid to her colonies, -but thirty-two merchant vessels and frigates had been impressed into -the service, some of them carrying as many as forty-four cannon. -Artisans, sailors, soldiers, clerks, all classes had volunteered as -fighters, to the number of twenty-five hundred men; but there was one -thing lacking,--they had no pilot who knew the St. Lawrence. Full of -confidence born of inexperience, the fleet set sail on the 9th of -August, commanded again by Phips. - -Time was wasted ravaging the coasts of Gaspe, holding long-winded -councils of war, arguing in the commander's stateroom instead of -drilling on deck. Three more weeks were wasted poking about the lower -St. Lawrence, picking up chance vessels off Tadoussac and Anticosti. -Among the prize vessels taken near Anticosti was one of Jolliet's, -bearing his wife and mother-in-law. The ladies delighted the hearts of -the Puritans by the {178} news that not more than one hundred men -garrisoned Quebec; but Phips was reckoning without his host, and his -host was Frontenac. Besides, it was late in the season--the middle of -October--before the English fleet rounded the Island of Orleans and -faced the Citadel of Quebec. - -[Illustration: COUNT FRONTENAC (From a statue at Quebec)] - -Indians had carried word to the city that an Englishwoman, taken -prisoner in their raids, had told them more than thirty vessels had -sailed from Boston to invade New France. Frontenac was absent in -Montreal. Quickly the commander at Quebec sent coureurs with warning -to Frontenac, and then set about casting up barricades in the narrow -streets that led from Lower to Upper Town. - -Frontenac could not credit the news. Had he not heard here in Montreal -from Indian coureurs how the English overland expedition lay rotting of -smallpox near Lake Champlain, such pitiable objects that the Iroquois -refused to join them against the French? New France now numbered a -population of twelve thousand and could muster three thousand fighting -men; and though the English colonies numbered twenty {179} thousand -people, how could they, divided by jealousies, send an invading army of -twenty-seven hundred, as the rumor stated? Frontenac, grizzled old -warrior, did not credit the news, but, all the same, he set out amid -pelting rains by boat for Quebec. Half-way to Three Rivers more -messengers brought him word that the English fleet were now advancing -from Tadoussac. He sent back orders for the commander at Montreal to -rush the bush-rovers down to Quebec, and he himself arrived at the -Citadel just as the Le Moyne brothers anchored below Cape Diamond from -a voyage to Hudson Bay. Maricourt Le Moyne reported how he had escaped -past the English fleet by night, and it would certainly be at Quebec by -daybreak. - -Scouts rallied the bushrangers on both sides of the St. Lawrence to -Quebec's aid. Frontenac bade them guard the outposts and not desert -their hamlets, while Ste. Helene and the other Le Moynes took command -of the sharpshooters in Lower Town, scattering them in hiding along the -banks of the St. Charles and among the houses facing the St. Lawrence -below Castle St. Louis. - -Sure enough, at daybreak on Monday, October 16, sail after sail, -thirty-four in all, rounded the end of Orleans Island and took up -position directly opposite Quebec City. It was a cold, wet autumn -morning. Fog and rain alternately chased in gray shadows across the -far hills, and above the mist of the river loomed ominous the red-gray -fort which the English had come to capture. Castle St. Louis stood -where Chateau Frontenac stands to-day; and what is now the promenade of -a magnificent terrace was at that time a breastwork of cannon extending -on down the sloping hill to the left as far as the ramparts. In fact, -the cannon of that period were more dangerous than they are to-day, for -long-range missiles have rendered old-time fortifications adapted for -close-range fighting almost useless; and the cannon of Upper Town, -Quebec, that October morning swept the approach to three sides of the -fort, facing the St. Charles, opposite Point Levis and the St. -Lawrence, where it curves back on itself; and the fourth side was sheer -wall--invulnerable. - -{180} With a rattling of anchor chains and a creaking of masts the -great sails of the English fleet were lowered, and a little boat put -out at ten o'clock under flag of truce to meet a boat half-way from -Lower Town. Phips' messenger was conducted blindfold up the barricaded -streets leading to Castle St. Louis; and the gunners had been -instructed to clang their muskets on the stones to give the impression -of great numbers. Suddenly the bandage was taken from the man's eyes -and he found himself in a great hall, standing before the august -presence of Frontenac, surrounded by a circle of magnificently dressed -officers. The New Englander delivered his message,--Phips' letter -demanding surrender: "_Your prisoners, your persons, your estates . . . -and should you refuse, I am resolved by the help of God, in whom I -trust, to revenge by force of arms all our wrongs_." . . . As the -reading of the letter was finished the man looked up to see an insolent -smile pass round the faces of Frontenac's officers, one of whom -superciliously advised hanging the bearer of such insolence without -waste of time. The New Englander pulled out his watch and signaled -that he must have Frontenac's answer within an hour. The haughty old -Governor pretended not to see the motion, and then, with a smile like -ice, made answer in {181} words that have become renowned: "I shall not -keep you waiting so long! Tell your General I do not recognize King -William! I know no king of England but King James! Does your General -suppose that these brave gentlemen"--pointing to his officers--"would -consent to trust a man who broke his word at Port Royal?" - -[Illustration: CASTLE ST. LOUIS] - -As the shout of applause died away, the trembling New Englander asked -Frontenac if he would put his answer in writing. - -"No," thundered the old Governor, never happier than when fighting, "I -will answer your General with my cannon! I shall teach him that a man -of my rank"--with covert sneer at Phips' origin, "is not to be summoned -in such rude fashion! Let him do his best! I shall do mine!" - -It was now the turn of the English to be amazed. This was not the -answer they had expected from a fort weakly garrisoned by a hundred -men. If they had struck and struck quickly, they might yet have won -the day; but all Monday passed in futile arguments and councils of war, -and on Tuesday, the 17th, towards night, was heard wild shouting within -Quebec walls. - -[Illustration: ATTACK ON QUEBEC, 1690] - -"My faith, Messieurs!" exclaimed one of the French prisoners aboard -Phips' ship; "now you _have_ lost your chance! Those {182} are the -coureurs de bois from Montreal and the bushrovers of the Pays d'en -Haut, eight hundred strong." - -The news at last spurred Phips to action. All that night the people of -Quebec could hear the English drilling, and shouting "_God save King -William_!" with beat of drum and trumpet calls that set the echoes -rolling from Cape Diamond; and on the 18th small boats landed fourteen -hundred men to cross the St. Charles River and assault the Lower Town, -while the four largest ships took up a position to cannonade the city. -It was four in the afternoon before the soldiers had been landed amid -peppering bullets from the Le Moyne bushrovers. Only a few cannon -shots were fired, and they did no damage but to kill an urchin of the -Upper Town. - -Firing began in earnest on the morning of October 19. The river was -churned to fury and the reverberating echoes set the rocks crashing -from Cape Diamond, but it was almost impossible for the English to -shoot high enough to damage the upper fort. It was easy for the French -to shoot down, and great wounds gaped from the hull of Phips' ship, -while his masts went over decks in flame, flag and all. The tide -drifted the admiral's flag on shore. The French rowed out, secured the -prize, and a jubilant shout roared from Lower Town, to be taken up and -echoed and reechoed from the Castle! For two more days bombs roared in -midair, plunging through the roofs of houses in Lower Town or -ricochetting back harmless from the rock wall below Castle St. Louis. -At the St. Charles the land forces were fighting blindly to effect a -crossing, but the Le Moyne bushrovers lying in ambush repelled every -advance, though Ste. Helene had fallen mortally wounded. On the -morning of the 21st the French could hardly believe their senses. The -land forces had vanished during the darkness of a rainy night, and ship -after ship, sail after sail, was drifting downstream--was it -possible?--in retreat. Another week's bombarding would have reduced -Quebec to flame and starvation; but another week would have exposed -Phips' fleet to wreckage from winter weather, and he had drifted down -to Isle Orleans, where the {183} dismantled fleet paused to rig up -fresh masts. It was Madame Jolliet who suggested to the Puritan -commander an exchange of the prisoners captured at Port Royal with the -English from Maine and New Hampshire held in Quebec. She was sent -ashore by Phips and the exchange was arranged. Winter gales assailed -the English fleet as it passed Anticosti, and what with the wrecked and -wounded, Phips' loss totaled not less than a thousand men. - -[Illustration: CASTLE ST. LOUIS, QUEBEC] - -Frontenac had been back in Canada only a year, and in that time he had -restored the prestige of French power in America. The Iroquois were -glad to sue for peace, and his bitterest enemies, the Jesuits, joined -the merrymakers round the bonfires of acclaim kindled in the old -Governor's honor as the English retreated, and the joy bells pealed -out, and processions surged shouting through the streets of Quebec! -From Hudson Bay to the Mississippi, from the St. Lawrence to Lake -Superior and the land of the Sioux, French power reigned supreme. Only -Port Nelson, high up on the west coast of Hudson Bay, remained -unsubdued, draining the furs of the prairie tribes to England away from -Quebec. Iberville had captured it in the fall of 1694, at the cost of -his brother Chateauguay's life; but when Iberville departed from Hudson -Bay, English men-of-war had come out in 1696 and wrested back this most -valuable of all the fur posts. It was now determined to drive the -English forever from Hudson Bay. Le Moyne d'Iberville was chosen for -the task. - - -April, 1697, Serigny Le Moyne was dispatched from France with five -men-of-war to be placed under the command of Iberville at Placentia, -Newfoundland, whence he was "to proceed {184} to Hudson Bay and to -leave not a vestige of the English in the North." The frigates left -Newfoundland July 8. Three weeks later they were crushing through the -ice jam of Hudson Straits. Iberville commanded the _Pelican_ with two -hundred and fifty men. Bienville, a brother, was on the same ship. -Serigny commanded the _Palmier_, and there were three other frigates, -the _Profound_, the _Violent_, the _Wasp_. Ice locked round the fleet -at the west end of Hudson Straits, and fog lay so thick there was -nothing visible of any ship but the masthead. For eighteen days they -lay, crunched and rammed and separated by the ice drive, till on August -25, early in the morning, the fog suddenly lifted. Iberville saw that -Serigny's ship had been carried back {185} in the straits. The _Wasp_ -and _Violent_ were not to be seen, but straight ahead, locked in the -ice, stood the _Profound_, and beside the French vessel three English -frigates, the _Hampshire_, the _Deering_, the _Hudson's Bay_, on their -annual voyage to Nelson! A lane of water opened before Iberville. -Like a bird the _Pelican_ spread her wings to the wind and fled. - -[Illustration: PLAN OF QUEBEC (after Franquelin, 1683)] - -September 3 Iberville sighted Port Nelson, and for two days cruised the -offing, scanning the sea for the rest of his fleet. Early on September -5 the sails of three vessels heaved and rose above the watery horizon. -Never doubting these were his own ships, Iberville signaled. There was -no answer. A sailor scrambled to the masthead and shouted down -terrified warning. These were not the French ships! They were the -English frigates bearing straight down on the single French vessel -commanded by Iberville! - -On one side was the enemy's fort, on the other the enemy's fleet coming -over the waves before a clipping wind, all sails set. Of Iberville's -crew forty men were ill of scurvy. Twenty-five had gone ashore to -reconnoiter. He had left one hundred and fifty fighting men. Amid a -rush of orders, ropes were stretched across decks for handhold, cannon -were unplugged, and the batterymen below decks stripped themselves for -the hot work ahead. The soldiers assembled on decks, sword in hand, -and the Canadian bushrovers stood to the fore, ready to leap across the -enemy's decks. - -By nine in the morning the ships were abreast, and roaring cannonades -from the English cut the decks of the _Pelican_ to kindling wood and -set the masts in flame. At the same instant one fell blast of musketry -mowed down forty French; but Iberville's batterymen below decks had now -ceased to pour a stream of fire into the English hulls. The odds were -three to one, and for four hours the battle raged, the English shifting -and sheering to lock in death grapple, Iberville's sharpshooters -peppering the decks of the foe. - -It had turned bitterly cold. The blood on the decks became ice, and -each roll of the sea sent wounded and dead weltering {186} from rail to -rail. Such holes had been torn in the hulls of both English and French -ships that the gunners below decks were literally looking into each -other's smoke-grimmed faces. Suddenly all hands paused. A frantic -scream cleft the air. The vessels were careening in a tempestuous sea, -for the great ship _Hampshire_ had refused to answer to the wheel, had -lurched, had sunk,--sunk swift as lead amid hiss of flames into the -roaring sea! Not a soul of her two hundred and fifty men escaped. The -frigate _Hudson's Bay_ surrendered and the _Deering_ fled. Iberville -was victor. - -[Illustration: LANDING OF IBERVILLE'S MEN AT PORT NELSON (After La -Potherie)] - -But a storm now broke in hurricane gusts over the sea. Iberville -steered for land, but waves drenched the wheel at every wash, and, -driving before the storm, the _Pelican_ floundered in the sands a few -miles from Nelson. All lifeboats had been shot away. In such a sea -the Canadian canoes were useless. The shattered masts were tied in -four-sided racks. To these {187} Iberville had the wounded bound, and -the crew plunged for the shore. Eighteen men perished going ashore in -the darkness. On land were two feet of snow. No sooner did the French -castaways build fires to warm their benumbed limbs than bullets -whistled into camp. Governor Bayly of Port Nelson had sent out his -sharpshooters. Luckily Iberville's other ships now joined him, and, -mustering his forces, the dauntless French leader marched against the -fort. Storm had permitted the French to land their cannon undetected. -Trenches were cast up, and three times Serigny Le Moyne was sent to -demand surrender. - -[Illustration: CAPTURE OF FORT NELSON BY THE FRENCH (After La -Potherie)] - -"The French are desperate," he urged. "They must take the fort or -perish of want, and if you continue the fight there will be no mercy -given." - -The Hudson's Bay people capitulated and were permitted to march out -with arms, bag and baggage. An English ship carried the refugees home -to the Thames. - -The rest of Iberville's career is the story of colonizing the -Mississippi. He was granted a vast seigniory on the Bay of {188} -Chaleur, and in 1699 given a title. On his way from the Louisiana -colony to France his ship had paused at Havana. Here Iberville -contracted yellow fever and died while yet in the prime of his manhood, -July 9, 1706. - -After the victory on Hudson Bay the French were supreme in America and -Frontenac supreme in New France. The old white-haired veteran of a -hundred wars became the idol of Quebec. Friends and enemies, Jesuits -and Recollets, paid tribute to his worth. In November of 1698 the -Governor passed from this life in Castle St. Louis at the good old age -of seventy-eight. He had demonstrated--demonstrated in action so that -his enemies acknowledged the fact--that the sterner virtues of the -military chieftain go farther towards the making of great nationhood -than soft sentiments and religious emotionalism. - - - - -{189} - -CHAPTER X - -FROM 1698 TO 1713 - -Petty regulations and blue laws--Massacre of Deerfield--Madame -Freneuse, the painter lady--"Old Wooden Sword"--Subercase at Port -Royal--Paul Mascarene's plight--Court dandies cause naval disaster - - -While Frontenac was striking terror into the heart of New England with -his French Canadian bushrovers, the life of the people went on in the -same grooves. Spite of a dozen raids on the Iroquois cantons, there -was still danger from the warriors of the Mohawk, but the Iroquois -braves had found a new stamping ground. Instead of attacking Canada -they now crossed westward to war on the allies of the French, the -tribes of the Illinois and the Mississippi; and with them traveled -their liege friends, English traders from New York and Pennsylvania and -Virginia. - -The government of Canada continued to be a despotism, pure and simple. -The Supreme Council, consisting of the governor, the intendant, the -bishop, and at different times from three to twelve councilors, stood -between the people and the King of France, transmitting the King's will -to the people, the people's wants to the King; and the laws enacted by -the council ranged all the way from criminal decrees to such petty -regulations as a modern city wardman might pass. Laws enacted to meet -local needs, but subject to the veto of an absent ruler, who knew -absolutely nothing of local needs, exhibited all the absurdities to be -expected. The King of France desires the Sovereign Council to -discourage the people from using horses, which are supposed to cause -laziness, as "it is needful the inhabitants keep up their snowshoe -travel so necessary in their wars." "If in two years the numbers of -horses do not decrease, they are to be killed for meat." Then comes a -law that reflects the presence of the bishop at the governing board. -Horses have become the pride of the country beaux, and the gay -be-ribboned carrioles are the distraction of the village cure. "Men -are forbidden to gallop their horses within a third of a mile from the -church on {190} Sundays." New laws, regulations, arrests, are -promulgated by the public crier, "crying up and down the highway to -sound of trumpet and drum," chest puffed out with self-importance, gold -braid enough on the red-coated regalia to overawe the simple habitants. -Though the companies holding monopoly over trade yearly change, -monopoly is still all-powerful in New France,--so all pervasive that in -1741, in order to prevent smuggling to defraud the Company of the -Indies, it is enacted that "people using chintz-covered furniture" must -upholster their chairs so that the stamp "La Cie des Indes" will be -visible to the inspector. The matter of money is a great trouble to -New France. Beaver is coin of the realm on the St. Lawrence, and -though this beaver is paid for in French gold, the precious metal -almost at once finds its way back to France for goods; so that the -colony is without coin. Government cards are issued as coin, but as -Europe will not accept card money, the result is that gold still flows -from New France, and the colony is flooded with paper money worthless -away from Quebec. - -As of old, the people may still plead their own cases in lawsuits -before the Sovereign Council, but now the privileges of caste and class -and feudalism begin to be felt, and it is enacted that gentlemen may -plead their own cases before the council only "when wearing their -swords." Young men are urged to qualify as notaries. In addition to -the title of "Sieur," baronies are created in Canada, foremost among -them that of the Le Moynes of Montreal. The feudal seignior now has -his coat of arms emblazoned on the church pew where he worships, on his -coach door, and on the stone entrance to his mansion. The habitants -are compelled to grind their wheat at his mill, to use his great bake -oven, to patronize his tannery. The seigniorial mansion itself is -taking on more of pomp. Cherry and mahogany furniture have replaced -homemade, and the rough-cast walls are now covered with imported -tapestries. - -Not gently does the Sovereign Council deal with delinquents. In 1735 -it is enacted of a man who suicided, "that the corpse be tied to a -cart, dragged on a hurdle, head down, face to ground, {191} through the -streets of the town, to be hung up by the feet, an object of derision, -then cast into the river in default of a cesspool." Criminals who -evade punishment by flight are to be hanged in effigy. Montreal -citizens are ordered to have their chimneys cleaned every month and -their houses provided with ladders. Also "the inhabitants of Montreal -must not allow their pigs to run in the street," and they "are -forbidden to throw snowballs at each other," and--a regulation which -people who know Montreal winters will appreciate--"they are ordered to -make paths through the snow before their houses,"--to all of which -petty regulations did royalty subscribe sign manual. - -[Illustration: CONTEMPORARY MAP (after La Hontan, 1689) (The line shows -the French idea of the territory under English control)] - - -The Treaty of Ryswick closed the war between France and England the -year before Frontenac died, but it was not known in Canada till 1698. -As far as Canada was concerned it was no peace, barely a truce. Each -side was to remain in possession of what it held at the time of the -treaty, which meant that France retained all Hudson Bay but one small -fort. Though the English of Boston had captured Port Royal, they had -left {192} no sign of possession but their flag flying over the -tenantless barracks. The French returned from the woods, tore the flag -down, and again took possession; so that, by the Treaty of Ryswick, -Acadia too went back under French rule. - -Indeed, matters were worse than before the treaty, for there could be -no open war; but when English settlers spreading up from Maine met -French traders wandering down from Acadia, there was the inevitable -collision, and it was an easy trick for the rivals to stir up the -Indians to raid and massacre and indiscriminate butchery. For Indian -raids neither country would be responsible to the other. The story -belongs to the history of the New England frontier rather than to the -record of Canada. It is a part of Canada's past which few French -writers tell and all Canadians would fain blot out, but which the -government records prove beyond dispute. Indian warfare is not a thing -of grandeur at its best, but when it degenerates into the braining of -children, the bayoneting of women, the mutilation of old men, it is a -horror without parallel; and the amazing thing is that the white men, -who painted themselves as Indians and helped to wage this war, were so -sure they were doing God's work that they used to kneel and pray before -beginning the butchery. To understand it one has to go back to the -Middle Ages in imagination. New France was violently Catholic, New -England violently Protestant. Bigotry ever looks out through eyes of -jaundiced hatred, and in destroying what they thought was a false -faith, each side thought itself instrument of God. As for the French -governors behind the scenes, who pulled the strings that let loose the -helldogs of Indian war, they were but obeying the kingcraft of a royal -master, who would use Indian warfare to add to his domain. - - -"The English have sent us presents to drive the Black Gowns away," -declared the Iroquois in 1702 regarding the French Jesuits. "You did -well," writes the King of France to his Viceroy in Quebec, "to urge the -Abenakis of Acadia to raid the English of Boston." The Treaty of -Ryswick became {193} known at Quebec towards the end of 1698. The -border warfare of ravage and butchery had begun by 1701, the English -giving presents to the Iroquois to attack the French of the Illinois, -the French giving presents to the Abenakis to raid the New England -borders. Quebec offers a reward of twenty crowns for the scalp of -every white man brought from the English settlements. New England -retaliates by offering 20 pounds for every Indian prisoner under ten -years of age, 40 pounds for every scalp of full-grown Indian. -Presently the young _noblesse_ of New France are off to the woods, -painted like Indians, leading crews of wild bushrovers on ambuscade and -midnight raid and border foray. - -[Illustration: HERTEL DE ROUVILLE] - -"We must keep things stirring towards Boston," declared Vaudreuil, the -French governor. Midwinter of 1704 Hertel de Rouville and his four -brothers set out on snowshoes with fifty-one bushrovers and two hundred -Indians for Massachusetts. Dressed in buckskin, with musket over -shoulder and dagger in belt, the forest rangers course up the frozen -river beds southward of the St. Lawrence, and on over the height of -land towards the Hudson, two hundred and fifty miles through pine woods -snow padded and silent as death. Two miles from Deerfield the marchers -run short of food. It is the last day of February, and the sun goes -down over rolling snowdrifts high as the slab stockades of the little -frontier town whose hearth-fire smoke hangs low in the frosty air, -curling and clouding and lighting to rainbow colors as the ambushed -{194} raiders watch from their forest lairs. Snowshoes are laid aside, -packs unstrapped, muskets uncased and primed, belts reefed tighter. -Twilight gives place to starlight. Candles on the supper tables of the -settlement send long gleams across the snow. Then the villagers hold -their family prayers, all unconscious that out there in the woods are -the bushrovers on bended knees, uttering prayers of another sort. -Lights are put out. The village lies wrapped in sleep. Still -Rouville's raiders lie waiting, shivering in the snow, till starlight -fades to the gray darkness that precedes dawn. Then the bushrovers -rise, and at moccasin pace, noiseless as tigers, skim across the snow, -over the drifts, over the tops of the palisades, and have dropped into -the town before a soul has awakened. There is no need to tell the -rest. It was not war. It was butchery. Children were torn from their -mother's breast to be brained on the hearthstone. Women were hacked to -pieces. Houses were set on fire, and before the sun had risen -thirty-eight persons had been slaughtered, and the French rovers were -back on the forest trail, homeward bound with one hundred and six -prisoners. Old and young, women of frail health and children barely -able to toddle, were hurried along the trail at bayonet point. Those -whose strength was unequal to the pace were summarily knocked on the -head as they fagged, or failed to ford the ice streams. Twenty-four -perished by the way. Of the one hundred and six prisoners scattered as -captives among the Indians, not half were ever heard of again. The -others were either bought from the Indians by Quebec people, whose pity -was touched, or placed round in the convents to be converted to the -Catholic faith. These were ultimately redeemed by the government of -Massachusetts. - -New England's fury over such a raid in time of peace knew no bounds. -Yet how were the English to retaliate? To pursue an ambushed Indian -along a forest trail was to follow a vanishing phantom. - -From earliest times Boston had kept up trade with Port Royal, and of -late years Port Royal had been infested with French pirates, who raided -Boston shipping. Colonel Ben {195} Church of Long Island, a noted -bushfighter, of gunpowder temper and form so stout that his men had -always to hoist him over logs in their forest marches, went storming -from New York to Boston with a plan to be revenged by raiding Acadia. - -Rouville's bushrovers had burned Deerfield the first of March. By May, -Church had sailed from Boston with six hundred men on two frigates and -half a hundred whaleboats, on vengeance bent. First he stopped at -Baron St. Castin's fort in Maine. St. Castin it was who led the -Indians against the English of Maine. The baron was absent, but his -daughter was captured, with all the servants, and the fort was burned -to the ground. Then up Fundy Bay sailed Church, pausing at -Passamaquoddy to knock four Frenchmen on the head; pausing at Port -Royal to take eight men prisoners, kill cattle, ravage fields; pausing -at Basin of Mines to capture forty habitants, burn the church, and cut -the dikes, letting the sea in on the crops; pausing at Beaubassin, the -head of Fundy Bay, in August, to set the yellow wheat fields in flames! -Then he sailed back to Boston with French prisoners enough to insure an -exchange for the English held at Quebec. - -No sooner had English sails disappeared over the sea than the French -came out of the woods. St. Castin rebuilt his fort in Maine. The -local Governor, who had held on with his gates shut and cannon pointed -while Church ravaged Port Royal village, now strengthened his walls. -Acadia took a breath and went on as before,--a little world in itself, -with the pirate ships slipping in and out, loaded to the water line -with Boston booty; with the buccaneer Basset throwing his gold round -like dust; with the brave soldier Bonaventure losing his head and -losing his heart to the painted lady, Widow Freneuse, who came from -nobody knew where and lived nobody knew how, and plied her mischief of -winning the hearts of other women's husbands. "She must be sent away," -thundered the priest from the pulpit, straight at the garrison officer -whose heart she dangled as her trophy. "She must be sent away," -thundered the King's mandate; but the King was in France, and Madame -Freneuse {196} wound her charms the tighter round the hearts of the -garrison officers, and bided her time, to the scandal of the parish and -impotent rage of the priest. Was she vixen or fool, this fair snake -woman with the beautiful face, for whose smile the officers risked -death and disgrace? Was she spy or adventuress? She signed herself as -"Widow Freneuse," and had applied to the King for a pension as having -grown sons fighting in the Indian wars. She will come into this story -again, snakelike and soft-spoken, and appealing for pity, and fair to -look upon, but leaving a trail of blood and treachery and disgrace -where she goes. - -The fur trade of Port Royal at this time was controlled by a family -ring of La Tours and Charnisays, descendants of the ancient foes; and -they lived a life of reckless gayety, spiced with all the excitement of -war and privateering and matrimonial intrigue. Such was life _inside_ -Port Royal. _Outside_ was the quiet peace of a home-loving, -home-staying peasantry. Few of the farmers could read or write. The -houses were little square Norman cottages,--"wooden boxes" the -commandant called them,--with the inevitable porch shaded by the fruit -trees now grown into splendid orchards. By diking out the sea the -peasants farmed the marsh lands and saved themselves the trouble of -clearing the forests. Trade was carried on with Boston and the West -Indies. No card money here! The farmers of Acadia demanded coin in -gold from the privateers who called for cargo, and it is said that in -time of such raids as Colonel Church's, great quantities of this gold -were carried out by night and buried in huge pots,--as much as 5000 -louis d'ors (pounds) in one pot,--to be dug up after the raiders had -departed. Naturally, as raids grew frequent, men sometimes made the -mistake of digging up other men's pots, and one officer lost his -reputation over it. All his knowledge of the outside world, of -politics, of religion, the Acadian farmer obtained from his parish -priest; and the word of the cure was law. - -Encouraged by Church's success and stung by the raids of French -corsairs from Port Royal, New England set herself seriously to the task -of conquering Acadia. Colonel March sailed {197} from Boston with one -thousand men and twenty-three transports, and on June 6, 1707, came -into Port Royal. Misfortunes began from the first. March's men were -the rawest of recruits,--fishermen, farmers, carpenters, turned into -soldiers. Unused to military discipline, they resisted command. A -French guardhouse stood at the entrance to Port Royal Basin, and -fifteen men at once fled to the fort with warning of the English -invasion. Consequently, when Colonel March and Colonel Appleton -attempted to land their men, they were serenaded by the shots of an -ambushed foe. Also French soldiers deserted to the English camp with -fabulous stories about the strength of the French under Subercase. -These yarns ought to have discredited themselves, but they struck -terror to the hearts of March's green fighters. Then came St. Castin -from St. John River with bushrovers to help Subercase. To the -amazement of the French the English hoisted sail and returned, on June -16, without having fired more than a round of shot. The truth is, -March's carpenters and fishermen refused to fight, though -reenforcements joined them halfway home and they made a second attempt -on Port Royal in August. March returned to Boston heartbroken, for his -name had become a byword to the mob, and he was greeted in the streets -with shouts of "Old Wooden Sword!" - - -While Boston was attempting to wreak vengeance on Acadia for the -raiders of Quebec, the bushrovers from the St. Lawrence continued to -scourge the outlying settlements of New England. To post soldiers on -the frontier was useless. Wherever there were guards the raiders -simply passed on to some unprotected village, and to have kept soldiers -along the line of the whole frontier would have required a standing -army. Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, northern New -York,--on the frontier of each reigned perpetual terror. And the -fiendish work was a paying business to the pagan Indian; for the -Christian white men paid well for all scalps, and ransom money could -always be extorted for captives. Barely had the Boston raid on Port -Royal failed, when Governor de Vaudreuil of Quebec {198} retaliated by -turning his raiders loose on Haverhill. The English fleet failed at -Port Royal in June. By dawn of Sunday, August 29, Hertel de Rouville -had swooped on the English village of Haverhill with one hundred -Canadian bushrovers and one hundred and fifty Indians. The story of -one raid is the story of all; so this one need not be told. As the -raiders were discovered at daylight, the people had a chance to defend -themselves, and some of the villagers escaped, the family of one being -hidden by a negro nurse under tubs in the cellar. Alarm had been -carried to the surrounding settlements, and men rode hot haste in -pursuit of the forty prisoners. Hertel de Rouville coolly sent back -word, if the pursuers did not desist, all the prisoners would be -scalped and left on the roadside. Some fifty English had fallen in the -fight, but the French lost fifteen, among them young Jared of -Vercheres, brother of the heroine. - -[Illustration: CONTEMPORARY PLAN OF PORT ROYAL BASIN] - -The only peace for Massachusetts was the peace that would be a victory, -and again New England girded herself to the task of capturing Acadia. -It was open war now, for the crowns of England and France were at odds. -The troops were commanded by General Francis Nicholson, an English -officer who brought out four war ships and four hundred trained -marines. There were, besides, thirty-six transports and three thousand -provincial troops, clothed and outfitted by Queen Anne of England. -Sunday, September 24, 1710, the fleet glides majestically into Port -Royal Basin. That night the wind blew a hurricane and the transport -_Caesar_ went aground with a crash that smashed her timbers to kindling -wood and sent twenty-four men to a watery grave; but General Nicholson -gave the raw provincials no time for panic fright. Day dawn, Monday, -drums rolling a martial tread, trumpets blowing, bugles setting the -echoes flying, flags blowing to the wind in the morning sun, he -commanded Colonel Vetch to lead the men ashore. Inside Port Royal's -palisades Subercase, the French commander, had less than three hundred -men, half that number absolutely naked of clothing, and all short of -powder. There were not provisions to last a month; but, game to his -soul's marrow, as all the warriors of {199} those early days, Subercase -put up a brave fight, sending his bombs singing over the heads of the -English troops in a vain attempt to baffle the landing. Nicholson -retaliated by moving his bomb ship, light of draught, close to the -French fort and pouring a shower of bombs through the roofs of the -French fort. Spite of the wreck the night before, by four o'clock -Monday afternoon all the English had landed in perfect order and high -spirits. Slowly the English forces swung in a circle completely round -the fort. Again and again, by daylight and dark, Subercase's naked -soldiers rushed, screeching the war whoop, to ambush and stampede the -English line; but Nicholson's regulars stood the fire like rocks, and -the desperate sortie of the French ended in fifty of Subercase's -soldiers deserting en masse to the English. By Friday Nicholson's guns -were all mounted in place to bombard the little wooden fort. Subercase -was desperate. Women and children from the settlement had crowded into -the fort for protection, and were now crazed with fear by the bursting -bombs, while the naked soldiers could be kept on the walls only at the -sword point of their commanding officers. {200} For two hundred French -to have held out longer against three thousand five hundred English -would have been madness. Subercase made the presence of the women in -Port Royal an excuse to send a messenger with flag of truce across to -Nicholson, asking the English to take the women under their protection. -Nicholson might well have asked what protection the French raiders had -accorded the women of the New England frontiers; but he sent back -polite answer that "as he was not warring on women and children" he -would receive them in the English camp, meanwhile holding Subercase's -messenger prisoner, as he had entered the English camp without warning, -eyes unbound. Sunday, October 1, the English bombs again began singing -overhead. Subercase sends word he will capitulate if given honorable -terms. For a month the parleying continues. Then November 13 the -terms are signed on both sides, the English promising to furnish ships -to carry the garrison to some French port and pledging protection to -the people of the settlement. November 14 the French officers and -their ladies come across to the English camp and breakfast in pomp with -the English commanders. Seventeen New England captives are hailed -forth from Port Royal dungeons, "all in rags, without shirts, shoes, or -stockings." On the 16th Nicholson draws his men up in two lines, one -on each side of Port Royal gates, and the two hundred French soldiers -marched out, saluting Nicholson as they passed to the transports. On -the bridge, halfway out, French officers meet the English officers, -doff helmets, and present the keys to the fort. For the last time Port -Royal changes hands. Henceforth it is English, and in gratitude for -the Queen's help Nicholson renamed the place as it is known -to-day,--Annapolis. Among the raiders capitulating is the famous -bushrover Baron St. Castin of Maine. - - -When Nicholson returned to Boston all New England went mad with -delight. Thanksgiving services were held, joy bells rang day and night -for a week, and bonfires blazed on village commons to the gleeful -shoutings of rustic soldiers returned to the home settlements glorified -heroes. - -{201} - -[Illustration: PAUL MASCARENE] - -At Annapolis (Port Royal) Paul Mascarene, a French Huguenot of Boston, -has mounted guard with two hundred and fifty New England volunteers. -Colonel Vetch is nominally the English governor; but Vetch is in Boston -the most of the time, and it is on Mascarene the burden of governing -falls. His duties are not light. Palisades have been broken down and -must be repaired. Bombs have torn holes in the fort roofs, and all -that winter the rain leaks in as through a sieve. The soldier -volunteers grumble and mope and sicken. And these are not the least of -Paul Mascarene's troubles. French priests minister to the Acadian -farmers outside the fort, to the sinister Indians ever lying in ambush, -to the French bushrovers under young St. Castin across Fundy Bay on St. -John River. Not for love or money can Mascarene buy provisions from -the Acadians. Not by threats can he compel them to help mend the -breaches in the palisades. The young commandant was only twenty-seven -years of age, but he must have guessed whence came the unspoken -hostility. The first miserable winter wears slowly past and the winter -of 1711 is setting in, with the English garrison even more poverty -stricken than the year before, when there drifts into Annapolis Basin, -in a birch canoe paddled by a New Brunswick Indian, a white woman with -her little son. She has come, she says, from the north side of Fundy -Bay, because the French {202} on St. John River are starving. Whether -the story be true or false matters little. It was the Widow Freneuse, -the snake woman of mischief-making witchery, who had woven her spells -round the officers in the days of the French at Port Royal. True or -false, her story, added to her smile, excited sympathy, and she was -welcomed to the shelter of the fort. It had been almost impossible for -the English to obtain trees to repair the walls of the fort, and -seventy English soldiers were sent out secretly by night to paddle up -the river in a whaleboat for timber. Who conveyed secret warning of -this expedition to the French bushraiders outside? No doubt the fair -spy, Widow Freneuse, could have told if she would; but five miles from -Port Royal, where the river narrowed to a place ever since known as -Bloody Brook, a crash of musket shots flared from the woods on each -side. Painted Indians, and Frenchmen dressed as Indians, among whom -was a son of Widow Freneuse, dashed out. Sixteen English were killed, -nine wounded, the rest to a man captured, to be held for ransoms -ranging from 10 pounds to 50 pounds. Oddly enough, the very night -after the attack, before news of it had come to Annapolis, the Widow -Freneuse disappears from the fort. Henceforth Paul Mascarene's men -kept guard night and day, and slept in their boots. Ever like a -sinister shadow of evil moved St. Castin and his raiders through the -Acadian wildwoods. - -Only one thing prevented the French recapturing Port Royal at this -time. All troops were required to defend Quebec itself from invasion. - - -Nicholson's success at Port Royal spurred England and her American -colonies to a more ambitious project,--to capture Quebec and subjugate -Canada. This time Nicholson was to head twenty-five hundred provincial -troops by way of Lake Champlain to the St. Lawrence, while a British -army of twelve thousand, half soldiers, half marines, on fifteen -frigates and forty-six transports, was to sail from Boston for Quebec. -The navy was under command of Sir Hovender Walker; the army, of General -Jack Hill, a court favorite of Queen Anne's, more noted for {203} his -graces than his prowess. The whole expedition is one of the most -disgraceful in the annals of English war. The fleet left Boston on -July 30, 1711, Nicholson meanwhile waiting encamped on Lake Champlain. -Early in August the immense fleet had rounded Sable Island and was off -the shores of Anticosti. Though there was no good pilot on board, the -two commanders nightly went to bed and slept the sleep of the just. -Off Egg Islands, on the night of August 22, there was fog and a strong -east wind. Walker evidently thought he was near the south shore, -ignorant of the strong undertow of the tide here, which had carried his -ships thirty miles off the course. The water was rolling in the lumpy -masses of a choppy cross sea when a young captain of the regulars -dashed breathlessly into Walker's stateroom and begged him "for the -Lord's sake to come on deck, for there are reefs ahead and we shall all -be lost!" - -With a seaman's laugh at a landsman's fears, the Admiral donned -dressing gown and slippers and shuffled up to the decks. A pale moon -had broken through the ragged fog wrack, and through the white light -they plainly saw mountainous breakers straight ahead. Walker shouted -to let the anchor go and drive to the wind. Above the roar of breakers -and trample of panic-stricken seamen over decks could be heard the -minute guns of the other ships firing for help. Then pitch darkness -fell with slant rains in a deluge. The storm abated, but all night -long, above the boom of an angry sea, could be heard shrieks and -shoutings for help; and by the light of the Admiral's ship could be -seen the faces of the dead cast up by the moil of the sea. Before dawn -eight transports had suffered shipwreck and one thousand lives were -lost. - -It was a night to put fear in the hearts of all but very brave men, and -neither Walker nor Hill proved man enough to stand firm to the shock. -Walker ascribed the loss to the storm and the storm to Providence; and -when war council was held three days later Jack Hill, the court dandy, -was only too glad of excuse to turn tail and flee to England without -firing a gun. Poor old Nicholson, waiting with his provincials up on -Lake Champlain, {204} goes into apoplexy with tempests of rage and -chagrin, when he hears the news, stamping the ground, tearing off his -wig, and shouting, "Rogues! rogues!" He burns his fort and disbands -his men. - -The Peace of Utrecht in 1713 for the time closed the war. France had -been hopelessly defeated in Europe, and the terms were favorable to -England. - -All of Hudson Bay was to be restored to the English; but--note well--it -was not specified where the boundaries were to be between Hudson Bay -and Quebec. That boundary dispute came down as a heritage to modern -days--thanks to the incompetency and ignorance of the statesmen who -arranged the treaty. - -Acadia was given to England, but Cape Breton was retained by the -French, and--note well--it was not stated whether Acadia included New -Brunswick and Maine, as the French formerly contended, or included only -the peninsula south of the Bay of Fundy. That boundary dispute, too, -came down. - -Newfoundland was acknowledged as an English possession, but the French -retained the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, with fishing -privileges on the shores of Newfoundland. That concession, too, has -come down to trouble modern days,--thanks to the same defenders of -colonial interests. - -The Iroquois were acknowledged to be subjects of England, but it was -not stated whether that concession included the lands of the Ohio -raided and subjugated by the Iroquois; and that vagueness was destined -to cost both New France and New England some of its best blood. - - -It has been stated, and stated many times without dispute, that when -England sacrificed the interests of her colonies in boundary -settlements, she did so because she was in honor bound to observe the -terms of treaties. One is constrained to ask whose ignorance was -responsible for the terms of those treaties. - -Looking back on the record so far,--both of France and England,--which -has spent the more both of substance and of life for defense; the -mother countries or the colonies? - - - - -{205} - -CHAPTER XI - -FROM 1713 TO 1755 - -La Verendrye's adventuring to the West--Adventurers reach Lake -Winnipeg--From Assiniboine to Missouri--Intrigue with Indians--The -building of Louisburg--The siege of the great fort--Jokes bandied by -fighters--Quarrels left unsettled--Beyond the Alleghenies--Washington -and Jumonville--Braddock's march--Defeat of Braddock--Abbe Le -Loutre--The Acadians--Deportation of French--At Lake Champlain--Dieskau -defeated - - -What with clandestine raids and open wars, it might be thought that the -little nation of New France had vent enough for the buoyant energy of -its youth. While the population of the English colonies was nearing -the million mark, New France had not 60,000 inhabitants by 1759. Yet -what had the little nation, whose mainspring was at Quebec, -accomplished? Look at the map! Her bushrovers had gone overland to -Hudson Bay far north as Nelson. Before 1700 Duluth had forts at -Kaministiquia (near modern Fort Williams) on Lake Superior. Radisson, -Marquette, Jolliet, and La Salle had blazed a trail to the Mississippi -from what is now Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico. By 1701 La Motte -Cadillac had built what is now Detroit in order to stop the progress of -the English traders up the lakes to Michilimackinac; and by 1727 the -Company of the Sioux had forts far west as Lake Pepin. With Quebec as -the hub of the wheel, draw spokes across the map of North America. -Where do they reach? From Quebec to the Gulf of Mexico, to the -Missouri, to the Upper Mississippi, to Lake Superior, to Hudson Bay. -Who blazed the way through these far pathless wilds? Nameless -wanderers dressed in rags and tatters,--outcasts of society, forest -rovers lured by the Unknown as by a siren, soldiers of fortune, -penniless, in debt, heartbroken, slandered, persecuted, driven by the -demon of their own genius to earth's ends,--and to ruin! - -Spite of clandestine raids and open wars, New France was now setting -herself to stretch the lines of her discoveries farther westward. - - -It will be remembered it was at Three Rivers that the Indians of the Up -Country paused on their way down the St. Lawrence. {206} From the days -of Radisson in 1660 the passion for discovery had been in the very air -of Three Rivers. In this little fort was born in 1686 Pierre Gaultier -Varennes de La Verendrye, son of a French officer. From childhood the -boy's ear must have been accustomed to the uncouth babblings of the -half-naked Indians, whose canoes came swarming down the river soon as -ice broke up in spring. One can guess that in his play the boy many a -time simulated Indian voyageur, bushrover, coming home clad in furs, -the envy of the villagers. At fourteen young Pierre had decided that -he would be a great explorer, but destiny for the time ruled otherwise. -At eighteen he was among the bushraiders of New England. Nineteen -found him fighting the English in Newfoundland. Then came the honor -coveted by all Canadian boys,--an appointment to the King's army in -Europe. Young La Verendrye was among the French forces defeated by the -great Marlborough; but the Peace of Utrecht sent him back to Canada, -aged twenty-seven, to serve in the far northern fur post of Nepigon, -eating his heart out with ambition. - -It was here the dreams of his childhood emerged like a commanding -destiny. Old Indian chief Ochagach drew maps on birch bark of a trail -to the Western Sea. La Verendrye took canoe for Quebec, and, with -heart beating to the passion of a secret ambition, laid the drawings -before Governor Beauharnois. He came just in the nick of time. -English traders were pressing westward. New France lent ready ear for -schemes of wider empire. The court could grant no money for -discoveries, but it gave La Verendrye permission for a voyage and -monopoly in furs over the lands he might discover; but the lands must -be found before there would be furs, and here began the mundane worries -of La Verendrye's glory. - -Montreal merchants outfitted him, but that meant debt; and his little -party of fifty grizzled woodrovers set out with their ninety-foot birch -canoes from Montreal on June 8, 1731. Three sons were in his party and -a nephew, Jemmeraie, from the Sioux country of the west. Every foot -westward had been consecrated by heroism to set the pulse of -red-blooded men jumping. There {207} was the seigniory of La Chine, -named in derision of La Salle's project to find a path to China. There -was the Long Sault, where Dollard had fought the Iroquois. There were -the pink granite islands of Georgian Bay, where the Jesuits had led -their harried Hurons. There was Michilimackinac, with the brawl of its -vice and brandy and lawless traders from the woods, where La Motte -Cadillac ruled before going to found Detroit. Seventy-eight days from -Montreal, there were the pictured rocks of Lake Superior, purple and -silent and deep as ocean, which Radisson had coasted on his way to the -Mississippi. Then La Verendrye came to Duluth's old stamping -ground--Kaministiquia. - -[Illustration: LA VERENDRYE'S FORTS AND THE RIVER OF THE WEST (After -Jeffery's map, 1762)] - - -The home-bound boats were just leaving the fur posts for the St. -Lawrence. Frosts had already stripped the trees of foliage, and winter -would presently lock all avenues of retreat in six months' ice. La -Verendrye's men began to doubt the wisdom of chasing a will-o'-the-wisp -to an unknown Western Sea. The explorer sent half the party forward -with his nephew Jemmeraie and his son Jean, while he himself remained -at Kaministiquia with the mutineers to forage for provisions. {208} -Winter found Jemmeraie's men on the Minnesota side of Rainy Lake, where -they built Fort Pierre and drove a rich trade in furs with the encamped -Crees. In summer of 1732 came La Verendrye, his men in gayest apparel -marching before the awe-struck Crees with bugle blowing and flags -flying. Then white men and Crees advanced in canoes to the Lake of the -Woods, coasting from island to island through the shadowy defiles of -the sylvan rocks along the Minnesota shore to the northwest angle. -Here a second winter witnessed the building of a second post, Fort St. -Charles, with four rows of fifteen-foot palisades and thatched-roofed -log cabins. The Western Sea seemed far as ever,--like the rainbow of -the child, ever fleeing as pursued,--and La Verendrye's merchant -partners were beginning to curse him for a rainbow chaser. He had been -away three years, and there were no profits. Suspicious that he might -be defrauding them by private trade or sacrificing their interests to -his own ambitions, they failed to send forward provisions for this -year. La Verendrye was in debt to his men for three years' wages, in -debt to his partners for three years' provisions. To fail now he dared -not. Go forward he could not, so he hurried down to Montreal, where he -prevailed on the merchants to continue supplies by the simple argument -that, if they stopped now, there would be total loss. - -Young Jean La Verendrye and Jemmeraie have meanwhile descended Winnipeg -River's white fret of waterfalls to Winnipeg Lake, where they build -Fort Maurepas, near modern Alexander,--and wait. Fishing failed. The -hunt failed. The winter of 1735-1736 proved of such terrible severity -that famine stalked through the western woods. La Verendrye's three -forts were reduced to diet of skins, moccasin soup, and dog meat. In -desperation Jemmeraie set out with a few voyageurs to meet the -returning commander, but privation had undermined his strength. He -died on the way and was buried in his hunter's blanket beside an -unknown stream between Lake Winnipeg and the Lake of the Woods. -Accompanied by the priest Aulneau, young Jean de La Verendrye decided -to rush canoes down from the Lake of the Woods to Michilimackinac for -food and powder. A furious pace was {209} to be kept all the way to -Lake Superior. The voyageurs had risen early one morning in June, and -after paddling some miles through the mist had landed to breakfast when -a band of marauding Sioux fell on them with a shout. The priest -Aulneau fell pierced in the head by a stone-pointed arrow. Young Jean -La Verendrye was literally hacked to pieces. Not a man of the -seventeen French escaped, and Massacre Island became a place of ill -omen to the French from that day. At last came the belated supplies, -and by February of 1737 La Verendrye had moved his main forces west to -Lake Winnipeg. This was no Western Sea, though the wind whipped the -lake like a tide,--which explained the Indian legend of an inland -ocean. Though it was no Western Sea, it was a new empire for France. -The bourne of the Unknown still fled like the rainbow, and La Verendrye -still pursued. - -[Illustration: MAP PUBLISHED IN PARIS IN 1752 SHOWING THE SUPPOSED SEA -OF THE WEST] - -Down to Quebec for more supplies with tales of a vast Beyond Land! -Back to Lake Winnipeg by September of 1738 with canoes gliding up the -muddy current of Red River for the Unknown Land of the Assiniboines; -past Nettley Creek, then known as Massacre Creek or Murderers' River, -from the Sioux having slain the encamped wives and children of the Cree -who had gone to Hudson Bay with their furs; between the wooded banks of -what are now East and West Selkirk, flat to left, high to right; -tracking up the Rapids of St. Andrews, thick oak woods to east, {210} -rippling prairie russet in the autumn rolling to the west,--La -Verendrye and his voyageurs came to the forks of Red River and the -Assiniboine, or what is now known as the city of Winnipeg. Where the -two rivers met on the flats to the west were the high scaffoldings of -an ancient Cree graveyard, bizarre and eerie and ghostlike between the -voyageurs and the setting sun. On the high river bank of what is now -known as Assiniboine Avenue gleamed the white skin of ten Cree tepees, -where two war chiefs waited to meet La Verendrye. Drawing up their -canoes near where the bridge now spans between St. Boniface and -Winnipeg, the voyageurs came ashore. - -It was a fair scene that greeted them, such a scene as any westerner -may witness to-day of a warm September night when the sun hangs low -like a blood-red shield, and the evening breeze touches the rustling -grasses of the prairie beyond the city to the waves of an ocean. It -was not the Western Sea, but it was a Sea of Prairie. It was a New -World, unbounded by hill or forest, spacious as the very airs of -heaven, fenced only by the blue dip of a shimmering horizon. It was a -world, though La Verendrye knew it not, five times larger than New -France, half as big as all Europe. He had discovered the Canadian -Northwest. - -One can guess how the tired wanderers at rest beneath the uptilted -canoes that night wondered whither their quest would lead them over the -fire-dyed horizon where the sun was sinking as over a sea. The Cree -chiefs told them of other lands and other peoples to the south, "who -trade with a people who dwelt on the great waters beyond the mountains -of the setting sun,"--the Spaniards. - -Leaving men to knock up a trading post near the suburb now known as -Fort Rouge, La Verendrye, on September 26, steers his canoes up the -shallow Assiniboine far as what is now known as Portage La Prairie, -where a trail leads overland to the Saskatchewan and so down to the -English traders of Hudson Bay. But this is not the trail to the -Western Sea; La Verendrye's quest is set towards those people "who live -on the great waters to the south." - -{211} - -[Illustration: MAP SHOWING THE SUPPOSED SEA OF THE WEST, WITH -APPROACHES TO THE MISSISSIPPI AND GREAT LAKES, PARIS, 1755] - -Fort de La Reine is built at the Portage of the Prairie, and October -18, to beat of drum, with flag flying, La Verendrye marches forth with -fifty-two men towards Souris River for the land of the Mandanes on the -Missouri. December 3 he is welcomed to the Mandane villages; but here -is no Western Sea, only the broad current of the Missouri rolling -turbulent and muddy southward towards the Mississippi; but the Mandanes -tell of a people to the far west, "who live on the great waters bitter -for drinking, who dress in armor and dwell in stone houses." These -must be the Spaniards. La Verendrye's quest has become a receding -phantom. Leaving men to learn the Missouri dialects, La Verendrye -marched in the teeth of mid-winter storms back to the Portage of the -Prairie on the Assiniboine. Of that march, space forbids to tell. A -blizzard raged, driving the fine snows into eyes and skin like hot -salt. When the marchers camped at night they had to bury themselves in -snow to keep from freezing. Drifts covered all landmarks. The men -lost their bearings, doubled back on their own tracks, were -frost-bitten, buffeted by the storm, and short of food. Christmas -{212} was passed in the camps of wandering Assiniboines, and February -10, 1739, the fifty men staggered, weak and starving, back to the -Portage of the Prairie. - -The wanderings of La Verendrye and his sons for the next few years led -southwestward far as the Rockies in the region of Montana, -northwestward far as the Bow River branch of the Saskatchewan. -Meanwhile, all La Verendrye's property had been seized by his -creditors. Jealous rivals were clamoring for possession of his fur -posts. The King had conferred on him the Order of the Cross of St. -Louis, but eighteen years of exposure and worry had broken the -explorer's health. On the eve of setting out again for the west he -died suddenly on the 6th of December, 1749, at Montreal. - -Look again at the map! The spokes of the wheel running out from Quebec -extend to the Gulf of Mexico on the south, to the Rockies on the west, -to Hudson Bay on the north. And the population of New France does not -yet number 60,000 people. Is it any wonder French Canadians look back -on these days as the Golden Age? - - -And while the bushrovers of Canada are pushing their way through the -wilderness westward, there come slashing, tramping, swearing, stamping -through the mountainous wilds of West and East Siberia the Cossack -soldiers of Peter the Great, led by the Dane, Vitus Bering, bound on -discovery to the west coast of America. La Verendrye's men have -crossed only half a continent. Bering's Russians cross the width of -two continents, seven thousand miles, then launch their crazily planked -ships over unknown northern seas for America. From 1729 to August of -1742 toil the Russian sea voyagers. Their story is not part of -Canada's history. Suffice to say, December of 1741 finds the Russian -crews cast away on two desert islands of Bering Sea west of Alaska, now -known as the Commander Islands. Half the crew of seventy-seven perish -of starvation and scurvy. Bering himself lies dying in a sandpit, with -the earth spread over him for warmth. Outside the sand holes, {213} -where the Russians crouch, scream hurricane gales and white billows and -myriad sea birds. The ships have been wrecked. The Russians are on an -unknown island. Day dawn, December 8, lying half buried in the sand, -Bering breathes his last. On rafts made of wreckage the remnant of his -crew find way back to Asia, but they have discovered a trail across the -sea to a new land. Fur hunters are moving from the east, westward. -Fur hunters are moving from the west, eastward. These two tides will -meet and clash at a later era. - - -The Treaty of Utrecht had stopped open war, but that did not prevent -the bushrovers from raiding the border lands of Maine, of -Massachusetts, of New York. The story of one raid is the story of all, -and several have already been related. Now comes a half century of -petty war that raged on the border lands from Saratoga and Northfield -to Maine and New Brunswick. The story of these "little wars," as the -French called them, belongs more to the history of the United States -than Canada. - -Nor did the Peace of Utrecht stop the double dealing and intrigue by -which European rulers sought to use bigoted missionaries and ignorant -Indians as pawns in the game of statecraft. - -"Sentiments of opposition to the English in Acadia must be secretly -fostered," commanded the King of France in 1715, two years after Acadia -had been deeded over to England. "The King is pleased with the efforts -of Pere Rasle to induce the Indians not to allow the English to settle -on their lands," runs the royal dispatch of 1721 regarding the border -massacres of Maine. "Advise the missionaries in Acadia to do nothing -that may serve as a pretext for sending them out of the country, but -have them induce the Indians to organize enterprises against the -English," command the royal instructions of 1744. "The Indians," -writes the Canadian Governor, "can be depended on to bring in the -scalps of the English as long as we furnish ammunition. This is the -opinion of the missionary, M. Le Loutre." Again, from the Governor of -New France: "If the settlers of {214} Acadia hesitate to rise against -their English masters, we can employ threats of the Indians and force. -It is inconceivable that the English would try to remove these people. -Letters from M. Le Loutre report that his Indians have intercepted -dispatches of the English officers. M. Le Loutre will keep us informed -of everything in Acadia. We have furnished him with secret signals to -our ships, which will tell us of every movement on the part of the -enemy." - - -Of all the hotbeds of intrigue, Acadia, from its position, had become -the worst. Here was a population of French farmers, which in half a -century had increased to 12,000, held in subjection by an English -garrison at Annapolis of less than two hundred soldiers so destitute -they had neither shoes nor stockings, coats nor bedding. The French -were guaranteed in the Treaty of Utrecht the freedom and privileges of -their religion by the English; but in matters temporal as well as -spiritual they were absolutely subject to priests, acting as spies for -the Quebec plotters. - -France, as has been told, retained Cape Breton (Isle Royal) and Prince -Edward Island (Isle St. Jean), and the Treaty of Utrecht had hardly -been signed before plans were drawn on a magnificent scale for a French -fort on Cape Breton to effect a threefold purpose,--to command the sea -towards Boston, to regain Acadia, to protect the approach to the River -St. Lawrence. - -The Island of Cape Breton is like a hand with its fingers stuck out in -the sea. The very tip of a long promontory commanding one of the -southern arms of the sea was chosen for the fort that was to be the -strongest in all America. On three sides were the sea, with outlying -islands suitable for powerful batteries and a harbor entrance that was -both narrow and deep. To the rear was impassable muskeg--quaking moss -above water-soaked bog. Two weaknesses only had the fort. There were -hills to right and left from which an enemy might pour destruction -inside the walls, but the royal engineers of France depended on the -outlying island batteries preventing any enemy gaining possession of -these hills. By 1720 walls thirty-six feet thick had encircled {215} -an area of over one hundred acres. Outside the rear wall had been -excavated a ditch forty feet deep and eighty wide. Bristling from the -six bastions of the walls were more than one hundred and eighty heavy -cannon. Besides the two batteries commanding the entrance to the -harbor was an outer Royal Battery of forty cannon directly across the -water from the fort, on the next finger of the island. Twenty years -was the fort in building, costing what in those days was regarded as an -enormous sum of money,--equal to $10,000,000. Such was Louisburg, -impregnable as far as human foresight could judge,--the refuge of -corsairs that preyed on Boston commerce; the haven of the schemers who -intrigued to wean away the Acadians from English rule, the guardian -sentinel of all approach to the St. Lawrence. - -"It would be well," wrote the King the very next year after the treaty -was signed, "to attract the Acadians to Cape Breton, but act with -caution." And now twenty years had passed. Some Acadians had gone to -Cape Breton and others to Prince Edward Island; but statecraft judged -the simple Acadian farmer would be more useful where he was,--on the -spot in Acadia, ready to rebel when open war would give the French of -Louisburg a chance to invade. - -Late in 1744 Europe breaks into that flame of war known as the Austrian -Succession. Before either Quebec or Boston knows of open war, -Louisburg has word of it and sends her rangers burning fishing towns -and battering at the rotten palisades of Annapolis (Port Royal). Port -Royal is commanded by that same Paul Mascarene of former wars, grown -old in service. The French bid him save himself by surrender before -their fleet comes. Though Mascarene has less than a hundred men, the -weather is in his favor. It is September. Winter will drive the -invaders home, so he sends back word that he will bide his time till -the hostile fleet comes. As for the Abbe Le Loutre, let the -treacherous priest beware how he brings his murderous Indians within -range of the fort guns! Meanwhile the Acadian habitants are threatened -with death if they do not rise to aid the {216} French, but they too -bide their time, for if they rebel and fail, that too means death; and -"_the Neutrals_" refuse to stir till the invaders, from lack of -provisions, are forced to decamp, and the Abbe Le Loutre, with his -black hat drawn down over his eyes, vanishes into forest with his crew -of painted warriors. - -News of the war and of the ravaging of Acadian fishing towns set -Massachusetts in flame. To Boston, above all New England towns, was -Louisburg a constant danger. The thing seemed absolute stark -madness,--the thoughtless daring of foolhardy enthusiasts,--but it is -ever enthusiasm which accomplishes the impossible; and April 30, 1745, -after only seven weeks of preparation, an English fleet of sixty-eight -ships--some accounts say ninety, including the whalers and transports -gathered along the coast towns--sails into Gabarus Bay, behind -Louisburg, where the waters have barely cleared of ice. William -Pepperrell, a merchant, commands the four thousand raw levies of -provincial troops, the most of whom have never stepped to martial music -before in their lives. Admiral Warren has come up from West India -waters with his men-of-war to command the united fleets. Early Monday -morning, against a shore wind, the boats are tacking to land, when the -alarm bells begin ringing and ringing at Louisburg and a force of one -hundred and fifty men dashes downshore for Flat Cove to prevent the -landing. Pepperrell out-tricks the enemy by leaving only a few boats -to make a feint of landing at the Cove, while he swings his main fleet -inshore round a bend in the coast a mile away. Here, with a prodigious -rattling of lowered sails and anchor chains, the crews plunge over the -rolling waves, pontooning a bridge of small boats ashore. By nightfall -the most of the English have landed, and spies report the harbor of -Louisburg alive with torches where the French are sinking ships to -obstruct the entrance and setting fire to fishing stages that might -interfere with cannon aim. The next night, May 1, Vaughan's New -Hampshire boys--raw farmers, shambling in their gait, singing as they -march--swing through the woods along the marsh {217} behind the fort, -and take up a position on a hill to the far side of Louisburg, creating -an enormous bonfire with the French tar and ships' tackling stored -here. The result of this harmless maneuver was simply astounding. It -will be recalled that Louisburg had an outer battery of forty cannon on -this side. The French soldiers holding this battery mistook the -bonfire for the {218} English attacking forces, and under cover of -darkness abandoned the position,--battery, guns, powder and all,--which -the English promptly seized. This was the Royal Battery, which -commanded the harbor and could shell into the very heart of the fort. - -[Illustration: WILLIAM PEPPERRELL] - -The next thing for the English was to get their heavy guns ashore -through a rolling surf of ice-cold water. For two weeks the men stood -by turns to their necks in the surf, steadying the pontoon gangway as -the great cannon were trundled ashore; and this was the least of their -difficulties. The question was how to get their cannon across the -marsh behind the fort to the hill on the far side. The cannon would -sink from their own weight in such a bog, and either horses or oxen -would flounder to death in a few minutes. Again, the fool-hardy -enthusiasm of the raw levies overcame the difficulty. They built large -stone boats, raft-shaped, such as are used on farms to haul stones over -ground too rough for wagons. Hitching to these, teams of two hundred -men stripped to midwaist, they laboriously hauled the cannon across the -quaking moss to the hills commanding the rear of the fort, bombs and -balls whizzing overhead all the while, fired from the fort bastions. -It was cold, damp spring weather. The men who were not soaked to their -necks in surf and bog were doing picket duty alongshore, sleeping in -their boots. Consequently, in three weeks, half Pepperrell's force -became deadly ill. At this time, within two days, occurred both a -cheering success and a disheartening rebuff. A French man-of-war with -seventy cannon and six hundred men was seen entering Louisburg. As if -in panic fright, one of the small English ships fled. The French ship -pursued. In a trice she was surrounded by the English fleet and -captured. The flight of the little vessel had been a trick. A few -days later four hundred English in whaleboats attempted the mad project -of attacking the Island Battery at the harbor entrance. The boats set -out about midnight with muffled oars, but a wind rose, setting a -tremendous surf lashing the rocks, and yet the invaders might have -succeeded but for a piece of rashness. A hundred men had gained the -shore when, with the thoughtlessness of schoolboys, they uttered a -jubilant yell. {219} Instantly, porthole, platform, gallery, belched -death through the darkness. The story is told that a raw New England -lad was in the act of climbing the French flagstaff to hang out his own -red coat as English flag when a Swiss guard hacked him to pieces. The -boats not yet ashore were sunk by the blaze of cannon. A few escaped -back in the darkness, but by daylight over one hundred English had been -captured. Cannon, mortars, and musketoons were mounted to command the -fort inside the walls, and a continuous rain of fire began from the -hills. In vain Duchambon, the French commander, waited for -reenforcements from Canada. Convent, hospital, barracks, all the -houses of the town, were peppered by bombs till there was not a roof -intact in the place. The soldiers, of whom there were barely two -thousand, were ready to mutiny. The citizens besought Duchambon to -surrender. Provisions ran out. Looking down from the tops of the -walls, cracking jokes with the English across the ditch, the French -soldiers counted more than a thousand scaling ladders ready for -hand-to-hand assault, and a host of barrels filled with mud behind -which the English sharpshooters crouched. It had just been arranged -between Warren and Pepperrell that the {220} former should attack by -sea while the latter assaulted by land, when on June 16 the French -capitulated. How the New England enthusiasts ran rampant through the -abandoned French fort need not be told. How Parson Moody, famous for -his long prayers, hewed down images in the Catholic chapel till he was -breathless and then came to the officers' state dinner so exhausted -that when asked to pronounce blessing he could only mutter, "Good Lord, -we have so much to thank Thee for, time is too short; we must leave it -to eternity. Amen"; how the New Englanders, unused to French wines, -drank themselves torpid on the stores of the fort cellar; how the -French the next year made superhuman effort to regain Louisburg, only -to have a magnificent fleet of one hundred and fifty sail wrecked on -Sable Island, Duke d'Anville, the commander, dying of heartbreak on his -ship anchored near Halifax, his successor killing himself with his own -sword,--cannot be told here. Louisburg was the prize of the war, and -England threw the prize away by giving it back to France in the Treaty -of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. The English government paid back the -colonies for their outlay, but of all the rich French pirate ships -loaded with booty, captured at Louisburg by leaving the French flag -flying, not a penny's worth went to the provincial troops. Warren's -seamen received all the loot. - -[Illustration: RUINS OF THE FORTIFICATIONS AT LOUISBURG] - - -Like all preceding treaties, the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle left -unsettled the boundaries between New France and New England. In -Acadia, in New York, on the Ohio, collisions were bound to come. - -In Acadia the English send their officers to the Isthmus of Chignecto -to establish a fort near the bounds of what are now Nova Scotia and New -Brunswick. The priestly spy, Louis Joseph Le Loutre, leads his wild -Micmac savages through the farm settlement round the English fort, -setting fire to houses putting a torch even to the church, and so -compelling the habitants of the boundary to come over to the French and -take sides. The treaty has restored Louisburg to the French, but the -very {221} next year England sends out Edward Cornwallis with two -thousand settlers to establish the English fort now known as Halifax. -By 1752 there are four thousand people at the new fort, though the -Indian raiders miss no occasion to shoot down wayfarers and farmers; -and the French Governor at Quebec continues his bribes--as much as -eight hundred dollars a year to a man--to stir up hostility to the -English and prevent the Acadian farmers taking the oath of fidelity to -England. So much for the peace treaty in Acadia. It was not peace; it -was farce. - -[Illustration: CONTEMPORARY PLAN OF THE ATTACK ON LOUISBURG] - -In New York state matters were worse. The Iroquois had been -acknowledged allies of the English, and before 1730 the English fort at -Oswego had been built at the southeast corner of Lake Ontario to catch -the fur trade of the northern tribes coming down the lakes to New -France, and to hold the Iroquois' friendship. Also, as French traders -pass up the lake to Fort Frontenac (Kingston) and Niagara with their -national flag flying from the prow of canoe and flatboat, chance -bullets from the {222} English fort ricochet across the advancing -prows, and soldiers on the galleries inside Fort Oswego take bets on -whether they can hit the French flag. Prompt as a gamester, New France -checkmates this move. Peter Schuyler has been settling English farmers -round Lake Champlain. At Crown Point, long known as Scalp Point, where -the lake narrows and portage runs across to Lake George and the Mohawk -land, the French in 1731 erect a strong fort. As for the English -traders at Fort Oswego catching the tribes from the north, New France -counterchecks that by sending Portneuf in April of 1749, only a year -after the peace, to the Toronto portage where the Indians come from the -Upper Lakes by way of Lake Simcoe. What is now known as Toronto is -named Rouille, after a French minister; and as if this were not -checkmate enough to the English advancing westward, the Sulpician -priest from Montreal, Abbe Picquet, zealously builds a fort straight -north of Oswego, on the south side of the St. Lawrence, to keep the -Iroquois loyal to France. Picquet calls his fort "Presentation." His -enemies call it "Picquet's Folly." It is known to-day as Ogdensburg. -Look at the map. France's frontier line is guarded by forts that stand -like sentinels at the gateways of all waters leading to the -interior,--Ogdensburg, Kingston, Toronto, Niagara, Detroit, -Michilimackinac, and La Verendrye's string of forts far west as the -Rockies. New York's frontier line is guarded by one fort -only,--Oswego. Here too, as in Acadia, the peace is a farce. - -[Illustration: FORT PRESENTATION] - -But it was in the valley of the Ohio where the greatest struggle over -boundaries took place. One year after the peace, Celoron de Bienville -is sent in July, 1749, to take possession of the {223} Ohio for France. -France claims right to this region by virtue of La Salle's explorations -sixty years previously, and of all those French bushrangers who have -roved the wilds from the Great Lakes to Louisiana. Small token did -France take of La Salle's exploits while he lived, but great store do -her statesmen set by his voyages now that he has been sixty years dead. -"But pause!" commands the English Governor of Virginia. "Since time -immemorial have our traders wandered over the Great Smoky Mountains, -over the Cumberlands, over the Alleghenies, down the Tennessee and the -Kanawha and the Monongahela and the Ohio to the Mississippi." As a -matter of fact, one Major General Wood had in 1670 and 1674 sent his -men overland, if not so far as the Mississippi, then certainly as far -as the Ohio and the valley of the Mississippi. But Wood was a private -adventurer. For years his exploit had been forgotten. No record of it -remained but an account written by his men, Batts and Hallam. The -French declared the record was a myth, and it has, in fact, been so -regarded by the most of historians. Yet, curiously enough, ranging -through some old family papers of the Hudson's Bay Company in the -Public Records, London, I found with Wood's own signature his record of -the trip across the mountains to the Indians of the Ohio and the -Mississippi. It is probable that the {224} English cared quite as much -for claims founded on La Salle's voyage as the French cared for claims -founded on the horseback trip of Major General Wood's men. The fact -remained: here were the English traders from Virginia pressing -northward by way of the Ohio; here were the French adventurers pressing -south by way of the Ohio. As in Acadia and New York, peace or no -peace, a clash was inevitable. - -[Illustration: CONTEMPORARY VIEW OF OSWEGO] - - -Duquesne has come out governor of Canada, and by 1753 has dispatched a -thousand men into the Ohio valley, who blaze a trail through the -wilderness and string a line of forts from Presqu' Isle (Erie) on Lake -Erie southward to Fort Duquesne at the junction of the Allegheny and -Monongahela, where Pittsburg stands to-day. - -One December night at Fort Le Boeuf, on the trail to the Ohio, the -French commandant was surprised to see a slim youth of twenty years -ride out of the rain-drenched, leafless woods, followed by four or five -whites and Indians with a string of belled pack-horses. The young -gentleman introduces himself with great formality, though he must use -an interpreter, for he does not speak French. He is Major George -Washington, sent by Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia to know why the -French have been seizing the fur posts of English traders in this -region. The French commander, Saint Pierre, receives the young -Virginian courteously, plies master and men with such lavish -hospitality that Washington has much trouble to keep his drunk Indians -from deserting, and dismisses his visitor with the smooth but bootless -response that as France and England are at peace he cannot answer -Governor Dinwiddie's message till he has heard from the Governor of -Canada, Marquis Duquesne. Not much satisfaction for emissaries who had -forded ice-rafted rivers and had tramped the drifted forests for three -hundred miles. - -[Illustration: GOVERNOR DINWIDDIE OF VIRGINIA] - -By January of 1754 Washington is back in Virginia. By May he is on the -trail again, blazing a path through the wilderness down the Monongahela -towards the French fort; for what purpose one may guess, though these -were times of piping peace. Come {225} an old Indian chief and an -English bushwhacker one morning with word that fifty French raiders are -on the trail ten miles away; for what purpose one may guess, spite of -peace. Instantly Washington sends half a hundred Virginia frontiersmen -out scouting. They find no trace of raiders, but the old chief picks -up the trail of the ambushed French. Here they had broken branches -going through the woods; there a moccasin track punctures the spongy -mold; here leaves have been scattered to hide camp ashes. At midnight, -with the rain slashing through the forest black as pitch, Washington -sets out with forty men, following his Indian guide. Through the dark -they feel rather than follow the trail, and it is a slow but an easy -trick to those acquainted with wildwood travel. Leave the path by as -much as a foot length and the foliage lashes you back, or the windfall -trips you up, or the punky path becomes punctured beneath moccasin -tread. By day dawn, misty and gray in the May woods, the English are -at the Indian camp and march forward escorted by the redskins, single -file, silent as ghosts, alert as tigers. Raindrip swashes on the -buckskin coats. Muskets are loaded and carefully cased from the wet. -The old chief stops suddenly . . . and points! There lie the French in -a rock ravine sheltered by the woods like a cave. The next instant the -French had leaped up with a whoop. Washington shouted "Fire!" When -the smoke of the musket crash cleared, ten French lay dead, among them -their officer, Jumonville; {226} and twenty-two others surrendered. No -need to dispute whether Washington was justified in firing on thirty -bush rovers in time of peace! The bushrovers had already seized -English forts and were even now scouring the country for English -traders. For a week their scouts had followed Washington as spies. - -Expecting instant retaliation from Fort Duquesne, Washington retreated -swiftly to his camping place at Great Meadows and cast up a log -barricade known as Fort Necessity. A few days later comes a company of -regular troops. By July 1 he has some four hundred men, but at Fort -Duquesne are fourteen hundred French. The French wait only for orders -from Quebec, then march nine hundred bushrovers against Washington. -July 3, towards midday, they burst from the woods whooping and yelling. -Washington chose to meet them on the open ground, but the French were -pouring a cross fire over the meadow; and to compel them to attack in -the open, Washington drew his men behind the barricade. By nightfall -the Virginians were out of powder. Twelve had been killed and -forty-three were wounded. Before midnight the French beat a parley. -All they desired was that the English evacuate the fort. To fight -longer would have risked the extermination of Washington's troops. -Terms of honorable surrender were granted, and the next day--the day -which Washington was to make immortal, July 4--the English retreated -from Fort Necessity. Such was the peace in the Ohio valley. - -Though the peace is still continued, England dispatches in 1755 two -regiments of the line under Major General Braddock to protect Virginia, -along with a fleet of twelve men-of-war under Admiral Boscawen. France -keeps up the farce by sending out Baron Dieskau with three thousand -soldiers and Admiral La Motte with eighteen ships. Coasting off -Newfoundland, the English encounter three of the French ships that have -gone astray in the fog. "Is it peace or war?" shout the French across -decks. "Peace," answers a voice from the English deck; and -instantaneously a hurricane cannonade rakes the decks of the French, -killing eighty. Two of the French ships surrendered. The other -escaped through the fog. Such was the peace! - -{227} So began the famous Seven Years' War; and Major General Braddock, -in session with the colonial governors, plans the campaign that is to -crush New France's pretensions south of the Great Lakes. Acadia, Lake -Champlain, the Ohio,--these are to be the theaters of the contest. - -[Illustration: TITLE-PAGE OF WASHINGTON'S JOURNAL] - -Braddock himself, accompanied by Washington, marches with twenty-two -hundred men over the Alleghenies along the old trail of the Monongahela -against Fort Duquesne. Of Braddock, the least said the better. A -gambler, full of arrogant contempt towards all people and things that -were not British, hail-fellow-well-met to his boon companions, -heartless towards all outside the pale of his own pride, a blustering -bully yet dogged, and withal a gentleman after the standard of the age, -he was neither better nor worse than the times in which he lived. Of -Braddock's men, fifteen hundred were British regulars, the rest -Virginian bushfighters; and the redcoat troops held such contempt -towards the buckskin frontiersmen that friction arose from the first -about the relative rank of regulars and provincials. From the time -they set out, the troops had been retarded by countless delays. There -was trouble buying up supplies of beef cattle {228} among the -frontiersmen. Scouts scoured the country for horses and wagons to haul -the great guns and heavy artillery. Braddock's high mightiness would -take no advice from colonials about single-file march on a bush trail -and swift raids to elude ambushed foes. Everything proceeded slowly, -ponderously, with the system and routine of an English guardroom. -Scouts to the fore and on both flanks, three hundred bushwhackers went -ahead widening the bridle path to a twelve-foot road for the wagons; -and along this road moved the troops, five and six abreast, the red -coats agleam through the forest foliage, drums rolling, flags flying, -steps keeping time as if on parade, Braddock and his officers mounted -on spirited horses, the heavy artillery and supply wagons lagging far -behind in a winding line. - -[Illustration: A SKETCH OF THE FIELD OF BATTLE AT BRADDOCK'S DEFEAT] - -What happened has been told times without number in story and history. -It was what the despised colonials feared and any bushranger could have -predicted. July 9, in stifling heat, the marchers had come to a loop -in the Monongahela River. Braddock thought to avoid the loop by -fording twice. He was now within eight miles of Fort Duquesne--the -modern Pittsburg. Though Indian raiders had scalped some wanderers -from the trail and insolent messages had been occasionally found -scrawled in French on birch trees, not a Frenchman had been seen on the -march. The advance guard had crossed the second ford about midday when -the road makers at a little opening beyond the river saw a white man -clothed in buckskin, but wearing an officer's badge, dash out of the -woods to the fore, wave his hat, . . . and disappear. A moment later -the well-known war whoop of the French bushrovers tore the air to -tatters; and bullets rained from ambushed foes in a sheet of fire. In -vain the English drums rolled . . . and rolled . . . and soldiers -shouted, "The King! God save the King!" One officer tried to rally -his men to rush the woods, but they were shot down by a torrent of -bullets from an unseen foe. The Virginian bushfighters alone knew how -to meet such an emergency. Jumping from tree to tree for shelter like -Indians dancing sideways to avoid the enemy's aim, they had broken from -rank to fight in bushman fashion when Braddock {229} came galloping -furiously from the rear and ordered them back in line. What use was -military rank with an invisible foe? As well shoot air as an unseen -Indian! Again the Virginians broke rank, and the regulars, huddled -together like cattle in the shambles, fired blindly and succeeded only -in hitting their own provincial troops. Braddock stormed and swore and -rode like a fury incarnate, roaring orders which no one could hear, -much less obey. Five horses were shot under him and the dauntless -commander had mounted a fresh one when the big guns came plunging -forward; but the artillery on which Braddock had pinned his faith only -plowed pits in the forest mold. Of eighty officers, sixty had fallen -and a like proportion of men. Braddock ordered a retreat. The march -became a panic, the panic frenzied terror, the men who had stood so -stolidly under withering fire now dashing in headlong flight from the -second to the first ford and back over the trail, breathless as if -pursued by demons! Artillery, cattle, supplies, dispatch boxes,--all -were abandoned. Washington's clothes had been riddled by bullets, but -he had escaped injury. Braddock reeled from his horse mortally -wounded, to be carried {230} back on a litter to that scene of -Washington's surrender the year before. Four days later the English -general died there. Of the English troops, more than a thousand lay -dead, blistering in the July sun, maimed and scalped by the Indians. -Braddock was buried in his soldier's coat beside the trail, all signs -of the grave effaced to prevent vandalism. - -[Illustration: PLAN OF FORT BEAUSEJOUR] - -Of all the losses the most serious were the dispatch boxes; for they -contained the English plans of campaign from Acadia to Niagara, and -were carried back to Fort Duquesne, where they put the French on guard. -The jubilant joy at the French fort need not be described. When he -heard of the English advance, Contrecoeur, the commander, had been -cooped up with less than one thousand men, half of whom were Indians. -Had Braddock once reached Fort Duquesne, he could have starved it into -surrender without firing a gun, or shelled it into kindling wood with -his heavy artillery. Beaujeu, an officer under Contrecoeur, had -volunteered to go out and meet the English. "My son, my son, will you -walk into the arms of death?" demanded the Indian chiefs. "My fathers, -will you allow me to go alone?" answered Beaujeu; and out he sallied -with six hundred picked men. It was Beaujeu whom Braddock's men had -seen dash out and wave his hat. The brave Frenchman fell, shot at the -first {231} volley from the English, and his Indian friends avenged his -death by roasting thirty English prisoners alive. - - -The Isthmus of Chignecto, or the boundary between New Brunswick and -Nova Scotia, was the scene of the border-land fights in Acadia. To -narrate half the forays, raids, and ambuscades would require a volume. -Fights as gallant as Dollard's at the Sault waged from Beausejour, the -French fort north of the boundary, to Grand Pre and Annapolis, where -the English were stationed. After the founding of Halifax the Abbe Le -Loutre, whose false, foolish counsels had so often endangered the -habitant farmer, moved from his mission in the center of Acadia up to -Beausejour on the New Brunswick side. Here he could be seen with his -Indians toiling like a demon over the trenches, when Monckton, the -English general, came on June 1, 1855, with the British fleet, to land -his forces at Fort Lawrence, the English post on the south side. -Colonel Lawrence was now English governor of Acadia, and he had decided -with Monckton that once and for all the French of Acadia must be -subjugated. The French of Beausejour had in all less than fifteen -hundred men, half of whom were simple Acadian farmers forced into -unwilling service by the priest's threats of Indian raid in this world -and damnation in the next. Day dawn of June 4 the bugles blew to arms -and the English forces, some four thousand, had marched to the south -shore of the Missaguash River, when the French on the north side -uttered a whoop and emitted a clatter of shots. Black-hatted, -sinister, tireless, the priest could be seen urging his Indians on. -The English brought up three field cannon and under protection of their -scattering fire laid a pontoon bridge. Crossing the river, they -marched within a mile of the fort. That night the sky was alight with -flame; for Vergor, the French commander, and Abbe Le Loutre set fire to -all houses outside the fort walls. In a few days the English cannon -had been placed in a circle round the fort, and set such strange music -humming in the ears of the besieged that the Acadian farmers deserted -and the priest nervously thought of flight. Louisburg {232} could send -no aid, and still the bombs kept bursting through the roofs of the fort -houses. One morning a bomb crashed through the roof of the breakfast -room, killing six officers on the spot; and the French at once hung out -the white flag; but when the English troops marched in on June 16, at -seven in the evening, Le Loutre had fled overland through the forests -of New Brunswick for Quebec. - -There scant welcome awaited the renegade priest. The French governors -had been willing to use him as their tool at a price ($800 a year), but -when the tool failed of its purpose they cast him aside. Le Loutre -sailed for France, but his ship was captured by an English cruiser and -he was imprisoned for eight years on the island of Jersey. - -[Illustration: GENERAL MONCKTON] - -Meanwhile, how was fate dealing with the Acadian farmers? Ever since -the Treaty of Utrecht they had been afraid to take the oath of -unqualified loyalty to England, lest New France, or rather Abbe Le -Loutre, let loose the hounds of Indian massacre on their peaceful -settlements. Besides, had not the priest assured them year in and year -out that France would recover Acadia and put to the sword those -habitants who had forsworn France? And they had been equally afraid to -side with the French, for in case of failure the burden of punishment -would fall on them alone. For almost half a century they had been -known as _Neutrals_. Of their population of 12,000, 3000 had been -lured away to Prince Edward Island and Cape Breton. When Cornwallis -had founded Halifax he had intended to wait only till the English were -firmly established, when he would demand an oath of unqualified -allegiance from {233} the Acadians. They, on their part, were willing -to take the oath with one proviso,--that they should never be required -to take up arms against the French; or they would have been willing to -leave Acadia, as the Treaty of Utrecht had provided, in case they did -not take the oath of allegiance. But in the early days of English -possession the English governors were not willing they should leave. -If the Acadians had migrated, it would simply have strengthened the -French in Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick. -Obstructions had been created that prevented the supply of transports -to move the Acadians. The years had drifted on, and a new generation -had grown up, knowing nothing of treaty rights, but only that the -French were threatening them on one side if they did not rise against -England, and the English on the other side if they did not take oath of -unqualified allegiance. Cornwallis had long since left Halifax, and -Lawrence, the English governor, while loyal to a fault, was, like -Braddock, that type of English understrapper who has wrought such -irreparable injury to English prestige purely from lack of sympathetic -insight with colonial conditions. For years before he had become -governor, Lawrence's days had been embittered by the intrigues of the -French with the Acadian farmers. He had been in Halifax when the Abbe -Le Loutre's Indian brigands had raided and slain as many as thirty -workmen at a time near the English fort. He had been at the Isthmus of -Chignecto that fatal morning when some Indians dressed in the suits of -French officers waved a white flag and lured Captain Howe of the -English fort across stream, where they shot him under flag of truce in -cold blood. - -These are not excuses for what Lawrence did. Nothing can excuse the -infamy of his policy toward the Acadians. There are few blacker crimes -in the history of the world; but these facts explain how a man of -Lawrence's standing could assume the responsibility he did. In -addition, Lawrence was a bigoted Protestant. He not only hated the -Acadians because they were French; he hated them as "a colony of -rattlesnakes" because they were Catholics; and being an Englishman, he -despised them {234} because they were colonials. France and England -were now on the verge of the great struggle for supremacy in America. -Eighteen French frigates had come to Louisburg and three thousand -French regulars to Quebec. If Lawrence did not yet know that Braddock -had been defeated on July 9 at Duquesne,--as his friends declare in his -defense,--it is a strange thing; for by August the bloody slaughter of -the Monongahela was known everywhere else in America from Quebec to New -Spain. With Lawrence and Monckton and Murray and Boscawen and the -other English generals sent to conduct the campaign in Acadia, the -question was what to do with the French habitants. Let two facts be -distinctly stated here and with great emphasis: first, the colonial -officers, like Winslow from Massachusetts, knew absolutely nothing of -the English officers' plans; they were not admitted to the conferences -of the English officers and were simply expected to obey orders; -second, the English government knew absolutely nothing of the English -officers' course till it was too late for remedy. In fact, later -dispatches of that year inquire sharply what Lawrence meant by an -obscure threat to drive the Acadians out of the country. - -[Illustration: GENERAL JOHN WINSLOW] - -Did a darker and more sinister motive underlie the policy of Lawrence -and his friends? Poems, novels, histories have waged war of words over -this. Only the facts can be stated. Land to the extent of twenty -thousand acres each, which had belonged to {235} the Acadians, was -ultimately deeded to Lawrence and his friends. Charges of corruption -against Lawrence himself were lodged with the British government both -by mail and by personal delegates from Halifax. Unfortunately Lawrence -died in Halifax in 1760 before the investigation could take place; and -whether true or false, the odium of the charges rests upon his fame. - -What he did with the Acadians is too well known to require telling. In -secret conclave the infamous edict was pronounced. Quickly messengers -were sent with secret dispatches to the officers of land forces and -ships at Annapolis, at Mines, at Chignecto, to repair to the towns of -the Acadians, where, upon opening their dispatches, they would find -their orders, which were to be kept a secret among the officers. The -colonial officers, on reading the orders, were simply astounded. "It -is the most grievous affair that ever I was in, in my life," declared -Winslow. The edict was that every man, woman, and child of the -Acadians should be forcibly deported, in Lawrence's words, "in such a -way as to prevent the reunion of the colonists." The men of the -Acadian settlements were summoned to the churches to hear the will of -the King of England. Once inside, doors were locked, English soldiers -placed on guard with leveled bayonet, and the edict read by an officer -standing on the pulpit stairs or on a table. The Acadians were snared -like rats in a trap. Outside were their families, hostages for the -peaceable conduct of the men. Inside were the brothers and husbands, -hostages for the good conduct of the families outside. Only in a few -places was there any rioting, and this was probably caused by the -brutality of the officers. Murray and Monckton and Lawrence refer to -their prisoners as "Popish recusants," "poor wretches," "rascals who -have been bad subjects." While the Acadians were to be deported so -they could never reunite as a colony, it was intended to keep the -families together and allow them to take on board what money and -household goods they possessed; but there were interminable delays for -transports and supplies. From September to December the deportation -dragged on, and when the Acadians, patient as sheep at the shambles, -became restless, some of the ships were sent off {236} with the men, -while the families were still on land. In places the men were allowed -ashore to harvest their crops and care for their stock; but harvest and -stock fell to the victors as burning hayricks and barns nightly lighted -to flame the wooded background and placid seas of the fair Acadian -land. Before winter set in, the Acadians had been scattered from New -England to Louisiana. A few people in the Chignecto region had escaped -to the woods of New Brunswick, and one shipload overpowered its -officers and fled to St. John River; but in all, six thousand six -hundred people were deported. - -It is the blackest crime that ever took place under the British flag, -and the expulsion was only the beginning of the sufferers' woes. Some -people found their way to Quebec, but Quebec was destitute and in the -throes of war. The wanderers came to actual starvation. The others -wandered homeless in Boston, in New York, in Philadelphia, in -Louisiana. After the peace of 1763 some eight hundred gathered -together in Boston and began the long march overland through the -forests of Maine and New Brunswick, to return to Acadia. Singing -hymns, dragging their baggage on sleighs, pausing to hunt by the way, -these sad pilgrims toiled more than one thousand miles through forest -and swamp, and at the end of two years found themselves back in Acadia. -But they were like ghosts of the dead revisiting scenes of childhood! -Their lands were occupied by new owners. Of their herds naught -remained but the bleaching bone heaps where the lowing cattle had -huddled in winter storms. New faces filled their old houses. Strange -children rambled beneath the little dormer windows of the Acadian -cottages, and the voices of the boys at play in the apple orchards -shouted in an alien tongue. The very names of the places had vanished. -Beausejour was now Cumberland. Beaubassin had become Amherst. -Cobequid was now Truro. Grand Pre was now known as Horton. The -heart-broken people hurried on like ghosts to the unoccupied lands of -St. Mary's Bay,--St. Mary's Bay, where long ago Priest Aubry had been -lost. Here they settled, to hew out for themselves a second home in -the wilderness. - -{237} It will be recalled that Braddock's plans had been captured by -the French, and those plans told Baron Dieskau, who had come out to -command the French troops, that the English under William Johnson, a -great leader of the Iroquois, inured to bush life like an Indian, were -to attack the French fort at Crown Point on Lake Champlain. Now -observe: on the Ohio, Braddock the regular had been defeated; in -Acadia, Lawrence and Monckton and Murray, the English generals, had -brought infamy across England's renown by their failure to understand -colonial conditions. At Lake Champlain the conditions are reversed. -Johnson, the English leader, is, from long residence in America, almost -a colonial. Dieskau, the commander of the French, is a veteran of -Saxon wars, but knows nothing of bushfighting. What happens? - -[Illustration: MAP OF ACADIA AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS, 1755] - -Dieskau had intended to attack the English at Oswego, but the plans for -Johnson on Lake Champlain brought the commander of the French rushing -up the Richelieu River with three thousand soldiers, part regulars, -part Canadians. Crown Point--called Fort Frederick by the French--was -reached in August. No English are here, but scouts bring word that -Johnson has built a fort on the south end of Lake George, and, leaving -only five hundred men to garrison it, is moving up the lake with his -main troops. - -{238} - -[Illustration: SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON] - -Fired by the French victories over Braddock, Dieskau planned to capture -the English fort and ambush Johnson on the march. Look at the map! -The south end of Lake Champlain lies parallel with the north end of -Lake George. The French can advance on the English one of two -ways,--portage over to Lake George and canoe up the lake to Johnson's -fort, or ascend the marsh to the south of Lake Champlain, then cross -through the woods to Johnson's fort. Dieskau chose the latter trail. -Leaving half his men to guard the baggage, Dieskau bade fifteen hundred -picked men follow him on swiftest march with provisions in haversack -for only eight days. September 8, 10 A.M., the marchers advance -through the woods on Johnson's fort, when suddenly they learn that -their scout has lied,--_Johnson himself is still at the fort_. Instead -of five hundred are four thousand English. Advancing along the trail -V-shape, regulars in the middle, Canadians and Indians on each side, -the French come on a company of five hundred English wagoners. In the -wild melee of shouts the English retreat in a rabble. "Pursue! March! -Fire! Force the place!" yells Dieskau, dashing forward sword in hand, -thinking to follow so closely on the heels of the rabble that he can -enter the English fort before the enemy know; but his Indians have -forsaken him, and Johnson's scouts have forewarned the approach of the -French. Instead of ambushing {239} the English, Dieskau finds his own -army ambushed. He had sneered at the un-uniformed plowboys of the -English. "The more there are, the more we shall kill," he had boasted; -but now he discovers that the rude bushwhackers, "who fought like boys -in the morning, at noon fought like men, and by afternoon fought like -devils." Their sharpshooters kept up a crash of fire to the fore, and -fifteen hundred doubled on the rear of his army, "folding us up," he -reported, "like a pack of cards." Dieskau fell, shot in the leg and in -the knee, and a bullet struck the cartridge box of the servant who was -washing out the wounds. - -[Illustration: CONTEMPORARY MAP OF THE REGION OF LAKE GEORGE] - -"Lay my telescope and coat by me, and go!" ordered Dieskau. "This is -as good a deathbed as anyplace. Go!" he thundered, seeing his second -officer hesitate. "Don't you see you are needed? Go and sound a -retreat." - -A third shot penetrated the wounded commander's bladder. Lying alone, -propped against a tree, he heard the drums rolling a retreat, when one -of the enemy jumped from the woods with pointed pistol. - -"Scoundrel!" roared the dauntless Dieskau; "dare to shoot a man -weltering in his blood." The fellow proved to be a Frenchman who had -long ago deserted to the English, and he muttered {240} out some excuse -about shooting the devil before the devil shot him; but when he found -out who Dieskau was, he had him carried carefully to Johnson's tent, -where every courtesy was bestowed upon the wounded commander. Johnson -himself lay wounded. - -All that night Iroquois kept breaking past the guard into the tent. - -"What do they want?" asked Dieskau feebly. - -"To skin you and eat you," returned Johnson laconically. Whose was the -victory? The losses had been about even,--two hundred and fifty on -each side. Johnson had failed to advance to Crown Point, but Dieskau -had failed to dislodge Johnson. If Dieskau had not been captured, it -is a question if either side would have considered the fight a victory. -As it was, New France was plunged in grief; joy bells rang in New -England. Johnson was given a baronetcy and 5000 pounds for his -victory. He had named the lake south of Lake Champlain after the -English King, Lake George. - -So closed the first act in the tragic struggle for supremacy in America. - - - - -{241} - -CHAPTER XII - -FROM 1756 TO 1763 - -Bigot at Quebec--New France on verge of ruin--Bigot's vampires suck -country's lifeblood--Scene on lake--Massacre at Fort William -Henry--Louisburg besieged--Surrender of famous fort--The attack at -Ticonderoga--Abercrombie's forces flee--Wolfe sails for Quebec--Signal -fires forewarn approach of enemy--Both sides become scalp -raiders--English fail at Montmorency--Slip silently down the great -river--The two armies face each other--Death of Montcalm--Why New -France fell - - -How stand both sides at the opening of the year 1756, on the verge of -the Seven Years' War,--the struggle for a continent? - -There has been open war for more than a year, but war is not formally -declared till May 18, 1756. - -Take Acadia first. - -The French have been expelled. The infamous Le Loutre is still in -prison in England, and when he is released, in 1763, he toils till his -death, in 1773, trying to settle the Acadian refugees on some of the -French islands of the English Channel. The smiling farms of Grand Pre -and Port Royal lie a howling waste. Only a small English garrison -holds Annapolis, where long ago Marc L'Escarbot and Champlain held -happy revel; and the seat of government has been transferred to -Halifax, now a settlement and fort of some five thousand people. So -much for the English. Across a narrow arm of the sea is Isle Royal or -Cape Breton, where the French are intrenched as at a second Gibraltar -in the fortress of Louisburg. Since the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle -restored the fort to the French, millions have been spent strengthening -its walls, adding to the armaments; but Intendant Bigot has had charge -of the funds, and Intendant Bigot has a sponge-like quality of -absorbing all funds that flow through his hands. Cannon have been -added, but there are not enough balls to go round. The walls have been -repaired, but with false filling (sand in place of mortar), so that the -first shatter of artillery will send them clattering down in wet -plaster. - -Take the Ohio next. - -"Beautiful River" is the highway between New France and Louisiana. By -Braddock's defeat the English have been driven out to a man. Matters -are a thousandfold worse than before, for {242} the savage allies of -the French now swarm down the bush road cut by Braddock's army and -carry bloody havoc to all the frontier settlements of Pennsylvania and -Virginia. How many pioneers perished in this border war will never be -known. It is a tale by itself, and its story is not part of Canada's -history. George Washington was the officer in charge of a thousand -bushfighters to guard this frontier. - -Take the valley of Lake Champlain. - -This is the highway of approach to Montreal north, to Albany south. -Johnson had defeated Dieskau here, but neither side was strong enough -to advance from the scene of battle into the territory of the enemy. -The English take possession of Lake George and intrench themselves at -the south end in Fort William Henry. Sir William Johnson strings a -line of forts up the Mohawk River towards Oswego on Lake Ontario, and -he keeps his forest rangers, under the famous scout Major Robert -Rogers, scouring the forest and mountain trails of Lake Champlain for -French marauder and news of what the French are doing. Rogers' -Rangers, too, are a story by themselves, but a story which does not -concern Canada. Skating and snowshoeing by winter, canoeing by night -in summer, Rogers passed and repassed the enemy's lines times without -number, as if his life were charmed, though once his wrist was shot -when he had nothing to stanch the blood but the ribbon tying his wig, -and once he stumbled back exhausted to Fort William Henry, to lie -raging with smallpox for the winter. Among the forest rangers of New -Hampshire and New York, Major Robert Rogers was without a peer. No -danger was too great, no feat too daring, for his band of scouts. The -English have established Fort William Henry at the south end of Lake -George. The French checkmate the move by strengthening Crown Point on -Lake Champlain and moving a pace farther south into English -territory,--to Carillon, where the waters of Lake George pour into -Champlain. Here on a high angle between the river and the lake, -commanding all travel north and south, the French build Carillon or -Fort Ticonderoga. - -{243} As for the Great Northwest, New France with her string of -posts--Frontenac, Niagara, Detroit, Michilimackinac, Kaministiquia -(Fort William), Fort Rogue (Winnipeg), Portage la Prairie--stretches -clear across to the foothills of the Rockies. The English fur traders -of Hudson Bay have, in 1754, sent Anthony Hendry up the Saskatchewan, -but when Hendry comes back with word of equestrian Indians--the -Blackfeet on horseback--and treeless plains, the English set him down -as a lying impostor. Indians on horseback! They had never seen -Indians but in canoes and on snowshoes! Hendry was dismissed as -unreliable, and no Englishman went up the Saskatchewan for another ten -years. - - -If the disasters of 1755 did nothing more, they at last stirred the -home governments to action. Earl Loudon is sent out in 1756 to command -the English, and to New France in May comes Louis Joseph, Marquis de -Montcalm, age forty-four, soldier, scholar, country gentleman, with a -staff composed of Chevalier de Levis, Bourlamaque, and one -Bougainville, to become famous as a navigator. - -Though New France consists of a good three quarters of America, things -are in evil plight that causes Montcalm many sleepless nights. -Vaudreuil, the French governor, descendant of that Vaudreuil who long -ago set the curse of Indian warfare on the borders of New England, had -expected to be appointed chief commander of the troops and jealously -resents Montcalm's coming. With the Governor is leagued Intendant -Bigot, come up from Louisburg. Bigot is a man of sixty, of noble -birth, a favorite of the butterfly woman who rules the King of -France,--the Pompadour,--and he has come to New France to mend his -fortunes. How he planned to do it one may guess from his career at -Louisburg; but Quebec offered better field, and it was to Bigot's -interest to ply Montcalm and Vaudreuil with such tittle-tattle of -enmity as would foment jealousy, keep their attention on each other, -and their eyes off his own doings. As he had done at Louisburg, so he -now did at Quebec. The King was requisitioned for enormous sums to -strengthen the fort. Bigot's {244} ring of friends acted as -contractors. The outlay was enormous, the results trifling. "I -think," complained the King, "that Quebec must be fortified in gold, it -has cost so much." It was time of war. Enormous sums were to be -expended for presents to keep the Indians loyal; and the King complains -that he cannot understand how baubles of beads and powderhorns cost so -much, or how the western tribes seem to become more and more numerous, -or how the French officers, who distribute the presents, become -millionaires in a few years. A friend of Bigot's handled these funds. -There are meat contracts for the army. A worthless, lowbred scamp is -named commissary general. He handles these contracts, and he, too, -swiftly graduates into the millionaire class, is hail-fellow well met -with Bigot, drinks deep at the Intendant's table, and gambles away as -much as $40,000 in a single night. It is time of war, and it is time -of famine too; for the crops have failed. Every inhabitant between the -ages of fifteen and fifty has been drafted into the army. Not counting -Indians, there is an army of fifteen to twenty thousand to be fed; so -Bigot compels the habitants to sell him provisions at a low price. -These provisions he resells to the King for the army and to the -citizens at famine prices. The King's warehouse down by the -Intendant's palace becomes known as La Friponne,--The Cheat. - -And though the country is on verge of ruin, though poor people of the -three towns are rioting in the streets for food, old women cursing the -little wizened Intendant with his pimpled face as he rolls past -resplendent in carriage with horses whose harness is a blaze of silver, -the troops threatening to mutiny because they are compelled to use -horse flesh,--though New France is hovering over a volcano of disaster, -they dance to their death, thoughtless as butterflies, gay as children, -these manikin imitators of the French court, who are ruining New France -that they may copy the vices of an Old World playing at kingcraft. The -regular troops are uniformed in white with facings of blue and red and -gold and violet, three-cornered hat, and leather leggings to knee. -What with chapel bells ringing and ringing, and bugle {245} call and -counter call echoing back from Cape Diamond; what with Monsieur Bigot's -prancing horses and Madame Pean's flashy carriage,--Madame Pean of whom -Bigot is so enamored he has sent her husband to some far western post -and passes each evening at her gay receptions,--what with the grounding -of the sentry's arms and the parade of troops, Quebec is a gay place -these years of black ruin, and the gossips have all they can do to keep -track of the amours and the duels and the high personages cultivating -Madame Pean; for cultivated she must be by all who covet place or -power. A word from Madame Pean to Bigot is of more value than a bribe. -Even Montcalm and De Levis attend her revels. - -[Illustration: RUINS OF CHATEAU BIGOT] - -Twenty people sup with Monsieur Bigot each night, either at the -Intendant's palace down by Charles River, or nine miles out towards -Beauport, where he has built himself the Forest Hermitage, now known as -Chateau Bigot,--a magnificent country manor house of red brick, hidden -away among the hills with the gay shrubberies of French gardens set -down in an American wilderness. Supper over by seven, the guests sit -down to play, and the amount a man may gamble is his social barometer, -whether {246} he lose or win, cheat or steal. If dancing follows -gambling, the rout will not disperse till seven in the morning. What -time is left of the twenty-four hours in a day will be devoted to -public affairs. - -Montcalm's salary is only 25,000 francs, or $5,000. To maintain the -dignity of the King, the commander in chief must keep the pace, and he -too gives weekly suppers, with places set for forty people, "whom I -don't know," he writes dejectedly to his wife, "and don't want to know; -and wish that I might spend the evenings quietly in my own chamber." -To Montcalm, who was of noble birth with no shamming, this lowbred -pretense and play at courtcraft became a bore; to his staff of -officers, a source of continual amusement; but De Levis presently falls -victim to a pair of fine eyes possessed by the wife of another man. - -War filled the summers, but the winters were given up to social life; -and of all midwinter social gayeties the most important was the -official visit of the Governor and the Intendant to Montreal. By this -time a good road had been cut from Quebec to Montreal along the north -shore, and the sleighs usually set out in January or February. Bigot -added to the occasion all the prestige of a social rout. All the grand -dames and cavaliers of Quebec were invited. Baggage was sent on ahead -with servants to break the way, find quarters for the night, and -prepare meals. After a dinner at the Intendant's palace the sleighs -set out, two horses to each, driven tandem because the sleigh road was -too narrow for a team. Each sleigh held only two occupants, and to the -damage done by fair eyes was added the glow of exhilaration from -driving behind spirited horses in frosty air with the bells of a -hundred carryalls ringing across the snow. At seven was pause for -supper. High play followed till ten. Then early to bed and early to -rise and on the road again by seven in the morning! In Montreal was -one continual round of dinners and dances. Between times, appointments -were made to the military posts and trading stations of the Up-Country. -He who wanted a good post must pay his court to Madame Pean. No wonder -Montcalm breathed a sigh of relief when Lent put a stop to the gayeties -and he could quietly pass his evenings with the Sulpician priests. -{247} To break from Bigot's ring during the war was impossible. -Creatures of his choosing filled the army, handled the supplies, -controlled the Indians; and when the King's reproof became too sharp, -Bigot simply threatened to resign, which wrought consternation, for no -man of ability would attempt to unwind the tangle of Bigot's dishonesty -during a critical war. Montcalm wrote home complaints in cipher. The -French government bided its time, and Bigot tightened his vampire -suckers on the lifeblood of the dying nation. The whole era is a theme -for the allegory of artist or poet. - -[Illustration: PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, OTTAWA] - -[Illustration: QUEBEC, CHATEAU FRONTENAC AND THE CITADEL] - - -Montcalm had arrived in May of 1756. By midsummer he was leading three -thousand French artillerymen across Lake Ontario from Fort Frontenac -(Kingston), to attack the English post on the south side, Oswego. -Inside the fort walls were seven hundred raw English provincials, ill -of scurvy from lack of food. The result need scarcely be told. Seven -hundred ill men behind wooden walls had no chance against three -thousand soldiers in health with heavy artillery. To take the English -by surprise, Montcalm had crossed the lake on August 4 by night. Two -days later all the transport ships had landed the troops and the cannon -had actually been mounted before the English knew of the enemy's -presence. On the east side of the river was Fort Ontario, a barricade -of logs built in the shape of a star, housing an outguard of three -hundred and seventy men. On discovering the French, the sentry spiked -their cannon, threw their powder in the river, and retired at midnight -inside Oswego's walls. Working like beavers, Montcalm's men dragged -twenty cannon to a hill commanding the fort, known as "Fort Rascal" -because the outfort there was useless to the English. Before -Montcalm's cannonade Oswego's walls, plastered with clay and rubble, -fell like the staves of a dry barrel. The English sharpshooters then -hid behind pork barrels placed in three tiers filled with sand; but -Colonel Mercer, their officer, was literally cut in two by a cannon -shot, and the women, cooped up inside the barracks, begged the officers -to avoid Indian massacre by surrender. {248} A white flag was waved. -Including women, something under a thousand English surrendered -themselves prisoners to Montcalm. The Indians fell at once to mad -plunder. Spite of the terms of honorable surrender, the English were -stripped of everything, and only Montcalm's promise of $10,000 worth of -presents to the savages prevented butchery. The victors decamped to -Montreal, well pleased with the campaign of 1756. It need not be told -that there were constant raids and counter raids along the frontier -during the entire year. - -Loudon, the English commander, did not arrive in New York till well on -in midsummer of 1756, and he found far different material from the -trained bushfighters in the hands of Montcalm. The English soldiers -were raw provincial recruits, dressed, at best, in buckskin, but for -the most part in the rough homespun which they had worn when they had -left plow and carpenter's bench and fishing boat. While Montcalm was -capturing Oswego, Loudon was licking his rough recruits into shape, -"making men out of mud" for the campaign of 1757. Indeed, it was said -of Loudon, and the saying stuck to him as characteristic of his -campaign, that he resembled the wooden horse figure of a tavern -sign,--always on horseback but never rode forward. Instead of striking -at Lake Champlain or on the Ohio, where the French were aggressors, -Loudon planned to repeat the brilliant capture of Louisburg. July of -1857 found him at Halifax planting vegetable gardens to prevent -scurvy,--"the cabbage campaign" it was derisively called,--and waiting -for Gorham's rangers to reconnoiter Louisburg. Gorham's scouts brought -back word that the French admiral had come in with twenty-four -men-of-war and seven thousand men. To overpower such strength meant a -prolonged siege. It was already August. Loudon sailed back to New -York without firing a gun, while the English fleet, trying to -reconnoiter Louisburg, suffered terrible shipwreck. - -[Illustration: THE EARL OF LOUDON] - -Montcalm was not the enemy to let the chance of Loudon's absence from -the scene of action pass unimproved. While Loudon is pottering at -Halifax, Montcalm marshals his troops to the {249} number of eight -thousand, including one thousand Indians at Carillon or Ticonderoga, -where Lake George empties into Lake Champlain. Portaging two hundred -and fifty flatboats with as many birch canoes up the river, the French -invade the mountain wilderness of Lake George. Towards the end of -July, Levis leads part of the troops by land up the west shore towards -the English post of Fort William Henry. Montcalm advances on the lake -with the flatboats and canoes, and the rafts with the heavy artillery. -Each night Levis' troops kindle their signal fires on the mountain -slope, and each night Montcalm from the lake signals back with torches. -It needs artist's brush to paint the picture: the forested mountains -green and lonely and silent in the shimmering sunlight of the summer -sky; the lake gold as molten metal in the fire of the setting sun; the -soldiers in their gay uniforms of white and blue, hoisting tent cloths -on oar sweeps for sails as a breeze dimples the waters; the French -voyageurs clad in beaded buckskin chanting some ditty of Old-World fame -to the rhythmic dip of the Indian paddles; the Indians naked, painted -for war, with a glitter in their eyes of a sinister intent which they -have no mind to tell Montcalm; and then, at the south of Lake George, -nestling between the hills and the water, the little palisaded -fort,--Fort William Henry,--with gates fast shut and two thousand -bushfighters behind the walls, weak from an epidemic of smallpox, and, -as usual, so short of provisions that siege means starvation. - -{250} Twenty miles southeastward is another English fort,--Fort -Edward,--where General Webb with sixteen hundred men is keeping the -road barred against advance to Albany. Soon as scouts bring word to -Fort William Henry of the advancing French, Lieutenant Monro sends -frantic appeal to Webb for more men; but Webb has already sent all the -men he can spare. If he leaves Fort Edward, the French by a flank -movement through the woods can march on Albany, so Monro unplugs his -seventeen cannon, locks his gates, and bides his fate. - -Montcalm follows the same tactics as at Oswego,--brings heavy artillery -against slab walls. For the first week of August, eight hundred of his -men are digging trenches by night to avoid giving target for the fiery -bombs whizzing through the dark from Monro's cannon. By day they lie -hidden in the woods with a cordon of sharpshooters encircling the fort, -Montcalm encamped on the west to prevent help from Sir William Johnson -up the Mohawk, Levis on the southeast to cut off aid from Webb. Monro -sends yet one last appeal for help: two thousand men against eight -thousand,--the odds are eloquent of his need! Montcalm's scouts let -the messenger pass through the lines as if unseen, but they make a -point of catching the return messenger and holding Webb's answer that -he cannot come, till their cannon have torn great wounds in the fort -walls. Then Bougainville blindfold carries Webb's answer to Monro and -demands the surrender of the fort. Monro still has a little -ammunition, still hopes against hope that Johnson or Webb or Loudon -will come to the rescue, and he keeps his big guns singing over the -heads of the French in their trenches till all the cannon have burst -but seven, and there are not ten rounds of shells left. Then Colonel -Young, with a foot shot off, rides out on horseback waving a white -flag. Three hundred English have been killed, as many again are -wounded or ill of smallpox, and to the remaining garrison of sixteen -hundred Montcalm promises safe conduct to General Webb at Fort Edward. -Then the English march out. That night--August 9--the vanquished -English camp with Montcalm's forces. The Indians, meanwhile, ramping -through the fort for plunder, {251} have maddened themselves with -traders' rum! Before daybreak they have butchered all the wounded -lying in the hospital and cut to pieces the men ill of smallpox,--a -crime that brought its own punishment in contagion. Next morning, when -the French guard tried to conduct the disarmed English along the trail -to Fort Edward, the Indians snatched at the clothing, the haversacks, -the tent kit of the marchers. With their swords the French beat back -the drunken horde. In answer, the war hatchets were waved over the -heads of the cowering women. The march became a panic; the panic, a -massacre; and for twenty-four hours such bedlam raged as might have put -fiends to shame. The frenzied Indians would listen to no argument but -blows; and when the English prisoners appealed to the French for -protection, the French dared not offend their savage allies by fighting -to protect the English victims. "Take to the woods," they warned the -men, and the women were quickly huddled back to shelter of the fort. -Of the men, sixty were butchered on the spot and some seven hundred -captured to be held for ransom. The remnant of the English soldiers, -along with the women, were held till the Indian frenzy had spent -itself, then sent to Fort Edward. August 16 a torch was put to the -combustibles of the fort ruins, and as the French boats glided out on -Lake George for the St. Lawrence, explosion after explosion, flame -leaping above flame, proclaimed that of Fort William Henry there would -remain naught but ashes and charred ruins and the skeletons of the -dead. So closed the campaign of 1857 [Transcriber's note: 1757?]. For -three years hand running England had suffered defeat. - - -The spring of 1758 witnessed a change. The change was the rise to -power of a man who mastered circumstances instead of allowing them to -master him. Such men are the milestones of human progress, whether -heroes, or quiet toilers unknown to the world. The man was Pitt, the -English statesman. Instead of a weak ministry fighting the -machinations of France, it was now Pitt versus Pompadour, the English -patriot against the light woman who ruled the councils of France. - -{252} From fighting weakly on the defensive, England sprang into the -position of aggressor all along the line. The French were to be -attacked at all points simultaneously, at Louisburg on the east, at -Ticonderoga or Carillon on Lake Champlain, at Duquesne on the Ohio, at -Frontenac on Lake Ontario, and finally at Quebec itself. London is -recalled as commander in chief. Abercrombie succeeds to the position, -with the brilliant young soldier, Lord Howe, as right-hand man; but -Pitt takes good care that there shall be good chiefs and good -right-hand men at _all_ points. The one mistake is Abercrombie,--"Mrs. -Nabby Crombie" the soldiers called him. He was an indifferent, -negative sort of man; and indifferent, negative sorts of people, by -their dishwater goodness, can sometimes do more harm in critical -positions than the branded criminal. Red tape had forced him on Pitt, -but Pitt trusted to the excellence of the subordinate officers, -especially Lord Howe. - -Louisburg first! - -No more dillydallying and delay "to plant cabbages!" The thing is to -reach Louisburg before the French have entered the harbor. Men-of-war -are stationed to intercept the French vessels coming from the -Mediterranean, and before winter has passed Admiral Boscawen has sailed -for America with one hundred and fifty vessels, including forty -men-of-war, frigates, and transports carrying twelve thousand men. -General Amherst is to command the land forces, and with Amherst is -Brigadier James Wolfe, age thirty-one, a tall, slim, fragile man, whose -delicate frame is tenanted by a lion spirit; or, to change the -comparison, by a motive power too strong for the weak body that held -it. By May the fleet is in Halifax. By June Amherst has joined -Boscawen, and the ships beat out for Louisburg through heavy fog, with -a sea that boils over the reefs in angry surf. - -Louisburg was in worse condition than during the siege of 1745. The -broken walls have been repaired, but the filling is false,--sand grit. -Its population is some four thousand, of whom three thousand eight -hundred are the garrison. On the ships lying in the harbor are three -thousand marines, a defensive force, in all, {253} of six thousand -eight hundred. On walls and in bastions are some four hundred and -fifty heavy guns, cannon, and mortars. Imagine a triangle with the -base to the west, the two sides running out to sea on the east. The -fort is at the apex. The wall of the base line is protected by a -marsh. On the northeast side is the harbor protected by reefs and -three batteries. Along the south side, Drucourt, the French commander, -has stationed two thousand men at three different points where landing -is possible, to construct batteries behind barricades of logs. - -[Illustration: BOSCAWEN] - -Fog had concealed the approach of the English, but such a ground swell -was raging over the reefs as threatened any ship with instant -destruction. For a week Amherst and Wolfe and Lawrence row up and down -through the roiling mist and raging surf and singing winds to take -stock of the situation. With those batteries at the landing places -there is only one thing to do,--cannonade them, hold their attention in -a life-and-death fight while the English soldiers scramble through the -surf for the shore. From sunrise to sundown of the 8th furious -cannonading set the green seas churning and tore up the French -barricades as by hurricane. At sunset the firing ceased, and three -detachments of troops launched out in whaleboats at three in the -morning, two of the detachments to make a feint of landing, while Wolfe -with the other division was to run through the surf for the shore at -Freshwater Cove. The French were not deceived. They let Wolfe -approach within range, when the log barricade flashed to flame with a -thousand sharpshooters. Wolfe had foreseen the snare and had waved his -{254} troops off when he noticed that two boat loads were rowing ashore -through a tremendous surf under shelter of a rocky point. Quickly he -signaled the other boats to follow. In a trice the boats had smashed -to kindling on the reefs, but the men were wading ashore, muskets held -high over head, powder pouches in teeth, and rushed with bayonets -leveled against the French, who had dashed from cover to prevent the -landing. This unexpected landing had cut the French off from -Louisburg. Retreating in panic, they abandoned their batteries and -fifty dead. The English had lost one hundred and nine in the surf. It -is said that Wolfe scrambled from the water like a drowned rat and led -the rush with no other weapon in hand but his cane. - -[Illustration: THE SIEGE OF LOUISBURG (From a contemporary print)] - -To land the guns through the jostling sea was the next task. It was -done, as in 1745, by a pontoon bridge of small boats, but the work took -till the 29th of June. Wolfe, meanwhile, has marched with twelve -hundred men round to the rear of the marsh and comes so suddenly on the -Grand and Lighthouse Batteries, which defend the harbor, that the -French abandon them to retreat within the walls. This gives the -English such control of the harbor entrance that Drucourt, the French -commander, sinks six of his ships across the channel to bar out -Boscawen's fleet, the masts of the sunken, vessels sticking above the -water. Amherst's men are working like demons, building a road for the -cannon across the marsh and trenching up to the back wall; but they -work only at night and are undiscovered by the French till the 9th of -July. Then the French rush out with a whoop to drive them off, but the -English already have their guns mounted, and Drucourt's men are glad to -dash for shelter behind the cracking walls. It now became a game of -cannon play pure and simple. Boscawen from harbor front hurls his -whistling bombs overhead, to crash through roofs inside the walls. -Wolfe from the Lighthouse Battery throws shells and flaming -combustibles straight into the midst of the remaining French fleet. At -last, on July 21st, masts, sails, tar ropes, take fire in a terrible -conflagration, and three of the fleet burn to the water line with -terrific explosions of their powder magazines; then the flames hiss out -above {255} the rocking hulls. Only two ships are left to the French, -and the deep bomb-proof casemates inside the fort between outer and -inner walls, where the families and the wounded have been sheltered, -are now in flame. Amherst loads his shells with combustibles and pours -one continuous rain of fiery death on the doomed fort. The houses, -which are of logs, flame like kindling wood, and now the timber work of -the stone bastions is burning from bombs hurtling through the roofs. -The walls crash down in masses. The scared surgeons, all bloody from -amputating shattered limbs, no longer stand in safety above their -operating tables. It is said that Madame Drucourt, the Governor's -wife, actually stayed on the walls to encourage the soldiers, with her -own hands fired some of the great guns, and, when the overworked -surgeons flagged from terror and lack of sleep, it was Madame Drucourt -who attended to the wounded. Drucourt is for holding out to the death, -until one dark night the English row into the harbor and capture his -two last ships. Then Drucourt asks for terms, July 26; but the terms -are stern,--utter surrender,--and Drucourt would have fought till every -man fell from the walls, had not one of the civil officers rushed after -the commander's messenger carrying {256} the refusal, and shouted -across the ditches to the English: "We accept! We surrender! We -accept your terms!" - -Counting soldiers, marines, and townspeople, in all five thousand -French pass over to Amherst, to be carried prisoners on Boscawen's -fleet to England. Wolfe was for proceeding at once to Quebec, but -Amherst considered the season too late and determined to complete the -work where he was. One detachment goes to receive the surrender of -Isle St. John, henceforth known as Prince Edward Island. Another -division proceeds up St. John River, New Brunswick, burning all -settlements that refuse unconditional surrender. Wolfe's grenadiers -are sent to reduce Gaspe and Miramichi and northern New Brunswick. And -now, lest blundering statecraft for a second time return the captured -fort to France, Amherst and Boscawen order the complete disarmament and -destruction of Louisburg. What cannon cannot be removed are tumbled -into the marsh or upset into the sea. The stones from the walls are -carried away to Halifax. By 1760, of Louisburg, the glory of New -France, the pride of America, there remains not a vestige but grassed -slopes overgrown by nettles, ditches with rank growth of weeds, stone -piles where the wild vines grow, and an inner yard where the cows of -the fisher folk pasture. - -Not a poor beginning for the campaign of 1758, though bad enough news -has come from Major General Abercrombie, which was the real explanation -of Amherst's refusal to push on to Quebec. - -Abercrombie, with fifteen thousand men, the pick of the regulars and -provincials, had launched out on Lake George on the 5th of July with -over one thousand boats, to descend the lake northward to the French -fort of Carillon or Ticonderoga. Again, it would require artist's -brush to paint the scene. Rogers' Rangers, dressed in buckskin, led -the way in birch canoes. Lord Howe was there, dressed like a -bushfighter; and with bagpipes setting the echoes ringing amid the -lonely mountains, were the Highland regiments in their tartan plaids. -Flags floated from the prow of every boat. Each battalion had its own -regimental {257} band. Scarcely a breath dimpled the waters of the -lake, and the sun shone without a cloud. Little wonder those who -passed through the fiery Aceldama that was to come, afterwards looked -back on this scene as the fairest in their lives. - -[Illustration: AMHERST] - -Montcalm had only arrived at Ticonderoga on June 30th. There was no -doubting the news. His bushrovers brought in word that the English -were advancing in such multitudes their boats literally covered the -lake. It looked as if the fate of Fort William Henry were to be -reversed. Montcalm never dreamed of Abercrombie attacking without -artillery. To stay cooped up in the fort would invite destruction. -Therefore Montcalm ordered his men out to construct a circular -breastwork from the River of the Chutes on the southeast, which empties -Lake George, round towards Lake Champlain on the northwest. Huge trees -were felled, pile on pile, top-most branches spiked and pointed -outwards. Behind these Montcalm intrenched his four thousand men, -lying in lines three deep, with grenadiers in reserve behind to step up -as the foremost lines fell. At a cannon signal from the fort the men -were to rise to their places, but not to fire till the English were -entangled in the brushwood. It was blisteringly hot weather. It is -said that the troops took off their heavy three-cornered hats and lay -in their shirt sleeves, hand on musket, speaking no word, but waiting. - -{258} On came the English in martial array, pausing in the Narrows at -five o'clock for the troops' evening meal, moving on before daylight of -July 6 to the landing place. The Rangers had brought in word that -Levis was coming posthaste to Montcalm's aid. Abercrombie thought to -defeat Montcalm before reenforcements could come; and now he committed -his cardinal error. He advanced across the portage without his heavy -artillery. Halfway over, the voice of the French scouts rang out, "Who -goes there?" "French," answer the English soldiers; but the French -were not tricked. The ambushed scouts fired. Lord Howe, the very -spirit of the English army, dropped dead, shot through the breast, -though the English avenged his loss by cutting the French scouts to -pieces. On the night of the 7th the English army bivouacked in sight -of the French barricade. Promptly at twelve o'clock next day a cannon -shot from Ticonderoga brought every Frenchman behind the tree line to -his place at a leap. Abercrombie had ordered his men to rush the -barricade. There was fearful silence till the English were within -twenty paces of the trees. There they broke from quick march to a run -with a wild halloo! Death unerring blazed from the French -barricade,--not bullets only, but broken glass and ragged metal that -tore hideous wounds in the ranks of the English. Caught in the -brushwood, unable even to see their foes, the maddened troops wavered -and fell back. Again Abercrombie roared the order to charge. Six -times they hurled themselves against the impassable wall, and six times -the sharpshooters behind the lines met the advance with a rain of fire. -The Highland troops to the right went almost mad. Lord John Murray, -their commander, had fallen, and not a tenth of their number remained -unwounded; but the broadswords wrought small havoc against the spiked -branches of the log barricade. Obstinate as he was stupid, Abercrombie -kept his men at the bloody but futile attempt till the sun had set -behind the mountains, etching the sad scene with the long painted -shadows. Already almost two thousand English had fallen,--seven -hundred killed, the rest wounded. The French behind the barricade, -where Montcalm marched up and down in his shirt {259} sleeves, grimed -with smoke, encouraging the men, had lost less than four hundred. In a -spirit of hilarious bravado a young Frenchman sprang to the top of the -barricade and waved a coat on the end of his bayonet. Mistaking it for -a flag of surrender, the English ceased firing and dashed up with -muskets held on the horizontal above heads. They were actually scaling -the wall when a French officer, realizing the blunder, roared: "Shoot! -shoot! you fools! Don't you see those men will seize you?" - -[Illustration: THE COUNTRY ROUND TICONDEROGA] - -Cleaning guns and eating snatches of food, Montcalm's men slept that -night in their places behind the logs. Montcalm had passed from man to -man, personally thanking the troops for their valor. When daylight -came over the hills with wisps of fog like cloud banners from the -mountain tops, and the sunlight pouring gold mist through the valley, -the French rose and rubbed their eyes. They could scarcely believe it! -Surely Abercrombie would come back with his heavy guns. Like the mists -of the morning the English had vanished. Far down the lake they were -retreating in such panic terror they had left their baggage. Places -were found on the portage by French scouts where the English had fled -in such haste, marchers had lost their boots in the mud and not stopped -to {260} find them. Such was the battle of Carillon, or -Ticonderoga,--good reason for Amherst refusing to go on to Quebec. - - -The year closed with two more victories for the English. Brigadier -John Forbes and Washington succeeded in cutting their way up to Fort -Duquesne by a new road. They found the fort abandoned, and, taking -possession in November, renamed it Pittsburg after the great English -statesman. The other victory was at Frontenac, or Kingston. As the -French had concentrated at Lake Champlain, leaving Frontenac unguarded, -Bradstreet gained permission from Abercrombie to lead three thousand -men across Lake Ontario against La Salle's old fur post. Crossing from -the ruins of old Oswego, Bradstreet encamped beneath the palisades of -Frontenac on the evening of August 25. By morning he had his cannon in -range for the walls. Inside the fort Commandant de Noyan had less than -one hundred men. At seven in the evening of August 27 he surrendered. -Bradstreet permitted the prisoners to go down to Montreal on parole, to -be exchanged for English prisoners held in Quebec. Furs to the value -of $800,000, twenty cannon, and nine vessels were captured. Bradstreet -divided the loot among his men, taking for himself not so much as a -penny's worth. The fort was destroyed. So were the vessels. The guns -and provisions were carried across the lake and deposited at Fort -Stanwix, east of old Oswego. The loss of Duquesne on the Ohio and Fort -Frontenac on Lake Ontario cut French dominion in America in two. -Henceforth there was no highway from New France to Louisiana. In -September, Abercrombie was recalled. Amherst became chief commander. - - -Wolfe had gone home to England ill. It was while sojourning at the -fashion resort, Bath, that he fell desperately in love with a Miss -Lowther, to whom he became engaged. Then came the summons from Pitt to -meet the cabinet ministers in the war office of London. Wolfe was -asked to take command of the campaign in 1759 against Quebec. It had -been his ambition in Louisburg to proceed at once against Quebec. Here -was his opportunity. {261} It need not be told, he took it. Amherst -now, on the field south of Lake Champlain, received 10 pounds a day as -commander in chief. For the greater task of reducing Quebec, Wolfe was -to receive 2 pounds a day. Under him were to serve Monckton, -Townshend, and Murray. Admiral Saunders was to command the fleet. -Wolfe advised sending a few ships beforehand to guard the entrance to -the St. Lawrence, and Durell was dispatched for this purpose long -before the main armaments set out. By April 30 the combined fleet and -army were at Halifax, Wolfe with a force of some 8500 men. Wolfe, now -only in his thirty-third year, had been the subject of such jealousy -that he was actually compelled to sail from Louisburg in June without -one penny of ready money in his army chest. Underling officers, whose -duty it was to advance him money on credit, had raised difficulties. - -[Illustration: GENERAL JAMES WOLFE] - -Cheers and cheers yet again rent the air as the fleet at last set out -for the St. Lawrence, the soldiers on deck shouting themselves hoarse -as Louisburg faded over the watery horizon, the officers at table the -first night out at sea drinking toast after toast to _British colors on -every French fort in America_. - -At Quebec was fast and furious preparation for the coming siege. -Bougainville had been sent to France from Lake Champlain in 1758 with -report of the victory at Ticonderoga. In vain {262} he appealed for -more money, more men for the coming conflict! The French government -sent him back to Quebec with a bundle of advice and platitudes and -titles and badges and promotions and soft words, but of the sinew which -makes war, men and money, France had naught to spare. The rumor of the -English invasion was confirmed by Bougainville. Every man capable of -bearing arms was called to Quebec except the small forces at the -outposts, and Bourlamaque at Champlain was instructed if attacked by -Amherst to blow up Fort Carillon, then Crown Point, and retire. Grain -was gathered into the state warehouses, and so stripped of able-bodied -men were the rural districts that the crops of 1759 were planted by the -women and children. Fire ships and rafts were constructed, the channel -of St. Charles River closed by sinking vessels, and a bridge built -higher up to lead from Quebec City across the river eastward to -Beauport and Montmorency. Along the high cliffs of the St. Lawrence -from Montmorency Falls to Quebec were constructed earthworks and -intrenchments to command the approach up the river. What frigates had -come in with Bougainville were sent higher up the St. Lawrence to be -out of danger; but the crews, numbering 1400, were posted on the -ramparts of Upper Town. Counting mere boys, Quebec had a defensive -force variously given as from 9000 to 14,000; but deducting raw levies, -who scarcely know the rules of the drill room, it is doubtful if -Montcalm could boast of more than 5000 able-bodied fighters. Still he -felt secure in the impregnable strength of Quebec's natural position. -July 29, when the enemy lay encamped beneath his trenches, he could -write, "Unless they [the English] have wings, they cannot cross a river -and effect a landing and scale a precipice." One cruel feature there -was of Quebec's preparations. To keep the habitants on both sides the -river loyal, Vaudreuil, the governor, issued a proclamation telling the -people that the English intended to massacre the inhabitants, men, -women, and children. Meanwhile, morning, noon, and night, the chapel -bells are ringing . . . ringing . . . lilting . . . and calling the -faithful to prayers for the destruction of the heretic invader! Nuns -lie prostrate day and night in prayer for the {263} country's -deliverance from the English. Holy processions march through the -streets, nuns and priests and little children in white, and rough -soldiery in the uniforms with the blue facings, to pray Heaven's aid -for victory. And while the poor people starve for bread, poultry is -daily fattened on precious wheat that it may make tenderest meat for -Intendant Bigot's table, where the painted women and drunken gamblers -and gay officers nightly feast! - -[Illustration: BOUGAINVILLE] - -Signal fires light up the hills with ominous warning as the English -fleet glides slowly abreast the current of the St. Lawrence, now -pausing to sound where the yellow riffle of the current shows shallows, -now following the course staked out by flags, here depending on the -Frenchman, whom they have compelled to act as pilot! Nightly from hill -to hill the signal fires leap to the sky, till one flames from Cape -Tourmente, and Quebec learns that the English are surely very near. -Among the Englishmen who are out in the advance boats sounding is a -young man, James Cook, destined to become a great navigator. - -June 25, sail after sail, frigate after frigate bristling with cannon, -literally swarming with soldiers and marines, glide round the end of -Orleans Island through driving rain and a squall, and to clatter of -anchor chains and rattle of falling sails, come to rest. "Pray Heaven -they be wrecked as Sir Hovenden Walker's fleet was wrecked long ago," -sigh the nuns of Quebec. If they had {264} prayed half as hard that -their corrupt rulers, their Bigots and their kings and their painted -women whose nod could set Europe on fire with war,--if the holy -sisterhood had prayed for this gang of vampires whose vices had brought -doom to the land, to be swallowed in some abyss, their prayers might -have been more effective with Heaven. - -Next day a band of rangers lands from Wolfe's ships and finds the -Island of Orleans deserted. On the church door the cure has pinned a -note, asking the English not to molest his church; and expressing -sardonic regret that the invaders have not come soon enough to enjoy -the fresh vegetables of his garden. - -Wolfe for the first time gazes on the prize of his highest -ambition,--Quebec. He is at Orleans, facing the city. To his right is -the cataract of Montmorency. From the falls past Beauport to St. -Charles River, the St. Lawrence banks are high cliffs. Above the -cliffs are Montcalm's intrenched fighters. Then the north shore of the -St. Lawrence suddenly sheers up beyond St. Charles River into a lofty, -steep precipice. The precipice is Quebec City: Upper Town and the -convents and the ramparts and Castle St. Louis nestling on an upper -ledge of the rock below Cape Diamond; Lower Town crowding between the -foot of the precipice and tide water. Look again how the St. Lawrence -turns in a sharp angle at the precipice. Three sides of the city are -water,--St. Charles River nearest Wolfe, then the St. Lawrence across -the steep face of the rock, then the St. Lawrence again along a still -steeper precipice to the far side. Only the rear of the city is -vulnerable; but it is walled and inaccessible. - -Quebec was a prize for any commander's ambition; but how to win it? - -The night of June 28 is calm, warm, pitch-dark, the kind of summer -night when the velvet heat touches you as with a hand. The English -soldiers of the crowded transports have gone ashore, when suddenly out -of the darkness glide fire ships as from an under world, with flaming -mast poles, and hulls in shadow, roaring with fire, throwing out -combustibles, drifting straight down on the tide towards the English -fleet. But the French have managed {265} badly. They have set the -ships on fire too soon. The air is torn to tatters by terrific -explosions that light up the outlines of the city spires and churn the -river to billows. Then the English sailors are out in small boats, -avoiding the suck of the undertow. Throwing out grappling hooks, they -tow the flaming fire rafts away from their fleet. It is the first play -of the game, and the French have lost. - -[Illustration: THE SITE OF QUEBEC AND THE GROUND OCCUPIED DURING THE -SIEGE OF 1759] - - -Monckton goes ashore south on Point Levis side next day. Townshend has -landed his troops east of the Montmorency on the north shore. It is -the second play of the game, and Wolfe has violated every rule of war, -for he has separated his forces in three divisions close to a powerful -enemy. He is counting on Montcalm's policy, however, and Montcalm's -play is to lie inactive, sleeping in his boots, refusing to be lured to -battle till winter drives the English off. It is usual in all accounts -of the great struggle to find that certain facts have been suppressed. -Let us frankly confess that when the English rangers went foraging they -brought back French scalps, and when the French Indians went scouting -they returned with English scalps. However, manners were improving. -Strict orders are given: this is not a war on women; neither women nor -children are to be touched. Wolfe posts proclamations on the parish -churches, calling on the habitants to stand neutral. In answer, they -tear the proclamations down. {266} By July 12 Wolfe's batteries on the -south side of the river are preparing to shell the city. A band of -five hundred students and habitants rows across from Quebec by night to -dislodge the English gunners, but mistaking their own shots for the -shots of the enemy, fall on each other in the dark and retreat in wild -confusion. Then the English cannon begin to do business. In a single -day half the houses of Lower Town are battered to bits, and high-tossed -bombs have plunged through roofs of Upper Town, burning the cathedral -and setting a multitude of lesser buildings on fire. In the confusion -of cannonade and counter-cannonade and a city on fire, shrouding the -ruins in a pall of smoke, some English ships slip up the river beyond -Quebec, but there the precipice of the river bank is still steeper, and -Bougainville is on guard with two thousand men. For thirty miles -around the English rangers have laid the country waste. Still Montcalm -refuses to come out and fight. - -The enforced inaction exasperates Wolfe, whose health is failing him, -and who sees the season passing, no nearer the object of his ambition -than when he came. As he had stormed the batteries of Louisburg, so -now he decides to storm the heights of Montmorency. To any one who has -stood on the knob of rock above the gorge where the cataract plunges to -the St. Lawrence, or has scrambled down the bank slippery with spray, -and watched the black underpool whirl out to the river, Wolfe's venture -must seem madness; for French troops lined the intrenchments above the -cliff, and below a redoubt or battery had been built. Below the -cataract, when the tide ebbed, was a place which might be forded. From -sunrise to sunset all the last days of July, Wolfe's cannon boomed from -Levis across the city, from the fleet in mid channel, from the land -camp on the east side of Montmorency. Montcalm rightly guessed, this -presaged a night assault. To hide his design, Wolfe kept his -transports shifting up and down the St. Lawrence, as if to land at -Beauport halfway to the city. All the same, two armed transports, as -if by chance, managed to get themselves stranded just opposite the -redoubt below the cliff, where their cannon would protect a landing. -Montcalm saw the move and strengthened the troops behind the earthworks -on the {267} top of the cliff. Toward sunset the tide ebbed, and at -that time cannon were firing from all points with such fury that the -St. Lawrence lay hidden in smoke. As the air cleared, two thousand men -were seen wading and fording below the falls. There was a rush of the -tall grenadiers for the redoubt. The French retreated firing, and the -cliff above poured down an avalanche of shots. At that moment Wolfe -suffered a cruel and unforeseen check. A frightful thunderstorm burst -on the river, lashing earth and air to darkness. It was impossible to -see five paces ahead or to aim a shot. The cliff roared down with -miniature rivulets and the slippery clay bank gave to every step of the -climbers slithering down waist-deep in mud and weeds. Powder was -soaked. As the rain ceased, Indians were seen sliding down the cliff -to scalp the wounded. Wolfe ordered a retreat. The drums rolled the -recall and the English escaped pellmell, the French hooting with -derision at the top of the banks, the English yelling back strong oaths -for the enemy to come out of its rat hole and fight like men. At the -ford the men, soaked like water rats, and a sorry rabble, got into some -sort of rank and burned the two stranded vessels as they passed back to -the east side. In less than an hour four hundred and forty-three men -had fallen, the most of them killed, many both dead and wounded, into -the hands of the Indian scalpers. - -One can guess Wolfe's fearful despair that night. A month had passed. -He had accomplished worse than nothing. In another month the fleet -must leave the St. Lawrence to avoid autumn storms. Fragile at all -times, Wolfe fell ill, ill of fever and of chagrin, and those officers -over whose head he had been promoted did not spare their criticisms, -their malice. It is so easy to win battles of life and war in theory. - -As for Quebec, it was felt the siege was over, the contest won. Still -bad news had come from the west. Niagara had fallen before the -English, and the forts on Lake Champlain were abandoned to Amherst. -Nothing now barred the English advance down the Richelieu to Montreal. -Montcalm dispatches Levis to Montreal with eight hundred men. - -{268} Why did Amherst not come to Wolfe's aid? His enemies say because -the commanding general was so sure the siege of Quebec would fail that -he did not want any share of the blame. That may be unjust. Amherst -was of the slow, cautious kind, who marched doggedly to victory. He -may not have wished to risk a second Ticonderoga. Wolfe's position was -now desperate. His only alternatives were success or ruin. "You can't -cure me," he told his surgeon, "but mend me up so I can go on for a few -days." What he did in those few days left his name immortal. Robert -Stobo, who had been captured from Washington's battalions on the Ohio, -and who knew every foot of Quebec from five years of captivity, had -escaped, joined Wolfe, and drawn plans of all surroundings. From his -ship above Quebec Wolfe could see there was one path just behind the -city where men might ascend to the Plains of Abraham outside the rear -wall, but the path was guarded, and Bougainville's troops patrolled -westward as far as Cape Rouge. - -[Illustration: LOUIS JOSEPH, MARQUIS DE MONTCALM] - -It was now September. From their trenches above the river the French -could see the English evacuating camp at Montmorency. They were -jubilant. Surely the English were giving up the siege. Night after -night English transports loaded with soldiers ascended the St. Lawrence -above Quebec. What did it mean? Was it a feint to draw Montcalm's men -away from the east side? {269} The French general was sleeplessly -anxious. He had not passed a night in bed since the end of June. The -fall rains were beginning, and another month of work in the trenches -meant half the army invalided. - -The most of the English fleet was working up and down with the tide -between the western limits of Quebec and Cape Rouge, nine miles away. -Bougainville's force was increased to three thousand men, and he was -ordered to keep especial watch westward. The steepness of the -precipice was guard enough near the town. Wednesday, the 12th of -September, the English troops were ordered to hold themselves in -readiness. They passed the day cleaning their arms, and were ordered -not to speak after nightfall or permit a sound to be heard from the -ranks. Admiral Saunders with the main fleet was to feign attack on the -east side of the city. Admiral Holmes with Wolfe's army, now numbering -not four thousand men, was to glide down with the tide from Cape Rouge -above Quebec. Because the main fleet lay on the east side Montcalm -felt sure the attack would come from that quarter. Deserters had -brought word to Wolfe that some flatboats with provisions were coming -down the river to Quebec that night. - -Here, then, the position! Saunders on the east side, opposite -Beauport, feigning attack; Montcalm watching him from the Beauport -cliffs; Wolfe nine miles up the river west of the city; Bougainville -watching him, watching too for those provisions, for Quebec was down to -empty larder. - -It is said that as Wolfe rested in his ship, the _Sutherland_, off Cape -Rouge, he felt strange premonition of approaching death, and repeated -the words of Gray's "Elegy,"--"The paths of glory lead but to the -grave,"--but this has been denied. Certainly he had such strange -consciousness of impending death that, taking a miniature of his -fiancee from his breast, he asked a fellow-officer to return it to her. -About midnight the tide began to ebb, and two lanterns were hung as a -sign from the masthead of the _Sutherland_. Instantly all the ships -glided silent as the great river down with the tide. The night was -moonless. Near the little bridle path now known as Wolfe's Cove the -ships draw {270} ashore. Sharp as iron on stone a sentry's voice rings -out, "Who goes?" - -"The French," answers an officer, who speaks perfect French. - -"What regiment?" - -"The Queen's," replies the officer, who chances to know that -Bougainville has a regiment of that name. Thinking they were the -provision transports, this sentry was satisfied. Not so another. He -ran down to the water's edge, and peering through the darkness called, -"Why can't you speak louder?" - -"Hush you! We 'll be overheard," answers the English officer in French. - -Thus the English boats glided towards the little bridle path that led -up to the rear of the city. Wolfe's Cove is not a path steep as a -stair up the face of a rock, as the most of the schoolbooks teach; it -is a little weed-grown, stony gully, easy to climb, but slant and -narrow, where I have walked many a night to drink from the spring near -the foot of the cliff. - -Twenty-four volunteers lead the way up the stony path, silent and agile -as cats. At the top are the tents of the sentries, who rush from their -couches to be overpowered by the English. Before daybreak the whole -army has ascended to the plateau behind the city, known as the Plains -of Abraham. No use entering here into the dispute whether Wolfe took -his place where the goal now stands, or farther back from the city -wall. Roughly speaking, the main line of Wolfe's forces, three deep, -with himself, Monckton, and Murray in command, faced the rear of Quebec -about three quarters of a mile from what was then the wall. To his -left was the wooded road now known as St. Louis. He posts Townshend -facing this, at right angles to his front line. Another battalion lay -in the woods to the rear. There were, besides, a reserve regiment, and -a battalion to guard the landing. - -What was Wolfe's position? Behind him lay Bougainville with three -thousand French soldiers, fresh and in perfect condition. In front lay -Quebec with three thousand more. To his right was the river; to his -left, across the St. Charles, Montcalm's main army of five thousand -men. "When your enemies blunder, {271} don't interrupt them," Napoleon -is reported to have advised. If some one had not blundered badly now, -it might have been a second Ticonderoga with Wolfe; but some one did -blunder most tragically. - -Montcalm had come from the trenches above Beauport, where he had been -guarding against Saunders' landing, and he had ordered hot tea and beer -served to the troops, when he happened to look across the St. Charles -River towards Quebec. It had been cloudy, but the sun had just burst -out; and there, standing in the morning light, were the English in -battle array, red coat and tartan kilt, grenadier and Highlander, in -the distance a confused mass of color, which was not the white uniform -of the French. - -"This is a serious business," said Montcalm hurriedly to his aide. -Then, spurs to his big black horse, he was galloping furiously along -the Beauport road, over the resounding bridge across the St. Charles, -up the steep cobblestone streets that lead from Lower to Upper Town, -and out by the St. Louis road to the Plains of Abraham. In Quebec all -was confusion. _Who_ had given the order for the troops to move out -against the English without waiting for Bougainville to come from Cape -Rouge? But there they were, huddling, disorderly columns that crowded -on each other, filing out of the St. Louis and St. John Gates, with a -long string of battalions following Montcalm up from the St. Charles. -And Ramezay, who was commandant of the city, refused to send out part -of his troops; and Vaudreuil, who was at Beauport, delayed to come; and -though Montcalm waited till ten o'clock, Bougainville did not come up -from Cape Rouge with his three thousand men. Easy to criticise and say -Montcalm should have waited till Bougainville and Vaudreuil came. He -could _not_ wait, for Wolfe's position cut his forces in two, and the -army was without supplies. With his four thousand five hundred men he -accepted fate's challenge. - -Bagpipes shrilling, English flags waving to the wind, the French -soldiers shouting riotously, the two armies moved towards each other. -Then the English halted, silent, motionless {272} statues. The men -were refreshed, for during the four hours' wait from daylight, Wolfe -had permitted them to rest on the grassed plain. The French came -bounding forward, firing as they ran, and bending down to reload. The -English waited till the French were but forty yards away. "They were -not to throw away their fire," Wolfe had ordered. Now forty yards, if -you measure it off in your mind's eye, is short space between hostile -armies. It is not as wide as the average garden front in a suburban -city. Then suddenly the thin red line of the English spoke in a crash -of fire. The shots were so simultaneous that they sounded like one -terrific crash of ear-splitting thunder. The French had no time to -halt before a second volley rent the air. Then a clattering fire -rocketed from the British like echoes from a precipice. With wild -halloo the British were charging, . . . charging, . . . charging, the -Highlanders leading with their broadswords flashing overhead and their -mountain blood on fire, Wolfe to the fore of the grenadiers till a shot -broke his wrist! Wrapping his handkerchief about the wound as he ran, -the victorious young general was dashing forward when a second shot hit -him and a third pierced his breast. He staggered a step, reeled, fell -to the ground. Three soldiers and an officer ran to his aid and -carried him in their arms to the rear. He would have no surgeon. It -was useless, he said. "But the day is ours, and see that you keep it," -he muttered, sinking back unconscious. A moment later he was roused by -wild, hilarious, jubilant, heart-shattering shouts. - -"Gad! they run! See how they run!" said an English voice. - -"_Who_--run?" demanded Wolfe, roused as if from the sleep of death. - -"The enemy, sir. They give way . . . everywhere." - -"Go, one of you," commanded the dying general; "tell Colonel Burton to -march Webb's regiment down Charles River to cut off retreat by the -bridge. Now God be praised!" he added, sinking back; "I die in peace!" -And the spirit of Wolfe had departed, leaving as a heritage a New -Empire of the North, and an immortal fame. - -[Illustration: DEATH OF WOLFE (From the painting by Benjamin West)] - -{273} - -Fate had gone hard against the gallant Montcalm. The first volley from -the English line had mowed his soldiers down like ripe wheat. At the -second volley the ranks broke and the ground was thick strewn with the -dead. When the English charged, the French fled in wildest panic -downhill for the St. Charles. Wounded and faint, Montcalm on his black -charger was swept swiftly along St. Louis road in the blind stampede of -retreat. Near the walls a ball passed through his groins. Two -soldiers caught him from falling, and steadied him on either side of -his horse through St. Louis gate, where women, waiting in mad anxiety, -saw the blood dripping over his horse. - -"My God! My God! Our marquis is slain!" they screamed. - -"It is nothing,--nothing,--good friends; don't trouble about me," -answered the wounded general as he passed for the last time under the -arched gateway of St. Louis road. - -"How long have I to live?" he asked the surgeon into whose house he had -been carried. - -"Few hours, my lord." - -"So much the better," answered Montcalm. "I shall not live to see -Quebec surrendered." - -Before daylight, he was dead. Wrapped in his soldier's cloak, laid in -a rough box, the body was carried that night to the Ursuline Convent, -where a bursting bomb had scooped a great hole in the floor. Sad-eyed -nuns and priests crowded the chapel. By torchlight, amid tears and -sobs, the body was laid to rest. - -Both generals had died as they had lived,--gallantly. To-day both are -regarded as heroes and commemorated by monuments; but how did their -governments treat them? Of course there were wild huzzas in London and -solemn memorial services over Wolfe; but when his aged mother -petitioned the government that her dead son's salary might be computed -at 10 pounds a day,--the salary of a commander in chief,--instead of 2 -pounds a day, she was refused in as curtly uncivil a note as was ever -penned. Montcalm had died in debt, and when his family petitioned the -French government to pay these debts, the King thought it should be -done, but he did not take the trouble to see that his {274} good -intention was carried out. It was easy and cheaper for orators to talk -of heroes giving their lives for their country. There are no better -examples in history of the truth that glory and honor and true service -must be their own reward, independent of any compensation, any -suffering, any sacrifice. - - -Though the panic retreat continued for hours and Quebec was not -surrendered for some days, the battle was practically decided in ten -minutes. The campaign of the next year was gallant but fruitless. In -April, before the fleet has come back to the English, De Levis throws -himself with the remnants of the French army against the rear wall of -Quebec; and as Montcalm had come out to fight Wolfe, so Murray marches -out to fight De Levis. Both sides claimed the battle of Ste. Foye as -victory, but another such victory would have exterminated the English. -Levis outside the walls, Murray glad to be inside the walls, each side -waited for the spring fleet. If France had come to Canada's aid, even -yet the country might have been won, for sickness had reduced Murray's -army to less than three thousand able men; but the flag that flaunted -from the ship that sailed into the harbor of Quebec on the 9th of May -was British. That decided Canada's fate. De Levis retreated swiftly -for Montreal, but by September the slow-moving General Amherst has -closed in on Montreal from the west, and up the St. Lawrence from the -east proceeds General Murray. De Levis and Vaudreuil had less than two -thousand fighting men at Montreal. September 8th they capitulated, and -three years later, by the Treaty of Paris, Canada passed under the -dominion of England. Officers, many of the nobility, Bigot and his -crew, sailed for France, where the Intendant's ring were put on trial -and punished for their corruption and misrule. Bigot suffered -banishment and the confiscation of property. The other members of his -clique received like sentences. - - -Spite of the hopes of her devoted founders,--like Champlain and -Maisonneuve,--spite of the blood of her martyrs and the prayers of her -missionaries, spite of all the pathfinding of her {275} explorers, -spite of the dauntless warfare of her soldier knights,--like Frontenac -and Iberville and Montcalm,--New France had fallen. - -Why? - -For two reasons: because of England's sea power; because of the -unblushing, shameless, gilded corruption of the French court, which -cared less for the fate of Canada than the leer of a painted fool -behind her fan. But be this remembered,--and here was the hand of -overruling Destiny or Providence,--the fall of New France, like the -fall of the seed to the ready soil, was the rebirth of a new nation. -Henceforth it is not New France, the appendage of an Old World nation. -It is Canada,--a New Dominion. - - -To-day wander round Quebec. Tablets and monuments consecrate many of -the old hero days. Though the British government rebuilt a line of -walls in the early eighteen hundreds, you will find it hard to trace -even a vestige of the old French walls. Mounds tell you where there -were bastions. A magnificent boulevard tops the most of the old -ramparts. An imposing hotel stands where Castle St. Louis once frowned -over the St. Lawrence. Of the palace where the Intendant held his -revels there are not even ruins. If you drive out past Beauport, you -will find at the end of a nine-mile forest path the crumbling brick -walls of Chateau Bigot, the Hermitage, half buried, in the days when I -visited it, with rose vines and orchard trees gone wild. That is all -you will find of the court clique whose folly brought Canada's doom; -but as you drive back from Beauport there towers the city from the -rocky heights above the St. Lawrence,--chapel spire and cross and domed -cathedral roofs aglint in the sunlight like a city of gold. The -church, baptized by the blood of its martyrs, is there in pristine -power; and the fruitful meadows bear witness to the prosperity of the -habitant on whom the burden fell in the days of the ancient regime. -Who shall say that habitant and church do not deserve the place of -power they hold in the government of the Dominion? - - - - -{276} - -CHAPTER XIII - -FROM 1763 TO 1812 - -English law and Quebec--French rights guarded--Pontiac's war--Siege of -Detroit--Fight at Bloody Run--Michilimackinac falls--How Bouquet wins -victory--Return of captives--The peddlers--Methods of -Nor'westers--Traders invade the Up Country--Disaffection in -Canada--Canada invaded--Quebec invested--Montgomery's fight--"Rats in a -trap"--Relief at last--Tricks of ringsters--Coming of Loyalists--Life -in the backwoods - - -Quebec has fallen. As jackals gather to feast on the carcass of the -dead lion, so rallies a rabble of adventurers on the trail of the -victorious army. Sutlers, traders, teamsters, riffraff,--soldiers of -fortune,--stampede to Montreal and Quebec as to a new gold field. When -Major Robert Rogers, the English forest ranger, proceeds up the lakes -to take over the western fur posts,--Presqu' Isle, Detroit, -Michilimackinac,--he is followed by hosts of adventurers looking for -swift way to fortune by either the fur trade or by picking the bones of -the dead lion. Major Rogers, beating up Lake Ontario and Lake Erie -with two hundred bushwhackers, pausing in camp near modern Sandusky, -meets the renowned Ottawa warrior, Pontiac, who had fought with the -French against Braddock and now wants to know in voice of thunder what -all this talk about the French being conquered means; how _dare_ the -French, because _they_ have proved paltroons, deed away the Indian -lands of Canada? How dare Rogers, the white chief of the English -rangers, come here with his pale-faced warriors to Pontiac's land? How -Rogers answered the veteran red-skinned warrior is not told. All that -is known is--the French gave up their western furs with bad grace, and -the English commandants forgot to appease the wound to the Indians' -pride by the customary gifts over solemn powwow. At Detroit and -Michilimackinac the French quietly withdraw from the palisades and -build their white-washed cottages outside the limits of the fort--2500 -French habitants there are at Detroit. - -If the four or five hundred English adventurers who swarmed to Canada -on the heels of the English army thought to batten on the sixty -thousand defeated French inhabitants, far otherwise thought and decreed -the English generals, Sir Jeffrey {277} Amherst, and Murray, who -succeeded him. "You will observe that the French are British subjects -as much as we are, and treat them accordingly," ruled Amherst; and -General Murray, who practically became the first governor of Canada on -Amherst's withdrawal, at once set himself to establish justice. - -[Illustration: MAJOR ROBERT ROGERS] - -No more forced labor! No more carrion birds of the official classes, -like Bigot, fattening on the poor habitants! British government in -Canada for the next few years is known as the period of military rule. -At Quebec, at Three Rivers, at Montreal, the commanding officers -established martial law with biweekly courts; and in the parishes the -local French officers, or seigneurs, are authorized to hear civil -cases. By the terms of surrender the people have been guaranteed their -religious liberty; and the Treaty of Paris, which cedes all Canada to -England in 1763, repeats this guarantee, though it leaves a thorn of -trouble in the flesh of England by reserving to France for the benefit -of the Grand Banks fishermen the Islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, as -well as shore rights of fishing on the west coast of Newfoundland. -Also, the proprietary rights of Jesuits, Sulpicians, Franciscans, are -to remain in abeyance for the pleasure of the English crown. The -rights of the sisterhoods are at once confirmed. - -{278} One of General Murray's first acts as governor is to convey -gentle hint to the Abbe Le Loutre, now released from prison and come -back to Canada, that his absence will be appreciated by the government. -Within a few years there are five hundred English residents in Montreal -and Quebec; and now trouble begins for the government,--that wrangle -between English and French, between Protestant and Catholic, which is -to go on for a hundred years and retard Canada's progress by a century. - -[Illustration: NORTH AMERICA AT THE CLOSE OF THE FRENCH WARS, 1763] - -Being British-born subjects, the few hundred demand that the Governor -call an assembly,--an elective assembly; but by the laws of England, -Roman Catholics must abjure their religion before they can take office, -and by the Treaty of Paris the Catholics of Canada have been guaranteed -the freedom of their religion. To grant an elective assembly now would -mean that the representatives of the five hundred English traders would -rule over 70,000 French. When accusing the French Catholics of Quebec -of remaining a solidarity so that they may wield the balance of power, -it is well to remember how and when the quarrel began. Murray sides -with the French and stands like a rock for their right. He will have -no elective assembly under present conditions; and he puts summary stop -to the business English magistrates and English bailiffs have hatched -against the rights of the habitant,--of seizing lands for debt at a -time when money is scarce, summoning the debtor simultaneously to two -different courts, then charging such outrageous fees that the debtor's -land is sold for the fees, to be bought in by the rascal ring who have -arranged the plot. Ordinances are still proclaimed in primitive -fashion by the crier going through the streets shouting the laws to -beat of drum; but as the crier {279} shouts in English, the habitants -know no more of the laws than if he shouted in Greek. - -As Murray opposes the clamor of the English minority, the English -petition the home government for Murray's recall. In the light of the -fact that there were no schools at all in Canada except the Catholic -seminaries, and that of the five hundred English residents only two -hundred had permanent homes in Montreal and Quebec, it is rather -instructive to read as one of the grievances of the English minority -"_that the only teachers in Canada were Catholics_." - -The governor-generalship is offered to Chatham, the great statesman, at -5000 pounds a year. Chatham refusing the position, there comes in 1768 -as governor, at 1200 pounds a year, Sir Guy Carleton, fellow-soldier -and friend of Wolfe in the great war, who follows in Murray's -footsteps, stands like a rock for the rights of the French, orders -debtors released from jail, fees reduced, and a stoppage of forced land -sales. Bitter is the disappointment to the land jobbers, who had -looked for a partisan in Carleton; doubly bitter, for Carleton goes one -better than Murray. For years the French government had issued paper -money in Quebec. After the conquest seventeen millions of these -worthless government promissory notes were outstanding in the hands of -the habitants. Knowing that the paper money is to be redeemed by the -English government, English jobbers are now busy buying up the paper -among the poor French at fifteen cents on the dollar. Carleton sends -the town crier from parish to parish, warning the habitants to hold -their money and register the amounts with the magistrates till the -whole matter can be arranged between England and France. - -The first newspaper is established now in Quebec, _The Quebec Gazette_, -printed in both English and French. Also the first trouble now arises -from having ceded France the two tiny islands south of Newfoundland, -St. Pierre and Miquelon. By English navigation laws, all trade must -be in English ships. Good! The smugglers slip into St. Pierre with a -cargo. By night a ship with a white sail slips out of St. Pierre with -that {280} cargo. At Gaspe the sail of that ship is red; at Saguenay -it is yellow; at Quebec it is perhaps brown. Ostensibly the ship is a -fishing smack, but it leaves other cargo than fish at the habitant -hamlets of the St. Lawrence; and the smuggling from St. Pierre that -began in Carleton's time is continued to-day in the very same way. - -[Illustration: GENERAL MURRAY, FIRST GOVERNOR OF QUEBEC] - -And Guy Carleton, though he is an Englishman and owes his appointment -to the complaints of the English minority against Murray, remains -absolutely impartial. Good reason for the wisdom of his policy. There -are rumblings from the New England colonies that forewarn the coming -earthquake. For years friction has been growing between the mother -country and the colonies. The story of the Revolution does not belong -to the story of Canada. For years far-sighted statesmen had predicted -that the minute New England ceased to fear New France, ceased to need -England's protection, that minute the growing friction would flame in -open war. Carleton foresaw that to pander to the English minority -would sacrifice the loyalty of the French. Thus he reported to the -home government, and the Quebec Act of 1774 came to the relief of the -French. By it Canada's boundaries were extended across the region of -the Ohio to the Mississippi. French laws were restored {281} in all -civil actions. English law was to rule in criminal cases, which meant -trial by jury. The French are relieved from oaths of office and -enabled to serve on the jury. Also, the Catholic clergy is entitled to -collect its usual tithe of one twenty-sixth from the Catholics. An -elective assembly is refused for reasons that are plain, but a -legislative council is granted, to be appointed by the crown. For the -expense of government a slight tax is levied on liquor; but as the St. -Pierre smuggling is now flourishing, the tax docs not begin to meet the -cost of government, and the difference is paid from the imperial -treasury. However badly the imperial government blundered with the New -England colonies, her treatment of Quebec was an object lesson in -colonizing to the world. Had she treated her New England colonies half -as justly as she treated Quebec, British America might to-day extend to -Mexico. Had she treated Quebec half as unjustly as she treated her own -offspring of New England, the United States might to-day extend to the -Arctic Circle. The man who saved Canada to England, in the first place -by wisdom, in the second place by war, was Sir Guy Carleton. - - -While the English and French, Protestant and Catholic, wrangle for -power in Quebec there rages on the frontier one of the most devastating -Indian wars known to American history. Not for nothing had Pontiac -drawn himself to his full height and defied Major Rogers down on Lake -Erie. From tribe to tribe the lithe coureurs ran, naked but for the -breechcloth, painted as for war, carrying in one hand the tomahawk -dipped in blood, in the other the wampum belt of purple, typifying war. -The French had deeded away the Indian lands to the English! The news -ran like wildfire, ran by moccasin telegram from Montreal up Ottawa -River to Michilimackinac, from Niagara westward to Detroit, and -southward to Presqu' Isle and all that chain of forts leading -southwestward to the Mississippi. Was it a "Conspiracy of Pontiac," as -it has been called? Hardly. It was more one of those general -movements of unrest, of discontent, of misunderstanding, that but -awaits the appearance of {282} a brave leader to become a torrent of -destruction. Pontiac, the Ottawa chief, was such a leader, and to his -standard rallied Indians from Virginia, from the Mississippi, from Lake -Superior. Of the universal unrest among the Indians the English were -not ignorant, but they failed to realize its significance; failed, too, -to realize that the French fur traders, cast out of the western forts -and now roaming the wilds, fanned the flame, gave presents of gunpowder -and firearms to the savages, and egged the hostiles on against the new -possessors of Canada, in order to divert the fur trade to French -traders still in Louisiana. Down at Miami, southwest of Lake Erie, -Ensign Holmes hears in March of 1763 that the war belt has been carried -to the Illinois. Up at Detroit, in May, Pontiac is camped on the east -side of the river with eight hundred hunters. Daily the French -farmers, who supply the fort with provisions, carry word to Major -Gladwin that the Indians are acting strangely, holding long and secret -powwow, borrowing files to saw off the barrels of their muskets short. -A French woman, who has visited the Indians across the river for a -supply of maple sugar, comes to Gladwin on May 5 with the same story. -From eight hundred, the Indians increase to two thousand. Old -Catherine, a toothless squaw, comes shaking as with the palsy to the -fort, and with mumbling words warns Gladwin to "Beware, beware!" So -does a young girl whose fine eyes have caught the fancy of Gladwin -himself. Breaking out with bitter weeping, she covers her head with -her shawl and bids her white lover have a care how he meets Pontiac in -council. Gladwin himself was a seasoned campaigner, who had escaped -the hurricane of death with Braddock and had also served under Amherst -at Montreal. In his fort are one hundred and twenty soldiers and forty -traders. At the wharf lie the two armed schooners, _Beaver_ and -_Gladwin_. When Pontiac comes with his sixty warriors Gladwin is ready -for him. In the council house the warriors seat themselves, weapons -concealed under blankets; but when Pontiac raises the wampum belt that -was to be the signal for the massacre to begin, Major Gladwin, never -moving his light blue eyes from {283} the snaky gleam of the Indian, -waves his hand, and at the motion there is a roll of drums, a grounding -of the sentry's arms, a trampling of soldiers outside, a rush as of -white men marching. Pontiac is dumfounded and departs without giving -the signal. Back in his cabin of rushes across the river he rages like -a maniac and buries a tomahawk in the skull of the old squaw Catherine. -Monday, May 9, at ten o'clock he comes again, followed by a rabble of -hunters. The gates are shut in his face. He shouts for admittance. -The sentry opens the wicket and in traders' vernacular bids him go -about his business. There is a wild war yell. The siege of Detroit -begins. - -[Illustration: SETTLEMENTS ON THE DETROIT RIVER] - -The story of that siege would fill volumes. For fifteen months it -lasted, the French remaining neutral, selling provisions to both sides, -Gladwin defiant inside his palisades, the Indians persistent as enraged -hornets. Two English officers who have been out hunting are waylaid, -murdered, skinned, the skin sewed into powder pouches, the bloody -carcasses sent drifting down on the flood of waters past the fort -walls. Desperately in need of provisions from the French, Gladwin -consents to temporary truce while Captain Campbell and others go out to -parley with the Indians. {284} Gladwin obtains cart loads of -provisions during the parley, but Pontiac violates the honor of war by -holding the messengers captive. Burning arrows are shot at the fort -walls. Gladwin's men sally out by night, hack down the orchards that -conceal the enemy, burn all outbuildings, and come back without losing -a man. Nightly, too, lapping the canoe noiselessly across water with -the palm of the hand, one of the French farmers comes with fresh -provisions. Gladwin has sent a secret messenger, with letter in his -powder pouch, through the lines of the besiegers to Niagara for aid. -May 30, moving slowly, all sails out, the English flag flying from the -prow, comes a convoy of sailboats up the river. Cheer on cheer rent -the air. The soldiers at watch in the galleries inside the palisades -tossed their caps overhead, but as the ships came nearer the whites -were paralyzed with horror. Silence froze the cheer on the parted -lips. Indian warriors manned the boats. The convoy of ninety-six men -had been cut to pieces, only a few soldiers escaping back to Niagara, a -few coming on, compelled by the Indians to act as rowers. As the boats -passed the fort, whoops of derision, wild war chants, eldritch screams, -rose from the Indians. One desperate white captive rose like a flash -from his place at the rowlocks, caught his Indian captor by the scuff -of the neck and threw him into the river; but the redskin grappled the -other in a grip of death. Turning over and over, locked in each -other's arms, the hate of the inferno in their faces, soldier and -Indian swept down to watery death in the river tide. Taking advantage -of the confusion, and under protection of the fort guns, one of the -other captives sprang into the river and succeeded in swimming safely -to the fort. Terrible was the news he brought. All the other forts -south of Niagara, with the exception of Fort Pitt,--Miami, St. Joseph, -Presqu' Isle,--lay in ashes. From some not a man had escaped to tell -the story. - -That night it was pitch-dark,--soft, velvet, warm summer darkness. -From the fort the soldiers could see the sixty captives from the convoy -burning outside at the torture stakes. Then as gray morning came -mangled corpses floated past on the river tide. June 18 another vessel -glides up the river with help, but {285} the garrison is afraid of a -second disaster, for eight hundred warriors have lain in ambush along -the river. Gladwin orders a cannon fired. The boat fires back answer, -but the wind falls and she is compelled to anchor for the night below -the fort. Sixty soldiers armed to the teeth are on board; but the -captain is determined to out-trick the Indians, and he permits only -twelve of his men at a time on deck. Darkness has barely fallen on the -river before the waters are alive with canoes, and naked warriors -clamber to the decks like scrambling monkeys, so sure they have -outnumbered their prey that they forget all caution. At the signal of -a hammer knock on deck,--rap--rap--rap,--three times short and sharp, -up swarm the soldiers from the hatchway. Fourteen Indians dropped on -the deck in as many seconds. Others were thrown on bayonet points into -the river. It is said that after the fight of a few seconds on the -ship the decks looked like a butcher's shambles. Finally the schooner -anchored at Detroit, to the immense relief of the beleaguered garrison. -So elated were the English, one soldier dashed from a sally port and -scalped a dying Indian in full view of both sides. Swift came Indian -vengeance. Captain Campbell, the truce messenger, was hacked to -pieces. By July 28, Dalzell has come from Niagara with nearly two -hundred men, including Rogers, the famous Indian fighter. Both Dalzell -and Rogers are mad for a rush from the fort to deal one crushing blow -to the Indians. Here the one mistake of the siege was made. Gladwin -was against all risk, for the Indians were now dropping off to the -hunting field, but Dalzell and Rogers were for punishing them before -they left. In the midst of a dense night fog the English sallied from -the fort at two o'clock on the 31st of July for Pontiac's main camp, -about two miles up the river, boats rowing upstream abreast the -marchers. It was hot and sultry. The two hundred and fifty -bushrangers marched in shirt sleeves, two abreast. A narrow footbridge -led across a brook, since known as Bloody Run, to cliffs behind which -the Indians were intrenched. Along the trail were the whitewashed -cottages of the French farmers, who stared from their windows in their -nightcaps, amazed beyond speech at the rashness of the {286} English. -On a smaller scale it was a repetition of Braddock's defeat on the -Ohio. Indians lay in ambush behind every house, every shrub, in the -long grass. They only waited till Dalzell's men had crossed the bridge -and were charging the hill at a run. Then the war whoop shrilled both -to fore and to rear. The Indians doubled up on their trapped foe from -both sides. Rogers' Rangers dashed for hiding in a house. The drum -beat retreat. Under cover of Rogers' shots from one side, shots from -the boats on the other, Dalzell's men escaped at a panic run back over -the trail with a loss of some sixty dead. In September came more ships -with more men, again to be ambushed at the narrows, and again to reach -Detroit, as the old record says, "bloody as a butcher's shop." So the -siege dragged on for more than a year at Detroit. Winter witnessed a -slight truce to fighting, for starvation drove the Indians to the -hunting field; but May saw Pontiac again encamped under the walls of -Detroit till word came from the French on the lower Mississippi in -October, definitely and for all, they would not join the Indians. Then -Pontiac knew his cause was lost. - -Up at Michilimackinac similar scenes were enacted. Major Etherington -and Captain Leslie had some thirty-five soldiers. There were also -hosts of traders outside the walls, among whom was Alexander Henry of -Montreal. Word had come of Pontiac at Detroit, but Etherington did not -realize that the uprising was general. June 4 was the King's birthday. -Shops had been closed. Flags blew above the fort. Gates were wide -open. Squaws with heads under shawls sat hunched around the house -steps, with that concealed beneath their shawls which the English did -not guess. All the men except Henry, who was writing letters, and some -Frenchmen, who understood the danger signs, had gone outside the gates -to watch a fast and furious game of lacrosse. Again and again the ball -came bounding towards the fort gates, only to be whisked to the other -end of the field by a deft toss, followed by the swift runners. No one -was louder in applause than Etherington. The officers were completely -off guard. Suddenly the crowds swayed, gave way, opened; . . . {287} -and down the field towards the fort gates surged the players. A -dexterous pitch! The ball was inside the fort. After it dashed the -Indians. In a flash weapons were grasped from the shawls of the -squaws. Musket and knife did the rest. When Henry heard the war whoop -and looked from a window he saw Indian warriors bending to drink the -blood of hearts that were yet warm. For two days Henry lived in the -rubbish heap of the attic in the house of Langlade, a pioneer of -Wisconsin. Of the whites at Michilimackinac only twenty escaped death, -and they were carried prisoners to the Lower Country for ransom. - -From Virginia to Lake Superior such was the Indian war known as -Pontiac's Campaign. Fort Pitt held out like Detroit. Niagara was too -strong for assault, but in September twenty-four soldiers, who had been -protecting _portage_ past the falls, were waylaid and driven over the -precipice at the place called Devil's Hole. More soldiers sent to the -rescue met like fate, horses and wagons being stampeded over the rocks, -seventy men in all being hurled to death in the wild canyon. - -Amherst, who was military commander at this time, was driven nearly out -of his senses. A foe like the French, who would stand and do battle, -he could fight; but this phantom foe, that vanished like mist through -the woods, baffled the English soldier. In less than six months two -thousand whites had been slain; and Amherst could not even find his -foe, let alone strike him. "_Can we not inoculate them with smallpox, -or set bloodhounds to track them_?" he writes distractedly. - -By the summer of 1764 the English had taken the war path. Bradstreet -was to go up the lakes with twelve hundred men, Bouquet, with like -forces, to follow the old Pennsylvania road to the Ohio, both generals -to unite somewhere south of Lake Erie. Of Bradstreet the least said -the better. He had done well in the great war when he captured Fort -Frontenac almost without a blow; but now he strangely played the fool. -He seemed to think that peace, peace at any price, was the object, -whereas peace that is not a victory is worthless with the Indian. -Deputies met him on the 12th of August near Presqu' Isle, Lake Erie. -{288} They carried no wampum belts and were really spies. Without -demanding reparation, without a word as to restoring harried captives, -without hostages for good conduct, Bradstreet entered into a fool's -peace with his foes, proceeded up to Detroit, and was back at Niagara -by winter; though he must have realized the worthlessness of the -campaign when his messengers sent to the Illinois were ambushed. - -[Illustration: BOUQUET] - -When Bouquet heard of the sham peace he was furious and repudiated -Bradstreet's treaty in toto. Bouquet was a veteran of the great war, -and knew bushfighting from seven years' experience on Pennsylvania -frontiers. Slowly, with his fifteen hundred rangers and five hundred -Highlanders, express riders keeping the trail open from fort to fort, -scouts to fore, Bouquet moved along the old army trail used by Forbes -to reach Fort Pitt. Friendly Indians had been warned to keep green -branches as signals in the muzzles of their guns. All others were to -be shot without mercy. Indians vanished before his march like mist -before the sun. August 5 found Bouquet south of Fort Pitt at a place -known as Bushy Run. The scouts had gone ahead to prepare nooning for -the army at the Run. In seven hours the men had marched seventeen -miles spite of sweltering heat; but at one, just as the thirsty columns -were nearing the rest place, the crack--crack--crack of rifle shots to -the fore set every man's blood jumping. From quick march they broke to -a run, priming guns, ball in mouth as they ran. A moment later the old -trick of Braddock's ambush was being repeated, but this time the -Indians were dealing with a seasoned man. Bouquet swung his fighters -in a circle round the stampeding horses and provision wagons. The heat -was terrific, the men almost mad with thirst, the horses neighing and -plunging and breaking away to the woods; and the army stood, a -red-coated, tartan-plaid target for invisible foes! By this time the -men were fighting as Indians fight--breaking ranks, jumping from tree -to tree. It is n't easy to keep men standing as targets when they -can't get at the foe; but Bouquet, riding from place to place, kept his -men in hand till darkness screened them. Sixty had fallen. A circular -barricade {289} was built of flour bags. Inside this the wounded were -laid, and the army camped without water. The agonies of that night -need not be told. Here the neighing of horses would bring down a -clatter of bullets aimed in the dark; and the groans of the wounded, -trampled by the stampeding cavalcade, would mingle with the screams of -terror from the horses. The night continued hot almost as day in the -sultry forest, and the thirst with both man and beast became anguish. -Another such day and another such night, and Bouquet could foresee his -fate would be worse than Braddock's. Passing from man to man, he gave -the army their instructions for the next day. They would form in three -platoons, with the center battalion advanced to the fore, as if to lead -attack. Suddenly the center was to feign defeat and turn as if in -panic flight. It was to be guessed that the Indians would pursue -headlong. Instantly the flank battalions were to sweep through the -woods in wide circle and close in on the rear of the savages. Then the -fleeing center was to turn. The savages would be surrounded. Daybreak -came with a cracking of shots from ambush. Officers and men carried -out instructions exactly as Bouquet had planned. At ten o'clock the -center column broke ranks, wavered, turned, . . . fled in wild panic! -With the whooping of a wolf pack in full cry, the savages burst from -ambush in pursuit. The sides deployed. A moment later the center had -turned to fight the pursuer, {290} and the Highlanders broke from the -woods, yelling their slogan, with broadswords cutting a terrible -hand-to-hand swath. Sixty Indians were slashed to death in as many -seconds. Though the British lost one hundred and fifteen, killed and -wounded, the Indians were in full flight, blind terror at their heels. -The way was now open to Port Pitt, but Bouquet did not dally inside the -palisades. On down the Ohio he pursued the panic-stricken savages, -pausing neither for deputies nor reenforcements. At Muskingum Creek -the Indians sent back the old men to sue, sue abjectedly, for peace at -any cost. - -Bouquet met them with the stern front that never fails to win respect. -They need not palm off their lie that the fault lay with the foolish -young warriors. If the old chiefs would not control the young braves, -then the whole tribe, the whole Indian race, must pay the penalty. In -terror the deputies hung their heads. He would not even discuss the -terms of peace, Bouquet declared, till the Indians restored every -captive,--man, woman, and child, even the child of Indian parentage -born in captivity. The captives must be given suitable clothing, -horses, and presents. Twelve days only would he permit them to gather -the captives. If man, woman, or child were lacking on the twelfth day, -he would pursue them and punish them to the uttermost ends of earth. - -The Indians were dumfounded. These were not soft words. Not thus had -the French spoken, with the giving of manifold presents. But powder -was exhausted. No more was coming from the French traders of the -Mississippi. Winter was approaching, and the Indians must hunt or -starve. Again the coureurs are sent spurring the woods from tribe to -tribe with wampum belts, but this time the belts are the white bands of -peace. While Bouquet waits he sends back over the trail for hospital -nurses to receive the captives, and the army is set knocking up rude -barracks of log and thatch in the wilderness. Then the captives begin -to come. It is a scene for the brush of artist, for all frontiersmen -who have lost friends have rallied to Bouquet's camp, hoping against -hope and afraid to hope. There is the mother, whose infant child has -been snatched from her arms in {291} some frontier attack, now scanning -the lines as they come in, mad with hope and fear. There is the -husband, whose wife has been torn away to some savage's tepee, -searching, searching, searching among the sad, wild-eyed, ill-clad -rabble for one with some resemblance to the wife he loved. There is -the father seeking lost daughters and afraid of what he may find; and -there are the captives themselves, some of the women demented from the -abuse they have received. England may have spent her millions to -protect her colonies, but she never spent in anguish what these rude -frontiersmen suffered at Bouquet's camp. - -[Illustration: RETURN OF THE ENGLISH CAPTIVES (From a contemporary -print)] - - -So ended what is known as the Pontiac War. Up at Detroit in 1765 -Pontiac, in council with the whites, explains that he has listened to -bad advice, but now his heart is right. "Father, you have stopped the -rum barrel while we talked," he says grimly; "as our business is -finished, we request that you open the barrel, that we may drink and be -merry." - -Not a very heroic curtain fall to a dramatic life. But pause a bit: -the Pontiac War was the last united stand of a doomed race against the -advance of the conquering alien; and the Indian is defeated, and he -knows it, and he acknowledges it, and he {292} drowns his despair in a -vice, and so he passes down the Long Trail of time with his face to the -west, doomed, hopeless, pushed westward and ever west. - -Pontiac goes down the Mississippi to his friends, the French fur -traders of St. Louis. One morning in 1767, after a drinking bout, he -is found across the river, lying in camp, with his skull split to the -neck. By the sword he had lived, by the sword he perished. Was the -murder the result of a drunken quarrel, or did some frenzied -frontiersman with deathless woes bribe the hand of the assassin? The -truth of the matter is unknown, and Pontiac's death remains a theme for -fiction. - - -What with struggles for power and Indian wars, one might think that the -few hundred English colonists of Quebec and Montreal had all they could -do. Not so: their quarrels with the French Catholics and fights with -the Indians are merely incidental to the main aim of their lives, to -the one object that has brought them stampeding to Canada as to a new -gold field, namely, quick way to wealth; and the only quick way to -wealth was by the fur trade. In the wilderness of the Up Country -wander some two or three thousand cast-off wood rovers of the old -French fur trade. As the prodigals come down the Ottawa, down the -Detroit, down the St. Lawrence, the English and Scotch merchants of -Montreal and Quebec meet them. Mighty names those merchants have in -history now,--McGillivrays and MacKenzies and McGills and Henrys and -MacLeods and MacGregors and Ogilvies and MacTavishes and Camerons,--but -at this period of the game the most of them were what we to-day would -call petty merchants or peddlers. In their storehouses--small, -one-story, frame affairs--were packed goods for trade. With these -goods they quickly outfitted the French bushrover--$3000 worth to a -canoe--and packed the fellow back to the wilderness to trade on shares -before any rival firm could hire him. Within five years of Wolfe's -victory in 1759 all the French bushrovers of the Up Country had been -reengaged by merchants of Montreal and Quebec. - -{293} - -[Illustration: MONTREAL (From a contemporary print)] - -Then imperceptible changes came,--the changes that work so silently -they are like destiny. Because it is unsafe to let the rascal -bushrovers and voyageurs go off by themselves with $3000 worth to the -canoe load, the merchants began to accompany them westward. -"Bourgeois," the voyageurs call their outfitters. Then, because -success in fur trade must be kept secret, the merchants cease to have -their men come down to Montreal. They meet them with the goods -halfway, at La Verendrye's old stamping ground on Lake Superior, first -at the place called Grand Portage, then, when the United States -boundary is changed in 1783, at Kaministiquia, or modern Fort William, -named after William McGillivray. Pontiac's War puts a stop to the new -trade, but by 1766 the merchants are west again. Henry goes up the -Saskatchewan to the Forks, and comes back with such wealth of furs he -retires a rich magnate of Montreal. The Frobisher brothers strike for -new hunting ground. So do Peter Pond and Bostonnais Pangman, and the -MacKenzies, Alexander {294} and Roderick. Instead of following up the -Saskatchewan, they strike from Lake Winnipeg northward for Churchill -River and Athabasca, and they bring out furs that transform those -peddlers into merchant princes. A little later the chief buyer of the -Montreal furs is one John Jacob Astor of New York. Then another -change. Rivalry hurts fur trade. Especially do different prices -demoralize the Indians. The Montreal merchants pool their capital and -become known as the Northwest Fur Company. They now hire their -voyageurs outright on a salary. No man is paid less than what would be -$500 in modern money, with board; and any man may rise to be clerk, -trader, wintering partner, with shares worth 800 pounds ($4000), that -bring dividends of two and three hundred per cent. The petty merchants -whom Murray and Carleton despised became in twenty years the opulent -aristocracy of Montreal, holding the most of the public offices, -dominating the government, filling the judgeships, and entertaining -with a lavish hospitality that put vice-regal splendor in the shade. -The Beaver Club is the great rendezvous of the Montreal partners. -"Fortitude in Distress" is the motto and lords of the ascendant is -their practice. No man, neither governor nor judge, may ignore these -Nor'westers, and it may be added they are a law unto themselves. One -example will suffice. A French merchant of Montreal took it into his -head to have a share of this wealth-giving trade. He was advised to -pool his interests with the Nor'westers, and he foolishly ignored the -advice. In camp at Grand Portage on Lake Superior he is told all the -country hereabout belongs to the Nor'westers, and _he_ must decamp. - -"Show me proofs this country is yours," he answers. "Show me the title -deed and I shall decamp." - -Next night a band of Nor'westers, voyageurs well plied with rum, came -down the strand to the intruder's tents. They cut his tents to -ribbons, scatter his goods to the four winds, and beat his voyageurs -into insensibility. - -"Voila! there are our proofs," they say. - -The French merchant hastens down to Montreal to bring lawsuit, but the -judges, you must remember, are shareholders in the {295} Northwest -Company, and many of the Legislative Council are Nor'westers. What -with real delays and sham delays and put-offs and legal fees, justice -is a bit tardy. While the case is pending the French merchant tries -again. This time he is not molested at Fort William. They let him -proceed on his way up the old trail to Lake of the Woods, the trail -found by La Verendrye; and halfway through the wilderness, where the -cataract offers only one path for portage, the Frenchman finds -Nor'-westers building a barricade; he tears it down. They build -another; he tears that down. They build a third; fast as he tears -down, they build up. He must either go back baffled by these suave, -smiling, lawless rivals, or fight on the spot to the death; but there -is neither glory nor wealth being killed in the wilderness, where not -so much as the sands of the shore will tell the true story of the -crime. So the French merchant compromises, sells out to the -Nor'westers at cost plus carriage, and retires to the St. Lawrence -cursing British justice. - - -It may be guessed that the sudden eruption of "the peddlers," these -bush banditti, these Scotch soldiers of fortune with French bullies for -fighters, roused the ancient and honorable Hudson's Bay Company from -its half-century slumber of peace. Anthony Hendry, who had gone up the -Saskatchewan far as the Blackfoot country of the foothills, they had -dismissed as a liar in the fifties because he had reported that he had -seen _Indians on horseback_, whereas the sleepy factors of the bay -ports knew very well they never saw any kind of Indians except Indians -in canoes; but now in the sixties it is noted by the company that not -so many furs are coming down from the Up Country. It is voted "the -French Canadian peddlers of Montreal" be notified of the company's -exclusive monopoly to the trade of these regions. One Findley is sent -to Quebec to look after the Hudson's Bay Company's rights; but while -the English company _talks_ about its rights, the Nor'westers go in the -field and _take_ them. - -The English company rubs its eyes and sits up and scratches its heavy -head, and passes an order that Mr. Moses Norton, chief {296} factor of -Churchill, send Mr. Samuel Hearne to explore the Up Country. Hearne -has heard of Far-Away-Metal River, far enough away in all conscience -from the Canadian peddlers; and thither in December, 1770, he finds his -way, after two futile attempts to set out. Matonabbee, great chief of -the Chippewyans, is his guide,--Matonabbee, who brings furs from the -Athabasca, and is now accompanied by a regiment of wives to act as -beasts of burden in the sledge traces, camp servants, and cooks. -Hearne sets out in midwinter in order to reach the Coppermine River in -summer, by which he can descend to the Arctic in canoes. Storm or -cold, bog or rock, Matonabbee keeps fast pace, so fast he reaches the -great caribou traverse before provisions have dwindled and in time for -the spring hunt. Here all the Indian hunters of the north gather twice -a year to hunt the vast herds of caribou going to the seashore for -summer, back to the Up Country for the winter, herds in countless -thousands upon thousands, such multitudes the clicking of the horns -sounds like wind in a leafless forest, the tramp of the hoofs like -galloping cavalry. Store of meat is laid up for Hearne's voyage by -Matonabbee's Indians; and a band of warriors joins the expedition to go -down Coppermine River. If Hearne had known Indian customs as well as -he knew the fur trade, he would have known that it boded no good when -Matonabbee ordered the women to wait for his return in the Athabasca -country of the west. Absence of women on the march meant only one of -two things, a war raid or hunt, and which it was soon enough Hearne -learned. They had come at last, on July 12, 1771, on Coppermine River, -a mean little stream flowing over rocky bed in the Barren Lands of the -Little Sticks (Trees), when Hearne noticed, just above a cataract, the -domed tepee tops of an Eskimo camp. It was night, but as bright as day -in the long light of the North. Instantly, before Hearne could stop -them, his Indians had stripped as for war, and fell upon the sleeping -Eskimo in ruthless massacre. Men were brained as they dashed from the -domed tents, women speared as they slept, children dispatched with less -thought than the white man would give to the killing of a fly. In vain -Hearne, {297} with tears in his eyes, begged the Indians to stop. They -laughed him to scorn, and doubtless wondered where he thought they -yearly got the ten thousand beaver pelts brought to Churchill. A few -days later, July 17, 1771, Hearne stood on the shores of the Arctic, -heaving to the tide and afloat with ice; but the horrors of the -massacre had robbed him of an explorer's exultation, though he was -first of pathfinders to reach the Arctic overland. Matonabbee led -Hearne back to Churchill in June of 1772 by a wide westward circle -through the Athabasca Bear Lake Country, which the Hudson's Bay people -thus discovered only a few years before the Nor'westers came. - -[Illustration: SAMUEL HEARNE] - -No longer dare the Hudson's Bay Company ignore the Up Country. Hearne -is sent to the Saskatchewan to build Fort Cumberland, and Matthew -Cocking is dispatched to the country of the Blackfeet, modern Alberta, -to beat up trade, where his French voyageur, Louis Primeau, deserts him -bag and baggage, to carry the Hudson's Bay furs off to the Nor'westers. -No longer does the English company slumber on the shores of its frozen -sea. Yearly are voyageurs sent inland,--"patroons of the woods," given -bounty to stay in the wilds, luring any trade from the Nor'westers. - - -The Quebec Act, guaranteeing the rights of the French Canadians, had -barely been put in force before the Congress of the {298} revolting -English colonies sent up proclamations to be posted on the church doors -of the parishes, calling on the French to throw off the British yoke, -to join the American colonies, "to seize the opportunity to be free." -Unfortunately for this alluring invitation, Congress had but a few -weeks previously put on record its unsparing condemnation of the Quebec -Act. Inspired by those New Englanders who, for a century, had suffered -from French raids, Congress had expressed its verdict on the privileges -granted to Quebec in these words: "_Nor can we supress our astonishment -that a British Parliament should establish a religion that has drenched -your island_ [England] _in blood_." This declaration was the cardinal -blunder of Congress as far as Canada was concerned. Of the merits of -the quarrel the simple French habitant knew nothing. He did what his -cure told him to do; and the Catholic Church would not risk casting in -its lot with a Congress that declared its religion had drenched England -in blood. English inhabitants of Montreal and Quebec, who had flocked -to Canada from the New England colonies, were far readier to listen to -the invitation of Congress than were the French. - -Governor Carleton had fewer than 800 troops, and naturally the French -did not rally as volunteers in the impending war between England and -her English colonies. Should the Congress troops invade Canada? The -question was hanging fire when Ethan Allen, with his two hundred Green -Mountain boys of Vermont, marched across to Lake Champlain in May of -1775, hobnobbed with the guards of Ticonderoga, who drank not wisely -but too well, then rowed by night across the narrows and knocked at the -wicket beside the main gate. The sleepy guards, not yet sober from the -night's carouse, admitted the Vermonters as friends. In rushed the -whole two hundred. In a trice the Canadian garrison of forty-four were -all captured and Allen was thundering on the chamber door of La Place, -the commandant. It was five in the morning. La Place sprang up in his -nightshirt and demanded in whose name he was ordered to surrender. -Ethan Allen answered in words that have gone {299} down to history, -"_In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress_." -Later fell Crown Point. So began the war with Canada in the great -Revolution. - -And now, from May to September, Arnold's Green Mountain boys sweep from -Lake Champlain down the Richelieu to the St. Lawrence, as Iberville's -bold bushrovers long ago swept through these woods. However, the -American rovers take no permanent occupation of the different forts on -the falls of the Richelieu River, preferring rather to overrun the -parishes, dispatching secret spies and waiting for the habitants to -rally. And they came once too often, once too far, these bold banditti -of the wilderness, clad in buckskin, musket over shoulder, coonskin -cap! Montreal is so full of spies, so full of friendlies, so full of -Bostonnais in sympathy with the revolutionists, that Allen feels safe -in paddling across the St. Lawrence one September morning to the -Montreal side with only one hundred and fifty men. Montreal has grown -in these ten years to a city of some twelve thousand, but the gates are -fast shut against the American scouts; and while Allen waits in some -barns of the suburbs, presto! out sallies Major Garden with twice as -many men armed to the teeth, who assault the barns at a rush. Five -Americans drop at the first crack of the rifles. The Canadians are -preparing to set fire to the barns. Allen's men will be picked off as -they rush from the smoke. Wisely, he saves his Green Mountain boys by -surrender. Thirty-five capitulate. The rest have escaped through the -woods. Carleton refuses to acknowledge the captives as prisoners of -war. He claps irons on their hands and irons on their feet and places -them on a vessel bound for England to be treated as rebels to the -crown. It is said those of Allen's men who deserted were French -Canadians in disguise--which may explain why Carleton made such severe -example of his captives and at once purged Montreal of the disaffected -by compelling all who would not take arms to leave. - -Carleton's position was chancy enough in all conscience. The habitants -were wavering. They refused point-blank to serve as volunteers. They -supplied the invaders with provisions. Spies were everywhere. -Practically no help could come from {300} England till spring, and -scouts brought word that two American armies were now marching in force -on Canada,--one by way of the Richelieu, twelve hundred strong, led by -Richard Montgomery of New York, directed against Montreal; the other by -way of the Kennebec, with fifteen hundred men under Benedict Arnold, to -attack Quebec. Carleton is at Montreal. He rushes his troops, six -hundred and ninety out of eight hundred men, up the Richelieu to hold -the forts at Chambly and St. John's against Montgomery's advance. - -Half September and all October Montgomery camps on the plains before -Fort St. John's, his rough soldiers clad for the most part in their -shirt sleeves, trousers, and coon cap, with badges of "Liberty or -Death" worked in the cap bands, or sprigs of green put in their hats, -in lieu of soldier's uniform. Inside the fort, Major Preston, the -English commander, has almost seven hundred men, with ample powder. It -is plain to Montgomery that he can win the fort in only one of two -ways,--shut off provisions and starve the garrison out, or get -possession of heavy artillery to batter down the walls. It is said -that fortune favors the dauntless. So it was with Montgomery, for he -was enabled to besiege the fort in both ways. Carleton had rushed a -Colonel McLean to the relief of St. John's with a force of French -volunteers, but the French deserted en masse. McLean was left without -any soldiers. This cut off St. John's from supply of provisions. At -Chambly Fort was a Major Stopford with eighty men and a supply of heavy -artillery. Montgomery sent a detachment to capture Chambly for the -sake of its artillery. Stopford surrendered to the Americans without a -blow, and the heavy cannon were forthwith trundled along the river to -Montgomery at St. John's. Preston sends frantic appeal to Carleton for -help. He has reduced his garrison to half rations, to quarter rations, -to very nearly no rations at all! Carleton sends back secret express. -He can send no help. He has no more men. Montgomery tactfully lets -the message pass in. After siege of forty-five days, Preston -surrenders with all the honors of war, his six hundred and eighty-eight -men marching {301} out, arms reversed, and going aboard Montgomery's -ships to proceed as prisoners up Lake Champlain. - -The way is now open to Montreal. Benedict Arnold, meanwhile, with the -army directed against Quebec, has crossed from the Kennebec to the -Chaudiere, paddled across St. Lawrence River, and on the very day that -Montgomery's troops take possession of Montreal, November 13, Arnold's -army has camped on the Plains of Abraham behind Quebec walls, whence he -scatters his foragers, ravaging the countryside far west as Three -Rivers for provisions. The trials of his canoe voyage from Maine to -the St. Lawrence at swift pace have been terrific. More than half his -men have fallen away either from illness or open desertion. Arnold has -fewer than seven hundred men as he waits for Montgomery at Quebec. - -[Illustration: GENERAL RICHARD MONTGOMERY] - -What of Guy Carleton, the English governor, now? Canada's case seemed -hopeless. The flower of her army had been taken prisoners, and no help -could come before May. Desperate circumstances either make or break a -man, prove or undo him. As reverses closed in on Carleton, like the -wrestlers of old he but took tighter grip of his resolutions. - -On November 11, two days before Preston's men surrendered, Carleton, -with two or three military officers disguised as peasants, boarded one -of three armed vessels to go down from Montreal to Quebec. All the -cannon at Montreal had been dismounted and spiked. What powder could -not be carried {302} away was buried or thrown into the river. Amid -funereal silence, shaking hands sadly with the Montreal friends who had -gathered at the wharf to say farewell, the English Governor left -Montreal. That night the wind failed, and the three vessels lay to -with limp sails. At Sorel, at Three Rivers, at every hamlet on both -sides of the St. Lawrence, lay American scouts to capture the English -Governor. All next day the vessels lay wind-bound. Desperate for the -fate of Quebec, Carleton embarked on a river barge propelled by sweeps. -Passing Sorel at night Carleton and his disguised officers could see -the camp fires of the American army. Here oars were laid aside and the -raft steadied down the tide by the rowers paddling with the palms of -their hands. Three Rivers was found in possession of the Americans, -and a story is told of Carleton, foredone from lack of sleep, dozing in -an eating house or tavern with his head sunk forward upon his hands, -when two or three American scouts broke into the room. Not a sign did -the English party in peasant disguise give of alarm or uneasiness, -which might have betrayed the Governor. "Come, come," said one of the -English officers in French, slapping Sir Guy Carleton carelessly on the -back, "we must be going"; and the Governor escaped unsuspected. -November 19, to the inexpressible relief of Quebec Carleton reached the -capital city. - -Quebec now had a population of some five thousand. All able-bodied men -who would not fight were expelled from the city. What with the small -garrison, some marines who happened to be in port, and the citizens -themselves, eighteen hundred defenders were mustered. On the walls -were a hundred and fifty heavy cannon, and all the streets leading from -Lower to Upper Town had been barricaded with cannon mounted above. At -each of the city gates were posted battalions. Sentries never left the -walls, and the whole army literally slept in its boots. It will be -remembered that the natural position of Quebec was worth an army in -itself. On all sides there was access only by steepest climb. In -front, where the modern visitor ascends from the wharf to Upper Town by -Mountain Street {303} steep as a stair, barricades had been built. To -the right, where flows St. Charles River past Lower Town, platforms -mounted with cannon guarded approach. To the rear was the wall behind -which camped Arnold; to the left sheer precipice, above which the -defenders had suspended swinging lanterns that lighted up every -movement on the path below along the St. Lawrence. - -[Illustration: MAP OF QUEBEC DURING SIEGE OF CONGRESS TROOPS] - -Early in December comes Montgomery himself to Quebec, on the very ships -which Carleton had abandoned. Carleton refuses even the letter -demanding surrender. Montgomery is {304} warned that forthwith any -messenger sent to the walls will come at peril of being shot as rebel. -Henceforth what communication Montgomery has with the inhabitants must -be by throwing proclamations inside or bribing old habitant women as -carriers,--for the habitants continue to pass in and out of the city -with provisions; and a deserter presently brings word that Montgomery -has declared he will "_eat his Christmas dinner in Quebec or in Hell_!" -Whereupon Carleton retorts, "He may choose his own place, but he shan't -eat it in Quebec." - -Montgomery was now in the same position as Wolfe at the great siege. -His troops daily grew more ragged; many were without shoes, and -smallpox was raging in camp. He could not tempt his foe to come out -and fight; therefore he must assault the foe in its own stronghold. It -will be remembered, Wolfe had feigned attack to the fore, and made the -real attack to the rear. Montgomery reversed the process. He feigned -attack to the rear gates of St. John and St. Louis, and made the real -attack to the fore from the St. Charles and the St. Lawrence. While a -few soldiers were to create noisy hubbub at St. John and St. Louis -gates from the back of the city, Arnold was to march through Lower Town -from the Charles River side, Montgomery along the narrow cliff below -the Citadel, through Lower Town, to that steep Mountain Street which -tourists to-day ascend directly from the wharves of the St. Lawrence. -On the squares of Upper Town the two armies were to unite and fight -Carleton. The plan of attack practically encompassed the city from -every side. Spies had brought rumors to Carleton that the signal for -assault for the American troops was to be the first dark stormy night. -Christmas passed quietly enough without Montgomery carrying out his -threat, and on the night before New Year's all was quiet. Congress -soldiers had dispersed among the taverns outside the walls, and -Carleton felt so secure he had gone comfortably to bed. For a month, -shells from the American guns had been whizzing over Upper Town, with -such small damage that citizens had continued to go about as usual. On -the walls was a constant popping from the sharpshooters of both sides, -and occasionally {305} an English sentry, parading the walls at -imminent risk of being a target, would toss down a cheery "Good morrow, -gentlemen," to a Congress trooper below. Then, quick as a flash, both -men would lift and fire; but the results were small credit to the aim -of either shooter, for the sentry would duck off the wall untouched, -just as the American dashed for hiding behind barricade or house of -Lower Town. Some of the Americans wanted to know what were the -lanterns and lookouts which the English had constructed above the -precipice of Cape Diamond. Some wag of a habitant answered these were -the sign of a wooden horse with hay in front of it, and that the -English general, Carleton, had said he would not surrender the town -till the horse had caught up to the hay. Skulking riflemen of the -Congress troops had taken refuge in the mansion of Bigot's former -magnificence, the Intendant's Palace, and Carleton had ordered the -cannoneers on his walls to knock the house down. So fell the house of -Bigot's infamy. - -Towards 2 A.M. of December 31 the wind began to blow a hurricane. The -bright moonlight became obscured by flying clouds, and earth and air -were wrapped in a driving storm of sleet. Instantly the Congress -troops rallied to their headquarters behind the city. Montgomery at -quick march swept down the steep cliff of the river to the shore road, -and in the teeth of a raging wind led his men round under the heights -of Cape Diamond to the harbor front. Heads lowered against the wind, -coonskin caps pulled low over eyes, ash-colored flannel shirts buttoned -tight to necks, gun casings and sacks wrapped loosely round loaded -muskets to keep out the damp, the marchers tramped silently through the -storm. Overhead was the obscured glare where the lanterns hung out in -a blare of snow above Cape Diamond. Here rockets were sent up as a -signal to Arnold on St. Charles River. Then Montgomery's men were -among the houses of Lower Town, noting well that every window had been -barricaded and darkened from cellar to attic. Somewhere along the -narrow path in front of the town Montgomery knew that barricades had -been built with cannon behind, but he trusted to the storm concealing -his approach till his men could capture them at a rush. At Pres {306} -de Ville, just where the traveler approaching harbor front may to-day -see a tablet erected in memory of the invasion, was a barricade. -Montgomery halted his men. Scouts returned with word that all was -quiet and in darkness--the English evidently asleep; and uncovering -muskets, the Congress fighters dashed forward at a run. But it was the -silence that precedes the thunderclap. The English had known that the -storm was to signal attack, and guessing that the rockets foretokened -the assailants' approach, they had put out all lights behind the -barricade. Until Montgomery's men were within a few feet of the log, -there was utter quiet; then a voice shrieked out, "Fire!--fire!" -Instantly a flash of flame met the runners like a wall. Groans and -screams split through the muffling storm. Montgomery and a dozen -others fell dead. The rest had broken away in retreat,--a rabble -without a commander,--carrying the wounded. Behind the barricade was -almost as great confusion among the English, for Quebec's defenders -were made up of boys of fifteen and old men of seventy, and the first -crash of battle had been followed by a panic, when half the guards -would have thrown down their arms if one John Coffin, an expelled -royalist from Boston, had not shouted out that he would throw the first -man who attempted to desert into the river. - -Meantime, how had it gone with Arnold? - -[Illustration: SIR GUY CARLETON] - -An English officer was passing near St. Louis Gate when, sometime after -two o'clock, he noticed rockets go up from the river beyond Cape -Diamond. He at once sounded the alarm. Bugles called to arms, drums -rolled, and every bell in the city was set ringing. In less than ten -minutes every man of Quebec's eighteen hundred was in place. American -soldiers marching through St. Roch, Lower Town, have described how the -tolling of the bells rolling through the storm smote cold on their -hearts, for they knew their designs had been discovered, and they could -not turn back, for a juncture must be effected with Montgomery. A -moment later the sham assaults were peppering the rear gates of Quebec, -but Guy Carleton was too crafty a campaigner to be tricked by any sham. -He rightly guessed that the real attack {307} would be made on one of -the two weaker spots leading up from Lower Town. "Now is the time to -show what stuff you are made of," he called to the soldiers, as he -ordered more detachments to the place whence came crash of heaviest -firing. This was at Sault-au-Matelot Street, a narrow, steep -thoroughfare, barely twenty feet from side to side. Up this little -tunnel of a street Arnold had rushed his men, surmounting one barricade -where they exchanged their own wet muskets for the dry guns of the -English deserters, dashing into houses to get possession of windows as -vantage points, over, some accounts say, yet another obstruction, till -his whole army was cooped up in a canyon of a street directly below the -hill front on which had been erected a platform with heavy guns. It -was a gallant rush, but it was futile, for now Carleton outgeneraled -Arnold. Guessing from the distance of the shots that the attack to the -rear was sheer sham, the English general rushed his fighters downhill -by another gate to catch Arnold on the rear. Quebec houses are built -close and cramped. While these troops were stealing in behind Arnold -to close on him like a trap, it was easy trick for another English -battalion to scramble over house roofs, over back walls, and up the -very stairs of houses where Arnold's troops were guarding the windows. -Then Arnold was carried past his men badly wounded. "We are sold," -muttered the Congress troops, "caught like rats in a trap." Still they -pressed toward in hand to hand scuffle, with shots at such close range -the Boston soldiers were {308} shouting, "Quebec men, do not fire on -your true friends!" with absurd pitching of each other by the scruff of -the neck from the windows. Daylight only served to make plainer the -desperate plight of the entrapped raiders. At ten o'clock five hundred -Congress soldiers surrendered. It must not for one moment be forgotten -that each side was fighting gallantly for what it believed to be right, -and each bore the other the respect due a good fighter and upright foe. -In fact, with the exception of two or three episodes mutually -regretted, it may be said there were fewer bitter thoughts that New -Year's morning than have arisen since from this war. The captured -Americans had barely been sent to quarters in convents and hospitals -before a Quebec merchant sent them a gift of several hogsheads of -porter. When the bodies of Montgomery and his fellow-comrades in death -were found under the snowdrifts, they were reverently removed, and -interred with the honors of war just inside St. Louis Gate. - -Though the invaders were defeated, Quebec continued to be invested till -spring, the thud of exploding bombs doing little harm except in the -case of one family, during spring, when a shell fell through the roof -to a dining-room table, killing a son where he sat at dinner. As the -ice cleared from the river in spring, both sides were on the watch for -first aid. Would Congress send up more soldiers on transports; or -would English frigates be rushed to the aid of Quebec? The Americans -were now having trouble collecting food from the habitants, for the -French doubted the invaders' success, and Congress paper money would be -worthless to the holders. One beautiful clear May moonlight night a -vessel was espied between nine and ten at night coming up the river -full sail before the wind. Was she friend or foe? Carleton and his -officers gazed anxiously from the citadel. Guns were fired as signal. -No answer came from the ship. Again she was hailed, and again; yet she -failed to hang out English colors. Carleton then signaled he would -sink her, and set the rampart cannon sweeping her bows. In a second -she was ablaze, a fire ship sent by the enemy loaded with shells and -grenades and bombs that shot off like a fusillade of rockets. At the -same time a boat was seen rowing from the {309} far side of her with -terrific speed. Carleton's precaution had prevented the destruction of -the harbor fleet. Three days later, at six in the morning, the firing -of great guns announced the coming of an English frigate. At once -every man, woman, and child of Quebec poured down to the harbor front, -half-dressed, mad with joy. By midday, Guy Carleton had led eight -hundred soldiers out to the Plains of Abraham to give battle against -the Americans; but General Thomas of the Congress army did not wait. -Such swift flight was taken that artillery, stores, tents, uneaten -dinners cooked and on the table, were abandoned to Carleton's men. -General Thomas himself died of smallpox at Sorel. At Montreal all was -confusion. The city had been but marking time, pending the swing of -victory at Quebec. In the spring of 1776 Congress had sent three -commissioners to Montreal to win Canada for the new republic. One was -the famous Benjamin Franklin, another a prominent Catholic; but the -French Canadian clergy refused to forget the attack of Congress on the -Quebec Act, and remained loyal to England. - -[Illustration: BENEDICT ARNOLD] - -For almost a year, in desultory fashion, the campaign against Canada -dragged on, Carleton reoccupying and fortifying Montreal, Three Rivers, -St. John's, and Chamby, then pushing up Champlain Lake in October of -1776, with three large vessels and ninety small ones. Between Valcour -Island and the mainland he caught Benedict Arnold with the Congress -boats on October 11, and succeeded in battering them to pieces before -{310} Arnold could extricate them. As the boats sank, the American -crews escaped ashore; but the English went no farther south than Crown -Point this year. If Carleton had failed at Quebec, there can be no -doubt Canada would have been permanently lost to England; for the -following year France openly espoused the cause of Congress, and -proclamations were secretly smuggled all through Canada to be posted on -church doors, calling on Canadians to remain loyal to France. -Curiously enough, it was Washington, the leader of the Americans, who -checkmated this move. With a wisdom almost prophetic, he foresaw that -if France helped the United States, and then demanded Canada as her -reward, the old border warfare would be renewed with tenfold more -terror. No longer would it be bushrover pitted against frontiersmen. -It would be France against Congress, and Washington refused to give the -aid of Congress to the scheme of France embroiling America in European -wars. The story of how Clark, the American, won the Mississippi forts -for Congress is not part of Canada's history, nor are the terrible -border raids of Butler and Brant, the Mohawk, who sided with the -English, and left the Wyoming valley south of the Iroquois Confederacy -a blackened wilderness, and the homes of a thousand settlers smoking -ruins. It is this last raid which gave the poet Campbell his theme in -"Gertrude of Wyoming." By the Treaty of Versailles, in 1783, England -acknowledged the independence of the United States, and Canada's area -was shorn of her fairest territory by one fell swath. Instead of the -Ohio being the southern boundary, the middle line of the Great Lakes -divided Canada from her southern neighbor. The River Ste. Croix was to -separate Maine from New Brunswick. The sole explanation of this loss -to Canada was that the American commissioners knew their business and -the value of the ceded territory, and the English commissioners did -not. It is one of the many conspicuous examples of what loyalty has -cost Canada. England is to give up the western posts to the United -States, from Miami to Detroit and Michilimackinac and Grand Portage. -In return the United States federal government is to recommend to the -States {311} Governments that all property confiscated from Royalists -during the war be restored. - - -[Illustration: GENERAL HALDIMAND] - -General Haldimand, a Swiss who has served in the Seven Years' War, -succeeds Carleton as governor in 1778. The times are troublous. There -is still a party in favor of Congress. The great unrest, which ends in -the French Revolution, disturbs habitants' life. Then that provision -of the Quebec Act, by which legislative councilors were to be nominated -by the crown, works badly. Councilors, judges, crown attorneys, even -bailiffs are appointed by the colonial office of London, and find it -more to their interests to stay currying favor in London than to attend -to their duties in Canada. The country is cursed by the evil of absent -officeholders, who draw salaries and appoint incompetent deputies to do -the work. As for the social unrest that fills the air, Haldimand claps -the malcontents in jail till the storm blows over; but the tricks of -speculators, who have flocked to Canada, give trouble of another sort. -Naturally the ring of English speculators, rather than the impoverished -French, became ascendant in foreign trade, and during the American war -the ring got such complete control of the wheat supply that bread -jumped to famine price. Just as he had dealt with the malcontents -soldier fashion, so Haldimand now had a law passed forbidding tricks -with the price of wheat. Like Carleton, {312} Haldimand too came down -hard on the land-jobbers, who tried to jockey poor French peasants out -of their farms for bailiff's fees. It may be guessed that Haldimand -was not a popular governor with the English clique. Nevertheless, he -kept sumptuous bachelor quarters at his mansion near Montmorency Falls, -was a prime favorite with the poor and with the soldiers, and sometimes -deigned to take lessons in pickle making and home keeping from the -grand dames of Quebec. In 1786 Carleton comes back as Lord Dorchester. - - -Congress had promised to protect the property of those Royalists who -had fought on the losing side in the American Revolution, but for -reasons beyond the control of Congress, that promise could not be -carried out. It was not Congress but the local governments of each -individual state that controlled property rights. In vain Congress -recommended the States Governments to restore the property confiscated -from the Royalists. The States Governments were in a condition of -chaos, packed by jobbers and land-grabbers and the riffraff that always -infest the beginnings of a nation. Instead of protecting the -Royalists, the States Governments passed laws confiscating more -property and depriving those who had fought for England of even holding -office. It was easy for the tricksters who had got possession of the -loyalists' lands to create a social ostracism that endangered the very -lives of the beaten Royalists, and there set towards Canada the great -emigration of the United Empire Loyalists. To Nova Scotia, to New -Brunswick, to Prince Edward Island, to Ontario, they came from Virginia -and Pennsylvania and New York and Massachusetts and Vermont, in -thousands upon thousands. The story of their sufferings and far -wanderings has never been told and probably never will, for there is -little official record of it; but it can be likened only to the -expulsion of the Acadians multiplied a hundredfold. To the Maritime -Provinces alone came more than thirty thousand people. To the eastern -townships of Quebec, to the regions of Kingston and Niagara and Toronto -in Ontario came some twenty thousand more. It needs no {313} trick of -fancy to call up the scene, and one marvels that neither poet nor -novelist has yet made use of it. Here were fine old Royalist officers -of New York reduced from opulence to penury, from wealth to such -absolute destitution they had neither clothing nor food, nor money to -pay ship's passage away, now crowded with their families, and such -wrecks of household goods as had escaped raid and fire, on some cheap -government transport or fishing schooner bound from New York Harbor to -Halifax or Fundy Bay. Of the thirteen thousand people bound for -Halifax there can scarcely be a family that has not lost brothers or -sons in the war. Family plate, old laces, heirlooms, even the father's -sword in some cases, have long ago been pawned for food. If one finds, -as one does find all through Nova Scotia, fine old mahogany and walnut -furniture brought across by the Loyalists, it is only because walnut -and mahogany were not valued at the time of the Revolution as they are -to-day. And instead of welcome at Halifax, the refugees met with -absolute consternation! What is a town of five thousand people to do -with so many hungry visitants? They are quartered about in churches, -in barracks, in halls knocked up, till they can be sent to farms. And -these are not common immigrants coming fresh from toil in the fields of -Europe; they are gently nurtured men and women, representing the -aristocracy and wealth and conservatism of New York. This explains why -one finds among the prominent families of Nova Scotia the same names as -among the most prominent families of Massachusetts and New York. To -the officers and heads of families the English government granted from -two thousand to five thousand acres each, and to sons and daughters of -Loyalists two hundred acres each, besides 3,000,000 pounds in cash, as -necessity for it arose. - -On the north side of Fundy Bay hardships were even greater, for the -Loyalists landed from their ships on the homeless shores of the -wildwood wilderness. Rude log cabins of thatch roof and plaster walls -were knocked up, and there began round the log cabin that tiny clearing -which was to expand into the farm. The coming of the Loyalists really -peopled both New Brunswick {314} and Prince Edward Island: the former -becoming a separate province in 1784, named after the ruling house of -England; the latter named after the Duke of Kent, who was in command of -the garrison at Charlottetown. - -More strenuous still was the migration of the United Empire Loyalists -from the south. Rich old planters of Virginia and Maryland, who had -had their colored servants by the score, now came with their families -in rude tented wagons, fine chippendales jumbled with heavy mahogany -furnishings, up the old Cumberland army road to the Ohio, and across -from the Ohio to the southern townships of Quebec, to the backwoods of -Niagara and Kingston and Toronto and modern Hamilton, and west as far -as what is now known as London. I have heard descendants of these old -southern Loyalists tell how hopelessly helpless were these planters' -families, used to hundreds of negro servants and now bereft of help in -a backwoods wilderness. It took but a year or so to wear out the fine -laces and pompous ruffles of their aristocratic clothing, and men and -women alike were reduced to the backwoods costume of coon cap, homespun -garments, and Indian moccasins. Often one could witness such anomalies -in their log cabins as gilt mirrors and spindly glass cabinets ranged -in the same apartment as stove and cooking utensils. If the health of -the father failed or the war had left him crippled, there was nothing -for it but for the mother to take the helm; and many a Canadian can -trace lineage back to a United Empire Loyalist woman who planted the -first crop by hand with a hoe and reaped the first crop by hand with a -sickle. Sometimes the jovial habits of the planter life came with the -Loyalists to Canada, and winter witnessed a furbishing up of old -flounces and laces to celebrate all-night dance in log houses where -partitions were carpets and tapestries hung up as walls. Sometimes, -too,--at least I have heard descendants of the eastern township people -tell the story,--the jovial habits kept the father tippling and card -playing at the village inn while the lonely mother kept watch and ward -in the cabin of the snow-padded forests. Of necessity the Loyalists -banded together to {315} help one another. There were "sugarings off" -in the maple woods every spring for the year's supply of homemade -sugar,--glorious nights and days in the spring forests with the sap -trickling from the trees to the scooped-out troughs; with the grown-ups -working over the huge kettle where the molasses was being boiled to -sugar; with the young of heart, big and little, gathering round the -huge bonfires at night in the woods for the sport of a taffy pull, with -molasses dripping on sticks and huge wooden spoons taken from the pot. -There were threshings when the neighbors gathered together to help one -another beat out their grain from the straw with a flail. There were -"harvest homes" and "quilting bees" and "loggings" and "barn raisings." -Clothes were homemade. Sugar was homemade. Soap was homemade. And -for years and years the only tea known was made from steeping dry -leaves gathered in the woods; the only coffee made from burnt peas -ground up. Such were the United Empire Loyalists, whose lives some -unheralded poet will yet sing,--not an unfit stock for a nation's -empire builders. - - -At the same time that the Loyalists came to Canada, came Joseph -Brant,--Thayendanegea, the Mohawk,--with the remnant of his tribe, who -had fought for the English. To them the government granted some -700,000 acres in Ontario. - -[Illustration: JOSEPH BRANT] - -{316} It is not surprising that the United Empire Loyalists objected to -living under the French laws of the Quebec Act. They had fought for -England against Congress, but they wanted representative government, -and the Constitutional Act was passed in 1791 dividing the country into -Upper and Lower Canada, each to have its own parliament consisting of a -governor, a legislative council appointed by the crown, and an assembly -elected by the people. There was to be no religious test. Naturally -old French laws would prevail in Quebec, English laws in Ontario or -Upper Canada. By this act, too, land known as the Clergy Reserves was -set apart for the Protestant Church. The first parliament in Quebec -met in the bishop's palace in December of 1792; the first parliament of -Ontario in Newark or Niagara in September of the same year, the most of -the newly elected members coming by canoe and dugout, and, as the -Indian summer of that autumn proved hot, holding many of the sessions -in shirt sleeves out under the trees, Lieutenant Governor Simcoe -reporting that the electors seem to have favored "men of the lower -order, who kept but one table and ate with their servants." The -earliest sessions of the Ontario House were marked by acts to remove -the capital from the boundary across to Toronto, and to legalize -marriages by Protestant clergymen other than of the English church. It -is amusing to read how Governor Simcoe regarded the marriage bill as an -opening of the flood gates to {317} republicanism; but for all their -shirt sleeves, the legislators enjoyed themselves and danced till -morning in Navy Hall, the Governor's residence, "Mad Tom Talbot," the -Governor's aid-de-camp, losing his heart to the fine eyes of Brant's -Indian niece, daughter of Sir William Johnson of the old Lake George -battle. - -[Illustration: LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR SIMCOE] - -Down at Quebec things were managed with more pomp, and no social event -was complete without the presence of the Duke of Kent, military -commandant, now living in Haldimand's old house at Montmorency. Nova -Scotia had held parliaments since 1758, when Halifax elected her first -members. - -Besides the United Empire Loyalists, other settlers were coming to -Canada. The Earl of Selkirk, a patriotic young Scotch nobleman, had -arranged for the removal of evicted Highlanders to Prince Edward Island -in 1803 and to Baldoon on Lake St. Clair. Then "Mad Tom Talbot," -Governor Simcoe's aid, descendant of the Talbots of Castle Malahide and -boon comrade of the young soldier who became the Duke of Wellington, -becomes so enamored of wilderness life that he gives up his career in -Europe, gains grant of lands between London and Port Dover, and lays -foundations of settlements in western Ontario, spite of the fact he -remains a bachelor. The man who had danced at royalty's balls and -drunk deep of pleasure at the beck of princes now lived in a log house -of three rooms, laughed at difficulties, "baked his own bread, milked -his own cows, made his own butter, washed his own clothes, ironed his -own linen," and taught colonists who bought his lands "how to do -without the rotten refuse of Manchester warehouses,"--the term he -applied to the broadcloth of the newcomer. - - -Under the French regime, Canada had consisted of a string of fur posts -isolated in a wilderness. It will be noticed that it now consisted of -five distinct provinces of nation builders. - - - - -{318} - -CHAPTER XIV - -FROM 1812 TO 1820 - -Hearne surrenders--Cook on the west coast--Vancouver on -Pacific--Discovery of Mackenzie River--Across to the Pacific--A smash -in bad rapids--Down Fraser River--Cause of war--The Chesapeake -outrage--War declared--Hull surrenders at Detroit--The fight round -Niagara--Soldiers exchange jokes across gorge--The traverse at -Queenston--The surrender at Queenston--1813 A dark year--Raid on -Ogdensburg--Attack on Toronto--Toronto burned--Vincent's soldiers at -Burlington Bay--Ill hap of all the generals--Laura Secord's -heroism--Campaign in the west--Moraviantown Disaster--Chrysler's -farm--De Salaberry's buglers--The charge at Chippewa--Final action at -Lundy's Lane--Great heroism on both sides--Assault at Fort Erie--End of -futile war - - -While Canada waged war for her national existence against her border -neighbors to the south, as in the days of the bushrovers' raids of old, -afar in the west, in the burnt-wood, iron-rock region of Lake Superior, -on the lonely wind-swept prairies, at the foothills where each night's -sunset etched the long shadows of the mountain peaks in somber replica -across the plains, in the forested solitude of the tumultuous Rockies -was the ragged vanguard of empire blazing a path through the -wilderness, voyageur and burnt-wood runner, trapper, and explorer, -pushing across the hinterlands of earth's ends from prairie to -mountains, and mountains to sea. - - -It was but as a side clap of the great American Revolution that the -last French cannon were pointed against the English forts on Hudson -Bay. When France sided with the American colonies a fleet of French -frigates was dispatched under the great Admiral La Perouse against the -fur posts of the English Company. One sleepy August afternoon in 1782, -when Samuel Hearne, governor of Fort Churchill, was sorting furs in the -courtyard, gates wide open, cannon unloaded, guards dispersed, the fort -was electrified by the sudden apparition of three men-of-war, sails -full blown, sides bristling with cannon, plowing over the waves -straight for the harbor gate. French colors fluttered from the -masthead. Sails rattled down. Anchors were cast, and in a few minutes -small boats were out sounding the channel for position to attack the -fort. Hearne had barely forty men, and the most of them were -decrepits, unfit for the hunting field. As sunset merged into the long -white light of northern midnight, four hundred French mariners landed -on the sands outside Churchill. {319} Hearne had no alternative. He -surrendered without a blow. The fort was looted of furs, the Indians -driven out, and a futile attempt made to blow up the massive walls. -Hearne and the other officers were carried off captives. Matonabbee, -the famous Indian guide, came back from the hunt to find the wooden -structures of Churchill in flame. He had thought the English were -invulnerable, and his pagan pride could not brook the shame of such -ignominious defeat. Withdrawing outside the shattered walls, -Matonabbee blew his brains out. A few days later Port Nelson, to the -south, had suffered like fate. The English officers were released by -La Perouse on reaching Europe. As for the fur company servants, they -waited only till the French sails had disappeared over the sea. Then -they came from hiding and rebuilt the burnt forts. Such was the last -act in the great drama of contest between France and England for -supremacy in the north. - - -For two hundred years explorers had been trying to find a northern -passage between Europe and Asia by way of America, from east to west. -Now that Canada has fallen into English hands; now, too, that the -Russian sea-otter hunters are coasting down the west side of America -towards that region which Drake discovered long ago in California, -England suddenly awakens to a passion for discovery of that mythical -Northwest Passage. Instead of seeking from east to west she sought -from west to east, and sent her navigator round the world to search for -opening along the west coast of America. To carry out the exploration -there was selected as commander that young officer, James Cook, who -helped to sound the St. Lawrence for Wolfe, and had since been cruising -the South Seas. On his ships, the _Resolution_ and the _Discovery_, -was a young man whose name was to become a household word in America, -Vancouver, a midshipman. - -March of 1778 the _Resolution_ and _Discovery_ come rolling over the -long swell of the sheeny Pacific towards Drake's land of New Albion, -California. Suddenly, one morning, the dim sky line resolved into the -clear-cut edges of high land, but by night such a roaring hurricane had -burst on the ships as drove them {320} far out from land, too far to -see the opening of Juan de Fuca, leading in from Vancouver Island, -though Cook called the cape there "Flattery," because he had hoped for -an opening and been deluded. Clearer weather found Cook abreast a -coast of sheer mountains with snowy summits jagging through the clouds -in tent peaks. A narrow entrance opened into a two-horned cove. Small -boats towed the ships in amid a flotilla of Indian dugouts whose -occupants chanted weird welcome to the echo of the surrounding hills. -Women and children were in the canoes. That signified peace. The -ships were moored to trees, and the white men went ashore in that -harbor to become famous as the rendezvous of Pacific fur traders, -Nootka Sound, on the sea side of Vancouver Island. - -[Illustration: CAPTAIN COOK] - -Presently the waters were literally swarming with Indian canoes, and in -a few days Cook's crews had received thousands of dollars' worth of -sea-otter skins for such worthless baubles as tin mirrors and brass -rings and bits of red calico. This was the beginning of the fur trade -in sea otter with Americans and English. Some of the naked savages -were observed wearing metal ornaments of European make. Cook did not -think of the Russian fur traders to the north, but easily persuaded -himself these objects had come from the English fur traders of Hudson -Bay, and so inferred there _must_ be a Northeast Passage. By April, -Cook's ships were once more afloat, {321} gliding among the sylvan -channels of countless wooded islands up past Sitka harbor, where the -Russians later built their fort, round westward beneath the towering -opal dome of Mount St. Elias, which Bering had named, to the waters -bordering Alaska; but, as the world knows, though the ships penetrated -up the channels of many roily waters, they found no open passage. Cook -comes down to the Sandwich Islands, New Year of 1779. There the vices -of his white crew arouse the enmity of the pagan savages. In a riot -over the theft of a rowboat, Cook and a few men are surrounded by an -enraged mob. By some mistake the white sailors rowing out from shore -fire on the mob surrounding Cook. Instantly a dagger rips under Cook's -shoulder blade. In another second Cook and his men are literally -hacked to pieces. All night the conch shells of the savages blow their -war challenge through the darkness and the signal fires dance on the -mountains. By dint of persuasion and threats the white men compel the -natives to restore the mangled remains of the commander. Sunday, -February 21, amid a silence as of death over the waters, the body of -the dead explorer is committed to the deep. - -[Illustration: FORT CHURCHILL, AS IT WAS IN 1777] - -[Illustration: TOTEM POLES, BRITISH COLUMBIA] - - -The chance discovery of the sea-otter trade by Cook's crew at Nootka -brings hosts of English and American adventurers to the Pacific Coast -of Canada. There is Meares, the English officer from China, who builds -a rabbit hutch of a barracks at Nootka and almost involves England and -Spain in war because the Spaniards, having discovered this region -before Cook, knock the log barracks into kindling wood and forcibly -seize an English trading ship. There is Robert Gray, the Boston -trader, who pushes the prow of his little ship, _Columbia_, up a -spacious harbor south of Juan de Fuca in May of 1792 and discovers -Columbia River, so giving the United States flag prior claim here. -There is George Vancouver, the English commander, sent out by his -government in 1791-1793 to receive Nootka formally back from the -Spaniards of California and to explore every inlet from Vancouver -Island to Alaska. As luck would have it, Vancouver, the Englishman, -and Gray, the American, are both hovering off {322} the mouth of the -Columbia in April of 1792, but a gale drives the ships offshore, though -turgid water plainly indicates the mouth of a great river somewhere -near. Vancouver goes on up north. Gray, the American, comes back, and -so Vancouver misses discovering the one great river that remains -unmapped in America. Up Puget Sound, named after his lieutenant, up -Fuca Straits, round Vancouver Island, past all those inlets like seas -on the mainland of British Columbia, coasts Vancouver, rounding south -again to Nootka in August. In Nootka lie the Spanish frigates from -California, bristling with cannon, the red and yellow flag blowing to -the wind above the palisaded fort. In solemn parade, with Maquinna, -the Nootka chief, clad in a state of nature, as guest of the festive -board, Don Quadra, the Spanish officer, dines and wines Vancouver; but -when it comes to business, that is another matter! Vancouver -understands that Spain is to surrender _all_ sovereignty north of San -Francisco. Don Quadra, with pompous bow, maintains that the -international agreement was to surrender rights only north of Juan de -Fuca, leaving the rest of the northwest coast free to all nations for -trade. Incidentally, it may be mentioned, Don Quadra was right, but -the two commanders agree to send home to their respective governments -for {323} instructions. Meanwhile Robert Gray, the American, comes -rolling into port with news he has discovered Columbia River. -Vancouver is skeptical and chagrined. Having failed to discover the -river, he goes down coast to explore it. It may be added, he sends his -men higher up the river than Gray has gone, and has England's flag of -possession as solemnly planted as though Robert Gray had never entered -Columbia's waters. The next two years Vancouver spends exploring every -nook and inlet from Columbia River to Lynn Canal. Once and for all and -forever he disproves the myth of a Northeast Passage. His work was -negative, but it established English rights where America's claims -ceased and Russia's began, namely between Columbia River and Sitka, or -in what is now known as British Columbia. - -[Illustration: CAPTAIN GEORGE VANCOUVER] - -[Illustration: NOOTKA SOUND (From an engraving in Vancouver's journal)] - -As the beaver had lured French bushrovers from the St. Lawrence to the -Rockies, so the sea otter led the way to the exploration of the Pacific -Coast. Artist's brush and novelist's pen have drawn all the romance -and the glamour and the adventure of the beaver hunter's life, but the -sea-otter hunter's life is {324} almost an untold tale. Pacific Coast -Indians were employed by the white traders for this wildest of hunting. -The sea otter is like neither otter nor beaver, though possessing -habits akin to both. In size, when full-grown, it is about the length -of a man. Its pelt has the ebony shimmer of seal tipped with silver. -Cradled on the waves, sleeping on their backs in the sea, playful as -kittens, the sea otters only come ashore when driven by fierce gales; -but they must come above to breathe, for the wave wash of storm would -smother them. Their favorite sleeping grounds used to be the kelp beds -of the Alaskan Islands. Storm or calm, to the kelp beds rode the -Indian hunters in their boats of oiled skin light as paper. If heavy -surf ran, concealing sight and sound, the hunters stood along shore -shouting through the surf and waiting for the wave wash to carry in the -dead body; if the sea were calm, the hunters circled in bands of twenty -or thirty, spearing the sea otter as it came up to breathe; but the -best hunting was when hurricane gales churned sea and air to spray. -Then the sea otter came to the kelp beds in herds, and through the -storm over the wave-dashed reefs, like very spirits of the storm -incarnate, rushed the hunters, spear in hand. It is not surprising -that the sea-otter hunters perished by tens of thousands every year, or -that the sea otter dwindled from a yield of 100,000 a year to a paltry -200 of the present day. - - -Meanwhile Nor'west traders from Montreal and Quebec, English traders -from Hudson Bay, have gone up the Saskatchewan far as the Athabasca and -the Rockies. What lies beyond? Whither runs this great river from -Athabasca Lake? Whence comes the great river from the mountains? Will -the river that flows north or the river that comes from the west, -either of them lead to the Pacific Coast, where Cook's crews found -wealth of sea otter? The lure of the Unknown is the lure of the siren. -First you possess it, then it possesses you! Cooped up in his fort on -Lake Athabasca, Alexander MacKenzie, the Nor'wester, begins wondering -about those rivers, but you can't ask business men to bank on the -Unknown, to write blank checks for profits on what {325} you may not -find. And the Nor'westers were all stern business men. For every -penny's outlay they exacted from their wintering partners and clerks -not ten but a hundredfold. And Alexander MacKenzie received no -encouragement from his company to explore these unknown rivers. The -project got possession of his mind. Sometimes he would pace the little -log barracks of Fort Chippewyan from sunset to day dawn, trying to work -out a way to explore those rivers; or, sitting before the huge hearth -place, he would dream and dream till, as he wrote his cousin Roderick, -"I did not know what I was doing or where I was." Finally he induced -his cousin to take charge of the fort for a summer. Then, assuming all -risk and outlay, he set out on his own responsibility June 3, 1789, to -follow the Great River down to the Arctic Ocean. "English Chief," who -often went down to Hudson Bay for the rival company, went as -MacKenzie's guide, and there were also in the canoes two or three white -men, some Indians as paddlers, and squaws to cook and make moccasins. - -[Illustration: FORT CHIPPEWYAN, ATHABASCA LAKE (From a recent -photograph)] - -{326} The canoes passed Peace River pouring down from the mountains; -then six dangerous rapids, where many a Nor'west voyageur had perished, -one of MacKenzie's canoes going smash over the falls with a squaw, who -swam ashore; then rampart shores came, broader and higher than the St. -Lawrence or the Hudson, the boats skimming ahead with blankets hoisted -for sails through foggy days and nights of driving rain. Cramped and -rain-soaked, bailing water from the canoes with huge sponges, the -Indians began to whine that the way was "hard, white man, hard." Then -the river lost itself in a huge lagoon, Slave Lake, named after -defeated Indians who had taken refuge here; and the question was, which -way to go through the fog across the marshy lake! Poking through -rushes high as a man, MacKenzie found a current, and, hoisting a sail -on his fishing pole, raced out to the river again on a hissing tide. -Here lived the Dog Rib Indians, and they frightened MacKenzie's men -cold with grewsome tales of horrors ahead, of terrible waterfalls, of a -land of famine and hostile tribes. The effect was instant. MacKenzie -could not obtain a guide till "English Chief" hoisted a Slave Lake -Indian into the canoe on a paddle handle. Though MacKenzie himself -nightly slept with the vermin-infested guide to prevent desertion, the -fellow escaped one night during the confusion of a thunder-storm. -Again a chance hunter was forcibly put into the canoe as guide; and the -explorer pushed on for another month. North of Bear Lake, Indian -warriors were seen flourishing weapons along shore, and MacKenzie's men -began to remark that the land was barren of game. If they became -winter bound, they would perish. MacKenzie promised his men if he did -not find the sea within seven days, he would turn back. Suddenly the -men lost track of day, for they had come to the region of long light. -The river had widened to swamp lands. Between the 13th and 14th of -July the men asleep on the sand were awakened by a flood of water -lapping in on their baggage. What did it mean? For a minute they did -not realize. Then they knew. It was the tide. They had found the -sea. Hilarious as boys, they jumped from bed to man their canoes and -chase whales. - -{327} September 12, all sails up before a driving wind, the canoes -raced across Athabasca Lake to the fort landing, Roderick, his nephew, -shouting a welcome. MacKenzie had laid one of the two ghosts that -haunted his peace. Now he must lay the other. Where did Peace River -come from? His achievement on MacKenzie River had been greeted by the -other Nor'west partners with a snub. Nevertheless MacKenzie asked for -leave of absence that he might go to London and study the taking of -astronomic observations in order to explore that other river flowing -from the mountains; and in London, though poor and obscure, he heard -all about Cook's voyages and Meare's brush with the Spaniards at -Nootka, and plans for Captain Vancouver to make a final exploration of -the Pacific Coast. Hurrying back to the Nor'wester's fort on Peace -River, he was beset by the blue devils of despondency. What if Peace -River did _not_ lead to the Pacific Ocean at all? What if he were -behind some other discoverer? What if the venture proved a fool's trip -leading to a blind nowhere? He was only a junior partner and could ill -afford either money or time for failure. - -[Illustration: ALEXANDER MACKENZIE] - -Nevertheless, when the furs have been dispatched for Montreal, -MacKenzie launches out on May 9 of 1793 with a thirty-foot birch canoe, -six voyageurs, and Alexander Mackay as lieutenant, for the hinterland -beyond the Rockies. This time the going was _against_ stream,--hard -paddling, but safer than with a {328} swift current in a river with -dangerous rapids. Ten days later the river has become a canyon of -tumbling cascades, the mountains sheer wall on each side, with snowy -peaks jagging up through the clouds. To portage baggage up such cliffs -was impossible. Yet it was equally impossible to go on up the canyon, -and MacKenzie's men became so terrified they refused to land. Jumping -to foothold on the wall, a towrope in one hand, an ax in the other, -MacKenzie cut steps in the cliff, then signaled above the roar of the -rapids for the men to follow. They stripped themselves to swim if they -missed footing, and obeyed, trembling in every limb. The towrope was -warped round trees and the loaded canoe tracked up the cascade. At the -end of that portage the men flatly refused to go on. MacKenzie ignored -the mutiny and ordered the best of provisions spread for a feast. -While the crew rested, he climbed the face of a rocky cliff to -reconnoiter. As far as eye could see were cataracts walled by mighty -precipices. The canoe could not be tracked up such waters. Mackay, -who had gone prospecting a portage, reported that it would be nine -miles over the mountain. MacKenzie did not tell his men what was ahead -of them, but he led the way up the steep mountain, cutting trees to -form an outer railing, and up this trail the canoe was hauled, towline -round trees, the men swearing and sweating and blowing like whales. -Three miles was the record that day, the voyageurs throwing themselves -down to sleep at five in the afternoon, wrapped in their blanket coats -lying close to the glacier edges. Three days it took to cross this -mountain, and the end of the third day found them at the foot of -another mountain. Here the river forked. MacKenzie followed the south -branch, or what is now known as the Parsnip. Often at night the men -would be startled by rocketing echoes like musketry firing, and they -would spring to their feet to keep guard with backs to trees till -morning; but presently they learned the cause of the pistol-shot -reports. They were now on the Uplands among the eternal snows. The -sharp splittings, the far boomings, the dull breaking thuds were frost -cornices of overhanging snow crashing down in avalanches that swept the -mountain slopes clear of forests. - -{329} - -[Illustration: CAUSE OF A PORTAGE] - -A short portage from the Parsnip over a low ridge to a lake, and the -canoe is launched on a stream flowing on the far side of the Divide, -Bad River, a branch of the Fraser, though MacKenzie mistakes it for an -upper tributary of the great river discovered by Gray, the Columbia. -Then, before they realize it, comes the danger of going _with_ the -current on a river with rapids. The stream sweeps to a torrent, mad -and unbridled. The canoe is as a chip in a maelstrom, the precipices -racing past in a blur, the Indians hanging frantically to the gunnels, -bawling aloud in fear, the terrified voyageurs reaching, . . . -grasping, . . . snatching at trees overhanging from the banks. The -next instant a rock has banged through bottom, tearing away the stern. -The canoe reels in a swirl. Bang goes a rock through the bow. The -birch bark flattens like a shingle. Another swirl, and, to the -amazement of all, instead of the death that had seemed impending, -smashed canoe, baggage, and voyageurs are dumped on the shallows of a -sandy reach. One can guess the gasp of relief that went up. Nobody -uttered a word for some {330} time. One voyageur, who had grasped at a -branch and been hoisted bodily from the canoe, now came limping to the -disconsolate group, and had stumbled with lighted pipe in teeth across -the powder that had been spread out to dry, when a terrific yell of -warning brought him to his senses, and relieved the tension. MacKenzie -spread out a treat for the men and sent them to gather bark for a fresh -canoe. Other adventures on Bad River need not be given. This one was -typical. The record was but two miles a day; and now there was no -turning back. The difficulties behind were as great as any that could -be before. June 15 Bad River led them westward into the Fraser, but -somewhere in the canyon between modern Quesnel and Alexandria the way -became impassable. Besides, the river was leading too far south. -MacKenzie struck up Blackwater River to the west. _Caching_ canoe and -provisions on July 4, he marched overland. The Pacific was reached on -July 22, 1793, near Bella Coola. By September, after perils too -numerous to be told, MacKenzie was back at his fur post on Peace River. -As his discoveries on this trip blazed the way to new hunting ground -for his company, they brought both honor and wealth to MacKenzie. He -was knighted by the English King for his explorations, and he retired -to an estate in Scotland, where he died about 1820. - - -Meanwhile, Napoleon has sold Louisiana to the United States. The -American explorers, Lewis and Clark, have crossed from the Missouri to -the Columbia; and now John Jacob Astor, the great fur merchant of New -York, in 1811 sends his fur traders overland to build a fort at the -mouth of Columbia River. The Northwest Company in frantic haste -dispatches explorers to follow up MacKenzie's work and take possession -of the Pacific fur trade before Astor's men can reach the field. It -becomes a race for the Pacific. - -[Illustration: SIMON FRASER] - -Simon Fraser is sent in 1806 to build posts west of the Rockies in New -Caledonia, and to follow that unknown river which MacKenzie mistook for -the Columbia, on down to the sea. Two years he passed building the -posts, that exist to this {331} day as Fraser planned them: Fort -MacLeod at the head of Parsnip River, on a little lake set like an -emerald among the mountains; Fort St. James on Stuart Lake, a reach of -sheeny green waters like the Trossachs, dotted with islands and -ensconced in mountains; Fraser Fort on another lake southward; Fort St. -George on the main Fraser River. Then, in May of 1808, with four -canoes Fraser descends the river named after him, accompanied by Stuart -and Quesnel and nineteen voyageurs. This was the river where the -rapids had turned MacKenzie back, canyon after canyon tumultuous with -the black whirlpools and roaring like a tempest. Before essaying the -worst runs of the cascades Fraser ordered a canoe lightened at the prow -and manned by the five best voyageurs. It shot down the current like a -stone from a catapult. "She flew from one danger to another," relates -Fraser, who was watching the canoe from the bank, "till the current -drove her on a rock. The men disembarked, and we had to plunge our -daggers into the bank to keep from sliding into the river as we went -down to their aid, our lives hanging on a thread." Like MacKenzie, -Fraser was compelled to abandon canoes. Each with a pack of eighty -pounds, the voyageurs set out on foot down that steep gorge where the -traveler to-day can see the trail along the side of the precipice like -basket work between Lilloet and Thompson River. In Fraser's day was no -{332} trail, only here and there bridges of trembling twig ladders -across chasms; and over these swinging footholds the marchers had to -carry their packs, the river rolling below, deep and ominous and -treacherous. At Spuzzum the river turned from the south straight west. -Fraser knew it was not the Columbia. His men named it after himself. -Forty days was Fraser going from St. George to tide water. Early in -August he was back at his fur posts of New Caledonia. - -[Illustration: ASTORIA IN 1813] - -Yet another explorer did the Nor'westers send to take possession of the -region beyond the mountains. David Thompson had been surveying the -bounds between the United States and what is now Manitoba, when he was -ordered to explore the Rockies in the region of the modern Banff. Up -on Canoe River, Thompson and his men build canoes to descend the -Columbia. Following the Big Bend, they go down the rolling milky tide -past Upper and Lower Arrow Lakes, a region of mountains sheer on each -side as walls, with wisps of mist marking the cloud line. Then a -circular sweep westward through what is now Washington, pausing at -Snake River to erect formal claim of possession for England, then a -riffle on the current, a {333} smell of the sea, and at 1 P.M. on July -15, 1811, Thompson glides within view of a little raw new fort, -Astoria. In the race to the Pacific the Americans have gained the -ground at the mouth of the Columbia just two months before Thompson -came. In Astor's fort Thompson finds old friends of the Northwest -Company hired over by Astor. - -[Illustration: MAP OF THE WEST COAST, SHOWING THE OGDEN AND ROSS -EXPLORATIONS] - - -After war has broken out in open flame it is easy to ascribe the cause -to this, that, or the other act, which put the match to the -combustibles; but the real reason usually lies far behind the one act -of explosion, in an accumulation of ill feeling that provided the -combustibles. - -So it was in the fratricidal war of 1812 between Canada and the United -States. The war was criminal folly, as useless as it was unnecessary. -What caused it? What accumulated the ill feeling lying ready like -combustibles for the match? Let us see. - - -The United Empire Loyalists have, by 1812, increased to some 100,000 of -Canada's population, cherishing bitter memories of ruin and -confiscation and persecution because Congress failed to carry out the -pledge guaranteeing protection to the losing side in the Revolution. -Then, because Congress failed to carry out _her_ guarantee, England -delayed turning over the western fur posts to the United States for -almost ten years; and whether true or false, the suspicion became an -open charge that the hostility of the Indians to American frontiersmen -was fomented by the British fur trader. - -Here, then, was cause for rankling anger on both sides, and the -bitterness was unwittingly increased by England's policy. It was hard -for the mother country to realize that the raw new nation of the United -States, child of her very flesh and blood, kindred in thought and -speech, was a power to be reckoned with, on even ground, looking on the -level, eye to eye; and not just a bumptious, underling nation, like a -boy at the hobbledehoy age, to be hectored and chaffed and bullied and -badgered and licked into shape, as a sort of protectorate appended to -English interests. - -I once asked an Englishman why the English press was so virulently -hostile to one of the most brilliant of her rising men. - -"Oh," he answered, "you must be English to understand that. We never -think it hurts a boy to be well ragged when he 's at school." - -Something of that spirit was in England's attitude to the new nation of -the United States. England was hard pressed in life-and-death struggle -with Napoleon. To recruit both army and navy, conscription was rigidly -and ruthlessly enforced. Yet more! England claimed the right to -impress British-born subjects in foreign ports, to seize deserters in -either foreign ports or on foreign ships, and, most obnoxious of all, -to search neutral vessels on the ocean highway for deserters from the -British flag. It was an era of great brutality in military discipline. -Desertions were frequent. Also thousands of immigrants were flocking -to the new nation of the United States and taking out naturalization -papers. England ignored these naturalization papers when taken out by -deserters. - -Let us see how the thing worked out. A passenger vessel is coming up -New York harbor. An English frigate with cannon pointed swings across -the course, signals the American vessel on American waters to slow up, -sends a young lieutenant with some marines across to the American -vessel, searches her from stem to stern, or compels the American -captain to read the roster of the crew, forcibly seizes half a dozen of -the American crew as British deserters, and departs, leaving the -Americans gasping with wonder whether they are a free nation or a tail -to the kite of English designs. It need not be explained that the -offense was often aggravated by the swaggering insolence of the young -officers. They considered the fury of the unprepared American crew a -prime joke. In vain the government at Washington complained to the -government at Westminster. England pigeonholed the complaint and went -serenely on her way, searching American vessels from Canada to Brazil. - -Or an English vessel has come to Hampton Roads to wood and water. An -English officer thinks he recognizes among the {335} American crews men -who have deserted from English vessels. Three men defy arrest and show -their naturalization papers. High words follow, broken heads and -broken canes, and the English crew are glad to escape the mob by rowing -out to their own vessel. - -Is it surprising that the ill feeling on both sides accumulated till -there lacked only the match to cause an explosion? The explosion came -in 1807. H. M. S. _Leopard_, cruising off Norfolk in June, encounters -the United States ship _Chesapeake_. At 3 P.M. the English ship edges -down on the American, loaded to the water line with lumber, and signals -a messenger will be sent across. The young English lieutenant going -aboard the _Chesapeake_ shows written orders from Admiral Berkeley of -Halifax, commanding a search of the _Chesapeake_ for six deserters. He -is very courteous and pleasant about the disagreeable business: the -orders are explicit; he must obey his admiral. The American commander -is equally courteous. He regrets that he must refuse to obey an -English admiral's orders, but his own government has given _most_ -explicit orders that American vessels must _not_ be searched. The -young Englishman returns with serious face. The ships were within -pistol shot of each other, the men on the English decks all at their -guns, the Americans off guard, lounging on the lumber piles. Quick as -flash a cannon shot rips across the _Chesapeake's_ bows, followed by a -broadside, and another, and yet another, that riddle the American decks -to kindling wood before the astonished officers can collect their -senses. Six seamen are dead and twenty-three wounded when the -_Chesapeake_ strikes her colors to surrender; but the _Leopard_ does -not want a captive. She sends her lieutenant back, who musters the -four hundred American seamen, picks out four men as British deserters, -learns that another deserter has been killed and a sixth has jumped -overboard rather than be retaken, takes his prisoners back to the -_Leopard_, which proceeds to Halifax, where they are tried by -court-martial and shot. - -It isn't exactly surprising that the episode literally set the United -States on fire with rage, and that the American President {336} at once -ordered all American ports closed to British war vessels. The quarrel -dragged on between the two governments for five years. England saw at -once that she had gone too far and violated international law. She -repudiated Admiral Berkeley's order, offered to apologize and pension -the heirs of the victims; but _as she would not repudiate either the -right of impressment or the right of search_, the American government -refused to receive the apology. - -[Illustration: GENERAL SIR JAMES HENRY CRAIG, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF -CANADA, 1807-1811] - -Other causes fanned the flame of war. The United States was now almost -the only nation neutral in Napoleon's wars. To cripple English -commerce, Napoleon forbids neutral nations trading at English ports. -By way of retaliation England forbids neutral nations trading with -French ports; and the United States strikes back by closing American -ports to both nations. It means blue ruin to American trade, but the -United States cannot permit herself to be ground between the upper and -nether millstones of two hostile European powers. Then, sharp as a -gamester playing his trump card, Napoleon revokes his embargo in 1810, -which leaves England the offender against the United States. Then -Governor Craig of Canada commits an error that must have delighted the -heart of Napoleon, who always profited by his enemy's blunders. Well -meaning, but {337} fatally ill and easily alarmed, Craig sends one John -Henry from Montreal in 1809 as spy to the United States for the double -purpose of sounding public opinion on the subject of war, and of -putting any Federalists in favor of withdrawing from the Union in touch -with British authorities. Craig goes home to England to die. Henry -fails to collect reward for his ignoble services, turns traitor, and -sells the entire correspondence to the war party in the United States -for $10,000. That spy business adds fuel to fire. Then there are -other quarrels. A deserter from the American army is found teaching -school near Cornwall in Canada. He is driven out of the little -backwoods schoolhouse, pricked across the field with bayonets, out of -the children's view, and shot on Canadian soil by American soldiers, an -outrage almost the same in spirit as the British crew's outrage on the -_Chesapeake_. Also, in spite of apologies, the war ships clash again. -The English sloop _Little Belt_ is cruising off Cape Henry in May of -1811, looking for a French privateer, when a sail appears over the sea. -The _Little Belt_ pursues till she sights the commodore's blue flag of -the United States frigate _President_, then she turns about; but by -this time the _President_ has turned the tables on the little sloop, -and is pursuing to find out what the former's conduct meant. Darkness -settles over the two ships beating about the wind. - -"What sloop is that?" shouts an officer through a speaking trumpet from -the American's decks. - -"What ship is _that_?" bawls back a voice through the darkness from the -little Englander. - -Then, before any one can tell who fired first (in fact, each accuses -the other of firing first), the cannon are pouring hot shot into each -other's hulls till thirty men have fallen on the decks of the _Little -Belt_. Apologies follow, of course, and explanations; but that does -not remedy the ill. In fact, when nations and people want to quarrel, -they can always find a cause. War is declared in June of 1812 by -Congress. It is war against England; but that means war against -Canada, though there are not forty-five hundred soldiers from Halifax -to Lake Huron. As for {338} the American forces, they muster an army -of some one hundred and fifty thousand; but their generals complain -they are "an untrained mob"; and events justified the complaints. - - -There is nothing for Canada to do but stand up to the war of England's -making and fight for hearth and home. Canada on the defensive, there -is nothing for the States to do but invade; and the American generals -don't relish the task with their "untrained mob." - -[Illustration: WILLIAM HULL] - -Upper Canada or Ontario has not four hundred soldiers from Kingston to -Detroit River; but Major General Isaac Brock calls for volunteers. The -clang of arms, of drill, of target practice, resounds in every hamlet -through Canada. At Kingston, at Toronto, at Fort George (Niagara), at -Erie where Niagara River comes from the lake, at Amherstburg, southeast -of Detroit, are stationed garrisons to repel invasion, with hastily -erected cannon and mortar commanding approach from the American side. -And invasion comes soon enough. The declaration of war became known in -Canada about the 20th of June. By July 3 General Hull of Michigan is -at Detroit with two thousand five hundred men preparing to sweep -western Ontario. July 3 an English schooner captures Hull's provision -boat coming up Detroit River, but Hull crosses with his army on July 12 -to Sandwich, opposite Detroit, and issues proclamation calling on the -people to throw off the yoke of English rule. How such an invitation -fell on United Empire Loyalist ears may be guessed. Meanwhile comes -word that the Northwest {339} Company's voyageurs, with four hundred -Indians, have captured Michilimackinac without a blow. The fall of -Michilimackinac, the failure of the Canadians to rally to his flag, the -loss of his provision boat, dampen Hull's ardor so that on August 8 he -moves back with his troops to Detroit. Eight days later comes Brock -from Niagara with five hundred Loyalists and one thousand Indians under -the great chief Tecumseh to join Procter's garrison of six hundred at -Amherstburg. The Canadians have come by open boat up Lake Erie from -Niagara through furious rains; but they are fighting for their homes, -and with eager enthusiasm follow Brock on up Detroit River to Sandwich, -opposite the American fort. Indians come by night and lie in ambush -south of Detroit to protect the Canadians while they cross the river. -Then the cannon on the Canadian side begin a humming of bombs overhead. -While the bombs play over the stream at Sandwich, Brock rushes thirteen -hundred men across the river south of Detroit, and before midday of -August 16 is marching his men through the woods to assault the fort, -when he is met by an officer carrying out the white flag of surrender. -While Brock was crossing the river, something had happened inside the -fort at Detroit. It was one of those curious cases of blind panic when -only the iron grip of a strong man can hold demoralized forces in hand. -The American officers had sat down to breakfast in the mess room at day -dawn, when a bomb plunged through the roof killing four on the spot and -spattering the walls with the blood of the mangled bodies. Disgraceful -stories are told of Hull's conduct. Ashy with fright and trembling, he -dashed from the room, and, before the other officers knew what he was -about, had offered to surrender his army, twenty-five hundred arms, -thirty-three cannon, an armed brig, and the whole state of Michigan. -The case is probably more an example of nervous hysterics than treason, -though the other American officers broke their swords with rage and -chagrin, declaring they had been sold for a price. It was but the -first of the many times the lesson was taught in this war, that however -well intentioned a volunteer's courage may be, it takes a seasoned man -to make war. {340} Ten minutes later, a boy had climbed the flagstaff -and hung out the English flag over Detroit. Of the captured American -army Brock permitted the volunteer privates to go home on parole. The -regulars, including Hull, were carried back prisoners on the boats to -Niagara, to be forwarded to Montreal. At Montreal, Hull was given back -to the Americans in exchange for thirty British prisoners. He was -sentenced by court-martial to be shot for treason and cowardice, but -the sentence was commuted. - -[Illustration: MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE MILITARY OPERATIONS ON -THE DETROIT RIVER] - - -At Niagara River, where the main troops of Ontario were centered, -Brock's victory was greeted with simply a madness of joy. From the -first it had been plain that the principal fighting in Ontario would -take place at Niagara, and along the river Brock had concentrated some -sixteen hundred volunteer troops, {341} raw farm hands most of them, -with a goodly proportion of descendants from the United Empire -Loyalists, who had furbished out their fathers' swords. But the army -was in rags and tatters; many men had no shoes; before Brock captured -the guns at Detroit there had not been muskets to go round the men, and -there were not cannon enough to mount the batteries cast up along -Niagara River facing the American defenses. As the boats came down -Lake Erie and disembarked the American prisoners on August 24, at Fort -Erie on the Canadian side, opposite Black Rock and Buffalo, wild yells -of jubilation rent the air. By nightfall every camp on the Canadian -side for the whole forty miles of Niagara River's course echoed to -shout and counter shout, and a wild refrain which some poet of the -haversack had composed on the spot: - - We 'll subdue the mighty Democrats and pull their dwellings down, - And have the States inhabited with subjects of the Crown. - - -Take a survey of the Niagara region. South is Lake Erie, north is Lake -Ontario, between them Niagara River flowing almost straight north -through a steep dark gorge hewn out of the solid rock by the living -waters of all the Upper Lakes, crushed and cramped, carving a turbulent -way through this narrow canyon. Midway in the river's course the blue -waters begin to race. The race becomes a dizzy madness of blurred, -whirling, raging waters. Then there is the leap, the plunge, the -shattering anger of inland seas hurling their strength over the sheer -precipice in resistless force. Then the foaming whirlpool below, and -the shadowy gorge, and the undercurrent eddying away in the -swift-flowing waters of the river coming out on Lake Ontario. On one -side are the Canadian forts, on the other the American, slab-walled all -of them, with scarcely a stone foundation except in bastions used as -powder magazines. Fort Erie on the Canadian side faces Buffalo and -Black Rock on the American side. Where the old French voyageurs used -to portage past the Falls, about halfway on the Canadian side south of -the precipice, is the village of Chippewa. Here Brock has stationed -{342} a garrison with cannon. Then halfway between the Falls and Lake -Ontario are high cliffs known as Queenston Heights, in plain view of -the American town of Lewiston on the other side. Cannon line the river -cliffs on both sides here. All about Lewiston the fields are literally -white with the tents of General Van Rensselaer's army, now grown from -twenty-five hundred to almost eight thousand. On the Canadian side -cannon had been mounted on the cliffs known as Queenston Heights. -Possibly because the two hundred men would make poor showing in -tents, Brock has his soldiers here take quarters in the farmhouses. -For the rest it is such a rural scene as one may witness any -midsummer,--rolling yellow wheat fields surrounded by the zigzag rail -fences, with square farmhouses of stone and the fields invariably -backed by the uncleared bush land. Six miles farther down the river, -where the waters join Lake Ontario, is the English post, Fort George, -near the old capital, Newark, and just opposite the American fort of -Niagara. With the exception of the Grand Island region on the river, -it may be said that both armies are in full view of each other. -Sometimes, when to the tramp--tramp--tramp of the sentry's {343} tread -a loud "All's well" echoes across the river from Lewiston to the -Canadian side, some wag at Queenston will take up the cry through the -dark and bawl back, "All's well here too"; and all night long the two -sentries bawl back and forward to each other through the dark. -Sometimes, too, though strictest orders are issued against such ruffian -warfare by both Van Rensselaer and Brock, the sentries chance shots at -each other through the dark. Drums beat reveille at four in the -morning, and the rub-a-dub-dub of Queenston Heights is echoed by -rat-tat-too of Lewiston, though river mist hides the armies from each -other in the morning. Iron baskets filled with oiled bark are used as -telegraph signals, and one may guess how, when the light flared up of a -night on the Canadian heights, scouts carried word to the officers on -the American side. One may guess, too, the effect on Van Rensselaer's -big untrained army, when, with the sun aglint on scarlet uniform, they -saw their fellow-countrymen of Detroit marched prisoners between -British lines along the heights of Queenston opposite Lewiston. Rage, -depression, shame, knew no bounds; and the army was unable to vent -anger in heroic attack, for England had repealed her embargo laws, and -when Brock came back from Detroit he found that an armistice had been -arranged, and both sides had been ordered to suspend hostilities till -instructions came from the governments. The truce, it may be added, -was only an excuse to enable both sides to complete preparations for -the war. In a few weeks ball and bomb were again singing their shrill -songs in mid-air. - -[Illustration: MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE MILITARY OPERATIONS ON -THE NIAGARA FRONTIER] - -Brock's victory demoralized the rabble under the American Van -Rensselaer. Desertions increased daily, and discipline was so -notoriously bad Van Rensselaer and his staff dared not punish desertion -for fear of the army--as one of them put it--"falling to pieces." Van -Rensselaer saw that he must strike, and strike at once, and strike -successfully, or he would not have any army left at all. Two thousand -Pennsylvanians had joined him; and on October 9, at one in the morning, -Lieutenant Elliott led one hundred men with muffled paddles from the -American side to two Canadian ships lying anchored off Fort Erie. One -was the {344} brig captured from Hull at Detroit, the other a sloop -belonging to the Northwest Fur Company, loaded with peltries. Before -the British were well awake, Elliott had boarded decks, captured the -fur ship with forty prisoners, and was turning her guns on the other -ship when Port Erie suddenly awakened with a belch of cannon shot. The -Americans cut the cables and drifted on the captured ship downstream. -The fur ship was worked safely over to the American side, where it was -welcomed with wild cheers. The brig was set on fire and abandoned. - -Van Rensselaer decided to take advantage of the elated spirit among the -troops and invade Canada at once. - -Over on the Canadian side, Brock, at Fort George, wanted to offer an -exchange of Detroit prisoners for the voyageurs on the captured fur -ship, and Evans was ordered to paddle across to Lewiston with the -offer, white handkerchief fluttering as a flag of truce. Evans could -not mistake the signs as he landed on the American shore. Sentries -dashed down to stop his advance at bayonet point. He was denied speech -with Van Rensselaer and refused admittance to the American camp; and -the reason was plain. A score of boats, capable of holding thirty men -each, lay moored at the Lewiston shore. Along the rain-soaked road -behind the shore floundered and marched troops, fresh troops joining -Van Rensselaer's camp. It was dark before Evans returned to Queenston -Heights and close on midnight when he reached Major General Brock at -Fort George. Brock thought Evans over anxious, and both went to bed, -or at least threw themselves down on a mattress to sleep. At two -o'clock they were awakened by a sound which could not be mistaken,--the -thunderous booming of a furious cannonade from Queenston Heights. -Brock realized that the two hundred Canadians on the cliff must be -repelling an invasion, but he was suspicious that the attack from -Lewiston was a feint to draw off attention from Fort Niagara opposite -Fort George, and he did not at once order troops to the aid of -Queenston Heights. - -[Illustration: GENERAL BROCK] - -Evans' predictions of invasion were only too true. After one attempt -to cross the gorge, which was balked by storm, Van {345} Rensselaer -finally got his troops down to the water's edge about midnight of -October 12-13. The night was dark, moonless, rainy,--a wind which -mingled with the roar of the river drowning all sound of marching -troops. Three hundred men embarked on the first passage of the boats -across the swift river, the poor old pilot literally groaning aloud in -terror. Three of the boats were carried beyond the landing on the -Canadian side, and had to come back through the dark to get their -bearings; but the rest, led by Van Rensselaer, had safely landed on the -Canadian side, when the batteries of Queenston Heights flashed to life -in sheets of fire, lighting up the dark tide of the river gorge and -sinking half a dozen boat loads of men now coming on a second traverse. -Instantly Lewiston's cannon pealed furious answer to the Canadian fire, -and in the sheet-lightning flame of the flaring batteries thousands -could be seen on the American shore watching the conflict. As the -Americans landed they hugged the rock cliff for shelter, but the -mortality on the crossing boats was terrible; and each passage carried -back quota of wounded. Van Rensselaer was shot in the thigh almost as -he landed, but still he held his men in hand. A second shot pierced -the same side. A third struck his knee. Six wounds he received in as -many seconds; and he was carried back in the boats to the Lewiston -side. Then began a mad scramble through the darkness {346} up a -fisherman's path steep as trail of mountain goat, sheer against the -face of the cliff. When day dawned misty and gray over the black tide -of the rolling river, the Canadian batterymen of Queenston Heights were -astounded to see American sharp-shooters mustered on the cliff behind -and above them. A quick rush, and the Canadian batterymen were driven -from their ground, the Canadian cannon silenced, and while wild -shoutings of triumph rose from the spectators at Lewiston, the American -boats continued to pour soldiers across the river. - -It was at this stage Brock came riding from Fort George so spattered -with mud from head to heel he was not recognized by the soldiers. One -glance was enough. The Canadians had lost the day. Sending messengers -to bid General Sheaffe hurry the troops from Fort George, and other -runners to bring up the troops from Chippewa behind the Americans on -Queenston Heights, Brock charged up the hill amid shriek of bombs and -clatter of sharpshooters. He had dismounted and was scrambling over a -stone wall. "Follow me, boys!" he shouted to the British grenadiers; -then at the foot of the hill, waving his sword: "Now take a breath; you -will need it! Come on! come on!" and he led the rush of two hundred -men in scarlet coats to dislodge the Americans. A shot pierced his -wrist. "Push on, York volunteers," he shouted. His portly figure in -scarlet uniform was easy mark for the sharpshooters hidden in the brush -of Queenston Heights. One stepped deliberately out and took aim. -Though a dozen Canadian muskets flashed answer, Brock fell, shot -through the breast, dying with the words on his lips, "My fall must not -be noticed to stop the victory." Major Macdonnell led in the charge up -the hill, but the next moment his horse plunged frantically, and he -reeled from the saddle fatally wounded. For a second time the British -were repulsed, and the Americans had won the Heights, if not the day. - -[Illustration: BROCK MONUMENT, QUEENSTON HEIGHTS] - -The invaders were resting on their arms, snatching a breakfast of -biscuit and cheese about midday, when General Sheaffe arrived from Fort -George with troops breathless from running. A heart-shattering huzza -from the village warned the Americans {347} that help had come, and -they were to arms in a second; but Sheaffe had swept round the Heights, -Indians on one side of the hill, soldiers on the other, and came on the -surprised Americans as from the rear. There was a wild whoop, a dash -up the hill, a pause to fire, when the air was splinted by nine hundred -instantaneous shots. Then through the smoke the British rushed the -Heights at bayonet point. For three hours the contest raged in full -sight of Lewiston, a hand-to-hand butchery between Sheaffe's fresh -fighters and the Americans, who had been on their feet since midnight. -Indian tomahawk played its part, but it is a question if the scalping -knife did as deadly work as the grenadier's long bayonets. Cooped up -between the enemy and the precipice, the American sharpshooters waited -for the help that never came. In vain Van Rensselaer's officers prayed -and swore and pleaded with the volunteer troops on the Lewiston side. -The men flatly refused to cross; for boat loads of mangled bodies were -brought back at each passage. Discipline fell to pieces. It was the -old story of volunteers, brave enough at a spurt, going to pieces in -panic under hard and continued strain. Driven from Queenston Heights, -the invaders fought their way down the cliff path by inches to the -water side, and there . . . there were no boats! Pulling off his white -necktie, an officer held it up on the point of his sword as signal of -surrender. It was one of the most {348} gallant fights on both sides -in Canadian history, though officers over on the Lewiston shore were -crying like boys at the sight of nine hundred Americans surrendering. - -Truce was then arranged for the burial of the dead. The bodies of -Brock and Macdonnell were laid on a gun wagon and conveyed between -lines of sorrowing soldiers, with arms reversed, to the burial place -outside Fort George. As the regimental music rang out the last march -of the two dead officers, minute guns were fired in sympathy all along -the American shore. "He would have done as much for us," said the -American officers of the gallant Brock. - -Van Rensselaer at once resigns. "Proclamation" Smyth, whose addresses -resemble Fourth of July backwoods orations, succeeds as commander of -the American army; but "Proclamation" Smyth makes such a mess of a raid -on Fort Erie, retreating with a haste suggestive of Hull at Detroit, -that he is mobbed when he returns to the United States shore. But what -the United States lose by land, they retrieve by sea. England's best -ships are engaged in the great European war. From June to December, -United States vessels sweep the sea; but this is more a story of the -English navy than of Canada. The year of 1812 closes with the cruisers -of Lake Ontario chasing each other through many a wild snowstorm. - - -As the year 1812 proved one of jubilant victory for Canada, so 1813 was -to be one of black despair. With the exception of four brilliant -victories wrested in the very teeth of defeat, the year passes down to -history as one of the darkest in the annals of the country. The -population of the United States at this time was something over seven -millions, and it was not to be thought for one moment that a nation of -this strength would remain beaten off the field by the little province -of Ontario (Upper Canada), whose population numbered barely ninety -thousand. General Harrison hurries north from the Wabash with from six -to eight thousand men to retrieve the defeat of Detroit. At Presqu' -Isle, on Lake Erie, hammer and mallet and {349} forging iron are heard -all winter preparing the fleet for Commodore Perry that is to command -Lake Erie and the Upper Lakes for the Americans. At Sackett's Harbor -similar preparations are under way on a fleet for Chauncey to sweep the -English from Lake Ontario; and all along both sides of the St. -Lawrence, as winter hedged the waters with ice, lurk scouts,--the -Americans, for the most part, uniformed in blue, the Canadians in -Lincoln green with gold braid,--watching chance for raid and counter -raid during the winter nights. The story of these thrilling raids will -probably pass into the shadowy realm of legend handed down from father -to son, for few of them have been embodied in the official reports. - -From being hard pressed on the defensive, Canada has suddenly sprung -into the position of jubilant victor, and if Brock had lived, she would -probably have followed up her victories by aggressive invasion of the -enemy's territory; but all effort was literally paralyzed by the -timidity and vacillation of the governor general, Sir George Prevost. -Prevost's one idea seems to have been that as soon as the obnoxious -embargo laws were revoked by England, the war would stop. When the -embargo was revoked and the armistice of midsummer simply terminated in -a resumption of war, this idea seems to have been succeeded by the -single aim to hold off conclusions with the United States till England -could beat Napoleon and come to the rescue. All winter long scouts and -bold spirits among the volunteers craved the chance to raid the -anchored fleets of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, but Prevost not only -forbade the invasion of the enemy's territory, but before the year was -out actually advocated the abandonment of Ontario. If his advice had -been followed, it is no idle supposition to infer that the fate of -Ontario would have been the same as the destiny of the Ohio and -Michigan. - - -One night in February the sentry at the village of Brockville, named -after the dead hero, was surprised by two hundred American raiders -dashing up from the frozen river bed. Before bugles could sound to -arms, jails had been opened, stores looted, houses {350} plundered, and -the raiders were off and well away with fifty-two prisoners and a dozen -sleigh loads of provisions. Gathering some five hundred men together -from the Kingston region, M'Donnell and Jenkins of the Glengarrys -prepared to be revenged. Cannon were hauled out on the river from the -little village of Prescott to cross the ice to Ogdensburg. The river -here is almost two miles wide, and as it was the 23d of February, the -ice had become rotten from the sun glare of the coming spring. As the -cannon were drawn to mid-river, though it was seven in the morning, the -ice began to heave and crack with dire warning. To hesitate was death; -to go back as dangerous as to go forward. With a whoop the men broke -from quick march to a run, unsheathing musket and fixing bayonet blades -as they dashed ahead to be met with a withering cross fire as they came -within range of the American batteries. In places, the suck of the -water told where the ice had given behind. Then bullets were peppering -the river bed in a rain of fire, Jenkins and M'Donnell to the fore, -waving their swords. Then bombs began to ricochet over the ice. If -the range of the Ogdensburg cannon had been longer, the whole Canadian -force might have been sunk in mid-river; but the men were already -dashing up the American shore whooping like fiends incarnate. First a -grapeshot caught Jenkins' left arm, and it hung in bloody splinters. -Then a second shot took off his right arm. Still he dashed forward, -cheering his men, till he dropped in his tracks, faint from loss of -blood. No answer came back to the summons to surrender, and, taking -possession of an outer battery, the Canadians turned its cannon full on -the village. Under cover of the battery fire, and their own cannon now -in position, the whole force of Canadians immediately rushed the town -at bayonet point. Now the bayonet in a solid phalanx of five hundred -men is not a pleasant weapon to stand up against. As the drill -sergeants order, you not only stick the bayonet _into_ your enemy, but -you turn it round "to let the air in" so he will die; and before the -furious onslaught of bayonets, the defenders of Ogdensburg broke, and -fled for the woods. Within an hour the {351} Canadians had burnt the -barracks, set fire to two schooners iced up, and come off with loot of -a dozen cannon, stores of all sorts, and with prisoners to the number -of seventy-four. - - -[Illustration: YORK (TORONTO) HARBOR] - -The ice had left Lake Ontario early this year, and by mid-April -Commander Chauncey slipped out of Sackett's Harbor with sixteen -vessels, having on board seventeen hundred troops, besides the crews. -It will be remembered that the capital of Ontario had been moved from -Niagara (Newark) to York (Toronto) on the north side of Lake Ontario, -then a thriving village of one thousand souls on the inner shore of -Humber Bay. On the sand reef known as the Island, in front of the -harbor, had been constructed a battery with cannon. The main village -lay east of the present city hall. Westward less than a mile was -Government House, on the site of the present residence. Between -Government House and the village was not a house of any sort, only a -wood road flanking the lake, and badly cut up by ravines. Just west of -Government House, and close to the water, was a blockhouse or tower -used as powder magazine, mounted with cannon to command the landing -from the lake. Some accounts speak of yet another little outer battery -or earthwork farther {352} westward. North of the Government House -road, or what is now King Street, were dense woods. General Sheaffe, -who had succeeded Brock at Queenston Heights, chanced to be in Toronto -in April with some six hundred men. Just where the snug quarters of -the Toronto Hunt Club now stand you may look out through the green -foliage of the woods fringing the high cliffs of Lake Ontario, and -there lies before your view the pure sky-blue surface of an inland sea -washing in waves like a tide to the watery edge of the far sky line. -Early in the morning of April 27 a forest ranger, dressed in the -customary Lincoln green, was patrolling the forested edge of -Scarborough Heights above the lake. The trees had not yet leafed out, -but were in that vernal state when the branches between earth and sky -take on the appearance of an aerial network just budding to light and -color; and in the ravines still lay patches of the winter snow. The -morning was hazy, warm, odoriferous of coming summer, with not a breath -of wind stirring the water. As the sun came up over the lake long -lines of fire shot through the water haze. Suddenly the scout paused -on his parade. Something was advancing shoreward through the mist, -advancing in a circling line like the ranks of wild birds flying north, -with a lap--lap--lap of water drip and a rap--rap--rap of rowlocks from -a multitude of sweeps. The next instant the forest rang to a musket -shot, for the scout had discovered Commodore Chauncey's fleet of -sixteen vessels being towed forward by rowers through a dead calm. The -musket shot was heard by another scout nearer the fort. The signal was -repeated by another shot, and another for the whole twelve miles, till -General Sheaffe, sitting smoking a cigar in Government House, sprang to -his feet and rushed out, followed by his officers, to scan the harbor -of Humber Bay from the tops of the fort bastions. Sure enough! there -was the fleet, led by Chauncey's frigate with twenty-four cannon poking -from its sides, a string of rowboats in tow behind to land the army, -coming straight across the harbor over water calm as silk. It has been -told how the fleet made the mistake of passing beyond the landing, but -the chances are the mistake was intentional {353} for the purpose of -avoiding the cannon of the fort bastions. At all events the report may -be believed that the most of Toronto people forgot to go back to -breakfast that morning. A moment later officers were on top of the -bastion towers, directing battery-men to take range for their cannon. -A battalion variously given as from fifty to one hundred, along with -some Indians, was at once dispatched westward to ambush the Americans -landing. Another division was posted at the battery beyond Government -House. Sheaffe saw plainly from the number of men on deck that he was -outnumbered four to one, and the flag on the commodore's boat probably -told him that General Dearborn, the commander in chief, was himself on -board to direct the land forces. Sheaffe has been bitterly blamed for -two things,--for not invading Niagara after the victory on Queenston -Heights, and for his conduct at Toronto. He now withdrew the main -forces to a ravine east of the fort, plainly preparatory for retreat. -Not thus would Brock have acted. - -Meanwhile time has worn on to nine o'clock. The American ships have -anchored. The Canadian cannon are sending the bombs skipping across -the water. The rowboats are transferring the army from the schooners, -and the ambushed sharpshooters are picking the bluecoats off as they -step from ships to boats. - -"By the powers!" yells Forsyth, an American officer, "I can't stand -seeing this any longer. Come on, boys! jump into our boats!" and he -bids the bugles blow till the echoes are dancing over Humber waters. -Dearborn and Chauncey stay on board. Pike leads the landing, and -Chauncey's cannon set such grape and canister flying through the woods -as clear out those ambushed shooters, the Indians flying like scared -partridges, and the advance is made along Government House road at -quick march. Just west of the Government House battery the marchers -halt to send forward demand for surrender. Firing on both sides -ceases. The smoke clears from the churned-up waters of the bay, and -Commander Pike has seated himself on an old cannon, when, before answer -can come back to the demand, a frightful accident occurs that upsets -all plans. Waiting for the signal {354} to begin firing again, a -batteryman in the near bastion was holding the lighted fuse in his -right hand, ready for the cannon, when something distracted his -attention, and he wheeled with the lighted match behind him. It -touched a box of explosives. If any proof were needed that the tragedy -was _not_ designed, it is to be found in the fact that English officers -were still on the roof of the blockhouse, and the apartment below -crowded with Canadians. A roar shook the earth. A cloud of black -flame shot into mid-air, and the next minute the ground for half a mile -about was strewn with the remains, mangled to a pulp, of more than -three hundred men, ninety of whom were Canadians, two hundred and sixty -Americans, including Brigadier Pike fatally wounded by a rock striking -his head. In the horror of the next few moments, defense was -forgotten. Wheelbarrows, trucks, gun wagons, were hurried forward to -carry wounded and dead to the hospital. Leaving his officers to -arrange the terms of surrender, at 2 P.M. Sheaffe retreated at quick -march for Kingston, pausing only to set fire to a half-built ship and -some naval stores. Lying on a stretcher on Chauncey's ship, Pike is -roused from unconsciousness by loud huzzas. - -"What is it?" he asks. - -"They are running up the stars and stripes, sir." - -A smile passed over Pike's face. When the surgeon looked again, the -commander was dead. For twenty-four hours the haggle went on as to -terms of capitulation. Within that time, two or three things occurred -to inflame the invading troops. They learned that Sheaffe had slipped -away; as the American general's report put it, "They got the shell, but -the kernel of the nut got away." They learned that stores had been -destroyed after the surrender had been granted. Without more -restraint, and in defiance of orders, the American troops gave -themselves up to plunder all that night. In their rummaging through -the Parliament buildings they found hanging above the Speaker's chair -what Canadian records declare was a _wig_, what American reports say -was a _human scalp_ sent in by some ranger from the west. From what I -have read in the private papers of fur traders {355} in that period -regarding international scalping, I am inclined to think that wig may -have been an American scalp. Certainly, the fur traders of -Michilimackinac wrapped no excuses round their savagery when the canoes -all over the coasts of Lake Superior, in lieu of flags, had American -scalps flaunting from their prows. At all events, word went out that -an American scalp had been found above the Speaker's chair. It was -night. The troops were drunk with success and perhaps with the plunder -of the wine shops. All that night and all the next day and night the -skies were alight with the flames of Toronto's public buildings on -fire. Also, the army chest with ten thousand dollars in gold, which -Sheaffe had forgotten, was dug up on pain of the whole town being fired -unless the money were delivered. Private houses were untouched. -Looted provisions which the fleet cannot carry away, Chauncey orders -distributed among the poor. Then, leaving some four hundred prisoners -on parole not to serve again during the war, Chauncey sails away for -Niagara. - - -It is a month later. Down at Fort George on the Canadian side General -Vincent knows well what has happened at Toronto and is on the lookout -for the enemy's fleet. On the American side of the Niagara River, from -Lake Ontario to Lake Erie, are seven thousand troops eager to wipe out -the stain of last year's defeat. On the Canadian side, from Fort -George to Chippewa and Erie, are twenty-three hundred men, mostly -volunteers from surrounding farms, and powder is scarce and provisions -are scarce, for Chauncey's fleet has cut off help from St. Lawrence and -Kingston way. All the last two weeks of May, heavy hot fog lay on the -lake and on the river between the hostile lines, but there was no -mistaking what Chauncey's fleet was about. Red-hot shot showers on -Fort George in a perfect rain. Standing on the other side of the river -are thousands of spectators, among them one grand old swashbuckler -fellow in a cocked hat, whose fighting days are past, taking snuff -after the fashion of a former generation and wearing an air of grand -patronage to the American troops because _he_ has seen service in -Europe. - -{356} "No, sir," says the grand old fighting cock pompously to his -auditors, "can't be done! Have seen it tried on the Continent, and you -can't do it! Lay a wager you can't do it! Can't possibly set fire to -a fort by red-hot shot!" - -Then at night time, when the lurid glare of flame lights up the foggy -darkness, the old gentleman is put to his trumps. "See!" they say; -"Fort George _is_ on fire"; and over at Fort George the bucket brigade -works hard as the cannoneers. But the fog is too good a chance to be -missed by Chauncey; rowing out with muffled oars all the nights of May -24 and 25, he has his men sounding . . . sounding . . . sounding in -silence the channel, right within pistol shot of Fort George. The -night of the 26th troops and marines are bidden breakfast at two in the -morning, and be ready for action with a single blanket and rations for -one day. That is all they are told. They embark at four. The waters -are dead calm, the morning of the 27th gray as wool with fog. Sweeps -out Chauncey's fleet, circles up to Fort George with one hundred scows -in tow, carrying fifty soldiers each. Vincent takes his courage in his -teeth and gathers his one thousand men inside the walls. Then the -cannon of the frigates split fog and air and earth, and, under cover of -the fire, the scows gain the land by 9 A.M. First, Vincent's -sharpshooters sally from the fort and fire; then they fire from the -walls; then they overturn guns, retreat from the walls, throw what -powder they cannot carry into the water, and retreat, fighting, behind -stone walls and ditches. The contest of one thousand against six -thousand is hopeless. Vincent sends coureurs riding like the wind to -Chippewa and Queenston and Erie, ordering the Canadians to retire to -the Back Country. By four o'clock in the afternoon Americans are in -possession of the Canadian side from Fort George to Erie. Vincent -retreats at quick march along the lake shore towards what is now -Hamilton. June 1 General Dearborn sends his officers, Chandler and -Winder, in hot pursuit with thirty-five hundred men. - - -Vincent's soldiers have less than ninety rounds of powder to a man. He -has only one thousand men, for the garrisons of {357} Chippewa and -Queenston Heights and Erie have fallen back in a circle to the region -of St. David's. June 5, Vincent's Canadians are in camp at Burlington -Bay. Only seven miles away, at Stony Creek, lies the American army, -out sentries posted at a church, artillery on a height commanding a -field, officers and men asleep in the long grass. Humanly speaking, -nothing could prevent a decisive battle the next day. The two American -officers, Chandler and Winder, sit late into the night, candles alight -over camp stools, mapping out what they think should be the campaign. -It is a hot night,--muggy, with June showers lighted up by an -occasional flash of sheet lightning. Then all candles out, and pitch -darkness, and silence as of a desert! The American army is asleep,--in -the dead sleep of men exhausted from long, hard, swift marching. The -artillerymen on the hillocks, the sentries, the outposts at the -church,--they, too, are sound asleep! - -[Illustration: FITZGIBBONS] - -But the Canadians, too, know that, humanly speaking, nothing can -prevent a decisive battle on the morrow. The stories run--I do not -vouch for their truth, though facts seem to point to some such -explanation--that Harvey, a Canadian officer, had come back to the -American army that night disguised as a Quaker peddling potatoes, and -noted the unguarded condition of the exhausted troops; also that -Fitzgibbons, the famous scout, came through the American lines dressed -as a rustic selling butter. Whether these stories are true or not, or -whether, indeed, the Canadians knew anything about the American camp, -they plucked resolution from desperation. If they waited for the -morrow's battle, they would be beaten. Harvey proposed to Vincent that -seven {358} hundred picked men go back through the dark and raid the -American camp. Vincent left the entire matter to Harvey. Setting out -at 11.30 along what is now Main Street, Hamilton, the Canadians marched -in perfect silence. Harvey had given orders that not a shot should be -fired, not a word spoken, the bayonet alone to be used. By two in the -morning of June 6 the marchers came to the church where the sentries -were posted. Two were stabbed to death before they awakened. The -third was compelled to give the password, then bayoneted in turn. The -Canadian raiders might have come to the very midst of the American army -if it had not been for the jubilant hilarity of some young officers, -who, capturing a cannon, uttered a wild huzza. On the instant, bugles -sounded alarm; drums beat a crazy tattoo, and every man leaped from his -place in the grass, hand on pistol. The next second the blackness of -the night was ablaze with musketry; the soldiers were firing blindly; -officers were shouting orders that nobody heard; troops were dashing -here, there, everywhere, lost in the darkness, the heavy artillery -horses breaking tether ropes and stampeding over the field. Major -Plenderleath with a company of young Canadians suddenly found himself -in the midst of the American camp. One of the young raiders stabbed -seven Americans to death; a brother bayoneted four, and before daylight -betrayed the smallness of their forces the raiders came safely off with -three guns and one hundred prisoners, including the two American -officers, Winder and Chandler. The loss to the British was one hundred -and fifteen killed and wounded; but there would be no battle the next -day. The battle of Stony Creek sent the Americans retreating back down -the lake front to Fort George, harried by the English fleet under Sir -James Yeo from Kingston. A hundred episodes might be related of the -Stony Creek raid. For years it was to be the theme of camp-fire yarns. -For instance, in the flare of musketry fire a Canadian found himself -gazing straight along the blade of an American's bayonet. "Sir, the -password," demanded the American sentry. Luckily the scout, instead of -wearing an English red coat, had on a blue jacket resembling {359} that -of the American marines, and he instantly took his cue. "Rascal," he -thundered back, "what do you mean, off your line? Go back to your -post!" The sentry's bayonet dropped; there was momentary darkness, and -the Canadian literally bolted. Then ludicrous ill luck befell all the -generals. Vincent had accompanied the raiders on horseback. When the -bugles sounded "retire," he gave his horse the bit, and in the pitch -darkness the brute carried him pellmell along the wrong road, over -fences and hayfields, some fifteen miles into the Back Country. Next -day, when Vincent was missing, under flag of truce messengers went to -the retreating American army to find if he were among the dead. At -four in the afternoon his horse came limping into the Canadian camp. -Chandler, the American officer, on awakening had sprung on horseback -and spurred over the field shouting commands. In the darkness his -horse fell and threw him. When Chandler came to himself he was -prisoner among the Canadians. Winder's ill luck was equally bad. By -the flare of the firing he saw what he thought was a group of -artillerymen deserting a gun. Dashing up, he laid about him with his -pistol, shouting, "Come on! come on!" Another flare of fire, and he -found himself surrounded by a circle of Canadian bayonets. "Drop your -pistol, sir, or you are a dead man," ordered a young Canadian, and -Winder surrendered. - - -It will be recalled that the garrisons of Queenston below the Falls, -and Chippewa above, and Erie at the head of the river, had retreated -from the invading Americans to the Back Country now traversed by -Welland Canal. From different posts beyond what was known as the Black -Swamp, these bands of the dispersed Canadian army swooped down on the -American outposts, harrying the whole American line from Lake Ontario -to Lake Erie. Of all the raiders none was more daring than Lieutenant -Fitzgibbons, posted beyond the Beaver Dams, at a stone house near De -Ceu's Falls. Space forbids more than one episode of his raids. Once, -while riding along Lundy's Lane alone, he was recognized by the wife of -a Canadian captain, who dashed from {360} the cottage, warning him to -retreat, as a hundred and fifty Americans had just passed that way. -Standing in front of the roadside inn was the cavalry horse of an -American. Fitzgibbons could n't resist the temptation for a bout with -the foe, and dismounting, was entering the door when a soldier in blue -dashed at him with leveled musket. Naturally not keen to create alarm, -Fitzgibbons knocked the weapon from the man's hand, and without a sound -had thrown him on the ground, when another American rifleman dashed -from behind. Strong as a lion, Fitzgibbons threw the first man -violently against the second, and was holding both at bay beneath his -leveled rifle when one of the downed men snatched the Irishman's sword -from the scabbard. He was in the very act of thrusting the sword point -into Fitzgibbons, when the innkeeper's wife, with a dexterous kick, -sent the weapon whirling out of his hand. Fitzgibbons disarmed the -men, tied them, threw them across his horse, and himself mounting, -galloped to the woods with a laugh, though one hundred and fifty -Americans were within a quarter of a mile. - -The American commanders at Niagara determined to clean out this nest of -raiders from the Back Country, and Lieutenant Boerstler was ordered to -march from Fort George with some six hundred men. Leaving Fort George -secretly at night, Boerstler came to Queenston at eleven on the night -of June 23. Here all Canadian soldiers free on parole were seized, to -prevent word of the attack reaching the Back Country. The troops were -not even permitted to light camp fire or candles. The great secrecy of -the American marchers at once roused suspicion among the Canadians -between Queenston and the village of St. David's that the expedition -was directed against Fitzgibbons' scouts. At his home, between -Queenston and St. David's, dwelt a United Empire Loyalist, James -Secord, recovering from dangerous wounds received in the battle of -Queenston Heights. He was too weak himself to go by night and forewarn -Fitzgibbons, but his wife, Laura Ingersoll, a woman of some thirty -years, was also of the old United Empire Loyalist stock. She -immediately set out alone for the Back Country to warn Fitzgibbons. -{361} Many and contradictory stories are told of her march. Whether -she tramped two nights and two days, or only one night and one day, -whether her march led her twenty or only twelve miles, matters little. -She succeeded in passing the first sentry on the excuse she was going -out to milk a cow, and she eluded a second by telling him she wished to -visit a wounded brother, which was true. Then she struck away from the -beaten path through what was known as the Black Swamp. It had rained -heavily. The cedar woods were soggy with moisture, the swamp swollen, -and the streams running a mill race. Through the summer heat, through -the windfall, over the quaking forest bog, tramped Laura Secord. It -may be supposed that the most of wild animals had been frightened from -the woods by the heavy cannonading for almost a year; but the hoot of -screech owl, the eldritch scream of wild cat, the far howl of the wolf -pack hanging on the trail of the armies for carrion, were not sounds -quieting to the nerves of a frightened woman flitting through the -forest by moonlight. It was clear moonlight when she came within range -of Beaver Dam and De Ceu's house. She had just emerged in an open -field when she was assailed with unearthly yells, and a thousand -ambushed Indians rose from the grass. - -[Illustration: LAURA SECORD] - -"Woman! A woman! What does a white woman here?" demanded the chief, -seizing her arm. She answered that she was a friend and it was matter -of life and death for her to see {362} Fitzgibbons at once. So Laura -Secord delivered her warning and saved the Canadian army. The episode -has gone down to history one of the national legends, like the story of -Madeline Vercheres on the St. Lawrence. Fitzgibbons posts his forty -men in place, and Ducharme, commander of the Indians, scatters his one -thousand redskins in ambush along the trail. Also, word is sent for -two other detachments to come with all speed. - -June 24, at seven in the morning, Boerstler is moving along a narrow -forest trail through the beech woods of Beaver Dams. The men are -advancing single file, mounted infantrymen first with muskets slouched -across saddle pommels, then the heavy wagons, then cavalry to rear. -The timber is heavy, the trail winding. Here the long line deploys out -from the trail to avoid jumping windfall; there halt is made to cut a -way for the wagons; then the long line moves sleepily forward, yellow -sunlight shafted through the green foliage across the riders' blue -uniforms. Suddenly a shot rings out, and another, and another! The -forest is full of unseen foes, before, behind, on all sides, the -cavalry forces breaking rank and dashing forward among the wagons. -Boerstler sees it will be as unsafe to retreat as to go on. Sending -messengers back to Fort George for aid, he pushes forward into an open -wheat field. Fifty-six men have fallen, and the bullets are still -raining from an invisible foe. Looking back he sees mounted men in -green coats passing and repassing across his trail, filing and -refiling. It is a trick of Fitzgibbons to give an impression he has -ten times forty men, but the Americans do not know. There is no -retreat, and Indians are to the fore. In the midst of confusion -Fitzgibbons comes forward with a white handkerchief on his sword point -and begs Boerstler to prevent bloodshed by instant surrender. -Boerstler demands to see the number of his enemies. Fitzgibbons says -he will repeat the request to his commanding officer. Luck is with -Fitzgibbons, for just as he goes back a small party of reenforcements -arrives, and one of its captains acts the part of commanding officer, -telling Boerstler's messenger haughtily that the demand to see the -enemy is an insult, and answer must be given in five minutes {363} or -the Canadians will not be responsible for the Indians. The fight has -lasted three hours. Boerstler surrenders with his entire force. Such -was the battle of Beaver Dams. - -Ever since Brock had captured Detroit in 1812, General Procter, with -twenty-five hundred Canadians, had been holding the western part of -Ontario; and the defeat of the English at Fort George had placed him in -a desperate position. His men had been without pay for months; their -clothes were in tatters, and now, with the Americans in possession of -Niagara region, there was danger of Procter's food supply being cut -off. Procter himself had not been idle these six months. In fact, he -had been too active for the good of his supplies. Space forbids a -detailed account of the raids directed by him and carried out with the -aid of Tecumseh, the great Shawnee chief. January of 1813 saw a -detachment of Procter's men up Raisin River, west of Detroit, where -they defeated General Winchester and captured nearly five hundred -prisoners, to be set free on parole. Harrison, the American general, -is on his way to Lake Erie to rescue Detroit. Procter hastens in May -to meet him with one thousand Canadians and fifteen hundred Indians. -The clash takes place at a barricade known as Fort Meigs on Maumee -River, south of Lake Erie, when again, by the aid of Tecumseh, Procter -captures four hundred and fifty prisoners. It was on this occasion -that the Indians broke from control and tomahawked forty defenseless -American prisoners. August sees Procter raiding Sandusky; but the -Americans refuse to come out and battle, and the axes of the Canadians -are too dull to cut down the ironwood pickets, and when at night -Procter's bugles sound retreat, he has lost nearly one hundred men. At -last, in September, the fleets being built for the Canadians at -Amherstburg and for the Americans at Presqu' Isle are completed. -Whichever side commands Lake Erie will control supplies; and though -Captain Barclay, the Canadian, is short of men, Procter cannot afford -to delay the contest for supremacy any longer. He orders Barclay to -sail out and seek Commodore Perry, the American, for decisive battle. - -{364} On Barclay's boats are only such old land guns as had been -captured from Detroit. His crews consist of lake sailors and a few -soldiers, in all some three hundred and eighty-four men on six vessels. -September 10, at midday, at Put-in-Bay, Barclay finds Perry's fleet of -seven vessels with six hundred and fifty men. For two hours the -furious cannonading could be heard all the way up to Amherstburg. -Space forbids details of the fight so celebrated in the annals of the -American navy. After broadsides that tore hulls clean of masts and -decks, setting sails in flame and the waters seething in mountainous -waves, the two fleets got within pistol shot of each other, and Perry's -superior numbers won. One third of Barclay's officers were killed and -one third of his men. The Canadian fleet on Lake Erie was literally -exterminated before three in the afternoon. - -[Illustration: TWO VIEWS OF THE BATTLE ON LAKE ERIE (From prints -published in 1815)] - -Procter's position was now doubly desperate. He was cut off from -supplies. At a council with the Indians, though Tecumseh, the chief, -was for fighting to the bitter death, it was decided to retreat up the -Thames to Vincent's army near modern {365} Hamilton. All the world -knows the bitter end of that retreat. Procter seems to have been so -sure that General Harrison would not follow, that the Canadian forces -did not even pause to destroy bridges behind them; and behind came -Harrison, hot foot, with four thousand fighters from the Kentucky -backwoods. October first the Canadians had retreated far as Chatham, -provisions and baggage coming in boats or sent ahead on wagons. -Procter's first intimation of the foe's nearness was a breathless -messenger with word the Americans just a few miles behind had captured -the provision boats. Sending on his family and the women with a convoy -of two hundred and fifty soldiers, Procter faced about on the morning -of October the 5th, to give battle. On the left was the river Thames, -on the right a cedar swamp, to rear on the east the Indian mission of -Moraviantown. The troops formed in line across a forest road. Procter -seems to have lost both his heart and his head, for he permitted his -fatigued troops to go into the fight without breakfast. Not a -barricade, not a hurdle, not a log was placed to break the advance of -Harrison's cavalry. The American riders came on like a whirlwind. -Crack went the line of Procter's men in a musketry volley! The horses -plunged, checked up, reared, and were spurred forward. Another volley -from the Canadians! But it was too late. Harrison's fifteen hundred -riders had galloped clean through the Canadian lines, slashing swords -as they dashed past. Now they wheeled and came on the Canadians' rear. -Indians and Canadians scattered to the woods before such fury, like -harried rabbits, poor Tecumseh in the very act of tomahawking an -American colonel when a pistol shot brought him down. The brave Indian -chief was scalped by the white backwoodsmen and skinned and the body -thrown into the woods a prey to wolves. Flushed with victory and -without Harrison's permission, the Kentucky men dashed in and set fire -to Moraviantown, the Indian mission. As for Procter, he had mounted -the fleetest horse to be found, and was riding in mad flight for -Burlington Heights. It is almost a pity he had not fallen in some of -his former heroic raids, for he now became a sorry figure in history, -reprimanded {366} and suspended from the ranks of the army. The only -explanation of Procter's conduct at Moraviantown is that he was anxious -for the safety of his wife and daughters, perhaps needlessly fearing -that the rough backwoodsmen would retaliate on them for the treachery -of the Indians tomahawking American prisoners of war. - -[Illustration: TECUMSEH] - -And it had fared almost as badly with the Canadian fleet on Lake -Ontario. The boats under Sir James Yeo, the young English commander, -were good only for close-range fighting, the boats under Commodore -Chauncey best for long-range firing. All July and August the fleets -maneuvered to catch each other off guard. Between times each raided -the coast of the other for provisions, Chauncey paying a second visit -to Toronto, Yeo swooping down on Sodus Bay. All September the game of -hide and seek went on between the two Ontario squadrons. Sunday night, -the 8th of September, in a gale, two of Chauncey's ships sank, with all -hands but sixteen. Two nights later in a squally wind, by the light of -the moon, two more of his slow sailers, unable to keep up with the rest -of the fleet, were snapped up by the English off Niagara with one -hundred captives. Again, on September 27, at eight in the evening, six -miles off Toronto harbor, Chauncey came up with the English, and the -two fleets poured broadsides into each other. Then Yeo's crippled -brigs limped into Toronto harbor, while Chauncey sailed gayly off to -block all connection with Montreal and help to convoy troops {367} from -Niagara down the St. Lawrence for the master stroke of the year. The -way was now clear for the twofold aim of the American staff,--to starve -out Ontario and concentrate all strength in a signal attack on Montreal. - - -The autumn campaign was without doubt marked by the most comical and -heroic episodes of the war. Wilkinson was to go down the St. Lawrence -from Lake Ontario with eight thousand men to join General Hampton -coming by the way of Lake Champlain with another five thousand men in -united attack against Montreal. November 5 Wilkinson's troops -descended in three hundred flat-boats through the Thousand Islands, now -bleak and leafless and somber in the gray autumn light. It seemed -hardly possible that the few Canadian troops cooped up in Kingston -would dare to pursue such a strong American force, but history is made -up of impossibles. Feeling perfectly secure, Wilkinson's troops -scattered on the river. By November 10, at nine in the morning, half -the Americans had run down the rapids of the Long Sault, and were in -the region of Cornwall, pressing forward to unite with Hampton, where -Chateauguay River came into Lake St. Louis, just above Montreal. The -other half of Wilkinson's army was above the Long Sault, near -Chrysler's Farm. From the outset the rear guard of the advancing -invaders had been harried by Canadian sharpshooters. November 11, -about midday, it was learned that a Canadian battalion of eight hundred -was pressing eagerly on the rear. Chance shots became a rattling -fusillade. Quick as flash the Americans land and wheel face about to -fight, posted behind a stone wall and along a dried gully with -sheltering cliffs at Chrysler's Farm. By 2.30 the foes are shooting at -almost hand-to-hand range. Then, through the powder smoke, the -Canadians break from a march to a run, and charge with all the -dauntless fury of men fighting for hearth and home. Before the line of -flashing bayonets the invaders break and run. Two hundred have fallen -on each side in an action of less than two hours. Then the boats go on -down to the other half of the army at Cornwall, and here is worse -news,--news that sends {368} Wilkinson's army back to the American side -of the St. Lawrence without attempting attack on Montreal. General -Hampton on his way from Lake Champlain has been totally discomfited. - -Finding the way to the St. Lawrence barred by the old raiders' trail of -Richelieu River, Hampton had struck across westward from Lake Champlain -to join Wilkinson on the St. Lawrence, west of Montreal, somewhere near -the road of Chateauguay River. With five thousand infantry and one -hundred and eighty cavalry he has advanced to a ford beyond the fork of -Chateauguay. Uncertain where the blow would be struck, Canada's -governor had necessarily scattered his meager forces. - -[Illustration: DE SALABERRY] - -To oppose advance by the Chateauguay he has sent a young Canadian -officer, De Salaberry, with one hundred and fifty French Canadian -sharp-shooters and one hundred Indians. De Salaberry does not court -defeat by neglecting precautions because he is weak. Windfall is -hurriedly thrown up as barricade along the trail. Where the path -narrows between the river and the bleak forest, De Salaberry has tree -trunks laid spike end towards the foe. At the last moment comes -McDonnell of Brockville with six hundred men, but De Salaberry's three -hundred occupy the front line facing the ford. McDonnell is farther -along the river. By the night of October 25 the American army is close -on the dauntless little band hidden in the forest. On the morning of -the 26th three thousand Americans {369} cross the south bank of the -river, with the design of crossing north again farther down and -swinging round on De Salaberry's rear. At the first shot of the -bluecoats poor De Salaberry's forlorn little band broke in panic fright -and fled, but De Salaberry on the river bank had grabbed his bugle boy -by the scruff of the neck with a grip of iron, and in terms more -forcible than polite bade him "sound--sound--sound _the advance_," till -the forest was filled with flying echoes of bugle calls. McDonnell -behind hears the challenge, and mistaking the cheering call for note of -victory, bids his buglers blow, blow advance, blow and cheer like -devils! The Americans pour shot into the forest. The bugle calls -multiply till the woods seem filled with an advancing army and the -yells split the sky. Also McDonnell has ordered his men to fire -kneeling, so that few of the American shots take effect. The advancing -host became demoralized. At 2.30 they sounded retreat, and it may -truly be said that the battle of Chateauguay was won by De Salaberry's -bugle boy, held to the sticking point, not because he was brave, but -because he could not run away. It is said that Hampton simply would -not believe the truth when told of the numbers by whom he had been -defeated. It is also said that immediately after the victory De -Salaberry fell ill from a bad attack of nerves, brought on by lack of -sleep. However that may be, the Canadian governor, Prevost, did not -suffer from an attack of conscience, for in his report to the English -government he ascribed the victory to his own management and presence -on the field. - - -The year of 1813 closes darkly for both sides. Before withdrawing from -Niagara region the invaders ravage the country and set fire to the -village of Newark, driving four hundred women and children roofless to -December snows. Sir Gordon Drummond, who has just come to command in -Ontario, retaliates swiftly and without mercy. He crosses the Niagara -by night; the fort is carried at bayonet point, three hundred men -captured and three thousand arms taken. Next, Lewiston is burned, then -Black Rock, and on the last day of the year, Buffalo. Down {370} on -the Atlantic Coast both fleets win victories, but the English work the -greater hurt, for they blockade the entire coast south of New York. On -the English squadron are European mercenaries who have been given the -name of Canadian battalions, because their work is to harry the -American coast in order to draw off the American army from Canada. -European mercenaries have been the same the world over,--riffraff -blackguards, guilty of infamous outrages the moment they are out from -under the officers' eye. These were the troops misnamed "Canadians," -whose infamous conduct left a heritage of hate long after the war; but -this is a story of the navy rather than of Canada. - - -The contest has now lasted for almost two years, and both sides are as -far from decisive victory as when war was declared in June of 1812. -Long since the embargo laws of France and England against neutral -nations have been rescinded, and the American coast has suffered more -from the blockade of this war than it ever did from the wars between -France and England. The year 1814 opens with Napoleon defeated and -England pouring aid across the Atlantic into Canada. Wilkinson's big -army hovers inactive round Lake Champlain, and Prevost is afraid to -weaken Montreal by forwarding aid to Drummond at Niagara. The British -fleet blockades Sackett's Harbor, and the American fleet blockades -Kingston. The Canadians raid Oswego on Lake Ontario for provisions. -The Americans raid Port Dover on Lake Erie, leaving the country a -blackened waste and Tom Talbot's Castle Malahide of logs a smoking -ruin, with the determined aim of cutting off all supplies in Ontario. -Drummond sends his troops scouring the country inland from Niagara for -provisions. Military law is established for the seizure of cattle and -grain, but for the latter as high a price is paid as $2.50 a bushel, -and many a pioneer farmer back from York (Toronto) and Burlington -(Hamilton) dates the foundation of his fortune from the famine prices -paid for bread during the War of 1812. - -[Illustration: SIR GORDON DRUMMOND] - -Of course the United States did not purpose leaving the frontier of -Niagara because Drummond had burnt the forts. By {371} May, Major -General Brown had taken command of the United States troops at Buffalo. -The next two months pass, drilling and training, and bringing forward -provisions. July 3, at day dawn, during fog thick as wool on the lake, -five thousand American troops cross to the Canadian side. Fort Erie's -English garrison capitulates on the spot, and the English retreat down -Niagara River towards Chippewa by the Falls. At Chippewa, at -Queenston, at Fort George, in all to guard the Canadian frontier are -only some twenty-eight hundred men. Three fourths of these are kept -doing garrison duty, leaving only seven hundred men free afield. Just -beside Chippewa, a creek some twenty feet wide comes into Niagara -River. The Canadians have destroyed the bridge as they retreat, but -the Americans pursue, and at midnight of the 4th the two armies are -facing each other across the brook, ominous dreadful silence through -the darkness but for the sentry's arms or the lumbering advance of -artillery wagons dragged cautiously near the Canadians. The bridge is -repaired under peppering shot from the British. By four on the -afternoon of the 5th, the Americans have crossed the stream. Their -artillery is in place, and another battalion has forded higher up and -swept round to take the Canadians on the flank. The Canadians must -either flee in such blind panic as Procter displayed at Moraviantown, -or turn and fight. Indians in ambush, reenforcements from Fort George -and Queenston formed in three solid columns, the English wheel to face -the foe. First there is the rattling clatter of musketry fire from -shooters behind in the {372} grass. Then the solid columns break from -a march to a run, and charge with their bayonets. The artillery fire -of the Americans meets the runners in a terrible death blast; but as -the front lines drop, the men behind step in their places till the -armies are not one hundred yards apart. Then another blast from the -heavy guns of the Americans literally tears the Canadian columns to -tatters. As the smoke lifts there are no columns left, only scattered -groups of men retreating across a field strewn thick with the mangled -dead. Out of twelve hundred men, the Canadians have lost five hundred. -The charge of the forlorn twelve hundred at Chippewa against the -artillery of four thousand Americans has been likened to the charge of -the Light Brigade in the Russian War. Though the Canadians were -defeated, their heroic defense had for a few days at least checked the -advance of the invaders. And now the position of the beleaguered -became desperate. At Fort George, at Queenston, and at Burlington -Heights, the men were put on half rations. - -Why did the Americans not advance at once against Queenston and Fort -George? For three weeks they awaited Chauncey's fleet to attack from -the water side, so the army could rush the fort from the land side; but -Chauncey was ill and could not come, and the interval gave the -hard-pressed Canadians their chance. Drummond comes from Kingston with -four hundred fresh men; also he calls on the people to leave their -farms and rally as volunteers to the last desperate fight. This -increased his troops by another thousand, though many of the volunteers -were mere boys, who scarcely knew how to hold a gun. Then, from a -dozen signs, Drummond's practiced eye foresaw that a forward movement -was being planned by the enemy without Chauncey's cooeperation. All the -American baggage was being ordered to rear. False attacks to draw off -observation are made on Fort George outposts. American scouts are seen -reconnoitering the Back Country. Drummond rightly guessed that the -attack was being planned in one of two directions,--by rounding through -the Back Country, either to fall in great numbers on Fort George, or to -cut between the {373} Canadian army of Hamilton region and of Niagara -region, taking both battalions in the rear. From Fort George to -Queenston Canadian troops are posted by Drummond, and where the road -called Lundy's Lane runs from the Falls at right angles to the Back -Country more battalions are ordered on guard against the advance of the -invaders. Fitzgibbons, the famous scout, climbing to a tree on top of -a high hill, sees the Americans, five thousand of them, gray coats, -blue coats, white trousers, moving up from Chippewa towards Lundy's -Lane. Quickly sixteen hundred Canadian troops under General Riall take -possession of a hill fronting Lundy's Lane and the Falls. On the hill -is a little brown church and an old-fashioned graveyard. In the midst -of the graves the Canadian cannon are posted. Round the cemetery runs -a stone wall screened by shrubbery, and on both sides of Lundy's Lane -are endless orchards of cherry and peach and apples, the fruit just -beginning to redden in the summer sun. Whether the enemy aim at Fort -George or Hamilton, the Canadian position on Lundy's Lane must be -passed and captured. As soon as Drummond had Fitzgibbons' report, he -sent messengers galloping for Hercules Scott, who had been ordered to -retreat to the lake, to come back to Lundy's Lane with his twelve -hundred men. It may be imagined that the Americans guessed what -message the horseman, in the slather of foam was bearing back to -Hercules Scott; for they at once attacked the Canadians in Lundy's Lane -with fury, to capture the guns on the hill before Hercules Scott's -reenforcements could come. - -It was now six o'clock in the evening of July 25, a sweltering hot -night, and the troops on both sides were parched for water, though the -roar of whole inland oceans of water could be heard pouring over the -Falls of Niagara. As the Canadians had charged against the American -guns at Chippewa, so now the Americans charged uphill against the guns -of the Canadians, hurling their full strength against the enemy's -center. Creeping under shelter of the cemetery stone walls, the -bluecoats would fire a volley of musketry, jump over the fence, dash -through the smoke, {374} bayonet in hand, to capture the Canadian guns. -Time, time again, the rush was dauntlessly made, and time, time again -met by the withering blast. Before nine o'clock the attacking lines -had lost more than five hundred men, and as many Canadians had fallen -on the hill. The dead and mangled lay literally in heaps. As darkness -deepened, lit only by the wan light of a fitful moon and the awesome -flare of volley after volley, the fearful screams of the dying could be -heard above the roar of the Falls and the whistle of cannon ball. -Riall, the commander of the Canadians, had been wounded and captured. -Of his sixteen hundred Canadians, Drummond had now left only one -thousand, and he was himself bleeding from a deep wound in the neck. -Half the American officers had been carried from the field injured, and -still the command was repeated to rush the hill before Scott's -reenforcements came, and each time the advancing line was driven back -shattered and thinned, Canadians dashing in pursuit, cheering and -whooping, till both armies were so inextricably mixed it was impossible -to hear or heed commands. It was in one of these melees that Riall, -the Canadian, found himself among the American lines and was captured -to the wild and jubilant shouting of the boys in blue and gray. Pause -fell at nine o'clock. The Americans were mustering for the final -terrible rush. The moon had gone behind a cloud, and the darkness was -inky. Then a shout from the Canadian side split the very welkin. -Hercules Scott had arrived with his twelve hundred men on a run, -breathless and tired from a march and countermarch of twenty miles. -The Americans took up the yell; for fresh reserves had joined them, -too, and Lundy's Lane became a bedlam of ear-shattering sounds,--heavy -artillery wagons forcing up the hill at a gallop over dead and dying, -bombs from the Canadian guns exploding in the darkness, horses taking -fright and bolting from their riders, carrying American guns clear -across the lines among the Canadians. A wild yell of triumph told that -the Americans had captured the hill. For the next two hours it was a -hand-to-hand fight in pitchy darkness. Drummond, the Englishman, could -be heard right in the midst of the {375} American lines, shouting, -"Stick to them, men! stick to them! Don't give up! Don't turn! Stick -to them! You 'll have it!" And American officers were found amidst -Canadian battalions, shouting stentorian command: "Level low! Fire at -their flashes! Watch the flash, and fire at their flashes!" - -[Illustration: MONUMENT AT LUNDY'S LANE] - -The Americans have captured the Canadian guns, but in the darkness they -cannot carry them off. Each side thinks the other beaten, and neither -will retreat. In the confusion it is impossible to rally the -battalions, and men are attacking their own side by mistake. Both -sides claim victory, and each is afraid to await what daylight may -reveal; for it is no exaggeration to say that at the battle of Lundy's -Lane the blood of one third of each side dyed the field. The Canadians -as defenders of their own homes, fighting in the last ditch, dare not -retire. The Americans, having more to risk in numbers, withdraw their -troops at two in the morning. Of her twenty-eight hundred men Canada -had lost nine hundred; and the American loss is as great. Too -exhausted to retire, Drummond's men flung themselves on the ground and -slept lying among the dead, heedless alike of the drenching rain that -follows artillery fire, of the roaring cataract, of the groans from the -wounded. Men awakened in the gray dawn to find themselves -unrecognizable from blood and powder smoke, to find, {376} in some -cases, that the comrade whose coat they had shared as pillow lay cold -in death by morning. While Drummond's men bury the dead in heaps and -carry the wounded to Toronto, the invaders have retreated with their -wounded to Fort Erie. - - -It now became the dauntless Drummond's aim to expel the enemy from Fort -Erie. Five days after the battle of Lundy's Lane he had moved his camp -halfway between Chippewa and Fort Erie; but in addition to its garrison -of two thousand, Fort Erie is guarded by three armed schooners lying at -anchor on the lake front. Captain Dobbs of Drummond's forces makes the -first move. At the head of seventy-five men, he deploys far to the -rear of the fort through the woods, carrying five flatboats over the -forest trail eight miles, and on the night of the 12th of August slips -out through the water mist towards the American schooners. - -"Who goes?" challenges the ships' watchman. - -"Provision boats from Buffalo," calls back the Canadian oarsman; and -the rowboats pass round within the shadow of the schooner. A moment -later the American ships are boarded. A trampling on deck calls the -sailors aloft; but Dobbs has mastered two vessels before the fort wakes -to life with a rush to the rescue. - -Delay means almost inevitable loss to Drummond; for Prevost will send -no more reenforcements, and the Americans are daily strengthening Fort -Erie. Bastions of stone have been built. Outer batteries command -approach to the walls, and along the narrow margin between the fort and -the lake earthworks have been thrown up, mounted with cannon elbowing -to the water's edge. Taking advantage of the elation over Dobbs' raid -on the schooners, Drummond plans a night assault on the 15th of August. -Rain had been falling in splashes all day. The fort trenches were -swimming like rivers, and it may be mentioned that Drummond's camp was -swimming too, boding ill for his men's health. One of the foreign -regiments was to lead {377} the assault round by the lake side, while -Drummond and his nephew rushed the bastions. It will be remembered -these foreign regiments of Napoleonic wars were composed of the -offscourings of Europe. The fighters were to depend "on bayonet alone, -giving no quarter." Splashing along the rain-soaked road in silence -and darkness, scaling ladders over shoulders, bayonets in hand, the -foreign troops came to the earthwork elbowing out into the lake. This -was passed by the men wading out in the lake to their chins; but the -noise was overheard by the fort sentry, and a perfect blaze of musketry -shattered the darkness and drove the mercenaries back pellmell, -bellowing with terror. A few of the English and Canadian troops -pressed forward, only to find that they could not reach within ladder -distance of the walls at all, for spiked trees had been placed above -the trenches in a perfect crisscross hurdle of sharpened ends. In old -letters of the period one reads how the trenches were literally heaped -with a jumbled mass of the dead. The other attacking columns fared -almost as badly. One of the bastions had been entered by the cannon -embrasures, Drummond, Junior, shouting to "give no quarter--give no -quarter," when, from the cross firing in the courtyards, the powder -magazine below this bastion was set on fire, and exploded with a -terrific crash, killing the assailants almost to a man. In -all,--killed, wounded, missing,--the assault cost Drummond's army nine -hundred men. September proved a rainy month. Drummond's camp became -almost a marsh, and the health of the troops compelled a move to higher -ground. It was then the Americans sallied out in assault. Neither -side could claim victory, but the skirmish cost each army more than -five hundred men. Sir James Yeo now comes sailing up Lake Ontario with -some of the sixteen thousand troops sent from England. The weather -became unfavorable to movement on either side,--rain and sleet -continuously. Drummond foresaw that the season would compel the -abandonment of Fort Erie, and on November 5, a scout came in with word -that the invaders had crossed to the American side and Fort Erie had -been blown up. - -{378} While Drummond is fighting for the very life of Canada along the -Niagara frontier, the war continues in desultory fashion elsewhere. -Kentucky riflemen raid western Ontario from Detroit to Port Dover. Up -on the lakes is a story of the war that reads like a page from border -raiders. American fur traders destroy Sault Ste. Marie. Canadian fur -traders retaliate by swooping on Mississippi fur posts. Out on the -Pacific Coast an English gunboat has captured John Jacob Astor's fur -post on the Columbia; and now in the fall of 1814 the Northwest Fur -Company of Montreal are conveying from Astor's fort the furs, worth -millions of dollars, in canoes across the Upper Lakes to Ottawa River. -Two armed American schooners, hiding on the north shore of Lake Huron, -lie in wait for the gay raiders of the Northwest Company; but at the -Sault the Nor'west voyageurs get wind of the danger. They, in turn, -hide their canoes in some of the blue coves of the north shore. Then, -stealing out at night, in canoes with muffled paddles, the Nor'westers -come on one schooner while the watch is asleep. They board her, -bayonet the crew, "pinion some of the wounded to the decks," and with -the captured vessel sidle up to the other vessel, and, before she is -aware of the new masters on board, have captured her too. Then, scalps -flaunting at the prows of their canoes, the Nor'west fur traders gayly -go their way. Down at Lake Champlain occurs the great fiasco of the -war,--the blot on Canada's escutcheon. Prevost with ten thousand -reenforcements has been ordered by the English Governor to proceed from -Montreal against the Americans by both water and land. While an -English fleet attacks the Americans, Prevost is to lead the troops -against Plattsburg. But the Canadian fleet meets terrible disaster. -The commander is killed by a rebounding cannon ball just as the action -begins; and twelve of the gunboats manned by the hired foreigners -desert _en masse_. The rest of the fleet is literally destroyed. -Instead of seconding attack by a battle on land, Prevost sits behind -his trenches waiting for the little fleet to win the battle for him; -and when the fleet is defeated, Prevost's courage sinks with the {379} -sinking ships. He gathers up his troops and retreats in a scare of -haste,--such a fright of unseemly, unsoldierly haste that nearly one -thousand of his soldiers desert in sheer disgust. Down at Nova Scotia -are raid and counter-raid too. The British and American fleets wage -fierce war that is not part of Canada's story; but in the contest the -public buildings of Washington are burned in retaliation for the -burning of Newark; and down at New Orleans the English suffer a -crushing defeat. - -Meanwhile the peace commissioners have been at work; and the war that -ought never to have taken place, that settled not one jot of the -dispute which caused it, was closed by the Treaty of Ghent, Christmas -Eve of 1814. All captured forts, all plunder, all prisoners, are to be -restored. Michilimackinac and Fort Niagara and Astoria on the Columbia -go back to the United States; but of "impressment" and "right of -search" and "embargo of neutrals" not a word. The waste of life and -happiness accomplished not a feather's weight unless it were the lesson -of the criminal folly of a war between nations akin in aim and speech -and blood. - - - - -{380} - -CHAPTER XV - -FROM 1812 TO 1846 - -Selkirk's colony--Troubles on passage--Winter on the bay--First winter on -Red River--First conflict--Nor'westers rally to defense--The storm -gathers--The Nor'westers victorious--Selkirk to the rescue--Banditti -warfare in Athabasca--In Athabasca--Robertson escapes--Frobisher's -death--The Pacific empire--Secede from Oregon - - -When Sir Alexander MacKenzie, the discoverer, went home to retire on an -estate in Scotland, he found the young nobleman and philanthropist, Lord -Selkirk, keenly interested in accounts of vast, new, unpeopled lands, -which lay beyond the Great Lakes. A change in the system of farming, -which dispossessed small farmers to turn the tenantries into sheep runs, -had caused terrible poverty in Scotland at this period. Here in Scotland -were people starving for want of land. There in America were lands idle -for lack of people. Selkirk had already sent out some colonists to the -Lake St. Clair region of Ontario and to Prince Edward Island, but what he -heard from MacKenzie turned his attention to the new empire of the -prairie. Then in Montreal, where he had been dined and wined by the -Northwest Company's "Beaver Club," he had heard still more of this vast -new land, of its wealth of furs, of its untimbered fields, where man had -but to put in the plowshare to sow his crop. The one great obstruction -to settlement there would be the claims of the Hudson's Bay Company to -exclusive monopoly of the country; but as Selkirk listened to the -descriptions of the Red River Valley given by Colin Robertson, who had -been dismissed by the Nor'westers, he thought he saw a way of overcoming -all difficulties which the fur traders could put in the way of settlement. - -Owing to competition Hudson's Bay stock had fallen from two hundred and -fifty to fifty pounds sterling a share. On returning to Scotland Lord -Selkirk had begun buying up Hudson's Bay stock in the market, along with -Sir Alexander MacKenzie; but when MacKenzie learned that Selkirk's object -was colonization first, profits second, he broke in violent anger from -the partnership in speculation, and besought William MacGillivray to go -on {381} the open market and buy against Selkirk to defeat the plans for -settlement. What with shares owned by his wife's family of -Colville-Wedderburns, and those he had himself purchased, Selkirk now -owned a controlling interest in the Hudson's Bay Company. - -Early in 1811 the Company deeds to Lord Selkirk the country of Red River -Valley, exceeding in area the British Isles and extending, through the -ignorance of its donors, far south into American territory. Colin -Robertson, the former Nor'wester, who first interested Selkirk in Red -River, has meanwhile been gathering together a party of colonists. Miles -MacDonell, retired from the Glengarry Regiment, has been appointed by -Selkirk governor of the new colony. - -[Illustration: SELKIRK] - -What of the Nor'westers while these projects went forward? Writes -MacGillivray from London, where he has been stirring up enmity to -Selkirk's project, "_Selkirk must be driven to abandon his project at any -cost, for his colony would prove utterly destructive of our fur trade_." -How he purposed doing this will be seen. Writes Selkirk to the governor -of his colony, Miles MacDonell: "_The Northwest Company must be compelled -to quit my lands. If they refuse, they must be treated as poachers_." -Selkirk believed that the Hudson's Bay Company charter to the Great -Northwest was legal and valid. He believed that the vast territory -granted to him was legally his own as much as his parks in Scotland. He -believed that he possessed the same right to expel intruders on this -territory as to drive poachers from his own Scotch parks. It was the -spirit of feudalism. As for the Nor'westers, let us look at their -rights. They disputed that the charter of the Hudson's Bay Company -applied beyond the bounds {382} of Hudson Bay. Even if it did so apply, -they pointed out that by the terms of the charter it applied only to -lands not possessed by any other Christian power; and who would dispute -that French fur traders and Nor'westers, as their successors, had -ascended the streams of the interior long before the Hudson's Bay men? -It was the spirit of democracy. It needed no prophet to foresee when -these two sets of claims came together there would be a violent clash. - -It is evening in the little harbor of Stornoway, off the Hebrides, north -of Scotland, July 25, 1811. Waning midsummer has begun to shorten the -long days; and lying at anchor in the twilight a few yards offshore are -the three Hudson's Bay Company boats, outward bound. For a week the -quiet little fishing hamlet has been in a turmoil, for Governor Miles -MacDonell and Colin Robertson have ordered the Selkirk settlers here--129 -of them, 70 farmers, 59 clerks--to join the Hudson's Bay boats as they -swing out westward on their far cruise to the north, and the atmosphere -has literally been on fire with vexations created by spies of the -Northwest Company. In the first place, as the settlers wait for the -ships coming up from London, trouble makers pass from group to group -scattering a miserable little sheet called "The Highlander," warning "the -deluded people" against going to "a polar land of Indian hostiles." -Besides, dark hints are uttered that the settlers are not wanted for -colonists at all, but for armed battalions to fight the Nor'westers for -the Hudson's Bay Company, in proof whereof the prophets of evil point -ominously to the cannon and munitions of war on board the three old fur -boats. Then there is too much whisky afloat in Stornoway that week. -Settlers are taken ashore and farewelled and farewelled and farewelled -till unable to find their way down to the rowboats, and then they are -easily frightened into abandoning the risky venture altogether. On the -settlers who have come as clerks to the Company Governor MacDonell can -keep a strong hand, for they have been paid their wages in advance and -are seized if they attempt to desert. Then the excise officer here is a -friend of the Nor'westers, and he creates {383} endless trouble rowing -round and round the boats, bawling . . . bawling out . . . to know "if -all who are embarking are going of their own free will," till the ship's -hands, looking over decks, become so exasperated they heave a cannon ball -over rails, which goes splash through the bottom of the harbor officer's -rowboat and sends him cursing ashore to dispatch a challenge for a duel -to Governor MacDonell. MacDonell sees plainly that if he is to have any -colonists left, he must sail at once. Anchors up and sails out at eleven -that night, the ships glide from shore so unexpectedly that one -faint-heart, desperately resolved on flight, has to jump overboard and -swim ashore, while two other settlers, who have been lingering over -farewells, must be rowed across harbor by Colin Robertson to catch the -departing ships. Then Robertson is back on the wharf trumpeting a last -cheer through his funneled hands. The Highlanders on decks lean over the -vessel railings waving their bonnets. The Glasgow and Dublin lads -indentured as clerks give a last huzza, and the Selkirk settlers are off -for their Promised Land. - -As long ago Cartier's first colonists to the St. Lawrence had their -mettle tested by tempestuous weather and pioneer hardships, so now the -first colonists to the Great Northwest must meet the challenge that fate -throws down to all who leave the beaten path. Though the season was -late, the weather was extraordinarily stormy. Sixty-one days the passage -lasted, the tubby old fur ships lying water-logged, rolling to the angry -sea. MacDonell was furious that colonists had been risked on such -unseaworthy craft, but those old fur-ship captains, with fifty years ice -battling to their credit, probably knew their business better than -MacDonell. The fur ships had not been built for speed and comfort, but -for cargoes and safety, and when storms came they simply lowered sails, -turned tails to the wind, and rolled till the gale had passed, to the -prolonged woe of the Highland landsmen, who for the first time suffered -seasick pangs. Then, when Governor MacDonell attempted drills to pass -the time, he made the discovery that seditious talk had gone the rounds -of the deck. "The Hudson's Bay had no right to this {384} country." -"The Nor'westers owned that country." "The Hudson's Bay could n't compel -any man to drill and fight." Selkirk could not give clear deed to their -"lands," and much more to the same effect, all of which proved that some -Nor'wester agent in disguise had been busy on board. - -September 24, amid falling snow and biting frost, the ships anchored at -Five Fathom Hole off York Factory, Port Nelson. - -[Illustration: NELSON AND HAYES RIVERS (From Robson)] - -The Selkirk settlers had been sixty-one days on board, and they were -still a year away from their Promised Land. Champlain's colonists of -Acadia and Quebec had come to anchorage on a land set like a jewel amid -silver waters and green hills, but the Selkirk settlers have as yet seen -only rocks barren of verdure as a billiard ball, vales amidst the domed -hills of Hudson Straits, dank with muskeg, and silent as the very realms -of death itself, but for the flacker of wild fowl, the roaring of the -floundering {385} walrus herds, or the lonely tinkling of mountain -streams running from the ice fields to the mossy valleys bordering the -northern sea. It needed a robust hope, or the blind faith of an almost -religious zeal, to penetrate the future and see beyond these sterile -shores the Promised Land, where homes were to be built, and plenty to -abound. If pioneer struggles leave a something in the blood of the race -that makes for national strength and permanency, the difference between -the home finding of the West and the home finding of the East is worth -noting. - -There were, of course, no preparations for the colonists at York Fort, -for the factor could not know they were coming, or anything of Selkirk's -plans, till the annual ships arrived. On the chance of finding better -hunting farther from the fort, MacDonell withdrew his people from Hayes -River, north across the marsh to a sheltered bank of the River Nelson. -Winter had set in early. A whooping blizzard met the pilgrims as they -marched along an Indian trail through the brushwood. There is a legend -of Miles MacDonell, the governor, becoming benighted between York Fort -and Nelson River, and losing his way in the storm. According to the -story, he beat about the brushwood for twenty-four hours before he -regained his bearings. Rude huts of rough timber and thatch roof with -logs extemporized for berths and benches were knocked up for wintering -quarters on Nelson River, and the next nine months were passed hunting -deer for store of provisions, and building flatboats to ascend the -interior. All winter a mutinous spirit was at work among the young -clerks, which MacDonell, no doubt, ascribed to the machinations of -Nor'westers; but the chief factor quickly quelled mutiny by cutting off -supplies, and all hands were ready to proceed when the fur brigades set -out for the interior on the 21st of June, 1812. - -Up Hayes River, up the whole length of Winnipeg Lake, then in August the -flatboats are ascending the muddy current of Red River, through what is -now Manitoba, and for the first time the people see their Promised Land. -High banks fringed with maple and oak line the river at what is now -Selkirk. Then the cliffs lower, and through the woods are broken gleams -{386} of the rolling prairie intersected by ravines, stretching far as -eye can see, where sky and earth meet. From the lateness of the season -one can guess that the river was low at the bowlder reach known as St. -Andrew's Rapids, and that while the boats were tracked upstream the -people would disembark and walk along the Indian trails of the west bank. -There was no Fort Garry near the rapids, as a few years later. -Buffalo-skin tepees alone broke the endless sweep of russet prairie and -sky, clear swimming blue as the purest lake. Then the people are back -aboard, laboring hard at the oar now, for they know they are nearing the -end of their long pilgrimage. The river banks rise higher. Then they -drop gradually to the flats now known as Point Douglas. Another bend in -the sinuous red current, looping and curving and circling fantastically -through the prairie, and the Selkirk settlers are in full view of the old -Cree graveyard,--bodies swathed in skins on scaffolding,--down at the -junction of the Assiniboine. Hard by they see the towered bastions of -the Northwest Company's post, Fort Gibraltar. Somewhere between what are -known to-day as Broadway Bridge and Point Douglas, the Selkirk settlers -land on the west side. Chief Peguis and his Cree warriors ride -wonderingly among the white-faced newcomers, marveling at men who have -crossed the Great Waters "to dig gardens and work land." The barracks -knocked up hastily is known after Selkirk's family name as Fort Douglas; -but the store of deer meat has been exhausted, and the colonists are on -the verge of a second winter. They at once join the Plain Rangers, or -Bois Brules (Burnt Wood Runners), half-breed descendants of French and -Nor'west fur traders, who have become retainers of the Montreal Company. -With them the Selkirk settlers proceed south to Pembina and the Boundary -to hunt buffalo. No instructions had yet come to Red River of the -Northwest Company's hostility to the colony, and the lonely Scotch clerks -of Fort Gibraltar were glad to welcome men who spoke their own Highland -tongue. Volumes might be written of this, the colonists' first year in -their Promised Land: how the rude Plain Rangers conveyed them to the -buffalo hunt in their {387} creaking Red River carts,--carts made -entirely of wood, hub, tire, axle, and all, or else on loaned ponies; how -when storm came the white settlers were welcomed to the huts and skin -tents of the French half-breeds, given food and buffalo blankets; how -many a young Highlander came to grief in the wild stampede of his first -buffalo hunt; how when the hunters returned to Fort Gibraltar (Winnipeg), -on Red River, with store enough of pemmican for all the fur posts of the -Nor'westers, many a wild happy winter night was passed dancing mad Indian -jigs to the piping of the Highland piper and the crazy scraping of some -Frenchman's fiddle; how when morning came, in a gray dawn of smoking -frost mist, a long line of the colonists could be seen winding along the -ice of Red River home to Fort Douglas, Piper Green or Hector McLean -leading the way, still prancing and blowing a proud national air; how -when spring opened, ten-acre plots were assigned to each settler, close -to the fort at what were known as the Colony Buildings, and one -hundred-acre farms farther down the river. All this and more are part of -the story of the coming of the first colonists to the Great Northwest. -The very autumn that the first settlers had reached Red River in 1812 -more colonists had arrived on the boats at {388} Hudson Bay. These did -not reach Red River till October of 1812 and the spring of 1813. By -1813, and on till 1817, more colonists yearly came. The story of each -year, with its plot and counterplot, I have told elsewhere. Spite of -Nor'westers' threats, spite of the fact there would be no market for the -colonists when they had succeeded in transforming wilderness prairie into -farms, Selkirk's mad dream of empire seemed to be succeeding. - -[Illustration: FORT GARRY, RED RIVER SETTLEMENT] - - -The cardinal mistake in the contest between Hudson's Bay Company and -Nor'westers, between feudalism and democracy, was now committed by the -governor of the colony, Miles MacDonell. The year 1813 had proved poor -for the buffalo hunters. Large numbers of colonists were coming, and -provisions were likely to be scarce. Also, note it well, while the War -of 1812 did not cut off supplies through Hudson Bay to the English -Company, it did threaten access to the West by the Great Lakes, and cut -off all supplies by way of Detroit and Lake Huron for the Nor'westers. -Was MacDonell scoring a point against the Nor'westers, when they were at -a disadvantage? Who can answer? Selkirk had ordered him to expel the -{389} Nor'westers from his lands, and if the violent contest had not -begun in this way, it was bound to come in another. What MacDonell did -was issue a proclamation in January of 1814, forbidding taking provisions -from Selkirk's territory of Assiniboia. It practically meant that the -Plain Rangers must not hunt buffalo in the limits of modern Manitoba, and -must not sell supplies to the Nor'westers. It also meant that all the -upper posts of the Nor'westers--the fur posts of Athabasca and British -Columbia, which depended on pemmican for food--would be without adequate -provisions. The Plain Rangers were enraged beyond words, and doubly -outraged when some Hudson's Bay men began seizing buffalo meat at Pembina -River, which was beyond the limits of Selkirk's territory. Writes Peter -Fidler, one of the Hudson's Bay factors, "_If MacDonell only perseveres, -he will starve the Nor westers out_." - -[Illustration: FORT DOUGLAS] - -One can guess the anger in the annual meeting of the Nor'westers at Fort -William in July of 1814. Like generals on field of war they laid out -their campaign. Duncan Cameron, a United Empire Loyalist officer of the -1812 War, is to don his red regimentals and proceed to Red River, where -his knowledge of the Gaelic tongue may be trusted to win over Selkirk -settlers. "_Nothing but the complete downfall of the colony will satisfy -some_," wrote one of the fiery Nor'westers to a brother officer. Such -was the mood of the Nor'westers when they came back from their annual -meeting on Lake Superior to Red River, and MacDonell fanned this mood to -dangerous fury by threatening to burn the Nor'westers' forts to the -ground unless they moved from Selkirk's territory. For the present -Duncan Cameron contents himself with striking up a warm friendship with -the Highlanders of the settlement and offering to transport two hundred -of them free of cost to Eastern Canada. MacDonell seizes still more -provisions from northwest forts. Cameron, the Nor'wester, comes back -from the annual meeting of 1815 still more bellicose. He carries the -warrant to arrest Governor Miles MacDonell for the seizure of those -provisions. MacDonell, safe behind the palisades of Fort Douglas, laughs -{390} the warrant to scorn; but it is another matter when the Plain -Rangers ride across the prairie from Fort Gibraltar armed, and pour such -hot shot into Fort Douglas that the colonists, frenzied with fear, huddle -to the fort for shelter. To insure the safety of his colonists, -MacDonell surrenders to the Nor'westers and is sent to Eastern Canada for -a trial which never takes place. No sooner has Governor MacDonell been -expelled than Cuthbert Grant, warden of the Plain Rangers, rides over to -the colony and warns the colonists to flee for their lives, from Indians -enraged at "these land workers spoiling the hunting fields." What the -Indians thought of this defense of their rights is not stated. They were -silent and unacting witnesses of the unedifying spectacle of white men -ready to fly at each other's throats. It was too late for the colonists -to reach Hudson Bay in time for the annual ships of 1815, so the -houseless people dispersed amid the forests of Lake Winnipeg, where they -could be certain of at least fish for food. - -Word of the two hundred settlers having been moved from Red River by the -Nor'westers, of MacDonell's forcible expulsion, and of the dispersion of -the rest of the colony had, of course, been sent to Selkirk and his -agents in both Montreal and London. Swift retaliation is prepared. -Colin Robertson, who speaks French like a Canadian and knows all the -Nor'west voyageurs of the St. Lawrence, is sent to gather up two hundred -French boatmen under the very noses of the Nor'westers at Montreal. With -these Robertson is to invade the far-famed Athabasca, whence come the -best furs, the very heart of the Nor'westers' stamping ground. Robert -Semple is appointed governor of the colony on Red River, with -instructions to resist the aggressions of the Nor'westers even to the -point of "_a shock that may be felt from Montreal to Athabasca_." -Selkirk himself comes to Canada to interview the Governor General about -military forces to protect his colony. - -Robertson, with his two hundred voyageurs for Athabasca, follows the old -Ottawa trail of the French explorers, from the St. Lawrence to the Great -Lakes, and from the Great Lakes to {391} Red River by way of Winnipeg -Lake. Whom does he find on the shores of the lake but Selkirk's -dispersed colonists! Ordering John Clarke, an old campaigner of Astor's -company on the Columbia, to lead the two hundred French voyageurs on up -to Athabasca, Colin Robertson rallies the colonists together and leads -them back to Red River for the winter of 1815-1816. Feeling sure that he -had destroyed Selkirk's scheme root and branch, Cameron has remained at -Fort Gibraltar with only a few men, when back to the field comes -Robertson, stormy, capable, robust, red-blooded, fearless, breathing -vengeance on Selkirk's foes. - -[Illustration: SKETCH OF THE CITY OF WINNIPEG, SHOWING THE SITES OF THE -EARLY FORTS] - -By the spring of 1816 the tables have been turned with a vengeance. -Cameron, the Nor'wester, has been seized and sent to Hudson Bay to be -expelled from the country. Fort Gibraltar has been pulled down and the -timbers used to strengthen Fort Douglas, whose pointed cannon command all -passage up and down Red River. It was hardly to be supposed that the -haughty Nor'westers would submit to expulsion without a blow. From -Athabasca, from New Caledonia, from Qu'Appelle . . . they rally their -doughtiest fighters under Cuthbert Grant, the {392} half-breed Plain -Ranger. From Montreal and Fort William come spurring the leading -partners, with one hundred and seventy French-Canadian bullies, and a -brass cannon concealed under oilcloth in a long boat. The object of the -Plain Rangers is to meet the up-coming partners with supplies for the -year; but is that any reason for the riders who are striking eastward -from Assiniboine to Red River, decking themselves out in war paint and -stripping like savages before battle? The object of the partners is to -meet the Plain Rangers on Red River; but is that any reason for bringing -a cannon concealed under oilcloth all the way from Lake Superior? Or do -men fighting a life-and-death struggle for the thing the world calls -success ever acknowledge plain motives within themselves at all? Is it -not rather the blind brute instinct of self-protection, forfend what may? - -[Illustration: RED RIVER SETTLEMENT, 1816-1820] - -"Listen, white men! Beware! Beware!" the Cree chief Peguis warns -Governor Semple. What means the spectacle of white brothers, who preach -peace, preparing for war over a few beaver pelts? Chief Peguis cannot -understand, except this is the way of white men. - -{393} And now, unluckily for Governor Semple, he quarrels with his -adviser, Colin Robertson. Robertson, from his early training in -Northwest ranks, reads the signs, and is for striking a blow before the -enemy can strike him. Semple is still talking peace. Robertson leaves -Red River in disgust, and departs for Hudson Bay to take ship for -England. The Plain Rangers, it may be explained, have uttered the wild -threat that if they "can catch Robertson," they will avenge the -destruction of Fort Gibraltar "by skinning him alive and feeding him to -the dogs." Also it is well known, Nor'westers of Qu'Appelle have -muttered angry prophecies about "the ground being drenched with the blood -of the colonists." - -Still Semple talks peace, which is a good thing in its place; but this is -n't the place. - -"My Governor! My Governor!" pleads an old hunter of the Hudson's Bay -with Semple; "are you not afraid? The half-breeds are gathering to kill -you!" - -Semple laughs. Pshaw! _He_ has law on _his_ side. Law! What is law? -The old hunter of the lawless wilds does n't know that word. That word -does n't come as far west as the _Pays d'en Haut_. - -It is sunset of June 18, 1816. Old chief Peguis comes again to the -Hudson's Bay fort on Red River. - -"Governor of the gard'ners!" he solemnly warns; "governor of the land -workers and gard'ners, listen! . . ." Not much does he add, after the -fashion of his race. Only this, "_Let me bring my warriors to protect -you_!" - -Semple laughs at such fears. - -It is sunset of June 19. A soft west wind has set the prairie grass -rippling like a green sea between the fort and the sun hanging low at the -western sky line. A boy on the lookout above one of the bastion towers -of Fort Douglas suddenly shouts, "The half-breeds are coming!" - -Semple ascends the tower and looks through a field glass. There is a -line of sixty or seventy horsemen, all armed, not coming to the fort, but -moving diagonally across from the Assiniboine to the Red towards the -colony. And then, north {394} towards the colony, is wildest -clamor,--people in ox carts, people on horseback, people on foot, -stampeding for the shelter of the fort. And up to this moment absolutely -nothing has occurred to create this terror. - -"Let twenty men follow me," orders Semple; and he marches out, followed -by twenty-seven armed men. - -As they wade through the waist-high hay fields they meet the fleeing -colonists. - -"Keep your back to the river!" shouts one colonist, convoying his family. -"They are painted, Governor! Don't let them surround you." - -Semple sends back to the fort for a cannon to be trundled out. - -Young Lieutenant Holte's gun goes off by mistake. Semple turns on him -with fury and bids him have a care: there is to be no firing. - -The half-breeds have turned from their trail and are coming forward at a -gallop. - -"There 's Grant, the Plain Ranger, Governor! Let me shoot him," pleads -one Hudson's Bay man. - -"God have mercy on our souls!" mutters one of the colonists, counting the -foe; "but we are all dead men." - -All the world knows the rest. At a knoll where grew some trees, a spot -now known in Winnipeg on North Main Street as Seven Oaks, Grant, the -Ranger, sent a half-breed, Boucher, forward to parley. - -"What do you want?" demands Semple. - -"We want our fort!" - -"Go to your fort, then!" - -"Rascal! You have destroyed our fort!" - -"Dare you to speak so to me? Arrest him!" - -Boucher slips from his saddle. The Plain Rangers think he has been shot. -Instantaneously from both sides crashes musketry fire. Semple falls with -a broken thigh. Before Grant can control his murderous crew or obtain -aid for the wounded governor, a scamp of a half-breed has slashed the -fallen man to death. Two or three Hudson's Bay men escape through the -long grass {395} and swim across Red River. Two or three more save -themselves by instant surrender. For the rest of the twenty-seven, they -lie where they have fallen. They are stripped, mutilated, cut to pieces. -Only one Nor'wester is killed, only one wounded. - -Later, in order to save the lives of the settlers, Fort Douglas is -surrendered. For a second time the colonists are dispersed. Before -going down Red River in flatboats two of the Hudson's Bay people go out -with Chief Peguis by night and bury the dead; but they have no time to -dig deep graves, and a few days later the wolves have ripped up the -bodies. - -Near Lake Winnipeg the fleeing colonists meet the Northwest partners with -their one hundred and seventy men. No need to announce what the -spectacle of the terrified colonists means. A wild whoop rends the air. -"Thank Providence it was all over before we came," writes one devout -Nor'wester; "for we intended to storm the fort." Both crews pause. The -Nor'westers interrogate the settlers. Semple's private papers are -seized. Also, two Hudson's Bay men who took part in the Seven Oaks fight -are arrested, to be carried on down to Northwest headquarters on Lake -Superior. Then the settlers go on to Lake Winnipeg. - -At the various camping places on the way down to Fort William, those two -Hudson's Bay prisoners overhear strange threats. It is night on the Lake -of the Woods. Voices of Northwest partners sound through the dark. They -are talking of Selkirk coming to the rescue of his people with an armed -force. Says the wild voice of a Nor'wester whose brother had been killed -by a Hudson's Bay man some years before, "There are fine quiet places -along Winnipeg River if he comes this way." . . . Then scraps of -conversation. . . . Then, "The half-breeds could capture him when he is -asleep." . . . Then words too low to be heard. . . . Then, "They could -have the Indians shoot him." . . . Then in voice of authority -restraining the wild folly of a bloodthirst for vengeance, "Things have -gone too far, but we can throw the blame on the Indians." - -The wild words of a man gone mad for revenge must not be taken as the -policy of a great commercial company. - -{396} Meantime, where was Selkirk? He had arrived in Montreal. Secret -coureur, whose adventures I have told elsewhere, had carried him word of -the dangers impending over his colony. He at once appealed to the -Governor General for a military force to protect the settlers, but it -must be recalled how Upper and Lower Canada were to be governed under the -Act of 1791. There were to be the governor, the legislative council -appointed by the crown, and the representative assembly. The legislative -council was entirely dominated by the Northwest Company. Of the -different Quebec courts, there was scarcely a judge who was not -interested directly or indirectly in the Northwest Company. Lord Selkirk -could obtain no aid which would conflict with that company's policy. -Then Selkirk petitioned the Governor that, in view of the threats against -himself, he might be granted the commission of a justice of the peace and -permission to take a personal bodyguard at his own cost to the west. -These requests the Governor granted. - -Thereupon, Selkirk gathers up some two hundred of the De Meuron and De -Watteville regiments, mercenaries disbanded after the War of 1812, and -sets out for the west. Not aware that Robertson has left Red River, he -sends him word to keep the colonists together and to expect help by way -of the states from the Sault in order to avoid touching at the -Nor'westers' post at Fort William. The coureur with this message is -waylaid by the Nor'westers, but Selkirk himself, preceded by his former -governor, Miles MacDonell, has gone only as far as the Sault when word -comes back of the Seven Oaks massacre. What to do now? He can obtain no -justice in Eastern Canada. Two justices of the peace at the Sault refuse -to be involved in the quarrel by accompanying him. Selkirk goes on -without them, accompanied by the two hundred hired soldiers; but instead -of proceeding to Red River by Minnesota, as he had first planned, he -strikes straight for Fort William, the headquarters of the Nor'westers. - -He arrives at the fort August 12, only a few days after the Northwest -partners had come down from the scene of the {397} massacre at Red River. -Cannon are planted opposite Fort William. Things have "gone too far." -The Nor'westers capitulate without a stroke. Then as justice of the -peace, my Lord Selkirk arrests all the partners but one and sends them -east to stand trial for the massacre of Seven Oaks. The one partner not -sent east was a fuddled old drunkard long since retired from active work. -This man now executes a deed of sale to my Lord Selkirk for Fort William -and its furs. The man was so intoxicated that he could not write, so the -afore-time governor, Miles MacDonell, writes out the bargain, which one -could wish so great a philanthropist as Selkirk had not touched with -tongs. Before midwinter of 1817 has passed, the De Meuron soldiers have -crossed Minnesota and gone down Red River to Fort Douglas. One stormy -night they scale the wall and bundle the Northwest usurpers out, bag and -baggage. - -[Illustration: MONUMENT TO COMMEMORATE THE MASSACRE OF SEVEN OAKS] - -July of 1817 comes Selkirk himself to the Promised Land. There is no -record that I have been able to find of his thoughts on first nearing the -ground for which so much blood had been shed, and for which he himself -was yet to suffer much; but {398} one can venture to say that his most -daring hope did not grasp the empire that was to grow from the seed he -had planted. He meets the Indians in treaty for their lands. He greets -his colonists in the open one sunny August day, speaking personally to -each and deeding over to them land free of all charge. "This land I give -for your church," he said, standing on the ground which the cathedral now -occupies. "That plot shall be for your school," pointing across the -gully; "and in memory of your native land, let the parish be called -Kildonan." - - -Of the trials and counter trials between the two companies, there is not -space to tell here. Selkirk was forced to pay heavy damages for his -course at Fort William, but the courts of Eastern Canada record not a -single conviction against the Nor'westers for the massacre of Seven Oaks. -Selkirk retired shattered in health to Europe, where he died in 1820. -The same year passed away Alexander MacKenzie, his old-time rival. - -The truth is, each company had gone too far and was on the verge of ruin. -From Athabasca came the furs that prevented bankruptcy, and whichever -company could drive the other from Athabasca could practically force its -rival to ruin or union. When Colin Robertson had rallied the dispersed -colonists from Lake Winnipeg, he had left John Clarke to conduct the two -hundred Canadian voyageurs to Athabasca for the Hudson's Bay Company. -Clarke had been a Nor'wester before he joined Astor, and was a born -fighter, idolized by the Indians. So confident was he of success now -that he galloped his canoes up the Saskatchewan without pause to gather -provisions. Once on the ground on Athabasca Lake, he divided his party -into two or three bands and sent them foraging to the Nor'westers' forts -and hunting grounds up Peace River, down Slave Lake, at Athabasca itself. -Weakened by division and without food to keep together, his men fell easy -prey to the wily Nor'westers. Of those on Slave Lake eighteen died from -starvation. Those on Peace River were captured and literally whipped out -of the country, signing oaths never to return. Those at {399} Athabasca -being leading officers were held prisoners. Meanwhile the Hudson's Bay -Company is defeated at Seven Oaks and victorious at Fort William. The -Nor'westers at Athabasca were keen to keep the frightened Indians of the -north ignorant that Selkirk had triumphed at Fort William, but the news -traveled over the two thousand miles of prairie in that strange hunter -fashion known as "moccasin telegram," and the story is told how the -captured Hudson's Bay officers let the secret out for the benefit of the -Indians now afraid to carry their hunt to a Hudson's Bay man. - -Revels and all-night carousals marked the winter with the triumphant -Nor'westers of Athabasca Lake. Often, when wild drinking songs were -ringing in the Nor'westers' dining hall, the Hudson's Bay men would be -brought in to furnish a butt for their merciless victors. One night, -when the hall was full of Indians, one of the Northwest bullies began to -brawl out a song in celebration of the Seven Oaks affair. - - "The H.B.C. came up a hill, and _up_ a hill they came, - The H.B.C. came up the hill, but _down_ they went again." - - -Tired of their rude horseplay, one of the Hudson's Bay officers spoke up: -"Y' hae niver asked me for a song. I hae a varse o' me ain compaesin." - -Then to the utter amaze of the drunken listeners and astonishment of the -Indians, the game old officer trolled off this stave: - - "But Selkirk brave went _up_ a hill, and to Fort William came! - When in he popped and out from thence could not be driven again." - - -The thunderstruck Nor'wester leaped to his feet with a yell: "A hundred -guineas for the name of the men who brought that news here." - -"A hundred guineas for twa lines of me ain compaesin! Extravagant, sir," -returns the canny Scot. - - -From accounts held by the Hudson's Bay Company's Montreal lawyers it is -seen that Clarke's expedition cost the Company 20,000 pounds. - -{400} Before the massacre of Seven Oaks Colin Robertson had gone down to -Hudson Bay in high dudgeon with Semple, intending to take ship for -England; but that fall the ice drive prevented one ship from leaving the -bay, and Robertson was stranded at Moose Factory for the winter, whither -coureurs brought him word of the Seven Oaks tragedy and Selkirk's victory -at Fort William. Taking an Indian for guide, Robertson set out on -snowshoes for Montreal, following the old Ottawa trail traversed by -Radisson and Iberville long ago. Montreal he found in a state of turmoil -almost verging on riot over the imprisonment of the Northwest partners, -whom Selkirk had sent east. Nightly the goals [Transcriber's note: -gaols?] were illuminated as for festivals. Nightly sound of wandering -musicians came from the cell windows, where loyal friends were serenading -the imprisoned partners. They were released, of course, and acquitted -from the charge of responsibility for the massacre of Seven Oaks. - -Presently Robertson finds himself behind the bars for his part in -destroying Fort Gibraltar and arresting Duncan Cameron. He too is -acquitted, and he tells us frankly that a private arrangement had been -made beforehand with the presiding judge. Probably if the Nor'westers -had been as frank, the same influence would explain their acquittal. - -Robertson found himself free just about the time Lord Selkirk came back -from Red River by way of the Mississippi in order to avoid those careful -plans for his welfare on the part of the Nor'westers at "the quiet places -along Winnipeg River." The Governor of Canada had notified members of -both companies unofficially that the English government advised the -rivals to find some basis of union, which practically meant that if the -investigations under way were pushed to extremes, both sides might find -themselves in awkward plight; but the fight had gone beyond the period of -pure commercialism. It was now a matter of deadly personal hate between -man and man, which, I am sorry to say, has been carried down by the -descendants of the old fighters almost to the present day. Each side -hoped to drive the other to bankruptcy; and the last throes of the {401} -deadly struggle were to be in Athabasca, the richest fur field. While -Selkirk is fighting his cause in the courts, he gives Robertson carte -blanche to gather two hundred more French voyageurs and proceed to the -Athabasca. - -[Illustration: TRACKING ON ATHABASCA RIVER] - -Midsummer of 1819 finds the stalwart Robertson crossing Lake Winnipeg to -ascend the Saskatchewan. At the mouth of the Saskatchewan a miserable -remnant of terrified men from the last Athabasca expedition is added to -Robertson's party; and John Clarke, breathing death and destruction -against the Nor'westers, goes along as lieutenant to Robertson. -Everywhere are signs of the lawless conditions of the fur trade. Not an -Indian dare speak to a Hudson's Bay man on pain of horsewhipping. -Instead of canoes gliding up and down the Saskatchewan like birds of -passage, reign a silence and solitude as of the dead. Though Robertson -bids his voyageurs sing and fire off muskets as signals for trade, not a -soul comes down to the river banks till the fleet of advancing traders is -well away from the Saskatchewan and halfway across the height of land -towards the Athabasca. - -{402} The amazement of the Nor'westers at Fort Chippewyan in Athabasca -when Robertson pulled ashore at the conglomeration of huts known as Fort -Wedderburn, may be guessed. Two or three of the partners ran down to the -shore and called out that they would like to parley; but John Clarke, -filled with memory of former outrages and rocking the canoe in his fury -so that it almost upset, met the overtures with a volley of stentorian -abuse that sent the Nor'westers scampering and set Robertson laughing -till the tears ran down his cheeks. - -The change of spirit on the part of the Nor'westers was easily explained. -The most of their men were absent on the hunting field. In a few weeks -Robertson had his huts in order and had dispatched his trappers down to -Slave Lake and westward up Peace River. Then, in October, came more -Nor'west partners from Montreal. The Nor'westers were stronger now and -not so peacefully inclined. Nightly the French bullies, well plied with -whisky, would come across to the Hudson's Bay fort, bawling out challenge -to fight; but Robertson held his men in hand and kept his powder dry. - -Early on the morning of October the 11th, Robertson's valet roused him -from bed with word that a man had been accidentally shot. Slipping a -pistol in his pocket and all unsuspicious of trickery, Robertson dashed -out. It happened that the most of his men were at a slight distance from -his fort. Before they could rally to his rescue he was knocked down, -disarmed, surrounded by the Nor'westers, thrown into a boat, and carried -back to their fort a captive. In vain he stormed almost apoplectic with -rage, and tried to send back Indian messengers to his men. The -Nor'westers laughed at him good-naturedly and relegated him to quarters -in one room of a log hut, where sole furnishings were a berth bed and a -fireplace without a floor. Robertson's only possessions in captivity -were the clothes on his back, a jackknife, a small pencil, and a -notebook; but he probably consoled himself that his men were now on -guard, and, outnumbering the Nor'westers two to one, could hold the -ground for the Hudson's Bay that winter. As {403} time passed the -captive Robertson began to wrack his brains how to communicate with his -men. It was a drinking age; and the fur traders had the reputation of -capacity to drink any other class of men off their legs. Robertson -feigned an unholy thirst. Rapping for his guard, he requested that -messengers might be sent across to the Hudson's Bay fort for a keg of -liquor. It can be guessed how readily the Nor'westers complied; but -Robertson took good care, when the guard was absent and the door locked, -to pour out most of the whisky on the earth floor. Then taking slips of -paper from his notebook, he cut them in strips the width of a spool. On -these he wrote cipher and mysterious instructions, which only his men -could understand, giving full information of the Nor'westers' movements, -bidding his people hold their own, and ordering them to send messages -down to the new Hudson's Bay governor at Red River,--William -Williams,--to place his De Meuron soldiers in ambush along the Grand -Rapids of the Saskatchewan to catch the Northwest partners on their way -to Montreal the next spring. These slips of paper he rolled up tight as -a spool and hammered into the bunghole of the barrel. Then he plastered -clay over all to hide the paper, and bade the guard carry this keg of -whisky back to the H.B.C. fort; it was musty, Robertson complained; let -the men rinse out the keg and put in a fresh supply! - -All that winter Robertson, the Hudson's Bay man, captive in the -Nor'westers' fort, sent weekly commands to his men by means of the whisky -kegs; but in the spring his trick was discovered, and the angry -Nor'westers decided he was too clever a man to be kept on the field. -They would ship him out of the country when their furs were sent east. - -On the way east he succeeded in escaping at Cumberland House. Waiting -only a few hours, he launched out in his canoe and followed on the trail -of the Northwest partners, on down to see what would happen at Grand -Rapids, where the Saskatchewan flows into Lake Winnipeg. A jubilant -shout from a canoe turning a bend in the river presently announced the -news: "All the Northwest partners captured!" When Robertson {404} came -to Grand Rapids he found Governor Williams and the De Meurons in -possession. Cannon pointed across the river below the rapids. The -Northwest partners were prisoners in a hut. The voyageurs were allowed -to go on down to Montreal with the furs. This last act in the great -struggle ended tragically enough. What was to be done with the captured -partners? They could not be sent to Eastern Canada. Pending -investigations for the union of the companies, Governor Williams sent -them to York Factory, Hudson Bay, whence some took ship to England, -others set out overland on snowshoes for Canada; but in the scuffle at -Grand Rapids, Frobisher, one of the oldest partners, with a reputation of -great cruelty in his treatment of Hudson's Bay men, had been violently -clubbed on the head with a gun. From that moment he became a raving -maniac, and the Hudson's Bay people did not know what to do with such a -captive. He must not be permitted to go home to England. His condition -was too terrible evidence against them; so they kept him prisoner in the -outhouses of York Factory, with two faithful Nor'wester half-breeds as -personal attendants. - -One dark cold night towards the first of October Frobisher succeeded in -escaping through the broken bars of his cell window. A leap took him -over the pickets. By chance an old canoe lay on Hayes River. With this -he began to ascend stream for the interior, paddling wildly, laughing -wildly, raving and singing. The two half-breeds knew that a voyage to -the interior at this season without snowshoes, food, or heavy clothing, -meant certain death; but they followed their master faithfully as black -slaves. Wherever night found them they turned the canoe upside down and -slept under it. Fish lines supplied food, and the deserted hut of some -hunter occasionally gave them shelter for the night. Winter set in -early. The ice edging of the river cut the birch canoe. Abandoning it, -they went forward on foot. From York Fort, Hudson Bay, the nearest -Northwest post was seven hundred miles. By the end of October they had -not gone half the distance. Then came one of those changes so frequent -in northern climes,--a sunburst of warm {405} weather following the first -early winter, turning all the frozen fields to swimming marshes, and the -travelers had no canoe. By this time Frobisher was too weak to walk. As -his body failed his mind rallied, and he begged the two half-breeds to go -on without him, as delay meant the death of all three; but the faithful -fellows carried him by turns on their backs. They themselves were now so -emaciated they were making but a few miles a day. Their moccasins had -been worn to tatters, and all three looked more like skeletons than -living men. Then, the third week of November, Frobisher could go no -farther, and the servants' strength failed. Building a fire in a -sheltered place for their master, the two faithful fellows left Frobisher -somewhere west of Lake Winnipeg. Two days later they crept into a -Northwest post too weak to speak, and handed the Northwesters a note -scrawled by Frobisher, asking them to send a rescue party. Frobisher was -found lying across the ashes of the fire. Life was extinct. - -[Illustration: PLANS OF YORK AND PRINCE OF WALES FORTS] - - -In 1820 the union of the companies put an end to the ruinous and criminal -struggle. George Simpson, afterwards knighted, {406} who has been sent -to look over matters in Athabasca, is appointed governor, and Nicholas -Garry, one of the London directors, comes out to appoint the officers of -the united companies to their new districts. The scene is one for artist -brush,--the last meeting of the partners at Fort William, Hudson's Bay -men and Nor'westers, such deadly enemies they would not speak, sitting in -the great dining hall, glowering at each other across tables: George -Simpson at one end of the tables, pompously dressed in ruffles and satin -coat and silk breeches, vainly endeavoring to keep up suave conversation; -Nicholas Garry at the other end of the table, also very pompous and -smooth, but with a look on his face as if he were sitting above a powder -mine, the Highland pipers dressed in tartans, standing at each end of the -hall, filling the room with the drone and the skurl of the bagpipes. - -[Illustration: SIR GEORGE SIMPSON, GOVERNOR OF HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY, 1820] - -By the union of the companies both sides avoided proving their rights in -the law courts. Most important of all, the Hudson's Bay Company escaped -proving its charter valid; for the charter applied only to Hudson Bay and -adjacent lands "not occupied by other Christian powers"; but on the union -taking place, the British government granted to the new Hudson's Bay -Company license of exclusive monopoly to _all_ the Indian territory, -meaning (1) Hudson Bay Country, (2) the interior, (3) New Caledonia as -well as Oregon. In fact, the union left the fur traders ten times more -strongly intrenched than before. {407} By the new arrangement Dr. John -McLoughlin was appointed chief factor of the western territories known as -Oregon and New Caledonia. When the War of 1812 closed, treaty provided -that Oregon should be open to the joint occupancy of English and American -traders till the matter of the western boundary could be finally settled. -Oregon roughly included all territory between the Columbia and the -Spanish fort at San Francisco, namely, Washington, Oregon, Northern -California, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, parts of Montana and Wyoming. It was -cheaper to send provisions round by sea to the fur posts of New -Caledonia, in modern British Columbia, than across the continent by way -of the Saskatchewan; so McLoughlin's district also included all the -territory far as the Russian possessions in Alaska. - -This part of the Hudson's Bay Company's history belongs to the United -States rather than Canada, but it is interesting to remember that just as -the French fur traders explored the Mississippi far south as the Gulf of -Mexico, so English fur traders first explored the western states far -south as New Spain. This western field was perhaps the most picturesque -of all the Hudson's Bay Company's possessions. - -Fort Vancouver, ninety miles inland from the sea on the Columbia, was the -capital of this transmontane kingdom, and yearly till 1846 the fur -brigades set out from Fort Vancouver two or three hundred strong by pack -horse and canoe. Well-known officers became regular leaders of the -different brigades. There was Ross, who led the Rocky Mountain Brigade -inland across the Divide to the buffalo ranges of Montana. There was -Ogden, son of the Chief Justice in Montreal, who led the Southern Brigade -up Snake River to Salt Lake and the Nevada desert and Humboldt River and -Mt. Shasta, all of which regions except Salt Lake he was first to -discover. There was Tom McKay, son of the McKay who had crossed to the -Pacific with MacKenzie, who, dressed as a Spanish cavalier, led the -pack-horse brigades down the coast past the Rogue River Indians and the -Klamath Lakes to San Francisco, where Dr. Glen Rae had opened a fort for -the Hudson's Bay Company. {408} Then there was the New Caledonia -Brigade, two hundred strong, which set out from Fort Vancouver up the -Columbia in canoes to the scream of the bagpipes through the rocky -canyons of the river. Close to the boundary, shift was made from canoe -to pack horse, and, leaving the Columbia, the brigade struck up the -Okanogan Valley to Kamloops, bound for the bridle trail up Fraser River. -This brigade, in later days, was under Douglas, who became the knighted -governor of British Columbia. Tricked out in gay ribbons, the long file -of pack ponies, two hundred with riders, two hundred more with packs, -moved slowly along the forest trail with a drone as of bees humming in -midsummer. So well did ponies know the way that riders often fell -asleep, to be suddenly jarred awake by the horses jamming against a tree, -or running under a low branch to brush riders off, or hurdle-jumping over -windfall. Each of these brigades has its own story, and each story would -fill a book. For instance, Glen Rae at San Francisco has a difficult -mission. The company has a plan to take over the debts of Mexico to -British capitalists and exchange them for California. Glen Rae is sent -to watch matters, but he commits the blunder of furnishing arms to the -losing side of a revolution. The debt for the arms remains unpaid. Glen -Rae suicides, and the company withdraws from California. - -[Illustration: JOHN MCLOUGHLIN] - -{409} Presently come American settlers and missionaries over the -mountains. The American government delays settling that treaty of joint -occupancy, for the more American settlers that come, the stronger will be -the American claim to the territory. McLoughlin helps the settlers who -would have starved without his aid, and McLoughlin receives such sharp -censure from his company for this that he resigns. When the American -settlers set up a provisional government, the foolish cry is raised, "54, -40 or fight," which means the Americans claim all the way up to Alaska, -and for this there is no warrant either through their own occupation or -discovery. The boundary is compromised by the Treaty of Oregon in 1846 -at the 49th parallel. - -When settlers come, fur-bearing animals leave. Long ago the Hudson's Bay -Company had foreseen the end and moved the capital of its Pacific Empire -up to Victoria. A string of fur posts extends up Fraser River to New -Caledonia. - - - - -{410} - -CHAPTER XVI - -FROM 1820 TO 1867 - -How the Family Compact worked--The old order changeth--"Loyalty -cry"--Gourley driven mad--Richmond's tragic death--Patriots of the -plow--Defeat of patriots--Duncombe's escape--Execution of -patriots--Bloodshed in Quebec--Chenier's tragic death--Durham gives -Canada a Magna Charta--Confederation--What of the future - - -It will be recalled that on the coming of the United Empire Loyalists -to Canada, the form of government was changed by the Constitutional Act -of 1791, dividing the country into Upper and Lower Canada, the -government of each province to consist of a governor, the legislative -council, and the assembly. Unfortunately, self-government for the -colonies was not yet a recognized principle of English rule. While the -assemblies of the two provinces were elected by the people, the power -of the assemblies was practically a blank, for the governor and council -were the real rulers, and they were appointed by the Crown, which meant -Downing Street, which meant in turn that the two Canadas were regarded -as the happy hunting ground for incompetent office seekers of the great -English parties. From the governor general to the most insignificant -postal clerk, all were appointed from Downing Street. Influence, not -merit, counted, which perhaps explains why one can count on the fingers -of one hand the number of governors and lieutenants from 1791 to 1841 -who were worthy of their trust and did not disgrace their position by -blunders that were simply notorious. Prevost's disgraceful retreat -from Lake Champlain in the War of 1812 is a typical example of the -mischief a political jobber can work when placed in position of trust; -but the life-and-death struggle of the war prevented the people turning -their attention to questions of misgovernment, and it is hardly an -exaggeration to say that the Act of 1791 reduced Canadian affairs to -the chaos of a second Ireland and retarded the progress of the country -for a century. - -It has become customary for English writers to slur over the disorders -of 1837 as the results of the ignorant rabble following {411} the bad -advice of the hot-heads, MacKenzie and Papineau; but it is worth -remembering that everything the rabble fought for, and hanged for, has -since been incorporated in Canada's constitution as the very woof and -warp of responsible government. - -Let us see how the system worked out in detail. - -After the War of 1812 Prevost dies before court-martial can pronounce -on his misconduct at Plattsburg, and Sir Gorden Drummond, the hero of -Fort Erie's siege, is sworn in. - -Canada is governed from Downing Street, and it is my Lord Bathurst's -brilliant idea that forever after the war there shall be a belt of -twenty miles left waste forest and prairie between Canada and the -United States, presumably to prevent democracy rolling across the -northern boundary. Fortunately the rough horse sense of the -frontiersman is wiser than the wisdom of the British statesman, and -settlement continues along the boundary in spite of Bathurst's -brilliant idea. - -Those who fought in the War of 1812 are to be rewarded by grants of -land,--rewarded, of course, by the Crown, which means the Governor; but -the Governor must listen to the advice of his councilors, who are -appointed for life; and to the heroes of 1812 the councilors grant -fifty acres apiece, while to themselves the said councilors vote grants -of land running from twenty thousand to eighty thousand acres apiece. - -After the war it is agreed that neither Canada nor the United States -shall keep war vessels on the lakes, except such cruisers as shall be -necessary to maintain order among the fisheries; but the credit for -this wise arrangement does not belong to the councils at Toronto or -Quebec, for the suggestions came from Washington. - -As the legislative councilors are appointed for life, they control -enormous patronage, recommending all appointments to government -positions and meeting any applicants for office, who are outside the -"_family_" ring, with the curt refusal that has become famous for its -insolence, "_no one but a gentleman_." - -Judges are appointed by favor. So are local magistrates. So are -collectors at the different ports of entry. Smaller cities like {412} -Kingston are year after year refused incorporation, because -incorporation would confer self-government, and that would oust members -of the "_family compact_" who held positions in these places. - -Officeholders are responsible to the Crown only, not to the people. -Therefore when Receiver General Caldwell of Quebec does away with -96,000 pounds, or two years' revenue of Lower Canada, he accounts for -the defalcation to his friends with the explanation of unlucky -investments, and goes scot free. - -Quebec is a French province, but appointments are made in England; so -that out of 71,000 pounds paid to its civil servants 58,000 pounds go -to the English officeholders, 13,000 pounds to French; out of 36,000 -pounds paid to judges only 8,000 pounds go to the French. - -And in Upper Canada, Ontario, it was even worse. In Quebec there was -always the division of French against English, and Catholic against -Protestant; but in Upper Canada "_the family compact_" of councilors -against commoners was a solid and unbroken ring. When the assembly -raises objections to some items of expense sent down by the council, -writes Lieutenant Governor Simcoe in high dudgeon, "I will send the -rascals," meaning the commoners, "packing about their business," and he -prorogues the House. - -Not all the governors and their lieutenants are as foolishly blind to -the faults of the system as Simcoe of Ontario. Sir John Sherbrooke of -Quebec, who succeeds Drummond in Lower Canada, knows very well he is -surrounded by a pack of thieves; but they are his councilors, appointed -for life, and there he is, bound to abide by their advice. -Nevertheless, he kicks over traces vigorously now and then, like the -old war horse that he is. The commissary general comes to him with -word that 600 pounds is missing from the military chest, and he needs a -warrant for search. - -"Search, indeed!" roars Sir John. "There's not the slightest need! -Whenever there is a robbery in _your_ department, it is among -yourselves! Go and find it!" - -{413} - -[Illustration: SIR JOHN SHERBROOKE, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, -1816-1818] - -Curious it is how good men reared in the old school, where the masses -exist for the benefit of the classes and the governed are to be allowed -to exist only by favor of those who govern--curious how good men fail -to read the sign of the times. Colonel Tom Talbot's settlement in West -Ontario has, by 1832, increased to 50,000 people, and the mad -harum-scarum of court days is becoming an old man. Talbot has been a -legislative councilor for life, but it is not on record that he ever -attended the council in Toronto. Still he views with high disfavor -this universal discontent with "being governed." The secret meetings -held to agitate for responsible government, Tom Talbot regards as "a -pestilence" leading on to the worst disease from which humanity can -suffer, namely, democracy. The old bear stirs uneasily in his lair, as -reports come in of louder and louder demands that the colony shall be -_permitted to govern itself_. What would become of kings and colonels -and land grants by special favor, if colonies governed themselves? -Colonel Tom Talbot doffs his homespun and his coon cap, and he dons the -satin ruffles of twenty-five years ago, and he mounts his steed and he -rides pompously forth to the market place of St. Thomas Town on St. -George's Day of 1832. Bands play; flags wave; the country people from -twenty miles round come riding to town. Banners {414} inscribed with -"Loyalty to the Constitution" are carried at the head of parades. The -venerable old colonel is greeted with burst after burst of shouting as -he comes prancing on horseback up the hill. The band plays "the -British Grenadiers." The Highland bagpipes skurl a welcome. Then the -old man mounts the rostrum and delivers a speech that ought to be -famous as an exposition of good old Tory doctrine: - -Some black sheep have slipped into my flock, and very black they are, -and what is worse, they have got the rot, a distemper not known in this -settlement till some I shall call for short "rebels" began their work -of darkness under cover of organizing Blanked Cold Water Drinking -Societies, where they meet at night to communicate their poisonous -schemes and circulate the infection and delude the unwary! Then they -assumed a more daring aspect under mask of a grievance petition, which, -when it was placed before me, I would not take the trouble to read, -being aware it was trash founded on falsehood, fabricated to create -discontent. - -At the end of a half hour's tirade, of which these lines are a sample, -the good old Tory raised his hands, and in the words of the Church's -benediction blessed his people and prayed Heaven to keep their minds -untainted by sedition. - -Looking back less than a century, it is almost impossible to believe -that the colonel's speech--it cannot be called reasoning--was applauded -to the echo and regarded as a masterly justification of people "being -governed" rather than governing themselves. - -Perhaps, after all, it was not so much the Constitution of Canada that -caused the conflict as the clash between the old-time feudalism and the -spirit of modern, aggressive democracy. The United States _fought_ -this question out in 1776. Canada _wrestled_, it cannot be called a -_fight_, the same question out in 1837. - - -It is necessary to give one or two cases of individual persecution to -understand how the disorders flamed to open rebellion. - -One Matthews, an officer of the 1812 War, living on a pension, had -incurred the distrust of the governing ring by expressing sympathy with -the agitators. Now to be an agitator was bad enough in the eyes of -"_the family compact_," but for one of their {415} own social circle to -sympathize with the outsiders was, to the snobocracy clique of the -little city of ten thousand at Toronto, almost an unpardonable sin. -Such sins were punished by social ostracism, by the grand dames of -Toronto not inviting the officer's wife to social functions, by the -families of the upper clique literally freezing the sinner's children -out of the foremost circles of social life. Many a Canadian family is -proud to trace lineage back to some old lady of this tempestuous -period, whose only claim to recognition is that she waged petty -persecution against the heroes of Canadian progress. Now the annals of -the times do not record that this special sinner's wife and children so -suffered. At all events Matthews' spirits were not cast down by social -snobbery. He continued to sympathize with the agitators. The "_family -compact_" bided their time, and their time came a few months later, -when a company of American actors came to Toronto. A band concert had -been given. When the British national air struck up, all hats were -off. Then some one called for "Yankee Doodle," and in compliment to -the visitors, when the American air struck up, Matthews shouted out for -"hats off." For this sin the legislative council ordered the -lieutenant governor to cut off Matthews' pension, and, to the -everlasting shame of Sir Peregrine Maitland, the advice was taken, -though Matthews had twenty-seven years of service to his credit. -Matthews appealed to England, and his pension was restored, so that in -this case "_the family compact_" for political reasons was pretending -to be more British than Great Britain. It was not to be the last -occasion on which "the loyalty cry" was to be used as a political dodge. - -The persecution of Robert Gourlay was yet more outrageous. - -He had come to Canada soon after the War of 1812, and in the course of -collecting statistics for a book on the colony was quick to realize how -Canada's progress was being literally gagged by the policy of the -ruling clique. Gourlay attacked the local magistrates in the press. -He pointed out that the land grants were notorious. He advocated -bombarding the evils from two sides at once, by appealing to the home -government and by {416} holding local conventions of protest. The pass -to which things had come may be realized by the attitude of the -council. It held that the colony must hold no communications with the -imperial government except through the Governor General; in other -words, individual appeals not passing through the hands of the -legislative council were to be regarded as illegal. It is sad to have -to acknowledge that such a palpably dishonest measure was ever -countenanced by people in their right minds. But "_the family -compact_" went a step farther. It passed an order forbidding meetings -to discuss public grievances. This part of Canada's story reads more -like Russia than America, and shows to what length men will go when -special privileges rather than equal rights prevail in a country. -Gourlay met these infamous measures by penning some witty doggerel, -headed "Gagged, gagged, by Jingo!" The editor in whose paper Gourlay's -writings had appeared, was arrested, and the offending sheet was -compelled to suspend. Gourlay himself is arrested for sedition and -libel at least four times, but each time the jury acquits him. At any -cost the governing clique must get rid of this scribbling fellow, whose -pen voices the rising discontent. An alien act, passed before the War -of 1812, compelling the deportation of seditious persons, is revived. -Under the terms of the act Gourlay is arrested, tried, and sentenced to -be exiled, but Gourlay declares he is not an alien. He is a British -subject, and he refuses to leave the country. He is thrown in jail at -Niagara, and for a year and a half left in a moldy, close cell. One -dislikes to write that this outrage on British justice was perpetrated -under Chief Justice Powell, whose failure to obtain decisions from the -jury in the Red River trials brought down such harsh criticism on the -bench. At the end of twenty months Gourlay is again hauled before the -jury and sentenced to deportation on pain of death if he refuses. He -was calmly asked if he had anything to say, if there were any reason -why sentence should not be pronounced. - -"Anything . . . to . . . say? Any reason . . . why . . . -sentence . . . should not be pronounced?" From 1818 to 1820 {417} -Gourlay had been having things "to say," had been giving good and -sufficient reasons why sentence should not be pronounced! The question -is repeated: "Robert Gourlay stand up! Have you anything to say?" The -court waits, Chief Justice Powell, bewigged and wearing his grandest -manner, all unconscious that the scene is to go down to history with -blot of ignominy against _his_ name, not Gourlay's. - -Gourlay's face twitches, and he breaks into shrieks of maniacal -laughter. The petty persecutions of a provincial tyranny have driven a -man, who is true patriot, out of his mind. As Gourlay drops out of -Canada's story here, it may be added that the English government later -pronounced the whole trial an outrage, and Gourlay was invited back to -Canada. - - -If at this stage a man had come to Canada as governor, big enough and -just enough to realize that colonies had some rights, there might have -been remedy; for the imperial government, eager to right the wrong, was -misled by the legislative councilors, and all at sea as to the source -of the trouble. While men were being actually driven out of Canada by -the governing ring on the charge of disloyalty, the colonial minister -of England was sending secret dispatches to the Governor General, -instructing him plainly that if independence was what Canada wanted, -then the mother country, rather than risk a second war with the United -States, or press conclusions with the Canadas themselves, would -willingly cede independence. It is as well to be emphatic and clear on -this point. _It was not the tyranny of England that caused the -troubles of 1837_. It was the dishonesty of the ruling rings at Quebec -and Toronto, and this dishonesty was possible because of the -Constitutional Act of 1791. - -Unfortunately, just when imperial statesmen of the modern school were -needed, governors of the old school were appointed to Canada. After -Sir John Sherbrooke came the Duke of Richmond to Quebec, and his -son-in-law, Sir Peregrine Maitland, as lieutenant governor to Ontario. -Men of more courtly manners never graced the vice-regal chairs of -Quebec and Toronto. {418} Richmond, who was some fifty years of age, -had won notoriety in his early days by a duel with a prince of the -blood royal, honor on both sides being satisfied by Richmond shooting -away a curl from the royal brow; but presto, an Irish barrister takes -up the quarrel by challenging Richmond to a second duel for having -dared to fight a prince; and here Richmond satisfies claims of honor by -a well-directed ball aimed to wound, not kill. Long years after, when -the duke became viceroy of Ireland, the Irishman appeared at one of -Richmond's state balls. - -"Hah," laughed the barrister, "the last time we met, your Grace gave -_me_ a ball." - -"Best give you a brace of 'em now," retorted the witty Richmond; and he -sent his quondam foe invitation to two more balls. - -Richmond it was who gave the famous ball before the defeat of Napoleon -at Waterloo. The story of his daughter's love match with Sir Peregrine -Maitland is of a piece with the rest of the romance in Richmond's life. -Richmond and Maitland had been friends in the army, but when the duke -began to observe that his daughter, Lady Sarah, and the younger man -were falling in love, he thought to discourage the union with a poor -man by omitting Maitland's name from invitation lists. When Lady Sarah -came downstairs to a ball she surmised that Maitland had not been -invited, and, withdrawing from the assembled guests, drove to her -lover's apartments. She married Maitland without her father's consent, -but a reconciliation had been patched up. Father and son-in-law now -came to Canada as governor and lieutenant governor. - -The military and social life of both unfitted them to appreciate the -conditions in Canada. Socially both were the lions of the hour. As a -man and gentleman Richmond was simply adored, and Quebec's love of all -the pomp of monarchy was glutted to the full. No more distinguished -governor ever played host in the old Chateau St. Louis; but as rulers, -as pacifiers, as guides of the ship of state, Richmond and Maitland -were dismal failures. To them Canada's demand for responsible {419} -government seemed the rallying cry of an impending republic. "We must -overcome democracy or it will overcome us," pronounced Richmond. He -failed to see that resistance to the demand for self-government would -bring about the same results in Canada as resistance had brought about -in the United States, and he could not guess--for the thing was new in -the world's history--that the grant of self-government would but bind -the colony the closer to the mother land. - -[Illustration: THE FOURTH DUKE OF RICHMOND, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, -1818-1819] - -It is sad to write of two such high-minded, well-intentioned rulers, -that the worst acts of misgovernment in Canada took place in their -regime. - -Richmond's death was as unusual as his life. Two accounts are given of -the cause. One states that he permitted a pet dog to touch a cut in -his face. The other account has it that he was bitten by a tame fox at -a fair in Sorel, and the date of Richmond's death, late in August of -1819, exactly two months from the time he was bitten at Sorel,--which -is the length of time that hydrophobia takes to develop in a grown -person,--would seem to substantiate the latter story. He was traveling -on horseback from Perth to Richmond, on the Ottawa, and had complained -of feeling poorly. A small stream had to be crossed. The sight of the -stream brought the strange water delirium to Richmond, when he begged -his attendants to take him quickly to Montreal. It need scarcely be -explained here that hydrophobia {420} is not caused by lack of water, -but by contagious transmission. The feeling passed, as the first -terrors of the disease are usually spasmodic, and the Governor was -proceeding through the woods with his attendants, when he suddenly -broke away deliriously, leading them a wild race to a farm shed. There -he died during the night, crying out as the lucid intervals broke the -delirium of his agonies: "For shame! for shame Lenox! Richmond, be a -man! Can you not bear it?" - - -Public affairs are meanwhile passing from bad to worse. William Lyon -MacKenzie has become leader of the agitators in his newspaper, _The -Advocate_, of Toronto. A band of young vandals, sons of the ruling -clique, wreck his newspaper office and throw the type into Toronto Bay, -but MacKenzie recovers $3000 damages and goes on agitating. Four times -he is publicly expelled from the House, and four times he is returned -by the electors. What are they asking, these agitators, branded as -rebels, expelled from the assembly, in some cases cast in prison by the -councilors, in others threatened with death? - - Control of public revenues. - Reform in the land system. - Municipal rights for towns and cities. - The exclusion of judges from Parliament. - That the council be directly responsible to the people - rather than the Crown. - - -Since 1818 the reformers have been agitating to have wrongs righted, -and for nineteen years the clique has prevented official inquiry, -gagged the press, bludgeoned conventions out of existence, and thrown -leaders of opposition in prison. - -MacKenzie now makes the mistake of publishing in his papers a letter -from the English radical Hume, advocating the freedom of Canada "from -the baneful domination of the mother country." At once, with a jingo -whoop, the loyalty cry is emitted by "_the family compact_." Is not -this what they have been telling the Governor from the first,--these -reformers are republicans in {421} disguise? By trickery and -manipulation they swing the next election so that MacKenzie is -defeated. From that moment MacKenzie's tone changed. It may be that, -losing all hope of reform, he became a republican. If this were -treason, then the English ministers, who were advocating the same -remedy, were guilty of the same treason. With MacKenzie, secretly and -openly, are a host of sympathizers,--Dr. Rolph, Tom Talbot's old -friend, come up from the London district to practice medicine in -Toronto, and Van Egmond, who has helped to settle the Huron Tract of -the Canada Company, founded by John Galt, the novelist, and some four -thousand others whose names MacKenzie has on a list in his carpet bag. - -[Illustration: WILLIAM LYON MACKENZIE] - -All the autumn of 1837 Fitzgibbons, now commander of the troops in -Toronto, hears vague rumors of farmers secretly drilling, of workmen -extemporizing swords out of scythes, of old soldiers furbishing up -their arms of the 1812 War. What does it mean? Sir Francis Bond Head, -the new governor of Ontario, refuses to believe his own ears. Neither -does _the family compact_ realize that there is any danger to their -long tenure of power. They affect to sneer at these poor patriots of -the plow, little dreaming that the rights which these poor patriots of -the scythe swords are burning to defend, will, by and by, be the pride -of England's colonial system. The story of plot and counter plot -cannot be told in detail here; it is too {422} long. But on the night -of Monday, December 4, Toronto wakes up to a wild ringing of college -bells. The rebel patriots have collected at Montgomery's Tavern -outside Toronto, and are advancing on the city. - -Poor MacKenzie's plans have gone all awry. Four thousand patriots had -pledged themselves to assemble at the tavern on December 7, but Dr. -Rolph, or some other friend in the city, sends word that the date has -been discovered. The only hope of seizing the city is for them to come -sooner; and MacKenzie arrives at the tavern on December 3, with only a -few hundred followers, who have neither food nor firearms; and I doubt -much if they had even definite plans; of such there are no records. -Before Van Egmond comes from Seaforth, doubt and dissension and -distrust of success depress the insurgents; and it does n't help their -spirits any to have four Toronto scouts break through their lines in -the dark and back again with word of their weakness, though they plant -a fatal bullet neatly in the back of one poor loyalist. If they had -advanced promptly on the 4th, as planned, they might have given Sir -Francis Bond Head and Fitzgibbons a stiff tussle for possession of the -city, for Toronto's defenders at this time numbered scarcely three -hundred; but during the days MacKenzie's followers delayed north of -Yonge Street, Allan McNab came up from Hamilton with more troops. By -Wednesday, the 6th, there were twelve hundred loyalist troops in -Toronto; and noon of the 7th, out marches the loyalist army by way of -Yonge Street, bands playing, flags flying, horses prancing under -Fitzgibbons and McNab. It was a warm, sunny day. From the windows of -Yonge Street women waved handkerchiefs and cheered. At street corners -the rabble shouted itself hoarse, just as it would have cheered -MacKenzie had he come down Yonge Street victorious. - -MacKenzie's sentries had warned the insurgents of the loyalists' -coming. MacKenzie was for immediate advance. Van Egmond thought it -stark madness for five hundred poorly armed men to meet twelve hundred -troopers in pitched battle; but it was too late now for stark madness -to retreat. The loyalist {423} bands could be heard from Rosedale; the -loyalists' bayonets could be seen glittering in the sun. MacKenzie -posted his men a short distance south of the tavern in some woods; one -hundred and fifty on one side of the road west of Yonge Street, one -hundred on the other side. The rest of the insurgents, being without -arms, did not leave the rendezvous. In the confusion and haste the -tragic mistake was made of leaving MacKenzie's carpet bag with the list -of patriots at the tavern. This gave the loyalists a complete roster -of the agitators' names. - -[Illustration: ALLAN McNAB] - -Fifteen minutes later it was all over with MacKenzie. The big guns of -the Toronto troops shelled the woods, killing one patriot rebel and -wounding eleven, four fatally. In answer, only a clattering spatter of -shots came from the rebel side. The patriots were in headlong flight -with the mounted men of Toronto in pursuit. - -It was over with MacKenzie, but, as the sequence of events will show, -it was not all over with the cause. A book of soldiers' yarns might be -told of hairbreadth escapes, the aftermath of the rebellion. Knowing -his side was doomed to defeat, Dr. Rolph tried to escape from Toronto. -He was stopped by a loyalist sentry, but explained he was leaving the -city to visit a patient. Farther on he had been arrested by a loyalist -picket, when luckily a young doctor who had attended Rolph's medical -lectures, all unconscious of MacKenzie's plot, vouched for his {424} -loyalty. Riding like a madman all that night, Rolph reached Niagara -and escaped to the American frontier. A reward of 1000 pounds had been -offered for MacKenzie dead or alive. He had waited only till his -followers fled, when he mounted his big bay horse and galloped for the -woods, pursued by Fitzgibbons' men. The big bay carried him safely to -the country, where he wandered openly for four days. It speaks volumes -for the stanch fidelity of the country people to the cause which -MacKenzie represented, that during these wanderings he was unbetrayed, -spite of the 1000 pounds reward. Finally he too succeeded in crossing -Niagara. Van Egmond was captured north of Yonge Street, but died from -disease contracted in his prison cell before he could be tried. Lount, -another of the leaders, had succeeded in reaching Long Point, Lake -Erie. With a fellow patriot, a French voyageur, and a boy, he started -to cross Lake Erie in an open boat. It was wintry, stormy weather. -For two days and two nights the boat tossed, a plaything of the waves, -the drenching spray freezing as it fell, till the craft was almost -ice-logged. For food they had brought only a small piece of meat, and -this had frozen so hard that their numbed hands could not break it. -Weakening at each oar stroke, they at last saw the south shore of Lake -Erie rise on the sky line; but before the close-muffled refugees had -dared to hope for safety on the American side, a strong south wind had -sprung up that drove the boat back across the lake towards Grand River. -To remain exposed longer meant certain death. They landed, were -mistaken for smugglers, and thrown into jail, where Lount was at once -recognized. - -In West Ontario one Dr. Duncombe had acted as MacKenzie's lieutenant. -Allan McNab had come west with six hundred men to suppress the -rebellion. Realizing the hopelessness of further resistance, Duncombe -had tried to save his men by ordering them to disperse to their homes. -He himself, with his white horse, took to the woods, where he lay in -hiding all day--and it was a Canadian December--and foraged at night -for berries and roots. Judge Ermatinger gives the graphic story of -{425} Duncombe's escape. Starvation drove him to the house of a -friend. The friend was out, and when the wife asked who he was, -Duncombe laid his revolver on the table and made answer, "I am -Duncombe; and I must have food." Here he lay disguised so completely -with nightcap, nightdress, and all, as the visiting grandmother of the -family, that loyalists who saw his white horse and came in to search -the house, looked squarely at the recumbent figure beneath the -bedclothes and did not recognize him. Duncombe at last reached his -sister's home near London. - -"Don't you know me?" he asked, standing in the open door, waiting for -her recognition. In the few weeks of exposure and pursuit his hair had -turned snow-white. - -His friends suggested that he cross to the American frontier dressed as -a woman, and the disguise was so perfect, curls of his sister's hair -bobbing from beneath his bonnet, that two loyalist soldiers gallantly -escorted the lady's sleigh across unsafe places in the ice. Duncombe -waited till he was well on the American side, and his escorts on the -way back to Sarnia. Then he emitted a yell over the back of the -cutter, "Go tell your officers you have just helped Dr. Duncombe -across!" - -Having lost the fight for a cause which events have since justified, it -is not surprising that the patriots on the American frontier now lost -their heads. They formed organizations from Detroit to Vermont for the -invasion of Canada and the establishment of a republic. These bands -were known as "Hunter's Lodges." Rolph and Duncombe repudiated -connection with them, but MacKenzie was head and heart for armed -invasion from Buffalo. Space forbids the story of these raids. They -would fill a book with such thrilling tales as make up the border wars -of Scotland. - -The tumultuous year of 1837 closed with the burning of the _Caroline_. -MacKenzie had taken up quarters on Navy Island in Niagara River. The -_Caroline_, an American ship, was being employed to convey guns and -provisions to the insurgents' camp. On the Canadian side of the river -camped Allan McNab with {426} twenty-five hundred loyalist troops. -Looking across the river with field glasses, McNab sees the boat -landing field guns on Navy Island for MacKenzie. - -"I say," exclaims the future Sir Allan, "this won't do! Can't you cut -that vessel out, Drew?" addressing a young officer. - -"Nothing easier," answers Drew. - -"Do it, then," orders McNab. - -In spite of the fact "nothing was easier," Drew's men came near -disaster on their midnight escapade. The river below Navy Island was -three miles wide, and only a mile and a half from the rapids above the -Falls, with a current like a mill race. Secretly seven boats, with -four men in each, set out at half past eleven, a few friends on the -river bank wishing Drew Godspeed. Out from shore Drew draws his boats -together, and tells the men the perilous task they have to do: if any -one wishes to go back let him do so now. Not a man speaks. Halfway -across, firing from the island drives two of the boats back. The rest -get under shadow from the bright moonlight and go on. The roar of the -Falls now became deafening, and some of the rowers called out they were -being drawn down the center of the river astern. Drew fastens his eyes -on a light against the American shore to judge of their progress. For -a moment, though the men were rowing with all their might, the light -ashore and the boats in mid-river seemed to remain absolutely still. -Finally the boats gained an oar's length. Then a mighty pull, and all -forge ahead. A strip of land hides approach to the _Caroline_. The -Canadian boatmen lie in hiding till the moon goes down, then glide in -on the _Caroline_, when Drew mounts the decks. Three unarmed men are -found on the shore side. Drew orders them to land. One fires -point-blank; Drew slashes him down with a single saber cut. The rest -of the crew are roused from sleep and sent ashore. The _Caroline_ is -set on fire in four places. She is moored to the shore ice; axes chop -her free. She is adrift; Drew the last to jump from her flaming decks -to his place in the small boats. The flames are seen from the Canadian -side, and huge bonfires light up the Canadian shore; by their gleam -{427} Drew steers back for McNab's army, and is welcomed with cheers -that split the welkin. Slowly the flaming vessel drifted down the -channel to the Falls. Suddenly the lights went out; the _Caroline_ had -either sunk on a reef or gone over the Falls. One man had been killed -on the decks. As the vessel was American, and had been raided in -American ports, the episode raised an international dispute that might -in another mood have caused war. - -Lount and Matthews pay for the rebellion on the gallows, upon which the -imperial government expressed regret that the Toronto Executive "found -such severity necessary." Later, when "the Hunters' Lodges" raid -Prescott, and Van Shoultz, the Polish leader, with nine others, is -executed at Kingston, a great revulsion of feeling takes place against -_the family compact_. The execution of the patriots did more for their -cause than all their efforts of twenty years. The Canadian people had -supported the agitators up to the point of armed rebellion. That gave -British blood pause, for the Britisher reveres the law next to God; but -when the governing ring began to glut its vengeance under cloak of -loyalty that was another matter. After the execution of Lount and -Matthews _the family compact_ could scarcely count a friend outside its -own circle in Upper Canada. It is worth remembering that the young -lawyer who defended Van Shoultz in the trial at Kingston was a John A. -Macdonald, who later took foremost part in framing a new constitution -for Canada. - - -Affairs had gone faster in Quebec. There the rebellion almost became -war. Papineau was leader of the agitators,--Papineau, fiery, -impetuous, eloquent, followed by the bold boys in the bonnets blue, -marching the streets of Montreal singing revolutionary songs and -planting liberty trees. In Lower Canada, too, things have come to the -pass where the agitators advocate armed resistance. From the first, in -Quebec, the struggle has waged round two questions,--the exclusion of -the French from the council, and the right of the colony to spend its -own revenues; but boil down the ninety-two resolutions of 1834, and the -demands {428} of the agitators in Lower Canada are the same as in Upper -Canada, for complete self-government. A dozen clashes of authority -lead up to the final outbreak. For instance, the House elects -Papineau, the agitator, speaker. The Governor General refuses to -recognize him, and Parliament is dissolved. - -Failing to obtain redress by constitutional methods, the agitators now -advocate the right of a colony to abolish government unsuited to it. -The constitutional party takes alarm and organizes volunteers. -Papineau's party, early in 1837, begin violently advocating that all -French magistrates resign their commissions from the English -government. On Richelieu River and up in Two Mountains, north of -Montreal, are the strongholds of the agitators, where men have been -drilling, and the boys in the bonnets blue rioting through the villages -to the great scandal of parish priests. - -[Illustration: LOUIS J. PAPINEAU] - -There are riots in Montreal early in November of 1837, and "the Sons of -Liberty" are chased through the town. Then in the third week of -November a troop of Montreal cavalry is sent to St. John's to arrest -three agitators, who have been threatening a magistrate for refusing to -resign his commission. The agitators are arrested and handcuffed, and -at three in the morning the troops are moving along across country -towards Longueuil with the prisoners in a wagon, when suddenly three -hundred armed men rise on either side of the road to the fore. Shots -are exchanged. In the confusion the prisoners jump from the wagon. -This is not resistance to authority. It is open rebellion. Papineau -intrusts the management of affairs in St. Eustache, north of Montreal, -to Girod, a Swiss, and to {429} Dr. Chenier, a local patriot. Papineau -himself and Dr. Nelson and O'Callaghan are down on the Richelieu at St. -Denis. - -Take the Richelieu region first. Colonel Gore is to strike up the -river southward to St. Denis. Colonel Wetherell is to cross country -from Montreal and strike down the river north to St. Charles, thus -hemming in the insurgents between Gore on the north and himself on the -south. There are eight hundred rebels at St. Denis, one hundred and -fifty armed, and twelve hundred at St. Charles. Papineau and -O'Callaghan for safety's sake slip across the line to Swanton in -Vermont. One could wish that, having led their faithful followers up -to the sticking point of stark madness, the agitators had remained -shoulder to shoulder with the brave fellows on the field. - -Colonel Gore came from Montreal by boat to the mouth of the Richelieu. -At seven-thirty on the night of November 22 two hundred and fifty -troopers landed to march up the Richelieu road to St. Denis. Rain -turning to sleet was falling in a deluge. The roads were swimming -knee-deep in slush. Bridges had been cut, and in the darkness the -loyalists had to diverge to fording places, which lengthened out the -march twenty-four miles. At St. Denis was Dr. Nelson with the -agitators in a three-story stone house, windows bristling with muskets. -By dawn Papineau and O'Callaghan had fled, and at nine o'clock came -Colonel Gore's loyalist troopers, exhausted from the march, soaked to -the skin, their water-sagged clothes freezing in the cold wind. The -loyalists went into the fight unfed, and with a whoop; but it is not -surprising that the peppering of bullets from the windows drove the -troopers back, and Gore's bugles sounded retreat. Unaware of Gore's -defeat, one Lieutenant Weir has been sent across country with -dispatches. He is captured and bound, and, in a futile attempt to -escape, shot and stabbed to death. - -Wetherell comes down the river from Chambly with three hundred men. He -finds St. Charles village protected by outworks of felled trees, and -the houses are literally loopholed with muskets; but Wetherell has -brought cannon along, and the cannon begin to sing on November 25. -Then Wetherell's {430} men charge through the village with leveled -bayonets. The poor habitants scatter like frightened sheep; they -surrender; one hundred perish. It is estimated that on both sides -three hundred are wounded, though some English writers give the list of -wounded as low as forty. Messengers galloped with news of the -patriots' defeat at St. Charles to Dr. Nelson at St. Denis. The -habitants fled to their homes. Nelson was left without a follower. He -escaped to the woods, and for two weeks wandered in the forests of the -boundary, exposed to cold and hunger, not daring to kindle a fire that -would betray him, afraid to let himself sleep for fear of freezing to -death. He was captured near the Vermont line and carried prisoner to -Montreal. - -[Illustration: SIR JOHN COLBORNE, GOVERNOR OF CANADA, 1838-1841] - -And still worse fared the fortunes of war with the patriots north of -Montreal. Their defense and defeat were almost pitiable in childish -ignorance of what war might mean. Boys' marbles had been gathered -together for bullets. Scythes were carried as swords, and old -flintlocks that had not seen service for twenty years were taken down -from the chimney places. With their bonnets blue hanging down their -backs, rusty firearms over their shoulders, and the village fiddler -leading the march, one thousand "Sons of Liberty" had paraded the -streets of St. Eustache, singing, rollicking, speechifying, unconscious -as {431} children playing war that they were dancing to ruin above a -volcano. Chenier, the beloved country doctor, is their leader. Girod, -the Swiss, has come up to show them how to drill. They take possession -of a newly built convent. Then on Sunday, the 3d of December, comes -word of the defeat down on the Richelieu. The moderate men plead with -Chenier to stop now before it is too late; but Chenier will not listen. -He knows the cause is right, and with the credulity or faith of a -simple child hopes some mad miracle will win the day. Still he is much -moved; tears stream down his face. Then on December 14 the church -bells ring a crazy alarm. The troops are coming, two thousand of them -from Montreal under Sir John Colborne, the governor. The insurgent -army melts like frost before the sun. Less than one hundred men stand -by poor Chenier. At eleven-thirty the troops sweep in at both ends of -the village at once, Girod, the Swiss commander, suicides in panic -flight. Cooped up in the church steeple with the flames mounting -closer round them and the troopers whooping jubilantly outside, Chenier -and his eighty followers call out: "We are done! We are sold! Let us -jump!" Chenier jumps from the steeple, is hit by the flying bullets, -and perishes as he falls. His men cower back in the flaming steeple -till it falls with a crash into the burning ruins. Amid the ash heap -are afterwards found the corpses of seventy-two patriots. The troopers -take one hundred prisoners in the region, then set fire to all houses -where loyalist flags are not waved from the windows. - - -Matters have now come to such an outrageous pass that the British -government can no longer ignore the fact that the colony has been -goaded to desperation by the misgovernment of the ruling clique. Lord -Durham is appointed special commissioner with extraordinary powers to -proceed to Canada and investigate the whole subject of colonial -government. One may guess that the ruling clique were prepared to take -possession of the new commissioner and prime him with facts favorable -to their side; but Durham was not a man to be monopolized by any -faction. {432} When he arrived, in May of 1838, he quickly gave proof -that he would follow his own counsels and choose his own councilors. -His first official declaration was practically an act of amnesty to the -rebels, eight only of the leading prisoners, among them Dr. Nelson, -being punished by banishment to Bermuda, the rest being simply expelled -from Canada. - -This act was tantamount to a declaration that the rebels possessed some -rights and had suffered real grievances, and the governing rings in -both Toronto and Quebec took furious offense. Complaints against -Durham poured into the English colonial office,--complaints, oddly -enough, that he had violated the spirit of the English Constitution by -sentencing subjects of the Crown without trial. Though every one knew -that in Canada's turbulent condition trial by jury was impossible, -Durham's political foes in England took up the cry. In addition to -political complaints were grudges against Durham for personal slight; -and it must be confessed the haughty earl had ridden roughshod over all -the petty prejudices and little dignities of the colonial magnates. -The upshot was, Durham resigned in high dudgeon and sailed for England -in November of 1838. - -[Illustration: LORD DURHAM, SPECIAL COMMISSIONER TO CANADA, 1838] - -On his way home he dictated to his secretary, Charles Buller, the -famous report which is to Canada what the Magna Charta is to England or -the Declaration of Independence to the United States. Without going -into detail, it may be said that it {433} recommended complete -self-government for the colonies. As disorders had again broken out in -Canada, the English government hastened to embody the main -recommendations of Durham's report in the Union Act of 1840, which came -into force a year later. By it Upper and Lower Canada were united on a -basis of equal representation each, though Quebec's population was six -hundred thousand to Ontario's five hundred thousand. The colonies were -to have the entire management of their revenues and civil lists. The -government was to consist of an Upper Chamber appointed by the Crown -for life, a representative assembly, and the governor with a cabinet of -advisers responsible to the assembly. - -In all, more than seven hundred arrests had been made in Quebec -Province. Of these all were released but some one hundred and thirty, -and the state trials resulted in sentence of banishment against fifty, -death to twelve. In modern days it is almost impossible to realize the -degree of fanatical hatred generated by this half century of -misgovernment. Declared one of the governing clique's official -newspapers in Montreal: "Peace must be maintained, even if we make the -country a solitude. French Canadians must be swept from the face of -the earth. . . . The empire must be respected, even at the cost of the -entire French Canadian people." With such sentiments openly uttered, -one may surely say that the Constitutional Act of 1791 turned back the -pendulum of Canada's progress fifty years, and it certainly took fifty -more years to eradicate the bitterness generated by the era of -misgovernment. - - -With the Upper and Lower Canadas united in a federation of two -provinces, it was a foregone conclusion that all parts of British North -America must sooner or later come into the fold. It would be hard to -say from whom the idea of confederation of all the provinces first -sprang. Purely as a theory the idea may be traced back as early as -1791. The truth is, Destiny, Providence, or whatever we like to call -that great stream of concurrent events which carries men and nations -out to the ocean {434} highway of a larger life, forced British North -America into the Confederation of 1867. - -In the first place, while the Union worked well in theory, it was -exceedingly difficult in practice. Ontario and Quebec had equal -representation. One was Protestant, the other Catholic; one French, -the other English. Deadlocks, or, to use the slang of the street, even -tugs of war, were inevitable and continual. All Ontario had to do to -thwart Quebec, or Quebec had to do to thwart Ontario, was to stand -together and keep the votes solid. Coalition ministries proved a -failure. - -In the second place, Ontario was practically dependent on the customs -duties collected at Quebec ports of entry for a provincial revenue. -The goods might be billed for Ontario; Quebec collected the tax. - -Ontario was also dependent on Quebec for access to the sea. Which -province was to pay for the system of canals being developed, and the -deepening of the St. Lawrence? - -Then the Oregon Treaty of 1846 had actually brought a cloud of war on -the horizon. In case of war, there was the question of defense. - -Then railways had become a very live question. Quebec wanted -connection with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. How was the cost of a -railroad to be apportioned? Red River was agitating for freedom from -fur-trade monopoly. How were railways to be built to Red River? - -Ontario's population in twenty years jumped past the million mark. Was -it fair that her million people should have only the same number of -representatives as Quebec with her half million? Reformers of Ontario, -voiced by George Brown of _The Globe_, called for "Rep. by -Pop.,"--representation by population. - -Civil war was raging in the United States, threatening to tear the -Union to tatters. Why? Because the balance of power had been left -with the states governments, and not enough authority centralized in -the federal government. The lesson was not lost on struggling Canada. - -{435} England's declaration of free trade brought the colonies face to -face with the need of some united action to raise revenue by tariff. - -Then the Hudson's Bay Company's license of monopoly over the fur trade -of the west was nearing expiration. Should the license be renewed for -another twenty years, or should Canada take over Red River as a new -province, which was the wish of the people both east and west? And if -Canada did buy out the Hudson's Bay Company's vested rights, who was to -pay down the cost? - -[Illustration: JOHN A. MACDONALD] - -Lastly, was John A. Macdonald, the young lawyer who had pleaded the -defense of the patriot trials at Kingston in 1838, now a leading -politician of the United Canadas, weary of the hopeless deadlocks -between Ontario and Quebec. With almost a sixth sense of divination in -reading the signs of the times in the trend of events, John A. -Macdonald saw that Canada's one hope of becoming a national power lay -in union,--confederation. The same thing was seen by other leaders of -the day, by all that grand old guard known as the Fathers of -Confederation, sent from the different provinces to the conference at -Quebec in October of 1864. There the outline of what is known as the -British North America Act was drafted,--in the main but an -amplification of Durham's scheme, made broad enough to receive all -{436} the provinces whenever they might decide to come into -Confederation. The delegates then go back to be indorsed by their -provinces. By some provinces the scheme is rejected. Newfoundland is -not yet part of Canada, but by 1867 Confederation is an accomplished -fact. By 1871 the new Dominion has bought out the rights of the -Hudson's Bay Company in the West and Manitoba joins the Eastern -Provinces. By 1885 a railway links British Columbia with Nova Scotia. -By 1905 the great hunting field of the Saskatchewan prairies has been -divided into two new provinces, Saskatchewan and Alberta, each larger -than France. - - -Such is barest outline of Canada's past. What of the future for this -Empire of the North? That future is now in the making. It lies in the -hands of the men and women who are living to-day. In the past Canada's -makers dreamed greatly, and they dared greatly, and they took no heed -of impossibles, and they spent without stint of blood and happiness for -high aim. When Canada lost ground in the progress of the nations, as -in the corrupt days of Bigot's rule during the French regime, or the -equally corrupt days of _the family compact_ after the Conquest, it was -because the altar fires of her ideals were allowed to burn low. - -It has been said that the past is but a rear light marking the back -trail of the ship's passage. Say rather it is the search light on the -ship's prow, pointing the way over the waters. - -[Illustration: FATHERS OF CONFEDERATION, 1867. (From the painting by -Robert Hariss)] - -To-day Canada is in the very vanguard of the nations. Her wheat fields -fill the granaries of the world; and to her ample borders come the -peoples of earth's ends, bringing tribute not of incense and -frankincense as of old, but of manhood and strength, of push and lift, -of fire and hope and enthusiasm and the daring that conquers all the -difficulties of life; bringing too, all the outworn vices of an Old -World, all the vicious instincts of the powers that prey in the Under -World. Canada's prosperity is literally overflowing from a cornucopia -of super-abundant plenty. Will her constitution, wrested from -political and civil strife; will her moral stamina, bred from the -heroism of an heroic past, stand the strain, the tremendous strain of -the {437} new conditions? Will she assimilate the strange new -peoples--strange in thought and life and morals--coming to her borders? -Will she eradicate their vices like the strong body of a healthy -constitution throwing off disease; or will she be poisoned by the -toxins of vicious traits inherited from centuries of vicious living? -Will she remake the men, regenerate the aliens, coming to her hearth -fire; or will they drag her down to their degeneracy? Above all, will -she stand the strain, the tremendous strain, of prosperity, and the -corruption that is attendant on prosperity? _Quien sabe_? Let him -answer who can; and the question is best answered by watching the -criminal calendar. (Is the percentage of convictions as certain and -relentless as under the old regime? What manner of crimes is growing -up in the land?) And the question may be answered, too, by watching -whether the press and platform and pulpit stand as everlastingly and -relentlessly for sharp demarkation between right and wrong, for the -sharp demarkation between truth, plain truth, and intentional -mendacity, as under the regime of the old hard days. When political -life grows corrupt, is it now cleansed, or condoned? Let each Canadian -answer for himself. If the altar fires of Canada's ideals again burn -low, again she will lag in the progress of the world's great builders. - - - - -{439} - -INDEX - -NOTE. In all names of persons, names have been spelled as signed by -the person; in names of places, as written in early state documents. -In all other cases the rulings of the Canadian Geographic Board have -been followed, with the exception of _Montagnais_, which is given -_Montaignais_, _Tadousac_ as _Tadoussac_, _Saut_ as _Sault_, -_Louisbourg_ as _Louisburg_, _Denys_ as _Denis_. - - -Abenaki Indians, 171, 192, 193 - -Abercrombie, 252, 256, 258, 259 - -Acadia, 40, 41, 61, 64, 65, 69, 70, 192, 196, 197, 204, 214, 216, 220, -231, 233, 235, 236, 241 - -Agona, 19 - -Alaska, 321, 324 - -Albanel, Father, 143, 144 - -Albany, 97, 153, 159, 160, 162 - -Alberta, 297, 436 - -Alexander, 208 - -Alexander, Sir William, 61 - -Algonquin Indians, 52, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108 - -Allen, Ethan, 298 - -Allumette Island, 51, 52 - -Alymer, 50 - -Amherst, 236 - -Amherst, Sir Jeffrey, 252, 253, 256, 261, 268, 274, 277 - -Andre, Mademoiselle, 122 - -Annapolis, 200, 201, 215, 231 - -Annapolis Basin, 35, 37, 44, 61, 65, 67, 69, 177 - -Anticosti Island, 12, 134, 177 - -Appleton, Colonel, 197 - -Argall, Samuel, 43, 44, 61 - -Arnold, Benedict, 300-309 - -Astor, John Jacob, 294, 330, 333 - -Astoria, 333, 379 - -Athabasca, 324, 327, 390, 391, 398, 399, 401, 402 - -Aubert, 7 - -Aubry, 34, 35, 36, 44, 236 - -Aulneau, 208, 209 - - - -Bad River, 329, 330 - -Balboa, 6 - -Barclay, Captain, 363, 364 - -Barre, Charlotte, 78 - -Basin of Mines, 195 - -Basques, 44, 45, 46, 58 - -Basset, 195 - -Bathurst, Lord, 411 - -Bay of Islands, 10 - -Bayly, Governor, 144, 187 - -Beaubassin, 195, 236 - -Beauharnois, Governor, 206 - -Beaujeu, 141 - -Beauport, 269, 275 - -Beaupre, 19 - -Beausejour, 231, 236 - -Beaver Dams, 362 - -Bella Coola, 330 - -Belle Isle, 10, 19, 20 - -Belle Isle Straits, 10, 12 - -Bering, Vitus, 212 - -Berkeley, Admiral, 335, 336 - -Biard, Father, 41, 42, 44 - -Biencourt, 34, 40, 42, 61 - -Bigot, Intendant, 241-247, 274 - -Black Rock, 369 - -Blackwater River, 330 - -Blanc Sablon, 10, 11, 12 - -Bloody Brook, 202 - -Boerstler, Lieutenant, 360, 362 - -Bona Vista, 5, 8 - -Bonaventure, 195 - -Boscawen, 226, 234, 252, 256 - -Boston, 66, 194, 195, 203, 216 - -Boucher, 394 - -Bougainville, 243, 261, 270 - -Bouquet, 287, 288, 289, 290 - -Bourgeoys, Marguerite, 117 - -Bourlamaque, 243, 262 - -Braddock, General, 226-230 - -Bradstreet, General, 260, 287, 288 - -Brant, Joseph, 310, 315 - -Bras d'Or Lakes, 7 - -Brebeuf, Jean de, 71, 80, 82-90 - -Bridgar, 149 - -British Columbia, 323, 436 - -Brock, Isaac, 338-348, 363 - -Brockville, 349 - -Brown, George, 371, 434 - -Brule, Etienne, 48, 50, 52-57, 83, 127 - -Buffalo, 369, 371 - -Buller, Charles, 432 - -Burlington Heights, 365, 372 - -Burton, Colonel, 272 - - - -Cabot, John, 3-7, 26, 61 - -Cabot, Sebastian, 5 - -Cadillac, La Motte, 119, 124, 163, 165, 205 - -Caldwell, General, 412 - -California, 319, 408 - -Cameron, Duncan, 389, 391 - -Campbell, Captain, 285 - -Cape Breton, 5, 6, 7, 38, 43, 61, 62, 65, 124, 204, 214, 215 - -Cape Cod, 30, 37 - -Cape Diamond, 13, 19, 45, 80 - -Cape Rouge, 19, 22 - -Cape Sable, 61, 65 - -Garden, Major, 299 - -Carillon, 50 - -Carleton, 62 - -Carleton, Sir Guy, 279, 280, 281, 298-312 - -Carterett, George, 114 - -Cartier, Jacques, 7-22, 33, 40, 45, 77, 79 - -Casson, Dollier de, 121, 126, 128, 130 - -Castle Island, 10 - -Catalina, 8 - -Chaleur, Bay of, 11, 188 - -Chambly, Fort, 125 - -Champlain, Lake, 47, 203, 237, 242, 298, 299, 378 - -Champlain, Madame, 57 - -Champlain, Samuel, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 44, 45, 46, 48-60, 77, -80, 82, 83, 115 - -Chandler, 356, 357, 359 - -Charity Island, 92 - -Charles II, 114, 115 - -Charlottetown, 314 - -Charlton Island, 156, 160, 161 - -Charnisay, Sieur d'Aulnay de, 65-69 - -Chasteaufort, Marc Antoine de, 115 - -Chateau Bay, 10 - -Chateauguay River, 368, 369 - -Chatham, 279 - -Chats Rapids, 51 - -Chaudiere Falls, 50, 104 - -Chauncey, 349, 351-356, 366 - -Chenier, Dr., 429, 431 - -Chicago Portage, 133 - -Chignecto, 231 - -Chippewa, 371, 372, 373 - -Chippewyan, Fort, 325, 402 - -Chomedey, Paul de, 75 - -Christian Islands, 92, 99 - -Chrysler's Farm, 367 - -Church, Ben, 195 - -Churchill, Fort, 297, 318, 319 - -Clark, Lieutenant, 175 - -Clark, William, 310, 330 - -Clarke, John, 391, 398, 401, 402 - -Cobequid, 236 - -Cocking, Matthew, 297 - -Coffin, John, 306 - -Colborne, Sir John, 431 - -Columbia River, 321-323 - -Columbus, 3, 6 - -Contrecoeur, 230 - -Cook, James, 263, 319-321 - -Coppermine River, 296 - -Cornwallis, Edward, 221, 232 - -Cortereal, Caspar, 6 - -Courcelle, Governor, 125, 126 - -Craig, Governor, 336, 337 - -Cree Indians, 103, 110, 112, 208, 210, 386 - -Crevecoeur, Fort, 138, 139 - -Cumberland, 236 - - - -Dablon, 132 - -D'Ailleboust, Louis, 78, 79, 115, 119, 120, 172 - -Dalzell, 285 - -Daniel, Father, 27, 84, 87 - -D'Anville, Duke, 220 - -D'Argenson, 110, 115 - -Dauversiere, Jerome le Royer de la, 74, 117 - -D'Avaugour, 111, 115 - -Davis, 30 - -Davost, Father, 84 - -Dearborn, General, 353, 356 - -Deerfield, 193, 195 - -De Mezy, 115 - -De Monts, Sieur, 33-37, 40, 44, 45, 48 - -Denis, 7 - -Denonville, Marquis de, 163, 164, 167, 168 - -De Salaberry, 368, 369 - -Detroit, 93, 205, 276, 286, 291, 310, 338, 339, 340, 363 - -De Troyes, Chevalier, 157, 158, 159, 160 - -Dieskau, Baron, 226, 237, 240 - -Digge's Island, 154 - -Dinwiddie, Governor, 224 - -Dobbs, Captain, 376 - -Dochet Island, 35 - -Dog Rib Indians, 326 - -Dollard, Adam, 107, 108, 109, 110 - -Don Quadra, 322 - -Donnacona, 13, 18, 19 - -Douglas, Fort, 386, 387, 390, 391, 393, 395-397 - -Douglas, Governor, 408 - -Drake, Sir Francis, 26, 27 - -Drew, 426 - -Drucourt, 253 - -Drummond, Sir Gordon, 369, 370, 372, 374, 376, 377, 378 - -Du Chene, Lake, 50, 105 - -Duchambon, 219 - -Ducharme, 362 - -Duluth, 112, 146, 163, 165 - -Duluth, Daniel G., 118, 124, 205 - -Duncombe, Dr., 424, 425 - -Dupuis, Major, 98 - -Duquesne, Fort, 224, 226, 227, 228, 252, 260 - -Duquesne, Marquis, 224 - -Durell, 261 - -Durham, Lord, 431, 432 - -Duval, 46 - - - -Egg Islands, 203 - -Elizabeth, Queen, 26 - -Elliott, Lieutenant, 343, 344 - -Eric, Earl, 1 - -Erie, Fort, 344, 376, 377 - -Erie, Lake, 129, 130, 131, 137, 341, 349 - -Ermatinger, Judge, 424 - -Etherington, Major, 286 - -Evans, 344 - - - -Fidler, Peter, 389 - -Findley, 295 - -Fitzgibbons, 357, 359, 360, 362, 373, 421, 422 - -Fleury, 42, 43 - -Fontaine, Marguerite, 170 - -Fontaine, Sieur Pierre, 170 - -Forbes, John, 260 - -Forsyth, 353 - -Franklin, Benjamin, 309 - -Fraser, Simon, 330, 331, 332 - -Fraser River, 330, 331, 332 - -French Bay, 35 - -French River, 53, 54 - -Frenchman's Bay, 42 - -Freneuse, Madame, 195, 196, 202 - -Frobisher, Martin, 25, 30 - -Frontenac, Count, 132, 134, 135, 136, 140, 150, 167, 171, 176-188 - -Frontenac, Fort, 135, 136, 137, 141, 163, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 252, -260 - -Fundy, Bay of, 35, 42, 62, 63, 66 - -Funk Island, 9 - - - -Galet, 170 - -Galinee, 129, 130, 131 - -Garry, Nicholas, 406 - -Gaspe, 11, 12, 32, 124, 177, 256 - -Gatineau, 50, 104 - -George, Fort, 342, 344, 348, 355, 356, 360, 372 - -George, Lake, 240, 242 - -Georgian Bay, 54, 83, 84, 92 - -Gibraltar, Fort, 386, 387 - -Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 25-29 - -Gilbert du Thet, 42, 43 - -Gillam, Ben, 148, 149, 150 - -Gillam, Captain, 144, 145, 149 - -Gillam, Zechariah, 113 - -Gillam's Island, 148 - -Girod, 428, 431 - -Gladwin, 284 - -Glen Rae, Dr., 407, 408 - -Glenn, 174 - -Goat Island, 44 - -Gore, Colonel, 429 - -Gorham, 248 - -Gourlay, Robert, 415, 416, 417 - -Grand Pre, 231, 236, 241 - -Grant, Cuthbert, 390, 391, 394 - -Gray, Robert, 321-323 - -Great Lakes, 53, 71 - -Green, Henry, 31 - -Green, Piper, 387 - -Green Bay, 93, 103, 105, 132 - -Greenland, 1, 2, 5 - -Griguet, 9 - -Grimmington, 154 - -Groseillers, Chouart, 150, 151, 152, 153, 156 - -Groseillers, Medard Chouart de, 85, 98-115, 118, 144-153 - -Gudrid, 1, 2, 3 - -Gulf of Mexico, 140, 141 - -Gulf Stream, 6 - -Gull Island, 9 - - - -Ha-Ha Bay, 9 - -Haldimand, General, 311, 312 - -Halifax, 231, 232, 233, 248, 317 - -Hamilton, 129 - -Hampton, General, 367, 368 - -Harrison, General, 363 - -Harvey, 357, 358 - -Haverhill, 198 - -Hayes River, 148, 385 - -Head, Sir Francis, 421 - -Hearne, Samuel, 296, 297, 318, 319 - -Hebert, Louis, 44, 57 - -Hebert, Madame, 79 - -Hendry, Anthony, 243, 295 - -Hennepin, Louis, 137, 138, 139 - -Henry, Alexander, 286, 287 - -Henry, John, 337 - -Henry VII, 3, 4 - -Hertel, Francois, 174, 175 - -Hill, Jack, 202, 203 - -Hochelaga, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18 - -Holmes, Admiral, 269 - -Horton, 236 - -Hudson, Henry, 30, 31, 32, 49 - -Hudson Bay, 30, 32, 103, 110, 113, 115, 134, 143, 144, 146, 148, 161, -162, 164, 191, 204, 318, 406 - -Hudson River, 30 - -Hudson Straits, 30 - -Hull, 338-340 - -Hume, 420 - -Hume, Captain, 154 - -Huron, Lake, 54 - -Huron Indians, 46, 48, 52-57, 82-93, 98, 108-110, 126 - - - -Iberville, 157-163, 165, 172, 174, 183, 184, 185, 186, 188 - -Iberville, Chateauguay, 183 - -Iceland, 3 - -Ihonateria, 84 - -Illinois Indians, 133, 138, 163, 189 - -Illinois River, 133, 139 - -Iroquois Indians, 46-48, 52-57, 78, 79, 86, 87-102, 103, 105, 106, 108, -110, 125, 128-130, 135, 162-171, 183, 204 - -Island of Orleans, 13 - -Isle of Demons, 10, 20, 21 - - - -Jacqueline, Frances Marie, 67 - -Jalobert, Captain, 12, 19 - -James Bay, 30, 31, 113, 144, 158 - -Jogues, Father, 85, 94, 97 - -Johnson, William, 237, 240 - -Jolliet, Louis, 118, 130, 132-134, 139, 146, 152, 177, 205 - -Jolliet, Madame, 183 - -Joseph, Louis, 243 - -Juett, 30 - -Jumonville, 225 - - - -Kaministiquia, 139, 143, 205, 207 - -Kidd, Captain, 150 - -King's Cove, 5 - -Kingston, 135, 260, 354, 370, 427 - -Kirke, David, 58, 60, 63 - -Kirke, Gervaise, 58, 63 - -Kirke, Louis, 58, 63 - -Kirke, Mary, 114, 115, 145 - -Kirke, Thomas, 58, 63 - - - -La Barre, 140, 150, 163, 168 - -La Bonte, 170 - -Labrador, 1, 6, 7, 10, 30, 46, 121, 143, 147 - -Lachine Rapids, 17 - -La Fleche, Father, 41 - -La Forest, 146 - -Lake of the Woods, 112 - -Lalemant, 88, 89, 90 - -La Martiniere, 153 - -La Monnerie, Lieutenant de, 171 - -Lamont, 19 - -La Motte, Admiral, 226 - -La Naudiere, M. de, 171 - -Langdale, 287 - -La Peltrie, Madame de, 72, 73, 74, 77, 78 - -La Perouse, Admiral, 318, 319 - -La Place, 298 - -La Reine, Fort de, 211 - -La Roche, Marquis de, 23-25, 40 - -La Salle, Robert Cavalier de, 19, 118, 128-142, 146, 205 - -La Saussaye, 42 - -La Tour, Charles de, 61-69 - -La Tour, Claude de, 63, 64 - -La Tour, Madame Charles de, 67-69 - -Laurentian Hills, 50 - -Lauson, 75 - -Lauzon, Jean de, 98, 115 - -Lauzon-Charny, Charles de, 115 - -Laval, Bishop, 122 - -La Verendrye, Jean, 207-209 - -La Verendrye, Jemmeraie, 206-208 - -La Verendrye, Pierre Gauthier, 206-212 - -Lawrence, Colonel, 231, 233, 234, 235, 253 - -Le Bers, 172 - -Le Breton, Captain, 12 - -Le Caron, Joseph, 52, 53 - -Le Chesnaye, 146, 150, 157 - -Leif, 1 - -Le Jeune, Pierre, 79, 80, 81, 82 - -Le Loutre, Louis Joseph, 213-216, 220, 231, 232, 241, 278 - -Le Moyne, Charles, 108, 118, 126, 146, 157 - -Le Moyne, Father, 98 - -Le Moyne, Maricourt, 157-161, 172, 173, 179, 182 - -Le Moyne, Ste. Helene, 157-159, 172, 173, 179, 182 - -Le Moyne, Serigny, 183, 184, 187 - -Lery, Baron de, 7, 24 - -Lescarbot, Marc, 37-40, 63 - -Leslie, Captain, 286 - -Levis, Chevalier de, 243, 245, 246, 249, 250, 267, 274 - -Lewis, 330 - -Lewiston, 342-348, 369 - -Long Sault Rapids, 108 - -Long Saut, 50 - -Lorette mission, 93 - -Loudon, Earl, 243, 248, 252 - -Louisburg, 215, 216, 218, 220, 234, 241, 248, 252 - -Louisiana, 140 - -Lount, 424, 427 - -Lundy's Lane, 373-375 - - - -Macdonald, John A., 427, 435 - -MacDonell, Miles, 381, 385, 388-390, 396, 397 - -McDonnell, 368, 369 - -M'Donnell, 350 - -Macdonnell, Major, 346, 348 - -Macdillivray, William, 380, 381 - -Mackay, Alexander, 327, 328 - -McKay, Tom, 407 - -MacKenzie, Alexander, 324-331, 380, 398 - -Mackenzie, Roderick, 325, 327 - -MacKenzie, William Lyon, 420-426 - -MacKenzie River, 327 - -Mackinac, Straits of, 105 - -McLean, Hector, 300, 387 - -McLoughlin, Dr. John, 407, 409 - -McNab, Allan, 422, 424-426 - -Magellan, 6 - -Maine, 42, 192, 204, 310 - -Maisonneuve, Sieur de, 75-79, 108, 118, 119, 120 - -Maitland, Sir Peregrine, 415, 417, 418 - -Mance, Jeanne, 76, 78, 117 - -Mandanes, 211 - -Manitoba, 436 - -Manitoulin Island, 84, 93 - -Maquinna, 322 - -March, Colonel, 196, 197 - -Marco Polo, 3 - -Marie of the Incarnation, 72-74 - -Marquette, Father, 118, 132, 133, 134, 205 - -Martin, Abraham, 44, 57 - -Mascarene, Paul, 201, 202, 215 - -Mascoutin Indians, 132, 138 - -Massacre Island, 209 - -Masse, Father, 42 - -Matonabbee, 296, 297, 319 - -Mattawa, 52 - -Matthews, 414, 415, 427 - -Meares, 321 - -Meigs, Fort, 363 - -Membertou, Henry, 38, 39, 41, 42 - -Meneval, 177 - -Mercer, Colonel, 247 - -Miami, Fort, 284 - -Michigan, 339 - -Michigan, Lake, 103, 133 - -Michilimackinac, 137, 276, 286, 310, 339, 379 - -Micmac Indians, 220 - -Midland, 54 - -Mingan, 12 - -Minnesota, 205, 208 - -Miquelon, 204, 277 - -Miramichi Indians, 10, 11, 256 - -Mississippi River, 106, 128, 133, 139, 141 - -Missouri River, 133, 139, 211 - -Mohawk River, 127 - -Monckton, 231, 234-235, 261, 265, 270 - -Monro, Lieutenant, 250 - -Montaignais Indians, 6, 10, 46, 81, 82 - -Montana, 212 - -Montcalm, Marquis de, 44, 243-250, 257, 265-269, 271, 273 - -Montgomery, Richard, 300-308 - -Montmagny, Charles de, 71, 72, 74, 76-78, 115 - -Montmorency, 13 - -Montreal, 16, 48-51, 72-78, 94, 107, 108, 117, 120, 165, 191, 267, -274-302, 340, 367, 400, 427, 428 - -Moon, Captain, 162 - -Moose Factory, 153, 157, 158 - -Moraviantown, 365, 366 - -Mount Desert, 42, 44 - -Mount Royal, 49, 78 - -Murray, Lord John, 234, 235, 258, 261, 270, 274, 277-280 - -Muskoka, 84 - - - -Nelson, Dr., 429, 430, 432 - -Nelson, Port, 152, 153, 183, 185, 384 - -Nelson River, 148, 385 - -Nepigon, 206 - -New Brunswick, 10, 62-65, 204, 220, 312, 313, 434 - -New Caledonia, 406, 407 - -New Hampshire, 172 - -New York, 97, 165, 221 - -Newfoundland, 5-7, 9, 10, 12, 19, 23, 30, 183, 184, 204 - -Niagara, 129, 267, 316, 340, 351, 369, 370, 379 - -Nicholson, Francis, 198-203 - -Nicolet, Jean, 71, 103, 127 - -Nipissing Indians, 51, 53 - -Nipissing Lake, 51, 53, 103 - -Noel, 19 - -Nootka, 320-322 - -Norsemen, 2 - -Nova Scotia, 1, 34, 35, 61, 220, 312, 317, 379, 434, 436 - - - -O'Callaghan, 429 - -Ochagach, Chief, 206 - -Ochiltree, Lord, 62 - -Ogden, 407 - -Ogdensburg, 350 - -Ohio River, 128, 130, 133, 224, 226, 241 - -Olier, Jean Jacques, 75, 76 - -Onondaga, Lake,98 - -Onondagas, 55, 98, 99, 100 - -Ontario, 84, 127, 312, 315, 316, 338, 349 - -Ontario, Lake, 54, 57, 127, 129, 134, 349 - -Oregon, 406, 407 - -Orleans Island, 13, 76 - -Oswego, 247, 250 - -Ottawa, 46 - -Ottawa Indians, 51 - -Ottawa River, 17, 49, 51, 52, 57, 86 - - - -Papineau, 427-429 - -Parliament Hill, 50, 104 - -Parry Sound, 54 - -Parsnip River, 328 - -Passamaquoddy, 195 - -Pays d'en Haut, 182 - -Peace River, 326, 327 - -Pean, Madame, 245 - -Peguis, Chief, 392, 393, 395 - -Penetang, 54, 83, 85 - -Pepperrell, William, 216, 219 - -Pepys, Samuel, 153 - -Pere, Jan, 130, 132, 152-159 - -Perrot, Nicholas, 132, 163 - -Perry, 349 - -Phips, Sir William, 176-178, 182 - -Pierre, 80, 81, 82 - -Pierre, Fort, 208 - -Pike, 353, 354 - -Pitt, Fort, 290 - -Pittsburg, 224, 228, 260 - -Place d'Armes, 79 - -Place Royale, 48 - -Placentia, 183 - -Plenderleath, Major, 358 - -Poncet, Pere, 94, 97 - -Pontgrave, 32-38, 42, 45, 71 - -Pontiac, 276, 281, 286, 291, 292 - -Port Dover, 131 - -Port Royal, 35-44, 57, 61, 64-70, 114, 191, 194, 202 - -Port Royal Basin, 198 - -Port Stanley, 130 - -Portland, Me., 171, 175 - -Portneuf, 175 - -Poutrincourt, Baron de, 34-42 - -Powell, 416, 417 - -Presqu' Isle, 276, 284, 348, 363 - -Preston, Major, 300 - -Prevost, Sir George, 349, 370, 376, 378, 410, 411 - -Primeau, Louis, 297 - -Prince Edward Island, 214, 215, 232, 256, 312, 314 - -Procter, 363, 365, 366 - -Puget Sound, 322 - - - -Quebec, 13, 17, 44, 45, 52, 57, 59, 60, 63, 71-82, 94, 107, 117, 156, -168, 171, 178-188, 202, 232, 252, 260-275, 276-309, 316, 317, 412, 432, -434, 435 - -Queenston Heights, 342-347, 352, 360, 372 - -Quesnel, 331 - -Quinte, Bay of, 127 - -Quirpon, 9 - - - -Radisson, Pierre Esprit, 95, 96, 98-115, 118, 144-154, 205 - -Ragueneau, Father, 91-93, 99, 100 - -Raleigh, Sir Walter, 25, 26, 30 - -Ramezay, 271 - -Rasle, Pere, 213 - -Rat, 164, 165 - -Razilli, Isaac, 65 - -Red River, 381, 388-392 - -Riall, 374 - -Richelieu, Cardinal, 57, 58, 65 - -Richelieu River, 46, 48, 125, 429 - -Richmond, Duke of, 417, 418, 419 - -Richmond Gulf, 30 - -Rideau River, 50, 104 - -Robertson, Colin, 380-383, 390, 391, 393, 396, 400-403 - -Roberval, Marguerite, 20, 21 - -Roberval, Sieur de, 18-23, 40 - -Rogers, Robert, 242, 276, 281, 285 - -Rolph, Dr., 421-425 - -Ross, 407 - -Rouville, Hertel de, 193, 194, 198 - -Rupert, 32, 153 - -Rupert River, 113, 115, 161 - -Rupert's Fort, 158, 161 - - - -Sable Island, 7, 23, 65, 114, 220 - -Sackett's Harbor, 370 - -Saguenay, 12, 22, 32, 73, 113 - -St. Anne de Beaupre, 120 - -St. Anthony, Falls of, 139 - -St. Charles, Fort, 208 - -St. Charles River, 13, 14, 15, 17, 429, 430 - -St. Denys, 65, 71 - -St. Eustache, 430 - -St. Francis, Lake, 129 - -St. Helen's Island, 49, 77 - -St. Ignace, 85, 88, 89, 91 - -St. Jean Ba'tiste, 85 - -St. John, Fort, 65, 67, 70 - -St. John River, 35, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67 - -St. John's, 19, 26, 28, 300 - -St. Joseph, 85, 87, 88, 284 - -St. Joseph Island, 92 - -St. Lawrence River, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 46, 71, 73, 126 - -St. Louis, 61, 85, 88, 89, 91, 292 - -St. Louis, Lake, 129 - -St. Lusson, 132 - -St. Malo, 43 - -St. Mary's Bay, 34, 36, 236 - -St. Peter, Lake, 15, 71 - -St. Pierre, 204, 224, 277, 279, 280, 281 - -St. Thomas Town, 413 - -St. Valliere, Bishop, 122 - -Ste. Anne's, 49 - -Ste. Croix River, 35, 37, 44, 310 - -Ste. Marie Mission, 85-92 - -Saint-Castin, Baron de, 175, 195, 197, 200, 201, 202 - -Salmon Falls, 174, 175 - -San Francisco, 407, 408 - -Sandusky, 276, 313 - -Sandwich Islands, 321 - -Sargeant, Governor, 155, 156, 159, 160 - -Saskatchewan, 212, 243, 297, 401, 403, 436 - -Sault Ste. Marie, 106, 132, 378 - -Saunders, 261, 269 - -Schenectady, 173, 174 - -Schuyler, Captain, 176 - -Scott, Hercules, 373, 374 - -Secord, James, 360 - -Secord, Laura, 360-362 - -Sedgwick, Major, 70 - -Selkirk, 385 - -Selkirk, Lord, 317, 380, 381, 384, 388, 390, 396, 397, 398, 400 - -Semple, Robert, 390, 392, 393, 394 - -Seven Oaks, 394, 399 - -Sheaffe, General, 346, 347, 354 - -Sherbrooke, Sir John, 412, 417 - -Simcoe, Lake, 54, 84, 85 - -Simcoe, Lieutenant Governor, 316, 412 - -Simpson, Sir George, 406 - -Sioux Indians, 103 - -Skraelings, 1 - -Smithsend, 154 - -Smyth, 348 - -Sorcerer Indians, 51 - -Sorel, Dame, 146 - -Sorel, Fort, 125 - -Stadacona, 13 - -Staring Hairs, 53 - -Stobo, Robert, 268 - -Stony Creek, 357, 358 - -Stopford, Major, 300 - -Stuart, 331 - -Subercase, 197-200 - -Superior, Lake, 85, 112 - -Susquehanna Indians, 54 - -Swanton, Vt., 429 - -Sylvie, 157 - - - -Tadoussac, 32, 34, 44, 58, 63, 73, 74, 94, 134, 177 - -Talbot, Tom, 413 - -Talon, Jean, 123-125, 128, 132, 136, 143 - -Tecumseh, 339, 363 - -Tessouat, Chief, 51 - -Texas, 141 - -Thomas, General, 309 - -Thompson, David, 332, 333 - -Thornstein, 1, 2 - -Thorwald, 1 - -Three Rivers, 71, 82, 83, 94, 95, 98, 107, 113, 124, 206, 277 - -Ticonderoga, Fort, 242, 249, 252, 256, 260, 298 - -Tobacco Indians, 85, 93 - -Tonty, Henry, 137-141 - -Toronto, 351, 353, 355, 415, 420, 422, 423, 432 - -Townshend, 261, 265, 270 - -Tracy, Marquis de, 125, 126 - -Trent River, 54 - -Trinity River, 141 - -Truro, 236 - -Twin Cities, 139 - -Twin Mountains Lake, 49 - -Ungava Bay, 30 - - - -Van Egmond, 421, 422, 424 - -Van Rensselaer, 342-348 - -Van Shoultz, 427 - -Vancouver, George, 319, 321-323 - -Vancouver Island, 320-322 - -Vaudreuil, Governor de, 193, 197, 243, 262, 274 - -Vaughan, 216 - -Vercheres, Jared of, 198 - -Vercheres, M. de, 169 - -Vercheres, Madame de, 169 - -Vergor, 231 - -Vermont, 429, 430 - -Verrazano, 7 - -Vetch, Colonel, 198, 201 - -Victoria, 409 - -Vignau, Nicholas, 49-51, 127 - -Vikings, 1 - -Ville Marie, 78 - -Vimont, Father, 73, 77, 78 - -Vincent, General, 355, 356, 358, 359 - -Vinland, 1, 2, 3 - - - -Walker, Sir Hovender, 202, 203 - -Warren, 219 - -Washington, George, 224, 229, 260, 310 - -Webb, General, 250 - -Weir, Lieutenant, 429 - -Wetherell, Colonel, 429 - -Wilkinson, 367, 368 - -William, Fort, 112, 397, 398, 399 - -William of Orange, 165, 166 - -Williams, William, 403 - -Winchester, General, 363 - -Winder, 356, 357, 358 - -Winnipeg, 210, 387, 394 - -Winnipeg Lake, 208 - -Winthrop, 176 - -Wisconsin, 106 - -Wisconsin River, 132 - -Wolfe, James, 44, 252-257 - -Wye River, 85, 88, 89, 92 - - - -Yeo, Sir James, 358, 366, 377 - -York Fort, 384, 385 - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANADA: THE EMPIRE OF THE NORTH*** - - -******* This file should be named 20110.txt or 20110.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/0/1/1/20110 - - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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